,

snnrcxax noramma
" "
antnax nnnax noramma
"-"

ocxna
"ocnmnn"
2
2002
376.5
FF 74.6
86
nro: . .
nnsnrt:
. . , nxro ]nnoco]cxnx nayx, no]cco;
. . , oxro ncnxonornucxnx nayx, no]cco;
. . , oxro narornucxnx nyx, no]cco
!"#$%"&'!"' !() !*"$+(, -'."$"*"" /'', ! %-("&'(()0"
102(!30" 2"1('/'3'$+(!" / . . xaron; -no rya n connan. asnnrnx
oc. annn n . .: ocnmnn, 2002. 448c. (snnrcxax
noramma rn occnn). ISBN 5-09-011665-2.
uno nocon nororonnno n amxax ]antno nnno norammt rn-
nnnannt snnrcxo norammt rn occnn mnntm nayuno-nccnona-
rntcxnm xonnxrnnom nn ycxom rocyacrnnnom mnnnncxom ynnncnrr.
uno nocon xomnonano nx crynron ]axyntrron n ornnn no no-
roronx n nnororonx cnnnanncron no connantno annnrannn r c orannun-
ntmn nosmoxnocrxmn. xomnonano uno-mronucxnm onnnnm () nyson
no oasonannm n onacrn connantno aort, 3xcnrno-xoonnannonntm conrom
]antno nnno norammt rn-nnnannt.
sann ocymcrnnxrcx n amxax oxra cocrnnx cryxryno ncrox
cncrmt connantno samnrt nacnnnn ().
4 567.8
69.7
:;<= 8>?@>?AA778>B nnncrcrno rya n connantnoro asnnrnx
occncxo annn, 2002
occncxn ]on connantntx ]om, 2002
yoxcrnnno o]omnnn
sarntcrno ocnmnn, 2002
3
c nana samnmnt
-'/"!$"'
o anntm crarncrnxn, ynnnunnarcx uncno r-nnnannon n r c asnnuntmn
]omamn saxx ]nsnucxoro n ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx. cmorx na ycnnnx, nnnnmamt
omcrnom c nntm nx oyunnx n asnnrnx, snaunrntnax uacrt raxnx r, cran nsocntmn,
oxastnamrcx n nororonnnntmn x nnrrannn n connantno-+xonomnucxym xnsnt.
mcr c rm syntrart nccnonann n naxrnxa cnnrntcrnymr o rom, uro nmo
unonx, nmmmn ror nnn nno ]xr asnnrnx n cnocont x nocnnxrnm nocnnrarntntx
noscrnn, moxr nn coornrcrnymmnx ycnonnxx crart nonnonnno nnunocrtm, asnnnartcx
yxonno, ocnunnart cx n marnantnom ornomnnn n trt nonsntm omcrny. naxo, urot
mnrt +ry saauy, noxonmo yunrtnart nct xomnnxc mnnnncxnx, narornucxnx,
+xonomnucxnx, connantntx, connantno-ncnxonornucxnx n yrnx nonm, xacammnxcx
connantno samnrt nnn c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn, nx oyunnx,
annnrannn n aanrannn n connantnym cy.
annom yunom noconn accmarnnamrcx nonmt, cnxsannt c ncnxonornucxnmn
acnxramn connantno annnrannn r n nx nnrrannn n omcrno. nn xnnxmrcx
xnmuntmn, onaxo, nmnno nm n naxrnx aort c rtmn ynxrcx mntm ncro nnnmannx.
onnantno-annnrannonnax xrntnocrt cannnrntno nonax onacrt
no]ccnonantno xrntnocrn, nosnnxmax xax ono ns nanannnn n cncrm xomnnxcno
annnrannn r c orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn.
*"$+(>-'."$"*"((3 /'3'$+(!+ +ro nnnanannnnt noncc
nosnamnnx unonxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn n noyxrnnnym n
nonnonnnym connantnym xnsnt, nxnmunnx ro n cncrmy omcrnnntx ornomnn n xo
cnnnantntm oasom orannsonannoro oyunnx, nocnnrannx n cosannx nx +roro onrnmantntx
ycnonn, a raxx xomnnxca ncnxorxnnucxnx n narornucxnx ccrn, nanannnntx na
nnocrno asnnrn ro xax nnunocrn n nnax ncnxo]nsnucxnx nosmoxnocr.
na ryr ocnonarntno no]ccnonantno nororonxn, nocxontxy sararnnar cyty
acrymro unonxa, nnum orxromnnoro ]xrom asnnrnx. cnxsn c +rnm n nocnnn rot n
x ntcmnx yuntx sannn nncrynnnn x oyunnm cnnnanncron no no]nnm connantnax
annnrannx, nnsnanntx roronnrt raxnx r x sonsnnno aanrannn n nnrrannn n
omcrno.
nox c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn usntuano cnoxno xnnnn. urot
+]]xrnnno ynannxrt ro asnnrnm, cnnnanncry nasnannoro no]nnx noxonmo rnyoxo
snann ncnxonornucxnx saxonomnocr, no xorotm asnnnarcx nox. asnannt saxono-
mnocrn nsyuar ncnxonornx. nonarntno, ncnxonornx no ornomnnm x connantno
annnrannn r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn ntcrynar xax ncnnnnnna, cocrannxmmax
nayunym ocnony. Fs yura saxonomnocr ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx nxa, connantno-
annnrannonnax xrntnocrt yr ncrannxrt nnmt cno nannn n nnmon, no xorotm
moxr ocymcrnnxrtcx ro nororonxa x xnsnn, no xonxrnoro coxannx n nmrt.
nnaramom noconn cnana nontrxa oomnrt n cncrn n nnym cncrmy
ncnxonornucxn nonmt, nosnonxmmn ocosnart cymnocrt connantno-annnrannonno
xrntnocrn, accmorrt nonoct connantno annnrannn c rouxn snnx ncnxonornucxnx
oconnocr asnnrnx nxa.
yc cnxonornucxn ocnont connantno annnrannn r c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn nosnnx na crtx cmxntx nayx: om ncnxonornn,
connantno ncnxonornn, nosacrno n narornucxo ncnxonornn, cnnnantno ncnxonornn n
xoxnnonno narornxn. n nmr cno nmr, oxr n mrot nccnonannx, nosnonxmmn
nonyuart oxrnnnym nayunym nn]omannm o nx, nxnmunnom n connantno-
annnrannonnt noncc.
ornucxo ocnono xyca xnnxmrcx nonoxnnx omncnxonornucxo ronn,
asaorannt raxnmn yuntmn, xax: . . trorcxn, . . ynx, . . ynnmrn, . .
onrtn, . . antnnn, . . 3ntxonnn, F. . omon, . . Fymnnncxn n ., a raxx aort
. . Foxonnu, . . yxnno n yrnx, nsyuanmnx nnunocrt nxa n ]omnonann n
rcxom nosacr. o+romy nc nonmt, nxnmunnt n nacroxmn xyc, accmarnnamrcx c
nosnnn '/"(! /'3'$+(!(% " $"&(!(% C/#/D c]omnonanmnxcx n
orucrnnno ncnxonornn naroax ycnnnxm nasnanntx anroon.
cxox ns anntx noxoon, n nnr nnnmannx connantno-annnrannonnoro noncca
cronr nox xax cyxr nocnnrarntnoro noscrnnx n nsocnt, corynnuammn c nxom
na nanax cramro ronanma n asnnuntx nnax xrntnocrn, omnnx n cnnnantno
4
orannsonanntx ynaxnnnxx.
'3'$+(!(), C/#/ n connantno annnrannn nnonarar asnnrn n xoxnnm
nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn rontxo n xrntnocrn noccrnom cnnnantnoro
oyunnx, n xo xorooro nox onnanar ncnxonornucxnmn ccrnamn, nosnonxmmnmn my
na nonom yonn ocymcrnnxrt xonront n ynannnn cno nnyrnn n nnmn axrnnnocrtm.
ornacno . . ynnmrny, xrntnocrt onnxrcx camnm oxrom, no n nxmo, a us
nnyrnnn saxonomnocrn, ro crt, nnmn noscrnn ar ror nnn nno ncnxnucxn
+]]xr, nnmt nnomnxxct us ncnxnucxo cocroxnn unonxa, us cnoxnnmncx y nro
cro mtcn n uyncrn. xaucrn cncrmt nnyrnnnx ycnonn ntcrynar nnunocrt c cnoxno
mnoroyonnno cryxryo.
"&(!(), C/#/ onnrnyr n na acraxrnoro, a na xonxrnoro nxa c ro
nonmamn n oconnocrxmn, oycnonnnntmn orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn
xnsnxrntnocrn, na asnnrn ro xax nnunocrn, ycrounno x connantntm nnsroam. Fnaroax
]omnonannm nxa xax nnunocrn, on cranonnrcx xosxnnom cocrnnnoro , cyxrom
xrntnocrn n omnnx. occrnom cno nonn on moxr nanannxrt cnon ycnnnx na
camoasnnrn n camoannsannm. cnn nox n cranr cyxrom xrntnocrn, nnn
connantno annnrannn n moryr trt ocrnrnyrt. rcma, urot ocrnut nnn connantno
annnrannn noxonmo c]omnonart nnunocrt nxa xax cyxra xrntnocrn n omnnx.
asnannt noxot, accmarnnamt n nncrn, onnxmr n mcro cnnnanncra no
connantno annnrannn n om cncrm nocnnrannx nxa. ro saaua cocronr n rom, urot,
ncnontsyx asnnunt noxot, ocnunrt n noncc asnnuntx nnon xrntnocrn n omnnx
cosann nnyrnnnx n nnmnnx ycnonn nx nonnxnnx nxa c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn n nnunocrnom asnnrnn.
unrtnax, uro noncc connantno annnrannn nanannn na nxa c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn, nn asaorx xyca mnoxo ncnontsonannct aort, nocnxmnnt nonmam
anomann asnnrnx ncnxnxn n nnunocrn: . . trorcxoro, F. . rannx, F. . Faryct, . .
nncxoro, . . nacono, . . nsn, . . yxano, . . nuxo n mnornx yrnx,
yrnxammnx nnnnnyantnt rymanncrnucxn noxo n oyunnn r c orannunnxmn
xnsnxrntnocrn c nosnnnn yura xomnnxcnoro ncnxo]nsnucxoro asnnrnx nanon nonno
nx connantno annnrannn.
Fontmo snaunn nx nonnmannx nonm asnnrnx nnunocrn n connantno annnrannn
r n noocrxon c ]nsnucxnmn n ncnxnucxnmn orannunnxmn n ycnonnxx ]ynxnnonnonannx
rcxnx rynn nmmr aort . . roncxoro, . . naronona, . . mancxoro, . . u-
ntmna, . . onomnncxoro n .
na ns oconnocr nnaramoro yunoro noconx cocronr n rom, uro nn
accmornnn nonocon, ornocxmnxcx x nonm connantno annnrannn, axnnr narcx n na
oconnocrxx ]xron (cnnort, rnyxort, ymcrnnno orcranocrn .) n nx nnnxnnn na ncnxnxy, a
nsnaramrcx omn saxonomnocrn asnnrnx nnunocrn nxa, nsanncnmo or cnnn]nxn ]xra.
axo noxo oycnonnn rm, uro xaxt nn anomannn asnnrnx nxa c xonxrntm
]xrom ocrarouno rnyoxo accmarnnarcx n cnnnantno nnrary, a no-nrotx,
nccnonannxmn mnornx yuntx nornxno nonoxnn . . trorcxoro o rom, uro asnnrn
nomantnoro n anomantnoro nxa, xorx n nn nannunn cnnn]nucxnx oconnocr,
nounnxrcx omnm saxonam ]omnonannx ncnxnxn n nnunocrn unonxa n onrorns.
yurom nasnanntx oconnocr, a raxx nonnmannx connantno annnrannn xax
nnnanannnnoro noncca, nanannnnoro na nororonxy nxa x nxoxnnm n connantno-
+xonomnucxym xnsnt nyrm ]omnonannx ycrounno nnunocrn x nnmnnm ranmnymmnm
cnryannxm, onnnnact rmarnxa, coxann n nornxa nsnoxnnx nonm, nxnmunntx n
nacroxm yuno nocon.
uno nocon ocnuno mronucxnm annaarom. xonn xaxo rnant nnararcx
nunt nonocon nx camoxonronx n cnncox nnraryt, ncnontsonanno nn nanncannn n
xomnonanno nx camocroxrntno aort, a raxx nnmnt rmt nx oxnaon n co-
omnn. xonn yunoro noconx nommn cnonat ncnxonornucxnx n cnnnantntx rmnnon,
ncruammnxcx xax n yunom noconn, rax n n xomnymo nnrary.
5
I

D
4

1
4
E


F
A.A. 4
oxnnnn nacroxmro yunoro xyca xax camocroxrntnoro yunoro nmra
oycnonnno ocro nornocrtm ronn n naxrnxn cosnarntnoro, on +]]xrnnnoro
ynannnnx nororonxo r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn x nx nnrrannn n
nronym n nosnanarntnym xrntnocrt soontx cncrnnxon, a raxx n acnxr
yym nnrrannn n omcrno.
nacroxm nmx 4,5 nonnra r, noxnnammnx n occnn, ornocxrcx x
xarronn nnn c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn soontx n nyxamrcx n cnnnantnom
(xoxnnonnom) oasonannn, ornuammm nx ocotm oasonarntntm nornocrxm.
om roro, cymcrnyr ontmax nocnoxa r, xorot nocmamr maccont
omoasonarntnt mxont, omxontnt yuxnnx, no no nnnxnnm nnaronnxrno
cxnatnammnxcx connantntx ycnonn, n, nx ncro, mxnnunocrntx ornomnn,
ncntrtnamr ncnxonornucxn ncxom]or, xorot no m nsocnnnx nxa, cnn n
nsmnnrt ycnonnx, ycnnnnarcx n nnamarcx n ranmnymmn ]axro. syntrar
raxnm rxm cranonnrcx noxonmo cnnnantnax nomomt co croont nsocntx n
cosannn ycnonn nx nomantno aanrannn n c cncrnnxon.
uncn raxnx r nanon samrno rynno ntcrynamr narornucxn
sanymnnt rn. xaxo mxon nx ncruarcx n mn 1015 nonnron. axxa
ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx y nnx ntsnana n naronornucxnmn xnnnnxmn, a nannunm
]nnnra nnnxnnx na nxa co croont nsocntx na +ranax omxontnoro rcrna n
mnamro mxontnoro nosacra. 3rn rn, naxy c rtmn, nmmmnmn saxxn ncnxn-
ucxoro asnnrnx no nnunn narornntx noscrnn na nxa n asnnunt nnot
xnsnn, oyuaxct n omoasonarntno mxon, nonaamr n uncno yuamnxcx c
orxnonnnxmn n nonnnn n nycnnammnx.
rynny r c nonmamn n asnnrnn ornocxr raxx n rx, y xoro naymnt
]ynxnnn n nosnanarntno c] (nnnmann, namxrt); r c saromoxnntmn,
samnnntmn axnnxmn; r c rmn nnn nntmn nsnucxnmn ]xramn, xorot n
ntstnamr croxnx naymnn ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn.
ornacno xynaono nomnxnary naymnn, orannunnn
xnsnxrntnocrn n connantno nocrarounocrn () no orannunnm
6
xnsnxrntnocrn nonnmarcx nmo orannunn nnn orcyrcrnn cnoconocrn
ocymcrnnxrt xrntnocrt cnocoom nnn n amxax, cunrammnxcx nomantntmn nx
unonxa annoro nosacra. cnonno uro orannunnx xnsnxrntnocrn xnnxrcx
crnnt noxnnnnx, ycranannnnamax n ]om mxant rxxcrn (n nn xonnu-
crnnnoro noxasarnx).
Fontmnncrno r, nmmmnx croxn ]ynxnnonantnt naymnnx, rn-
nnnannt. nnannnocrt, n coornrcrnnn c nnnxro xnaccn]nxann, +ro connantnax
nocrarounocrt ncncrnn naymnnx soontx co croxnm accrocrnom ]ynxnn
orannsma, nnnoxmnm x orannunnm xnsnxrntnocrn n noxonmocrn connantno
samnrt. cxox ns nnnxroro saxonoarntcrna, n mcxunt cox nocn nnsnannx nxa
nnnannom cnnnanncramn yuxnnx, nononnmnmn mnxo-connantnym +xcnrnsy,
asaartnarcx nnnnnyantnax noramma annnrannn nxa-nnnanna. annax
noramma ncrannxr coo nunt annnrannonntx monnxrnn c yxasannm nx
omon, coxon nonnnx, ncnonnnrn n nanannnntx na noccranonnnn
cnoconocr nxa-nnnanna x trono, nosacrno-cono n yuno xrntnocrn n
coornrcrnnn co cryxryo ro nornocr, xyrom nnrcon, yonnm nnrxsann.
n cocrannnnn norammt yunrtnarcx raxx nornosnymt yonnt comarnucxoro
cocroxnnx, ncnxo]nsnonornucxo ntnocnnnocrn, connantnoro craryca nxa n cmtn n
antntx nosmoxnocr, n xorotx on naxonrcx.
n +rom -'."$"*"3 nonnmarcx xax noncc n cncrma mnnnncxnx,
ncnxonornucxnx, narornucxnx n connantno-+xonomnucxnx monnxrn,
nanannnntx na ycrannn nnn nosmoxno on nonnym xomnncannm orannunn
xnsnxrntnocrn, ntsnanntx naymnnm soontx co croxnm accrocrnom ]ynxnn
orannsma.
'$+ -'."$"*"" onnxrcx xax noccranonnnn connantnoro craryca
nnnanna, ocrnxnn nm marnantno nsanncnmocrn n ro connantnax aanrannx.
syntrarom annsannn annnrannonntx monnxrn xnnxrcx nonnax nnn
uacrnunax xomnncannx nmnmrocx y nnnanna orannunnx xnsnxrntnocrn.
aaun annnrannn r-nnnannon mamrcx n ocnonnom n cncrm
cnnnantntx yuntx sannn nnn annnrannonntx yuxnn, nnasnaunntx
nx nonnnx mnxo-connantno annnrannn, r orannsannx yunoro noncca n
noncca annnrannn onnxmrcx oconnocrxmn nx anomantnoro asnnrnx.
ocnonntm rnnam annnrannonntx yuxnn ornocxrcx: annnrannonno-+xc-
nrnt, annnrannonno-oasonarntnt, annnrannonno-nonsnocrnnnt,
annnrannonno-mnnnncxn n annnrannonno-connantnt yuxnnx.
oncc annnrannn n annnrannonntx yuxnnxx ocymcrnnxrcx n
coornrcrnnn c annnrannonntmn norammamn, asaoranntmn na ocnon
rocyacrnnntx annnrannonntx cranaron.
crnymmax n cran cncrma cnnnantnoro oasonannx r c orxnonnnxmn n
ymcrnnnom n ]nsnucxom asnnrnn nmr orart ontr cosannx naronnxrntx ycnonn
nx xoxnnn ]xra. ro x nmx, xax noxastnar ananns nx xrntnocrn, na ]on
+rnx ocrnxnn cymcrnnno craar oasonarntnax nororonxa r n ymnn
aorart c nxom, xax c asnnnammcx nnunocrtm. nonyunn xaucrnnnoro
oasonannx, n n ntaoran nnunocrntx cnocrn, noxonmtx nx camocroxrntno
xnsnn n cnoxnom mn connantntx n connantno-+xonomnucxnx ornomnnn, unonx,
nmmmn croxn ]ynxnnonantnt naymnnx, nsnauantno n xonxynrocnocon na
conmnnom tnx rya.
axonnnnt n nocnnn rot ontr aort c rtmn, nmmmnmn orxnonnnx n
asnnrnn, rononr o rom, uro cymcrnyr on +]]xrnnnt nyrt xomnncannn ]xra.
axax nosmoxnocrt nosnnxar rora, xora axnnr n aor c nxom narcx n na
]xr cam no c, a na aory c unonxom n nnom, na asnnrn ro xax nnunocrn, a
xomnncannx ]xra n raxo cnryannn cranonnrcx xax t noountm syntrarom.
nnm ns nanannnn raxo aort, xoroax yunrtnar nasnannt nocrarxn, xnnxrcx
connantnax annnrannx. na nnorar nc ontm snaunn xax noncc,
ocymcrnnxmt n amxax omro annnrannonnoro noncca nnn camocroxrntno
7
nanannnnt na acxtrn n annsannm rnoucxoro nornnnana nxa,
]omnonann ro xax nnunocrn, cnocono aanrnonartcx n ycnonnxx nsmnxmmcx
connantno ct.
*"$+(3 -'."$"*"3 +ro nnnanannnnt noncc nosnamnnx r
c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn n noyxrnnnym nonnonnnym
connantnym xnsnt. cnonnax saaua connantno annnrannn noccranonnnn
connantnoro craryca nxa n nxnmunn ro n cncrmy omcrnnntx ornomnn n xo
cnnnantntm oasom orannsonannoro oyunnx, nocnnrannx n cosannx nx +roro
onrnmantntx ycnonn, a raxx c nomomtm xomnnxca ncnxorxnnucxnx n narornucxnx
ccrn, nanannnntx na nnocrno asnnrn xax nnunocrn n nnax ro
ncnxo]nsnucxnx nosmoxnocr.
onnantnax annnrannx nmtcnnma s nonnmannx ncnxonornucxnx
oconnocr asnnrnx nnunocrn nxa. noncc nsanmocrnnx c nxom,
nmmmnm orxnonnnx n asnnrnn, nosnnxar nmano nonm, cnxsanntx c nnnxnnm na
asnnnammymcx nnunocrt oromnoro xonnucrna nnmnnx n nnyrnnnx ]axroon,
mnxmmnx nnyrnnn mn. urot +]]xrnnno ynannxrt +rnm nonccom, nao snart
nx cnnn]nxy, nonoxnrntnt n nrarnnnt croont, nnnrt syntrart noscrnnx
n ymno nnocnrt xoxrnnt n nx asnnrn.
acroxmn xyc xnnxrcx oracnno ncnnnnnno, n ocnony xorooro nonoxnt
snannx no om, nosacrno, narornucxo, connantno n cnnnantno ncnxonornn. o
on n crannr cno saau accmornn ncx nonm nasnanntx ncnnnnnn. ro
coxann, nanannnnocrt n cryxrya oycnonnnt, nx ncro, oxrom nccnona-
nnx nxom, nmmmnm r nnn nnt orannunnx xnsnxrntnocrn.
nanno ro saau xnnxrcx ntxnnnn n nsyunn nyr +]]xrnnnoro nxoxnnx
n oxyxammn mn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn, c
yurom saxonomnocr asnnrnx ro nnunocrn n ycnonnxx oyunnx, nocnnrannx n
cnnnantntm oasom orannsonanntx connantno-annnrannonntx noscrnn n
ornomnn.
accmarnnamt n yunom noconn nonmt nonnmannx cymnocrn nnunocrn,
saxonomnocrn ]omnonannx n onrorns, oconnocrn ycnonnx nxom c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn connantnoro ontra n nxnmunnx ro n cncrmy
mxnnunocrntx ornomnn, ncnxonornucxn oconnocrn mantx rynn n nx nnnxnn na
cranonnnn nnunocrn nxa n mnorn yrn nonmt, moryr crart naxntm marom n
mnnn xonxrntx connantno-annnrannonntx saau.
nann saxonon ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx nxa n ymnn ncnontsonart nx na
naxrnx noxonmt nx roro, urot ncxnmunrt cnyuanocrt n crnxnnocrt n connantno-
annnrannonnom noncc, cnart ro ynannxmtm n ncxasymtm. nnaxct na
nnx, moxno ramorno annsontnart ocnonnt nnn n saaun connantno-
annnrannonnoro noncca. nx uncn:
nnnanannnno ]omnonart ns nxa-nnnanna nonnonnnym nnunocrt,
raxannna c nanamn n oxsannocrxmn, coxanxx nn +rom nnnnnyantno cnooasn
xaxoro nxa;
ntaartnart n om cryxry nnocrno nnunocrn nxa cncrmy
nornocr n cnnnantnt xaucrna, noxonmt nx nxoxnnx n cnoxnt mn
connantntx n connantno-+xonomnucxnx ornomnn;
onnaxct na nosacrnt ncnxonornucxn oconnocrn nxa, acxtnammn
cryxryy nnocrno nnunocrn nxa n cranonnnnn n asnnrnn, ]omnonart ro xax
cyxra camonosnannx n camoconmncrnonannx;
asaartnart c yurom nnnnnyantntx asnnun xonxrnoro nxa
mronxn n rxnonornn connantno-annnrannonnoro noncca, nanannnnt na
]omnonann nnunocrn ycrounno x ranmnymmnm cnryannxm;
asaartnart cncrmy xomnnxcntx noscrnn, ncxnmuammnx
nornnounnt nnnxnnx na nxa, xorot, ononnxx yr yra, moryr oxasart
maxcnmantno nnnxnn na asnnrn nnunocrn nxa, orxromnnoro rm nnn nntm
]xrom nnn onsntm.
8
o crt, nmrom nsyunnx nacroxmro xyca xnnxmrcx connantno-
ncnxonornucxn acnxrt n saxonomnocrn asnnrnx nnunocrn nxa c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn, nxnmunnoro n cncrmy connantno-annnrannonntx noscrnn n
asnnunt nnt xrntnocrn, omnnx n ornomnn co nsocntmn n cncrnnxamn,
ocnunnammn onnann m connantntm ontrom n cranonnnn xax cyxra xrnt-
nocrn, omnnx n mxnnunocrntx ornomnn n asnnuno connantno c.
om nonocon omrornucxoro nnana, nacroxmn xyc mar xonxrnt
nnxnant saaun, ntaartnar xomnannn no cosannm nanon onrnmantntx
ycnonn asnnrnx n cranonnnnx nnunocrn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n
asnnuntx xnsnnntx cnryannxx.
accmornn nonm, nxnmunntx n nacroxmn xyc, ntrxar ns nonnmannx
roro, uro, no-nntx, ncnxnxa nxa n ro nnunocrnt xaucrna ]omnymrcx rontxo n
xrntnocrn n omnnn, n syntrar noxnnnnx axrnnnocrn camo nnunocrtm no
ycnonnm omcrnnno-ncronucxoro ontra, yxonno xyntryt, ntaoranntx
nmcrnymmnmn noxonnnxmn (. . trorcxn, 1983; . . onrtn, 1975; . .
ynnmrn, 1938).
o-nrotx, n asnnrnn nnunocrn unonxa xax ncronucxoro cyxra, connantno
nacnymmro ncnxnucxn cnocrna n cnoconocrn, ncra onxnt trt sacrnonant
]nomnt, xorot onnxmr na asntx +ranax onrornsa nocronn ro
camocosnannx (. . yxnna, 1988).
-rrtnx, nnunocrt nxa, nmmmro xnsnnnt orannunnx, asnnnarcx na
ocnon onnx n rx x saxonomnocr, uro n nomantnt nmn. naxo n cnny
naxnarnoro nnomnnnx noscrnn connantno ct n nocnnrannx us
nnyrnnn mn, ocnoxnnnt nocncrnnxmn ]nsnucxnx nnn ncnxnucxnx ]xron,
nmr n cnom asnnrnn cnnn]nucxn oconnocrn, xorot moryr orasnrtcx na
xaucrnnntx xaaxrncrnxax. o+romy nyum ncro nonxrt +rn nonmt nosnonnr
ananns nomantntx nonccon asnnrnx, xorot y nxa co cnnnantntmn nonmamn
oocrxmrcx nnn ncxaxamrcx no nnnxnnm nasnanntx ]axroon.
-urnrtx, r nnn nnt xnsnnnt orannunnx n asnnrnn nxa moxno
noonrt, cnnsnrt nx nocncrnnx, cnn nayunrt ro camocroxrntno noonnart n
xomnncnonart ]xrt, trt anntm c rax nastnamtmn soontmn nmtmn. axo
nyrt asnnrnx nxa c orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn nosmoxn, cnn nsmnnrt c nomomtm
ccrn oasonannx n connantno annnrannn oconnocrn nocnnxrnx nm cnoro
cocrnnnoro n oxyxamm crnnrntnocrn, nocnnrart ro xax nnunocrt,
onaammym ycrounnocrtm x nnmnnm n nnyrnnnm ranmnymmnm noscrnnxm n
cnoconym ycnmno aanrnonartcx n oxyxamm c n +]]xrnnno c n
nsanmocrnonart.
rax, ocnonnax saaua xyca acxtrt nosmoxnocrn ncnontsonannx
ncnxonornucxnx snann n naxrnx connantno annnrannn r c yurom nx
xnsnnntx orannunn n ntstnammnx nx nnunn, onnnrt ocnonnt nanannnnx n
ycnonnx ]omnonannx nnunocrn, ycrounno x ranmnymmnm nnnxnnxm nnyrnnnx n
nnmnnx ]axroon noscrnnx.
A.B. G 4


urot ocnunrt +]]xrnnno nxoxnn nxa c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn n connantnym cy, c]omnonart ro xax nnunocrt, cnoconym
annsonart cx n cncrm omcrnnntx ornomnn, nyxno ornrnrt na mnorn nonoct
n, nx ncro, na raxn, xax: uro raxo asnnrn? axont ro ocnonnt ]axrot n
ycnonnx, nnxymn cnnt n ncrounnxn? um noxnnxrcx cnnn]nxa asnnrnx r,
nmmmnx orannunnt nosmoxnocrn?
onma asnnrnx nnrantnax nonma conmnno ncnxonornn. untx
ncra nonnonano, xaxnm oasom cnomomnt mnann sa cannnrntno xoorxn
nomxyrox nmnn nnamarcx n cosnarntnym nnunocrt, uro nxnr n ocnon +roro
9
noncca.
onro nmx +ra nonma accmarnnanact n ycn mra]nsnucxo ronn nyx
]axroon: nacncrnnnocrn n nnmn ct, xorot n xaucrn nnsmnntx cnn, xxot
]arantntm oasom nonnxnn xo asnnrnx rcxo ncnxnxn. num, n nanaxct n
ananns nnot n cnnn]nxn camoro noncca nsyuamoro xnnnnx, onn anrot n xaucrn
mammro ]axroa nastnann nacncrnnnocrt (. ycco), yrn nastnann cy (xon
oxx), rrtn nonarann, uro +rn na ]axroa nsanmocrnymr, xonnrnymr yr c
yrom (. Brn).
onmnnt nsrnx na noncc asnnrnx ncnxnxn cnoxnncx n ryax
orucrnnntx ncnxonoron . . trorcxoro, . . ynnmrna, . . onrtna n .
nnaxct na rornucxn n +xcnnmnrantnt nccnonannx, onn ycranonnnn, uro
ncnxnxa unonxa, n ornnun or nnnnnyantnoro asnnrnx ncnxnxn xnnornoro n
onrorns, nmr cnon cnnn]nucxn oconnocrn n ycnonnx asnnrnx. cnn n noncc
asnnrnx ncnxnxn xnnornoro ocnonno snaunn nmr noxnnnn nyx ]om ontra:
"/% nanamoro rnrnucxn, n "(/""/H$+(% nnoramoro na
ocnon nayunnx, ro n asnnrnn ncnxnxn nxa, naxy c nasnanntmn nnamn ontra,
nosnnxar n naunnar nrart nymym ont ocoax ]oma ontra !*"$+(), C)D no-
nnomnnt n noyxrax marnantnoro n yxonnoro nonsnocrna, xorot ycnannarcx
nxom na norxxnnn ncro rcrna.
noncc ycnonnx +roro ontra noncxonr n rontxo nnornn orntntx
snann n ymnn, no n ocymcrnnxrcx asnnrn cnoconocr, ]omnonann nnunocrn.
num, ycnonn rtmn omcrnnnoro ontra noncxonr n naccnnno, a n axrnnno
]om, n noncc xrntnocrn, or xaaxra xoroo n or oconnocr nsanmoornom-
nn, cxnatnammnxcx y nnx nn +rom c oxyxammnmn nmtmn, no mnorom sanncnr
noncc ]omnonannx nnunocrn.
ornacno +romy nsrnxy, unonx accmarnnarcx xax noconnantno cymcrno, xax
noyxr ncronn n ononmnno xax uacrt nnot. rcma na ro asnnrn nnnxmr na
ocnonntx ]axroa: nonornucxn (nnont) n connantnt (connantnax ca).
"$%"&'!", I- +ro, no-nntx, nc ro, uro narcx unonxy no
nacncrny, sanoxnno n rnrnucxo noramm. nmy ornocxrcx: mo]onornucxo
cronn rna n ro oranon, cryxrya nnno cncrmt, ]nsnonornucxn nnsnaxn,
nonornucxn nornocrn (n nnm, rnn, noonxnnn oa n .), rnornnnucxn
cnocrna nnn saarxn, na ocnon xorotx ]omnymrcx unonucxn cnocrna n
asnnunt cnoconocrn. o nacncrny namrcx nxorot comarnucxn n
ncnxnucxn saonnannx.
ocnrnxmn nacncrnnnocrn xnnxmrcx rnt. nt +ro ycrounnt
nonornucxn cryxryt. naxo no nnnxnnm nxorotx ]axroon (anannonnoro
onyunnx, noscrnnx nxorotx cnntntx xnmnucxnx arnron) n nx cryxryy moryr
nnocnrtcx xoxrnnt, noncxonr nx myrannx. syntrar na cnr moxr noxnnrtcx
nox c ]nsnucxnmn nocrarxamn n nn orcyrcrnnx nantnn nnn nx ontmro uncna na
yxax n norax, c ]xramn nnna nnn orono nonocrn rnna saxutx rya, nonutx nacrt,
c naymnnxmn mosrontx cryxry n mnorn yrn.
o-nrotx, x nonornucxomy ]axroy ornocxrcx xaucrna n ]xrt, nosnnxmn n
nno nnyrnyronoro asnnrnx n oycnonnnnt n nacncrnnnocrtm. 3ro moxr
trt onsnt marn, noscrnn na nno anxoronx, naxornucxnx nmcrn nnn yrnx
nnroxcnxann orannsma.
mcr c rm noxnnt n nacncrnnnt cnocrna orannsma unonxa n
onnxmr coxann n cryxryy ncnxnxn. nn xnnxmrcx nnmt noxonmtmn
ycnonnxmn asnnrnx, anaromo-]nsnonornucxnmn nnoctnxamn nx ]omnonannx
nontx nnon ncnxnucxo xrntnocrn.
mammym ont n cranonnnnn n asnnrnn unonxa xax nnunocrn nramr
!*"$+()' H!$"3 2"1("D oyunn, nocnnrann, connantnax ca. o connantnax
ca cama no c moxr crart amo]ntm oasonannm, cnn nox oxaxrcx n
nxnmunntm n cncrmy mxnnunocrntx ornomnn c nmtmn. ro omnn c nnmn
xnnxrcx mammnm ycnonnm nxoxnnx n connantnym xnsnt. onnantntm ontrom rn
10
onnanamr n camocroxrntno, a nn nomomn nsocntx. xo +roro nsanmocrnnx onn
ocnannamr unonucxym ut, nnoramr nantxn nontsonannx nmramn omamnro
tra, nancrnnnt nomt n nannna nonnnx n mnoro yro.
ornacno ronn xyntryno-ncronucxoro noncxoxnnx ntcmnx ncnxnucxnx
]ynxnn (. . trorcxn), asnnrn cnnn]nucxnx unonucxnx cnocrn ncnxnxn:
nonsnontno namxrn, nornucxoro mtmnnnx, un nosmoxno rontxo n omnnn, n
onnnntx connantntx ycnonnxx xnsnn. coym ont n +rom noncc nrar asnnrn
un. o crnnm untx snaxon n connantntx ycnonn xnsnn ncnxnxa
ounonunnarcx n nonornucxax ocot c nncrnnxramn, nnunnxmn, omymnnxmn
nnamarcx n asymno, nonno cymcrno. xo +roro asnnrnx ononmnno
noasyrcx n ounonunnarcx n nonornucxax ocnona +rnx cnocrn.
ouxnnax mammym ont nacncrnnnocrn n ct na asnnrn ncnxnxn
nxa n ]omnonann ro xax nnunocrn, nao nmrt n nny, uro +]]xr +roro
noscrnnx n moxr trt annsonan, '!$" -'.'(D ( -% ( (C-$'(D ('
C-3" !.!'((, "(!". ax, . . trorcxn, ntraxct nonxrt nnnxnn
noscrnn oxyxamm ct na ncnxnxy nxa, nonaran, uro ycnonnx xnsnn n moryr
nnoccrnnno onnxrt ncnxnucxo asnnrn nxa. ro asnnrn, nouxnnan on,
sanncnr, nx ncro, or roro, n xaxnx nsanmoornomnnxx co co naxonrcx cam
nox, rax xax ca no-asnomy noscrnyr na nxa. nx nonnmannx nnnxnnx
cnyr yunrtnart n rontxo r nsmnnnx, xorot nonsomnn n c, no n r, xorot
nanmamrcx n camom nx.
cnxsn c raxnm nonnmannm nnnxnnx ct . . trorcxn nnn nonxrn
connantnax cnryannx asnnrnx. *"$+(3 !"H*"3 -1""3D no ro mnnnm,
noxnnxrcx n nn a]]xrnnnoro ornomnnx nxa x c. xnnann, rononn
on, crt raxax nnnna, n xoroo ncrannnt, c ono croont, ca, ro crt ro, uro
nnocnr 8 +ro nxnnann on cam, n ro, uro, n cnom out, onnxrcx yx
ocrnrnyrtm an yonnm ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx.
cxox ns cxasannoro, moxno cnart ntno, uro n axrnnnocrn nxa
nonornucxo n connantno noxnnxrcx n nncrn. nmt nn annsannn cno
axrnnnocrn nox moxr ncntrtnart nnnxnn connantno ct.
axnm oasom, asnnrn ncnxnxn n ]omnonann nnunocrn nxa, ycnannamm
connantnt ontr, noncxonr n anromarnucxn, a nyrm axrnnnoro nsanmocrnnx co
co, n syntrar uro noncxonr nsmnnn nnyrnnro mna, xorot onocyr
nc nocnnrarntnt noscrnnx.
mcr c rm accmornnt ]axrot, nmx naxno snaunn nx nonnmannx
cymnocrn ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx nxa, ro omnx n nnnnnyantntx oconnocr,
xnnxmrcx nnmt ycnonnm, noxonmtmn nnoctnxamn, a n nnxymnmn nnunnamn
]omnonannx unonucxo ncnxnxn. omm nnan asnnrn ncnxnxn nxa moxno
ncrannrt n nn nocrnnntx xonnucrnnntx naxonnnn, xorot nyrm cxauxa
nnnoxr x xaucrnnntm nsmnnnxm.
o crt, no -1""'0 nonnmarcx n rontxo n n crontxo xonnucrnnnt
nsmnnnx, cxontxo nosnnxnonnn xaucrnnno nontx ]om n cnocrn. annm,
oyuaxct nnctmy, nox cnauana nnmr nanouxn, sarm xyxouxn, yxnt, cnorn, cnona, a
us onnnno nmx y nro noxnnxrcx cnoconocrt sannctnart mtcnn, n
saymtnaxct na nanonncannm yxn. ]omnonanact ]ynxnnx nnctma.
o raxomy x nyrn nr ]omnonann yrnx ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn n
nnrnnxryantno, +monnonantno-nonno, nancrnnno n yrnx c]ax nnunocrn
nxa.
naxo noncc nxoa xonnucrnnntx nsmnnn n xaucrnnnt n ncra
noxnnxrcx narnxno. n moxr trt acrxnyr no nmnn, norxart nxno, a nxorot
xaucrna nnunocrn noom moryr asnnnartcx n nxnarntnom nanannnnn.
nyx nanxrnxo-marnanncrnucxo rannnn, asnnrn ncnxnxn
accmarnnarcx xax ota nornnononoxnocr, xax ota cratx orxnnammnx ]om c
naacrammnmn norccnnntmn. !&("0 -1""3D cornacno anno xonnnnnn,
ntcrynar cam xnsnnnt noncc, cama xnsnt. +rom noncc nosnnxamr nornnounx,
11
n nm onn n noonnamrcx. osnnxammn y nxa nnyrnnn nornnounx
nooxamrcx ornomnnxmn nnunocrn x oxyxamm c, ycnxamn n nyauamn,
naymnnm annoncnx mxy nxom n nsocntmn, mxy nxom n cncrnnxamn n
r. n. naxo nnmnn nornnounx, nnorammn ax xon]nnxrnt xaaxr, camn
m n cranonxrcx nnrarnm asnnrnx.
crounnxom axrnnnocrn, xax nouxnnar . . ocrmx, onn cranonxrcx nnmt
rora, xora, nnrnonsyxct, ntstnamr n camom nnnnn nornnononoxnt rnnnnn n
ncrynamr mxy coo n oty. ornnounx mxy cratm n nontm n ncnxnx nxa
asmamrcx n cnnn]nucxo nx nro nym xrntnocrn (nr, yunnn,
omcrnnno-nonsno xrntnocrn n r..), nnnoxm x oasonannm nontx cnocrn n
xaucrn nnunocrn. cnn x nornnounx n naxoxr asmnnx, ro, no yrnxnnm .
. xcnmna, nosnnxar saxxa asnnrnx, xnsncnt xnnnnx, a n rx cnyuaxx, xora
onn ornocxrcx x mornnannonno c] nnunocrn n x onsnnntm naymnnxm.
uncn nanon uacro ncruammnxcx nornnoun y r c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn moryr trt acxoxnnx mxy nornocrxmn nxa n omnnn n
conmcrno nr co cncrnnxamn, n xnannn nmrt yra, noyry, ocrnrnyrtm yonnm
asnnrnx n oasom xnsnn n nornnnantntmn nosmoxnocrxmn nx annsannn. osnn-
xammn acxoxnnx mxy xnamtm n nosmoxntm noyxamr nxa nnn noocrxa x
axrnnnocrn, x ycnonnm nmn nontx ]om nonnnx n onnannx nontmn cnocoamn
crnnx.
ao nmrt n nny, uro nasnannt n yrn nornnounx, nosnnxammn y r,
nmmmnx xnsnnnt orannunnx, moryr norxart on onsnnno n ocro, um y
nomantntx r, nnum mnorn ns nnx n moryr nx asmnrt camocroxrntno, nm
nyxna nomomt nsocntx. ax, cnn nox craar naymnnm onono-nnrarntnoro
annaara n oyuarcx no +ro nnunn na omy, my, nannm, urot yonnrnonrt
nornocrt n omnnn, nao nomout narn ronanma, orannsontnart ncrun co
cncrnnxamn n r. n. r, xorot oxastnamrcx nsonnonanntmn, yyun n
cnnnannsnonanntx yuntx sannnxx, nxnmuart n conmcrnym xrntnocrt nnn nrt.
n ycnmnom asmnnn nnyrnnnx nornnoun, nosnnxammnx y r c
orannunnxmn xnsnxrntnocrn, nnunocrt nxa asnnnarcx s ocnoxnnnocrn, n
cnyua x nyau xon]nnxrt nxa c oxyxamm co ycyrynxmrcx.
axnm oasom, /"2HJ', !"$, C!"#"&'!% -1""3 -'.'( xnnxrcx
nocroxnno asmnn nornnoun mxy nosnnxamm nornocrtm n nontx ]omax
omnnx, nsanmoornomnn c nmtmn n cratmn cnocoamn nx asmnnx. cnmnax
annsannx saau, croxmnx n connantno annnrann r c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn, nnonarar rnyoxo snann n yur na naxrnx xax ocnonntx ]axroon
n ycnonn, or xorotx sanncnr +]]xrnnno asnnrn ncnxnxn, rax n nnxymnx cnn +roro
asnnrnx.
A.5. 4K
4
G
onnantnt aornnx, nsanmocrnyx c nxom, nmmmnm orannunnt
nosmoxnocrn, nmr no n c camo onsntm nnn ]xrom, a c nx nocncrnnxmn,
nronuntmn naymnnxmn. onxrn E-"&()' /'I')F nnno n ncnxonornucxym
naxrnxy . . trorcxnm. syuax cnnn]nxy noncca asnnrax nomantnoro n
anomantnoro nxa, on oarnn nnnmann na ro, uro ncxxn rncnt nocrarox yt
ro cnnora, rnyxora nnn ymcrnnnax orcranocrt, ntstnar n nonnnn nxa xax t
connantnt ntnnx. nox, onnmncx c ]nsnucxnmn nnn ncnxnucxnmn nocrarxamn,
ax n cno cmt nnorar ocoym connantnym nosnnnm, n ro ornomnnx c
oxyxammnmn nmtmn naunnamr norxart no-nnomy, um y nomantntx nm. o crt,
nmmmncx ]xr y nxa nnur sa coo n rontxo naymnn xrntnocrn nxa
no ornomnnm x ]nsnucxomy mny, no, nx ncro, noncxonr astn ncx rx cncrm,
xorot onnxmr ]ynxnnn omcrnnnoro nonnnx nxa.
ora, nannm, n namn cnno nox xax oxr nocnnrannx, samuar . .
12
trorcxn, ro nnxonrcx nmrt no n crontxo co cnnoro camo no c, cxontxo c
rmn xon]nnxramn, xorot nosnnxamr y cnnoro nn nxoxnnn ro n xnsnt. cnxnxa
cnnoro nosnnxar n nnnuno ns camoro ]nsnucxoro ]xra, no nronuno, ns rx
connantntx nocncrnn, xorot ntstnamrcx ]nsnucxnm ]xrom. o+romy c
narornucxo rouxn snnx nocnnrann raxoro nxa cnonrcx x romy, urot
ntnxmnrt connantnt ntnnxn.
nau ronox, nornnonocrannnn nomantntx r n nnnannon nosnnxar
ncncrnn uyxono ct nx ncnxnxn nnnanna. nnannt n nncnoconnt x
oxyxamm c noromy, uro n onn cosamr, ca cosarcx soontmn nmtmn s
yura nx nornocr.
a ocnonannn rornucxnx oomnn nasnanntx oconnocr asnnrnx n,
ncxox ns nonnmannx ]xra, xax cncrmnoro oasonannx, . . trorcxn nnoxnn
asnnuart n anomantnom asnnrnn n rynnt cnmnromon: nnnunt naymnnx,
nnoccrnnno ntrxammn ns nonornucxoro xaaxra onsnn (naymnnx cnyxa,
snnx, onono-nnrarntnoro annaara n .), n nronunt, nosnnxammn onoconanno
n noncc anomantnoro connantnoro asnnrnx.
'-"&(), /'I' moxr nmrt xaaxr noasnnrnx, nonxnnx nnn
courannx. rx cnyuaxx, xora cycrar onsnnnoro noncca nnsncrn, nannm nn
mnso]nnn, ntnxrcx n nnnunt, a ocnonno ]xr, xorot onnxrcx
mcrom, sannmamtm rm nnn nntm naymnnm n om cryxry ncnxnucxo
nocrarounocrn nn annom saonnannn.
-"&(), /'I'D no mnnnm . . trorcxoro, xnnxrcx ocnonntm oxrom
ncnxonornucxoro nsyunnx n xoxnnn anomantnoro asnnrnx.
xannsm nosnnxnonnnx nronuntx naymnn ocrarouno cnoxn. ax . .
nncxn, nsyuanmn omn saxonomnocrn ncnxnucxoro nsonrornsa (asnnuntx
]om naymnn ncnxnxn n onrorns), ntnxr cnymmn ycnonnx nosnnxnonnnx
nronuntx naymnnn.
ronuno noasnnnamrcx r ]ynxnnn, xorot nnoccrnnno cnxsant c
nonxnno, rax nastnamo cnnn]nucxo noasnnrn. ma, nannm,
ornocnrcx noasnnrn nonnmannx un y r c naymnnxmn cnyxa.
1. ronuno noasnnrn xaaxrno n nx rx ]ynxnn, xorot n momnr
noscrnnx nnocrn naxoxrcx n cnsnrnnnom nno. syntrar asnt nnocrn
moryr n onnnno m nnnonrt x cxontm syntraram. ax, nannm, n
omxontnom nosacr nanon nnrncnnno asnnnammnmncx n nanon yxsnnmtmn
xnnxmrcx n ]ynxnnn: nonsnontnax moronxa n ut. onn naymamrcx uam ncro
nn camtx asnnuntx nnocrxx, anax saxxy unoro asnnrnx, noasnnrn
nonsnontno rynxnnn crnn c xnnnnxmn nnrarntno acromoxnnocrn.
nnn]nunocrt noasnnrnx, ormuar . . nncxn, ymntmarcx no m
yannnx or ocnonnoro ]xra. um cnoxn ncnxnucxn noncc, um ontm
onoconan on xom mxnnrantntx nsanmocrnn, rm ontm ]axroon moryr
nnncrn x xonunomy cxonomy syntrary nronuntx naymnn. annm, naymnnx
cncono croont un, naxy co cnnn]nucxnmn nronuntmn naymnnxmn,
oycnannnnamr saxxy ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx, xoroax yr noxnnxrtcx n samnnnom
cranonnnnn nornucxnx ]om mtmnnnx, +monnonantnom noasnnrnn. nnnnx
saxxn ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx moryr nanmartcx n cryxry nnno-ncnxnucxnx
accrocrn n nn naronornn yrnx cncrm: naymnnx snnx, cnyxa, nnrarntno n
+monnonantno c].
2. sanncnmocrn or mcra nnnunoro ]xra nanannnn nronunoro
noasnnrnx moxr trt cnnsy nnx nnn cnxy nnns. cnonnax xoonnara
nronunoro noasnnrnx nanannnn cnnsy nnx, or +nmnrantx ]ynxnn x
on cnoxntm. naxo nronuno noasnnrn moxr nanmartcx n rontxo n
ornomnnn ntcmnx, no n asantntx ]ynxnn. annom cnyua asnnrn ntcmnx ]ynxnn
crnmynnyr ncroxy asantntx, nnocx n nnx nont saaun n nnn. cnyua ]xra
ntcmnx yonn raxoro norxrnnannx n noncxonr, nosnnxar nronuno noasnnrn
asantntx cncrm (noasnnrn cnxy nnns). ax, nn onnro]nnn noasnnrn
13
mtmnnnx cnococrnyr nronunomy noasnnrnm nornnnantno on coxanntx:
rnosnca n naxcnca.
3. axnmnm ]axroom nronuntx naymnn xnnxrcx ]axro connantno
nnannn. ]xr, n ro nnn nno m, nnxrcrnyr omnnm, romosnr nnornn
snann n ymnn. nonmnno n ocymcrnnnnax ncnxonoro-narornucxax xoxnnx
rynocr nnnonr x ntaxnno nronuno mnxoconnantno n narornucxo
sanymnnocrn, xy accrocrn n +monnonantno n nnunocrno c]ax, cnxsanntx c
nocroxnntm omymnnm nycnxa (sannxnnt camoonnxa n yonnt nnrxsann,
ayrncrnucxn urt n r..).
on]nnxrt co co y nxa, nmmmro r nnn nnt xnsnnnt orannunnx,
nosnnxamr rora, xora nox naunnar nocrnnno ocosnanart cno nonnn,
cannnnax cx c yrnmn nmtmn. noy +rnx xon]nnxron moxno oxcnnrt ccrnamn
ncnxonornn.
unonucxax ncnxnxa mnororanna n cnoxno orannsonana. coxann n
ncnanno ]ynxnnonnonann no mnorom sanncnr or oconnocr c]omnonanmnxcx n
n noramm. onnnm unonxa ynannxmr rn ontmn norammt, nnn rn yonnx
ncnxnxn.
nax noramma .'!!1('$+('D (!$'/!'((3 C-%-00. n
sanncan nnono ontr, a raxx saarxn, nnnxmmn na ncm ncnxnucxym xrntnocrt.
roax noramma xorx unonxom n ocosnarcx, no ona c]omnonanact nn ro
xnsnn no nnnxnnm connantno-ncnxonornucxnx ]axroon connantno ct n ymna n
nocosnann. 3ro C/!1(("'D nnn C/!1('$+(3 C!"#". n nxoxr:
a) , nnn . no noasnxrcx na
nocosnarntno n ccosnarntno. nromarnucxo nonnn nosmoxno n syntrar
orxnatnannx n namxrn nocosnannx asnnuntx crornnon, mramnon, sayunntx nnanon
crnnx. ma nxoxr mana rononrt, mana xartcx, crnonart.
) . nnt onn tnn onncant 3. om n nonyunnn asnnrn n
ryax . na xax cocroxnnx, nosnnxammn n rx cnyuaxx, xora nntsx annsonart
cnon xnannx, amnnnn. trcnnnt cyxrom n nocosnann, onn orrya cnoxoxr ro
n nanannxmr nonnn nx nx yonnrnonnx, a nn nosmoxnocrn nnornsnymr ro.
uncn raxnx xomnnxcon nastnamr: xomnnxc 3nxrt n 3nnon xomnnxc, onncannt 3.
om, xomnnxc nnonnonnnocrn, acxtrt n aorax . na, xomnnxc xaxt
nnacrn, xomnnxc camonmonannx coo (nannccnsm). ymcrnymr xomnnxct,
cnococrnymmn sacrnunnocrn, nynnnocrn, asnnunt cxcyantnt xomnnxct xax c
antntmn, rax n c mnnmtmn nocrarxamn.
n) . na xnnxrcx ntcmnm yonnm oomnnx n ncnxnucxo
xrntnocrn xnnorntx n aso cosnarntnoro mtmnnnx unonxa. nrynnnx +ro
nnnnmt nx nac nnyrnnn noncc noncxa n nsnnunnx snann, nonyunntx xxot n
roronom nn, nanoon osannx, nncara.
rtx noramma C-"1$+(3 C-%-00. 3ro nam cosnann.
annun ncnxnxn nosnonxr nam oraxart oxyxammym crnnrntnocrt, cronrt
nocnonarntnym norammy crnn n nonsnonrt onannn cnauana no nnyrnnm
nnan (ocymcrnnxrt nto crnnx), a sarm crnonart. raxnn unonxom ncro
mnorooasnx nmron n xnnnn ncrannxr coo nosnann oxrnnnoro mna.
occrnom oraxnnx unonx ysnar o nx asnnuntx cnocrnax: ]om, nnnunn,
nocrancrnnnom acnonoxnnn, nnrono oxamnnocrn n r..
c mnorooasn ]om oraxnnx n ncnxonornn nxr na urt rynnt:
ncnxnucxn noncct, ncnxnucxn cocroxnnx, ncnxnucxn cnocrna n ncnxnucxn
oasonannx (cm. cxmy).
14
!"#"&'!"' C-*'!!) nxnmuamr xnnnnx, cnxsannt c nnoccrnnno
nosnanarntno xrntnocrtm. nnm ornocxr: omymnnx, nocnnxrnx, namxrt,
mtmnnn, nooaxnn, ut. cnxnucxn noncct ncra nxnmunt n on cnoxnt
nnt ncnxnucxo xrntnocrn.
!"#"&'!"' !!3("3 +ro xnnnnx, nmrno coxann xorotx
unonxom n ncra ocosnarcx. 3ro moxr trt, nannm, ycranocrt, nccnx,
aocrt, cxyxa, ro nnn nno nacronn n .
,! $"&(!" ycrounnt xaucrna, xorot unonx nnon n noncc
xnsnn (nnrnnxryantnt, +monnonantno-nonnt n .). nn ]omnymrcx n noncc
xrntnocrn n omnnx na as ncnxnucxnx nonccon n cocroxnn.
!"#"&'!"' .-1("3. nnm ornocxr syntrart ncnxnucxo xrntnocrn
oconnocrn asnnrnx n camoasnnrnx unonxa. 3ro nnornnt snannx, ymnnx,
nantxn, nnntuxn n r. n.
ora mt rononm o nronuntx naymnnxx, nosnnxammnx y r c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, ro, no cyrn na, +ro n uro nno, xax c]omnonanmncx
cnooasnt connantno-ncnxonornucxn xomnnxct, xorot noxnnnnct nn xnsnn no
nnunn ocosnannx roro nnn nnoro xnsnnnoro orannunnx n ymnn n nocosnann. urot
asymnrt nx, nyxno snart, xax onn noxnnnnct, xax asnnnamrcx, xax ]omnymrcx, xax
noxnnxmrcx n xnsnn, n xaxnm oasom moxno noonrt, c]omnonart na nx as nont
]omt nonnnx.
rnr na +ror nonoc no mnorom ar ronx ntcmnx ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn,
nnoxnnax . . trorcxnm. antnm asnnrn ona nonyunna n ryax . . ynx,
. . onrtna, . . anooxna, . F. 3ntxonnna n . asaorxa +ro ronn nosnonnna
oocnonart nonoxnn o nnnnnnnantno nosmoxnocrn noccranonnnnx nocraanmnx
]ynxnn sa cur ncroxn ]ynxnnonantntx cncrm, xnnxmmnxcx nx ]nsnonornucxo
ocnono.
)!L"' C!"#"&'!"' IH(*"" cnoxnt ncnxnucxn noncct, nnxnsnnno
]omnymmncx, connantnt no cnomy noncxoxnnm, onoconannt no
ncnxonornucxomy cronnm n nonsnontnt no cnocoy cnoro ocymcrnnnnx.
ocnon ncrannnn o ntcmnx ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnnxx xax connantno
oycnonnnntx ncnxnucxnx oasonannxx nxnr mroonornucxo nonoxnn o
omcrnnno-ncronucxom noncxoxnnn ncnxnxn unonxa n onnxmm onn
ryono xrntnocrn n ]omnonannn ro cosnannx.
. . trorcxn ntnnn na yonnx ncnxnucxnx xnnnn: naryantnt,
onnxmt rnrnucxnm ]axroom, n xyntrynt ]omnymmncx no nnnxnnm
connantntx noscrnn. onnantnt noscrnnx onnxmr cnocot ]omnonannx
ntcmnx ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn n rm camtm nx ncnxonornucxym cryxryy.
axnmax oconnocrt ntcmnx ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn nx onoconannocrt
asnnuntmn ncnxonornucxnmn oynxmn snaxontmn cncrmamn, xnnxmmnmncx
syntrarom nnrntnoro omcrnnno-ncronucxoro asnnrnx. ymym ont cn
ncnxonornucxnx oyn nrar ut, ncrannxmmax ynnncantnt cnoco nx
]omnonannx.
oxnnnn ntcmnx ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn onnxrcx rm, uro nnonauantno onn
15
cymcrnymr xax ]oma nsanmocrnnx mxy nmtmn n nnmt nosx xax nonnocrtm
nnyrnnn noncc. roax naxnmax ura ntcmnx ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn,
xaaxrnsymmax nornxy nx asnnrnx, nocrnnno cnrtnann, noryxnn n nna-
mnn n nonsnontnt crnnx.
cxontm marnanom nx asnnrnx ntcmnx ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn ntcrynamr
nnmnn marnantnt crnnx, conmamt nxom. ax, nsyuax ornnunnt
marnan, rn noronannamr saann nnauan ncnyx romxo, sarm mnorom n, naxonn,
noronannamr ro no cx. o m ycnonnx snann n anromarnsannn ymcrnnntx
onann noxonmocrt noronannannx ncnyx ornaar. nmn noronannann sam-
nxrcx coxamnno nnyrnn utm, xoroax xnnxrcx ocnono ]omnonannx
ymcrnnntx crnn. oncc nnamnnx nnmnnx crnn no nnyrnnn
ncnxonornucxn crnnx onnxrcx nonxrnm nnrnonsannx.
nosacr o nyx nr nnmnn crnnx maxcnmantno asnnyrt n nc ro
xomnonnrt ocrynnt nanmnnm. nosacrom nc +rn crnnx nnonsmnxmrcx no
nnnxnnm cnrtnannx: xomnonnrt xaucrnnno noasymrcx, nx uncno nocrnnno
ymntmarcx n na onnnnom +ran, naxy co cnrtnannm, cranonnrcx nosmoxntm n
noryxnn ncusnonnn nnmnnx nnrarntntx xomnonnron nosnanarntnoro
crnnx n nnamnn nx n mtcnnrntnt onannn. nxa noncxonr nocrnnno
cmmnn axnnron: cnauana on nosnar mn naroax crnnxm, sarm n oasax, an
]omnyrcx cnmnonnucxo ncrannnn mna us xstx n mtmnnn. axnm
oasom, nnmnn crnnx nocrnnno cnrtnamrcx n noryxamrcx.
rtx onnxmmax xaaxrncrnxa ntcmnx ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn
C-"1$+(!". naxo +ro n snaunr, uro xaxax ns nnx annsyrcx ncra no
cosnarntntm xonronm. osnnxnyn xax nonsnontnax, n antnmm ona moxr
noxnnxrtcx n xax nonsnontnax, n xax nnonsnontnax. noconannocrt onnxr n
rontxo nonsnontnocrt ynannnnx ncnxnucxnmn nonccamn, no n nx xaucrnnnym
ncroxy.
ora crnnx c nnmnnmn nmramn noasymrcx n noncct n ymcrnnnom
nnan, onn nonramrcx cnnn]nucxo ranc]omannn oomamrcx, cnrtnamrcx,
nannsymrcx n n +rom nonom xaucrn cranonxrcx cnocontmn x antnmmy asnnrnm,
xoroo nnnnnnnantno nocrnxnmo c nomomtm nnmn xrntnocrn, rm camtm m-
nxrcx n conmncrnyrcx ncnxnucxn noncc.
axnm oasom, nc ncnxnucxn noncct, asnnnaxct na as nacncrnnntx
saarxon, na norxxnnn xnsnn unonxa noxoxr n cnom asnnrnn cnoxnym ncronm.
auantnt crann ncra cnxsant c asnnyrtmn nnmnnmn crnnxmn, sarm uncno n
xaaxr crnn nsmnxrcx, coxamarcx, n, naxonn, nacrynar sanmammax cranx,
xora nr nnmnnx crnn onn noryxnt, cnnyrt n moryr trt nonsnontntmn.
syntrarom +roro noncca xnnxrcx ]omnonann na ncnxo]nsnonornucxom yonn rax
nastnamtx ]ynxnnonantntx oranon. GH(*"($+()' -%() +ro cncrma
nnntx nnron, mxy xorotmn n syntrar rnnonxn ycranannnnamrcx ocoo nou-
nt cnxsn, onaammn ontmo ycrounnocrtm.
rax, snann nosnnxnonnnx, asnnrnx, ]ynxnnonnonannx n asymnnx
nronuntx naymnn n ncnxnucxom n nnunocrnom asnnrnn nxa c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn xnnxrcx naxnm nnoctnxo ycnmno
connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn.
A.9.

