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British Standard
A single copy of this British Standard is licensed to
man-mcgibew2 man-mcgibew2
06 January 2005
This is an uncontrolled copy. Ensure use of the most
current version of this document by searching British
Standards Online at bsonline.techindex.co.uk
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BRITISH STANDARD
BS EN
445 : 1997
Incorporating
Amendment No. 1
The European Standard EN 445 : 1996 has the status of a
British Standard
ICS 91.100.10 ; 91.100.30
NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
Grout for prestressing
tendons
Test methods
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BS EN 445 : 1997 Issue 2, December 1997
This British Standard, having
been prepared under the
direction of the Sector Board for
Building and Civil Engineering,
was published under the
authority of the Standards Board
and comes into effect on
15 November 1997
BSI 1997
The following BSI references
relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference B/525/2
Draft for comment 91/10645 DC
ISBN 0 580 28311 9
Amendments issued since publication
Amd. No. Date Text affected
9876 December
1997
Indicated by a sideline in the margin
Committees responsible for this
British Standard
The preparation of this British Standard was entrusted by Technical Committee
B/525, Building and civil engineering structures, to Subcommittee B/525/2, Structural
use of concrete, upon which the following bodies were represented:
Association of Consulting Engineers
British Cement Association
British Precast Concrete Federation Ltd.
Concrete Society
Department of the Environment (Building Research Establishment)
Department of the Environment (Construction Sponsorship Directorate)
Department of Transport (Highways Agency)
Institution of Civil Engineers
Institution of Structural Engineers
Steel Reinforcement Commission
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BSI 1997 i
Issue 2, December 1997 BS EN 445 : 1997
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National foreword
This British Standard has been prepared by Subcommittee B/525/2 and is the English
language version of EN 445 : 1996 Grout for prestressing tendons Test methods
published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN).
EN 445 was produced as a result of European discussions in which the UK took an
active part. The UK voted against this standard at the CEN Formal Vote stage because
UK industry considered the standard to be insufficient in providing suitable
specification requirements for grouting materials and procedures, particularly for
highway bridges.
The UK conducted significant development work and subsequently published Concrete
Society Technical Report No. 47 Durable Bonded Post Tensioned Concrete Bridges,
prepared by a Concrete Society Working Party in collaboration with the Concrete
Bridge Development Group (September 1996), to which reference may be made.
At the CEN Formal Vote stage, however, the analysis of voting resulted in a positive
vote and in accordance with CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations Part 2 : Common
rules for standards work EN 445 was accepted as a European Standard.
Cross-reference
Publication referred to Corresponding British Standard
EN 196-1 : 1994 BS EN 196-1 : 1995 Determination of strength
Textual error
The textual error set out below was discovered when adopting the text of the
European Standard. It has been reported to CEN in a proposal to amend the text of the
European Standard.
Figure 2 in the published EN version is not correct. In the national annex NA
(informative) of this BS EN an updated version of the figure is given until such time as
the EN is amended.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
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CEN
European Committee for Standardization
Comite Europe en de Normalisation
Europa isches Komitee fu r Normung
Central Secretariat: rue de Stassart 36, B-1050 Brussels
1996 Copyright reserved to CEN members.
Ref. No. EN 445 : 1996 E
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN 445
NORME EUROPE

