4a.

1 2002 by Prentice Hall

Kuliah Ke
3
KONSEP DAN TEORI
DATABASE
4a.2 2002 by Prentice Hall
PENYIMPAN DATA DIGITAL
BIT: Binary Digit


Decimal Digit
Notasi Decimal :
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, (10 notasi)


Seluruh penyimpanan data dalam
komputer berbentuk BIT
Notasi BIT : 2 notasi
Simbol tulisan : 0,1 yg artinya N,Y atau Off, On


4a.3 2002 by Prentice Hall
1 Byte = 7 BIT
PENYIMPAN DATA DIGITAL
BYTE : Tanda dan simbol bacaan
Yg lazim dipakai saat ini


1 Byte = 8 BIT
Notasi BIT : 2 notasi
Simbol tulisan : 0,1 yg artinya N,Y atau Off, On


1 Byte = 9 BIT
Sejak tahun 1980
4a.4 2002 by Prentice Hall
1 Byte = 7 BIT
1 Byte = 8 BIT
1 Byte = 9 BIT

PENYIMPAN DATA DIGITAL
x x x x x x x x
Notasi BIT : 2 notasi
Simbol tulisan : 0,1 yg artinya N,Y atau Off, On


1 Byte = 8 BIT Sejak tahun 1990
8 BIT bisa menampung .. simbol
Tidak lagi
4a.5 2002 by Prentice Hall
FILE ORGANIZATION
BIT: Binary Digit (0,1; Y,N; On,Off)
BYTE: Combination of BITS which represent
a CHARACTER
FIELD: Collection of BYTES which represent
a DATUM or Fact
RECORD:
Collection of FIELDS which reflect
a TRANSACTION
*
4a.6 2002 by Prentice Hall
FILE ORGANIZATION
FILE: A Collection of similar RECORDS
DATABASE: An Organizations Electronic Library
of FILES organized
to serve business applications
*
4a.7 2002 by Prentice Hall
FILE ORGANIZATION
ENTITY: Person, place, thing,
event about which data must be kept
ATTRIBUTE: Description of a particular ENTITY
KEY FIELD: Field used to retrieve, update,
sort RECORD
*
4a.8 2002 by Prentice Hall
KEY FIELD
Field in Each Record
Uniquely Identifies THIS Record
For RETRIEVAL
UPDATING
SORTING
*
4a.9 2002 by Prentice Hall
DATA REDUNDANCY
PROGRAM / DATA DEPENDENCY
LACK OF FLEXIBILITY
POOR SECURITY
LACK OF DATA
SHARING &
AVAILABILITY
*
PROBLEMS WITH TRADITIONAL FILE
ENVIRONMENT
Flat File
4a.10 2002 by Prentice Hall
SEQUENTIAL VS. DIRECT
FILE ORGANIZATION
SEQUENTIAL:
Tape oriented;
one file follows another;
follows physical sequence
DIRECT: Disk oriented;
can be accessed without regard to
physical sequence
*
4a.11 2002 by Prentice Hall
DIRECT FILE ACCESS METHOD
EACH RECORD HAS KEY FIELD
KEY FIELD FED INTO TRANSFORM
ALGORITHM
ALGORITHM GENERATES
PHYSICAL STORAGE LOCATION OF
RECORD (RECORD ADDRESS)
*
4a.12 2002 by Prentice Hall
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
(DBMS)
SOFTWARE TO CREATE & MAINTAIN
DATA
ENABLES BUSINESS APPLICATIONS
TO EXTRACT DATA

*
4a.13 2002 by Prentice Hall
COMPONENTS OF DBMS:
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE:
Defines data elements in database
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE:
Manipulates data for applications
DATA DICTIONARY:
Formal definitions of all variables in database,
controls variety of database contents, data
elements
*
4a.14 2002 by Prentice Hall
STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL)
EMERGING STANDARD
DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE
FOR RELATIONAL DATABASES
*
4a.15 2002 by Prentice Hall
ELEMENTS OF SQL
SELECT: List of columns from tables desired
FROM: Identifies tables from which columns
will be selected
WHERE: Includes conditions for selecting
specific rows, conditions for joining
multiple tables
*
4a.16 2002 by Prentice Hall
RELATIONAL DATA MODEL
DATA IN TABLE FORMAT
RELATION: TABLE
RECORD: ROW IN TABLE
FIELD: COLUMN IN TABLE
*
HOURS RATE TOTAL
ABLE 40.50 $ 10.35 $ 419.18 $
BAXTER 38.00 $ 8.75 $ 332.50 $
CHEN 42.70 $ 9.25 $ 394.98 $
DENVER 35.90 $ 9.50 $ 341.05 $
4a.17 2002 by Prentice Hall
Database Structures
Employee
2
A
Empno Ename Etitle Dept
1
2 B
3 C
Relational Structure
Network Structure Hierarchical Structure
Employee
3
Project B
Project A
Dept Dname Dloc Dmgr
A
B
C
Employee
2
Employee
1
Project A
Employee
1
Dept A
Dept B Dept
Project B
4a.18 2002 by Prentice Hall
TYPES OR RELATIONS
ONE-TO-ONE:
STUDENT ID
ONE-TO-MANY:
CLASS
STUDENT
A
STUDENT
B
STUDENT
C
MANY-TO-MANY:
STUDENT
A
STUDENT
B
STUDENT
C
CLASS
1
CLASS
2
4a.19 2002 by Prentice Hall
ROOT
FIRST
CHILD
2nd
CHILD
Ratings Salary
Compensation Job
Assignments
Pension Insurance Health
Benefits
Employer
HIERARCHICAL DATA MODEL
4a.20 2002 by Prentice Hall
NETWORK DATA MODEL
VARIATION OF HIERARCHICAL
MODEL
USEFUL FOR MANY-TO-MANY
RELATIONSHIPS
*
NETWORK
A
NETWORK
B
NETWORK
C
NETWORK
1
NETWORK
2
4a.21 2002 by Prentice Hall
CREATING A DATABASE