crannnnx o nx c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn cnxstnamrcx, nx
ncro, c nonxrnm ncnxnucxoro soontx n onsnn, aanrannn n saanrannn, nomt n
naronornn.
mnn ncnxnucxo soont o]nnnantnym nonncxy nonyunn n 1979 roy n
oxna omnrra +xcnron cmnno orannsannn sanooxannnx cnxnucxo
soont n ncnxoconnantno asnnrn r. naxo n ncnxorannrnucxo naxrnx on
16
nsncrn anno n ncnontsyrcx ocrarouno mnoxo.
onnnnn nonxrn noma n naronornx ncnxnucxoro soontx nnoro
noxoa nr. annnonno ntnxmr n crarrnn, acxtnammn nx cymnocrt:
mnnnncxym n ncnxonornucxym. mnnnncxom noxo noma accmarnnarcx xax
ma noxrnocrn nosnnxnonnnx onsnn, n ncnxonornucxom c rouxn snnx
c]omnonannocrn nosnrnnntx nnunocrntx cnn, ocnunnammnx soont. o crt,
nymnm ]axroom, cnococrnymmnm ymntmnnm nnnxnnx onsnn na
xnsnxrntnocrt, ntcrynar n annom cnyua yonnt snocrn nnunocrn.
ncnxonornucxym nnraryy nonxrn ncnxnucxo soont crano nxonrt
cannnrntno nanno. nam cran n naxrnx aort c rtmn mxontnoro nosacra
ro mnoxo acnocrannn cnxsano no mnorom c nmnm . . yonnno. anno
nonxrn ona accmarnnar xax ono ns naxnmnx n nonnmannn nonm, cnxsanntx c
oxasannm ncnxonornucxo noxxn rxm. ax, asaartnax crarrnm n naxrnxy
]ynxnnonnonannx ncnxonornucxo cnyxt oasonannx, ona n xaucrn ocnonno
saaun onnnna ocnunn ncnxnucxoro n ncnxonornucxoro soontx r
omxontnoro n mxontnoro nosacron.
!"#"&'!' 1/-+' n ncnxonornucxo nnrary accmarnnarcx xax
cocroxnn ymnnoro narononyunx, xaaxrnsymmcx orcyrcrnnm onsnnntx
ncnxnucxnx xnnnn n ocnunnamm axnarnym ycnonnxm oxyxamm
crnnrntnocrn axnnm nonnnx n xrntnocrn.
amtm cymcrnnntm xnrnm ymnnoro (ncnxnucxoro) soontx, no mnnnm
cnonanxoro ncnxonora . oxa, xnnxrcx nnrrannx nnunocrn n connantnym cy n
nnamnucxo annoncn c n. a ocnon oomnnx mnnnx asntx anroon on cunrar,
uro nx onnnnx ymnnoro soontx nocrarouno rontxo xoncrarannn orcyrcrnnx
ymnno onsnn. ymnno soont, no ro mnnnm, snaunrntno mn +rnx amox n
onxno ramonnuno noxnnxrtcx n rx onacrxx:
AM . ymnno soont unonx ononn coo. nro
axnarnt ncrannnnx xax o cnonx cocrnnntx nosmoxnocrxx n cnoconocrxx, rax n o
cnonx orannunnxx. n nayunncx nocnnnnmart cnon nocrarxn, nnanrntno
ynnmnct, uro nx nntsx ycrannrt, craarcx ncnontsonart cnon cnoconocrn n
maxcnmantno m xoncryxrnnntm cnocoom. ymnno soont unonx nonnmar, uro
y nro cymcrnymr onnnnt, ount cnntnt, nnora nannonantnt uyncrna, no n
nosnonnr, urot +rn uyncrna nm onnann, ro crt on cnocon n onnnno m
rynnonart cnon uyncrna. ymnno soont unonx nnnnmar nant ro connantno
xyntryt, n xoroo on xnnr. n nonnocrtm ocosnar, uro xnsnt nnnocnr n rontxo
ycnxn, no n asouaonannx n nyaun, n nayunncx nnnnmart nx xax camo coo
asymmmcx. axonn, on ycnonn ount naxno xaucrno ymnn cmxrtcx na camnm
coo, nocnnnnmart cx c nsncrno on mmoa.
2) !. ymnno soont unonx uyncrnyr cx n
nncyrcrnnn nm xom]orno, ncntrtnar x nnm nmont n onn n snar, uro n onn
nmxr ro n onxmr my. asymrcx, uro on n nmnr n n onxr aconmrno ncm
nmxm, no ymnno soont unonx onxn onxrt n nmnrt xorx t onoro unonxa,
o xoroom on snar (nnn yxn), uro n ror nmnr ro n onxr my. n ynaxar
xyntrynt, acont n noun oconnocrn yrnx nm, n ntcmnnar n n ocyxar nx
nnmt noromy, uro nx xyntrya nmr ornnun. ymnno soont unonx n xnnxrcx
usmno arccnnntm n omnnn c yrnmn nmtmn, no n n nosnonxr, urot onn tnn
cnnmxom arccnnnt no ornomnnm x nmy. n cnocon crnonart n uyncrnonart xax
unn rynnt, no n cnyua noxonmocrn cnocon nsxrt na cx yxonocrno n ynannnn
rynno, nmnr cnom cmtm n ornnuarcx asymno ynnnocrtm n cocrnnnom
connantnom n +xonomnucxom nonoxnnn.
3) ". ymnno soont unonx cnocon ntnonnxrt
ronannx, xorot nxnnxr my xnsnt, n ncrart nnnom x nnny x cnonm nonmam.
cnn +ro nosmoxno, ro on cam ]omnyr cno oxyxnn, no cnn +ro noxonmo, ro on
cnocon nncnoconrtcx x nmy. n n onrcx yymro, nnannyr cnom xnsnt, nnum
crannr n coo antnt nnn. n cnocon, nocn ocyxnnx asnnuntx
17
nosmoxnocr, nnnxrt naxnt mnnx. omm, on cnocon yonnrnonrntno
mart nc nonmt, c xorotmn ncruarcx n xnsnn.
cnono ncnxnucxoro soontx nxa xnnxrcx nonnonnno ncnxnucxo
asnnrn na ncx +ranax onrornsa. axnmnm ycnonnm ro noxannx n yxnnnnx
xnnxrcx soonax nnnax cncrma, a raxx ycnonnx xnsnn, cosanamt nxy
onrnxmn nnn sammammnmn nnnamn.
nx nomantnoro asnnrnx nxa nyxna cnoxonax, ooxnarntnax ocranonxa
n nnnmarntno ornomnn x ro +monnonantntm nornocrxm. axno noxnnart
ncnnnnnny, yonnrnoxrt ro nornocrn n nr, ocnunnart noxonmtmn
marnantntmn ccrnamn, nocrannxrt camocroxrntnocrt n nsanncnmocrt, anart
my nosmoxnocrt omartcx c yrnmn rtmn n nsocntmn nn oma n ocnunnart
coornrcrnymmn ycnonnx nx oyunnx.
aymnnx ncnxnucxoro soontx cnxsant xax c comarnucxnmn saonnannxmn
nnn ]xramn ]nsnucxoro asnnrnx, rax n c asnnuntmn nnaronnxrntmn ]axroamn
connantnoro noxxa n crccamn, noscrnymmnmn na ncnxnxy.
3xcnrt cmnno orannsannn sanooxannnx () na ocnon anannsa
syntraron mnorouncnnntx nccnonann n asnnuntx cranax noxasann, uro naymnnx
ncnxnucxoro soontx roaso uam ormuamrcx y r, xorot craamr or
nocrarounoro omnnx co nsocntmn n nx naxnoro ornomnnx x nnm, a raxx y
r, xorot acryr n ycnonnxx cmnoro asnaa.
ontmnncrna r n r nnn nnt nnot no nnnxnnm onnnntx cnryann
moryr noxnnxrtcx naymnnx +monnonantno c]t nnn nonnnx. annm,
nosnnxnonnn cnnunnntx craxon, naymnn cna, naymnnx, cnxsannt c nnmom
nnmn n . axn cocroxnnx moxno onnnrt xax ncnxnucxn accrocrna.
ccnonannx ncrannrn no nonmam nocnnrannx r onrnxmn,
nonnn xorotx orxnonxrcx or nomt, noxasann, uro cn r ncrynnnxon n nnn,
craammnx ncnxnucxnmn accrocrnamn, uam ncruamrcx naymnnx ncnxnucxoro
soontx. nrnucxn ]axrot, samuamr onn, moryr nrart nxoroym ont n +ro cnxsn,
onaxo conmnno ounnno, uro ocnonnax nnunna +rnx naymnn cnxsana c
nnaronnxrno co.
nn raxx onayxnnn, uro naymnnx ncnxnucxoro soontx n rcrn nmmr n
oconnocrn: no-nntx, onn ncrannxmr coo nnmt xonnucrnnnt orxnonnnx or
nomantnoro noncca ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx; no-nrotx, mnorn nx noxnnnnx moxno
accmarnnart xax axnnm na cnnn]nucxn cnryannn. ono cnryannn onn uacro
ncntrtnamr ctsnt sarynnnx, n ro x nmx ycnmno cnannxmrcx c yrnmn
cnryannxmn.
om nasnanntx nnunn, ornnarntno cxastnammnxcx na ncnxnucxom soont
r n noocrxon, nrarnnno moryr nnnxrt n mnorn yrn ]axrot. nx uncn:
]omannx cncrmt ornomnn asnnnammcx nnunocrn co cncrnnxamn n
nsocntmn (onrnxmn);
nnncnoconnnocrt orntntx r n noocrxon c nxorotmn orxnonnnxmn
xaaxra (rnnrnmno, nanntno, +nnnnronno, ncronno n n.) x onnnntm
rnnam rynoasmnmtx nx r n noocrxon cnryann;
nocrarouno yonnrnonn a]]xrnnntx nornocr (+monnonantnax,
a]]xrnnnax nnnannx nocrarox rnnort uyncrn n nmnn co croont nsocntx);
ncnxonornucxn ncxom]or n syntrar ]ycrannn nornocr nxa n .
axy c rmnnom ncnxnucxo soont, cymcrnyr yro nnsxn no
coxannm rmnn ncnxonornucxo soont, xorot . . yonnna nnarar
nncrn n connantno-ncnxonornucxym naxrnxy. o mnnnm, rmnn ncnxnucxo
soont nmr ornomnn, nx ncro, x orntntm ncnxnucxnm nonccam n
mxannsmam. mnn x ncnxonornucxo soont ornocnrcx x nnunocrn n nnom n
naxonrcx n rcno cnxsn c ntcmnmn noxnnnnxmn unonucxoro yxa. o+romy, n
ornnun or mnnnncxoro, ]nnoco]cxoro n yrnx acnxron nonmt ncnxnucxoro
soontx, moxno ntnnrt cocrnnno ncnxonornucxn acnxr.
ocnontnax annt rmnn, . . yonnna ncxonr ns roro, uro n noncnnno
18
naxrnx mt, sannmaxct ontm ymcrnnntm, ncnxnucxnm n ]nsnucxnm asnnrnm
nxa, nouac satnam o ro yxonnom asnnrnn. H#(!+ &'$'D no mnnnm,
+ro n nocro ro xaaxrncrnxa, +ro ro, uro nncym rontxo my n my onomy: cmtcn
ro xnsnn, nancrnnnt uyncrna n nxnnannx, ro concrt. yxonnocrt +ro camax
rnynnnax cymnocrt unonxa. yxonnocrt moxno nonnmart xax ocoo +monnonantno-
nancrnnno cocroxnn nnunocrn, xax raxo cosnann unonxa, xoroo onnrnonano na
aconmrnt nnnocrn crnny, acory, oo, xorot on ntrarcx annsonart n
nmrno-nncooasno xrntnocrn n omnnn.
rcma, cunrar . . yonnna, nctma ncnxrnnntm xnnxrcx noxo x
nonm ncnxonornucxoro soontx c rouxn snnx nonnort, orarcrna asnnrnx
nnunocrn, na xorot oamar nnnmann . acnoy. cnonx aorax on, rnanntm
oasom, ntnxr n cocrannxmmn raxoro soontx. 3ro, no-nntx, crmnnn nm
trt ncm, um onn moryr, asnnnart nct cno nornnnan us camoaxryannsannm.
oxonmo ycnonn camoaxryannsannn, no ro mnnnm, naxoxnn unonxom
nnoro ncrannnnx o camom c.
o-nrotx, crmnnn x rymanncrnucxnm nnnocrxm. n cunrar, uro
camoaxryannsnymmcx nnunocrn nncymn raxn xaucrna, xax: nnnxrn yrnx,
anronomnx, cnonrannocrt, uyncrnnrntnocrt x nxacnomy, uyncrno mmoa, antrynsm,
xnann ynyumnrt unonucrno, cxnonnocrt x rnoucrny.
o+romy saora o ncnxonornucxom soont nnonarar nnnmann x nnyrnnmy
mny nxa n ro uyncrnam n nxnnannxm, ynnunnxm n nnrcam, cnoconocrxm n
snannxm, ro ornomnnm x c, cncrnnxam, nsocntm, x oxyxammmy mny,
noncxoxmnm cmntm n omcrnnntm cotrnxm, x xnsnn xax raxono.
cnxonornucxo soont nosnonxr nnunocrn crart nocrnnno camoocrarouno, xora
ona nc ontm onnrnyrcx n cnom nonnnn n ornomnnxx n rontxo na nsnn
saanamt nomt, no n na nnyrnnn ocosnannt camoonnrnt. rax, n
ncnxonornucxo naxrnx ncnontsymrcx na onornnntx nonxrnx, onnxmmnx
cnoconocrt unonxa asymno n annonantno nsanmocrnonart c oxyxammnm mnom:
ncnxnucxo soont n ncnxonornucxo soont.
cnxnucxo soont +ro ma cnoconocrn unonxa annsonart cnom
connantnym n nonornucxym cymnocrt, ntcrynart axrnnntm cyxrom cocrnnno
xnsnn n nsmnxmmmcx mn. cnxnucxo soont sanncnr xax or comarnucxnx
saonnann n ]xron ]nsnucxoro asnnrnx, rax n or nnnxnnx connantno ct,
nnum connantnt noscrnnx ntcrynamr n xaucrn ocnonnoro ncnxoranmnymmro
]axroa.
onxrn ncnxonornucxo soont raxryrcx mn n ornocnrcx x nnunocrn n
nnom, nxnmuar n cx n rontxo ncnxnucxn noncct n mxannsmt, onnxmmn
nonxrn ncnxnucxo soont, no n yxonnocrt unonxa, xax ntcm noxnnnn
unonucxo antnocrn. cnxonornucxo soont nnonarar soont ncnxnucxo,
ocnony xorooro cocrannxr nonnonnno ncnxnucxo asnnrn nxa na ncx +ranax
rcrna.
ro x nmx +rn na nonxrnx, ncmorx na nxorot nx asnnunx, ntcrynamr xax
nno nno n n naxrnx connantno annnrannn r c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn nnoramr ocot cmtcn. ro cyrt cocronr n rom, uro s ocnunnx
noxonmoro ncnxnucxoro n ncnxonornucxoro soontx n ncrannxrcx nosmoxntm
cosann n noncc connantno annnrannn nnyrnnnx ycnonn nx nxoxnnx
nxa n cnoxnt nx nro connantnt mn n cnoconocrn onnnrt cnon nosmoxnocrn n
roronnocrt nx nnrrannn c +rnm mnom. o crt nonxrnx ncnxnucxo soont n
ncnxonornucxo soont onnxmr n rontxo nnt, no n ntcrynamr rnanntm xnr-
nm +]]xrnnnocrn noncca connantno annnrannn.
C-!) /$3 !0(-$3
1. acxor cymnocrt nonxrn aanrannx, annnrannx, connantnax
annnrannx.
19
2. uro xnnxrcx nmrom nsyunnx nacroxmro yunoro xyca? cnonnt saaun
xyca.
3. annnr nonxrnx anomantnt rn, ]xrnnnt rn, rn c nocrarxamn n
asnnrnn, rn c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn.
4. uro xnnxrcx ncrounnxom n nnxym cnno ncnxnucxoro n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx
nxa? acxor coornomnn nonornucxoro n connantnoro ]axroon n asnnrnn
ro ncnxnxn n nnunocrn.
5. acxor cymnocrt nonxrnx connantnax cnryannx asnnrnx.
6. acxor cymnocrt nonxrnx nronunt ]xr n mxannsmt nosnnxnonnnx
nronuntx naymnn n asnnrnn nnunocrn nxa. oumy . . trorcxn nasnan
nronunt naymnnx connantntm ntnnxom?
7. uro raxo xomnnxc nnonnonnnocrn?
8. uro raxo ntcmn ncnxnucxn ]ynxnnn? asonnr nx naxnmn oconnocrn.
9. um asnnna mnnnncxoro n ncnxonornucxoro noxoon n onnnnn nonxrn
noma n naronornx ncnxnucxoro soontx?
10. acxor cymnocrt nonxrn ncnxnucxo soont n ncnxonornucxo soont.
'0) /$3 /$/ " !.J'(",
1. ! .
". # $% & '
.
(. ) *! '+ ' $
, ,'.
"'-H-
1. . -, nnn n ]xronornm c ocnonamn no- n naroncn-
xonornn. .: xynaonax narornucxax axamnx, 1994.
2. .. -. onnantnax ncnxonornx: unnx. 2- ns., on. n na.
.: s-no . 1988.
3. /& .. ., 0$&! 1.2., )' . . onmnnax amnxancxax
ncnxonornx asnnrnx: yu. nocon. ., 1986.
4. . . axomy nxy nanxamn ycnonnx nocnnrannx n
oyunnx / rxx c nmnno saxxo asnnrnx. ., 1995.
5. 1. . nnnnnt nocnnrannx ]nsnucxn ]xrnnntx r /
cromarnx. rn c naymnnxmn asnnrnx. ., 1995.
6. 1. . o. cou.: 6 r. . 5. cnont ]xronornn / o . . .
nacono. .: arornxa, 1983.
7. . . asnnrn ntcmnx ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn. cromarnx no
ncnxonornn/o . . . roncxoro. ocr. . . nonnxo. .: ocnmnn,
1977.
8. 3, . . cnonnx n nnxymn nnnnnnt ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx
nxa. cromarnx no nosacrno ncnxonornn / ocr. . . mnmx; o . . .
ntmrna. .: xynaonax narornucxax axamnx, 1994.
9. 45 .. -., - -. ., 6 1.4. rannsannx connantno
annnrannn nconmnnonrnnx n cnnnannsnonanntx yuxnnxx cncrmt
connantno samnrt // crnnx ncnxoconnantno n xoxnnonno-annnrannonno
aort. 1995. N 1.
10. 6 7. 8., 4' . 4. anrannx nnn asnnrn: nto
ncnxorannrnucxo crarrnn // cnxonornucxn xynan. 1995. N 1.
11. 69 .. . nnnnn asnnrnx n ncnxonornn. cromarnx no nosacrno
ncnxonornn / ocr. . . mnmx; o . . . ntmrna .:
xynaonax narornucxax axamnx, 1994.
12. 1' . . onmt asnnrnx ncnxnxn. ., 1981.
20
13. 1$ . . mn saxonomnocrn ncnxnucxoro nsonrornsa /
cromarnx. rn c naymnnxmn asnnrnx. ., 1995.
14. 1& . 8. ]xronornx n ncnxonornx / cromarnx. rn c naymnnxmn
asnnrnx. .: xynaonax narornucxax axamnx, 1995.
15. 8. , cnxonornx. u. nx crynron ntcm. n. yuntx sannn:
3 xn. n. 1. mn ocnont ncnxonornn. 2- ns. .: ocnmnn: naoc,
1995.
16. ! :. -. unonx, nosnan cx! anncxn ncnxnara. .: ayxa,
1991.
17. ), 1. cnxonornx anomantntx r n noocrxon naroncnxonornn.
.: s-no ncrnryr naxrnucxo ncnxonornn; oonx: 3, 1996.
18. axrnucxax ncnxonornx oasonannx. u. nx crynron ntcmnx n c.
cnn. yu. sannn / o . . . yonnno. .: 1997.
19. 8&$ . . cnont om ncnxonornn. ., 1989.
20. yxonocrno naxrnucxoro ncnxonora. cnxnucxo soont r n
noocrxon n xonrxcr ncnxonornucxo cnyxt / o . . . yonnno. .,
1995.
#
4

B.A.
4
urot +]]xrnnno ynannxrt nonccom connantno annnrannn nxa c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn, cnonmnno nnocnrt r nnn nnt
nsmnnnx n asnnnammn n xoxnnonnt norammt, nyxna oxrnnnax nn]omannx
o xaucrnnntx nsmnnnxx, noncxoxmnx n xo ro asnnrnx. axax oarnax cnxst
moxr trt ycranonnna c nomomtm cnnnantno orannsonannoro nsyunnx nnunocrn
nxa.
nx nsyunnx asnnrnx nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, nxnmunnoro n
noncc connantno annnrannn, ncnontsymrcx mrot, nnmnxmt n ncnxonornn. x
oconnocrt cocronr n rom, uro onn onnrnonant na nsyunn nnunocrn nxa n
rynnt, n xoroym on nxnmun, cnoxntx nnunocrntx n mxnnunocrntx oasonann (c
yurom nosacrntx oconnocr), xorot ryno ntxnnrt s cnnnantntx mronx. o
crt, c nx nomomtm moxno nonyunrt ncnxonornucxym nn]omannm, noxonmym nx
orannsannn connantno-annnrannonnoro noncca.
nox c orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn cnoxnt nnamnunt oxr nccnonannx.
ono croont, on, xax n rn, n nmmmn ocnoxnnn, yno asnnnarcx n
]nsnucxom n nnunocrnom ornomnnxx, c yro y nro moryr trt ocnoxnnnx,
orxnonnnx n asnnrnn, cnxsannt c nnnuntmn saonnannxmn n nx nocncrnnxmn. 3rn
nornnounx cnooasno nnomnxmrcx n asnnrnn nnunocrn n rymr nccroonnro
yura n aor c nxom.
n orannsannn nsyunnx nxa nyxno yunrtnart nct xomnnxc ronann,
nxnnxmtx x ncnxonornucxomy nccnonannm. nnm ns ro naxntx momnron
xnnxrcx nonoc o nncrn mroonornn, mroon n mronx nccnonannx.
'/$%"3 +ro cncrma nnnnnnon n cnocoon nosnannx, orannsannn n
nocronnx rornucxo n naxrnucxo xrntnocrn n coornrcrnnn co cnocrnamn n
saxonamn oxrnnno crnnrntnocrn.
21
roonornm no rannnn nxr na omym n uacrnym. $% +ro
conoxynnocrt noxonmtx n ocrarountx nnnnnnon nx accmornnx nsyuamoro
omcrnnnoro nnn ncnxnucxoro xnnnnx. & onnxr cnnn]nxy
nnmnnnx omnx nnnnnnon nccnonannx nn nsyunnn xonxrno nonmt, n
uacrnocrn, n ncnxonornn.
uncn naxnmnx mroonornucxnx nnnnnnon nnmnnrntno x nsyunnm
connantno-ncnxonornucxnx n ncnxonornucxnx oconnocr nnunocrn nxa c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn moryr trt orncnt cnymmn.
-"(*"C %H0("10 " C'/%%"&'!% C"0"10. nonarar ny n
nxa, n ro nornnnantnt nosmoxnocrn annsonart cx xax nnunocrt, n ro nyum
yym. oxonrt x nsyunnm nxa nyxno xno, saornnno. mo nccnonann
onxno nomout ro asnnrnm, sonsnnnomy nxoxnnm n connantnym xnsnt. annt
nnnnnn nnonarar, uro syntrart nccnonannx (narnos) onxnt cnnrntcrnonart
n rontxo o ocrnrnyrom yonn asnnrnx, no n nanannnt na ntxnnnn snon,
onnnn n rontxo nrarnnntx momnron n asnnrnn nnunocrn nxa, no n
nonoxnrntntx cnocrn, na xorot moxno onrtcx n noncc ro connantno
annnrannn.
-"(*"C .N'"(!" " (H&(!". xnnrnyr nnnmann na ro, uro asnnrn
nxa onxno trt acxtro n ro cocrnnntx saxonomnocrxx n cocrnnntx
nonxrnxx. n nsyunnn oconnocr asnnrnx nnunocrn nxa, nmmmro xnsnnnt
orannunnx, naxno nonxrt n rontxo omn saxont asnnrnx, no n cnnn]nucxn oco-
nnocrn, cnxsannt c nnnxnnm na n xax nnnuntx, rax n nronuntx ]axroon.
-"(*"C /''-0"("10. snauar, uro ncxxo connantno-ncnxonornucxo xnnnn
nooxno nntm xomnnxcom oxrnnntx n cyxrnnntx nnunn, uro ono rcno
nsanmocnxsano n cnom ]ynxnnonnonannn n asnnrnn c yrnmn xnnnnxmn. urot
nonyunrt oxrnnnym nn]omannm o nsyuamom xnnnnn, nyxno ycranonnrt nnunnno-
cncrnnnt cnxsn n asnnrnn n ]omnonannn rx nnn nntx nnunocrntx cnocrn
nxa, ntxnnrt ocnonnt ]axrot n ycnonnx ornnarntno nnn nonoxnrntno
nonnnxnmn na +ror noncc c yurom ycnonn xnsnn n asnnrnx nxa n
nmcrnymmnx nosacrntx +ranax.
-"(*"C -1""3 nnonarar, uro nc ncnxnucxn n nnunocrnt oconnocrn
nxa naxoxrcx n cranonnnnn, n ocnonntm ycnonnm nx asnnrnx xnnxrcx ra nnn nnax
xrntnocrt. asnnrn nnunocrn nxa moxr trt nannntno nonxro, cnn +ror
noncc accmarnnarcx n nntnnom nnxnnn, c yurom nocroxnntx xonnucrnnntx
n xaucrnnntx nsmnnn, xax noncc n syntrar xrntnocrn.
-"(*"C '/"(! !1(("3 " /'3'$+(!" ntrxar ns xrntnocrnoro
noxoa asaorxn nonm n asnnrnn ncnxnxn n nnunocrn nxa, nnoxnnoro . .
ynnmrnom, . . onrtntm n . n osnauar oycnonnnnocrt asnnrnx cosnannx
xrntnocrtm unonxa. osnann yxonoxr xrntnocrtm, no n xrntnocrn ono n
]omnyrcx. syuart cosnann moxno onoconanno us xrntnocrt nxa.
-"(*"C !"!'0"&(!"D 0C$'!(!" " !"!'0(!". ro cyrt cocronr n
rom, uro nsyunn nxa onxno nononrtcx rynxno, us onnnnt
nomxyrxn nmnn, nccnymrcx n orntnt naamrt, a nc croont asnnrnx
nnunocrn. syntrar raxoro nsyunnx ycranannnnamrcx nymn xomnonnrt
ncnxonornucxo cryxryt nnunocrn n ntxnnxmrcx nx nsanmocnxsn n
nsanmooycnonnnnocrt.
nx roro urot cocrannrt nonnym xarnny nccnymoro xnnnnx, nyxno coart
rn rynnt anntx no nnrcymm nac xaaxrncrnx. 3ro: xnsnnnt noxasarnn,
nonyunnt n xo nsyunnx nxa n antno xnsnn; annt, nonyunnt c nomomtm
onocnnxon, ct; annt, nonyunnt c nomomtm oxrnnntx rcron n croro
xonronnymtx ycnonnxx, xora ncntrymt n snar, na onnxy xaxo xaaxrncrnxn
nanannn rcr. xrnnnocrt onnox n +rom cnyua ocrnrarcx nyrm asaorxn n
ncnontsonannx croro ]omannsonanntx nony nccnonannx.
nx nonyunnx nonno nn]omannn o asnnrnn nxa c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn nyxno raxx ncnontsonart syntrart xnnnnucxnx nccnonann
22
naymnntx ]ynxnn n annt o oconnocrxx asnnrnx nronuntx naymnn.
-"(*"C "(/""/H$+(% " $"&(!(% C/#/ osnauar, uro xaxt unonx
ynnxann n omn saxont asnnrnx noxnnxmrcx y xaxoro nxa cnooasno n
nnonronmo.
-"(*"C OII'"(!" C-'/$%'0)# -'0'(/*", nnonarar, uro
xomnannn oxsarntno onxnt trt nonsntmn nx roro unonxa, xoroomy onn
amrcx.
cnonntm cnocoom annsannn rornucxnx ncrannnn, mroonornucxnx
nnnnnnon n noxoon na naxrnx ntcrynar mro nccnonannx.
'/ "!!$'/("3 omn nyrt nayunoro nosnannx, cnoco, c nomomtm
xorooro nccnonarnt nonyuar noxonmym nayunym nn]omannm.
onxrno nonnomnn mroa na naxrnx n coornrcrnnn c nntm nccnonannx
nastnarcx mronxo. o crt, 0'/" +ro nnnanannnno ncnontsonann mroa
nnmnnrntno x nmry nccnonannx.
xo nsyunnx nnunocrnoro asnnrnx nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn
cnyr raxx ncxonrt ns roro, uro noncc connantno annnrannn n nsyunn nxa
onxnt onnartcx n na asosnnnt nnnnnnt ncnxonoro-narornucxoro noscrnnx,
a na nnocrno ncrannnn o cncrmntx nsanmocnxsxx nnunocrntx cnocrn, n xorotx
]nxcnyrcx +]]xr oraxnnx crnnrntnocrn ncnxnucxnmn nonccamn. o crt,
nsyuart nxa n annsontnart na naxrnx nonyunnt annt nccnonann
noxonmo na ocnon cncrmnoro noxoa.
nnr annnrannonno xrntnocrn onxn croxrt nox, xax
asnnnammaxcx nnunocrt co cnonmn sanocamn, nnrcamn, nonmamn, a noncc
oyunnx, nocnnrannx n connantno annnrannn onxn trt nanannn na
nccroonn asnnrn saarxon n cnoconocr, n nonrmnxcx ranmnonannm,
]omnonannm nxa xax nnunocrn.
axnm oasom, urot nonyunrt oxrnnnt annt o nsyuamom xnnnnn nnn o
asnnrnn nnunocrn nxa, nao nmrt n nny, uro onnm ns naxnmnx momnron
nccnonannx xnnxrcx nonoc o nncrn mroonornn, mroon n mronx.
naxo +ro nnmt ycnonn, xorx n usntuano naxno, xoroo nosnonxr on
nonno n oxrnnno nsyuart asnnrn nnunocrn nxa. axy c +rnm, naxno ymrt
orannsontnart xonxrno nccnonann c nomomtm xomnnxca mronx, nonyuart
coornrcrnymmym nn]omannm, oaartnart n nnrnrnonart nonyunnt
syntrart.
B.B. 4