ENNE
EUROPA

ISCHE NORM
March 1996
ICS 91.100.30
Descriptors: Cables, ropes, prestressed concrete, grouting, viscosity, tests
English version
Grout for prestressing tendons Test methods
Coulis pour cable de precontrainte Methode
d'essais
Einpremo rtel fu r Spannglieder Pru fverfahren
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 1994-10-28. CEN members are
bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the
conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard
without any alteration.
Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards
may be obtained on application to the Central Secretariat or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German).
A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a
CEN member into its own language and notified to the Central Secretariat has the
same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands,
Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
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Page 2
EN 445 : 1996
BSI 1997
Foreword
This European Standard has been prepared by
Technical Committee CEN/TC 104, Concrete
Performance, production, placing and compliance
criteria, the Secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a
national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by
September 1996, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 1996.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations,
the following countries are bound to implement this
European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Contents
Page
Foreword 2
0 Introduction 3
1 Scope 3
2 Normative references 3
3 Testing of grout 3
3.1 General conditions 3
3.2 Fluidity test 3
3.2.1 Immersion method 3
3.2.1.1 Principle of test 3
3.2.1.2 Apparatus 3
3.2.1.3 Calibration procedure 3
3.2.1.4 Test procedure 3
3.2.1.5 Reporting the results 5
3.2.2 Cone method 5
3.2.2.1 Principle of test 5
3.2.2.2 Apparatus 5
3.2.2.3 Test procedure 5
3.2.2.4 Reporting of results 5
3.3 Bleeding test 5
3.3.1 Principle of test 5
3.3.2 Apparatus 5
3.3.3 Procedure 5
3.3.4 Reporting of results 6
Page
3.4 Volume change test 6
3.4.1 Principle of test 6
3.4.2 Cylinder method 6
3.4.2.1 Apparatus 6
3.4.2.2 Procedure 6
3.4.2.3 Reporting of results 6
3.4.3 Can method 6
3.4.3.1 Apparatus 6
3.4.3.2 Procedure 6
3.4.3.3 Reporting of results 6
3.5 Compression strength test 6
3.5.1 Prisms 6
3.5.1.1 Principle of the test 6
3.5.1.2 Apparatus 7
3.5.1.3 Procedure 7
3.5.1.3.1 Moulding of the test specimens 7
3.5.1.3.2 Curing of test specimens 8
3.5.1.3.3 Compression test 8
3.5.1.4 Reporting of results 8
3.5.2 Cylinders 8
3.5.2.1 Principle 8
3.5.2.2 Apparatus 8
3.5.2.3 Procedure 8
3.5.2.4 Reporting of results 8
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Page 3
EN 445 : 1996
BSI 1997
0 Introduction
In post-tensioned prestressed concrete construction,
the grouting of tendons is an important operation. This
European Standard provides methods of test for grout
specified in EN 447. Some tests given herein are
alternatives and it will be necessary to relate the
chosen test method to the specified requirements.
1 Scope
This European Standard describes the methods of test
for grout specified in EN 447.
2 Normative references
This European Standard incorporates by dated or
undated reference, provisions from other publications.
These normative references are cited at the
appropriate places in the text and the publications are
listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent
amendments to or revisions of any of these
publications apply to this European Standard only
when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For
undated references the latest edition of the publication
referred to applies.
EN 196-1 : 1987 Methods of testing cement
Determination of strength
EN 447 Grout for prestressing tendons
Specification for common grout
ISO 4012 Concrete Determination of
compressive strength of test
specimens
3 Testing of grout
3.1 General conditions
The grouts shall be tested by competent personnel
experienced in the subject. The normal conditions of
temperature and relative humidity at test shall be as
follows:
temperature (20

2) C;
relative humidity > 65 %.
These conditions are for the specification of the grout.
Variations in temperature and humidity on site may
cause variations in the test results and shall be
reported.
The grout for the tests shall be made from materials
specified in clause 4 of EN 447 and mixed in
accordance with clause 6 of EN 447. The temperature
of the freshly mixed grout is to be given in all test
reports.
3.2 Fluidity test
3.2.1 Immersion method
3.2.1.1 Principle of test
The test consists of measuring the time a plunger
needs to drop through a defined amount of grout in a
tube.
3.2.1.2 Apparatus
a) Calibrated immersion equipment, according to
figure 1.
b) A 0,5 m spacer rod, according to figure 1.
c) A stopwatch.
3.2.1.3 Calibration procedure
Calibrate the immersion equipment with glycerol
(analytical grade) having a density of 1,226 g/cm
3
at
(20

0,5) C. The temperature of the room, immersion
equipment and glycerol shall be (20

0,5) C during the
calibration.
Fill the cylinder with about 1,9 l glycerol up to
approximately 260 mm below the rim. After filling the
immersion equipment the glycerol shall be allowed to
rest for about 1 h. Then immerse the plunger to expel
the air bubbles from the glycerol, which may have
been introduced into the glycerol during the filling of
the cylinder.
After at least 1 h position the plunger so that its stop
on the tail rod lies on the spacer placed at the top of
the tube. Then pull the spacer away to allow the
plunger to sink to the stop of the tube. Record this
time to the nearest second.
Repeat the calibration at least three times.
The mean value of all measured immersion times shall
be (34

