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5
Hollow Verbs
also known as monosyllable verbs
5.1
The Base form of the Hollow verbs: The Qal Infinitive
5.2
Included under Hollow verbs are biconsonantal verbs, II-yodh verbs and
II-wav verbs or ו/ ע"יverbs, as these verbs are known in some Hebrew
Steffen Han January 2011 revised.
grammar textbooks. In the תנ"ך, there are some geminate verbs exhibit
features similar to the Hollow verbs and these verbs may come under
the purview of Hollow verbs.
5.3
Originally, the vowel in the Hollow verbs is not part of the two-
ברוך בשם
consonantal root, for example: שִׂיםto place, to put; מוּתto die, קוּםto
rise, as the abaft consonant actually closes the syllable and turns it into
2 Hebrew Verbal System
5.4
The default vowels in Qal Infinitive Construct of Hollow verbs
By default, all Hollow verbs are given in the Qal Infinitive Construct in
the lexicon or dictionary. Hollow verbs are known by the sole vowel:
[)יוֹד( ]י, [ּ )שׁוּ֫רֶק( ]וor [ֹ )חוֹלָם מָלֵא( ]וin each root, and classified
as weak verb as
The default vowels in Qal Hollow Infinitives well as treated
Vowel types ּו י ו
ֹ as stative verb
Infinitive Absolute )לָ(קוֹם )לָ(שֹוׂם )לָ(אֹוּבin inflection,
as far as the
stem vowel is
concern.
5.5
There are a few ל"ה ל”הof Hollow Verbs
verbs that have []ו
היהto be used as verb to be or link
( )וָוor [ )יוד( ]יas the verb
middle consonant of צוהto command
the root, which would גועto be expired; to die
remain constant during קוחto refresh
inflection. Few examples
of these verbs are given
in the Table:
5.6
Steffen Han January 2011 revised.
applicable. Not many examples of the Qal Hollow Imperative verbs are
found in use in the תנ"ך.
5.7
What must be mentioned is that unlike the wav consecutive in other
stems, the accent falls on the [ )יְוֹד( ]יin wav consecutive of Hollow
verbs for the simple reason that the addition of [ )וַו( ]וbefore the []י
( )יודin the Qal Hollow Jussive: יָ֫קֹםlet him rise, the whole makeup
of the verb turns the verbal root into a second, closed syllable, leaving
the prosthesis יוhanging as an accented open syllable, example: ָוַיָּ֫ק
and he (will) stand (rose) up to; וַיֹ֫אמֶרand he (will) say.
5.8
The default vowel scheme in Qal Hollow Imperfect Tense
The function and meaning of the Qal Hollow Imperfect Tense would be
similar to those in the strong, regular verbs.
5.9
To set up the Qal Hollow Imperfect Tense, the vowels in the Qal
Hollow Infinitive Construct for each class of vowel type would be used
as the base. These forms of the Hollow verb are distributed along three
vowel types: [ּ)שורוק( ]ו, [ )מלא היריק( ]�ִיand [ֹ)חולם מלא( ]ו.
Pronominal preformatives or the personal pronoun prefixes and suffixes
for the Imperfect Tense, namely, the אֵיתָןand יוּ"נהwould be affixed
to the verbal root in a way similar to the conjugations in the strong,
regular verbs, covering consonantal sufformative, vocalic sufformative
and zero vowel sufformative conjugations.
Steffen Han January 2011 revised.
5.10
Conjugation of Qal Hollow Imperfect Tense
i. To configure the Qal Hollow Imperfect Tense, the sole default
vowel used in the Qal Hollow Infinitive Construct would be utilized.
Generally speaking, as in case of Qal Imperfect Tense, only verbs
coming with one or more weak or guttural consonants in anyone
ברוך בשם
iii. The helping vowel is not accented, and it does not always cause
the removal of דָגֵשׁ קַלand the ( שווא נחsilent shewa).