orucrnnno ncnxonornn ntnxmr urt rynnt omnayuntx mroon (no F.
. nantny), xorot nosnonxmr nonyuart noxonmym nn]omannm o asnnrnn
nnunocrn nxa c rmn nnn nntmn xnsnnntmn orannunnxmn.
C'-, %-HCC' P (!3 -%("1*"(()' 0'/). nx nomomtm mamrcx
nonoct, cnxsannt c onnnnm oxra, cnnn]nxn, nonnort, nnrntnocrn n yrnx
orannsannonntx croon nonnnx nccnonannx. n nxoxr:
A. '() . n onnnnn oxra nccnonannx
conocrannxmrcx asnnunt rynnt r no nosacry, no cocroxnnm soontx, cnnn]nx
saonnann, nnnuntx n nronuntx naymnn n r. . connantno-annnrannonno
naxrnx, xax n n rcxo n nosacrno ncnxonornn, cannnrntnt mro ntcrynar n
nn mroa nosacrntx nnn nonuntx cson. annt mro nnmnxrcx c nntm
ntxnnnnx nnamnxn ncnxnucxoro nnn nnunocrnoro asnnrnx nxa, nyrm
conocrannnnx nonyunntx n ono n ro x nmx syntraron n rynnax r asntx
nosacron.
B. *!) . ro cyrt cocronr n mnoroxarnom nsyunnn onnx n rx
x r na norxxnnn nnrntnoro nnoa.
5. ) . n orannsannn nsyunnx onoro n roro x nxa moryr
trt noxnmunt cnnnanncrt asntx no]nn: naun, connantnt aornnxn,
23
ncnxonorn, ]xronorn n yrn. ccnonannx raxoro oa nosnonxmr ycranonnrt on
nonnym xarnny ncnxnucxoro, comarnucxoro n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx nxa.
-, %-HCC' (!3 O0C"-"&'!"' 0'/). nx nomomtm nonyuamr
noxonmym nn]omannm o ncnxnucxom n nnunocrnom asnnrnn xonxrnoro nxa
nnn nsyuamom xnnnnn. nnm ornocxr:
mrot nanmnnx n camonanmnnx;
+xcnnmnrantnt mrot (naoaront, crcrnnnt xoncrarnymmn,
oyuammn, asnnnammn +xcnnmnrt);
ncnxonarnocrnucxn mrot (rcrt, onocnnxn, anxrt, connomrnx, ca);
ananns noyxron xrntnocrn nxa;
nora]nucxn mrot (ananns xnsnnnoro nyrn nxa, nsyunn mnnnncxo
oxymnrannn o nm n .).
-'+3 %-HCC P 0'/) .-." /(()#. n nxoxr:
xonnucrnnnt (crarncrnucxn) mro;
xaucrnnnt (ananns marnana, n]]nnnannx ro no rynnam n r..).
''-3 %-HCC P "('-C-'*"(()' 0'/). nx uncn:
rnrnucxn mro (anannsnyrcx nonyunnax nn]omannx n nnan asnnrnx c
ntnnnm orntntx ]as, cran, xnrnucxnx momnron n r..);
cryxrynt mro (ycranannnnamrcx cryxrynt cnxsn, nnunnno-cncrnnnt
ornomnnx mxy ncmn xaaxrncrnxamn nnunocrn).
accmornm on noono nxorot mrot, ncnontsymt nn nsyunnn
asnnnammcx nnunocrn nxa.
(%"Q/()' 0'/) " 0'/) CC'-'&()# !-'1. onnantnax annnrannx
nnrntnt noncc, n xo xorooro nosnnxar noxonmocrt onronmnnoro
nanmnnx sa nsmnnnm nnunocrnoro asnnrnx nxa, naxoxmrocx no nnnxnnm
connantno-ncnxonornucxoro n xoxnnonnoro noscrnnx. 3ry saauy moxno mnrt na
ocnon nnmnnnx nonrnrmnoro anannsa asnnrnx.
n nsyunnn oconnocr asnnrnx nnunocrn nxa, nmmmro xnsnnnt
orannunnx, moxr trt annsonano na orannsannonntx nccnonarntcxnx noxoa,
nonuntx cson n nonrnrmnt (nnnnt, cxnosno).
*! ! +ro raxo cnoco nccnonannx, nn xoroom nrcx
nanmnn sa asnnrnm roro x nnnnna nnn ro x rynnt na ncxontxnx nosacrntx
crynnxx.
+ , +ro orannsannonnt nccnonarntcxn noxo, n
xo xorooro nosacrnt oconnocrn asnnrnx nxa nsyuamrcx ononmnno na
asntx nosacrntx rynnax r.
ncnxonornn ntnxmr cnymmn ]omt (nananrt) nonrnrmnoro nccnonannx
(o . Bnannaa).
A. 1"!"0!" C-/$2"'$+(!" "!!$'/("3R
a) ! nnmnxrcx nx nsyunnx nxa n nno
nxoa or ono crann asnnrnx x yro, xora oconno samrnt nsmnnnx n
ro asnnrnn;
) /$%-'0'((' ! orannsyrcx c nntm nsyunnx nnamnxn asnnrnx
nnunocrn nxa, nsanmoornomnn mxy orntntmn nsmnnnxmn n asnnrnn n
asnnuntmn ]axroamn;
n) ) !) ,. nmnxrcx nx nsyunnx on
noonxnrntntx nnoon asnnrnx nxa sa xoorxo nmx. nx ro
nnmnnnx noxonmo nmrt xax mnnnmym rn rynnt r c asnnn n
nosacr n onn ro. annm, n ono rynn naxoxrcx rn onnnanarn nr, n
yro nnanarn, n rrt rnnanarn. syuax +rn rynnt ononmnno
nn nomomn raxoro nonrnrmnoro nccnonannx, moxno n runn 4 nr nonyunrt
on rounym xaaxrncrnxy asnnrnx, um noccrnom nonuntx cson no
orntntm roam.
B. 1"!"0!" #/ "!!$'/("3R
a) -) . yrt ro cocronr n rom, uro nrcx nanmnn sa
24
asnnrnm r onnnnoro nosacra.
) . !. o nmy ycranannnnamrcx onnnnt annt o
ntymm asnnrnn na ocnonannn ontra nxa nnn ro onrn.
n) ' ! . nocnxrnnnom cnoco ncnontsymrcx
raxx rocnxrnnnt (anamncrnucxn) annt.
5. 1"!"0!" C-"0'('(()# !C!.R
a) ! . syunn nxa nrcx nocnonarntno
na norxxnnn nnrntnoro nnoa.
) ' ! . n annom cnoco nanmnnx sa
nxom nyrcx noontno n n onnnnt nno syntrart +rnx nanmnn
ononnxmrcx anntmn nonuntx cson yrnx rynn.
n) -! !. crnnrntnocrn norxar no mroy
nonuntx cson.
onrnrmno nccnonann, n cannnnn c mroom nonuntx cson, nosnonxr
nonyuart on naxnt n nonnt syntrart, ammn nosmoxnocrt nocnnrt sa
nnamnxo asnnrnx nxa n onnnrt +]]xrnnnocrt nnmnxmtx asnnnammnx n
xoxnnonno-annnrannonntx noramm. 3ror noxo ar nosmoxnocrt on rnyoxo
anannsnonart nsanmoornomnnx n nsanmocnxsn mxy orntntmn xomnonnramn
asnnnammcx nnunocrn, a raxx mxy xomnonnramn nnunocrn n ]axroamn asnnrnx,
accmarnnart oconnocrn norxannx xnrnucxnx nnoon n asnnrnn nxa,
cocrnonart oxcnnnm noncca asnnrnx n cnxs c nnm noxnnnn nn]anrnnnsma,
raannn, rccnn, ycxonnx n nannomnocrn asnnrnx n r..
ax cnnrntcrnyr ontr, onnm ns +]]xrnnntx nananron nsyunnx nxa n
amxax nonrnrmnoro noxoa moxr crart nnnntno xomnnxcno nccnonann.
connocrt nnnntnoro nccnonannx cocronr n rom, uro asaartnamax noramma
nsyunnx nxa n noo mronx ocymcrnnxrcx c yurom xonxrntx saau nonyunnx
noxonmtx nornocrnucxnx onnox. omnnxcnocrt nccnonannx nnonarar
ononmnno nsyunn nxa cnnnanncramn asntx nanannnn.
ro x nmx nonrnrmnt noxo nmr cnon nocrarxn n cnnn]nucxn
oconnocrn.
nacroxm nmx nr onosnaunoro ornra o rom, cxont nnrntntm moxr trt
nonrnrmno nccnonann. axnm xnrnm, na nam nsrnx, moxr crart nno
nnrntnocrn noxoxnnx nxom connantno annnrannn. uro x xacarcx
nnonunocrn nonrnrmnoro nccnonannx, ro noxoxm, xax oamar nnnmann .
Bnannaa, cunrarcx cnymmax naxrnxa: nno nccnonann nononrcx n runn
nno nnn nocn oon; sarm n runn nnoro roa xaxt mcxn. runn
nrooro roa as n rn mcxna. r rrtro o mcroro roa as n nonroa. r mcroro
o onnnanaroro roa as n ro. r nnanaroro o mcrnanaroro roa cnona as n
nonroa, nnum no ncx cnyuaxx c onycrnmtm asrannunnm. onycrnmo orxnonnn n
nccnonannxx r o onoro roa asnnna n onxna nntmart +7 n; 2 roa n
ontm +14 n.
nntm +xonomnn nmnn nnararcx n runn nnoro roa nononrt
nccnonann as n urnrt roa, a norom or nrooro o mcroro roa n nonyroontx
nnrnanax.
a syntrart nonnnx nonrnrmnoro nccnonannx nnnxmr mnorn ]axrot:
connantnt, +xonomnucxn, xyntrynt ycnonnx n r. . naxo nnsxntm ro ycnonnm
xnnxrcx cranntnocrt (nocroxncrno) ocnymoro oxra: nxa nnn rynnt r.
tnt r ns rynnt nnn nnonnora naymar nmcrnnnocrt n nccnonannn n
nnocnr n syntrart nxnarntnt xoxrnnt.
a syntrarax nccnonannx moxr cxasartcx nnntxann nxa x nccnonarnm
n narnocrnucxnm ycnonnxm, no+romy nosnnxamr onnnnt rynocrn n noo
naxntx n nannntx mronx, coornrcrnymmnx onnnnm noxonmtx
xaaxrncrnx.
ouxnnax nxorot nnmymcrna nonrnrmnoro noxoa n nsyunnn r c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n yrnmn orannsannonntmn mroamn, noxonmo
25
nmrt n nny, uro rmarnxa nccnonannx onnxrcx, nx ncro, xonxrntmn
saauamn, ntrxammnmn ns nn connantno annnrannn n nnnnnyantntx oco-
nnocr nxa. o+romy nn nsyunnn nxa nnxonrcx onnrnonartcx n rontxo
na annt nonrnrmnoro nccnonannx, no n na syntrart, xorot moxno nonyunrt
mroom nonuntx cson. x nnmymcrno cocronr n rom, uro n annom noxo
moxno cannnrntno tcro nsyunrt nxorot naamrt asnnrnx, xorot sarynn-
rntnt nn onrrnrmnom nccnonannn.
.$Q/'("' +ro nnanomno n nnnanannnno ]nxcnonann connantno-
ncnxonornucxnx ]axron n crcrnnntx ycnonnxx s nmmarntcrna nccnonarnx n xo
xrntnocrn nxa. anmnn camt acnocrannnt mro cn yrnx
oxrnnntx mroon. a nxom c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn
moxno nanmart n ycnonnxx noncnnno xnsnn: n nr, n yuno xrntnocrn, n
noncc omnnx c rtmn n nsocntmn n r..
o nayuno nanmnn n cnyr cmmnnart c otxnonnntm nanmnnm sa
rtmn. ax nayunt mro ono nounnxrcx xy ronann n ycnonn. nx uncn
moxno nasnart:
1. ayuno nanmnn nnonarar urxo c]omynnonannym nnt, na ocnon
xoroo asaartnarcx nnan nanmnnx, xorotm n yxonocrnyrcx nccnonarnt.
nt nanmnnx moxr ncxonrt xax ns rxymnx saau connantno annnrannn, rax n
ns xonuno nnn ]omnonannx nnunocrn, cnocono axrnnno nxnmuartcx n
omcrnnnym xnsnt.
2. ayuno nanmnn nononrcx nnanono n cncrmarnucxn no onnnno
cxm c yurom asnnuntx +ranon asnnrnx n cranonnnnx nnunocrn nxa na
norxxnnn ncro nnoa, ornnnoro na connantnym annnrannm (n amxax
nonrnrmnoro orannsannonnoro noxoa). anmnn cunrarcx nnoornontm n rom
cnyua, cnn ono cnxsano n rontxo c nonyunnm noxonmo connantno-ncnxonornu-
cxo nn]omannn, no n c nonxo n nocranonxo rnnors nccnonannx. xo
nanmnnx ntxnnxmrcx n rontxo nyxnt connantno-ncnxonornucxn xnnnnx, no
nonxrcx raxx nnt nccnonannx n, nn noxonmocrn, xoxrnyrcx nyrm
]omynnonannx nontx rnnors nnn yrounnnx nxnnx. nx nontmnnx oxrnnnocrn
nanmnnx n sanncnmocrn or ro nnn ntnarcx cnryannx, n xoroo yr ncrnct
nanmnn sa nxom. o+romy ncxxo nanmnn nocnr ntoount, uacrnunt
xaaxr.
3. n nanmnnn cnyr noxnnart crcrnnnt ycnonnx xnsnn r, n
nmmnnaxct n nx xrntnocrt.
4. ayuno nanmnn nnonarar nosmoxnocrt nonxn ynnnntx
connantno-ncnxonornucxnx xnnnn n yrnx ycnonnxx, nsanncnmo or roro, xm +ro
nanmnn yr nonrono.
5. oronxct x nonnnm nanmnnx, nyxno saan asaorart cncrmy
]nxcannn nonyunntx anntx. 3ro moxr trt: noroxon, samrxn, sanncn n r. . nnx
moryr trt onnnt nnnnt nsmnnx connantno-ncnxonornucxn xnnnnx,
xorot noamrcx nanmnnm n ornnuamrcx ocrynnocrtm n ]nxcnonannn. annm,
ut nxa, +monnonantnt axnnn, asnnunt nsanmocrnnx n xo mxnnunocrntx
ornomnn, oconnocrn ntnonnnnx ro nnn nno xrntnocrn, nonnn nxa co
cncrnnxamn n nsocntmn, noxnnnnx rx nnn nntx nnunocrntx xaaxrncrnx,
axrnnnocrt nnn naccnnnocrt n mnoro yro.
6. oxonmo nmrt n nny, uro na oxrnnnocrt ]nxcannn syntraron moryr
nonnnxrt asnnunt connantnt crornnt. ax cnnrntcrnyr naxrnxa, no
ornomnnm x rxm moxr cnoxnrtcx na rnna ycranonox: nonoxnrntnax n
ornnarntnax. n nonoxnrntno ycranonx nccnonarnt moxr n samuart nnn n
nnanart snaunnx nrarnnntm connantno-ncnxonornucxnm noxnnnnxm n
nynnnunnart nonoxnrntnt. n ornnarntno ycranonx nox nccnonarnm
nnnrcx n nrarnnnom cnr. c cno nnnmann on xonnnrnyr na nocrarxax, a nn
nnrnrannn nonyunntx syntraron y nro noxnnxrcx crmnnn oxcnnrt nx xax
saxonomnt n nocroxnnt.
26
o cnocoy nnmnnnx ntnxmr cnymmn nnt nanmnnx:
a) ! ! nccnonarnt cranonnrcx unnom ro rynnt,
xoroym on nsan oxrom nsyunnx. 3xcnnmnraro ntcrynar n xax nanmarnt, a
xax annonannt unn rynnt. raxo cnryannn, nannm, oxastnamrcx connantnt
aornnx, nocnnrarnt, naror, xorot, ntnonnxx c rtmn ry nnn nnym xrntnocrt,
nocroxnno c nnmn naxoxrcx.
) / ! ! +ro nanmnn co croont, xora
nccnonarnt n nnnanxnr x uncny yuacrnnxon nanmamo rynnt.
n) $ ! onnxrcx nosnnn nccnonarnx. n
orxtrom nanmnnn rn snamr o rom, uro sa nnmn nrcx nanmnn c nntm nx
nsyunnx.
r) ' !. n cxtrom nanmnnn rn n noosnamr o rom, uro
nx nsyuamr. uacro n +rom cnyua ncnontsymrcx asnnunt rxnnucxn ccrna:
rnxamt, sannctnammn ycrocrna n r. n. xtro nanmnn nnmnxrcx, xax
nannno, n nayuntx nnxx. n ro nonnnn noxonmo croro conmart +rnucxn
nomt n nnnnnnt.
) /! , ,. xrom nanmnnx ntcrynar n
annom cnyua antnt connantnt noncc.
) /! , ,. anmarcx +xcnnmnrantnax
cnryannx, monnymmax ro nnn nno connantno-ncnxonornucxo xnnnn.
cnonntm nnmymcrnom mroa nanmnnx n cannnnn c yrnmn mroamn
cocronr n rom, uro c ro nomomtm moxno nsyuart r n crcrnnntx ycnonnxx, r
nox nr cx cnoono, r noxnnnnx ro nonnnx n ncxaxamrcx. xo
nanmnnx nccnonarnt moxr nanmart xax sa nnunocrtm nxa n nnom, rax n
nocnnnnmart nxorot connantno-ncnxonornucxn xnnnnx n orntnocrn. mcr c
rm mro nanmnnx n nnmn nocrarxon. nyr nmrt n nny, uro na noncc
nanmnnx nnnxmr mnorn cyxrnnnt ]axrot: ycranocrt nccnonarnx, nnntxann
x nxy n cnxsn c nnrntnocrtm nanmnnx, uro moxr orasnrtcx na nnrnrannn
nonyunntx syntraron. xo nosnnxamr rynocrn ntnnnx noxonmtx
connantno-ncnxonornucxnx noxnnnn, nocxontxy onn tnamr cnnrtmn c mnoxcrnom
yrnx nonyrntx xnnnn. cnxnucxo xnnnn moxr n noxnnrtcx, cnn n nosnnxnr
coornrcrnymmax cnryannx, no+romy nccnonarnm nnxonrcx saraunnart mnoro
nmnn, oxnax, xora +ro xnnnn noxnnrcx. n nanmnnn sa rtmn nosnnxamr
rynocrn c ]nxcnonannm syntraron nanmnnx n yrn.
rcma ntxnnnn saxonomnocr n connantno-ncnxonornucxnx mxannsmon
rontxo nn ncnontsonannn onoro mroa nanmnnx tnar ocrarouno ryntm,
no+romy, naxy c anntm mroom, n xo nsyunnx nxa mnoxo ncnontsymrcx n
yrn mrot.
*"$+(>C!"#$%"&'!", O!C'-"0'( +ro orannsonanno n cnnnantno
cosanntx ycnonnxx nsyunn connantno-ncnxonornucxnx xnnnn c nntm ycranonnnnx
nnunnno-cncrnnntx cnxs mxy ncntrymtm n +xcnnmnrantno cnryann.
n nonnnn +xcnnmnra nccnonarnt n oxnar cnyuanoro noxnnnnx
nnrcymmnx ro nonccon, a cam cosar ycnonnx, urot ntxnnrt nx y ncntrymtx,
nnum +rn ycnonnx on moxr mnoroxarno nnn nonroxrt c nntm yrounnnx
nnonauantno nonyunntx anntx, nnn nsmnxrt c rm, urot nonnnxrt na nx runn.
asnannt ocronncrna +xcnnmnra orxtnamr mnoxn nosmoxnocrn nx
naxoxnnx n oocnonannx nanon +]]xrnnntx nnmon connantno annnrannn
r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn.
3xcnnmnr on oxrnnnt mro, nxnn nanmnn. ro mronx
coxarcx on urxn xnrnn ]nxcannn n oaorxn anntx, uro nosnonxr tcro
coart noxonmt marnan, nxnmunrt n +xcnnmnrantno nccnonann ontm
xonnucrno ncntrymtx n, raxnm oasom, on +]]xrnnno ntxnnxrt saxonomnocrn n
mxannsmt nsyuamtx xnnnn.
+xcnnmnr, no cannnnm c nanmnnm, onrun cnoco ]nxcannn anntx,
rax xax nsyuamo xnnnn ornno or xa xnsnnntx ocroxrntcrn. ro x nmx
27
nontmarcx rounocrt rncrannn crnn ncntrymtx, sanncnmtx n nsanncnmtx
nmnntx. nanns ]axron moxr trt ntaxn n uncnontx noxasarnxx, nonrnyr xo-
nnucrnnno n xaucrnnno oaorx.
3xcnnmnrantnt mro n sanncnmocrn or nn nccnonannx moxr nxnmuart n
cnom nonyy n+xcnnmnrantnt mrot (nanmnn, cy, onoc n r..), uro
cosar ononnnrntnt ycnonnx nx nontmnnx +]]xrnnnocrn ro nnmnnnx.
tnxmr cnymmn nnt +xcnnmnra. sanncnmocrn or xaaxra, ycnonn
+xcnnmnrantno cnryannn ntnxmr crcrnnnt n naoaront nnt
+xcnnmnra.
a) 0) 1 orannsyrcx n otuntx ycnonnxx
noncnnno xnsnn r. coornrcrnnn c nnxmn nsyunnx nnoxrcx cnnnantnt
+xcnnmnrantnt cnryannn, xorot no cnomy coxannm n ]om n ornnuamrcx or
yuntx n nrontx cnryann n orannunno nxnmuamrcx nnn n yunt noncc r,
nnn n nx nronym xrntnocrt. cnonntm ycnonnm ycnmnoro nonnnx
crcrnnnoro +xcnnmnra xnnxmrcx crcrnnnocrt nonnnx r. na cosar
noxonmt nnoctnxn nx nonyunnx ocronntx syntraron o nsyuamom xnnnnn
n nosmoxnocrt nocnnrt nnnxnn +xcnnmnrantntx nmnntx na nsyuamo
xnnnn.
urot crcrnnnt +xcnnmnr ornuan cnomy nasnaunnm, noxonmo, urot
rn n tnn ocnomnnt o rom, uro nx nsyuamr, nnau syntrart +xcnnmnra
oxaxyrcx cnntno ncxaxnntmn.
) *) 1 +ro nccnonann, nononmo n cnnnantntx
naoarontx ycnonnxx c nnmnnnm +xcnnmnrantno annaaryt, c nomomtm
xoroo ]nxcnymrcx oconnocrn nnmnnx noscrnn n syntrart noxnnnnx
asnnuntx connantno-ncnxonornucxnx xnnnn. nomomtm naoaronoro +xcnnmnra
moxno nonyuart rount annt o asnnrnn n norxannn connantno-ncnxonornucxnx
nonccon n xonxrntx ycnonnxx.
mcr c rm ncxyccrnnnocrt, ncrcrnnnocrt cnryannn naoaronoro
+xcnnmnra cosar onnnnt nomxn nx nonyunnx oxrnnno nn]omannn o
asnnrnn nnunocrn nxa. o+romy naoaront +xcnnmnr nnmnxmr conmcrno c
yrnmn mroamn. sanncnmocrn or crnnn nmmarntcrna +xcnnmnraroa n
norxann ncnxnucxnx xnnnn ntnxmr: xoncrarnymmn n ]omnymmn +xc-
nnmnrt.
a) !%) 1. xo ro nonnnx ntnxmrcx
onnnnt ncnxonornucxn oconnocrn nxa, yonnt asnnrnx rx nnn nntx
nnunocrntx xaucrn n nnunocrn n nnom. oncrarnymmn +xcnnmnr moxr
nononrtcx xax n naoarontx, rax n n crcrnnntx ycnonnxx. annt nn
+xcnnmnra nnorar nx noncca connantno annnrannn ocot cmtcn.
onnantnomy aornnxy noxonmo nocroxnno nonyuart oxrnnnt annt o rom,
xaxo noscrnn n n xaxo m oxastnar na nxa nct nnmnxmt xomnnxc
connantno-ncnxonornucxnx n xoxnnonno-annnrannonntx noscrnn c rm, urot
cnonmnno nnocnrt n naxrnxy connantno annnrannn coornrcrnymmn
xoxrnnt. axn oxrnnnt annt moxno nonyunrt c nomomtm xoncrarnymmro
+xcnnmnra.
) 2!%) 1. ro oconnocrt cocronr n rom, uro on nosnonxr
n orannunnartcx rontxo rncrann ]axron, a us cosann cnnnantntx cnryann
acxtnart saxonomnocrn, mxannsmt, nnamnxy rnnnnn cranonnnnx nnunocrn
nxa n na +ro ocnon onnxrt nosmoxnocrn onrnmnsannn noncca connantno
annnrannn. naxrnx connantno-annnrannonno aort ]omnymmn
+xcnnmnr ncnontsyrcx c nntm nsyunnx ycnonn, nyr ]omnonannx nnunocrn
nxa, onnnnx on +]]xrnnntx ]om ncnxonoro-narornucxoro noscrnnx na
nxa n asnnuntx ycnonnxx ro norxannx. omnymmn +xcnnmnr moxr trt
orannsonan n naoarontx ycnonnxx, no, xax nannno, on naxnt syntrart
nonyuamrcx n crcrnnntx ycnonnxx xnsnn nxa.
'/ .'!'/) +ro mro nonyunnx oxrnnno nn]omannn na ocnon
28
nnoccrnnnoro connantno-ncnxonornucxoro nsanmocrnnx nccnonarnx n nxa.
crounnxom nn]omannn cnyxar cyxnnx nxa, nonyunnt n syntrar ornron na
saannt nccnonarnm nonoct.
ro ct nnmnxrcx camocroxrntno nnn n courannn c +xcnnmnrom n
nanmnnm. n moxr cnyxnrt n xaucrn ccrna coa nnnuno nn]omannn,
yrounnnx nonyunntx anntx nnn nx acmnnnx. ayuntm mroom ca cranonnrcx
nnmt rora, cnn nonnn onnxrcx nnxmn n saauamn nccnonannx, xora
c]omynnonana rma n asaartnarcx nnan ct.
3]]xrnnnocrt ct c nxom no mnorom sanncnr or ymnnx connantnoro
aornnxa ycranannnnart yxcxn xonraxrt n ymno ]omynnonart nonoct. nn
onxnt trt urxnmn, xarxnmn, xonxrntmn, nonxrntmn, n cnnmxom omnmn, n
onxnt cnyxnrt nocxasxo nx ornra nxa. onoct onxnt ntstnart ncxnnn
ornrt nxa. xo ct moxno ncnontsonart yrounxmmn nonoct, cnn nx +roro
crt nornocrt.
Fca ncra nononrcx nnnnnyantno n orntnom nommnnn. mx na
nonnn n onxno nntmart 1015 mnnyr. crnct ona onxna nnnnyxnno,
raxrnuno, nnanxsunno. connocrtm mroa ct xnnxrcx onnnnax cnoxnocrt n
]nxcnonannn syntraron ct. o+romy cnocot ]nxcannn ornron r
noymtnamrcx saan. ax nannno, nx +rnx nn ncnontsyrcx noroxon, n xoroom
ocnonno ]nxcnymrcx ornrt, ormuamrcx oconnocrn nx nonnnx, +monnonantnt
noxnnnnx n r. .
Fca xax nayunt mro nmr xax ocronncrna, rax n nocrarxn.
onoxnrntntm xnnxrcx ro, uro ona ar nosmoxnocrt nonyuart noxonmym
nn]omannm or camoro ncntrymoro, nonnrt ycntmannym nn]omannm nonrono,
ncnontsonart nx ct asnooasnt marnan. ro x nmx nonyuamax n noncc
ct nn]omannx ncr na c cyxrnnnt ornuarox. 3ra oconnocrt mroa
ct ryr or connantnoro aornnxa conocrannnnx nonyunno nn]omannn n xo
ct c syntraramn anannsa anntx, nonyunntx c nomomtm yrnx mroon.
'/ ($"1 C-/H /'3'$+(!". connantno-annnrannonno
naxrnx annt mro xnnxrcx onnm ns camtx acnocrannntx. no n rom, uro no
syntraram xrntnocrn r moxno antno cynrt o syntrarax nx ncnxnucxoro nnn
nnunocrnoro asnnrnx. nannsy moryr trt nonrnyrt noyxrt nsoasnrntno n
xoncryxrnnno xrntnocrn (ncynxn, annnnxannn, xoncryxnnn, omnt nsoaxnnx
ns nnacrnnnna, ncxa, n noocrxonom nosacr cncant n cronxnt nonxn n .);
accxast, cxasxn, ncxas nnraryntx nonsnnn, ycrnt n nnctmnnt ornrt;
rran, nnnnxn, antomt, yrn nnctmnnt aort; syntrart mystxantno
xrntnocrn (ncnonnnrntcrno n rnoucrno n ncn, rann, nr na mystxantnom
nncrymnr); nonnucxn axnnn r n mxnnunocrnom nsanmocrnnn co
cncrnnxamn n nsocntmn n r..
ro anannsa noyxron xrntnocrn uacro nxonr xax cocrannax uacrt n yrn
mrot, nannm, n +xcnnmnr, nn ntnonnnnn rcrontx saann n r.. ax, n xo
+xcnnmnra moxno nsyuart mornnannm nrono, xoncryxrnnno n yro xrntnocrn,
yonnt asnnrnx nxorotx nnunocrntx xaucrn nxa n ]omt ro nonnnx,
mnn cranarntx saau nn rcrnonannn n r.n. annt mro nnonarar ananns n
rontxo noyxra xrntnocrn, no n noncca ro cosannx, nannm, n nconannn,
nsroronnnnn cronxntx, cncantx, mnntx nsnn n n.
rannsannx nonnnx anannsa noyxron xrntnocrn ryr conmnnx xa
ycnonn:
nnanrntno, urxo ]omynnonann nnn nccnonannx;
noo r c yurom onornnnocrn saonnann, nosacrntx oconnocr, nnannx
rmn nnn nntmn nantxamn n r..;
cosann nn nonyunnn noyxron xrntnocrn onnaxontx ycnonn (ymara,
noxnnnt, xacxn, xaanamn);
noxann n noncc xrntnocrn r crcrnnntx ycnonn
xnsnxrntnocrn;
29
nnanrntno onnnn cnocoon ]nxcannn ycrntx ornron r;
n nmmnnartcx n noncc cosannx rtmn noyxron xrntnocrn;
n cnyua noxonmocrn asaartnart n sayunnart nonoct x nxy nx ct o
nonyunnom noyxr xrntnocrn;
saan asaartnamrcx xnrnn onnxn noyxron xrntnocrn r.
ro anannsa noyxron xrntnocrn, xax n yrn mrot, nmr xax
nonoxnrntnt croont, rax n nocrarxn. ocronncrna mroa:
nosmoxnocrt coart sa ornocnrntno xoorxo nmx ]axrnucxn marnan xax y
onoro nxa, rax n y ontmo rynnt r;
nosmoxnocrt xonronx sa xoom ]omnonannx nantxon n ro nnn nno xrntnocrn;
nosmoxnocrt nonoxarnoro ncnontsonannx mroa nx ntxcnnnx roro, nacxontxo
saxonomn nonyunnt ]axr;
coxannn crcrnnnocrn n nonnnn nxa, rax xax on n snar o rom, uro c nnm
nononrcx nccnonann.
nocrarxam cnyr orncrn:
nnosmoxnocrt ncnontsonannx mroa, cnn nox n onnan onnnntm nnom
xrntnocrn;
nmmrcx rynocrn n oaorx syntraron, noxonma asaorxa cnnnantntx cxm
anannsa.
'!) +ro cranarnsnonannt ncnxonarnocrnucxn nsmnrntnt
nncrymnrt, nxnmuammn n cx cncrmy nonocon n saau, nxnnxmtx ncntrymomy
c nntm ntxnnnnx yonnx asnnrnx nnunocrn, ycranonnnnx n cannnmtx nnnunnax
mxnnnnnyantntx asnnun, a raxx nsmnnx connantno-ncnxonornucxnx
oconnocr rynn. ro ncnxonarnocrnxn, ncnontsymmn rcrt, nastnarcx rc-
rnonannm.
cnonnax oconnocrt rcron n ornnun or yrnx mroon n ncnxonornn
nsmnrntno-nccnonarntcxax nanannnnocrt, sa cur xoroo ocrnrarcx
xonnucrnnnax n xaucrnnnax xnann]nxannx nsyuamoro xnnnnx. 3]]xrnnno
ncnontsonann rcron na naxrnx sanncnr or yura mnornx ]axroon, cn xorotx nax-
nmnmn xnnxmrcx: rornucxax xonnnnnx, na xoroo asnyrcx rcr, onar ro
nnmnnnx, ncnxomrnucxn xaaxrncrnxn, nct xomnnxc cnnn o naxnocrn n
nannnocrn. o+romy x rcram xax x nsmnrntntm nncrymnram nxnnxmrcx
xcrxn ronannx.
axnmnm ronannm xnnxrcx ro cranarnsannx. /
!(/-"1"-((!+Q '! noasymnarcx nnooasn nononmo nn
nccnonannn nonyt, ro crt rcrt ncra n ns onxnt nnmnxrtcx onnaxontm
oasom (rouno conmnn nncryxnn, croro onnnnt cnocot nocrannnnx
crnmyntnoro marnana, nnmmarntcrno nccnonarnx n xrntnocrt ocnymoro n
.), n conocrannmocrt syntraron nsanncnmo or roro, r n xora onn tnn nonyunt.
annnmocrt anntx rcrnonannx ocrnrarcx nannunm nom rcra. -0 '!
+ro cnn yonnt asnnrnx ontmo conoxynnocrn nm, noxoxnx na annoro
ncntrymoro no xy connantno-mora]nucxnx xaaxrncrnx. na yxastnar n
rontxo na cnn yonnt, no n na ro ornocnrntnym nanarnnnocrt ntm nnn nnx
cnro yonnx, no xoroo moxno onnnrt crnnt ycnmnocrn nnn nycnmnocrn
syntraron aort ncntrymoro.
cr +ro n rontxo cranarnsnonanno nsmnn, no n oxrnnno.
xrnnnax onnxa ncnxonornucxnx rcron osnauar, nx ncro, onnnn nx
naxnocrn n nannnocrn n xonxrntx cnryannxx.
/'2(!+ '! cornaconannocrt noxasarn, nonyunntx y rx x
ncntrymtx nn nonronom rcrnonannn rm x camtm rcrom nnn ro +xnnnannrno
]omo. axnocrt rcra moxr nonxrtcx ornocnrntno nmnntx nsmnnn,
ntoa xonxrntx saann rcrono ntoxn nonnnx n yrnx acnxron rcrnonannx.
n ncnontsonannn rcra naxno snart rnn naxnocrn n cnoco ro onnnnx.
$"/(!+. 3ro camt naxnt noxasarnt nmoro ncnxonornucxoro rcra.
30
annnocrt +ro crnnt, n xoroo rcr nsmxr ro, nx uro on nnasnaun. nx
onnnnx nannnocrn otuno ryrcx nsanncnmt nnmnn xnrn. m moxr
trt conoxynnocrt noxasarn xrntnocrn ncntrymoro n noncnnno xnsnn. tco-
xax xonxnnx mxy syntraramn rcra n syntraramn noncnnno xnsnn (nannm,
ycnxon n yunnn) n xnnxrcx xnrnm nannnocrn. o+]]nnnnr nannnocrn nosnonxr
onnnrt nacxontxo rouno moxr trt ncxasana na ocnon rcrontx noxasarn
ycnmnocrt xnrnantno xrntnocrn.
nx nsyunnx unonucxo ncnxnxn n cymcrnyr nnoro ynnncantnoro mroa,
a nnymano oromno xonnucrno rcron, xorot moxno xnaccn]nnnonart no asntm
ocnonannxm.
o oconnocrxm rcrontx saau rcrt moryr noasnxrtcx: na rcrt nantnt
x rcrt naxrnucxn; no ]om nonyt ocnonannx na rcrt rynnont n
nnnnnyantnt; no nanannnnocrn na rcrt nnrnnxra, nnunocrnt n
mxnnunocrnt rcrt; n sanncnmocrn or nannunx nnn orcyrcrnnx nmnntx orannunn
na rcrt cxoocrn n rcrt syntrarnnnocrn; no xaaxry rcronoro marnana na
nanxont n annaarynt; no oxry onnox na nonccyantnt rcrt, rcrt
ocrnxnn, cocroxnn n cnocrn nnunocrn.
annnonno nc rcrt nxnmuamr n rn ocnonntx narnocrnucxnx noxoa.
A. .N'"(), C/#/ narnocrnxa ocymcrnnxrcx na ocnon ycnmnocrn n
oconnocr ntnonnnnx xrntnocrn. annt noxo ncrannn rcramn nnrnnxra,
rcramn nnunocrn, mxnnunocrntmn rcramn, rcramn cnoconocr n rcramn
ocrnxnn.
3 . nx nomomtm onnxrcx yonnt ymcrnnnoro asnnrnx
nnnnna.
* nanannnt na nsmnn nnnnnyantntx oconnocr
unonxa: xaaxra, rmnamnra, cnoconocr, mornnannn, ncnxnucxnx cocroxnn
raxnx xax rnoxnocrt, arccnnnocrt n . nnunocrntx cnocrn.
3 (, ) nnasnaunt nx nsmnnx yonnx
asnnrnx orntntx acnxron nnrnnxra n ncnxomorontx ]ynxnn, ocnunnammnx
+]]xrnnnocrt xrntnocrn n xonxrntx ocrarouno ysxnx onacrxx.
+" nanannnt na onnxy unonucxnx ornomnn n
asnnuntx connantntx rynnax, nannm, connomrnucxn rcr, rcr mxnnunocrntx
ornomnnn nn n .
3 ") onnrnonant na onnnn yonnx snann, nantxon n
ymnn, nnornntx no noscrnnm cnnnantntx noramm oyunnx,
no]ccnonantno nororonxn, xoxnnonno-annnrannonntx noramm n r..
B. EH.N'"(),F C/#/ narnocrnxa ocymcrnnxrcx na ocnon
camoonnxn, cnnn, coomamtx ncntrymtm o c, camoonncannn oconnocr
nnunocrn, nonnnx n rx nnn nntx cnyuaxx. yxrnnnt noxo ncrannn
mnorouncnnntmn onocnnxamn, anxramn, camooruramn.
5. E-'"(),F C/#/ narnocrnxa ocymcrnnxrcx na ocnon anannsa
oconnocr nsanmocrnnx ncntrymoro c nnmn nrantntm marnanom, xorot n
cnny ro nsncrno nanannnnocrn cranonnrcx oxrom noxnnn. crannn
asnooasntmn noxrnnntmn mronxamn,
axnm oasom, rcrt xnnxmrcx ccrnom nccnonannx cnoxnmnx ncnxnucxnx
xnnnn n n moryr ronxonartcx ynomnno xax nnoxnn saannx n rncrannx ro
mnnx. ccnonann nxa c nomomtm rcron nosmoxno nnmt nn ycnonnn onot na
omncnxonornucxn snannx, xomnrnrnocrt n onacrn ronn n naxrnxn coor-
nrcrnymmnx ncnxonarnocrnucxnx nccnonann.
B.5. 4