1) s. If the test result deviates from this value
the weight of the plunger shall be increased where
t > 35 s or reduced where t < 33 s. This is done by
varying the quantity of the lead pellets in the plunger.
Delay repeating the calibration procedure for at
least 30 min to ensure that no air bubbles are in the
glycerol resulting from the preceding calibration
procedure.
3.2.1.4 Test procedure
Preparation
The adjustment of the immersion equipment shall be
tested before it is used. Adjustment of the immersion
equipment shall be tested subsequently once a year
and/or after any damage.
Directly before the test place the equipment vertically
and dampen the inside of the tube and the plunger so
that the surface is moist but without free water.
Procedure
Fill the cylinder with approximately 1,9 l grout up to
approximately 260 mm below the rim, so that the
plunger is fully immersed on introduction if its stop on
the tail rod lies on the spacer placed at the top of the
tube. Then pull the spacer away; the plunger sinks to
the stop in the tube. Then raise the plunger back to its
initial position, insert the spacer, pull it away again and
measure the time until the stop lies on the tube.
Measure the immersion times of the grout immediately
after the mixing process and after 30 min.
For the test after 30 min, grout from the same mix as
that used for the immersion test immediately after the
mixing process shall be used; the grout is to be kept in
motion with the stirrer until the carrying out of the test
after 30 min. Each test is carried out three times in
succession with the same filling.
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Page 4
EN 445 : 1996
BSI 1997
1 Stop
2 Guide rod
3 Wooden rod (as spacer)
4 Cu-Zn tube
5 Final position of the plunger
6 Level
7 Wooden rod (as measuring rod)
8 White dye
9 Guide cam
10 Grout level in the starting position of the plunger
11 Grout level without plunger ( 1,9 l)
Figure 1. Immersion equipment for determining the immersion time
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Page 5
EN 445 : 1996
BSI 1997
3.2.1.5 Reporting of results
Report the result as the average of the immersion
times to the nearest second of the second and third
immersion, ignoring the first immersion time.
3.2.2 Cone method
3.2.2.1 Principle of test
The fluidity of grout, expressed in seconds, measured
by the time necessary for a stated quantity of grout to
pass through the orifice of the cone, under stated
conditions.
3.2.2.2 Apparatus
The following apparatus is required for the test.
a) Cone, a cone of the dimensions given in figure 2.
It shall be robust and manufactured from materials
not reactive with any materials specified in clause 4
of EN 447. The volume of the cone (excluding the
cylindrical portions at top and bottom) shall
be 1,7 l