CHAPTER FIVE: Hollow Verbs 5
5.11
The default vowels in Qal Hollow Participles
i. The meaning and usage of the Participles of the Hollow verbs would
be the same as the regular, strong verbs.
The vowel scheme of Qal Hollow Participles
Vowel types ּו י ֹו מי
Active 2ms קָם שָׂם בָּא אַתָּה
2fs בָּאָה שָׂמָה קָמָה ְּאַת
2mp בָּאִים שָֹמִים קָמים אַתֶּם
2fp בָּאוֹת שָׂמוֹת קָמוֹת אַתֵּ֫נָה
Passive ms קוּם בּוֹא שִׂים
5.12
As these are single syllable verbs, the default sole vowel for the Hollow
verbs, other than the Infinitives or the derivatives of the Infinitives,
would be [ָ�] ()קָמֶץ, which is also the key vowel in the Qal Passive
Participle of Hollow verbs. In the case of Qal Hollow Passive
Participle, not many of them though, would utilize the vowel pattern in
the Qal Hollow Infinitive Construct; whereas for the Qal Hollow Active
Participle, the only default [ָ�] ( )קמץwould be used, as the vowel in
קָםhe rises, שָׁבhe returns, גָּרhe dwells, שָׁרhe sings, רָץhe runs,
Steffen Han January 2011 revised.
5.13
The default vowels in Qal Hollow Perfect Tense
The Function and meaning of the Qal Hollow Perfect Tense would be
ברוך בשם
5.14
iii. Also applicable are Rules for Quiescent Consonants for ל"א
( )למד־אלףor III- אposition which rejects דגש.
5.15
Default vowel scheme of Niphal Hollow Infinitives
i. The Meaning and function Niphal Hollow verbs would be the same
as the main Niphal binyan.
5.16
The vowel scheme in Niphal Hollow Imperative Mood would use
the same form as that of the Nipha Hollow Infinitve Absolute, and
pronominals would be added to the verbal root to configure verbs for
the Niphal Hollow Imperative Mood, as the vowels in the sample:
הִקּוֹםyou would be raised.
5.17
Vowel Scheme of Niphal Hollow
Imperfect Tense Vowel scheme of
Niphal Hollow Imperfect Tense
i. The vowel scheme in Niphal
Hollow Imperfect Tense, root כוּן מי
just like the Niphal strong, 3ms יִכּוֹן הוּא
regular verbs, where one of 3fs תִּכּוֹן הִיא
2ms תִּכּוֹן אַתָּה
the double prosthesis [)הֵה( ]ה
2fs תִּכּ֫וֹנִי ְּאַת
is relinquished while the []נ 1cs אֶכּוֹן אֲנִי
( )נוןremained assimilated and 3mp ּיִכּ֫וֹנו הֵם
expressed by a דגשin the 3fp תִּכּ֫וֹנָּה הֵן
head consonant of the root, the 2mp ּתִּכּ֫וֹנו אַתֶּם
Steffen Han January 2011 revised.
5.18
The vowel scheme in Niphal Hollow
Niphal Hollow Participle
(Passive) Participle
Hollow Strong
i. As Niphal is a passive binyan, hence
ms נָכוֹן נִקְטָל
there would be no active participle
fs נְכוֹנָה נִקְטָלָה
for the Niphal derived stem. The נִכוֹנִים נִקְטָלִים
mp
vowels used in the base unit of נִכוֹנוֹת נִקְטָלוֹת
fp
Niphal Hollow Infinitive Absolute,
which is a combination of [ֹו+ָ�]
(הולם מלא+ )קמץwould be used to configure the Niphal Hollow
(passive) Participle, as expressed in the Table.