onyunn nn]omannn o cocroxnnn n asnnrnn nxa c orannunntmn

nosmoxnocrxmn moxr ncnonart mnn nyx saau: nayuno-nccnonarntcxo n
31
naxrnucxo.
xo annsannn nayuno-nccnonarntcxo saaun syntrart nccnonann
ncnontsymrcx n cnymmnx nnxx:
ntxnnnnx n oocnonannx omnx saxonomnocr n oconnocr asnnrnx nnunocrn
nxa n ycnonnxx orannsonannoro connantno-annnrannonnoro noncca;
onnnn ycnonn, ocnunnammnx nanontmn +]]xr asnnrnx ncnxnxn n
nnunocrn nxa;
ntxnnnnx nosmoxnocr yura ]xra asnnrnx, nnnnnyantntx n nosacrntx
oconnocr n naxrnx connantno annnrannn;
nx noncxa nanon onrnmantntx nsanmoornomnn mxy connantntm aornnxom n
nxom, a raxx mxy rtmn n cncrm mxnnunocrntx ornomnn;
onnnnx connantno-ncnxonornucxnx oconnocr connantno-annnrannonno
xrntnocrn n nnunocrn cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn n .
mnn naxrnucxnx saau nsyunnx nxa rcno cnxsano c saauamn
ncnxonornucxo narnocrnxn. xo annsannn nnonararcx nonyunn
cnonmnno oxrnnno nn]omannn c nntm:
ycranonnnnx oarno cnxsn n xonronx sa asnnrnm nnunocrn nxa;
onnnnx yonnx ncnxnucxoro n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx;
onnxn syntrarnnnocrn nnnnnmamtx nocnnrarntntx n connantno -
annnrannonntx noscrnn;
ncxasannx (nornosnonannx) oconnocr asnnrnx nxa na nnxamym n
antnmm ncnxrnnt;
asaorxn norammt connannsannn, asnnrnx n xoxnnn nnunocrntx xaucrn c
yurom anntx connantno-ncnxonornucxoro ocnonannx nxa.
syunn nxa nx cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn n xnnxrcx
camonntm, a nnonarar oxasann my xonxrno nomomn. o+romy narnocrnucxax
aora rcnmnm oasom cnxsana c asnnnamm n xoxnnonno aoro. na
xnnxrcx ocnono, na as xoroo cronrcx nsanmocrnn c nxom na asnnuntx
nanannnnxx ro xnsnxrntnocrn. r nonyunntx syntraron sanncnr noo ccrn,
mroon nocnnrarntnoro noscrnnx, xorot, n xonunom nror, nnsnant ocnunrt
nonoxnrntnt syntrar ro asnnrnx.
urot narnocrnucxax nn]omannx o nx, nmmmm orannunnt
nosmoxnocrn, tna ocrarouno nonno n naxno, n naxrnx nsyunnx r
ncnontsymrcx cnymmn rnnt anntx:
a) 4 . x nonyuamr nyrm nsyunnx syntraron
mnnnncxoro ocnonannx nxa, rncrannn rx nnn nntx ncnxnucxnx n
nonnucxnx axnn n noxnnnn n antno xnsnn n asnnuntx nnax xrntnocrn
n omnnx, n xorot nxnmuarcx nox. cnn +ro mxontnnx, ro anannsnymrcx raxx
noxasarnn yuno xrntnocrn. axno mcro n co annoro rnna nn]omannn
sannmamr +xcnrnt onnxn rx nnn, xorot xoomo snamr nxa: yunrn,
nocnnrarn, onrn n .
) -, , ,
. 3rn annt moxno coart n xo ct c nxom n nn nonnnn
onoca c nomomtm anxr n onocnnxon. onyunnax raxnm oasom nn]omannx moxr
nmrt onnnnt ncxaxnnx no nnunn nnsxoro yonnx asnnrnx nxa, cmtcnonoro
ata, xorot moxr nosnnxnyrt n xo ct, oconnocr ro mornnannonno
c]t, xax n croony connantno xnarntnocrn, rax n n croony nouxnnannx nxom
cnonx ]xron. urot yucrt nnn ycrannrt +rn nocrarxn, xomnyrcx n xo ct
ncnontsonart ynnymmn nonoct, a nx nnannx ontm naxnocrn anxram moryr
trt nycmornt mxant nxn n xoxnnn.
n) 5, %(! 6, , ),
, ! , ,, xora nsyuamt nox nnn
noocrox n snar, na onnxy xaxo xaaxrncrnxn nanannna narnocrnucxax
nonya. xrnnnocrt syntrara ocrnrarcx, no-nntx, nyrm nnnnx orannu-
nn na nosmoxnt ncxaxnnx rcrontx onnox n, no-nrotx, c nomomtm ncnontsonannx
32
oxrnnnoro cnocoa nonyunnx onnox no axnnxm nsyuamtx r.
n nannunn nuncnnntx rnnon anntx cosarcx antnax nnoctnxa
cnart xnann]nnnonanno saxnmunn o yonn nnunocrnoro n ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx
nxa, ramorno c]omynnonart ncnxonornucxn narnos. ao nmrt n nny, uro
nasnannt narnos moxno nocrannrt rontxo n amxax xomnrnnnn roro cnnnanncra,
xorot nsyuar nxa, n na rom yonn, na xoroom moxr ocymcrnnxrtcx xonxrnax
ncnxonoro-narornucxax xoxnnx n yrax connantno-ncnxonornucxax nomomt.
omynnonxa narnosa oxsarntno onxna coxart n rontxo saxnmunn o
yonn asnnrnx rx nnn nntx xaucrn nnn nnunocrn n nnom, no n oocnonanno
ncxasann nyrn n xaaxra antnmro asnnrnx nxa. xomnannn onxnt
trt xonxrntmn, nonxrntmn n nanncant ocrynntm nx nontsonarnx xstxom.
rnrcrnnnocrt sa nx ocymcrnnnn n xonunt syntrar ncr ror cnnnanncr,
xorot crannn narnos.
mcr c rm n connantno-annnrannonno naxrnx aort c rtmn n, nx
ncro, na annnx +ranax asnnrnx, n ncrannxrcx nosmoxntm nonyunrt noxonmym
nn]omannm ncx rx rnnon, o xorotx mna ut. syunn r annro nosacra
onxno onnartcx na oxrnnnt noxasarnn n nnmt n ount mano crnnn na
camoonnxy. anontm nnnocrtm n +rom nosacr onaar nn]omannx, nonyunnax n
syntrar +xcnrno onnxn nnmn nanmamtx crnn n axnn nxa. o+romy
ocnonntm ccrnom coa nn]omannn o asnnrnn r n +rom nosacr xnnxrcx
(.$Q/'("'D a rnanntm narnocrnucxnm mroom '!'!'(()' O!C'-"0'(.
onyunnt c nx nomomtm annt o asnnrnn nxa cannnnamr c nomarnnntmn
noxasarnxmn n na nx ocnonannn namrcx coornrcrnymmn ntnot.
na ns naxnmnx oconnocr orannsannn n nonnnx narnocrnucxoro
nsyunnx nnunocrnoro asnnrnx nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn cocronr n rom,
uro nccnonarnt, nsanmocrnyx c nnm, onxn n ]omantno rncrnonart
nonyunnym nn +rom nn]omannm, a conocrannxrt n xaxom xonxrnom cnyua c rmn
omnmn rnnnnxmn n asnnrnn, xorot xaaxrnt nx xaxoro nosacrnoro nnoa.
uncn raxnx onnrnon moryr trt, nannm:
nosnnxnonnn xomnnxca oxnnnnnx;
nosacramm ocosnann nxom cocrnnnoro ;
noxnnnn ontmro nnrca x mny nsocntx, nx xrntnocrn n nsanmoornomnn;
nxo or omnnx rontxo c martm, x omnnm co cncrnnxamn n nsocntmn;
noxnnnn y nxa nym xrntnocrn;
nosnnxnonnn noyxrnnntx nnon xrntnocrn: nconannx, xoncrynonannx, nnxn;
nosnnxnonnn cnmnonnucxo nrt;
asnnrn un, nnnmannx, namxrn n mnornx yrnx ]ynxnn.
o m nsocnnnx nxa nsmnxmrcx n xaucrnnnom ornomnnn mnorn
cnocrna ro ncnxnxn n nnunocrn. ax, ncmorx na ro, uro y snaunrntno uacrn r n
nosacr or 34 o 67 nr omnnnymr nnonsnontnt nosnanarntnt noncct, na
xorot n onnarcx nox, nosnanax mn, y nnx yx crt +nmnrt nonsnontnocrn n
ynannnnx nmn. o+romy nn nsyunnn nxa +rnx nosacron, noramma nccnonannx
onxna nocnrt noxxym nanannnnocrt: c ono croont na nsyunn nnonsnontntx
nosnanarntntx nonccon, c yro na cnonmnno onayxnn n rouno onncann
nonsnontntx ymcrnnntx crnn n axnn.
unrarcx, uro rxm, n nmmmnm orxnonnn n ymcrnnnom asnnrnn, moxno
nnarart nnunocrnt n nonnucxn onocnnxn, onnammncx na axnarnym
camoonnxy. ro x nmx nx nnx n roxrcx nnunocrnt onocnnxn, coxamn n c
nxmt cyxnnx camoonnounoro rnna, acymt x nocrarouno ocosnanamtm
nnunocrntm xaucrnam.
ocronnt syntrart nn nsyunnn r omxontnoro nosacra moxno
nonyunrt nnmt rora, xora mronxn, ncnontsymt nx nonyunnx connantno-
ncnxonornucxo nn]omannn o nx, yyr nx nnx nnnnxarntntmn n noxnnart
y nnx nnrc na norxxnnn nc nccnonarntcxo nonyt. ax rontxo
nnoccrnnnt nnrc nxa x ntnonnxmtm saannxm yraunnarcx, on ncrar
33
noxnnxrt r cnoconocrn n saarxn, xorotmn antno onaar. rcma naxno
nosaornrtcx o rom, urot nsanmocrnn nxa c nccnonarnm tno ocrarouno
nnrcntm nx nro.
om roro, noxonmo yunrtnart n oconnocrn camnx nnonsnontntx
nonccon, nannm, raxnx xax nnocroxncrno nnonsnontnoro nnnmannx n nontmnnym
yromnxmocrt r, ntstnamym asnnuntmn ]axroamn. o+romy rcront saannx n
camy nonyy nccnonannx n cnyr nart cnnmxom nnnno. nrnmantntm nx
r omxontnoro nosacra cunrarcx nmx ntnonnnnx rcrontx saann, naxoxmnxcx
n nnax or ono o nxrn mnnyr, nnum, um mntm nosacr nxa, rm on
xoorxnm ono onxno trt.
n nsyunnn r cnro n cramro omxontnoro nosacra nyxno raxx
yunrtnart n raxym oconnocrt, xax nosnnxnonnn nonoro nna connantno axrnnnocrn,
nym sa coo ncnxnucxo n nnunocrno asnnrn nxa 0'2$"&(!(%
.J'("3. rn nnnt naunnamr ornocnrtcx x cnonm cncrnnxam xax x nnunocrxm n
nxnmuartcx c nnmn n conmcrnt nrt. nonarntno, n mronxn nx nsyunnx r
nao ncnontsonart raxn, xorot nosnonxnn t ncrn sa nnmn nanmnn n rontxo n
nnnnnyantno nmrno xrntnocrn, no n n xonnxrnnntx nrax cmxrno-onnoro
nnana.
cramm omxontnom nosacr nosnnxamr nont nnt xrntnocrn. 3ro nrt c
nannnamn, n xorotx noxnnxmrcx +nmnrant ]nxcnnnt cnoconocrn r. rn
yx moryr yxonocrnonartcx n cnom nonnnn n rontxo nomamn nncymnmn nx
mxnnunocrnoro nsanmocrnnx, no n anannsnonart xax cocrnnno nonnn, rax n
nonnn yrnx. cnxsn c noxnnnnm nasnanntx nsmnnn n ncnxnucxom n
nnunocrnom asnnrnn nxa, nn ro nsyunnn moxno n onnnno m onnartcx na
annt camoonnox, ncnontsonart r mronucxn nnmt, xorot otuno nnmnxmrcx
nn nsyunnn r on cramnx nosacron.
urot syntrart nsyunnx oconnocr asnnrnx nxa xax nnunocrn onaann
mntm normnocrtm, nyxno x ncru c nnm rmarntno roronnrtcx n conmart nn
+rom onnnnt ycnonnx n ronannx. +ro cnxsn noxonmo nmrt n nny
cnymm:
cnn nsyuarcx nox n nosacr o 4 nr, ro naxno nosaornrtcx o rom, urot cosart
naronnxrnt ycnonnx nx orannsannn sa nnm nanmnnx n nxnmunnx ro n
crcrnnnt +xcnnmnr. nx +roro cnyr saan nosnaxomnrtcx c nxom,
acnonoxnrt ro x c n nnmt nocn ycranonnnnx onnrntntx ornomnn
nncrynart x mnnm nocrannnntx saau;
nn orannsannn nsyunnx r cramro omxontnoro n mnamro mxontnoro
nosacra nccnonarntcxn noxo ncxontxo mnxrcx. acmnxrcx mronucxax
asa. axy c raxnmn mroamn xax nanmnn n crcrnnnt +xcnnmnr
noxnnxrcx nosmoxnocrt ncnontsonart n yrn mrot: anxrnonann, mro ct,
mro nsyunnx noyxron xrntnocrn n .
r nasnanntx nosacron xnarntno nsyuart n cnnnantno ooyonanntx
nommnnxx. nnx n onxno trt xxnx nmron, ornnxammnx nx nnnmann.
nonnnm nccnonannx noxonmo rmarntno nororonnrtcx. nx +roro cnyr
nycmorrt coornrcrnymm ooyonann, crnmyntnt marnan, ntyunrt mronxn,
nxnmunnt n norammy nccnonannx, nosaornrtcx o rom, urot nncryxnnn, n-
naramt rxm, tnn coomnt nm ocrynno n nonxrno.
xo nsyunnx nxa nccnonarnt onxn rononrt c nnm nacxono, ncnontsyx
nx +roro yntxy, xcrt, mnmnxy. ntsx nouxnnart notunocrt cnryannn, n xoroo
naxonrcx nox. onycrnmo rononrt my raxnm oasom, xax: xouy nonnrt,
moxmt nn rt sanomnnrt nnn nocmorm, moxno nn rx art n mxony, n .
ncooasno nnart omnnm ooxnarntnym nanannnnocrt, rnna: xouy c
roo nonrart, ocmorn, xaxax xacnnax xnnxxa n r. . num, marnant mronx
ncnontsonart nx ycranonnnnx xonraxron nntsx. cnn nox orxastnarcx ntnonnxrt
nnoxnnt saannx, nacnntno sacrannxrt ro n cnyr. +rom cnyua ncruy c
nxom cnyr ornoxnrt n ncrrnrtcx c nnm m as.
34
a ycnxn n nyaun nxa no nmx ncntrannx noxonmo arnonart
cxanno, n saocrxrt nnnmann na omnxax. yum ncro, cnn nox o nnx n snar.
nannrt raxx nyxno cxanno, no n sa syntrar, a sa craann. nxsano +ro c rm, uro
onnxn nsocnoro moryr naxnarno nonnnxrt na ornomnn nxa x ntnonnnnm saa-
nn. cm rxm saann nyxno nxnnxrt croro nnooasno, n nnocx nnxaxnx
nsmnnn n nncryxnnm.
cnn nccnonann nononrcx n nncyrcrnnn onoro ns onrn, ro ro cnyr
acnonoxnrt uyrt nooant or crona +xsamnaroa c rm, urot n noannxrt axrnnnocrn
nxa. nxa nao nocanrt xom c coo n yono nx nro nos.
mn nonnnx nccnonannx onxn coornrcrnonart nnnnnyantno-
ncnxonornucxnm oconnocrxm nxa. nnrntntx r roonnrt n cnyr.
rxm, nmmmnm naymnnx onono-nnrarntnoro annaara, nyxno oxasart nomomt,
urot onn acnonoxnnnct nx ntnonnnnx saann n yono nos. naxo ncnomnnart o
]xr n nncyrcrnnn nxa n xomnyrcx. n nsyunnn oconnocr asnnrnx
nnunocrntx xaucrn nyxno nxnnxrt xo ncm rxm, nsanncnmo or nannunx roro nnn
nnoro ]xra, onnaxont ronannx. 3xsamnaro onxn onaart narornucxo
soxocrtm n nnrynnn, nonmx samuart cmny nacronnx nxa n xo ocnonannx,
saanart noxonmt rmn aort, uyncrnonart n xaxnx cnyuaxx ro nao nontcnrt, n
xaxnx samnnrt.
uro x xacarcx nonm nsyunnx r on cramnx nosacron, ro onn
ocrarouno nonno ncrannnt n xyc cnxonornucxax narnocrnxa r c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn.
rax, nnunocrt nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, xax n soonoro nxa,
naxonrcx n nocroxnnom cranonnnnn n asnnrnn, n, urot onrnmnsnonart +ror noncc,
cnonmnno nynxart nxnarntnt orxnonnnx n onnxrt norammy
nocnnrarntno n connantno-annnrannonno aort, nyxnt oxrnnnt cnnnx o
nsmnnnxx nnunocrntx cnocrn nxa n xaucrnnntx xaaxrncrnxax +roro asnnrnx.
axo xonront moxr trt ocnun nyrm rynxnoro nsyunnx asnnrnx nxa c
nomomtm ncnxonarnocrnucxnx ccrn.
syunn nxa, rm on c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, ryr ocooro
noxoa n conmnnx onnnntx ronann n ycnonn. rnononann +rnx nannn
moxr nnncrn x nonyunnm nocrarouno oxrnnno nn]omannn, uro moxr
cxasartcx na ntaorx naxnarno raxrnxn ro nocnnrannx n connantno annnrannn.
cnxsn c rm, uro nnunocrntmn xaucrnamn, coornrcrnymmnmn omunonucxnm
nomam, onxnt onaart nc nmn, cnocont asnnnartcx xax nnunocrn, ronannx x
xaucrnnntm xaaxrncrnxam nx nnunocrntx cnocrn, n noncc nccnonannx, onxnt
trt nntmn, nsanncnmo or ]xra, xorotmn onn craamr. ro x nmx n cnyr
satnart n o rom, uro n xaxom xonxrnom cnyua narnocrnucxoro nsanmocrnnx c
nxom noxonmo yunrtnart ro nosacrnt n nnnnnyantnt oconnocrn, onaxo
+ro n onxno cxasartcx na xaucrnnntx xaaxrncrnxax nonyuamo nn]omannn, a
nnmt na orannsannn nonyt nccnonannx.
C-!) /$3 !0(-$3
1. asonnr ocnonnt mroonornucxn nnnnnnt, xorot noxonmo conmart nn
ncnontsonannn nmoro mroa nsyunnx nnunocrn nxa.
2. asonnr rynocrn, oycnonnnnt oconnocrxmn ]xron r n noocrxon,
xorot moryr nosnnxnyrt n xo ncnontsonannx raxnx mroon, xax nanmnn, ca,
anxrnonann.
3. acxor cymnocrt xnaccn]nxannn mroon connantno-ncnxonornucxoro nccnonannx
r.
4. um nt nnnr ocnonnt oconnocrn nonrnrmnoro mroa n mroa nonuntx
cson. asonnr nx ocnonnt nnmymcrna n nocrarxn.
5. axo snaunn nmr mro nanmnnx n nsyunnn r c ora' nnuntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn?
6. acxor ocnonnt oconnocrn connantno-ncnxonornucxoro +xcnnmnra. asonnr
ro ocnonnt nnt.
35
7. acxor oconnocrn nnmnnnx mroa ct n mroa nsyunnx noyxron
xrntnocrn n nccnonarntcxo naxrnx nsyunnx r c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn.
8. uro raxo rcrt? acxor ocnonnt nx oconnocrn n nosmoxnocrt nnmnnnx n
nsyunnn r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn.
9. asonnr ocnonnt rnnt anntx, ncnontsymtx nn nanncannn ncnxonornucxoro
narnosa.
10. uncnnr, xaxn oconnocrn nosacrnoro n nnnnnyantnoro asnnrnx noxonmo
yunrtnart nn orannsannn connantno-ncnxonornucxoro nsyunnx r c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn.
'0) /$3 /$/ " !.J'(",
1. - ! & c
, ,'.
". $ ! ' &
, ,'.
(. ) $ ! &
,.
"'-H-
1. ..-. onnantnax ncnxonornx. ., 1988.
2. .-. nnn n ]xronornm c ocnonamn no- n naroncnxonornn. .:
xynaonax narornucxax axamnx, 1994.
3. osacrnax n narornucxax ncnxonornx. un. nocon nx crynron n. nncrnryron/
.. armxnna, ., nxantunx, .. onnna n .; o . .. amso. .:
ocnmnn, 1984.
4. ;&, .. 3xcnnmnrantnax ncnxonornx: u. nocon. .:-. 1997.
5. 8. , cnxonornx. u. nx crynron n. yun. sannn: 3 xn. n. 3.
3xcnnmnrantnax narornucxax ncnxonornx n ncnxonarnocrnxa. .:
ocnmnn: naoc, 1995.
6. max ncnxonarnocrnxa / o . .. Foanna, . . ronnna. .: s-no ,
1987.
7. axrnucxax ncnxonornx oasonannx / o . ..yonnno: u. nx crynron
ntcmnx n cnnx cnnnantntx yu. sannn. ., 1997.
8. onnantnax ncnxonornx. u. nocon nx crynron n. nncrnryron / o . . .
roncxoro. .: ocnmnn, 1987.
9. <& .. ., #' =. . axrnxym no rcxo ncnxonornn. ., 1995.
10. >& .. cnxonornucxax narnocrnxa rcxoro asnnrnx. nn, 1992.
11. ? @. . narnocrnxa ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx. ara, 1978.
12. ? . 4. cnxonarnocrnxa, xoxnnx n asnnrn nnunocrn. ., 1998.
II

36
7

5.A.
aunnax c mtcnnrn nnocrn n o namnx n n yrnxamr cnot, cnxsannt c
nonnmannm nnot nnunocrn, cymnocrn n cnnn]nxn trnx. a +ror onrn nyrt
nontmnnoro nnnmannx x +ro nonm cnoxnnoct nmano mxon n nanannnn,
nnoxnnmnx cnon xonnnnnn nonnmannx nnunocrn. onn nnunocrn +ro rmarntno
ntnnnt ymosaxnmunnx nnn rnnorst o rom, uro ncrannxmr coo nmn, xax onn
cx nyr n noumy onn nocrynamr nmnno rax, a n nnau. a nx ocnon asaartnamrcx
asnnunt noxot asnnrnx n xoxnnn nnunocrn.
nanns ron nnunocrn, nnnnxrt amnxancxnmn ncnxonoramn . tnnom n
. nrnom, noxastnar, uro ncxont rornucxn nonoxnnx, xorotmn
yxonocrnonannct nx anrot, ocnonarntno onnxmr nx nsrnxt na nnoy nnunocrn,
n xaxt ns nnx, ncxox ns +rnx nsrnxon, no-asnomy raxryr, uro coo ona
ncrannxr, xaxnm oasom asnnnarcx n xaxn ocnonnt ]axrot n ycnonnx nnnxmr na
+ror noncc.
ax, 3. ncrannn nnunocrt n nn rx nsanmocrnymmnx c]: no
nx- (conxxnntx c coornrcrnymmnmn cncrmamn ncnxnxn:
ccosnarntntm ncosnarntntm-cosnarntntm), coxann n ]ynxnnonnonann
xorotx oraxar cymcrno nnunocrn no ncm mnorooasnn. ornacno ro
ncrannnnxm, nonnn unonxa n snaunrntno crnnn rmnnnonano na-
nnonantntmn, nocosnanamtmn ]axroamn n nounnno rm nnnnnnam: nnnnnny
yonontcrnnx, nnnnnny nocroxncrna n nnnnnny antnocrn.
axam acnoy tn yxn n rom, uro ontmnncrno namnx nocrynxon xnnxmrcx
syntrarom cosnarntnoro n cnoonoro ntoa. nnr ro xonnnnnn
camoaxryannsnymmaxcx nnunocrt. cnonntmn nnsnaxamn camoaxryannsnymmcx
nnunocrn xnnxmrcx: 1) on +]]xrnnno nocnnxrn antnocrn n on
xom]orantno ornomnn x n; 2) nnnxrn cx, yrnx, nnoy xax onn crt; 3)
cnonrannocrt, nocrora, crcrnnnocrt; 4) nnrnonannocrt na saau, a n na c; 5)
nxoroax anronomnocrt, nornocrt n ynnnnn; 6) nnunax anronomnx, ornocnrntnax
nsanncnmocrt or xyntryt, ct; 7) uyncrno nonoro, nocroxnnax cnxcrt onnox; 8)
mncrnunocrt n ontr ntcmnx cocroxnn; 9) uyncrno connuacrnocrn, +mnarnn, nnnnx c
yrnmn; 10) on rnyoxn mxnnunocrnt ornomnnx; 11) moxarnucxax cryxrya
xaaxra; 12) asnnunn ccrna n nnn, oo n sno; 13) ]nnoco]cxo nnoxnno
uyncrno mmoa; 14) camoaxryannsnymmcx rnoucrno; 15) conornnnnn
acxyntrynnannm.
xonnnnnn nnunocrn . acnoy ocoo mcro sannmar cryxrya nornocr
unonxa.
. nnor cunrar, uro nnunocrt +ro unonx, crmxmncx x ocrnxnnm nontx
nn n ntxoxmn sa nnt +rnx nn.
o . oxcy nnunocrt camocrt, orannsonannax n onronmnnax,
cyxrnnno nocnnnnmammax cymnocrt, cocrannxmmax cnnnny nxnnann.
ornacno 3. ommy, nnunocrt xnnxrcx noyxrom nnamnucxoro nsanmocrnnx
mxy noxnntmn nornocrxmn n annnnm connantntx nom n nnncann.
crannrnn orucrnnno ncnxonornn asnymrcx na nonnmannn nnunocrn xax
connantnoro xaucrna, ]omnymmrocx n xrntnocrn n omnnn n noncc ycnonnx
nnnnnom omcrnnno-ncronucxoro ontra, naxonnnnoro unonucrnom.
ornacno conmnntm ncrannnnxm, nnunocrtm unonx n oxarcx, on ncro
nnmt "(/""/ xonxrnt ncrannrnt unonucxoro oa, nocnrnt cnooasntx
nnnnnyantntx xaucrn n onaammn nornnnantno nosmoxnocrtm crart nnunocrtm.
37
'$'D xax xnno cymcrno, ornocxmcx x nny Homo sapiens, ncrannxr
coo nonnomnn ntcm crynnn asnnrnx xnsnn na smn, ocrnrmn raxoro cocroxnnx
naroax romy, uro na onnnnom +ran omcrnnno-ncronucxoro asnnrnx cran
cyxrom cosnarntno noasymm xrntnocrn, nanannnno na oxyxammn mn
n camoro cx.
oxnnxxct na cnr on cnomomntm, um rntmn noannxmmro ontmnncrna
xnnorntx, on onaar nourn srannuntmn nosmoxnocrxmn ycnonnx nonoro ontra,
nnornnx nontx ]om nonnnx. ro acnoxxnnn oxastnamrcx ynnxantnt
]ynamnrantnt nornocrn: nornocrt trt nnunocrtm, noxnnxmmaxcx n
cnoconocrn nnnnna axrnnno nxnmuartcx n omcrnnnt cnxsn n ornomnnx, xorot
oycnannnnamr ro asnnrn, n nornocrt n camoannsannn, ro crt n crmnnnn
annsonart cno xnsnnnt nornnnan: sanac xnsnnno +nrnn, saarxn, cnoconocrn.
rouxn snnx cncrmnoro noxoa, unonx, xax cyxr n noyxr ryono
xrntnocrn n omcrn, xnnxrcx cncrmo, r ]nsnucxo n ncnxnucxo, nnono n
connantno oasymr nacroxnmo nncrno. c +ro n nonnxr noxnnnn
raxoro ]nomna xax nnunocrt.
rucrnnnax ncnxonornx, cunrax unonxa noconnantntm cymcrnom, ncxonr ns
roro, uro asnnrn nnunocrn oycnonnno crnnm nyx nsanmooycnonnnntx nx
unonxa ]axroon: anaromo-]nsnonornucxnx oconnocr, nanamtx no nacncrny,
n or noscrnn connantno ct, xorot onnxmr n rontxo coxann nnu-
nocrntx xaucrn, no n oxastnamr nnnxnn na nnont annt unonxa.
ymnocrt xaxoro unonxa n ro ncnxnxn oraxamr connantno snaunmt xaucrna.
nunocrt nnxnsnnno connantno-ncnxonornucxo oasonann ]nomn
omcrnnnoro asnnrnx, xonxrnt xnno unonx, onaammn cosnannm n
camocosnannm. cnonno ycnonn ncnxnucxoro n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx unonxa
xnsnt n omcrn nm. ontxo n omnnn c nmtmn nox ocnannar ontr
unonucxoro nonnnx, ontr oamnnx c nmramn rya n tra, onnanar utm,
yunrcx nsanmocrnonart c yrnmn nmtmn. o crt, s ycnonnx nnnnnom
omcrnnno-ncronucxoro ontra, naxonnnnoro unonucrnom, s onnannx
unonucxo xyntryo, s omcrna nnocrn nnunocrnt xaucrna nnosmoxno.
+rom cnnrntcrnyr nuantnt ontr asnnrnx unonxa nn nm, xora no non cnyuax
rn oxastnannct cn xnnorntx.
yro croont, no nnnxnnm omcrna, orannsonannoro oyunnx n
nocnnrannx unonx, n nmx nonornucxo nonnonnnocrn, nannm, nn rxxntx
]omax onnro]nnn, ncnxnucxnx saonnann, raxx n moxr ocrnut ntcoxoro yonnx
asnnrnx nnunocrn. nont cnocrna n oconnocrn nnnnna ntcrynamr n nnunocrn
xax connantno oycnonnnnt +nmnrt. ax, mosronax naronornx oycnonnna
nonornucxn, no nooxamt m urt xaaxra cranonxrcx oconnocrxmn nnunocrn n
cnny connantno rmnnannn.
mcr c rm, nnunocrt, xax noyxr omcrnnntx ornomnn, nocnnnnmar
connantnt noscrnnx n naccnnno. na noasyr nx, rax xax nnunocrt naunnar
ntcrynart xax conoxynnocrt nnyrnnnx ycnonn, us xorot nnomnxmrcx nnmnn
noscrnnx omcrna. 3rn nnyrnnn ycnonnx ncrannxmr coo cnnan nacncrnnno-
38
nonornucxnx n connantno oycnonnnntx xaucrn, xorot c]omnonannct no
nnnxnnm nmcrnymmnx connantntx noscrnn. o m ]omnonannx nnunocrn
+rn nnyrnnn ycnonnx cranonxrcx on rnyoxnmn, n syntrar ono n ro x nnmn
noscrnn moxr oxastnart na asntx nm asno nnnxnn. o crt, nnunocrt n
rontxo oxr n noyxr connantntx ornomnn, no n axrnnnt cyxr xrntnocrn,
omnnx, cosnannx n camocosnannx.
nunocrtm moxr crart nmo unonx, onaammn cosnannm n camocosnannm.
naxo yonnt asnnrnx n xaucrnnnt xaaxrncrnxn moryr natnonart or camoro
ntcoxoro yonnx asnnrnx o xan nnmnrnnno nnunocrn, nmrt nonoxnrntnym nnn
ornnarntnym nanannnnocrt.
nunocrt xaxoro unonxa ynnxantna n nanna rontxo my nncymnm
courannm ncnxonornucxnx ur n oconnocr, oasymmnx "(/""/H$+(!+.
nnnnyantnocrt n cannnnn c nonxrnm unonx n nnnnn on ysxo nonxrn.
3ro xaaxrncrnxa unonxa co croont connantno snaunmtx ornnun or yrnx nm:
cnooasn ncnxnxn n nnunocrn nnnnna, nnonronmocrt. na noxnnxrcx n
rmnamnr, urax xaaxra, n cnnn]nx nnrcon, xaucrn nnnrnnntx
nonccon, mornnannonno c] n nnrnnxr. unrarcx, uro nnoctnxamn
]omnonannx unonucxo nnnnnyantnocrn xnnxmrcx anaromo-]nsnonornucxn
saarxn, xorot noasontnamrcx n xo nocnnrannx n nooxamr mnoxym
nanarnnnocrt noxnnnn nnnnnyantnocrn.
cxontm yonnm asnnrnx nnunocrn, xax samuar .. yntxanona-nancxax,
xnnxrcx acrnonnocrt n cotrnxx (connuacrnocrt +rnm cotrnxm). nymmn
yonnt camoonnnn no ornomnnm x +rnm cotrnxm. o m asnnrnx nnunocrt
camoonnxrcx n rontxo no ornomnnm x xoy orntntx cotrn, rm nnn nntm
cocrnnntm nocrynxam, xnannxm n r.n., no n x xnsnn n nnom. na naunnar nc on
nocnonarntno nononrt cnom nnnnm n xnsnt.
mcr c rm xaucrnnnt xaaxrncrnxn +roro asnnrnx naxoxrcx n nxmo
sanncnmocrn or rx nornnnantntx nosmoxnocr, xorotmn onaar asnnnammaxcx
nnunocrt. uncn ocnonntx nornnnanon, ntcrynammnx n onn nnamnucxnx ]axroon n
saammnx nanannnnocrt nonccy asnnrnx nnunocrn, ornocxr:
1) () . nnxrcx omom n xaucrnom nn]omannn,
xoroo acnonarar nnunocrt. om +roro, on nxnmuar n cx ncnxonornucxn xaucrna,
ocnunnammn noyxrnnnocrt nosnanarntno xrntnocrn unonxa;
2) (8) . ycnannnnarcx nnornntmn
nnunocrtm n noncc connannsannn nancrnnno-+rnucxnmn nomamn, xnsnnntmn
nnxmn, yxnnxmn, ycrmnnnxmn.
3) ) . nnxrcx nryaom ymnn n nantxon,
cnoconocrxmn x crnnm (cosnarntnomy nnn asymnrntnomy, noyxrnnnomy nnn
noyxrnnnomy) n mo nx annsannn n onnnno c] xrntnocrn nnn
omnnx;
4) ) . anncnr or omnrntnocrn, xaaxra n
nounocrn xonraxron, ycranannnnamtx nnunocrtm c yrnmn nmtmn. annax
cnoconocrt ntaxarcx n cncrmarnunocrn n asnooasnn connantntx on, xorot
ona ntnonnxr.
5) 1) nnunocrn oycnannnnarcx yonnm coxannx n
nnrncnnnocrtm nornocr n nxacnom, a raxx rm, xax ona nx yonnrnoxr.
3crrnucxax axrnnnocrt nnunocrn annsyrcx n n rnoucrn (no]ccnonantnom nnn
camoxrntnom), n n nornnnn nonsnnn ncxyccrna.
o crt nnunocrt onnxrcx rm, uro ona, no-nntx, snar, no-nrotx, uro ona
nnnr, n-rrtnx, uro n xax ona cosnar, n-urnrtx, c xm n xax ona omarcx, n-nxrtx,
xaxont +crrnucxn nornocrn n xax ona nx yonnrnoxr.
nunocrt xaaxrnsyrcx cnymmnmn oomnntmn xaucrnamn:
1) (! crmnnnm cyxra ntrn sa cocrnnnt nnt,
acmnnrt c]y xrntnocrn, crnonart sa rannnamn ronann cnryannn n onntx
nnncann;
39
2) (! ycrounno omnnnymm cncrmo mornnon-nnrcon,
yxnn, nanon, nxycon n n., n xorotx noxnnxmr cx nornocrn unonxa;
3) (no .. trorcxomy),
oycnannnnammnmn cosnann n nonnn, onn ornocnrntno ycrounnt x nantntm
noscrnnxm n noasymrcx n conmcrno rynnono xrntnocrn (nnnnnn
xrntnocrnoro onoconannx);
4) (! , ) )( (ornomnnx
ycranonxn, ncnosnnnn n .).
cnonntmn c]amn xrntnocrn nnunocrn (no .. Bnannny, 1998), n
xorotx ona annsyr cnon nornocrn n noasyr cx, xnnxmrcx:
8 9. na nxnmuar asnnunt nornocrn,
ncntrtnamt unonxom n onnnntx ycnonnxx xnsnxrntnocrn, mornnt, nnn n
r..;
1(8. ma otuno nxnmuamr cyxrnnno oxamnnt
axnnn, ornomnnx x oxyxammmy mny, nonnt ycnnnx n nx nxnnannx. +ry x
c]y ornocxr +monnonantno-nonnt cocroxnnx, noncct n cnocrna nnunocrn;
8(. annax c]a ncrannxrcx xax nonyunn,
xannn, ysnanann, nocnonsnnn, satnann n noasonann nn]omannn.
omnno cma x ornocxr xornnrnnno-nosnanarntnt noncct, cocroxnnx n cnocrna
nnunocrn;
(8. 3ra c]a nxnmuar nnunocrnt nomarnnnt
rynxrot crnn unonxa, saxnnnnt n nnntuxax, otuaxx, nnnnnnax
connantno xnsnn. omantno +ra c]a noxnnxrcx n moantno-nancrnnntx
cocroxnnxx, crnnxx, nocrynxax, cnocrnax nnunocrn;
1(8. +ro c] ornocxr cyxrnnnt camoonnxn
cymcrnonannx nnunocrn. 3ra c]a noxnnxrcx n cocroxnnxx camoyrnynnnx,
nxnnannxx cno camocrn, cnocrnax nnunocrn, oycnonnnntx connuacrnocrtm x
cnomy trnm n mn;
)8. ma nxoxr noxnnnnx unonxa xax xrnx,
naxrnucxn annsymmro cx n oxyxammm mn. nnm ornocxr: noxnnnnx ro
cnoconocr, nantxon, ymnn, ocrnxnn, narmarnucxn acnxrt nnunocrn;
"8(. +ro c] ornocxr mxnnunocrnt omnt
nn]omann, nsanmocrnnx, ornomnnx n r. n.
yxrnnno nx nnnnna nnunocrt ntcrynar xax ro , xax cncrma
ncrannnn o c, xoncrynymax nnnnnom n nonccax xrntnocrn n omnnx,
xoroax ocnunnar nncrno n roxcrnnnocrt ro nnunocrn n onayxnnar cx n
camoonnxax, n uyncrn camoynaxnnx, yonn nnrxsann n n. as ncrannxr
coo ro, xaxnm nnnnn nnnr cx n nacroxmm, n yymm, xaxnm on xorn t trt,
cnn t cymn n . oorncnn oasa c antntmn ocroxrntcrnamn xnsnn
nnnnna nosnonxr nnunocrn nsmnxrt nonnn n ocymcrnnxrt nnn camonocnnrannx.
rax, nnunocrt +ro cncrmno nnxnsnnno connantno-ncnxonornucxo
xaucrno, nnornno nnnnnom n noncc cnoro asnnrnx nyrm nxnmunnx, c ono
croont, n asnnunt nnt xrntnocrn, omnnx, mxnnunocrnt ornomnnx, a c
yro, axrnnnocrn camo nnunocrn, ntcrynamm xax conoxynnocrt nnyrnnnx
ycnonn, us xorot nnomnxmrcx nnmnn connantnt noscrnnx.
5.B. 44

nsyunnn nnunocrn ycnonno ntnxmr rn nnoa: ]nnoco]cxo-nnrarynt,
xnnnnucxn n +xcnnmnrantnt.
I"$!I!>$"'-H-(0 C'-"/'D nauano xorooro yxonr n rnyoxym
nnocrt, n nnr nnnmannx naxonnact nonma nsyunnx nancrnnno n connantno
nnot unonxa n nnmnnx noxnnnn n nocrynxax n nonnnn. onxrn
nnunocrt raxronanoct mnoxo. ro coxann nxnmuanoct no cyrn na nc, uro
moxno tno nasnart cnonm, nnuntm: nonornucxn n connantnt oconnocrn,
40
nonnn, xyntrya n mnoro yro.
$"("&'!", C'-"/D nauano xorooro onnxrcx nntm cxrnnrnm XIX n.,
cnxsan c noxnnnnm nnrca x nonm nnunocrn co croont nau-ncnxnaron.
anmax n ycnonnxx xnnnnxn sa ymnno ontntmn nmtmn, onn n rontxo ntnonnxnn
cnon no]ccnonantnt oxsannocrn, no n sannmannct omrornucxnmn
oomnnxmn, xacammnmncx nnunocrn unonxa noom. nnr nx nnnmannx nonann r
oconnocrn, xorot xxo noxnnxmrcx y ontntx nm n, xax ycranonnno nosx, tnn
nncymn, xorx n snaunrntno mntm crnnn, n soontm nmxm (asnnunoro oa
axnnryannn, +xcrancnx nnroncnx n .).
S!C'-"0'($+(), C'-"/ saonncx n nauan XX n. n cnxsan c nmnamn raxnx
yuntx, xax: . . asycxn, . nnor, . rrn n . ro noxnnnn oycnonnno
nyonnrnonnocrtm rocnocrnonanmnm n ro nmx aromncrnucxnm noxoom x
nsyunnm unonxa, ronanmro asnoxnnx ro na orntnt noncct. unt
ntrannct c nosnnn conarntcxoro noxoa ntxcnnrt xonnucrno cnocrn, xorot
nncymn nnunocrn. crcrnnno nn raxom noxo ryno tno nonxrt cymnocrt
nnunocrn, ncrannxmm nno nno.
aoxammaxcx n nauan XX n. nayxa ncnxonarnocrnxa, noronana nonoro
noxoa x nsyunnm nnunocrn, ncnontsonanmro xstx onncannx. m cran cryxrynt
noxo. yrt cryxrynoro noxoa cocronr n rom, uro yunt, nsyuax cnocrna nnunocrn,
onnxnn nx n rynnt, nastnamt nocryxryamn nnunocrn.
ryxrynt noxo n nccnonannn nnunocrn nosnonxn nsmxrt rax nastnamt
ynnncantnt asont cnocrna n anan nosmoxnocrt nornosnonart nonnn unonxa
n maxcnmantno mnoxom xnacc nosmoxntx cnryann.
xaucrn nnma cryxrynoro noxoa moxno nasnart 16-]axronym mont
nnunocrn, nnoxnnym . rrnom. +ro monn ncrannnt ocnonnt rynnt
nonxntx cnocrn nnunocrn, oraxammn crnnt nx asnnrnx. annnrntnt ananns
nonyunntx anntx ar ncrannnn o antntx cnocrnax nnunocrn.
orucrnnno ncnxonornn snaunrntnt nxna n asnnrn nonmt nnunocrn na
ocnon cncrmno-cryxrynoro noxoa nncnn . . ynnmrn, .. onrtn, F..
nantn, .. roncxn, .. naronon, .. Foxonnu n mnorn yrn. yrt nx
noxoa saxnmuarcx n rom, uro nnunocrt accmarnnarcx n xax conoxynnocrt orntntx
ncnxnucxnx nonccon, a xrntnocrt xax conoxynnocrt orntntx crnn n
onann, a xax nxoroo nnocrno oasonann, nxnmuamm n cx mnoxcrno
xaaxrncrnx n +nmnron, onnnntx onnnntmn cnxsxmn. num no
cryxryo nonnmarcx n rontxo cronn, no n cnoxnt asnnnammncx nsanmocnxsn
mxy orntntmn xomnonnramn, cnocrnamn, ]ynxnnxmn.
ax, nnunocrt, cornacno nsrnxam .. ynnmrna, axrnnnax nnamnucxax
cncrma, nsanmocrnymmax c oxrnnno crnnrntnocrtm. Fnaroax raxomy
oasonannm xax nnunocrt c nnontmn, ncnxonornucxnmn n omcrnnntmn
oconnocrxmn nnmnn noscrnnx nnomnxmrcx us nnyrnnn ycnonnx n
onocymrcx nmn, n syntrar ono n ro x noscrnn y xaxoro unonxa
nnomnxrcx no-asnomy.
xaucrn ocnonntx cryxryntx xomnonnron nnunocrn on ntnnn rn
nocryxryt:
1. /( noxnnxrcx n xonxrntx nnrcax, nanax, yxnnxx,
omnnnymmnx mornnax xrntnocrn n nonnnx, n mnonossnnn.
2. (("3D , nnoramrcx n noncc xnsnn n nosnanarntno
xrntnocrn.
3. (8 noxnnxmrcx n rmnamnr,
xaaxr, cnoconocrxx.
xonnnnnn cryxryt n asnnrnx nnunocrn, nnoxnno . . onrtntm,
nnrantno mcro ornonrcx nonxrnm xrntnocrt. nunocrt unonxa
nonsnonrcx, cosarcx omcrnnntmn ornomnnxmn, n xorot nnnnn ncrynar n
cno xrntnocrn. cnonno nnyrnn xaaxrncrnxo nnunocrn no . . onrtny,
xnnxrcx mornnannonnax c]a n nnyrnnn cmtcn, noxnnxmmncx n ornomnnn
41
mornnon x nnn. um mn n asnooasn nnt xrntnocrn, n xorot nxnmun
nnnnn, rm orau n cama nnunocrt.
asnnyrt cryxrynt ncrannnnx o nnunocrn coxarcx n xonnnnnn F. .
nantna. unonx n ro nsrnxax cyxr rya, omnnx, nosnannx, nxnmunnt n
cncrmy omcrnnntx cnxs n nsanmosanncnmocr n ntcrynar n +rom xaucrn xax
nnunocrt. axnmnmn cryxryntmn xomnonnramn nnunocrn xnnxmrcx ncnxnucxn
xnnnnx, cocroxmn ns nonccon, cocroxnn n cnocrn, xorot ononnxmrcx xnnnnxmn
nocxmnmn ncnxo]nsnonornucxn xaaxr (cncont, mnmnucxn n yrn ]ynxnnn) n
om mornnann nonnnx.
cxontm momnrom cryxryno-nnamnucxnx cnocrn nnunocrn ncrannxrcx
craryc n omcrn, onnxmt +xonomnucxnm, nonnrnucxnm, nanontm,
nonornucxnm nonoxnnm unonxa. nx onnnnx craryca nnunocrn cymcrnnn
craryc omnocrn, n xoroo ]omnonanact annax nnunocrt. a ocnon omcrnnnoro n
xonnxrnnnoro craryca nnunocrn ]omnyrcx cncrma omcrnnntx ]ynxnn, on n
nnnocrntx onnrannn unonxa.
xaucrn cnnnantno nccnonarntcxo saaun nn cncrmno-cryxrynom
noxo ntnxmrcx raxx xaaxrncrnxn unonxa xax cyxra xrntnocrn.
connocrxmn unonxa n +ro c] asnnrnx xnnxmrcx cosnann xax oraxnn
oxrnnno antnocrn n xrntnocrt xax noasonann crnnrntnocrn. nx
nonnmannx unonxa xax cyxra naxrnucxo xrntnocrn naxno, nouxnnan F..
nantn, acxtrn n rontxo ro cocrnnntx cnocrn, no n nonnmann rx rxnnucxnx
ccrn rya, xorot ntcrynamr cnoro oa ycnnnrnxmn n noasonarnxmn
ncnxnucxnx n ncnxo]nsnonornucxnx ro ]ynxnn.
tcm nnrrann ncnxonornucxnx cnocrn nnunocrn xnnxrcx rnoucrno, a
nanon oomnntmn +]]xramn cnoconocrn n rananr.
cnonntmn ]omamn asnnrnx ncnxonornucxnx cnocrn unonxa xnnxmrcx
nororonxa, crar, xyntmnnannx n ]nnnm, n omm, ncronx ro xnsnn n xrntnocrn n
omcrn.
.. Foxonnu cunrana, uro nnunocrtm cnyr nastnart unonxa, ocrnrmro
onnnnoro yonnx ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx. 3ror yonnt xaaxrnsyrcx rm, uro n
noncc camonosnannx unonx naunnar nocnnnnmart n nxnnart camoro cx,
ntaxammcx n nonxrnn . axo yonnt ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx xaaxrnsyrcx
raxx nannunm y unonxa cocrnnntx nsrnxon n ornomnn, cocrnnntx moantntx
ronann n onnox, nammnx ro ornocnrntno ycrounntm n nsanncnmtm or uyxtx
ro cocrnnntm yxnnxm noscrnn ct. oxonmo xaaxrncrnxo nnunocrn
xnnxrcx axrnnnocrt, noxnnxmmaxcx n cnoconocrn cosnarntno noscrnonart na
oxyxammym crnnrntnocrt, nsmnxrt n cnonx nnxx, a raxx nsmnxrt n cnonx
nnxx camoro cx.
unonx, xnnxmmncx nnunocrtm, onaar raxnm yonnm ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx,
xorot nar ro cnocontm ynannxrt cnonm nonnnm n xrntnocrtm, a n
nsncrno m n cnonm ncnxnucxnm asnnrnm. unonxa, ocrnrmro raxoro yonnx
asnnrnx, xora ro moxno nasnart nnunocrtm, nc ncnxnucxn noncct n ]ynxnnn, nc
xaucrna n cnocrna nnoramr onnnnym cryxryy. nrom +ro cryxryt
xnnxrcx mornnannonnax c]a, n xoroo nmmrcx ycrounno omnnnymmn mornnt,
onnxmmn naxnucxo cronn +ro c]t.
crannxr nnrc mont nnunocrn, asaorannax .. naronontm. nxst
cryxry n +ro monn accmarnnarcx us nnt nx ]omnonannx rnnonxy,
ynaxnnn, oyunn n nocnnrann.
.. naronon nnoxnn cunrart nnunocrtm nmoro unonxa, onaammro
cosnannm n cnoconoro c mnnucxo rouxn snnx.
nunocrt +ro unonx, nannnt cosnannm, cnocont nxnmuartcx n
omcrnnnt ornomnnx, nnnanannnno ocnannart n noasontnart oxyxammym
nnoy, omcrno n camoro cx. mcr c rm yonnt asnnrnx nnunocrn moxr trt n
onnaxon y onnx on nctma ntcox, yrn x moryr naxonrtcx na nnsxom yonn
asnnrnx.
42
nnoxnno nm monn nnunocrn ntnxmrcx urt camocroxrntntx
nocryxryt n n onnxmmn.
'-3 C/!-HH- P . nnxr ornomnnx
n moantnt urt nnunocrn. n cnyr asnnuart nx yonnt, mnory,
nnrncnnnocrt, ycrounnocrt n crnnnocrt. ]omax nanannnnocrn nnunocrn
noxnnxmrcx xax ornomnnx, rax n moantnt xaucrna.
-3 C/!-HH- P ( . xnmuar snannx, nantxn, ymnnx n
nnntuxn, nnornnt n nnunom ontr nyrm oyunnx.
-'+3 C/!-HH- P 9 " :,;. xnartnar
nnnnnyantnt oconnocrn orntntx ncnxnucxnx nonccon, xorot ]omnymrcx n
noncc connantno xnsnn (nnnmann, omymnnx, nocnnxrn, namxrt, mtmnnn,
nooaxnn, ut).
''-3 C/!-HH- P . nnxr
rnnonornucxn cnocrna nnunocrn, nonont n nosacrnt oconnocrn n
naronornucxn nsmnnnx, xorot n snaunrntno crnnn sanncxr or ]nsnonornucxnx n
mo]onornucxnx oconnocr mosra.
33 C/!-HH- P , .
K'!3 C/!-HH- P .
ro x nmx monn nnunocrn, nnoxnnt na ocnon cryxrynoro noxoa, n
yunrtnamr nc acnxrt cymnocrn nnunocrn. annm, onn n acxtnamr coornomnn
cnocrn nnunocrn n cnocrn nnnnna, nnnxnn nnunocrn na yrnx nm n r. n. urot
noonrt +rn n yrn orannunnx mon nnunocrn, asaorannt na ocnon cryx-
rynoro noxoa, n nsyunnn crann onnartcx na cncrmnt noxo. amxax
cncrmnoro noxoa nnunocrt accmarnnarcx n xax cryxrya, a xax cncrma, n xoroo
ono ns cnocrn, nxoxm n cryxryy xnnxrcx cncrmooasymmnm. 3rnm ronannxm
ornuar ananns nnunocrn c nosnnn xonnnnnn nconannsannn, asaoranno . . r-
oncxnm.
nunocrt no roncxomy .. +ro cncrmno (connantno) xaucrno,
nnoramo nnnnnom n nmrno xrntnocrn n omnnn n xaaxrnsymm
my ncrannnnocrn omcrnnntx ornomnn n nnnnn.
cryxryy nnunocrn, nnoxnnym . . roncxnm, nxoxr rn nocncrmt:
'-3 C/!"!'0 (, ro crt
nnyrnnnnnnnax (nnrannnnnnax) nocncrma, ncrannnnax n cronnn
rmnamnra, xaaxra, cnoconocr unonxa.
-3 C/!"!'0 P ncrannnnocrt nnunocrn n cncrm
mxnnunocrntx ornomnn.
-'+3 C/!"!'0 P . nunocrt nn +rom n rontxo ntnocnrcx
sa amxn orannucxoro rna nnnnna, no n nmmarcx sa ro nannunt cnxsn n
ornomnnx c yrnmn nnnnnamn n annt momnr. ut nr o nxnaax cyxra n
cosnann yrnx nm, xorot on ocymcrnnxr nontno nnn nnontno n yrnx nmxx,
43
nsrnxax, ornomnnxx n r. .
oncc n syntrar sanuarnnnx cyxra n yrnx nmxx, ro nantno
ncrannnnocrn n noonxnnocrn n nnx nxnaon nonyunn nasnann C'-!($"1*"".
unt xoomo +ro oraxno n crnxornonnn .. ymxnna amxrnnx: r, nct x n
ymy, yma n sanrno nn mo nax nxnnr n rnntx yxnr...
oncc nconannsannn, xax tno ycranonnno, xnnxrcx cncrmooasymmnm
cnocrnom nnunocrn, xoroo nxmo n ntrxar ns xaxo orntno nocryxryt
ncnxnucxnx cnocrn annoro nnnnna, a xaaxrnsyrcx nsmnnnxmn n nnunocrn
yroro unonxa.
ctma noyxrnnnym xonnnnnm asnnrnx nnunocrn nnoxnna . . yxnna.
na cunrar, uro unonx xax ncronucxn cyxr n onrornrnucxom asnnrnn
connantno nacnyr ncnxnucxn cnocrna n cnoconocrn, axrnnno nncnannar
yxonnym xyntryy, cosannym unonucrnom, n syntrar uro cranonnrcx nnunocrtm.
nanntm n +rom noncc xnnxrcx cranonnnn camocosnannx, no+romy ncra na ncx
+ranax asnnrnx nnnnna onxnt trt sacrnonant ]nomnt, xorot onnxmr
nocronn ro cryxryt.
ornacno nsrnxam, camocosnann unonxa asnnnarcx nnyrn cnymm
ncronucxn cnoxnnmcx connantno oycnonnnno cryxryt: 1 nmx cocrnnno
nnmc nnuno mcronmnn (sa xorotm croxr nnrn]nxannx c rnom, c ]nsnucxnm
onnxom n nnnnnyantnax yxonnax cymnocrt unonxa); 2 nnrxsann na nnsnann; 3
nononax nnrn]nxannx; 4 ncnxonornucxo nmx nnunocrn: camotrn n nomnom,
nacroxmm, yymm; 5 connantno nocrancrno: onr n nana.
ryxrya camocosnannx nnunocrn ynnncantnax (xorx y ncrannrn asntx
naoon, na xaxom ncronucxom +ran ona nmr cno cnnn]nucxo coxann n cnon
cnocot naun nonomy noxonnnm) n ]omnyrcx cnymmnm oasom:
mx cocrnnno n noncc nnnnnyantnoro asnnrnx cranonnrcx rm nntm
xncrannom nnunocrn, noxyr xorooro nosn ]omnyrcx cosnanamax unonxom
cocrnnnax cymnocrt.
nrxsann na nnsnann naunnarcx c annro nosacra n nocrnnno orar
nx unonxa nnunocrnt cmtcn, uro cnococrnyr camoasnnrnm, yrnxnnm
nnnnnyantnocrn, asnocroonnnm ocrnxnnxm.
ononax nnrn]nxannx. axax xyntrya nmr cnon cnnn]nucxn
onnrannn na nocnnrann n nx camocosnannx myxunnt n xnmnnt. nom nononym
nnnanxnocrt nox naunnar ycnannart c cmtn. rornnt xncxoro n myxcxoro
nonnnx nxoxr n camocosnann us ontr omnnx n nnrn]nxannm c
ncrannrnxmn cnoro nona.
cnxonornucxo nmx nnunocrn cnoconocrt x coorncnnm cx
nacroxmro c coo n nomnom n yymm naxnm nosnrnnno oasonann
asnnnammcx nnunocrn, ocnunnamm nonnonnno cymcrnonann.
tcoxoasnnrax nnunocrt n cno nnuno nomno, nacroxm n yym nxnmuar n
ncronucxo nomno cnoro naoa, n yym cnoro orucrna. unonx xax t nnar
+ro n cx nomnmo cno nnnnnyantno cytt n nnnnnyantno xnsnn.
44
onnantno nocrancrno nnunocrn nxnmuar n cx nana n oxsannocrn, ro,
uro onnrnyr nac x xnsnn n omcrn. Ftrn n connantnom nocrancrn
ocnunnarcx nancrnnntm uyncrnom, xoroo smmnyrcx n xnrcxnx ornomnnxx
mxy nmtmn n cnon onxn.
ax nnnm, n nonnmannn n onnnnn nnunocrn cymcrnymr asnt noxot.
mcr c rm, xaxax ns xonnnnn ononnxr snannx o cymnocrn, n, rm camtm,
acmnxr nosnann nnot nnunocrn.
nann cryxryt nnunocrn nxa, nxnmunnoro n connantno-annnrannonnt
noncc, nosnonnr nsyuart n onnnnart xaxo cnocrno nnunocrn n nsonnonanno camo
no c, a n xonrxcr nnocrno nnunocrn n ro ]ynxnnn, xoroym ona ntnonnxr n
noncc nsanmoornomnnx nxa c oxyxamm ro connantno co, uro n cosacr
ycnonnx nx on +]]xrnnnoro ynannnnx nororonxo nxa x connantno aanrannn
n nnrrannn n cy soontx cncrnnxon.
5.5. EF