10 %.
b) Sieving medium, the sieving medium aperture
shall be 1,5 mm and the sieving medium shall be
fitted as shown in figure 2, and be removable.
c) Stopwatch.
d) Container, of 1 l capacity.
3.2.2.3 Test procedure
Preparation
Mount the cone with its axis vertical and its largest
diameter uppermost. Fix the sieving medium at the
position indicated in figure 2. During the test prevent
the cone from vibrating. Place the container under the
cone outlet. All surfaces of the cone shall be clean and
shall be dampened so that the surfaces are moist but
without free water. Close the lower cone orifice.
Procedure
Pour the grout through the sieving medium to fill the
conical section of the cone. Pour the grout sufficiently
slowly to prevent the build-up of air in the grout in the
cone. Open the lower cone orifice and at the same
time, start the stopwatch. Measure the time taken to
the nearest 0,5 s to fill the container. The presence of
lumps on the sieving medium shall be reported. Three
tests shall be carried out, the first immediately after
the grout is mixed and the remaining two tests 30 min
after mixing or injection. While testing is in progress
the grout shall be kept agitated.
3.2.2.4 Reporting of results
Report the time taken to the nearest 0,5 s. Report also
the presence of lumps.
Report the result as the average of the times
determined to the nearest 0,5 s of the second and third
tests, ignoring the results of the first test.
Dimensions in mm
Figure 2. Cone for fluidity test
3.3 Bleeding test
3.3.1 Principle of test
The test consists of measuring the quantity of water
remaining on the surface of the grout which has been
allowed to stand protected from evaporation.
3.3.2 Apparatus
A transparent 100 ml cylinder 25 mm in diameter
and 250 mm in height graduated in ml. Alternatively, a
transparent cylinder 50 mm in diameter and 200 mm in
height graduated in mm.
3.3.3 Procedure
Preparation
Place the cylinder on a surface free from shocks or
vibration. The grout used should be from the same
batch as that used for the fluidity test.
Procedure for 25 mm diameter cylinder
Pour 95 to 100 ml of grout into the cylinder. Note the
level of the grout (v) ignoring the meniscus. After 3 h,
measure the quantity of water on top of the grout (v
1
),
taking appropriate measures to prevent evaporation.
The test is carried out on one sample of grout.
Procedure for 50 mm diameter cylinder
Pour grout into the cylinder to a height of
approximately 150 mm. Note the height to the top of
the grout (h) ignoring the meniscus. After 3 h, measure
the height of water on top of the grout (h
1
) taking
appropriate measures to prevent evaporation. The test
is carried out on one sample of grout.
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Page 6
EN 445 : 1996
BSI 1997
3.3.4 Reporting of results
Bleeding at the end of 3 h is given by
3100 % for 25 mm diameter cylinder
v
1
v
and
3100 % for 50 mm diameter cylinder
h
1
h
where:
v
1
is the volume of water in ml on the surface of
the grout after 3 h
v is the initial volume in ml of grout
h
1
is the height in mm of water on the surface of
the grout after 3 h
h is the initial height in mm of grout.
The report shall state the temperature at the time of
test.
3.4 Volume change test
3.4.1 Principle of test
The volume change is measured as a percentage of the
volume of grout between the start and the end of the
test. The test measures mainly the volume change
caused by segregation or expansion.
The grout used in this test may have been used for the
bleeding test (see 3.3).
3.4.2 Cylinder method
3.4.2.1 Apparatus
A transparent cylinder, 50 mm in diameter and 200 mm
in height.
3.4.2.2 Procedure
Place the cylinder on a surface free from shocks or
vibration. Fill it with the grout to a height h. 24 h after
filling the cylinder measure the height (h
2
) of the grout
in the cylinder.
3.4.2.3 Reporting of results
The volume change at the end of 24 h is given by
3 100 %
h
2
2 h
h
where:
h is the initial height in mm of grout (see 3.4)
h
2
is the height of grout in mm after 24 h.
3.4.3 Can method
3.4.3.1 Apparatus
a) Three metal cans, 120 mm high and
approximately 100 mm in diameter, with lids capable
of preventing the loss of moisture.
b) Measuring rod or sliding calipers.
c) Plates:
stop plate, for placing on the can with a diameter
of 120 mm (see figure 3);
transparent stop plate, for placing on the grout
and having a diameter of 98 mm and weight of 10 g
approximately (see figure 4).
d) Filling gauge.
3.4.3.2 Procedure
Place the cans on a surface free of vibration and heat
radiation and store for 24 h. Immediately after mixing,
pour the grout into each can using the filling gauge, to
a depth of 100 mm. Carry out a measurement of the
distance from the top of the can to the top of the
grout:
immediately after the containers are filled; and
24 h after the containers are filled;
by one of the following methods.
a) Measurement with the stop plate on the can
Take the first measurement immediately after the
cans have been filled with grout, by measuring the
distance between the surface of the grout and the
top edge of the can, with the stop plate on the can,
in at least six places with the depth gauge or by
other means (first measurement). The marking shall
coincide with the top edge of the can (reference
point). Then seal the cans by covering the lid with a
weight of approximately 300 g until the second
measurement. Carry out the second
measurement 24 h after the filling of the cans.
In the second measurement, measure the distance
between the firm surface of the grout and the top
edge of the can at the same places with the same
means as for the first measurement.
b) Measurement with the stop plate on the grout
Immediately after filling the cans, put the stop plate
(figure 4) on the fresh grout and measure with the
depth gauge the distance between this plate and the
top edge of the can in at least six places (first
measurement). Then seal the cans. Carry out the
second measurement 24 h after the filling of the
cans. In the second measurement, measure the
distance between the stop plate and the top edge of
the can at the same six places as for the first
measurement.
3.4.3.3 Reporting of results
The difference of the average values between the first
and second measurement(s) in mm corresponds
at 100 mm grout level to the volume change in percent
and is reported as the percentage change in volume.
Report the percentage change in volume as the average
of the three containers to the nearest 0,1 %. Report
increase of volume as (+) and decrease as (2).
3.5 Compression strength test
3.5.1 Prisms
3.5.1.1 Principle of the test
The compression strength of grout in this test (which
is an adaptation to grouts of the mechanical tests
described in EN 196-1) is determined on the broken
halves of prisms.
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Page 7
EN 445 : 1996
BSI 1997
3.5.1.2 Apparatus
a) Mixer for grout, in accordance with the
requirements of EN 447.
b) Ventilated drying cupboard, with a temperature
of (20