5.19
The default vowels of Niphal
Vowel scheme of
Hollow Perfect Tense Niphal Hollow Perfect Tense
i. Conjugation for the Niphal Hollow Strong ימ
Hollow Perfect Tense would 3ms נָכוֹן נִקְטַל הוּא
be similar to that in the 3fs נָכוֹנָה נִקְטְלָה הִיא
strong, regular verb. 2ms ָנְכוּנ֫וֹת ת
ּ ָ ל
ְ ט
ַ ֫ ק
ְ נ
ִ ָה ּאַת
2fs נְכוּנוֹת ְּהֵן נִקְטַלְת/הֵם
נִקְטַ֫לְתִּי נְכוּנ֫וֹתִי ְּאַת
Steffen Han January 2011 revised.
5.20
The Intensive Hollow Verbs: The Background to Polel, Polal,
Hithpolel
i. As a general rule, there are three members in the Intensive Stems:
the Pi’el, Pu’al and the Hithpa’el. The Hithpa’el correctly should
come under the Reflexive Stem; for reason of practical purpose
and convenience, it is placed under the Intensive stem in this
study.
iii. For reasons that Hollow verbs are single and closed syllable
(CVC) verbs; further more the middle and only vowel in the
syllable could not be doubled or utter twice in speech, therefore
the rules for the Intensive Stems requiring the doubling of the
second, middle consonant (which now serves the role of a vowel)
in speech and to mark out the presence of דגשin the middle
consonant in writing would not make sense in the Hollow verbs.
ii. There are two sets of these: (i) one set for the active forms;
(ii) another set for the passive forms. The vowels for the Intensive
Hollow Infinitive Construct of all the Hollow verbs (or three minor
stems) are shown in the Table.
ברוך בשם
iii. NOTE must be taken that the pair of default vowels in the Polel
stem is rather similar to pair of default vowels used in the Qal
12 Hebrew Verbal System
5.25
In cases where consonantal sufformative conjugation would be
used, shortening of the stem syllable into [ְ�] ()שוא נע, a peculiar
manipulation in Hebrew conjugation, is necessary.
5.26
Take note that having a [ּ )שׁוּרֶק( ]וin the middle consonant of a verb
would not necessary must be a Hollow verb.
5.27
These formats of the minor stems would function in meaning and usages
in the same manner as the binyanim of Pi’el, Pu’al and Hithpa’el in the
Steffen Han January 2011 revised.
5.28
The Causative Binyanim of
Vowel scheme of
Hollow Verbs Causative Hollow Infinitives
i. Most of the monosyllable, Hollow Qal
Hollow verbs in the verb Hollow
הָקִים
ברוך בשם
5.29
Vowel scheme of
Hiphil Hollow Imperative
Hollow Strong מי
2ms הָקֵם הַקְטֵל אַתָּה
2fs הָקִ֫ימִי הַקְטִ֫ילִי ְּאַת
2mp ּהָקִ֫ימו ּהַקְטִ֫ילו אַתֶּם
2fp הָקֵ֫מְנָה הַקְטֵ֫לְנָה אַתֵּ֫נָה
ii. Onto this base unit, suitable pronominal affixes would be added
to the verbal root to configure various Hiphil Hollow Imperative
Steffen Han January 2011 revised.
5.30
The default vowel scheme of Hiphil Hollow Imperfect Tense
i. Conjugation of the Hiphil Hollow Imperfect Tense would be
similar to that in the Hiphil strong, regular verbs, by using the
identical set of pronominal preformatives and affixes the איתן
ברוך בשם
5.31
The default vowel scheme of Hiphil Hollow Active Participle
Vowel scheme of
Hiphil Hollow Perfect Tense 5.32
The default vowel
Hollow Strong מי scheme of Hiphil
3ms הֵקִים הִקְטִיל הוּא Hollow Perfect Tense
3fs הֵקִ֫ימָה הִקְטִ֫ילָה הִיא i. Conjugation for
2ms ָהֲקִימ֫וֹת ָּהִקְטַ֫לְת אַתָּה the Hiphil Hollow
2fs הֲקִימוֹת ְּהִקְטַלְת ְּאַת Perfect Tense would
1cs הֲקִימ֫וֹתִי הִקְטַ֫לְתִּי אֲנִי be similar to that in
3cp ּהֵקִ֫ימו ּהִקְטִ֫ילו הֵן/הֵם the Hiphil strong,
2mp הֲקִימוֹתֶם הִקְטַלְתֶּם אַתֶּם regular, stretching
2fp הֲקִימוֹתֶן הִקְטַלְתֶּן אַתֵּ֫נָה
the three forms of
1cp ּהֲקִימ֫וֹנו ּהִקְטַ֫לְנו ּאֲנַחְנו
sufformatives: the zero
vowel sufformatve
conjugation, the vocalic sufformative conjugation where the rules
of abdication of the hind consonant and shortening of the stem,
pillion vowle would not be applicable to the Hiphil binyan as the
default [ )היריק מלא( ]�ִיused in the Hiphil binyan is immutable,
Steffen Han January 2011 revised.