onnantnax annnrannx r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn ryr
nonnmannx n nnunocrnom asnnrnn rannnt mxy nomo n naronorn. 3ro naxno nx
roro, urot, c ono croont, +]]xrnnno orannsontnart asnnnammym aory c rtmn
c nntm ]omnonannx xaucrn, noxonmtx nx sonsnnnoro nxoxnnx n cnoxnt
mn connantntx ornomnn, c yro, onnxrt, xaxn nrarnnnt cnocrna
nnunocrn, cnoxnnmncx y nxa, nonxar xoxnnn.
coxannnm, rannnt nomt n naronornn n asnnrnn nnunocrn nxa
onnnrt tnar ryno n +ror noncc no mnorom sanncnr or +ynnnn n ontra
cnnnanncra. cnn n ]nsnonornn asnnrnx nnnnna moxno cocnartcx na nxorot
crarncrnucxn nomt (ocr, nc, ]nsnucxax cnna n .), ro n onnnnn anomann
nnunocrn, n cnxsn c nnnnnyantnocrtm n cyxrnnnocrtm ncnxnxn, cymcrnyr ontmax
nanarnnnocrt.
cot rynocrn nosnnxamr nn onnnnn +rnx nonxrn nnmnnrntno x
rcxomy n noocrxonomy nosacry. cnxonornx rcxoro n noocrxonoro nosacra
ornnuarcx or ncnxonornn nsocnoro rm, uro n +rom nosacr, ncncrnn n xnrnunocrn
nocnnxrnx noocrxom cnoro , orcyrcrnyr ocrarouno nonnmann cymnocrn
nsmnnn, noncxoxmnx n nornocrno-mornnannonno n +monnonantno-nonno
c]ax. onma anomann nnunocrn n +rom nosacr on snaunma n nx camnx r n
noocrxon, a nx onrn, yunrn, rax xax onn ocrannxmr sa coo nano
xoxrnonart nonnn nxa, ]omnonart y nro rax nastnamt nannntnt
]omt nonnnx. oocrox raxx n noosnar, uro, omaxct co cncrnnxamn n y-
rnmn nmtmn, on moxr sanmcrnonart anomantnt cnocot nonnnx rx x nm.
onma nomt n anomann nnunocrnoro asnnrnx cnonrcx no yrnxnnm
.. ynxa, nccnonanmro annym nonmy, c ono croont, x nsyunnm
oconnocr ycnonnx nxom onnnntx xnsnnntx nomarnnon, ntnnramtx rm
nnn nntm connantntm oxyxnnm, a c yro x anannsy nnunn, sarynxmmnx
ycnonn nm coornrcrnymm cyxyntryt.
omantno asnnrn n raxom cnyua, samuar F.. Faryct, yr raxo, xoroo
nr unonxa x ornnm nm oono unonucxo cymnocrn, camoocymcrnnnnm,
crmnnnm x cnnxnnm c n n ornnm rm camtm nosmoxnocr nonnort cnoro
cymcrnonannx xax unonxa.
nomantno x asnnrn noxnnxrcx ncornaconannocrtm, noannnnocrtm
camocymcrnonannx, uro nr x nsnamnnm cyrn asnnrnx. rcma anomantno,
orxnonxmmcx or nomantnoro, xnnxrcx raxoro oa asnnrn, xoroo nr unonxa x
ortny or ro ncom oono cymnocrn.
ouxnnax naxnocrt onnnnx nonxrnx noma n nnunocrnom asnnrnn, .
oxa cunrar, uro +ro mxncnnnnnnanax nonma n mnrt c nosnnn rontxo
nonornucxoro, nno ysxo ncnxonornucxoro nnn x rontxo nomarnnnoro acnxra
nnosmoxno. o+romy nonxrn noma cnyr accmarnnart, no xan m, n rx
45
asntx snaunnxx: crarncrnucxym, ]ynxnnonantnym n nantnym.
rouxn snnx crarncrnucxo nomt nomantntm cunrarcx raxo xnnnn,
xoroo naxonrcx n amxax cn nnnunnt nnn orononno mt acnnnnx, xax
nannno, ntaxnno n nn cranarnoro xnaarnucxoro orxnonnnx. nornnnom
cnyua raxo xnnnn cunrarcx nnomantntm. ana, crarncrnucxym nomy cnyr
nocnnnnmart c nsncrno crnntm ocrooxnocrn. annm, cnn y nnnnna nnrnnxr
ntm, um noma, +ro n osnauar, uro on nnomantnt, no c rouxn snnx asnnrnx
nnrnnxra on onayxnnar orxnonnn or nomt. nau ronox, n ncxxo orxnonnn or
crarncrnucxo nomt cnyr oroxcrnnxrt c naronornucxnm.
ynxnnonantnt acnxr nomt nnnnmar no nnnmann nnnunocrt nnnnna.
3ror nn nomt nnora nastnamr nnnnnyantno nomo. nocnnrarntno naxrnx
n namn cronr n cnn unonx, a nnnnn co cnonmn cocrnnntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn, cnoconocrxmn, nornocrxmn. +rom cnyua nomantntm cunrarcx
raxo unonx, xorot nocnnnnmar cx raxnm, xaxo on crt.
nocnnrarntno aor c anomantntmn rtmn, mt onxnt nn ocyxnnn
nomantnocrn ncxonrt ns nosmoxnocr n cnoconocr camoro anomantnoro nxa nnn
noocrxa, rax xax nmnno +ror xyr nornnnantno nosmoxntx cnoconocr xnnxrcx nx
nro nomo, a nc orxnonnnx or +ro nomt cnyr cunrart norccom n asnnrnn n sa-
nncnmocrn or roro, n xaxom nanannnnn nr orxnonnn. o crt ]ynxnnonantnax noma
xnnxrcx ncxontm nynxrom n aor c anomantntmn rtmn n noocrxamn.
antnax noma +ro onrnmantnt cnoco cymcrnonannx nnunocrn n
onrnmantntx connantntx ycnonnxx. n onnx na nnn nnan ntcrynamr
xaucrnnnt, a n xonnucrnnnt noxasarnn. antnax noma nonnmarcx xax
cxonunt noncc camoannsannn nnnnna ro omcrnnntx ycnonnxx n
nnonom oxyxnnn. o nantno nomt ocrnrnyrt nntsx, x n moxno rontxo
nnnnsnrtcx. naxo orcyrcrnn crmnnnx x xaxomy-nno nany +ro nnsnax
nnomantnocrn. nomantntm y unonxa xnnxrcx n ro, cnn y nro mnoro
nornnounntx nanon.
mcr c rm accmornnt onot onnnnx nonxrn noma nnunocrnoro
asnnrnx +ro nnmt xann nonmca cnoxno nonmt. xy +rnmn ycnonntmn
nonmcamn naxonrcx omnno non norannuntx c nomo n naronorn yonn
asnnrnx. +rnm norannuntm cocroxnnxm moryr trt orncnt nnt nnntuxn, cr-
ornnt nonnnx, +monnonantno-nnunocrnt axnnn n yrn nnannn nonnnx;
axnnrynonannt urt xaaxra, xorot ]omnymrcx y r n noocrxon xax n
cnxsn c connantno cnryann asnnrnx, rax n no nnnxnnm asnnuntx +nornntx n
+xsornntx nnnxnn.
axnm oasom, nx nomantno unonucxo ncnxnxn xaaxrna onnnnax
cnooa ntoa nananron nonnnx. o+romy orxnonnn or cncrarncrnucxoro
nananra nonnnx n ncra rononr o ro nnn nno naronornn. annm, nxorot
rnnro]nonannt urt xaaxra n oconnocrn nonnnx moryr noxnnxrtcx n nn
onnnnoro uyaucrna, no n onnnntx ycnonnxx +ror unonx nnonn moxr
yxnnartcx c yrnmn nmtmn.
crannnn o nom nonnnx nnunocrn moxr natnonart c rouxn snnx
onnnno xyntryt, rannn, omcrnnntx nsrnxon n r.n. annm, nxorot
+rnnucxn otuan, xnnxmmncx nomo nonnnx n ]nx, n yyr nnmnmt n
non, n naooor. omantno unonucxo nonnn anxo n ncra xnnxrcx
noyxrom xoomo noymanntx nnanon. naunrntno uam nonnn sanncnr or
xonxrno cnryannn n nmr nnmymcrnnno nosnanarntnt n +monnonantnt
xaaxr, ocnonannt na oconnocrxx nnunocrn, nnrynnnn, na ycnonntx mramnax,
oasnax nonnnx. c +ro onnxr asnooasn nomt unonucxo nnunocrn n
ncnxnxn n asnnunt nnot xnsnn no nnnxnnm asntx ocroxrntcrn, a rax x
onsn.
naxo saaun, croxmn n connantno annnrann, nyxamrcx n on
urxom onnnnn rannn nomantnoro n anomantnoro asnnrnx nnunocrn. x
ncro noxonmo yunrtnart, uro nox c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn
46
nnnnnyann, nnonronm, n mont naymnn ro nnunocrnoro asnnrnx nao
onnxrt nx xonxrnoro nxa. uncn yrnx nnsnaxon, onnxmmnx
noxnnnnx naymnn n nnunocrnom asnnrnn, moxno nasnart:
aymnnx n mornnannonno, +monnonantno n nonno c]ax, rax xax n nnx
oraxamrcx nmt nsmnnnx n ncnxnucxom asnnrnn nnunocrn nxa. amonnx nnn
ncramonnx nasnanntx c] onnxr ncm xnsnt nxa: ro ncnxnucxo asnnrn,
omnn, mxnnunocrnt nsanmocrnnx, xrntnocrt.
aymnnx n ono ns c] nnunocrn nxa oxastnamr nrarnnno crnn
na yrn c]t, n syntrar moxr nanmartcx nno samnnn rmnon asnnrnx, nno
nacrynar raannx nnunocrn n nnom.
cnxnucxn naymnnx nnnoxr x connantno saanrannn nxa.
nox samtxarcx n cx, y nro cnnxarcx xyr nnn, c xorotmn on nsanmocrnyr,
naymamrcx xonraxrt c connantntm oxyxnnm.
cnxnucxn naymnnx oxastnamrcx atom na nyrn nocnnrarntntx
noscrnn, nox cranonnrcx n nocnnnmunn x nnm.
anmamrcx naymnnx n mtcnnrntno xrntnocrn, cnnxnn nnrnnxra,
uro nn onnnntx ycnonnxx, oconno nn orroxnnn nxa ns ct cncrnnxon,
moxr cnococrnonart asnnrnm nrarnnntx nnunocrntx xaucrn.
aymnnx ncnxnxn n nnunocrn uacro nnnonr x ncnxocomarnucxnm
saonnannxm.
omantnt rn noamrcx nocnnrannm, onn nnxr, xax nyr nsocnt nnn
nx cncrnnxn n cnocont, noaxax nm, ocrnut nsncrnoro yonnx connantnoro
nncnoconnnx, rn c orxnonnnxmn n nnunocrnom asnnrnn cnart +ro sarynxmrcx.
5.9. 4K

noncc asnnrnx nnnnna nxo nanmamrcx naymnnx n asnnrnn
nnunocrn. nn moryr noxnnxrtcx n nn naxnarnoro nonnnx nnnxrtm n anno
c nomam, n naymnnn naxnn mornnon, noyxammnx nnunocrt x axrnnnocrn, n
nosnnxnonnnn ornnarntntx ur xaaxra, n nn nnntux nonnnx, n naymnnn
mxnnunocrntx nsanmocrnn n mnornx yrnx ]omax.
sanncnmocrn or +rnonornn nosnnxnonnnx onn moryr nocnrt asnnunt xaaxr.
annm, nsncrno, uro ra nnn nnax ncnxnucxax onsnt ocrannxr onnnnt cn n
ncnxnx unonxa, nnnonr x cymcrnnntm nsmnnnxm n nnunocrno c], x yr
cnoxno orannsannn unonucxo xrntnocrn n noxonrontnocrn nonnnx. axn
nmn (ymnnoontnt), xax nannno, nonaamr n ncnxnarnucxym xnnnnxy, n nmn
sannmamrcx ncnxnart.
o xom nnx nmrcx m ontmax rynna nm, xorot n cunramr cx
ontntmn, no n nx nonnnn noxnnxmrcx onnnnt crannocrn, y mnornx ns nnx
nmmr mcro narynt nnntuxn n nn onsnnnoro nncracrnx. o crt anomannn n
asnnrnn nnunocrn moryr nosnnxart n rontxo y ymnnoontntx nm, no n y nnn, n
nmmmnx ncnxnucxo naronornn. o+romy nsyunnm nnunocrntx oconnocr n
acnxr ncnxnucxo nomt n naronornn sannmamrcx xax ncnxnart, rax n ncnxonorn.
conno yxsnnmt n nosnnxnonnnn nnunocrntx orxnonnn rn, nmmmn r nnn
nnt xnsnnnt orannunnx. nn ncrannxmr coo ocoym rynny rynny
nontmnnoro ncxa. xcnxrcx +ro rm, uro, no-nntx, na noxnnnnn asnnuntx
orxnonnn na annnx +ranax nosacrnoro asnnrnx cymcrnnno cxastnamrcx
nonornucxn ]axrot (rnrnucxn, nn]xnnonnt, nmmynonornucxn, roxcnucxn n
.). annun roro nnn nnoro ]xra sarynxr om asnnrn nxa, cxastnarcx na
ro nosnanarntno c] n nr x snaunrntnomy cnooasnm ]omnonannx nnunocrn.
o-nrotx, rn c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn oocrnno nocnnnnmamr noscrnn
asnnuntx connantntx ]axroon. sanncnmocrn or ycnonn nocnnrannx n mnxo-
connantnoro oxyxnnx y raxnx r no m nx nsocnnnx nosnnxamr nronunt
naymnnx, ncrannxmmn coo ncnxnucxn n nnunocrnt orxnonnnx.
uncn nanon omnx nnunn nosnnxnonnnx naymnnn n nnunocrnom asnnrnn
47
ntcrynamr na ocnonntx ]axroa: !*"$+()' (ycnonnx xnsnn, nrarnnno, nnnxnn
mnxoconnantno ct, ncnxoconnantnt ranmt, anxoronnsm, naxomannx n .) n
."$%"&'!", (nacncrnnnocrt, ranmt rononnoro mosra, nn]xnnonnt noaxnnx,
nxorot roxcnxannn n .).
ymax ont n asnnrnn nnunocrn nnnanxnr connantnomy ]axroy. nunocrt
noyxr connantnoro asnnrnx. ocn noxnnnnx nxa na cnr y nro nn nomantno
orannsonannom oyunnn n nocnnrannn naunnar nnrncnnno ]omnonartcx
nnrnnxryantnax, nornocrno-mornnannonnax n +monnonantno-nonnax c]t,
nosnanarntnt cnoconocrn, ntaartnartcx nomt n nannna nonnnx, xorot
nnocncrnnn cranyr ocnono cryxryt ro nnunocrn. cnyua x ymmnnnx n asnnrnn
ono nnn ncxontxnx nasnanntx c] noncxonr saxxa ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx,
noasnnrn nnunocrn (noxnnnnx nn]anrnnnsma), nosnnxnonnn narornucxo
sanymnnocrn, ]omnonann ornnarntntx ur xaaxra, nnntux n orxnonnn n
nonnnn.
anon acnocrannntmn connantntmn nnunnamn, ntstnammnmn naymnnx
n nnunocrnom asnnrnn, moryr trt:
1) nnnannx (+monnonantnax, connantnax, cnconax) - cocroxnn nocrarounoro
yonnrnonnx xaxo-nno naxno ncnxonornucxo nornocrn syntrar nnoxoro
nocnnrannx. r x saxx nosnanarntno c]t, naymnnm nonccon mtmnnnx,
mxnnunocrnoro nsanmocrnnx, nosnnxnonnnm saromoxnnocrn, anarnn, as-
axnrntnocrn;
2) nnnxnn oxyxamm connantno ct, xoroax oconno snaunma nx
rcxoro, noocrxonoro n mnomcxoro nosacron. mnno n +rn nnot noncxoxr
nnrncnnnt nnxnsnnnt ]omnonannx xaaxronornucxnx cnocrn nnunocrn,
asnnnamrcx nosnanarntnt cnoconocrn, ]omnymrcx nornocrn n nnnocrnt
onnrannn nnunocrn, mornnannx nonnnx. ax, no noscrnnm rynnt c anrnco-
nnantntmn, nnxnnrntmn ]omamn nonnnx (nacnnn, rnnnnn x ynornnnm
anxoronx, naxornxon) asymamrcx nomantnt unonucxn ornomnnx, nsmnxmrcx
nnnocrnt onnrannn, oxastnammn n antnmm cymcrnnno nnnxnn na
]omnonann n asnnrn nnunocrn;
3) oas xnsnn, nonaann onnnntx xnsnnntx nom n craryc nonnnx
nxa, or xorotx sanncnr ro comarnucxo (]nsnucxo) n ncnxnucxo (ymnno)
soont;
4) nnournn n nocnnrarntno aor asnnrnm nosnanarntntx nonccon
n ]omnonannm nnunocrn. nxy nnn noocrxy uacro oxcnxmr, xax on onxn
cx ncrn, xaxnmn xaucrnamn on onxn onaart, no cnryannn, xora on mor t noxnnrt
cx na naxrnx, n cosamr. oont noxo x ]omnonannm nnunocrn nxa
oycnannnnar asnnunt ncnxonornucxn nonmt, n rom uncn n cosar ycnonnx nx
nosnnxnonnnx orxnonnn n nnunocrnom asnnrnn.
"$%"&'!"' C-"&"() oconno ornnarntno nnnxmr na asnnrn nnunocrn
na annm nosacrnom +ran. nnm moxno orncrn noxnnt anomannn (onsnt ayna),
nacncrnnnt ncnxnucxn saonnannx, asnnunt ]omt noasnnrnx rononnoro
mosra, naronornn mnnocrn, oont n nocnoont ranmt, nnroxcnxannn rononnoro
mosra n yrn. cncrnn nasnanntx nnunn raxn rn, oconno cnn c nnmn n
nononnact cnnnantnax annnrannonnax aora, onayxnnamr asnnunoro oa
anomannn n nnunocrnom asnnrnn. o+romy nn nsyunnn nnunocrn ont nonornucxnx
]axroon cnyr accmarnnart n ooconnno, a c yurom connantntx ycnonn, n
xorotx naxonrcx nnnnn.
ymcrnymr n yrn ocnonannx nx xnaccn]nxannn nnunocrntx naymnn.
xaucrn xnrnn nx nx asnnnx moryr ntcrynart:
A. -'- C-"&"( (-HL'(",.
nunnt moryr trt nnmnnmn nnn nnyrnnnmn, a naymnnx
nnnuntmn n nronuntmn.
nmnnmn nnunnamn cunramr asnnunt ornnarntnt noscrnnx
(crccot, ]ycrarot) n nrarnnnt ornomnnx nxa c oxyxammnmn nmtmn
48
(naymnnt ornomnnx n cmt, omxontnom yuxnnn, cnnnantnom yuxnnn).
crnn nnyrnnnx nnunn ncrannxrcx xax nnnxnn naymnno uacrn
ncnxnxn na soonym. ax, ]ycrnonannocrt xax +monnonantno naymnn
]omnyr nosnanarntnym c]y nnunocrn, cnnxar cnoconocrn x oyunnm.
B. -'- C-3$'("3 (-HL'("3.
aymnn moxr noxnnxrtcx xax ]omannx yx asnnrtx cryxry ncnxnxn
(ranmarnucxn crax n n.) nno xax noasnnrn nx (cnaononn n n.).
coornrcrnnn c nasnanntmn xnrnxmn ntnxmr urt nna naymnn.
1) nnunt naymnnx, c]omnonanmncx n syntrar nrarnnnoro
noscrnnx connantntx ycnonn na nxa.
2) nnunt naymnnx, c]omnonanmncx n syntrar nrarnnntx ornomnn
oxyxammnx nm x nxy. o +ro nnunn y nxa moryr orcyrcrnonart raxn
naxnt connantnt cryxryt, xax connantno-nosnrnnnt mornnt, cnoconocrn x
conxnnannm, connantnax xomnrnrnocrt n .
3) ronunt naymnnx xaxo-nno c]t nnunocrn ncncrnn noxnnnnx
xaxo-nno ]omannn ncnxnxn. annm, nontmnn rnoxnocrn nnunocrn nxa
moxr sorannsymm nonnnxrt na asnnrn nonsnontnoro mtmnnnx n n.
4) rcranann ncx c] nnunocrn n ncnxnucxnx nonccon n cnom asnnrnn.
cnxnucxn n nnunocrnt orxnonnnx +ro n cnyuant nao
ncnxonaronornucxnx nnsnaxon, on ncrannxr coo onnnnym cncrmy. xonn
60-x roon nomnoro nxa naxrnxymmnmn nauamn tno samuno, uro mxy
orntntmn cnmnromamn ro nnn nno ymnno onsnn cymcrnymr onnnnt
cnxsn. syntrar n xonn XIX n. nosnnxno yunn o cnmnromoxomnnxcax, xoroo sarm
oorarnnoct nonxrnm cnnom.
"0C0 +ro ornocnrntno nocro n ocrarouno urxo ouunnt nnsnax
onsnn. "0C00C$'! +ro onnnnt nao cnmnromon, nncymnx
ncnxnucxomy accrocrny. "(/-0 +ro saxonomno courann asnnuntx
cnmnromon, noxnnxmmnxcx n amxax ncnxnucxnx saonnann.
mo ncnxnucxo n nnunocrno orxnonnn or nomt noxnnxrcx asntmn
cnnomamn. a nnsnann roro, uro cymcrnyr cnnn]nunocrt courannx cnnomon nn
noxnnnnn ro nnn nno onsnn, nosnnxno nosonornucxo nanannnn (3. nnnn) n
onnnnn n nunnn orxnonnn.
ymnocrt yroro nanannnnx cnnomonornucxoro cocronr n rom, uro, no
mnnnm ro anroon, noxonmo nnxnnartcx onnnnx rnannoro cnnoma, rax xax
n xnnnnucxo naxrnx nuar n ncnxnucxym onsnt, a cnnom.
roonnnxn roro n yroro nanannnnx cunramr, uro x xaxomy ncnxnucxomy n
nnunocrnomy naymnnm noxonmo noxonrt c rx roux snnx: xnnnnucxo (ro crt
xaxona cymnocrt cnmnroma, cnmnromoxomnnxca, cnnoma); nnamnucxo (xax no
nmnn mnxrcx noxnnnn +roro accrocrna) n nosonornucxo (x xaxo rynn
accrocrn ornocnrcx nnrcymm nac orxnonnn: x ncnxornntm, +nornntm,
snyantntm, nno x ocotm naronornucxnm cocroxnnxm).
1) cnxornnt +ro r orxnonnnx, xorot nmmr ncnxonornucxn nnunnt
(nnost, axrnnnt ncnxost, naroxaaxronornucxn n yrn naronornucxn
axnnn).
2) 3nornnt accrocrna oycnonnnt rnyoxnmn nonornucxnmn
nsmnnnxmn, nnoa xorotx m concm n nsncrna: +ro mnso]nnx, +nnnncnx,
mannaxantno-nccnnnt ncnxos.
3) snyantnt ncnxnucxn accrocrna +ro nocncrnnx asnnuntx ranm:
corxcnn mosra, naronornn oon n .
4) naronornucxnm cocroxnnxm ornocxrcx noxnnt noasnnrnx
nnrnnxryantno c]t (onnro]nnn asno crnnn: or nrxo nntnocrn o
rnyouam nnornn) n noxnnt ncramonnn +monnonantno-nonno c]t
(ncnxonarnn).
nnamnx ]omnymmncx anomannn nnunocrn ncrannxmr coo orntnt
cnmnromt nnn cmnromoxomnnxct, xorot xaaxrnsymr runn onsnn. naxo
49
nannun roro nnn nnoro cnmnroma nonnnx m n cnnrntcrnyr o onsnn nnunocrn.
nmnromt n anomannn nnunocrn naxno yunrtnart n coornrcrnnn c connantno cnryann
asnnrnx nnunocrn, ycnonnxmn nocnnrannx nxa.
urot nsxart omnox n xo connantno annnrannn, noxonmo crmnrtcx
n x ycrannnm nxnarntnoro nonnnx, a x romy, urot ntxnnrt n ycrannrt ro
nnunny, rax xax nonnn nnmt cncrnn, noxnnxmmcx no nnmnm, nnnmom
nnan. oxrnonart nao n cncrnn (nonnn), a nnunny (naymnn) +ro
rnannt nnnnnn, xorot onxn rynnonart ornomnnx cnnnanncra c nxom.
5.8. 4K
4

onxrn orxnonnnx n nnunocrnom asnnrnn oxnartnar ontmo xyr xnnnn:
anomantnt nnntuxn nonnnx, naxnarno arnonann n mxnnunocrntx
ornomnnxx, +monnonantnt naymnnx, naymnnx nonno c]t, anrnconnantnax
mornnannx nonnnx, nocrarxn n asnnrnn xaaxra n mnorn yrn.
nnnmax no nnnmann asnnunt ocnonannx nosnnxnonnnx nnunocrntx
naymnn, nx moxno xnaccn]nnnonart cnymmnm oasom.
A. 1"!"0!" (%'('"&'!"# #-'-"!" (-HL'("3 I-0"-("3
$"&(!" ycnonno nxr na na xnacca xnnnn:
1) cnnn]nucxn, nosnnxammn n onnnnom nosacr (nannm, n nno 2,5
3 mcxnn y nxa n nosnnx xomnnxc oxnnnnnx);
2) ncnnn]nucxn (omn), xaaxrnt nx nmo nosacrno rynnt r
(nannm, orcyrcrnyr cnryarnnnocrt +monn n .).
B. 1"!"0!" !*"$+(, !"H*"" -1""3 )/'$3QR
1) anomannn nnunocrn y r n noocrxon s ncnxnucxo naronornn
(anomantnt nnntuxn nonnnx, naymnnx n ]omnonannn xaaxra,
+monnonantnt naymnnx, naymnnx n nonno c], anrnconnantnax
mornnannx nonnnx n .);
2) anomannn nnunocrn y r n noocrxon c ncnxnucxo naronorn
(oconnocrn noxnnnnx anomann nnunocrn y r c ymcrnnno
orcranocrtm, c +nornntmn ncnxnucxnmn saonnannxmn, c axrnnntmn
cocroxnnxmn, xon]nnxrntmn nxnnannxmn, acrnnxmn, y r c nnsnaxamn
samnnnoro ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx, y ncnxonarnucxnx nnunocr n .).
noxnnax xnaccn]nxannx nocnr ycnonnt xaaxr, nocxontxy mnorn
nnunocrnt orxnonnnx noxnnxmrcx xax y r s ncnxnucxo naronornn, rax n y r
c ncnxnucxo naronorn. ax, anomantnt nnntuxn nonnnx, +monnonantnt
naymnnx, nnannn cnocrn xaaxra n . moryr nosnnxart xax y rx, rax n y yrnx
r.
nanon acnocrannntm orxnonnnxm n nnunocrnom asnnrnn r n
noocrxon ornocxr anomantnt nnntuxn n asnnunt nnannn nonnnx,
nosnnxammn n syntrar coornrcrnymmnx connantntx noscrnn.
(0$+()' C-")&" +ro cnooasnt crnnn nonnnx, noxnnnmncx n
syntrar nxnrnucxoro nocnnxrnx nxom nnn noocrxom ]om nonnnx n
xonxrno connantno c. nox n noocrox, n nnax yrnmn ]omamn samnrt
cnonx nan, nnrcon, xnann, noaxax nsocntm n cnonm anronrrntm cncrnnxam,
naunnar n omnnn noxnnxrt ryocrt n nn cxnnocnonnx n yrnx nrarnnntx ]om
arnonannx. yro croont, n noncc nsocnnnx nox, cran noocrxom,
crmxct camoyrnnrtcx n cocrnnnom nooaxnnn n n rnasax cncrnnxon, sanmcrnyr
]omt nonnnx, xorot, no ro mnnnm, namr ro on nsocntm. 3ro: xynn,
ynornnn anxoronx, naxornucxnx nmcrn n r.n.
amoyrnxnn noocrxon n rynnax cncrnnxon noncxonr us asnnunt
cnocot nonnnx, nnum sauacrym an n cnocrnnnt nm nocrynxn: ryocrt,
socrt, cxnnocnonn n yrn nrarnnnt ]omt arnonannx. oxno cxasart, uro
cnocot camoyrnxnnx r n noocrxon n rynnax cncrnnxon xnnxmrcx nauanom
50
]omnonannx asnnuntx nnann nonnnx n anomantno-nnunocrntx nonooasonann.
sanncnmocrn or nnunn, noonnmnx anomantnt nnntuxn n asnnunt ]omt
nnanrnoro nonnnx, ntnxmr cnymmn nanon acnocrannnt nnt
nnntux:
amoantnt n acconnantnt nnntuxn nonnnx;
nnntuxn, oycnonnnnt nnornucxnmn cocroxnnxmn;
anomantnt nnntuxn nnroxcnxannonnoro rnsa.
1. anomantntm n nntm nnntuxam moantno-+rnucxo ]omt n rcxom n
noocrxono-mnomcxom nosacr ornocxr: nocrynxn nantnoro (cnoncno-nonxrnnoro
n nnrarntnoro) nancrnnno-nonnucxoro coxannx: cxnnocnonn (nnnsynax
ant), ryt ron (xnx), nncxnnocrt (nxnnocrt), ynornnn n un rax nast-
namtx cnon-naasnron, nconmnn cannrano-rnrnnnucxnx ronann no yxoy sa
cnonm rnom, oxo (oxyctnann norr na yxax, orcyrcrnn nnntuxn mtrt yxn
n o, uncrnrt syt, nonmx mnxrt nt n r. n.), axnnn xon]nnxrnoro xaaxra
nn nsanmoornomnnxx (aunnnocrt, nontmnnax morono-nnrarntnax n +monno-
nantnax nosynmocrt).
2. nntuxn nantnoro n morono-nnrarntnoro xaaxra, oycnonnnnt
nnornucxnmn cocroxnnxmn. nx uncn moryr trt: noxnnnnx noronnosa,
ynornnn cnon-naasnron, nonoxarno nonroxmmncx nnxnnx yx, ronont, rnxn
rnas, rnnrnmnx xoxn nnna n . 3rn nnntuxn uam ncro noxnnxmrcx n cnryannxx,
nooxammnx y nxa ncnxo+monnonantno nanxxnn. conno +ro samrno n
nno onsnn, no nmx xon]nnxron c onrnxmn n cncrnnxamn, n ycnonnxx
nontmnno ornrcrnnnocrn nn ntnonnnnn xaxnx-ro crnn n, nx ncro, nn
nnororonnnnocrn x yoxy n . nn rn n +rnx cnyuaxx cranonxrcx nosyxnntmn,
a]]xrnnntmn, xannsntmn, nnaxcnntmn, yrn crnnuntmn, nxntmn, rrtn
cnxomnrntntmn n r.n.
unrarcx, uro ocnonntmn nnunnamn noxnnnnx raxnx nnntux moryr trt
nrrarnnnax nycrounnocrt nnno cncrmt nxa n ycnonnx nocnnrannx r n
cmt (nontmnnax rnnonxa n .), rynocrn ncnxonornucxo ncroxn nn
ycxonnom nnn samnnnom ]nsnucxom cosnannn n noocrxonom nosacr.
Fsycnonno, no-xnnnn n asnnrn ro nnn nno anomantno nnntuxn nmr cnon
cnnn]nucxn oconnocrn.
ro x nmx naxrnxa nocnnrarntno aort cnnrntcrnyr o rom, uro cnn
r n noocrxon nnnanannnno oyuart nnmam omnnx n camorynxnnn, ro y nnx
]omnymrcx aanrannonnt mxannsmt, xorot cnococrnymr nx nnnnnonannm n
nocrnnnomy noonnnm. cnn x +roro n noncxonr, ro nn nannunn ncnxoranmn-
ymmnx ]axroon y r n noocrxon, n onaammnx nantxamn rynxnnn nonnnx,
nnornucxn cnmnromt ycyrynxmrcx, nacramr n xnnnnxy nnosonoonoro n
nnoxonnucxoro asnnrnx nnunocrn c ]omnonannm coornrcrnymmnx nnnnnyantno-
ncnxonornucxnx cnocrn (.. ynx, 1993).
3. nntuxn nnroxcnxannonnoro rnsa. nnm ornocxr nnntuxn, cnxsannt c
ynornnnm anxoronx, raaxoxynnm, naxomann n roxcnxomann. asnnrn +rnx
nntx nnntux noncxonr nocrnnno. mamm snaunn oxastnar nrarnnno
mnxoconnantno oxyxnn. nauana noocrox nnn mnoma craarcx trt nocnymntm n
cmt, c yunrnxmn n ntrarcx cxtnart ro, uro on, nannm, xynr, noyr ntnnnart, n
on xax t naxonrcx n nocrnnnom nonoxnnn. 3ra asnonnocrt nosnnnn nr x romy,
uro y r noxnnxmrcx raxn urt, xax nacrooxnnocrt, xnrocrt, nncxnnocrt,
xorot co nmnm cranonxrcx ycrounntmn nnunocrntmn oasonannxmn.
antxn n nnntuxn ]ynamnr nonnnx nnunocrn. a nx ocnon ]omnyrcx
xaaxr unonxa. o+romy noxonmo nocroxnno saornrtcx o rom, urot c camoro
nauana xnsnnnoro nyrn y nxa ]omnonannct nonoxnrntnt nnntuxn nonnnx.
nn nosnonxr my tcr onnrnonartcx n xnsnnntx cnryannxx n onnanart nontm
ontrom connantntx ornomnn.
noocrxonom n annm mnomcxom nosacr oconno samrntmn cranonxrcx
"C$%"&'!"' &'-) #-'-D xorot oosnauamrcx xax nananrt
51
axnnrynonanntx nnunocr (. onra) nnn axnnrynonanntx xaaxronornucxnx
cnocrn (.. nuxo).
*'(H*"" #-'- +ro xann nananrt nomt, nn xorotx orntnt
cnocrna xaaxra usmno ycnnnt, n syntrar uro yxymarcx nsanmocrnn c
oxyxammnmn nmtmn. x ntaxnnocrt moxr trt asnnuno: or na samrntx
nsmnnn, o nananron, rannuamnx c naronorn. cnoxono ocranonx onn n-
samrnt n nosnnxamr nnmt n nxorotx nccrcontx cnryannxx, xorot rymr
coornrcrnymm axrnnno ornrno axnnn axnnrynonannoro cnocrna. xnnryannn
xaaxra +ro cnoro oa cnao snno n xaaxr unonxa, onaammro
nontmnno nosynmocrtm x onnm ncnxoranmnymmnm ]axroam nn onnnno
ycrounnocrn x yrnm.
nacroxm nmx nsncrno ncxontxo xnaccn]nxann axnnrynonanntx
nnunocr n rnnon xaaxra.
ax, . onra na ocnon nsyunnx nsocntx nm ntnnn 10 ocnonntx rnnon
axnnryann nnunocrn, xorot camn no c n xnnxmrcx naronornucxnmn, no nn
onnnntx ycnonnxx moryr asnnnartcx xax n nonoxnrntnom, rax n n ornnarntnom
nanannnnxx.
. . nuxo nnoxnn xnaccn]nxannm rnnon axnnryann xaaxra,
accunrannym na noocrxono-mnomcxn nosacr. n on an xaaxrncrnxy 11
ocnonntm rnnam axnnryann (rnnrnmnt, nnxnonnt, nanntnt,
acrnonnornucxn, cncnrnnnt, ncnxacrnnucxn, mnsonnt, +ntnnronnt,
ncronnt, nycrounnt, xon]omnt).
. . roncxn, ncxox ns roro, uro accmornn axnnryann xaaxra
nnonarar nnnnunn n nnym out narora, a n ncnxnara, n, urot nsxart
nxmtx ananorn c ncnxnarnucxnmn rmnnamn (mnsonnt, +nnnnronnt urt)
nnoxnn cnom xnaccn]nxannm. n on nxnmunn mcrt naxnmnx rnnon axnnryann,
ocnonanntx na sanmcrnonannn nanon yauntx rmnnon ns xnaccn]nxann . onra
n .. nuxo. 3ro:
1. ) ,. nx nro cnocrnnna samxnyrocrt,
sarynnnocrt n omnnn n nanaxnnannn xonraxron c oxyxammnmn, yxo n cx.
2. <) +monnonantnax nsnnnunnocrt, xaxa omnnx n
xrntnocrn, sauacrym sornocnrntno x noxonmocrn n nnnocrn, rononnnocrt,
nnocroxncrno ynnunn, nnora xnacrnnnocrt, nonxnocrnocrt, xon]omnocrt.
3. /) nmnyntcnnnocrt, xon]nnxrnocrt, nrnnmocrt x
nosaxnnxm, nnora n noosnrntnocrt.
4. /) nonaamm yno camouyncrnn,
asaxnrntnocrt, nontmnnax yromnxmocrt, mnnrntnocrt. asaxnn nornn
oxyxammnx n xanocrt x camomy c moxr nnncrn x xarxonmnntm ncntmxam
rnna, onaxo tcrax ncromamocrt nnno cncrmt cxoo racnr rnn n cnococrnyr
ymnornonnm, acxaxnnm, cnsam.
5. ') cnocrnnna nyrnnnocrt, samxnyrocrt. nsnrnnnt
noocrxn nsramr nxnmuartcx n ontmn n rm on nont xomnannn, n yuacrnymr n
manocrxx n ncxonanntx nnnxrnxx cncrnnxon, nnounramr nrart c manntxnmn
rtmn. uyncrno cocrnnno nnonnonnnocrn y cnsnrnnntx noocrxon namr oco-
nno ntaxnno axnnm rnnxomnncannn (ycnnnno crmnnn noonrt cnon
nocrarxn). nn nmyr camoyrnxnnx n n croon or cnaoro mcra cno naryt, n n
onacrxx, r moryr acxtrtcx nx cnoconocrn, a nmnno ram, r oconno uyncrnymr
cnom nnonnonnnocrt. cnn yarcx ycranonnrt c nnmn onnrntnt xonraxr n onn
uyncrnymr cnmnarnm n noxxy cocnnxa, ro sa comnno macxo nc nnnoum
oxastnarcx xnsnt, nonnax yxoon n camonunannx, ronxax uyncrnnrntnocrt n nnomno
ntcoxn ronannx x camomy c.
6. 5) nncym +ronnrnsm, nornocrt n nocroxnnom
nnnmannn x cno oco, nocxnmnn n couyncrnn. xnnocrt, cxnonnocrt x noscrny n
nconx, moncrarnnnocrt nonnnx (nnnort o nncnnnonox camoyncrna) nc +ro
onnxrcx crmnnnm nmtmn ccrnamn ntnnrtcx cn cncrnnxon.
52
om ocnonntx nuncnnntx rnnon axnnryann xaaxron ntnxmr
cmmannt rnnt. x ]omnonann n rcxom n noocrxonom nosacr no mnorom
oycnonnno xoncrnrynnonantno-rnrnucxnmn n connantno-contmn ]axroamn.
x cnyuan moxno nanmart ycnnnn nnn nnnnnonann axnnrynonanntx xaaxr-
ncrnx nonnnx n sanncnmocrn or orannucxo nocrarounocrn, cnxsanno c
nncnnm ro nnn nno onsnn, cnryannxx xon]nnxrnoro xaaxra. annm, nn
nyonnrnonnocrn mxnnunocrntmn ornomnnxmn moryr ycnnnnartcx raxn
xaaxronornucxn urt, xax asaxnrntnocrt, +monnonantnax nycrounnocrt,
arccnnnocrt n n. x ntaxnnocrt moxr trt on samrno n nno nnntxannx x
xynnm, ynornnnm anxoronx, naxornxon. nocncrnnn, cnn n nsmnnrt
connantnym cnryannm asnnrnx, ]omnyrcx naroncnxonornucxn xomnnxc anomantno-
nnunocrntx nonooasonann.
ocnnrarntnax naxrnxa cnnrntcrnyr o rom, uro nn nannntno nocrannnno
aor c rtmn nosmoxno nynxnn n noxnonann nmmmnxcx y nnx
axnnryann xaaxra.
rcxom n noocrxonom nosacr n cnny asntx nnunn nxo moxno ncrrnrt
r c asnnuntmn ]omamn naronornn n naymnnx xaaxra, xorot ocrnramr
cnoro acnnra n on nosnm nosacr.
+ro cnxsn ycnonno asnnuamr cnymmn rynnt naronornucxoro asnnrnx
xaaxra:
C'-, %-HCC' naymnn ornocxr ncnxonaronoont accrocrna n
naronornucxn urt xaaxra, ntsnannt corxcnnxmn mosra n yrnmn
orannucxnmn accrocrnamn. nx uncn moryr trt:
nnornucxo ]omnonann xaaxra xax +ran sarxnynmrocx nnosa;
nocraxrnnno ]omnonann xaaxra nocn nncnnoro ncnxornnoro ncnxosa n
.
cnxonaronoont accrocrna, ntsnannt nasnanntmn nnunnamn, nyxno
ornnuart or ncnxonarn. cnxonarnn raxx nyxno asrannunnart c naronornucxnmn
]omnonannxmn xaaxra, xorot nosnnxamr no nnnxnnm ncnxnucxoro saonnannx.
n ncnxonaronoontx accrocrnax xaaxr nxa nocrnnno cranonnrcx rxxntm
n ryntm. o cnn nnxnnnonart nnunnt, noonnmn ro, ro noxnnnmncx nrarnnnt
cnocrna xaaxra tcro noxoxr.
-, %-HCC' ornocxr naymnnx n ]omnonannn xaaxra, oycnonnnnt
noscrnnxmn ncnxornntx ]axroon: xon]nnxron, ynoro nocnnrannx, nsonxnnn or
soontx cncrnnxon, ncncrnn oocrnnoro nxnnannx ]nsnucxnx ]xron n
yocrn n cnxsanntx c nnmn orannunnm xonraxron, uyncrna cno nnonnonnnocrn n r.
. coo mcro n nx noxnnnnn sannmamr xanocrn n nocnnrannn. anon
acnocrannntmn ]omamn ns nnx nastnamr:
1. =. annom nananr onrnn usmno
nnnunnt, nxnnxx x nxy nontmnnt ronannx, n anax my nyxno nacxn n
rnna. axn rn, xax nannno, tnamr sanrtmn, oxnmn, ntacramr nmnrntntmn,
nyrnnntmn, nnncnoconnntmn nocroxrt sa cx. ocrnno nxnnax naxnym
nm crnnrntnocrt, onn nxo mnoro ]anrasnymr, nmcro roro urot axrnnno
ornocnrtcx x xnsnn.
2. (. tnonnxmrcx nc ronannx nxa.
rn acryr xannsntmn, ynxmtmn. raxnx r c nosacrom noxnnxrcx +ronsm,
ntcoxomno ornomnn x oxyxammnm, nannnarntcxo ornomnn x oxsannocrxm n
n.
3. ocot nn nocnnrannx, nn xoroom r nnmamr
camocroxrntnocrn, noannxmr nx nnnnnarnny. norn ns raxnx r ntacramr
nmnrntntmn, nnncnoconnntmn x xnsnn, onn nnntxamr x romy, uro xro-ro sa nnx
yr mart n nart.
4. !C"("' . nox ncrannn cam c, nnxm n
xonronnyrcx, nnxro n ]omnyr n nm nantxn connantno xnsnn, n oyuar ro
nonnmannm uro raxo xoomo n uro raxo nnoxo.
53
5. . annt nn yonnnoro nocnnrannx
nsncrn anno n onayxnnarcx uam ncro y r, xnnymnx n saxnrountx cmtxx,
unnt xorotx sannmamr ntcoxo nonoxnn n omcrn. onrnn nnoyuamr
nocnnrann cnonx r ocrnnnnxam n cnyuantm nmxm. mcro roro urot nonyuart
nmont n nacxy, onn nonyuamr cyorart +monn.
6. , ( . axo nn
nocnnrannx xacarcx, n ocnonnom, r, ocranmnxcx s nonunrntcrna onrn nnn
r, nmmmnx nx, no oxasanmnxcx n nnrnarntx yuxnnxx. yuxnnxx saxt-
roro rnna (omax nxa, omxontntx n mxontntx rcxnx omax nnn nnrnarax n .) y
r ncncrnn nyonnrnonntx nornocr n nmnn n nnnmannn co croont
onrn, n xnsnnnom nocrancrn, n noxnnnnxx axrnnnocrn, n cnoxnocrxx aanrannn
x ontmomy uncny cncrnnxon, n cnxsn c orcyrcrnnm nantxon noyxrnnnoro omnnx n
mnornx yrnx ]axroon ]omnymrcx xaucrna, ornnuammncx or rx, xorot
nnnnnamrcx n cmt. nnx asnnnarcx rnnnnx naccnnnoro nonnnx, nosnnxamr
naymnnx n mornnannonno n +monnonantno c]ax, ncxaxamrcx nnnocrnt
onnrannn, ]nxcnnnt xaucrna na +monnonantnt cocroxnnx yroro unonxa,
nosnnxar ocoax nomarnnnocrt no ornomnnm x yrnm nmxm n r..).
-'+', %-HCC' ornocxr ]omt cmmannoro n xnnnnucxom ornomnnn n no
noncxoxnnm naronornucxoro ]omnonannx nnunocrn n . nanontm crnnn +ro
noxnnxrcx y r, nmmmnx r nnn nnt xnsnnnt orannunnx, xorot nonaamr n
ycnonnx yonnnoro nocnnrannx nnn x n ycnonnx orannunnoro connantnoro no-
crancrna.
noocrxonom nno y r noxnnxmrcx raxx cnnn]nucxn axnnn na
nnoxo x nnm ornomnn. 3rn axnnn m onn cnoco ]omnonannx y nxa
nnannntnoro nonnnx. uncn raxnx axnn nastnamr: axnnm +mancnnannn,
onncannym . . nuxo (xouy trt cnoontm, onrnn nx mnx n anronrr) n
axnnm rynnnonxn (crmnnn x rynnonomy omnnm) n .
uro nyxno nart n +ro cnxsn?
A!, n ycyrynxrt yx nmmmymcx ]omannm xaaxra. nax
oconnocrn nxa, craartcx ymntmnrt nx n n art nm noxnnrtcx. xartcx
maxcnmantno nynnrntno no ornomnnm x raxomy nxy.
A!, nocraartcx nonnnxrt na cmtm, urot ona on ramonnuno
ornocnnact x ctny nnn oun. oxonmo, urot raxn rn nononnn ontm nmnn
n rcxom xonnxrnn. coxannnm, y ontmnncrna r c nnosamn n rynocrxmn n
nonnnn nonoxnn nx n cmt raxx ocrannxr xnart nyumro. ccnonannx
noxastnamr, uro n raxnx cmtxx nocrnnno naxannnnamrcx nnornsnymmn n
ncnxonarnsnymmn ]axrot: n ro nnn nno crnnn anomantntmn tnn n camn
onrnn n ax naonrnn (aymxn, ymxn, naaymxn n r..). axonnnn n oy
nnornucxnx n nntx anomantntx ]om nonnnx n moxr norn ccnno nx
nxa. Fs osoonnnnx cmtn cnart ro soontm ryno.
naunrntnax rynna r, n nmmmnx ncnxnucxo naronornn n y xorotx
nxo nosnnxamr anomannn nnunocrn, +ro rn c nnsnaxamn narornucxo
sanymnnocrn.
'/%%"&'!3 1CHJ'((!+ +ro orcranann nxa n ncnxnucxom n
nnunocrnom asnnrnn s nnnmo xnnnnucxo naronornn, oycnonnnno
cymcrnnntmn nonamn n ro nocnnrannn na annnx n nocnymmnx cranxx asnnrnx.
arornucxax sanymnnocrt cnoxno xnnnn, n +rnonornn xorooro nxar
mnorouncnnnt ]axrot. nnunnamn moryr trt: nocrarxn n nororonx nxa x
mxon, connantno-narornucxax sanymnnocrt, nnrntnax n nnrncnnnax ncnxnucxax
nnnannx, comarnucxax ocnannnocrt nxa. xnnnnucxom nnan narornucxn
sanymnnt rn moryr onayxnrt n ncra soont anamns ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx.
uncnnnt naymnnx +ro cnoro oa ]axrot ncxa, cnocont nn
onnnntx ycnonnxx crart nnunnamn mxontno nycnnamocrn.
oncc saanrannn nxa x ycnonnxm mxontno xnsnn n cxmarnucxom nn
asnrtnarcx no nnnnnny samxnyroro noounoro xyra, r nycxontm mxannsmam
54
ntcrynamr, xax nannno, sxn nsmnnnx ycnonn xnsnn, nnntuno ct, nannun
croxo ncnxoranmnymm cnryannn. manonaxno snaunn nmmr n r oconnocrn
nnn nocrarxn n nnnnnyantnom asnnrnn unonxa, xorot nosnonxmr my ntnart
]omt nonnnx n xrntnocrn, axnarnt nontm ycnonnxm.
uncny ocnonntx nnunn, nononnymmnx ]omnonann nnunocrntx anomann y
narornucxn sanymnntx r n noocrxon, moxno orncrn:
naymnn mornnannonno-nornocrno c]t, nsmnnn naxnn
nornocr n mornnon nonnnx;
naymnn +monnonantno-nnunocrnoro arnonannx n noncc
mxnnunocrnoro nsanmocrnnx;
nosnnxnonnn ncncrnn orcranannx nnrnnxryantnoro asnnrnx nnunocrno
nnmnrnnnocrn, xoroax cnnxar xnrnunocrt n sanmcrnonannn ]om nonnnx n
nntx nnntux: cxnnocnonnx, nxnnocrn, nynaxnrntnoro ornomnnx x cncrnnxam
n cramnm, xynnx, ynornnnx naxornsnymmnx nmcrn, uro nnsxno nnnonr x
]omannn cryxryt nnunocrn.
nsnaxn narornucxo sanymnnocrn yx naunnamr onayxnnart cx n
omxontnom n mnamm mxontnom nosacr. a nauantntx cranxx ona n nocnr
xnnnnucxoro nananra orxnonnnx, xorx n n ncxnmuar ro n, xax noxastnar naxrnxa,
nn ycnonnn cnonmnnoro ntxnnnnx n nonnnx noxonmo xoxnnonno-
asnnnamm aort narornucxax sanymnnocrt moxr trt nnnnnonana. cnn x
+roro n noncxonr, ro ona nnnnmar croxn xaaxr n cranonnrcx nnsxno
nnunno nosnnxnonnnx anomann nnunocrn.
syunn xonxrntx nnon anomann nnunocrn, nx +rnonornn n xnnnnxn y r n
noocrxon c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn noxonmo xax nx orannsannn on
+]]xrnnnoro nx oyunnx, nocnnrannx n connantno annnrannn, rax n nx asaorxn
onrnmantntx ncnxornrnnnucxnx, ncnxono]nnaxrnucxnx n ncnxoxoxnnonntx
monnxrn n aor c nnmn.
5.7. 4K
4