CONCEPTUAL DESIGN
PHYSICAL DESIGN
*
4a.22 2002 by Prentice Hall
CREATING A DATABASE
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN:
ABSTRACT MODEL, BUSINESS
PERSPECTIVE
HOW WILL DATA BE GROUPED?
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG
ELEMENTS
ESTABLISH END-USER
NEEDS
*
4a.23 2002 by Prentice Hall
DETAILED MODEL BY DATABASE
SPECIALISTS
ENTITY-RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM
NORMALIZATION
HARDWARE / SOFTWARE
SPECIFIC
*
CREATING A DATABASE
PHYSICAL DESIGN:
4a.24 2002 by Prentice Hall
ELEMENTS OF DATABASE
ENVIRONMENT
DATABASE
MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM
DATA
ADMINISTRATION
DATABASE
TECHNOLOGY &
MANAGEMENT
USERS
DATA PLANNING
& MODELING
METHODOLOGY
4a.25 2002 by Prentice Hall
NORMALIZATION
PROCESS OF CREATING SMALL
DATA STRUCTURES FROM
COMPLEX GROUPS OF DATA
EXAMPLES:
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE
PERSONNEL RECORDS
PAYROLL
*
4a.26 2002 by Prentice Hall
DATABASE ADMINISTRATION
DEFINES & ORGANIZES DATABASE
STRUCTURE AND CONTENT
DEVELOPS SECURITY PROCEDURES
DEVELOPS DATABASE
DOCUMENTATION
MAINTAINS DBMS
*
4a.27 2002 by Prentice Hall
COMPONENTS OF DATA WAREHOUSE
INFORMATION
DIRECTORY
INTERNAL
DATA
SOURCES
EXTERNAL
DATA
SOURCES
OPERATIONAL,
HISTORICAL DATA
DATA WAREHOUSE
EXTRACT,
TRANSFORM
DATA
ACCESS &
ANALYSIS
QUERIES &
REPORTS
OLAP
DATA MINING
4a.28 2002 by Prentice Hall
DATABASE TRENDS
MULTIDIMENSIONAL DATA
ANALYSIS: 3D (or higher) groupings
to store complex data
HYPERMEDIA: Nodes contain text,
graphics, sound, video, programs.
organizes data as nodes.

*
4a.29 2002 by Prentice Hall
DATABASE TRENDS
DATA WAREHOUSE: Organizations
electronic library stores consolidated
current & historic data for
management reporting & analysis
ON-LINE ANALYTICAL PROCESSING
(OLAP): Tools for multi-
dimensional data analysis
*
4a.30 2002 by Prentice Hall
DATABASE TRENDS
DATA MART: Small data warehouse
for special function, e.g.,
Focused marketing based
on customer info
DATAMINING: Tools for finding
hidden patterns, relation-
ships, for predicting trends
*
4a.31 2002 by Prentice Hall
DATABASE TRENDS
LINKING DATABASES TO THE WEB:
WEB USER CONNECTS TO VENDOR
DATABASE
SPECIAL SOFTWARE CONVERTS HTML
TO SQL
SQL FINDS DATA,
SERVER CONVERTS RESULT
TO HTML
*
4a.32 2002 by Prentice Hall
Data Warehouse and Data
Mining
Client
PC or
NC
Analytical
Data Store
Enterprise
Warehouse
Data Mart
Data
Acquisition
Subsystem
Warehouse
Design
Subsystem
Data
Management
Subsystem
Data Access
and Delivery
Subsystem
Web
Information
System
Operational
Databases
Metadata
Directory
Metadata
Repository
Metadata
Management
Subsystem
4a.33 2002 by Prentice Hall
Network
Server
External
Databases on
the Internet &
Online
Services
Client
PC or
NC
Operational
Databases of
the Organization
Data
Mart
End User
Databases
Data
Warehouse
Distributed
Databases on
Intranets &
Other Networks
Major Types of Databases