ii. A helping vowel [ֹ)הוֹלָם מָלֶא( ]ו, which could be written as [ֹ�]
()חולם הסר, is inserted before consonant sufformatives to set up
the Hiphil Hollow Perfect Tense.
5.33
ברוך בשם
Vowel scheme of
Hophal Hollow Infinitives
Hollow Strong
Infinitive Absolute הוּקַם הָקְטֵל
Infinitive Construct הוּקֵם הָקְטַל
in the stem vowel, thus its pillion vowel would be [ֵ�] ()צרי.
5.34
The default vowel scheme of Hophal Hollow Imperative verb
Interestingly, there is so far no record of Hophal Hollow Imperative
Mood has been known.
5.35
The default vowel scheme Hophal Hollow Imperfect Tense
of Hophal Hollow
Strong Strong
Imperfect Tense Hollow מי
(2) (1)
3ms יוּקַם יָקְטַל יֻקְטַל הוּא
i. The consonant ה
3fs תּוּקַם תָּקְטַל תֻּקְטַל הִיא
( )הֵהin the prosthesis 2ms תּוּקַם תָּקְטַל תֻּקְטַל אַתָּה
ּ הוof Hophal Hollow תָּקְטְלִי תֻּקְטְלִי ְּאַת
2fs תּוּקְמִי
verb would exchange 1cs אוּקַם אָקְטַל אֻקְטַל אֲנִי
with one of these: 3mp ּיוּקְמו ּיָקְטְלו ּיֻקְטְלו הֵם
איתן, the pronominal 3fp תֻּקְטַ֫לְנָה תָּקְטַ֫לְנָה תּוּקַ֫מְנָה הֵן
Steffen Han January 2011 revised.
5.36
The default vowel
scheme of Hophal
Vowel scheme of
Hollow Participle Hophal Hollow Participle
Strong Strong
i. As Hollow Hollow Participle
(2) (1)
verbs are
2ms מוּקָם מָקְטָל מֻקְטָל אַתָּה
monosyllable
verbs, the rule 2fs מֻקְטֶ֫לֶת מָקְטֶ֫לֶת מוּקֶ֫מֶת ְּאַת
of propretonic 2mp מֻקְטָלִים מָקְטָלִים מוּקָמִים אַתֶּם
reduction is not 2fp מֻקְטָלוֹת מָקְטָלוֹת מוּקָמוֹת אַתֵּ֫נָה
applicable.
iii. The signatory [ )םֵמ( ]מfor participles outside the simple stems
replaced the [ )הֵא( ]הin the default base unit in the zero vowel
sufformative declesion and to be used for declension of other
Hophal Hollow participles.
Steffen Han January 2011 revised.
5.37
The default vowel scheme of Hophal Hollow Perfect Tense
i. The Meaning and function of Hophal Hollow verbs would be the
same as the main Hophal binyan.
ברוך בשם
Steffen Han January 2011 revised.
ברוך בשם
Steffen Han January 2011 revised.
CHAPTER FIVE: Hollow Verbs
21
22
Hebrew Verbal System
ברוך בשם
Steffen Han January 2011 revised.