xo ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx nnnnna nosmoxnt noxnnnnx asnnuntx
narornrnucxnx ]axroon, cnococrnymmnx asnnrnm onsnn orannsma n nnunocrn.
aymnnx ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx nnnnna n syntrar accrocrna cosnannx
cryxry n ]ynxnn rononnoro mosra onnxmrcx nonxrnm nsonrorns
ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx.
"1(%'("3 ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx n rcxom nosacr, ocnonntmn rnnamn
xoroo xnnxmrcx (raannx) saxxn nnn nnocranonxn asnnrnx n !!"(#-(""
(ncramonnuno ncnxnucxo asnnrn), noxnnxrcx camtm asnnuntm oasom.
3ro moryr trt nauantnt nnsnaxn ncnxnucxnx saonnann, asnnunax crnnt
ntaxnnocrn ymcrnnno orcranocrn nnn nn]anrnnnsma nnunocrn, norannunt
cocroxnnx, nnomnn x nntm nnntuxam n orxnonxmmmycx na +rom ]on
nonnnm n . c nasnannt oconnocrn nsonrornnn ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx
ornnarntno cxastnamrcx na ]omnonannn connantno aanrnonannocrn, ynoxr nnu-
nocrt or nomantnoro xoa asnnrnx.
nonxrn ncnxnucxax onsnt nxoxr xax nrxn, rax n ntaxnnt ]omt
naymnn ncnxnxn, xorot onayxnnamrcx n accrocrn oraxnnx antnoro mna
n sorannsannn nonnnx (ncnxost-symn, cymacmcrnn). nrxnm accrocrnam,
n cononoxammnmncx ntaxnntmn naymnnxmn ncnxnucxo xrntnocrn, ornocxr
asnooasnt nnost, ncnxonarnn, ymcrnnno noasnnrn, ncnxnucxn naymnnx,
n ocrnrmn crnnn ncnxosa n oycnonnnnt orannucxnmn saonnannxmn rononnoro
mosra, comarornnxmn, nnroxcnxannxmn n n.
syunnm ncnxnucxnx anomann n rcxom nosacr sannmarcx rcxax
ncnxnarnx. na nsyuar +rnonornm, xnnnnxy n narorns ncnxnucxnx onsn na +ran
onrornsa rcxoro asnnrnx.
55
o nsyunn ncnxnucxoro noasnnrnx naxno n rontxo n mnxo-nonornucxom,
no n n connantno-ncnxonornucxom acnxrax. sncrno, uro um antm yr onnno
orxnonnn n asnnrnn, rm cxo yr nonsnno nuno-narornucxo
nmmarntcrno, rm mntmnmn oxaxyrcx nosmoxnt nocncrnnx nmmmrocx ]xra.
ocnonntm xarronxm r, nmmmnm ncnxnucxym naronornm, ornocxr:
r c ymcrnnno orcranocrtm;
r c +nornntmn ncnxnucxnmn saonnannxmn;
r c axrnnntmn cocroxnnxmn, xon]nnxrntmn nxnnannxmn, acrnnxmn;
r c nnsnaxamn saxxn ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx;
r c nnsnaxamn ncnxonarnn.
asnannt ncnxnucxn naronornn y r n noocrxon n sanncnmocrn or nnunn
nosnnxnonnnx n rxxcrn noxnnnnx ]xra no-asnomy oraxamrcx na ]omnonannn
connantntx ornomnn, nosnanarntntx nosmoxnocr, ryono xrntnocrn n no-
asnomy cxastnamrcx na asnnrnn nnunocrn.
accmornm xarxo nxorot oconnocrn nasnanntx ncnxnucxnx saonnann y
r n noocrxon, n xax onn cxastnamrcx na nx nnunocrnom asnnrnn.
A. '" ! H0!'((, !$!+Q
n r n noocrxon, nmmmnx ncnxnucxym naronornm asnnrnx, nanon
mnorouncnnnym rynny cocrannxmr ymcrnnno orcrant rn. ymcrnnno orcrantm
ornocxr rx r n noocrxon, y xorotx oosnauarcx croxo ntaxnno cnnxnn
nosnanarntno xrntnocrn. Fontmnncrno r, craammnx ymcrnnno orcranocrtm,
rn-onnro]nt.
$9 +ro ]oma ymcrnnnoro n ncnxnucxoro noasnnrnx,
nosnnxammax n syntrar noaxnnx n n nnym out xot rononnoro mosra n
nnarantnt (nnyrnyront), xarantnt (nn oax) nnn nocrnarantnt (na camom
annm +ran nnxnsnnnoro asnnrnx) nnot. nunnamn onnro]nnn moryr trt
asnnunt ]axrot +xsornnoro (nnmnro) n +nornnoro (nnyrnnro) xaaxra,
ntstnammn orannucxn naymnnx rononnoro mosra.
o rnynn ]xra ymcrnnnym orcranocrt nn onnro]nnn rannnonno
noasnxmr na rn crnnn: nnornx, nmnnntnocrt n nntnocrt. rn c ymcrnnno
orcranocrtm n crann nnornn n nmnnntnocrn n nanonom ornomnnn xnnxmrcx
ncnocontmn, n na nnmn ycranannnnarcx onxa onrn nnn sammammnx nnn.
asnnrn ymcrnnno orcranoro nxa c nntx n xnsnn ornnuarcx or asnnrnx
nomantntx r. nnx ormuamrcx saxxn n nsnucxom asnnrnn, omax
ncnxonornucxax nnrnocrt, cnnxn nnrc x oxyxammmy, samrno noasnnrn
arnxynxnnonnoro annaara n ]onmarnucxoro cnyxa. o nnomy y nnx cxnatnamrcx coor-
nomnn n asnnrnn narnxno-crnnnoro n cnoncno-nornucxoro mtmnnnx. norn
ymcrnnno orcrant rn naunnamr rononrt rontxo x 45 roam. ut ymcrnnno
orcranoro nxa n ntnonnxr cno ocnonno ]ynxnnn xommynnxarnnno.
ymcrnnnt nsmnnnx n ]nsnucxom n ncnxnucxom asnnrnn nnxyr sa coo
naymnnx n nnunocrno c]. cnonntmn oconnocrxmn xnnxmrcx:
nnoctnxn asnnrnx nnunocrn cxnatnamrcx n n annm rcrn, xax y
nomantno asnnnammnxcx r, a nnmt n cramm omxontnom nosacr. o+romy
nnunocrt ymcrnnno orcranoro nxa ]omnyrcx c ontmnmn orxnonnnxmn xax n
xaucrnnnom ornomnnn, rax n n rmnax n n coxax asnnrnx;
nnt noxnnnnx camocosnannx, ornnnx cnoro y ymcrnnno orcranoro
nxa nanmamrcx n c 3 nr, xax n ycnonnxx nomantnoro asnnrnx, a nnmt nocn 4 nr,
xora naunnamr ]omnonartcx +nmnrant crnnx c nmramn;
orannunnocrt ccrn omnnx (xax untx, rax n nuntx) nnnonr x
romy, uro ymcrnnno orcrant rn cranonxrcx ornxnntmn n c cncrnnxon.
nann camoyrnnrtcx nxo no-
xnnxrcx n naronornucxo ]om. nn moryr ncrn cx xcroxo no ornomnnm x
cnatm rxm. asnnnammncx xomnnxc nnonnonnnocrn, cnn n nnnxrt m, nar nx
m on ornxnntmn n c cncrnnxon.
56
B. '" ! O(/%'(()0" C!"#"&'!"0" 1.$'("30"
+nornntm ncnxnucxnm saonnannxm ornocxr mnso]nnm, mannaxantno-
nccnnnt cocroxnnx, rnynnnym +nnnncnm n .
>9 rxxno ncnxnucxo saonnann, xaaxrnsymmcx yraro
nncrna ncnxnucxnx nonccon c tcro nnn mnnno asnnnammnmncx nsmnnnxmn
nnunocrn n asnooasntmn ncnxonaronornucxnmn accrocrnamn. aonnann uam
ncro cnxsano c nacncrnnntm nacnonoxnnm n nnxonrcx n ocnonnom na no-
ocrxont n mnomcxn nosacr. nsmnnnxm nnunocrn nn annom saonnannn
ornocxr: cnnxnn +nrrnucxoro nornnnana (amornnannonnocrt), ntaxnnym
nnronrnonannocrt (yxo n cx, oruyxnn or oxyxammnx), +monnonantno
ocxynn, accrocrna mtmnnnx n . taxnnocrt ncnxonaronornucxnx nsmnnn
moxr xonartcx or nrxnx nsmnnn nnunocrn o ryo n croxo sorannsannn
ncnxnxn.
+(8) , +nornno saonnann, norxamm
nncrynamn. ocroxnn ncnocrn, nosyxnnocrn, axrnnnocrn (mannaxantnax ]asa)
cmnxrcx saromoxnnocrtm, noannnnocrtm (nccnnnax ]asa). xo onsnt
xaaxrnsyrcx cmno mannaxantntx nnn nccnnntx ]as. n ntxo ns
onsnnnoro cocroxnnx nacrynar naxrnucxo ntsoonnnn. aonnann moxr
nauartcx n nmom nosacr, no nnmymcrnnno n 1216 nr. ontm crnnn +romy
saonnannm nonxnt nouxn na +ran nnyrarnoro n nyrarnoro nnoon.
n annom saonnannn croxnx snyantntx ncnxnucxnx naymnn n snaunrntntx
nsmnnn cxnaa nnunocrn n nnsnaxon ]xra n nanmarcx.
< saonnann rononnoro mosra, xaaxrnsymmcx asnooasntmn
accrocrnamn n nn mantx n ontmnx cyooxntx +nnnnrnucxnx nnnaxon. uam
ncro nnsnaxn saonnannx +nnnncn nosnnxamr n nosacr o 15 nr. naccnucxn
ncxo rnynnno +nnnncnn naymnnx nnrnnxryantno cnoconocrn nnnort o nt-
axnnoro cnaoymnx n ]omannn nnunocrn.
nnunocrno c] craammro +nnnncn nanmarcx ryrononnxnocrt,
samnnnocrt ncx ncnxnucxnx nonccon, cxnonnocrt x sacrnannm na ranxx,
ocroxrntnocrt, nnosmoxnocrt ornnunrt rnanno or nroocrnnnoro, rynocrt
nxnmunnx n . o m asnnrnx +nornntx saonnann ynnnunnarcx ncx x
]omnonannm ]xron nnunocrn, uro moxr ntsnart sarynnnx n ncnxoxoxnnonno
aor.
5. '" ! -'"()0" !!3("30"D (I$"()0" C'-'2"("30"D
!'("30". 3rn cocroxnnx no mnorom oycnonnnt ycnonnxmn oyunnx n nocnnrannx
r. onnx r n syntrar connantno saanrannn, nycnnamocrn n mxon
nanmamrcx nnost, y yrnx acrnnn, y rrtnx ncnxonarnucxn axnnn.
asnannt cocroxnnx asnnnamrcx ncncrnn ymcrnnntx n ]nsnucxnx nrysox,
naymnn mnxoconnantntx xonraxron n xyry cncrnnxon, n cmt n .
uncnnnt cocroxnnx xaaxrnsymr rax nastnamt norannunt cocroxnnx,
nxo or nomt x naronornn.
orannunt nnno-ncnxnucxn cocroxnnx ornocxr x rynn onsnnntx
cocroxnn, n ocnon xorotx nxar ncnxornnt (nnornucxn n acrnnucxn
cocroxnnx, xon]nnxrnt nxnnannx). nx nnornucxnx cocroxnn y r on ncro
xaaxrnt craxn (]onn), comaronrrarnnnt (+nys, nnntunax nora) n
nnrarntnt accrocrna (noronnos, rnxn, ncrnucxn naannu). nosacrom +rn
accrocrna moryr nnnnmart on sarxxno xaaxr. asnannt naymnnx
naxnatnamr ornuarox na nnamnxy nnno-ncnxnucxoro cocroxnnx nxa nnn
noocrxa n nn ncramonnn n asnnrnn nnunocrn, nsmnnn n nosnanarntno n
nornocrno-mornnannonno c]ax nnunocrn.
cnonntmn nanannnnxmn nnnnnonannx ymnntx nxnnann y r,
noonnnx cosnannx cno nnonnonnnocrn, nsmnnnx camoonnxn xnnxrcx cosann
nx nxa nnn noocrxa nomantntx mxnnunocrntx nsanmoornomnn, axrnnno
57
nxnmunn r n noocrxon n noyxrnnno nsanmocrnn co cncrnnxamn.
9. (0$"" $"&(!" C-" 1/'-2' C!"#"&'!% -1""3 TM
nunno anomann nnunocrn moryr trt saxxn ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx nnn
ncnxnucxn nn]anrnnnsm asnnuno +rnonornn.
9 +ro coxannn n ncnxnx n nonnnn noocrxa, mnomn,
nsocnoro cnocrn n oconnocr, nncymnx rcxomy nosacry.
tnxmr (. . nncxax) cnymmn ocnonnt rnnt r:
1. oncrnrynnonantnoro noncxoxnnx. 3ror rnn anomannn nasnan ramonnuntm
nn]anrnnnsmom. ro ornnunrntnax oconnocrt cocronr n rom, uro y r +roro rnna
+monnonantno-nonnax c]a naxonrcx na on ann crynnn asnnrnx, nanomnnax
nomantnym cryxryy r on mnamro nosacra.
2. omarnucxoro noncxoxnnx. cnonnt nnunnt saxx ncnxnucxoro
asnnrnx annoro rnna xonnucxn nn]xnnn, noxnnt n nnornnt nooxn, n
nnym out noox cna, cnnxammn n rontxo omn, no n ncnxnucxn ronyc,
ntstnammn croxym acrnnm. xo nanmarcx saxxa +monnonantnoro asnnrnx
) 9. nx nro xaaxrnt oxsnnnocrt, nynnnocrt,
noxnnnn nxnnann, cnxsanntx c omymnnm cno nnonnonnnocrn n .
3. cnxornnoro noncxoxnnx. axxn annoro rnna nooxnt
nnaronnxrntmn ycnonnxmn, nnxrcrnymmnmn nomantnomy ]omnonannm nnunocrn
nxa. cnxoranmnymmn ]axrt nnnoxr, xax nannno, x croxnm naymnnxm
cnauana nrrarnnntx ]ynxnn, a sarm n ncnxnucxoro, n nnym out
+monnonantnoro, asnnrnx. ncnxornnoro noncxoxnnx nanmarcx, nx ncro,
nn anomantnom asnnrnn nnunocrn no rnny ncnxnucxo nycrounnocrn (yxana . .)
4. antno-orannucxoro noncxoxnnx (orannucxn nn]anrnnnsm).
nunnt: nnroxcnxannn, ranmt, nonomnnocrt n . cruarcx uam yrnx n
onaar ontm croxocrtm n ntaxnnocrtm naymnn xax n nosnanarntno, rax n
+monnonantno-nonno c]ax. nsnaxn annoro rnna noxnnxmrcx n sanastnannn
]omnonannx asnnuntx ]ynxnn: xott, un, nantxon onxrnocrn, +ranon nrono
xrntnocrn.
cxox ns cxasannoro, nnunocrnax nsnocrt moxr noxnnxrtcx xax
naronornucxax, rax n nnaronornucxax. aronornucxax ]oma nmr accmornnx
ncnxnarnn. naronornucxax ]oma nanon acnocranna cn r mxontnoro
nosacra. oxnn nasnanno ]omt ncnxnucxo nsnocrn sannmamrcx narorn,
ncnxonorn, cmtx, mxona. nnnn, y xorooro nanmarcx nn]anrnnnsm nn nomantnom
nnn ax ycxonnom ]nsnucxom n ymcrnnnom asnnrnn, ornnuarcx, nx ncro,
nsnocrtm +monnonantno-nonno c]t. 3ra oconnocrt moxr ntaxartcx n
ncamocroxrntnocrn mnn, uyncrn nsamnmnnocrn, sannxnno camoonnx no
ornomnnm x c, nontmnno ronarntnocrn x saor yrnx o c, n
asnooasntx xomnncarontx axnnxx n nn ]anrasnonannx, +ronnrnsma n .
snt n nnunocrnom ornomnnn rn moryr xoomo yunrtcx, onaxo ns-sa
rcxocrn, rnnnuno nx on mnamnx r, onn nycnunnt, sarynxmrcx ntnonnxrt
nonnt ycnnnx, raxn rn rymr nocroxnnoro xonronx. annm, ro, uro tno
nnmnmo nx nxa 67 nr, nx cxrnnrnro yx nnnmnmo. nx nonnnn
omnnnymr nocrynxn, xorot onn conmamr no nnomy noyxnnm, n oymtnax
saan nx nocncrnnx. o crt cnauana namr, a norom ymamr. tnxmr na nna
nnunocrno nsnocrn y r n noocrxon (. . yxana, . . Fyxnon)
ramonnunt n ncramonnunt.
) +ro notunt, no nomantnt xaaxr. annt rnn
nn]anrnnnsma otuno onayxnnarcx c 78-nrnro nosacra: nox nr cx
coornrcrnnno n cnomy nosacry, a on mnammy. ro nonnnn nonaamr
nsnt, nnoxo xonronnymt +monnonantnt axnnn, cnocrnnnt manntxnm
rxm: xannsnocrt, xaxa yonontcrnnx, nrxax nctmamocrt, nonaamr nront
nnrct. axn rn ornnuamrcx nycnunnocrtm, crmnnnm x asnnunnxm,
ncnoconocrtm cnart ntno ns omnox n ns ontra yrnx nm. m ryno na um-ro
58
cocorounrtcx, nx nocroxnno uro-ro ornnxar. nn nrxo cmmrcx, a raxx nrxo
onxamrcx n nnauyr.
1012 roam y ontmnncrna noontx r urt ncnxonornucxoro
nn]anrnnnsma ymntmamrcx. naxo rmnt ncnxnucxoro cosnannx oxastnamrcx
cnnmxom mnnntmn, n n noocrxonom nosacr urt ncnxnucxo nsnocrn moryr
m coxanxrtcx. 2025 roam urt ramonnucxoro rnna ncnxnucxoro nn]anrnnnsma
ccnno n oxonuarntno noxoxr, unonx xax t osnar n cannnnarcx co
cncrnnxamn.
no ns nnunn noxnnnnx nsnocrn xnnxrcx nsnxnnamm nocnnrann, xora
nxa ncxyccrnnno oraxamr or cnoxnocr xnsnn, ntnonnxmrcx nc ro xannst,
nnmamr ro camocroxrntnocrn, nc namr sa nro.
5) 9. nnnnt, ornocxmncx x annomy nny
nsnocrn, uam ncro nonaamr n non snnx mnnnnt. ncramonnuntx
nn]anrnnon ncruamrcx r x cnocrna, uro n y nramonnuntx, no xaxax-ro ona nnn
ncxontxo ur xaaxra sxo ntnxmrcx: y onnx moxr nonaart nosynmocrt, y
yrnx cnaononn, y rrtnx cxnonnocrt xo nxn n r. .
osynmt nananr ncramonnunoro nn]anrnnnsma saxnmuarcx n rom, uro y +rnx
r na nnt nnan ntcrynar roxunocrt, nrxax nstnuarocrt. nn no-rcxn
onunnt n annmt, ount uacro no ncm nnxr ncnannnnocrt, uacro cxananxr,
yrcx, no norom nnxoxr tcro n cx, acxannamrcx n ryr x satnamr o cnonx
omannxx.
nycrounnomy nananry ornocxr raxn nnsnaxn, xax: onsnnno cnaononn,
ncamocroxrntnocrt, nymnn n ncnoconocrt oncrn o xonna nmo no. ax
nannno, ns nycrounntx nn]anrnnon ]omnymrcx ntxnnnt, rynxnt, c xorotmn
ount ryno cnanrt.
rn nananr ncramonnunoro nn]anrnnnsma ). cruarcx
ncxontxo x, um ntymn, n n ornnun or nnx cnocrnnn rontxo nouxam.
crcrnnno, crnnt ncnxnucxo nsnocrn tnar asnnuno. cnmnocrt
xoxnnn sanncnr or nasnannoro ]axroa n rx m, xorot nnnnmamrcx no ornomnnm
x raxnm rxm c nntm xoxnnn nx asnnrnx. rn, craammn ncnxnucxnm
nn]anrnnnsmom, rymr nncrantnoro nnnmannx n axnarntx m narornucxoro
noscrnnx.
8. '" c C!"#C"&'!"0" I-00" C'/'("3
mn ornnuamrcx yr or yra n rontxo nnmnnm nnom, no n nnyrnnnm
coxannm: rmnamnrom, xaaxrom, nonnnm, nnrnnxrom n r. n. noncc
asnnrnx unonucxo nnunocrn n ncnxnxn n cnny nnnxnnx asnnuntx ]axroon, xax
nonornucxnx, rax n connantntx, nnsxno nosnnxar noxrnocrt roro, uro nxorot
nnunocrnt cnocrna rnnro]nymrcx, cosanax nnonronmt onnx ocoo nnunocrn.
nxorotx cnyuaxx naxonnnn nonaammnx n ncnxnucxom onnx nnunocrn cnocrn
nocnr ycrounno onocroonnn xaaxr: raxn cyxrt noxoxn yr na yra, xorx
sxo ornnuamrcx or otuntx nm. axnx nnunocr c xan ntaxnntmn n
ononnanontmn cnocrnamn xaaxra, n cnocontx ocrarouno nnrntno nmx s
xon]nnxron xnrt cn otuntx nm n ntnonnxrt xaxonnnt oxsannocrn,
nastnamr C!"#C"&'!"0".
-, +ro nmn, onaammn rxxntm xaaxrom, or xorooro craamr
onn camn, no n m ontm crnnn oxyxammn. 3ror rynt xaaxr nnnonr raxnx
cyxron x nocroxnntm ccoam c oxyxnnm n n nnym out c rmn, c xm onn uam
ncro omamrcx. nn nxnnxmr x oxyxammnm nontmnnt ronannx, sauacrym n
xonxrntx ycnonnxx nntnonnnmt. ymmmn nounnxrtcx, onn n cnocont
ntnonnxrt nnrntno nmx yxonoxmym ont, ntstnax x c ornnarntno
ornomnn ncntntunnocrtm, nrnnmocrtm, ntcoxomnm n yrnmn nocroxnno
ntaxnntmn uramn xaaxra.
c r cnocrna, xorot tnamr y ncnxonarnucxnx nm, ormuamrcx n y
otuntx. cnxonarnx +ro notuno cocroxnn, courann saocrnno ntaxnntx
59
otuntx unonucxnx xaaxron. o y ncnxonarnucxnx nnunocr onn rax cnntno
ntaxnt, rax cnoxno couramrcx, uro cosamr xxn norr unonxa, xaaxr
xorooro nar ro ncuacrntm n sacrannxr oxyxammnx nsrart nnrntnoro omnnx
c nnm.
onma ncnxonarn +ro n nonma nnrnnxra, +ro nonma +monn, nonn n
concrn. x ncro, concrn. '!+ +ro nnyrnnn cytx, nnyrnnn xonron
namro nonnnx. oncrt cxnatnarcx rnanntm oasom no nnnxnnm connantntx
noscrnn: nocnnrannx, yxnnx, xyntrnnnonannx n unonx nancrnnntx nonxrn.
o onn nmn on nocnnnmunnt x +romy, yrn noom nnocnnnmunnt.
um +ro cnxsano?
n ncnxonarnxx nnunocrt ]omnyrcx raxnm oasom, uro ona n moxr tcro
ycnonrt ro, uro xoomo, a uro nnoxo. mnno ncnxonaram mano uro mmar n xnsnn, nx
nnuro n ocranannnnar, onn uacro oxastnamrcx na nny.
tnxmr ncxontxo ocnonntx ]om ncnxonarnn.
9. nx nnx xaaxrna +xcnnrnunocrt, ncrcrnnnocrt,
rarantnocrt nonnnx, xaxa nnsnannx. nn ornnuamrcx nontmnno nnymamocrtm,
naxnonnocrtm ycrannart nynnunt cnnt.
1 9. nx +ro ]omt ncnxonarnn xaaxrna
ncxannocrt, nnosmoxnocrt romosnrt cnon a]]xrt. mxm, xorotm nncyma
annax ]oma, cnocrnnna arccnnnocrt. axy c +rnm onn ornnuamrcx nrarnnnsmom,
sacrnannm na mnouax, xonxrnocrtm mtmnnnx.
< 9. na nnsxa x nstnuaro ]om. 3nnnnron, snaunr
noxoxn na +nnnnrnxa, nmmmn +nnnnrnucxn urt xaaxra: usmnax cxynocrt,
nanrnunocrt, axxyarnocrt, nnnnocrt, nxsxocrt n r..
99 9. mn, craammn raxnmn ncnxonarnxmn, ntnxmrcx
nycrounntm nacronnm, xoroo moxr trt nontmnntm (rnnomannaxantntm) nnn
nonnxnntm (nccnnntm)
-)( 9 (naanonxn). nn nonunnt, noosnrntnt,
xon]nnxrnt nnn samxnyrt, cxnonnt x ontm nocronnxm, nxm, ornomnnxm. nn
uacro cunramr cx oonntmn, ymmnnntmn, nmmr naron, xorot cnnnantno
crnymr nornn nnx. 3rn ontnt nxo ncrynamr n cyrxxnym oty c
oxyxammnmn, noxnnxx crnnunocrt, xocnocrt no nsrnxax, mcrnrntnocrt, snona-
mxrnocrt.
> 9. nna c +ro ]omo ncnxonarnn uyaxn, n or mna cro,
crannt. uacro onn xnnyr n ortn or crnnrntnocrn, tnamr +monnonantno xonont
n cnx mt annonantnt, uacro naxoxrcx n ocotx ornomnnxx c cmt, n nmmr
nnnxsannocrn.
nx mnornx ncnxonarnucxnx nnunocr xaaxrno anrnconnantno nonnn.
cnxonarnucxn cnocrna onayxnnamrcx n rcrn n y ontmnncrna r n noocrxon
cranonxrcx samrntmn n mxontnom nosacr, sarm nnmno y 60 nonnron raxnx nnn
ncnxonarnucxn cnocrna naunnamr nocrnnno ymntmartcx. Fontmym ont n +rom
nrar nnnanannnno nocnnrann, onnrnonanno na xomnncannm n noannnn
nnomantntx cnocrn xaaxra, cnoxonax ocranonxa oma, n mxon, orcyrcrnn
nnmon nx ynoro noaxannx. ocrantntx ncnxonarnucxn cnocrna noonxamr
omnnnonart n xaaxr n ax oocrxmrcx n noocrxonom nosacr. tuno n 25
50-nrnm nosacr ncnxonarnucxn cnocrna samrno ymntmamrcx, nacrynar
ornocnrntnax xomnncannx cocroxnnx, xoroax no nnnxnnm ranmnymmnx ]axroon
nnont moxr ycnnnrtcx. ocn 5560 nr y mnornx nnont yxymarcx xaaxr.
n ncnxonarnxx no ncx ]omax nmmrcx ]xrt co croont moantno
c]t. nn ornnuamrcx xcroxocrtm, cuyncrnnm, cconcrnocrtm. o+romy n
noncc nocnnrannx noxonmo xyntrnnnonart n raxnx nmxx orcyrcrnymmn y nnx
cnocrna n, n nnym out, uyncrno nnnt sa conmnnt nocrynox.
C-!) /$3 !0(-$3
60
1. uro osnauar nonxrn nnunocrt?
2. oumy nonxrn nnunocrt accmarnnarcx n ncnxonornn xax connantno-
ncnxonornucxax cymnocrt unonxa?
3. oumy nnunocrt n rontxo oxr n noyxr omcrnnntx ornomnn, no n cyxr
xrntnocrn, omnnx, cosnannx n camocosnannx?
4. uro nm nonnmar no cryxryo nnunocrn? asonnr ocnonnt noxot x asaorx
cryxryt nnunocrn.
5. oanannsnyr cryxryy nnunocrn, nnoxnnym . om, ..
ynnmrnom, .. naronontm n .. roncxnm.
6. asonnr ocnonnt noxot n nccnonannn anomann asnnrnx nnunocrn.
7. uncnnr ocnonnt rynocrn n onnnnn nonxrn noma n naronornx n
asnnrnn nnunocrn.
8. axo asnnrn nnunocrn nxa nastnamr nomantntm n xaxo anomantntm?
9. acxor nosmoxnym +rnonornm anomantntx nnntux nonnnx y noocrxon, n
nmmmnx ncnxnucxo naronornn.
10. ar xarxym xaaxrncrnxy nosmoxntx anomann nnunocrn y r n noocrxon c
ncnxnucxo naronorn (c ymcrnnno orcranocrtm; c +nornntmn ncnxnucxnmn
saonnannxmn; c axrnnntmn cocroxnnxmn, xon]nnxrntmn nxnnannxmn,
acrnnxmn; y ncnxonarnucxnx nnunocr).
'0) /$3 /$/ " !.J'(",
1. .
". & & $ ! .
(. & & ! .
"'-H-
1. $&'!A 6. . xrntnocrt n ncnxonornx nnunocrn. .. 1980 .
2. ' /. .. 0 nonmax conmnnoro unonxosnannx. ., 1977.
3. . .. cnxonornx nnunocrn. ., s-no , 1991.
4. /, 1. 4, nunocrt n ]omnonann n rcxom nosacr. .: ocnmnn,
1968.
5. /&' /. . nomannn nnunocrn. .: tcnt, 1988.
6. . . axomy nxy nanxamn ycnonnx nocnnrannx n oyunnx (o
rxx c nmnno saxxo ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx). rn c naymnnxmn asnnrnx:
cromarnx. .: xynaonax narornucxax axamnx, 1995.
7. 3 /.., /&' /. . uxn no ncnxonornn anomantnoro asnnrnx nnunocrn.
.: s-no , 1980.
8. nncxn . . mn saxonomnocrn ncnxnucxoro nsonrornsa. rn c
naymnnxmn asnnrnx: cromarnx. .: xynaonax narornucxax
axamnx, 1995.
9. 1 . 7. cnxonarnn n axnnryannn xaaxra y noocrxon. cnxonornx noocrxa:
cromarnx ., 1997.
10. 1' . . xrntnocrt. osnann. nunocrt. ., 1975.
11. -&! . . cnxonornucxax nomomt rxm, nocnnrtnammnmcx n yuxnnxx
nnrnarnoro rnna // onoct ncnxonornn. N 1. 1988.
12. -&! . . osacrnax ncnxonornx: ]nomnonornx asnnrnx, rcrno, oroucrno.
.: xamnx, 1997.
13. ! :. -. unonx, nosna cx! anncxn ncnxnara. .: ayxa, 1991.
14. ), 1. cnxonornx anomantntx r n noocrxon naroncnxonornx. s-no
n-ra naxrnucxo ncnxonornn. oonx: , 1996.
15. ) 6. 6. cncrm ncnxonornn. ., 1972.
16. 8&$ . 1. cnont om ncnxonornn. ., 1946.
17. <' <. . onmt nsyunnx n xoxnnn saxxn ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx y
r. rn c naymnnxmn asnnrnx: cromarnx. .: xynaonax
narornucxax axamnx, 1995.
61
18. 2 3. nnn n ncnxoananns: xnnn. ., 1991.
19. >& .. cnxonornx anomantnoro asnnrnx nnunocrn n rcxom n noocrxono-
mnomcxom nosacr. nn, 1993.
20. >' 1., 3 ;. onn nnunocrn. , 1997.
21. ? . 4. cnxonarnocrnxa, xoxnnx n asnnrn nnunocrn. .: naoc,
1998.
?

9.A. E F
axnmnm ]axroom n ycnonnm asnnrnx nxa ntcrynar connantnax ca.
*"$+(3 !-'/ nc ro, uro oxyxar nac n connantno xnsnn n, nx ncro, nmn,
c xorotmn xaxt nnnnn naxonrcx n cnnn]nucxnx ornomnnxx. onnantnax ca
nmr cnoxnym cryxryy, ncrannxmmym coo mnoroyonnno oasonann,
nxnmuamm n cx mnorouncnnnt connantnt rynnt, xorot oxastnamr conmcrno
noscrnn na ncnxnucxo asnnrn n nonnn nnnnna. nx uncno nxoxr:
1. nxoca.
2. ocnnnt connantnt oasonannx, noscrnymmn na nnnnna.
3. axoconnantnt cryxryt maxoca.
"-!-'/ +ro nnxam oxyxnn, nc ro, uro nnoccrnnno nnnxr na
unonxa. n on ]omnyrcx n annsyr cx xax nnunocrt. 3ro: cmtx, rynna
rcxoro caa, mxontnt xnacc, nonsnocrnnnt xonnxrnn, asnnunt n]omantnt
rynnt omnnx n mnorn yrn onnnnx, c xorotmn unonx nocroxnno cranxn-
narcx n noncnnno xnsnn.
!'(()' !*"$+()' .-1("3D 1/',!HQJ"' ( "(/""/. 3ro
oasonannx, n cnxsannt nanxmym c nnnnnom. annm, nonsnocrnnnt
xonnxrnn nnoccrnnno cnxsan c onrnxmn, nx camoonnxo, +monnonantntm
cocroxnnm n r.., no nnmt xocnnno us onrn c nxom.
-!-'/ +ro cncrma connantntx ornomnn n omcrn. cryxryy n
coxann nxoxr conoxynnocrt mnornx xnnnn, n uncn xorotx na nno mcro
ntcrynamr +xonomnucxn, nanont, nonnrnucxn, nonornucxn n yrn ornomnnx.
asnannt xomnonnrt maxoct noscrnymr na nnnnnon xax nnoccrnnno
us saxont, connantnym nonnrnxy, nnnocrn, nomt, rannnn, ccrna maccono
xommynnxannn, rax n onoconanno us nnnxnn na mant rynnt, n xorot
nxnmun nnnnn.
rnomnnx mxy nmtmn nmmr mnoxn nanason. ax n macmraax
maxoct, rax n n ycnonnxx mnxoct onn mnoroxarno onoconannt. ncra,
nannm, ymxa nnn aymxa moryr naxonrtcx xom c nxom. o accxas orna o
ymx, ro xaucrnax xax unonx, moryr oxasart n mntm noscrnn na nxa,
um on yr naxonrtcx xom c nnm.
om nasnanno xnaccn]nxannn ntnxmr nnt connantno ct, n ocnony
nnnx xoroo rcx mcro rynnt n cryxry omcrnnntx ornomnn. cxox ns
+roro nnnnnna, ntnxmr: aouym, crynucxym, mxontnym connantnym cy n .
nx xaxoro ns nuncnnntx nnon connantno ct xaaxrnt onnnnt
ncnxonornucxn oconnocrn, naxnatnammn ornuarox na nnunocrt unonxa, a raxx
62
rynnt nm.
ymcrnyr raxx x yrnx nnsnaxon, c nomomtm xorotx moxno ntnnrt rnn
connantno ct. annm, no asnnnm rya asnnuamr roocxym n nncxym
cy, cy, nx xoroo xaaxrn ]nsnucxn nnn ymcrnnnt ry. o asnnuntm
nnam xrntnocrn nonsnocrnnnax, nonnrnucxax, nayunax, xyoxcrnnnax,
narornucxax n .
onxrnax connantnax ca ncrannxr coo n connantno-ncnxonornucxom
nnan conoxynnocrt ornomnn nnunocrn n rynn.
onnantnax ca, n xoroym nonaar nox, ntcrynar rmnnnymmnm
]axroom annsannn ro nornocr n sanocon, xnnxrcx naxnmnm ycnonnm
acxtrnx ro connantno cymnocrn xax unonxa. naxo connantno-ncnxonornucxn
xaucrna nox nnorar rontxo us cno ontr, omnn, us nnoccrnnnt
xonraxr co cncrnnxamn n nsocntmn n cmt, n rcxom ca, mxon, na ynnn, naroax
cocrnnno axrnnnocrn.
onnantnax ca no ornomnnm x nnunocrn nmr cannnrntno cnyuant
xaaxr. annm, onrnn, ntnax nx cnoro nxa yuno sannn, moryr
ocranonnrtcx n na rom, xoroo naxonrcx nanxo or oma, a na rom, uro naxonrcx
xom c omom aymxn, rax xax n cnny cno sanxrocrn onn n moryr ncruart nxa ns
mxont. o +ra cnyuanocrt n connantno-ncnxonornucxom nnan nrar ncxnmunrntno
ontmym ont, nocxontxy xaaxr n oconnocrn onnnntx nnunocr n oconnocrn
rynn naxnatnamr ornuarox na nx nsanmoornomnnx, rax xax nox nonaar n
connantno-ncnxonornucxym armoc]y, nncymym annomy xonnxrnny.
onnantnax ca onaar axrnnnocrtm, ona noscrnyr na unonxa, ynnxar,
saaxar ro coornrcrnymmnmn monxmn nonnnx. na moxr noyxart, a noo
nnnyxart x onnnntm crnnxm. naxo raxo noscrnn connantno ct na
nnunocrt n ncra nanannno n nyxnom ycn n sauacrym n ornuar saauam nocnnrannx
n asnnrnx nxa. urot ymntmnrt nncxasymocrt n nrarnnno noscrnn na
nnunocrt nxa, nnnnnmamrcx nontrxn cnart ynannxmo. nocnn nmx
n ncnxonornucxo n narornucxo nnrary noxnnnoct nonxrn asnnnammax
connantnax ca nnn coxamnno asnnnammax ca.
uro noasymnarcx no +rnm nonxrnm?
mnoxom nnan no -1"QJ', !*"$+(, !-'/, nonnmarcx onnnnax
omnocrt nm nnn orannsannx, cosannax c nntm annsannn xonxrntx
nocnnrarntntx n asnnnammnx saau n ammax nosmoxnocrt rxm, noocrxam n
mnomam acxtrt cno nnunocrnt nornnnan. cxox ns raxoro nonnmannx, x
asnnnamm connantno c moxno orncrn nmo yuno-nocnnrarntno yuxnn
nnn orannsannm. annym connantnym cy moxno nasnart yuno-nocnnrarntno,
mxontno, rcaoncxo n r. n. asnnnammax connantnax ca cnoxno orannsonana. na
moxr nmrt asnnunt orannsannonnt ]omt, ornnuartcx no cnomy coxannm n
nanannnnocrn.
I-0' -%("1*"" +ro moryr trt rynnt rcxoro caa, xnacc
omoasonarntno nnn cnnnantno mxont, rynnt r no nnmxontntx
yuxnnxx: mystxantntx, xyoxcrnnntx, cnornnntx n yrnx mxonax, asnnunoro
rnna cxnnn, crynn, asnnunt nnrt, narn n r.n.
/'-2("' asnnnamm connantno ct onnxrcx cncrmo asnnuntx
ornomnn nxa co cncrnnxamn, on cramnmn rtmn n noocrxamn, naroramn,
nocnnrarnxmn, onrnxmn yrnx r, nsocntmn, ncrynammnmn c nnmn n omnn, n
mnornmn yrnmn ]axroamn. oxann +rnx ornomnn moxr nocnrt asnnunt xa-
axr: moantno-nancrnnnt (+rnucxn), nnrnnxryantnt (nosnanarntnt),
+crrnucxn, trono.
C-$'((!+ omnnx n ycranannnnammnxcx ornomnn mxy
nsanmocrnymmnmn nnnnnamn raxx ncrannxr snaunrntnym nanarnnnocrt, n
ocnon xoroo nxnr nx nornocrno-mornnannonnax c]a. onom cnyua +ro moxr
trt xxo ntaxnno crmnnn yonnrnonrt cnom nosnanarntnym nornocrt, n
yrnx xomnncnonart nmmmncx ]xr, n rrtnx nxa moxr nnnnxart n
63
ro, uro crmxrcx art nsocnt, a asnnunt manocrn, cnntno nmxnnonoxnn
n .
asnannt xaaxrncrnxn asnnnamm connantno ct saamrcx nsnn n
onnxmrcx nnxmn n saauamn oyunnx, nocnnrannx n asnnrnx. nxy nnn
noocrxy, nonanmmy n raxym asnnnammym connantnym cy, ncrannxrcx mnoxn
nto nyr nnrnnxryantnoro, ]nsnucxoro, +crrnucxoro, moantno-nancrnnnoro
asnnrnx. naxo cam nox n n cocroxnnn mnrt, uro my nart n xax n +rom
ornomnnn nocrynart. my nx nosnnxnonnnx y nro ycrounno mornnannn x romy nnn
nnomy nny xrntnocrn nyxna ymnax nomomt nsocnoro unonxa, n cuacrt ntnaar
romy nxy, y xorooro oxastnarcx xom unonx, cnocont sannrconart n ynnut
ro n nyxnom nanannnnn asnnrnx.
axy c mnoxnm nonnmannm asnnnamm connantno ct cymcrnyr on
ysxo onnnn, xoroo moxno oosnaunrt rmnnom cnnnantnax asnnnammax
connantnax ca.
C'*"$+(3 -1"QJ3 !*"$+(3 !-'/ ncrannxr coo raxym
orannsannm xnsnxrntnocrn r, n xoroo noccrnom onnnnoro
cncrmooasymmro xomnonnra cosarcx ocoax connantno-ncnxonornucxax
armoc]a, cnococrnymmax noxnnnnm ramonnunoro courannx nsanmoornomnn
nxa n connantno ct, n xoroax noyxar r trt axrnnntmn n nnycrm-
nnntmn.
nmom raxo cnnnantno asnnnamm connantno ct moxno nasnart ontr
asnnrnx nnunocrn nxa, naxonnnnt . . axanxo n orannsannn oyunnx n
nocnnrannx cnnsontx r n ycnonnxx rcxo xononnn. nnm ns naxnmnx
cncrmooasymmnx xomnonnron cnnnantno connantno ct, cosanno nm,
xnnxrcx, na nam nsrnx, ]nomn ornrcrnnno sanncnmocrn.
nx ocmtcnnnx nxorotx oconnocr noncca connantno annnrannn
r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn ncrannxr nnrc nnoxnnax n 60-x roax
. .mancxnm raxax ]oma orannsannn xnsnxrntnocrn mxontnnxon no nnyuno
nmx, xax asnonosacrnt orxt. x n cosann +rnx orxon ncxonna ns
nnonoxnnx o rom, uro nn omnnn n nsanmocrnnn r asntx nosacron
cosamrcx naronnxrnt ycnonnx nx ycxonnoro asnnrnx mnamnx mxontnnxon n
]omnonannx nonoxnrntntx moantno-nancrnnntx xaucrn y on cramnx r n
noocrxon.
nmno n +ro x nmx . . mancxn nnoxnn yrym ]omy cnnnantno
asnnnamm connantno ct nx nororonxn mxontntx nnon, xoroax tna
annsonana n orannsannn narx cramxnaccnnxon omcor. n o cosannn
cnnnantno asnnnamm ct tnn asnnrt n noonxnt ro yunnxamn: . .
untmntm, . . xarontm, . . Bannntm n . nacroxm nmx n ycx, r
nnnt noxnnnact annax ]oma cnnnantno asnnnamm connantno ct, naxy c
narm omcor, crnymmnm c 1961 roa, cosant n ]ynxnnonnymr no rnny
nasnannoro narx raxn onnnnx monoxn n mxontnnxon, xax: rnxant,
ononnr, nart r c saxxo ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx n .
ocnon nx ]ynxnnonnonannx nxnr onrnmantno courann coxarntnoro n
ynnxarntnoro ortxa r c ononmnntm mnnm no asaoranno nx xaxoro
narx noramm cnnnantntx oyuammnx, asnnnammnx n nocnnrarntntx saau.
]omam cnnnantno asnnnamm connantno ct moxno orncrn raxx
yuxnnx n nnrt, nnsnannt ocymcrnnxrt connantnym annnrannm r n
noocrxon c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn. 3ro x nnn cnyxar asnnunt
rnnnront sanxrnx, na xorotx mamrcx xax asnnnammn, rax n xoxnnonnt
saaun; cnnnantntm oasom orannsonannax nronax xrntnocrt, n xoroo na nno
mcro ntcrynamr crnnx n nocrynxn, nonsnt nx nxoxnnx nxa n antnym
xnsnt; ncrun, cnyxamn nx asnnrnx y r noxonmtx xommynnxarnnntx xaucrn.
yrax ]oma orannsannn cnnnantno asnnnamm connantno ct,
nonyunnmax n nocnn nmx nnsnann n aor c noocrxamn n cramnmn
mxontnnxamn, +ro oyuammax ncnxonarnocrnxa. +ry ]omy aort sanoxn nnnnnn
64
camonosnannx n camoasnnrnx na ocnon anannsa n ncnontsonannx anntx, nonyunntx c
nomomtm ncnxonarnocrnucxnx nony.
rax, connantnax ca +ro cnoxno mnoroyonnno oasonann, xonxrno
noxnnnn omcrnnntx ornomnn, cnoxnnmnxcx n omcrn, n xorotx xnnr n
asnnnarcx xonxrnax nnunocrt. o nx roro, urot connantnax ca nnnxna na nxa
nnnanannnno, cnococrnonana ]omnonannm cnocrn nnunocrn, noxonmtx nx
+]]xrnnnoro nxoxnnx n ycnmnoro nsanmocrnnx c n, ryrcx cosann ocotx,
cnnnantntm oasom onnrnonanntx ycnonn. axnm ycnonnm nn orannsannn
connantno annnrannn r c orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn n xnnxrcx cnnnantnax
asnnnammax connantnax ca.
9.B. K