1) C and a relative humidity of (95

5) %.
c) Test machines, and the devices in accordance
with 4.7 and 4.8 of EN 196-1.
d) Metal moulds, in accordance with 4.5 of
EN 196-1.
e) Metal straight edge, in accordance with figure 3 of
EN 196-1.
Dimensions in mm
a) Container
b) Plate
Figure 3. Plate on the can
Dimensions in mm
a) Container
b) Plate
Figure 4. Plate on the grout
3.5.1.3 Procedure
3.5.1.3.1 Moulding of the test specimens
The moulds and accessories shall be prepared and the
specimens made in accordance with EN 196-1, with the
exception noted as follows.
Each mould shall be filled with the prepared grout. As
an exception to the procedure in EN 196-1 (and
because of the liquidity of grouts) the test specimens
shall not be subjected to any vibration or shock.
Immediately strike off the excess grout with the metal
straight edge held almost vertically and moved slowly,
with a transverse sawing motion once in each
direction. Smooth the surface of the specimens using
the same straight edge held almost flat. Then cover the
specimens with a glass plate.
Label or mark moulds to identify the specimens.
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Page 8
EN 445 : 1996
BSI 1997
3.5.1.3.2 Curing of test specimens
Cure test specimens in accordance with EN 196-1, until
they are tested.
3.5.1.3.3 Compression test
The compression test shall be carried out in
accordance with EN 196-1. The compression strength
shall be measured on six test specimens from three
prisms broken in flexure.
3.5.1.4 Reporting of results
The report shall provide all the results of the
compression tests, in MPa.
The value obtained for each test shall be the mean of
the individual results.
3.5.2 Cylinders
3.5.2.1 Principle
The compressive strength of grout in this test is
determined on the three cylinders used in the volume
change test given in 3.4.3.
3.5.2.2 Apparatus
a) The cans, as described in 3.4.3.1.
b) A compression test machine, as described in
ISO 4012.
c) Equipment, for sawing and grinding test
specimens.
3.5.2.3 Procedure
After measuring the volume change, store the three
cylinders in water at (20

1) C until they are to be
prepared for test. Immediately prior to test, carefully
demould the specimens.
Prepare each specimen for test by sawing through the
cylinder near the upper surface and then grinding both
circular surfaces of the cylinder until the disc to be
loaded in the test has a thickness of 80 mm.
Then test each specimen in accordance with
ISO 4012 until the maximum load (F
c
) is reached.
3.5.2.4 Reporting of results
Calculate the compressive strength R
c
in N/mm
2
from
R
c
=
F
c
A
where
F
c
is the failure load in N
A is the cross-sectional area in mm
2
and shall be measured on three specimens, the mean
value of which shall be reported as the compressive
strength. The report shall provide all the test results.
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BSI 1997
Issue 2, December 1997 Page 9
BS EN 445 : 1997
National annex NA (informative)
Cone for fluidity test
|
152 3
10 0,1

2
8
0

1
0
6
0

3
1
1. Sieving medium
Figure NA1. Cone for fluidity test
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BSI 1997
BS EN 445 : 1997
List of references
See national foreword.
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