U
rn, nmmmn r nnn nnt orannunnx xnsnxrntnocrn, ornnuamrcx or
connantno nnsnannoro nana. 3rn asnnunx noxnnxmrcx no nnmnm nn,
cnoconocrxx, ]omax nonnnx, nxorotx cnocrnax nnunocrn. cnny +rnx n yrnx
nnunn x nnm n omcrn rannnonno cnoxnnoct ocoo ornomnn. onxrn nnnann
no nc nmna osnauano nnnront x xrntnocrn, a nx rocyacrna, xoroo tno
ntnyxno saraunnart na nnx onnnnt ccrna, onn cranonnnnct nxnnnnamn.
nooasnt rynocrn n omnnn n no nsanmocrnnn c nnmn nosnnxann n y
oxyxammnx nm. mmmncx orxnonnnx n asnnrnn nocnnnnmannct nmn xax uro-ro
rnoxno, yroxamm n ax onacno.
cronx cnnrntcrnyr o rom, uro nsrnx na r, nmmmnx xnsnnnt
orannunnx, mnxncx no m asnnrnx nayuno mtcnn n omcrna n nnom. +ro cnxsn
ycnonno ntnxmr rn +rana: mncrnucxn, nannno-nonornucxn n nayunt,
conocrannnn xorotx nosnonxr rnyx nonxrt rnnnnm asnnrnx ornomnn
omcrna x nmxm c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn.
nt +ran nxnmuar n cx nno or nnmnx nmn nnnort o XVIII nxa.
nnnx o +rom nno mt naxonm n nrnax, mn]ax, nocnonnnax, cxasxax, yrnx
ycrntx n nnctmnntx ncrounnxax. mn n rom nnn nnom ]xr nnnn, nx ncro,
oromno ncuacrt unonxa, x xoroomy ornocnnnct c cynntm craxom n ynaxnnm.
axy c ornomnnm x anomantntm nmxm xax cnomomntm, ssamnrntm n
saomnntm cymcrnam, tronano yxnn n rom, uro nmn c ]xramn, nannm
cnnt, onaamr mncrnucxnmn cnnamn, nm ocrynno yxonno snann n nnnn nmcro
yraunnoro ]nsnucxoro snnx.
roo +ran naunnarcx c +noxn nocnmnnx (XVIII n.). +ror nno na mcro
mncrnxn nnxonr nayxa, na mcro nyxnnx ontr n nsyunn nnsncrntx
xnnnn. rornucxom nnan nont nsrnx annsonancx n yunnn o nnxanar oranon
uyncrn. ornacno +romy nossnnm ntnann ono ns ]ynxnn nocnnxrnx, nocrarox
onoro orana xomnncnyrcx nontmnnm ]ynxnnonnonannx n asnnrnx yrnx
oranon. naxo nccnonannx n +ro onacrn ount cxoo onayxnnn ncocroxrntnocrt
+ro ronn. ro x nmx no nsrnxax na nxa, nmmmro xnsnnnt orannunnx,
tn cnan snaunrntnt mar nn.
3mnnnucxn noxo x nsyunnm nm c ]xramn orxtn nyrt x sanonannm
nayuno ncrnnt o nxorotx ]nsnucxnx nocrarxax. ax, naxrnucxnm cncrnnm +rnx
nossnn xnnnact orannsannx nocnnrannx n oasonannx cnntx, noxnnnn nx nnx
cnnnantno asyxn (asyxa Fanx), uro nosnonnno orxtrt nsxunm ocryn x xyntry n
connantno xnsnn.
auano rrtmy, nayunomy, +rany n nonnmannn ncnxonornn anomantnoro unonxa
nonoxnnn aort ancrncxoro ncnxonora . na n ro mxont, asaartnanm
mrot nnnnnyantno ncnxonornn. mn tno oocnonano snaunn n ncnxonornucxax
ont orannucxoro ]xra n noncc asnnrnx n ]omnonannx nnunocrn.
ornacno ro nsrnxam, cnn xaxo-nno oran ns-sa mo]onornucxo nnn
]ynxnnonantno nnonnonnnocrn n cnannxrcx nnonn co cno aoro, ro
65
nnrantnax nnnax cncrma n ncnxnucxn annaar nnnnmar na cx saauy
xomnncnonart sarynnno ]ynxnnonnonann orana. a manonnntm oranom nnn
]ynxnn cosarcx ncnxnucxax nacroxa, crmxmaxcx ocnunrt xnsnxrntnocrt
orannsma n cnaom nnn yroxammm nynxr.
n connxocnonnnn c nnmn co nosnnxar xon]nnxr, ntsnannt
ncoornrcrnnm nocrarounoro orana nnn ]ynxnnn c nx saauamn, uro nr x
nontmnno saonnamocrn n cmrnocrn. 3ror xon]nnxr cosar n ononnnrntnt
crnmynt cnxxomnncannn. ]xr cranonnrcx, raxnm oasom, ncxono rouxo n
rnanno nnxym cnno ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx nnunocrn. cnn ota xonuarcx nx
orannsma noo, ro on n rontxo cnannxrcx c cosanntmn ]xrom sarynnnxmn,
no nonnmarcx cam n cnom asnnrnn na ntcmym crynnt, cosanax ns nocrarounocrn
oannocrt, ns ]xra cnoconocrn, ns cnaocrn cnny, ns manonnnocrn cnx-
nnnocrt.
naunrntnt nxna n nonnmann oconnocr asnnrnx anomantntx r nncnn
.. Fxrn, .. trorcxn, .. ynx, F.. rannx n mnorn yrn. nacroxm
nmx onnnnnct ocnonnt nanannnnx nsyunnx r, nmmmnx ror nnn nno
]xr. oncmcrno cosant n ]ynxnnonnymr cnnnantnt mxont n annnrannonnt
nnrt nx ymcrnnno orcrantx r, r c nor snnx, cnyxa, un, c
naymnnxmn onono-nnrarntnoro annaara. oxno onosnauno cxasart, uro n omcrn
nonsomn onnnnt nonoxnrntnt cnnr n ornomnnxx x anomantntm rxm.
naxo n nnom ornomnn omcrna n +ro onacrn nntsx cunrart onrnmantntmn.
cramrcx xnnyunmn naccyxn (nyxnnx) n crornnt no ornomnnm x
anomantntm rxm. x noxnnnn nmr ony ocnony nxnrnucxo nocnnxrn mnnnx
yrnx nm n orannunnt nnunt ontr omnnx n nsanmocrnnx c anomantntmn
nmtmn.
cxxn rncnt nocrarox n rontxo nsmnxr ornomnn nxa x mny, no n
cxastnarcx na ornomnnxx c nmtmn, noxnnxrcx xax connantnax nnomantnocrt
nonnnx. ax n cmt nox, nmmmn ]xr, ncra oconnt nox,
nsanncnmo or roro, cmorxr nn na nro xax na rxxnym oysy nnn oxyxamr ro ynonno
nmontm. syntrar y unonxa, nmmmro ]xr, ntaartnarcx cnooasnax
connantnax ycranonxa, axnarnax ornomnnm omcrna, n on nnnnmar nocrnnno +rn
ocot ornomnnx.
o ntaxnnm .. Fxrna, nc cnxsn c nmtmn, nc momnrt, onnxmmn
romrnucxo mcro unonxa n connantno c, ro ont xax yuacrnnxa xnsnn, nc
]ynxnnn trnx ncrannamrcx no nontm yrnom. naxo +rn oconnocrn n ncra
ocosnamrcx n n yunrtnamrcx n antntx ornomnnxx c rtmn, nmmmnmn xnsnnnt
orannunnx.
a crnnt orroxnnx anomantntx r nnnxmr n ocnonnom na ]axroa:
mora]nucxn n cam ]xr. ax, nannm, no anntm xa nccnonann xnrnn
rooon nacront no ornomnnm x anomantntm rxm n noocrxam on nrarnnno, um
xnrnn nontmnx nnt. nncxn xnrnn uam noxnnxmr x nnm cxotcrnocrt
n antrynsm.
uro x xacarcx ]xra, ro, no anntm . oxa, nanmn nnmnmtm n
omcrn cunrarcx ymcrnnnax orcranocrt, an n nmmmcx nnrary yxastnarcx
cnnora, na rrtm mcr rnyxora, na urnrom naymnnx onono-nnrarntnoro
annaara, na nxrom unt naymnnx.
syntrart nccnonannx, nonnnoro no namnm yxonocrnom, n ocnonnom
nornnnn +rn annt. ax, 68 nonnron mxontnnxon ntcxasann nnosmoxnocrt
yxnrt c ymcrnnno orcrantm nxom. ro x nmx co cnntm mornn t noyxnrtcx
73 nonnra onomnntx, c xanxo 72 nonnra, c naymnnm un 78 nonnron,
c rnyxnm 70 nonnron. num mnnnx noux n mantunxon ncxontxo ornnuamrcx.
nouxn 7, 9 xnaccon n nc yuamncx 11 xnaccon nxnarntntm n mxnnunocrntx
ornomnnxx n omnnn na nno mcro nocrannnn ]xr ymcrnnno orcranocrn. arm
nyr ]xrt cnyxa, naymnnx un, snnx n onono-nnrarntnoro annaara. nor
mantunxn 7 n 9 xnaccon na nno nxnarntno mcro cranxr naymnn cnyxa. c
66
ocrantnt ]xrt nx nnx nnmno onnaxont.
s nonyunntx anntx moxno cnart ntno o rom, uro nx noocrxon n cramnx
mxontnnxon na nno mcro n ornnarntno onnx ntcrynamr r xaucrna ]xrnnnoro
cncrnnxa, xorot ontm ncro mmamr omnnm n ycranonnnnm rx nnn nntx
mxnnunocrntx nsanmocrnn.
rarnnno ornomnn omcrna x rxm n noocrxam, a raxx nontmnnt ost
xanocrn n nnnmannx cosamr nx nnx n rontxo xnsnnnt nyocrna, no n ornnarntno
cxastnamrcx na ]omnonannn nnunocrn.
noncc connantnoro asnnrnx cxnatnamrcx nnyrnnn nnxymn cnnt
nnunocrn, cosarcx cyxrnnnt mn, nnum nmcr c ro nocrnnntm ycnoxnnnm
nosnnxamr nornnounx cyxrnnnoro n oxrnnnoro, nnmnro n nnyrnnro
xaaxra, uro oycnonnnnar nanxxnn n yxonno c] nnunocrn. r c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn rmnnanro nosnnxnonnnx +rnx nornnoun cnyxnr
]xr.
naxo n snaunrntno crnnn nosnnxnonnn nornnoun n yxonnoro
nanxxnnx sanncnr or ornomnnx omcrna x anomantntm rxm, a raxx or
oconnocr xonxrnoro unonxa.
annm, n noocrxonom nosacr nnrncnnno ]omnyrcx raxo
nonooasonann, xax camocosnann. ro asnnrn nastnno cnxsano c nornocrtm
camoyrnxnnx n coornrcrnymm connantno c. coxannnm, nto
]nrno rynnt n ys nx nxa c ]xrom nontmo, nomantnt rn
sauacrym ornramr r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, n +ra naxnmax connantnax
nornocrt noocrxa, raxnm oasom, n annsyrcx.
ocroxnn nyonnrnonnoro camoyrnxnnx nr, xax nannno, x ]omannn
nnunocrn, x nosnnxnonnnm y n moantno nycrounnocrn n onycromnnocrn. cnn x
+ra nornocrt yonnrnona, ro orxtnarcx nyrt x annsannn nosmoxnocr nnunocrn
n asnnuntx mammnx c]ax xnsnxrntnocrn n rya.
nrnucxo rouxo n xnsnn anomantnoro nxa, nsanncnmo or roro, xaxnm
]xrom on craar, xnnxrcx nno, xora on naunnar ocosnanart, uro ro nnmnn
annt ornnuamrcx or yrnx nm n ntrarcx n +ro cnxsn nnocxnrnrt nocncrnnx
nx nro +rnx asnnun. cnyua cnn oxyxammn nxa nmn nnxaxnm oasom n
axnnrnymr nnnmann na ]xr n nyocrnax, xorot on ncr nxy, moantnax
ncnxnucxax nanxxnnocrt nocrnnno cnaar. cnn x nox cranonnrcx oxrom
nacmmx n nsnarntcrna co croont cncrnnxon n oxyxammnx, nosnnxar
rxxnmn nnyrnnn xon]nnxr, nocncrnnx xorooro tnamr ryno ncxasymtmn.
axnm oasom, moxno cnart ntno, uro connantnt craryc nm c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn nc m ount nnsxn. xynaont ontr rononr o
rom, uro nonxrt ro nnnynrntntmn mamn n ncrannxrcx nosmoxntm.
crnnrntno nxnmunn raxan c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n connantnym
xnsnt noryr m nmano nmnn, ]nnancontx cycon, ononnnrntntx ycnnn.
nnm ns raxnx nanannnn xnnxrcx connantnax annnrannx xax noncc nosnamnnx
n nnomnnx nm x connantno xnsnn, xoroax nosnonnr cosanart ycnonnx nx on
+]]xrnnnoro nxoxnnx nm c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n connantnym cy n
ryonym xrntnocrt.
mn naxno xnnxrcx nonma, cnxsannax c nsmnnnm na yonn
omcrnnnoro cosnannx omcrnnnoro mnnnx no ornomnnm x nnnam, nmmmnm
nnnannnocrt. uart, ano, rnnnnn, noun ccrna maccono nn]omannn
onxnt n nnom xnmu nocnnrtnart y nacnnnx ynaxnrntno ornomnn xo ncm
nmxm, oxasanmnmcx ns-sa ]nsnucxoro nnn ncnxnucxoro ]xra n sarynnrntnom
nonoxnnn. uyncrno nnonnonnnocrn, nosnnxamm y nnx n cnxsn c nnonnmannm nx
nonm, mmar nm xnrt, nontsonartcx nosmoxnocrxmn unonucxo xnsnn, a y r
]omnymrcx xaucrna, n nosnonxmmn nm +]]xrnnno nsanmocrnonart c connantno
co.
9.5.
67

onxrn aanrannx (or nar. cnona adapto nncnoconxm) +ro
nncnoconnn orannsma x nnmnnm ycnonnxm. conmnno connantno ncnxonornn
anno nonxrn raxryrcx mnoxo. nnnn, cornacno .. roncxomy, nsnauantno
onaar crmnnnm x nnyrnn nnn, n coornrcrnnn c xoroo nnnonrcx n crnn
nc s ncxnmunnx noxnnnnx ro axrnnnocrn. 3ra nnyrnnxx nnt acxtnarcx n
nonxrnn /C"(3 (C-$'((!+ ncx ncnxnucxnx nonccon n nonnucxnx
axron. ma nxoxr noncct nncnoconnnx nnnnna x nnono n connantno c,
noncct camonncnoconnnx: camorynxnnx, nounnnn ntcmnx nnrcon nnsmnm n
yrn.
sanncnmocrn or raxronxn nn xnsnxrntnocrn nnnnna ntnxmr
cnymmn nananrt nosmoxno nanannnnocrn aanrannn:
1) romocrarnucxn nananr aanrnnnt ncxo cocronr n ocrnxnnn
annoncnx;
2) ronncrnucxn nananr aanrnnnt ncxo cocronr n nacnaxnnn,
nsrannn craann;
3) narmarnucxn nananr aanrnnnt ncxo cocronr n naxrnucxo
nonts, ycnx.
c uacrnt crmnnnx no ornomnnm x om nnyrnn nycranonnnno
nnn onnnnamrcx xax aanrnnnt n naanrnnnt. onxrnx aanrnnnocrt
naanrnnnocrt acxtnamrcx xax rnnnnn ]ynxnnonnonannx nnycrmnnno
cncrmt n onnxmrcx coornrcrnnm ncoornrcrnnm mxy nnxmn n
ocrnrnyrtmn syntraramn.
/C"(!+ ntaxarcx n cornaconannn nnn n syntraron
]ynxnnonnonannx.
'/C"(!+ cocronr n rom, uro mxy nntm n syntrarom axrnnnocrn
nnnnna cxnatnamrcx nornnononoxnt ornomnnx: namnn n connaar c xnnm,
samtcn c ntnonnnnm, noyxnn x crnnm c ro nroramn. x nconnannx
nnn n syntrara xnnxrcx onnxmm xaaxrncrnxo naanrnnnocrn.
asnannt nornnounx n xnnnnn naanrnnnocrn nnsxnt n nycrannmt, no
n nnx noxnnxmrcx n rontxo nrarnnnt rnnnnn, no n norccnnnt n nnx
ncrounnx nnamnxn nnnnna, ro cymcrnonannx n asnnrnx. ax, cnn nnt n
ocrnrnyra, ro +ro noyxar ro noonxart axrnnnocrt n annom nanannnnn.
aanrnnnocrt moxr ntcrynart n xax saanrnnnocrt n cnyua nocroxnno nyaun
nn nontrx annsonart nnt nnn x nn nannunn nyx nnn on annosnaunmtx nn.
cnxsn c mnoxo raxronxo nonxrnx aanrannx asnnuamr ncxontxo nnon:
]nsnonornucxym, ncnxo]nsnonornucxym, ncnxnucxym, connantnym. nmnnrntno x
nonccy connantno annnrannn nanontmn nnrc ncrannxmr ncnxnucxax,
connantno-ncnxonornucxax n connantnax aanrannn.
!"#"&'!3 /C*"3 +ro ncnxnucxo xnnnn, ntaxammcx n
ncrox nnamnucxoro crornna nnunocrn n coornrcrnnn c nontmn ronannxmn
oxyxamm ct.
*"$+(>C!"#$%"&'!3 /C*"3 +ro onrnmnsannx nsanmoornomnn
nnunocrn n rynnt, cnnxnn nn nx xrntnocrn, nnnocrntx onnrannn, ycnonn
nnnnnom nom n rannn rynn, nxoxnn nx onnym cryxryy.
*"$+(3 /C*"3 +ro nocroxnnt noncc axrnnnoro nncnoconnnx
nnnnna x ycnonnxm connantno ct.
asnannt rnnt aanrannn, xorx n nmmr cnon cnnn]nucxn oconnocrn,
noxnnxmrcx xax nno nno, n nnom noncc nncnoconnnx nxa x nontm
cnryannxm xnsnn. oncc aanrannn nxa x oxyxamm connantno c nr
nntnno. naxo ro otuno cnxstnamr c xannantntmn nsmnnnxmn,
noncxoxmnmn na xnsnnnom nyrn nnnnna.
nt yoxn nncnoconnnx x nsanmocrnnm c nmtmn on nonyuar n cmt, n
xyry nnsxnx nx nro ooxnarntno nacronntx ontx n nnsxnx. o connantnax
xnsnt n orannunnarcx amxamn cmtn. unt tcro c nsocnnnm nxa ona
68
oxnartnar nont c]t, nnnnmar nont ]omt n coxann. axntmn crynnxmn nx
nro cranonxrcx omxontno yuxnn, mxona, ]omantnt n n]omantnt rynnt
omnnx, nxnmunn n ryonym xrntnocrt, cosann cmtn n mnoro yro. xaxt
as, n xaxom nonom onnnnn my nnxonrcx noxnnart nnn nnorart sanono
cno connantno-ncnxonornucxn craryc.
uncn ocnonntx ]axroon, onnxmmnx ycnmno nnn nycnmno nxoxnn
nxa n connantnym cy, ntcrynamr oconnocrn camoro nxa n oconnocrn
mnxoconnantno ct, n xoroym on nxnmuarcx.
nnnnnyantntm oconnocrxm nxa, or xorotx sanncnr +]]xrnnnocrt ro
aanrannn, ornocxr ro nornocrno-mornnannonnym c]y (nornocrn, nnn, mornnt,
ycranonxn n r.n.), +monnonantnt n nnrnnxryantnt cnocrna, a raxx nxorot
xaaxronornucxn n rnnonornucxn oconnocrn. num c nosacrom onn
nrnnamr snaunrntnt nsmnnnx. cnn n omxontnom rcrn onn, xax nannno,
nocxr nocosnanamt xaaxr, ro c asnnrnm camocosnannx nnoramr ontmym
ocosnannocrt n nnnanannnnocrt.
sanncnmocrn or cryxryt nornocrno-mornnannonno c]t nxa
ntnxmr na ocnonntx rnna aanrannonnoro noncca: axrnnnt n naccnnnt.
"(), "C /C*"". nx nro xaaxrna nnycrmnnnocrt nxa nnn
noocrxa n nanaxnnannn xonraxron co cncrnnxamn nnn yrnmn nmtmn, axrnnnt
noncx ronanm na ocnon omnx nnrcon. r +roro rnna nmnnt nyaun n
asouaontnamr, a noyxamr x ontm axrnnnocrn.
!!"(), "C /C*"" xaaxrnsyrcx nxnrnucxnm, xon]omntm
nnnxrnm nn n nnnocrntx onnrannn rynnt.
nn aanrannn cymcrnnno cxastnarcx na connannsannn nxa n ycnonnn nm
connantnoro ontra. cxox ns rnnonornucxoro noxoa x nsyunnm nnunocrntx
oconnocr, ntnxmr cnymmn rnnt ]omnonannx nnunocrn n nsanmocrnnx c
oxyxamm co: ramonnunt, omnnnymmn, uyncrnnrntnt, xon]omnt,
rnoxnt, nnronrnonannt n nn]anrnntnt. nn oycnonnnnamr nsnarntnym
uyncrnnrntnocrt x asnnuntm narornntm noscrnnxm n onnxmr +]]xrnnnocrt
aanrannn nxa x oxyxamm c (3.. nxcanoncxax, 1987).
1. ) 9 . r +roro rnna n anno m
c]omnonant nc nnunocrnt cnocrna. nn omnrntnt, ynnt n c, ycnmno
xonronnymr cno nonnn, y nnx nnsxn yonnt rnoxnocrn n nanxxnnocrn.
naxo nn nc ycrounnocrn nx nnunocrno cryxryt moxno nnannntntm
nocnnrannm naymnrt crcrnnnt noncc asnnrnx nnunocrn. n noxnnnnn
nnsnaxon nynnnocrn xomnyrcx oarnrt nnnmann na mnxoconnantnym
cnryannm nx asnnrnx n nontrartcx ycrannrt nnn cnnsnrt ncnxoranmnymmn ]axrot.
n r ramonnunoro rnna ntnxrcx ocoax rynna, ornnuammaxcx
nontmnntm yonnm nosyxnnx n nnrarntno axrnnnocrn. axnm rxm nonsna
nocroxnnax nnrarntnax asxxa nx cnxrnx nosnnxmro nnanxxnnx.
#. '(8) . oono ramonnunomy rnny
onaar ycrounno cryxryo nnunocrn. rn +roro rnna ornnuamrcx craarntnocrtm,
ooconcrnocrtm, no nx ntnxr cnntnax sanncnmocrt or cnryannn, nornocrn
nocrynart cornacno cymcrnymmnm nomam nonnnx. on]nnxrnax cnryannx nosnnxar,
cnn onn n cnannxmrcx c yuno narysxo. r annoro rnna craar asnnrn
nantnoro nnrnnxra no rnny connantno-narornucxo sanymnnocrn, xyntryno
saxxn asnnrnx. rn xon]omnoro rnna crmxrcx n crontxo x ycnmnomy onnannm
yuno xrntnocrtm, cxontxo x connantnomy noomnnm nx crnn n nocrynxon. nn
moryr trt yonnrnont nnsxo onnxo, cnn sa n n yramr. nn ooxnarntnt,
orstnunnt, uro rymr n or yrnx.
7. 5!%) 9 . rnnunrntnax oconnocrt
crmnnn x camocroxrntnocrn n nsanncnmocrn, camoyrnxnnm. Fontmnncrno
mantunxn. nn nnocnnnt, uacro naymamr ncnnnnnny, craaxct ncxucxn nnnnut
nnnmann oxyxammnx. ymcrnymr na nananra omnnnymmro rnna: x nnomy orno-
cxrcx rn, cxnonnt x nncrny; xo nroomy rn, noxnnxmmn nnronrnonannt
69
urt. nn rmcnannt n xyr ntcoxnx onnox cnonx ocrnxnn. on]nnxrnax cnryannx
nx r +roro rnna moxr nosnnxnyrt rora, xora oxyxammn nx nmn namr nontrxy
noannrt, nounnnrt nx. +rom cnyua onn moryr noxnnrt arccnm, ncrynamr n axy n
yrn xon]nnxrt.
?. 3") . aaxrna nontmnnax +monnonantnax nycrounnocrt,
nsnnmn nonnnn, rnoxnocrt, nnsxax crccoycrounnocrt. ymax xrntnocrt nx
nnx omnn. a raxnx r ornnarntno cxastnamrcx cnryannn nontmnnoro
crcca, uro cnxsano c xnannm cnart aory xax moxno nyum. cnxoranmnymmn
cnryannn cnxsant c nyauamn n yunnn, oconno n omnnn. 3monnonantnt naymnnx
noxnnxmrcx n nn axnnn rnorn n nynnnocrn n c. ontmnnax rnoxnocrt n
nanxxnnocrt r +roro rnna oycnonnna uam ncro nonornucxnmn ]axroamn
nnarononyunm nnyrnyronoro asnnrnx, nocncrnnxmn nn]xnnonntx saonnann
n annm rcrn n .
@. ) . connocrn +roro rnna nanannnnocrt na
nosnanarntnym xrntnocrt. x ornnuar ntcoxn yonnt nnrnnxra, no onn
samxnyrt, manoomnrntnt, ncncrnn uro noxnnxmr nontmnnym nosynmocrt,
rnoxnocrt n nanxxnnocrt. nx nnx mano nnmnmt xonnxrnnnt ]omt aort. o
yonnm axrnnnocrn r +roro rnna nxr na n norynnt: axrnnnym n naccnnnym.
accnnnt nananr xaaxrnt stnnnnarnnnocrt, accxnnocrt, yxo n cx. nx
axrnnnoro nontmnnax nosynmocrt, nnora noxnnxmrcx arccnnnt ]omt
nonnnx. raxnx r nocrarount camoxonront moxr cnnxart noyxrnnnocrt
xrntnocrn. noco arnonannx na xon]nnxrt sanncnr or yonnx axrnnnocrn.
naccnnnoro nananra, xax nannno, camonsonxnnx, y axrnnnoro axnnx norcra,
arccnx no ornomnnm x oxyxammnm, nnora nouxnnann naxnarno cocrnnno
nnormnmocrn.
nxoconnantnax ca, n xoroo aanrnyrcx nnnnn, n xaucrnnnom
ornomnnn ncxnmunrntno asnooasna. na moxr ntcrynart nx nro xax uyxax n
nnsxax, naroxnarntnax nnn arccnnnax, naronnxrnax nnn nnaronnxrnax. n
nxoxnnn nxa nnn noocrxa n naronnxrnym cy cosamrcx onnnnt n-
noctnxn nx annsannn connantntx nornocr: xaxt c yurom cnonx
nnnnnyantntx oconnocr naxonr nx cx omn nnrct, nnsxnx c
ronanm, nnorarcx onnnnt connantno-ncnxonornucxn craryc.
r, nmmmnx r nnn nnt xnsnnnt orannunnx, ns-sa ]xron asnnrnx
sarynno nsanmocrnn n connantno c, orannuna nosmoxnocrt axnarnoro
arnonannx, onn ncntrtnamr rynocrn n ocrnxnnn nn n amxax cymcrnymmnx
nom.
nosnnn onrornrnucxoro noxoa x nsyunnm nxa ocoo snaunn n ro
asnnrnn nnoramr xnsncnt, nnomnt momnrt n xnsnn unonxa, nsmnxmmn
connantnym cnryannm asnnrnx n ntstnammn noxonmocrt nsmnnnx nnntuntx
crornnon aanrnnnoro nonnnx. axnm nanon ocrtm nx nxa c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn nnoom cranonnrcx nauano oyunnx n
omoasonarntno nnn cnnnantno mxon, r, nx ncro, noxnnxrcx nx
cnoconocrt x oyunnm n omnnm.
uncn yrnx nnunn, oxcnxmmnx nasnannym ncnoconocrt, moryr trt:
naymnnx nnrnnxryantntx ]ynxnn, acnnxonnx nx ]omnonannx (.. nacona,
. . nsn, 1971);
naymnnx n nonnnn. rmuarcx, uro y r n nosacr o 10 nr c nx nontmnno
nornocrtm n nnxnnxx nanontmn rynocrn ntstnamr cnryannn, n xorotx
ryrcx xonronnonart cnom nnrarntnym axrnnnocrt. n noxnonannn +ro
nornocrn nomamn nonnnx yxymarcx nnnmann, naar aorocnoconocrt,
tcro nacrynar yromnxmocrt, nacrynammax sa +rnm asxxa, xnnxmmaxcx samnrno
]nsnonornucxo axnn orannsma nxa na usmno nanxxnn, ntaxarcx n
nxonronnymom nnrarntnom cnoxocrn n acromoxnnocrn (.. na, ..
ycxanona, .. oonnxon, 1993);
asnnunt nonnamnucxn naymnnx. uam ncro nx nocncrnnx noxnnxmrcx n
70
nn cnnoma rnnnosynmocrn nnn ncnxomorono saromoxnnocrn, n ]om
ncranntnocrn ncnxnucxnx nonccon (+monnonantno nycrounnocrn), xorot uam
ncro nmmr nronunym oycnonnnnocrt;
nnunocrnt oconnocrn r, c]omnonanmncx na nmcrnymmnx +ranax
asnnrnx (ymnn xonraxrnonart c yrnmn nmtmn, nnart noxonmtmn nantxamn
omnnx, cnoconocrt onnxrt nx cx onrnmantnym nosnnnm n ornomnnn c nnmn), a
raxx nnrrnonannt nnunocrnt oasonannx, cnocont nnrntno nmx on-
nxrt crornn connantnoro nonnnx nnnnna, nounnxx c on uacrnt connantno-
ncnxonornucxn xaaxrncrnxn. 3ro camoonnxa n yonnt nnrxsann.
n naxnarnom santmnnn cnonx nosmoxnocr rn nxnrnuno crmxrcx x
nncrny, arnymr nrarnnnsmom na nmt sarynnnx, conornnnxmrcx ronannxm
nsocntx. nx ocnon nxnr nnyrnnn xon]nnxr mxy nnrxsannm n nynnnocrtm
n c, nocncrnnxmn xorooro moryr trt n rontxo nonmt c ycnnamocrtm, no n
yxymnn cocroxnnx soontx na ]on nnsnaxon om connantno-ncnxnucxo
saanrannn (.. xocon, 1966).
onnn r co cnnxnno camoonnxo ornnuarcx nmnrntnocrtm,
xon]omnocrtm, nynnnocrtm n cnonx cnnax, uro cxontnar asnnrn nx nnnnnarnnt no
nsanmoornomnnxx co cncrnnxamn.
axntm acnxrom connantno-ncnxonornucxo aanrannn xnnxrcx nnnxrn
nxom nnn noocrxom !*"$+(, -$" n ro mnxoc, n xoroo on aanrnyrcx.
$+ n connantno ncnxonornn onnxrcx xax connantnax ]ynxnnx nnunocrn n
cncrm mxnnunocrntx ornomnnn. nnnnyantno ncnonnnn onn unonxom nmr
onnnnym nnunocrnym oxacxy, sanncxmym or snann n ymnn naxonrtcx n anno
onn, or snaunmocrn nx nro, or crmnnnx ontm nnn mntm coornrcrnonart
oxnannxm oxyxammnx. nanason n xonnucrno on onnxmrcx mnorooasnm
rynn, nnon xrntnocrn n ornomnn, xya nxnmun nox.
+ro cnxsn asnnuamrcx:
1) onn connantnt, oycnonnnnt mcrom nxa n connantntx ornomnnxx.
annm, nx onrn nox ctn nnn out; nx naroron nocnnrannnx, yunnx;
nx cncrnnxon ronanm, onoxnaccnnx n r..;
2) onn mxnnunocrnt, onnxmmncx mcrom nnnnna n cncrm
mxnnunocrntx ornomnn (nn, ornxnnt n r. .).
tnxmrcx raxx onn axrnnnt, ncnonnxmt n annt momnr, n narnrnt,
noxnnxmmncx n ro nnn nno cnryannn; onn o]nnnantnt c ntnonnnnm
oxsannocr n rynnax, xya nxonr cyxr, n onn no]nnnantnt, cnxsannt co
crnxnno nosnnxammnmn ornomnnxmn n nnamn xrntnocrn.
3]]xrnnnocrt aanrannn cymcrnnno sanncnr or roro, nacxontxo axnarno
nnnnn nocnnnnmar cx n cnon connantnt cnxsn: ncxaxnno nnn nocrarouno
asnnro ncrannnn o c nr x naymnnxm aanrannn, xannm ntaxnnm uro
cnyxnr ayrnsm.
axnm oasom, rynocrn, nosnnxammn y r n noocrxon n xnrnucxn
nnot xnsnn, cnxsant c ontmnm uncnom ]axroon xax nnmnro, rax n nnyrnnro
xaaxra. ornacno nsrnxam . . trorcxoro o cncrm cronnx ]xra, orannucxax
nocrarounocrt ncra annsyrcx n nonnnn xax cnnxnn ro connantno nosnnnn n
nnnonr, cnn n ocymcrnnxrcx xoxnnx, x nronuntm n ax rrnuntm nnunocrntm
naymnnxm, xorot nocrnnno naunnamr nrart nymym ont n noncc
saanrannn. oxnnx +rnx nacronntx na nonornucxnm ]xrom naymnn
nyxarcx n n mnxomnrosntx ccrnax, a n nnunocrno-onnrnonanntx ncnxo-
rannrnucxnx noscrnnxx.
unrtnax, uro n ocnon connantno-ncnxonornucxo saanrannn n cnmnromon
ncnxnucxoro nsonrornsa r nxar omn nonornucxn n connantnt nnunnt, nx
ncnxonoro-narornucxax xoxnnx n no]nnaxrnxa onxnt nxnmuart xomnnxc
nnnanannnntx noscrnn, onnrnonanntx xax na cmtm, rax n na nunn n
no]nnaxrnxy comarnucxnx accrocrn, xoxnnm nnrnnxryantntx, +monnonantntx
n nnunocrntx naymnn, cosann naronnxrnoro xnnmara n rynnax r,
71
nomannsannm mxnnunocrntx ornomnn n r..
9.9.

ocranno uacrtm noncca connantno annnrannn r c orannunntmn

nosmoxnocrxmn ntcrynar oasonann. no nnsnano ocnunrt nm ocryn x snannxm,
xyntryno-ncronucxomy nacnnm, naxonnnnomy unonucrnom, nororonnrt nx x
no]ccnonantno xrntnocrn, cnart nsanmoornomnnx c oxyxammnmn nmtmn
on ocrynntmn n nnnnnnsonanntmn.
occnn oxsarntntm asontm oasonannm xnnxrcx om cn, nmx
ro, unonx oxastnarcx n nororonnnntm x nonyunnm no]ccnonantnoro
oasonannx n rm camtm x ycnonnxm conmnno xnsnn. o+romy nonoc o mxontnom
oasonannn nnnannon onn ns nanon naxntx n nanon nonno accmarnnamtx n
saxonoarntcrn mnornx asnnrtx cran.
ranarnt nannna no ocnunnm nx nnnannon anntx nosmoxnocr,
nnnxrt nantno accamn 20 xax 1993 roa, namr axnnr na rom, uro
cncrma oasonannx nnnannon onxna nxonrt n cncrmy omro oasonannx. cnn x
cncrma omro mxontnoro oasonannx n yonnrnoxr axnarntm oasom
nornocrn ncx nnnannon, orannsyrcx cnnnantno oyunn. o nn +rom ono
onxno trt nanannno na nororonxy yuamnxcx x oyunnm n cncrm mxontnoro
oasonannx. aucrno raxoro oyunnx onxno ornuart rm x cranaram n nnxm, uro n
oyunn n cncrm omro oasonannx, n onxno trt rcno c nnm cnxsano. axo noxo
noxonm nx roro, urot nnnannt nmnn annt nosmoxnocrn co soontmn nmtmn n
nonyunnn oasonannx, rax xax n cnyua asnnnx +rnx cncrm oyunn nnnannon
oxastnarcx n nsonxnnn.
1995 roy tn nnnxr saxon connantno samnr nnnannon n occncxo
annn. nm sa]nxcnonano nonoxnn o rom, uro rocyacrno ocnunnar
nonyunn nnnannamn ocnonnoro omro, cnro (nonnoro) omro oasonannx,
nauantnoro, cnro n ntcmro no]ccnonantnoro oasonannx n coornrcrnnn c
nnnnnyantno norammo annnrannn nnnanna.
ano na cosann ycnonn nnnam c orannunnxmn xnsnxrntnocrn nx
nonyunnx oasonannx, xoxnnn naymnnx asnnrnx n connantno aanrannn na
ocnon cnnnantntx narornucxnx noxoon, a raxx orannsannm cnnnantntx
oasonarntntx yuxnn nycmarnnar axon occncxo annn
oasonannn (1992).
Fontmnncrno r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn yuarcx n noxoxr
annnrannm n cnnnannsnonanntx yuxnnxx, naxoxmnxcx n nnnn rx
nomcrn: mnnncrcrn oasonannx, rya n connantnoro asnnrnx n sanooxannnx .
xrntnocrt ncx cnnnantntx rcxnx yuxnn rnamnrnyrcx nnontm
nonoxnnm o cnnnantnom xoxnn nom oasonarntnom yuxnnn nx
oyuammnxcx nocnnrannnxon c orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn.
nnnantno oasonann n nam cran cnoxnnoct ncronucxn n ncrannxr
coo asnrnnnnym cncrmy, nxnmuammym n cx ronsonrantnym n nrnxantnym
cryxryt.
onsonrantnax cryxrya yunrtnar ncnxo]nsnucxo asnnrn nxa,
oconnocrn ro nosnanarntno xrntnocrn n xaaxr naymnnx. nx rynn r c
orannunnxmn xnsnxrntnocrn ]ynxnnonnymr:
cnnnantnt (xoxnnonnt) oasonarntnt yuxnnx nx r c orxnonnnxmn
n asnnrnn;
cnnnantnt yuno-nocnnrarntnt yuxnnx nx r n noocrxon c
nnanrntm nonnnm;
mxont-nnrnart n rcxn oma nx r-cnor n r, ocranmnxcx s nonunnx
onrn;
oma-nnrnart nx nnn c rnyoxnmn ]nsnucxnmn n ncnxnucxnmn orxnonnnxmn;
72
cnnnantnt rxnnxymt n , r nnnannt nonyuamr no]ccnonantnym
nororonxy.
rnxantnax cryxrya ocnontnarcx na nosacrntx oconnocrxx yuamnxcx n
yonnxx omoasonarntntx noramm n cocronr ns 5 yonn:
nno annro mnanucrna (or 0 o 3 nr);
omxontnt nno (or 3 o 7 nr);
nno oxsarntnoro oyunnx (or 7 o 16 nr);
nno cnro oasonannx n no]ccnonantno nororonxn (or 15 o 18 nr n nnnort
o 21 roa nx cnntx, rnyxnx, c naymnnm onono-nnrarntnoro annaara);
nno oyunnx nsocntx nnnannon.
rn c naymnnxmn n asnnrnn n nosacr o 3 nr oyuamrcx n nocnnrtnamrcx n
omamnnx ycnonnxx, n rcxnx xcnxx, rn-cnort n omax nxa. oxnnonnax aora
c nnmn nononrcx n asnnuntx nnrax annro nmmarntcrna, nnrax annnrannn
nnn annnrannn n ncnxonoro-mnxo-narornucxnx xoncyntrannxx.
nx r omxontnoro nosacra cymcrnymr cnymmn yuxnnx:
cnnnantnt rcxn cat c nnntm ntnannm n xyrnocyrount;
xoxnnonnt rcxn oma;
cnnnantnt rynnt n maccontx rcxnx caax;
cnnnannsnonannt annnrannonnt nnrt;
omxontnt rynnt n cnnnantntx mxonax (nx r c naymnnxmn cnyxa, snnx,
onono-nnrarntnoro annaara, nnrnnxra).
nnnantnt (xoxnnonnt) mxontnt yuxnnx nx r c orxnonnnxmn n
asnnrnn annsymr norammt nauantnoro omro, ocnonnoro omro, cnro (nonnoro)
omro oasonannx. 3rn yuxnnx xnnxmrcx cocranno uacrtm cncrmt oasonannx n
nocrannxmr nosmoxnocrt nonyunnx oasonannx n nnax cnnnantntx rocy-
acrnnntx oasonarntntx cranaron, a raxx ononmnno mamr cnnnantnt
saaun xoxnnonnoro xaaxra, ocnunnax nocnnrann, oyunn, nunn,
connantnym aanrannm n nnrrannm r co cnnnantntmn nyxamn.
omt nonyunnx oasonannx n amxax xonxrno cnnnantno norammt c
yurom nornocr n nosmoxnocr r c orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn moryr trt
cnymmn:
cnnnantnax (xoxnnonnax) mxona (nnnax nnn nunxx);
cnnnantnax (xoxnnonnax) mxona-nnrnar;
annnrannonnt nnrt;
xoxnnonnt xnacc nn omoasonarntnom yuxnnn;
nnnnnyantnax n omoasonarntnom yuxnnn;
oyunn na omy;
+xcrnar;
oyunn n ycnonnxx crannonanoro nunoro yuxnnx;
mxont-no]nnaxronn.
onyunn cnro n no]ccnonantnoro oasonannx nnnamn c orxnonnnxmn n
asnnrnn nosmoxno n cnymmnx yuxnnxx:
cnnnantntx cnnx mxonax;
cnnnantntx nonsnocrnnntx macrcxnx;
nnrax connantno-ryono annnrannn;
cnnnantntx no]ccnonantntx yunnnmax.
axy c rannnonntmn yuntmn sannnxmn cosamrcx nont rnnt
cnnnantntx yuxnn annnrannonnt nnrt. nanntm n xrntnocrn
annnrannonntx nnron xnnxrcx n rontxo n n crontxo nsmnnnx cryxryt, ]omt
n coxannx aort, a xnann nnomnrt, n nnom ncronrt ornomnn x rxm c
orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn, x nx am n nyxam.
3rn yuxnnx, xax nannno, xnnxmrcx mnoro]ynxnnonantntmn, nxnmuamr
narnocrnucxn, asnnnammn, xoxnnonnt n osoonnrntnt xomnnxct, a raxx
rnoucxn macrcxn, nanannnnt na asnnrn cnoconocr ocotx r n
onacrn mcn, ncxyccrna, mystxn, nosmoxnocrn asnnrnx nx nnunocrn, ymnnx
73
nonnmart oxyxammn mn n narn n nm mcro nx cx.
nx r n noocrxon c nnanrntm nonnnm cymcrnymr rn nna
cnnnantntx yuno-nocnnrarntntx yuxnn:
cnnnantnax oasonarntnax mxona;
cnnnantno no]ccnonantno-rxnnucxo yunnnm;
cnnnantnax (xoxnnonnax) omoasonarntnax mxona n cnnnantno
(xoxnnonno) no]ccnonantno-rxnnucxo yunnnm nx r n noocrxon c
orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn (saxxo ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx n nrxnmn ]omamn
ymcrnnno orcranocrn), conmnnmnx omcrnnno onacnt xnnx.
cno ocnon cnnnannsnonannt rcxn yuxnnx rnyoxo rymannt.
nnx rn nonyuamr mnnnncxym, connantnym, annnrannonnym nomomt. ycnyram
r ncrannxrcx noxonmax asa nx xnsnocnunnx n asnnrnx,
xnann]nnnonannt cnnnanncrt coornrcrnymmro no]nnx, narorn, nocnnrarnn,
connantnt aornnxn. n]]nnnonannt noxo x orannsannn osoonnrntno n
annnrannonno aort nnonarar oxasann rxm nomomn na ntcoxom
no]ccnonantnom yonn, cosar nnoctnxn nx ]omnonannx nonoxnrntnoro
ontra xax n aor c ]xrom, rax n n mnnn yrnx connantno-ncnxonornucxnx,
yuntx n nocnnrarntntx saau.
Fnaronnxrno nnnxnn c rouxn snnx connantno-ncnxonornucxoro noscrnnx
oxastnar n mnxoca cnnnannsnonannoro yuxnnx. xoxcrt ]xron nooxar
y r uyncrno nnrnunocrn, uro nnar nm ontm ynnnocrn n nanaxnnannn
omnnx n nsanmocrnnx co cncrnnxamn, ymntmar nnmnn ncnxoranmnymmn
]axro.
ro x nmx cnnnannsnonannt yuxnnx n ncra moryr n nonno m
samnnrt yrn connantnt nncrnryrt. x mnxoca, ncrannxmmax samxnyro,
nsonnonanno nocrancrno, cnoro oa snannm or yrnx soontx cncrnnxon,
nmr raxx n cnon nrarnnnt croont. rn n nonyuamr noxonmoro ontra omnnx
n nsanmocrnnx c nmtmn n otuno connantno c, uro nooxar y nnx n
antnmm ctsnt nonmt connantnoro nnana. xcnxrcx +ro rm, uro
]omnonann nnunocrn nxa n rcxnx yuxnnxx noncxonr n ycnonnxx
ncnxnucxo nnnannn, xoroax ]omnyr nnunocrt nxa.
nx mnornx r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn nocrynnnn n
cnnnannsnonanno yuno sannn cranonnrcx ctsntm ncnxoranmnymmnm
]axroom n cnxsn c ornyunnm nx or cmtn. onraxrt c onrnxmn, xorot
ocymcrnnxmrcx c orntno rynno r no ntxontm, a c yro 23 asa n rn
mcxna ns-sa yannnocrn yunoro sannnx n yonnrnoxmr r n nanocxr nm
sauacrym ononnnrntnym ncnxnucxym ranmy.
nacroxm nmx n cncrm cnnnantnoro oasonannx nyrcx nnrncnnnt
noncxn nontmnnx ro +]]xrnnnocrn. nnnmamrcx mt no conmncrnonannm
nrnxantno n ronsonrantno cryxry, noxnnxmrcx nont nnt cnnnantntx
yuxnn nx r c rynocrxmn n oyunnn, omnnn, nonnnn, cosamrcx
nnnnnnnantno nont mnorono]nntnt n mnoro]ynxnnonantnt annnrannonnt
nnrt, oxastnammn connantno-narornucxym n ncnxonornucxym nomomt n
noxxy rxm asntx nosacron c asnnuntmn orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn.
mcr c rm cncrma cnnnantnoro oasonannx nyxarcx n cymcrnnnom
conmncrnonannn. tsnano +ro nntm xom nnunn: nsmnnnm connantno-
+xonomnucxnx ycnonn n cran; ncroxo oasonannx n nnom; asaorxo
rocyacrnnnoro cranara n nntnno mnoroyonnno nororonxo cnnnanncron,
nxnmuax onysoncxn n nocnnysoncxn +rant oyunnx; snaunrntntm ocrom uncna -
r c nonmamn n asnnrnn n r-nnnannon; noxonmocrtm asnnrnx cncrmt
ncnxonarnocrnxn n no]nnaxrnxn naymnn n asnnrnn naunnax c mnanucxoro
nosacra, noxnnnnm nontx annnrannonntx yuxnn (nocroxnno crnymmnx
ncnxonoro-mnxo-narornucxnx xoncyntrann, nnron mnxo-narornucxo n
connantno-ryono annnrannn n .).
ro x nmx nonma +ra nnocrax. asnnrn cnnnantnoro oasonannx, no
74
mnnnm .. nnnnnno, moxr ocymcrnnxrtcx na ocnon nyx noxoon:
n]]nnnannn n nnrrannn.
n]]nnnannx nr sa cur conmncrnonannx cymcrnymmnx noctmn nnon
cnnnantntx (xoxnnonntx) yuxnn, a raxx noxnnnnx nontx, raxnx xax
cnnnantnt mxont nx r c ayrnsmom, nnanrntm nonnnm n .
nrrannx nnonarar connantnym nnrrannm, ro crt nnrrannm n nam
omcrno, connym, a raxx nnrrnonanno oyunn. tnxmrcx n monn
nnrrnonannoro oyunnx: nnrnantnax n +xcrantnax. nrnantnax nnrrannx
nnrrannx nnyrn cncrmt cnnnantnoro oyunnx, a +xcrantnax nnonarar
nsanmocrnn cnnnantnoro n macconoro oyunnx.
asnannt rnnt nnrrannn naxoxrcx n nam cran n crann asnnrnx n
xnnxmrcx nxontmn or n]]nnnonannoro oyunnx r n cnnnantntx
yuxnnxx x nnrrnonannomy oyunnm.
nnnn coxon nauana nnrrnonannoro oyunnx marcx nnnnnyantno
no ornomnnm x xaxomy nxy n no xnannm ro onrn. nnym out +ro
sanncnr or ntaxnnocrn orxnonnn n asnnrnn. ax, rn c nrxnmn orxnonnnxmn moryr
trt nnrrnonant n connym c annro omxontnoro nosacra n nxnmunt n nnrrn-
onanno oyunn c nauantno mxont.
r c on ctsntmn naymnnxmn (snnx, cnyxa, un n .) nncooasno
nnrrnonart n macconym mxony nocn nauantnoro oyunnx, a nx r c rxxntmn n
cnoxntmn orxnonnnxmn nnrrnonanno oyunn n omoasonarntno mxon
nnosmoxno, ono antno rontxo n cnnnantno mxon, ro crt no rnny nnrnantno
nnrrannn.
oxonm nno noxo n x oyunnm nnnannon n cncrm ntcmro oasonannx.
nacroxm nmx ontmnncrno ntcmnx yuntx sannn n nororonnnt x oyunnm
nnnannon c asnnuntmn nnamn naronornn nn orannsannonno, nn mronucxn, uro
nnocnr n +ror noncc cymcrnnnt rynocrn. ax, nnnannam c naymnnxmn onono-
nnrarntnoro annaara, nnnrammnmcx na xonxcxax, n cnxsn c nnncnoconnnocrtm
nommnn nctma sarynnrntno camocroxrntno nonacrt xax n sann yunoro
sannnx, rax n n asnnunt xannrt n aynronn. sxunm crynram nyxnt,
oconno na nauantnom +ran yut, cononoxammn nnna. nnnorxax nyson nx nnx
n nycmorna cnnnantnax nnrarya c ncnontsonannm asyxn Fanx, mronucxn
n yrn noconx.
nyr raxx nmrt n nny, uro ]axr nocrynnnnx anrynnra c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn na yuy n ntcm yuno sannn m n mar
nonmy ro axrnnno connantno aanrannn. n nnmt cosar nx +roro nyumn
nosmoxnocrn. rynrt-nnnannt, xax n o nocrynnnnx n nyst, no-nxnmy nyxamrcx
n ononnnrntno nomomn nsocntx. m noxonma cnnnantnax cncrma connantno
annnrannn, syntrarom xoroo n conoxynnocrn c oyunnm n nocnnrannm onxno
crart asnnrn nnnanna xax nnunocrn, cnocono +]]xrnnno nsanmocrnonart c
75
oxyxammnmn nmtmn, ycnmno ntnonnxrt crynucxn oxsannocrn n annsontnart
cnon xnsnnnt nnant.
ro x nmx ycnnnx no oyunnm nnnannon n no]ccnonantnom yunom
sannnn n nx connantno annnrannn moryr oxasartcx n+]]xrnnntmn, cnn onn
nocn ro oxonuannx n cmoryr narn mcro aort. mn c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn, rm on ntnycxnnxn ntcm mxont, nmmr
nosmoxnocrn rynrtcx. naxo nm nyxnt raanrnn, urot nx ]nsnucxn n
nnrnnxryantnt nornnnan tn nocronan n onn n oxasannct nocn oxonuannx yu-
noro sannnx na oounn xnsnn.
onma ncroxn mxont n marcx onnm nm. cmorx na mnorn
rynocrn, cnnnantnt yuxnnx crmxrcx conmncrnonart cnom aory, mnxmr
cnom onnrannm na rymannsannm, connantnym annnrannm n nnrrannm r c
nonmamn n omcrno, ntramrcx cosanart ycnonnx nx nx nomantno xnsnxrntno-
crn, axnarnoro ]nsnucxoro, ymcrnnnoro, yxonnoro n connantnoro asnnrnx.
no ns oconnocr cnnnannsnonanntx annnrannonntx yuxnn
xnnxrcx ro, uro rya nonaamr rn, n rontxo nmmmn ror nnn nno ]xr, no naxy c
+rnm n ctsnt connantnt n ncnxnucxn orxnonnnx, noxnnxmmncx n asno
crnnn n n asnnuno ]om. ontmnncrna raxnx r ]omnonana n nx nnunom
ontr nornocrt n omnnn, nosnannn, nr, ry, nanmamrcx samrnt naymnnx n
nnunocrnom asnnrnn. norn ns nnx ]nsnucxn ocnannt, craamr xonnucxnmn
saonnannxmn, nmmr nnnt accrocrna, noannnt, saromoxnt nnn nosynmt, a
sauacrym n arccnnnt. nnx, xax nannno, n c]omnonant nocrmn cannrano-
rnrnnnucxn n tront nantxn.
nm saau xonnxrnna cnnnannsnonannoro yuxnnx nocn
nocrynnnnx n nro nxa xnnxrcx ro nsyunn c nomomtm ncnxonarnocrnucxnx n
yrnx ccrn n cocrannnn ro connantno-ncnxonornucxoro norra c rm, urot
nmrt urxo ncrannnn xax o yonn ro asnnrnx, rax n ro nornnnantntx
nosmoxnocrxx n orannsonart c nnm noxonmym asnnnammym n ncnxoxoxnnonnym
aory. annt noxo noxonm nx roro, urot ocnunrt nnocrno noscrnn na
nnunocrt nxa c yurom ro nnnnnyantntx oconnocr no ncm asnooasnn
nosnanarntntx, mornnannonntx, +monnonantntx n nounx noxnnnn.
noncc connantno annnrannn nyxno nocroxnno saornrtcx o cnnxnnn
+monnonantno-ncnxonornucxoro nanxxnnx, ntsnannoro ]xrom n ro nocncrnnxmn.
annnrnonart nxa nnn noocrxa snaunr cnxrt y nro crax n omnnn co
cncrnnxamn n nsocntmn, yxnnrt ro cnoconocrt x nonsnontntm crnnxm n
nonntm ycnnnxm, nnart my ynnnocrt n cnonx cnnax n nosmoxnocrxx n yunnn,
nrono xrntnocrn, ry. xo annnrannn nyxno onnartcx, urot nox nnn
noocrox nocroxnno cnonann nnyrnnmy nannny: cnn x saxouy, ro cmory.
unrtnax, uro cmtx nx nxa nsnauantno xnnxrcx naxnmnm ]axroom
ncnxnucxoro narononyunx n asnnrnx, naxnmax saaua cnnnannsnonannoro
yuxnnx nmoro no]nnx cocronr n rom, urot no m nosmoxnocrn nnnnsnrt
ycnonnx xnsnn r x omamnnm. annsannx +ro saaun nnonarar n rontxo
cosann noxonmtx trontx ycnonn, no n noccosann ]ynxnn, xorot ntnonnxr
cmtx: cannrano-rnrnnnucxnx, xosxcrnnno-trontx, conmnn rannn, ]om
noomnnx n nonnannx, onnrntnocrn, xon]nnnnantnocrn, corynnucrna c
nsocntmn, asnnrn y nxa uyncrna cocrnnno nnnocrn n ocronncrna,
yonnrnonn nornocrn n nconn]nnnonanno nmnn.
osart nx r ycnonnx, nnsxn x omamnnm, nosmoxno n rom cnyua, cnn n
rynnt nn nx ]omnonannn nxnmuart nontmo uncno r; cnn onn ]ynxnnonnymr
nocroxnno, n noncxonr nx onnnn n uacrax cmna nocnnrarn. n conmnnn
+rnx ycnonn nox nmr nosmoxnocrt omartcx co nsocntmn, uyncrnonart cx n
ontm crnnn ncnxonornucxn samnmnntm.
oncc connantno annnrannn n ycnonnxx cnnnannsnonannoro yuxnnx
onxn onnartcx na nosnrnnnt nosmoxnocrn nxa n n ntxonrt sa nnt
ocrynntx my rynocr. oxnnonnt sanxrnx onxnt trt nanannnt na asnnrn
76
y r nosnanarntno c]t: nornucxoro mtmnnnx, nnnmannx, namxrn, axrnnnoro
cnonax, a raxx ]omnonann nantxon noconnantnoro nonnnx. anontmn +]]xr
raxn sanxrnx amr, cnn onn nonoxrcx n crcrnnntx ycnonnxx: n ncy, n marasnn, n
nax, na ynnn, na nour n r..
nx roro, urot acnonoxnrt r x sanxrnxm, xomnyrcx na nntx noax
ount ocrooxno ncnontsonart onnxn. annm, onnxn ntcrannxrt n sa snannx, a sa
nnnxann r, nx ornomnn x sanxrnxm, nocrnnno nxnmuax n xyr onnxn snannx n
ymnnx, nnornnt rtmn.
axnmnm ycnonnm ycnmno connantno-annnrannonno aort xnnxrcx
nonnunn r n nocnntnt ry.
nnnannsnonannt yuxnnx nx r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn
nmmr cnnn]nucxo nasnaunn. urot ntnann nxa n nm nnncno my
omyrnmym nontsy, nomorno aanrnonartcx n nono nx nro connantno c,
noxonmo cosann n nm ncro xomnnxca ycnonn, ocnunnammnx nx connantnym
annnrannm, tr, nosmoxnocrt nonyunnx oasonannx, nnomnnx x ryy, mnnnn-
cxym n ncnxonornucxym nomomt.
asnannt oconnocrn rcxoro cnnnannsnonannoro yuxnnx rymr or ro
xonnxrnna rnxoro, ncranarnoro noxoa, conmnn nnnnnnon, onnrnonanntx na
nnrct n nornocrn r. ro aora onxna cronrtcx c yurom nnonrra
narononyunx xaxoro xonxrnoro nxa c onoo na nosnrnnnt nauana n ro yxonnom
n ]nsnucxom asnnrnn.
antno antrnarnno cnnnantno mxon nx nnnanna xnnxrcx oyunn na
omy. axon o oasonannn nycmarnnarcx, uro nn nnosmoxnocrn ocymcrnnxrt
nocnnrann n oyunn r-nnnannon n omnx nnn cnnnantntx omxontntx n
omoasonarntntx yuxnnxx orant ynannnnx oasonannm n oasonarntnt
yuxnnx ocnunnamr c cornacnx onrn oyunn r-nnnannon no nonno
omoasonarntno nnn nnnnnyantno noramm na omy. arart na omamn
oyunn xomnncnymrcx onrnxm sa cur rocyacrna n noxx, onnnnom
annrntcrnom occncxo annn. o raxo oyunn ryr or onrn xonoc-
cantntx ycnnn, n ro +]]xrnnnocrt sanncnr, rnanntm oasom, or nx craann.
asonann nnnannon mamm ycnonn nororonxn nx x connantno-
+xonomnucxo xnsnn. naxo noonrt rynocrn, xorot onn ncntrtnamr nn ro
nonyunnn n conmnntx ycnonnxx rontxo na yonn nomcrnnnoro noxoa,
ncrannxrcx nnosmoxntm. yxna onronmnnax ]antnax noramma, urxo
oraxammax connantnym nonnrnxy rocyacrna, nanannnnym na xomnnxcnym, nc-
croonnmm noxxy nnnannon, cosann nx nnx antntx nosmoxnocr
nonnonnnoro asnnrnx, ocronoro cymcrnonannx, nonyunnx oasonannx na ncx ro
+ranax n nxnmunnx n asnnunt nnt no]ccnonantno xrntnocrn.
9.8.

4
nam cran rannnonno cnoxnnact cncrma orannsannn oyunnx r c
orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn n cnnnantntx oasonarntntx yuxnnxx na nnnnnnax
n]]nnnonannoro noxoa c onoo na cnnn]nxy, nnoccrnnno cnxsannym c
nymnm ]xrom.
o raxax naxrnxa, xax noxastnamr nccnonannx (.. omona, .. anxn,
1995) n moxr n nonno m yonnrnonrt nc asnooasn n oconnocrn
oasonarntntx nornocr raxnx r. xono 25 nonnron ns nnx no xy
saonnann n nyxamrcx n cnnnantnom oyunnn n ycnonnxx cnnnannsnonannoro
yuxnnx n moryr oyuartcx n maccontx omoasonarntntx mxonax. om roro,
ntnann r c orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn n cnnnantntx yuxnnxx, ncmorx na
nannun n nnx xa nonoxnrntntx ycnonn nx xoxnnn naymnn asnnrnx,
orannunnar nosmoxnocrn xonraxron c nomantno asnnnammnmncx cncrnnxamn,
77
ortnar r or cmtn, uro n nosnonxr n nonno m ncnontsonart connantnt acnxr
annnrannn nocnnrannnxon c nnnannnocrtm.
c +ro sarynxr ]omnonann y nnx roronnocrn x noonnnm xnsnnntx
rynocr, ymnn nnannonart asnt acnxrt cno xnsnn, nsanmocrnonart c
nmtmn.
+ro cnxsn nosnnxar nornocrt cosannx on rnxo cncrmt cnnnantnoro
oasonannx, xoroax morna t asnnnartcx n ]ynxnnonnonart xax na ocnon rannnonno
cnoxnnmnxcx ]om, rax n na ocnon nnrrnonannoro noxoa.
yrt nnrrnonannoro noxoa saxnmuarcx n rom, uro rxm c orxnonnnxmn n
asnnrnn cosamrcx annt nosmoxnocrn c nx soontmn cncrnnxamn n nonyunnn
oasonannx, noxonmoro nx nx aanrannn n nonnonnno nnrrannn n omcrn.
anono ro ocnono xnnxmrcx oxymnrt, n xorotx onnnt mxynaont
nomt n onacrn oasonannx r-nnnannon, raxn xax: xnaannx o nanax
nnnannon; xnaannx o nanax ymcrnnno orcrantx nnn; onnnnnx o nanax
nxa; cmnnax noramma crnn n ornomnnn nnnannon; ranarnt
nannna no ocnunnm nx nnnannon anntx nosmoxnocr n nxorot yrn.
nasnanntx oxymnrax oasonann r-nnnannon accmarnnarcx c nosnnn nanon
nonnoro ocnunnx ycnonn nx oyunnx n nocnnrannx n nnrrnonanntx
oasonarntntx cryxryax.
nacroxm nmx nonoxnnx n ornomnnn r-nnnannon, sa]nxcnonannt n
nasnanntx oxymnrax, ycnmno annsymrcx n Fntrnn, nnxonrannn, ana, B,
Bnnnn, mannn n x yrnx rocyacrn. ax noxastnar ananns cncrm cnnnantnoro
oasonannx, nonnnt .. nnnnnno, xaxax crana nmr cnon nonmt n
rynocrn n noncx nanon axnarntx nyr aanrannn n nnrrannn r c
orannunnxmn xnsnxrntnocrn n omcrno.
rnnunrntnax oconnocrt cnnnantnoro oasonannx n +rnx cranax cocronr n
cnymmm:
ono crano on nnamnuntm, naxonrcx n cocroxnnn nocroxnnoro noncxa n annsannn
n n xonnnnn;
asaorxa ocnonntx nanannnn n noramm asnnrnx cronrcx na as n c yurom
nannonantntx nnrcon, +xonomnucxnx nosmoxnocr n xyntryntx rannn cran;
c nntm nontmnnx xaucrna oasonannx oyunn r co cnnnantntmn
nonmamn ocymcrnnxrcx c onnrann na nnnnnyantnt noxo n ornomnnn
yuamnxcx, asnnrn nx nnunocrn, no]ccnonantno oyunn;
cosamrcx nont noxot x nsanmocrnnm mxy maccono n cnnnantno mxono, x
nnrrnonannomy oyunnm, asaorx ro ]om n mroon.
ax, n Fntrnn nx r c nonmamn n asnnrnn, cnocontx ycnannart norammy
oasonarntno mxont, cymcrnyr antnax nosmoxnocrt nocmart yoxn n otuno
mxon, nonyuax ononnnrntnym nomomt cnnnanncron. cnxsn c rm, uro n otuntx
mxonax noxonmtx cnnnanncron nx nnx moxr n n trt. axonom o cnnnantnom
oasonannn nycmorna orannsannx nsanmocrnnx mxy oasonarntno n
cnnnantno mxono, or xoroo yunrnx moryr nonyunrt antnym nomomt cnnnanncron.
nrrnonanno oyunn ncrannno sct xax nsanmocrnn nyx cncrm
oasonannx, xora yunnx c naymnnxmn n asnnrnn accmarnnarcx xax cnocont no-
cmart yoxn n maccono mxon n xoroomy oxastnarcx cnnnantnax nomomt
cnnnanncramn ns cnnnantntx mxon.
urot nox c naymnnxmn n asnnrnn nocman macconym mxony, nononrcx
xomnnxcnax narnocrnxa c onnxo ro xornnrnnntx n yuntx cnoconocr, cnocoon
ntnonnnnx saann, connantntx n +xonomnucxnx nosmoxnocr. cxox ns
nornocr nxa, onnxmrcx nnn n saaun, cnocot n mrot oyunnx.
nrrnonanno oasonann ocymcrnnxrcx n omxontntx, nauantntx n cnnx oa-
sonarntntx yuxnnxx. nx r c rxxntmn cncontmn n ]nsnucxnmn
naymnnxmn nnrrnonanno oyunn orannuno.
ocrarouno acnocranno nnrrnonanno oyunn r co cnnnantntmn
nyxamn no annnn. ct nonnunn r c orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn n yunt
78
noncc moxr ocymcrnnxrtcx no urtm nanannnnxm:
1. nox yunrcx no otuntm mxontntm norammam, no no nmx ntnannx n
mxon n nn mxont my nocrannxmr ononnnrntnt ycnyrn: nunt nonyt,
mt nocnnrarntnoro xaaxra n .
2. nox yunrcx no otuntm mxontntm norammam, nontsyrcx
ononnnrntntm yxoom n oyuarcx no cnnnantno ononnnrntno noramm.
anon acnocrannntm nnmom cnyxnr nox co cnatm snnm, xorot
yunrcx n otunom xnacc n nocmar xyct Fanx.
3. ocnonno mxontno nmx nox noxonr oyunn n cnnnantnom xnacc
no cnnnantno noramm. o onnnnym uacrt nmnn on sannmarcx no otuno
noramm nmcr c yunnxamn cnoro nosacra. annax ]oma oyunnx nnonarar
nannun coornrcrnymmro yunoro nnana.
4. nox nocmar rontxo cnnnantnt xnacc n yunrcx ram no cnnnantno
noramm. o nn +rom on nnnnmar nnoccrnnno yuacrn n xnsnn mxont:
conmcrnt sanraxn, conmcrnt nocmnnx monnxrn nocnnrarntnoro xaaxra,
yuacrn n cnornnntx nrax n r..
x cran cymcrnyr naxrnxa cosannx ononnnrntntx ycnonn,
onruammnx ocymcrnnnn oasonarntnoro noncca, xax nx naroron, rax n nx
yuamnxcx c ocotmn nyxamn. +rnx nnxx asaartnamrcx cnnnantnt
nnrrnonannt norammt. anon uacro nnmnxmtmn norammamn nastnamr:
onnantno-narornucxn xannr, yrmcrnymmn yunrnt, unrnt-
xoncyntranr.
yrt +rnx noramm cocronr n cnymmm:
1. -%-00 EC'*"$+(), ."('F. onnantno-narornucxn xannr
cosarcx n otuno maccono mxon, n xoroom aorar cnnnantnt naror
(]xronor). annr cnaxn noxonmtmn cnnnantntmn noconxmn, ncnontsymtmn
n yuno-nocnnrarntnom noncc anomantntx r. nomantnt nox xnnxrcx
unnom otunoro nomantnoro xnacca n nanannxrcx n cnnnantnt xannr rora, xora
my nyxna cnnnantnax nomomt ]xronora.
2. -%-00 EH'L'!HQJ", H&"'$+F. n annsannn +ro norammt
cnnnantnt naror nyrmcrnyr n nnax onnnno rnronn ns ono
mxont n yrym, r yuarcx anomantnt rn c onnnntm ]xrom. oxox
nocmnnx mxon sanncnr or xonxrntx nornocr orntntx anomantntx r.
3. -%-00 E4&"'$+>(!H$+(F. 3ror rnn norammt nnasnaun nx
rx anomantntx r, xorot n nyxamrcx n snaunrntno nomomn cnnnantnoro
narora. nnnantnt naror aorar n onn yunrnx-xoncyntranra n ncxontxnx
mxonax, xorot on nocmar. Fontmym uacrt nmnn on nononr n otunom xnacc nx
nomantntx r nmcr c yunrnm, xorooro xoncyntrnyr n ornomnnn orntntx
nonm anomantnoro nxa.
mcr c rm orannsannx nnrrnonannoro oyunnx r ocrarouno cnoxna n
ryr ontmnx ycnnn. nx +roro noxonmt n rontxo nsmnnnx n orannsannn
xrntnocrn camnx mxon, no n n mtmnnnn nm, n anno m xax anomantntx, rax n
nomantntx.
nnnnt nnrc nx nonnmannx nnrrnonanno ]omt oyunnx
ncrannxr ontr, naxonnnnt n cncrm oasonannx nnxonrannn, onncannt .
oxa. ornacno ro anntm, n +ro cran nmrcx nnnnsnrntno 1820 nonnron
r or om nonynxnnn mxontnnxon, nyxammnxcx n cnnnantno saor. uacrt +rnx
r, nnmymcrnnno c nrxnm ]xrom, nocmamr maccont mxont, nx cnnnantnt
nyxt yonnrnoxmr cnnnantnt narorn, xorot nnxoxr n mxony nnn cmtm.
yrax uacrt anomantntx r raxx nocmamr maccont mxont, no nx nnx n +rnx
mxonax orannsonana rax nastnamax connantno-narornucxax nnnna nnn rynna.
+ro rynn naxonrcx, xax nannno, onn cnnnantnt n x ncnomorarntntx naroron.
om roro, no noxonmocrn n mxony nnxoxr yrn cnnnanncrt: noront,
cyonarorn, rn]nonarorn n r. ., nomorammn mart connantno-narornucxn
nonmt, a raxx mxontnt ncnxonorn, mammn nonmt connantno-
79
ncnxonornucxoro xaaxra (naymnnx nonnnx, oyunnx, nonmt, cnxsannt c
nxoom yunnxon n cnnnantnym mxony nnn, naooor, ns cnnnantno mxont n
macconym). Fontmym uacrt nmnn n raxnx mxonax anomantnt rn nonoxr nmcr co
soontmn cncrnnxamn, n rontxo uacrt nmnn n cnnnantno rynn.
rtx uacrt anomantntx r n noocrxon yunrcx n cnnnantntx mxonax.
ontmnncrn cnyuan +ro rn c on rxxntmn ]omamn ]xron.
ax nnno ns cxasannoro, nnrrannx nonc n osnauar ormny cnnnantntx mxon n
nocro nmmnn anomantntx r ns cnnnantntx mxon n maccont. axax na
rx ]om nmr cnon nonoxnrntnt croont n nocrarxn. o no ncx ]omax oyunnx
r naxno mcro sannmar corynnucrno mxont c onrnxmn, nocnonarntno
nnmnxrcx nnnnnyantnt noxo x nxy n oxsarntno asaartnarcx
nnnnnyantnt nnan aort c nnm n sanncnmocrn or ro nosmoxnocr n cnoconocr, a
raxx or nosmoxnocr anno mxont.
accmornm xonxrnt nnm annsannn nnrrarnnnoro noxoa n oyunnn
anomantntx r, xorot nsyuan . oxa n ono ns mxon r. nn]oa (nrnnx).
mxon, r oyuarcx cntm 600 yuamnxcx n nosacr or 12 o 18 nr,
orannsonano oyunn r (30 unonx) c naymnnxmn onono-nnrarntnoro annaara.
urot mxona aorana na nnnnnn nnrrannn, noxonmo tno mnrt mnorn
orannsannonnt, yuno-mronucxn n connantno-ncnxonornucxn nonmt.
x ncro, nao tno mnrt nonmy rancnora xax nx ocranxn r n
mxony, rax n nnyrn mxont. nym nonmy mnnn onrnn, nroym mxona. yxno
tno cnart rysono nn]r, ycrannrt att y nxoa n mxony, n xonoax nyxno tno
nomcrnrt sxana, urot n cronxnynnct xonxcxn. om roro, noxonmo tno
nncnoconrt ooyonann. nmnoct cnnsnrt ntcory cronon, nnnnnrnrt x nnm yuxn,
urot rn mornn x nnm norxnyrtcx, nx yuntx nocon tnn cnant cnnnantnt
nocranxn, ooyonant cnnnantnt ryanrt n ymtnantnnxn c rm, urot nmn tno
yono nontsonartcx.
nx anno rynnt tno ntnno na nommnnx. onom ns nnx rn
ncruamrcx n nauanom yoxon, nocn yoxon n no nmx ntnon, urot oroxnyrt,
ccrt cno sanrax n r. . am onn ocrannxmr n cnon nmn. o nroom nommnnn
cnnnantnt narorn nomoramr nm onnart nxorotmn asnamn yunoro marnana.
nx acnoxxnnn cnnnantno nncnoconnnt 3, yrn noconx.
om rnannoro cnnnantnoro narora n mxon aoramr urt ncnomorarntntx
n no noxonmocrn nnxoxr yrn cnnnanncrt. nnnantnt naror cononoxar
r no nc mxon, nn nx nmmnnn ns onoro cnnnannsnonannoro xnacca n yro
n nxmo n xnacc ncrannxr nm noxonmym nomomt. nomantnt nox moxr n
nmo nmx sarn x nxroy mxont. 3ro x moryr cnart n nx onrnn. m
nocrannno nano nocmart xnacc n ax ntnonnxrt na oonontntx nauanax ont
ncnomorarntnoro yunrnx.
oont rn na momnr snaxomcrna nonnocrtm nnnnmann anomantntx yunnxon.
cnoono nmx onn nnxoxr n nx nommnn nonrart c nnmn n xomntmrnt nrt.
xorot rn namnn cn nnx c ys.
noxnnnoct nonm n y onrn soontx r. nn tnn saan
nocrannnt n nsncrnocrt, uro c nx rtmn yyr yunrtcx anomantnt rn. axnm
oasom, tnn nornamnt nxorot nrarnnnt nocncrnnx ycroxnmnxcx
crornnon no ornomnnm x anomantntm rxm. ooxnarntnax ocranonxa
cnoxnnact n mxon raxx co croont ncx aornnxon n yunrn. ocrnxnnm raxoro
syntrara nmcrnonana ontmax aora, noronanmax snaunrntntx ycnnn
aornnxon mxont.
nnnnt nnmt annsannn nnrrnonanno nororonxn anomantntx r
cnnrntcrnymr o rom, uro annax ]oma oyunnx xnnxrcx onrnmantno nx mnornx
r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, n ncxnmuax nn +rom nororonxy r c on
rxxntmn ]omamn n cnnnantntx oasonarntntx yuxnnxx. naxo, urot cosart
nx +roro naronnxrnt ycnonnx, ona ryr snaunrntntx marnantntx sarar,
]nsnucxnx n moantntx ycnnn.
80
nrrannx anomantntx r n mxont macconoro rnna moxr trt ycnmno nnmt
n rom cnyua, cnn yyr conmartcx cnymmn ycnonnx.
1. osant noxonmt marnantnt n moantnt ycnonnx nx xnsnn n
oyunnx r n ycnonnxx omoasonarntno mxont.
2. nrrnonanno oyunn onxno ocymcrnnxrtcx nnmt na ocnonannn
xnannx onrn.
3. nomantnomy nxy nn oyunnn onxna nocrannxrtcx cnnnantnax
narornucxax nomomt. 3ro snaunr, uro s cnnnantntx naroron, aorammnx
nnoccrnnno n mxon macconoro rnna, nnrrannx nnosmoxna.
4. aora o anomantntx rxx n onxna ocymcrnnxrtcx n ym saor o
ocrantntx yuamnxcx.
5. nrrannx onxna ocymcrnnxrtcx na ocnon +]]xrnnnoro ncnontsonannx
ncx ccrn, naxoxmnxcx n acnoxxnnn anno mxont.
6. nomantnt nox onxn nnnnmart yuacrn n xrntnocrn mxont
nmcr c ocrantntmn yuamnmncx.
7. anomantnomy nxy noxonmo nxnnxrt ananornunt ronannx,
xax n x soonomy nxy.
8. n nconmnnn nmoro ns yxasanntx ycnonn nnrrnonanno oyunn
n yr ycnmntm.
nnnnt ananns ontra orannsannn nnrrnonannoro oyunnx n
nnxonrannn cnnrntcrnyr o rom, uro cosann xonnnryantntx ocnon n
]omnonann cncrmt oyunnx n nocnnrannx r-nnnannon na nnnnnnax
nnrrnonannoro noxoa nosmoxno nnmt na rocyacrnnnom yonn, uro n nosnonnr n
nonno m annsonart rymanncrnucxn xaaxr oasonannx.
uro x xacarcx nam crant, ro nn nxoa x oyunnm r n noocrxon c
xnsnnntmn orannunnxmn, ocnonanntmn na nnnnnn nnrrannn, noxa naxoxrcx n
crann cranonnnnx. nrrarnnntmn noxoamn x nx oyunnm, nannm, sannmamrcx
yunt nncrnryra xoxnnonno narornxn , xorot accmarnnamr +rn nonmt
c yurom antntx ycnonn occncxo oasonarntno cncrmt. onnnnnx
nnrrarnnnoro oyunnx, nnoxnnax nmn, cronrcx na rx ocnonntx nnnnnnax:
nnrrannx us annmm xoxnnm. nn cunramr, uro n cran noxonmo
cosart cncrmy annro (c nntx mcxnn xnsnn) ntxnnnnx n xoxnnn, n sa cur n
ntrn na raxo yonnt ncnxo]nsnucxoro asnnrnx anomantnoro nxa, xorot t
nosnonnn my maxcnmantno axnarno nnnrtcx n omoasonarntnym cy yx na
cnymmm +ran nosacrnoro asnnrnx;
nnrrannx us oxsarntnym xoxnnonnym nomomt xaxomy
nnrrnonannomy nxy;
nnrrannx us oocnonannt oro r nx nnrrnonannoro oyunnx.
n raxom noxo nnrrannx n nornnonocrannxrcx cncrm cnnnantnoro
oasonannx, a ntcrynar xax ona ns antrnarnnntx ]om nnyrn cncrmt, rax xax
nox, nnrrnonannt n omoasonarntnym cy, oxsarntno nonyuar
cnnnantnym nomomt. saaua cnnsnrt n oasonarntnt cncrmt omym n
cnnnantnym.
ro x nmx nmmrcx nnmt, xora, ncnontsyx nnrrnonannt noxo,
nonyunt syntrart, nntmammn oxnannx. annm, n nxnm onroo cosana
mxona onc nx rnyxnx n cnaocntmamnx r n nx onrn, ocnonnax nnt,
xoroo nonnax annnrannx rnyxoro nxa. nyxn rn, nommn co cnonmn o-
nrnxmn +ry mxony, n rontxo ronoxr na otunom yccxom xstx, no n nomr, rannymr,
nramr na mystxantntx nncrymnrax.
unt noncc ocnonan na mronx 3. onra. o rnanno ynonax ntcoxo
no]ccnonantnax aora yunrn n onrn, xoroax cocrnnno n nnnocnr cnon
nnot: rnyxn n cnaocntmamn rn yuarcx n otuno mxon c nomantntmn
rtmn, ocnannamr nonnocrtm mxontnym norammy, nocrynamr na omnx ocnonannxx no
xonxycy n ntcmn yunt sannnx.
a ocnon nnnnnna nnrrannn cronrcx raxx oyunn r c xnsnnntmn
81
orannunnxmn n x mxon yrnx rnonon crant: ocxn, anxr-ryr, yn,
ama n .
cnonntmn nonoxnnxmn nx xrntnocrn xnnxmrcx:
orxas or n]]nnnannn oyunnx;
nnsnann nan nmoro nxa yunrtcx n otuno mxon;
coxannn xnacca xax nnocrnocrn na norxxnnn ncro nmnn oyunnx r;
ocnunn ycnnamocrn yuamnxcx n noxonmoro yonnx oasonannx nyrm
cosannx ononnnrntntx ]om oyunnx, nnnnx cnnnantntx yoxon n yrnx
sanxrn;
nnnnunn onrn x conmcrnomy ycrannnm rynocr, xorot ncntrtnar
nox.
ax noxastnar naxrnxa, nnrrnonannt noxo nonsn n rontxo n oyunnn
r-nnnannon, no n soontx r. n ncrannxr nm nancrnnnt ontr omnnx c
on cnatm, mn ymntm, mn cnocontm nxom n nnnxrnx ro xax annoro,
nnnn ro anntm c, a cx anntm my. naxo raxo nosmoxno n rom cnyua,
xora naror, aorammn n nnrrnonannom xnacc, ncxnn, raxnm x oasom
ornocnrcx x rxm.
C-!) /$3 !0(-$3
1. acxor cymnocrt nonxrn connantnax ca, mnxoca, maxoca.
2. uro noasymnarcx no nonxrnm cnnnantnax asnnnammax ca? asonnr
ocnonnt ]omt cymcrnonannx cnnnantno asnnnamm ct.
3. acxor ocnonnt nnunnt orroxnnx n nnnnxrnx r c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn connantno co. asonnr ocnonnt nyrn ycrannnx nasnannoro
nrarnnnoro xnnnnx.
4. ar xaaxrncrnxy cymnocrn aanrannonnoro noncca r c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn n connantnym cy. asonnr ocnonnt rnnt ]omnonannx nnunocrn
n nsanmocrnnx c oxyxamm co.
5. uro osnauar nonxrn saanrannx? asonnr ocnonnt ]axrot n ycnonnx,
cnococrnymmn saanrannn r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n connantno
c.
6. asonnr nonoxnrntnt n nrarnnnt croont ntnannx r c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn n cnnnannsnonanntx yuxnnxx nnrnarnoro rnna.
7. acxonr cymnocrt nonxrnx nnrrannx r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n
cy soontx r.
8. n conmnnn xaxnx ycnonn nosmoxna nnrrannx r c orxnonnnxmn n
asnnrnn n mxont macconoro rnna?
'0) /$3 /$/ " !.J'(",
1. ' $ ' $
, ,'.
". )$ , & !
.
(. 'A! $
, ,' x ! ! &,!.
"'-H-
1. 1.4., / =.. nxorotx acnxrax xomnnxcnoro noxoa x
oyunnm n connantno annnrannn nnnannon / tcm oasonann nnnannon:
arnant xynaono nayuno-naxrnucxo xon]nnnn. ., 2000.
2. ! ;.4. onmt oyunnx n aanrannn r-nnnannon n occnn /
tcm oasonann nnnannon: arnant xynaono nayuno-naxrnucxo
xon]nnnn. ., 2000.
3. osmoxnocrn annnrannn r c ymcrnnntmn n ]nsnucxnmn ora-
nnunnxmn ccrnamn oasonannx: . nayun. r. n noxrntx marnanon. n-r n.
82
nnnonann . ., 1995.
4. coccncxax xon]nnnx no nonmam r-nnnannon. ., .
5. 3 .6. onmt n]]nnnonannoro oyunnx n nosmoxnocrn
nnrrannn / osmoxnocrn annnrannn r c ymcrnnntmn n ]nsnucxnmn
orannunnxmn ccrnamn oasonannx. ., 1995.
6. 45 ..-.. - -.., 6 ..4. rannsannx connantno
annnrannn nconmnnonrnnx n cnnnannsnonanntx yuxnnxx connantno
samnrt // crnnx ncnxoconnantno n xoxnnonno-annnrannonno aort. 1995.
N 1.
7. nmnnt onrntcxoro nonunrntcrna: cromarnx: u. nocon nx
crynron n. yn-ron n nn-ron / .-cocr. . . yxnna. .: ocnmnn, 1991.
8. yunn r c nonmamn n asnnrnn n asntx cranax mna:
cromarnx / ocr. . . Bnnnnnna. ., 1997.
9. ), 1. cnxonornx anomantntx r n noocrxon naroncnxonornx.
.: s-no n-ra naxrnu. ncnxonornn. oonx: 3,
10. 1. ;. cnont ncnxonornn. ocron-n/: nnxc, 1996.
11. onnantnax ncnxonornx: u. nocon nx crynron nnncrnryron / o
. . . roncxoro. .: ocnmnn, 1987.
12. B 1.-. nnnantno oasonann n occnn / yunn r c
nonmamn n asnnrnn n asntx cranax mna: cromarnx / ocr .. nnnntna.
., 1997.
@

8.A. P
4 V
U>
asnnrn ncnxnxn nxa n ]omnonann ro xax nnunocrn nonnno
cnocoamn cymcrnonannx unonxa. uncny raxnx ocnonntx cnocoon ornocxr, no-
nntx, ro, uro unonx cymcrno omcrnnno n nn omnnx c yrnmn nmtmn n
ncnxnucxom ornomnnn asnnnartcx n moxr; no-nrotx, uro unonx cymcrno
cosnarntno n xrntno, n ro xrntnocrt crt cnoco trnx n cymcrnonannx; n-
rrtnx, ro, uro unonx xnnr omcrnnno xnsntm, ns uro cnyr, uro unonucxax
xrntnocrt conmcrnax xrntnocrt, nnonarammax omn nn]omann,
nounnnn omnm saauam ycranonnnnx nsanmoornomnn mxy nmtmn.
ro x nmx cnocot cymcrnonannx nm +ro nnmt nornnnantnt
nosmoxnocrn cranonnnnx unonxa xax nnunocrn. onnt asnnrnx ncnxnucxnx n
83
nnunocrntx xaucrn oycnonnn mo cocrnnno axrnnnocrn unonxa.
uro x raxo axrnnnocrt n xaxont ocnonnt xaaxrncrnxn?
arronx axrnnnocrn accmarnnarcx n ncnxonornn n nyx acnxrax: axrnnnocrt
xax omncnxonornucxax xarronx n axrnnnocrt nnunocrn xax uacrno nonxrn.
"(!+ .J'C!"#$%"&'!3 '%-"3 +ro ncomax
xaaxrncrnxa xnntx cymcrn, nx cocrnnnax nnamnxa xax ncrounnx noasonannx n
noxannx nmn xnsnnno snaunmtx cnxs c oxyxammnm mnom, xax ycnonn
cymcrnonannx n mn.
/ "(!+Q $"&(!" nonnmarcx cnoconocrt nonsnonrt omcrnnno
snaunmt noasonannx oxyxammro mna na ocnon ycnonntx rnnnuntx n
cnooasntx cnocoon nsanmocrnnx.
occrnom axrnnnocrn unonx nncnocannnarcx x oxyxamm c,
nsmnxr , acmnxr cnxsn c oxyxammnm mnom n connantno co. Fnaroax
axrnnnocrn nnoramrcx cocrnnnt ncnxnucxn n nnunocrnt xaucrna. n
nacncrnnnocrt, nn connantnax ca n moryr oxasart onxnoro nnnxnnx na nnunocrt,
cnn nox yr naccnnn. nmt n noncc axrnnno xrntnocrn n nsanmocrnnx c
oxyxammnmn nmtmn nox ncntrtnar nnnxnn connantno ct n +]]xrnnno
ocnannar omcrnnno-ncronucxn ontr.
nnm ns naxnmnx nonocon nonnmannx cymnocrn axrnnnocrn nnunocrn
xnnxrcx nonoc o nnunnax, noyxammnx unonxa nocroxnno acmnxrt c]y cnonx
cnxs n ]om nonnnx. nosnaunoro ornra na +ror nonoc nr. ax, . nonaran,
uro noynrnm axrnnnocrn nnunocrn ntcrynar ona asonax noxnnax nornocrt
cxcyantnax nornocrt, nnn WXYXZ[, na ocnon xoroo ]omnymrcx nc yrn
nornocrn. onnantnax c]a, no ro mnnnm, rontxo nnar oxacxy nx
noxnnnnxm. . n n xaucrn ncrounnxa axrnnnocrn ntnxr crmnnn x nnacrn
ncncrnn uyncrna nnonnonnnocrn. mnxancxn ncnxonor . Fanya nastnar raxn
noxnnt asont nornocrn, xax nornocrt n nmnn n nornocrt no
nxnmunnocrn (crmnnn nnunocrn x nomomn n xonronm co croont yrnx).
cmorx na asnnunt noxot, nnonnunno axrnnnocrn n ontmnncrn
ncnxonornucxnx ron nastnamr nornocrn. -'.(!+ +ro nnyrnn
cocroxnn nnunocrn, noxnnxmmcx n nn ncxom]ornoro cocroxnnx ncranntnocrn
nnn nyxt n um-ro, naxoxmcx, xax nannno, nn . urot yonnrnonrt nosnnxmym
nyxy, unonx ntnyxn noxnnxrt axrnnnocrt, ncnontsyx cnon ymcrnnnt, ]nsnucxn
n ]nsnonornucxn nosmoxnocrn, naroax umy ro xnsnt nnorar
nnnanannnnocrt n onnnnt cmtcn.
ornacno nsrnxam . . roncxoro n . . roncxoro, nsyuanmnx axrnnnocrt
nnunocrn c nosnnn cyxrno-oxrnoro noxoa, axrnnnocrt xax xrntnocrno
cocroxnn cyxra rmnnnonano nsnyrn, co croont ro ornomnn x mny n
annsyrcx no nn n nonnnn, ro crt nmr nnyrnnn n nnmnn xaaxrncrnxn.
cryxryy nnyrnn orannsannn axrnnnocrn unonxa, no nx mnnnm, nxnmuamrcx
rn xomnonnra: mornnannonnt, nnno n nncrymnrantnt.
A. +) nnonarar ornr na nonoc, n utnx nnrcax
n an uro ocymcrnnxrcx axrnnnocrt. unonx xax axrnnno cymcrno n rontxo
nocnonsnonr cnon xnsnnnt ornomnnx c mnom, y nro ononmnno ]omnymrcx n
oast +rnx ornomnn (]omt cyxrnnnocrn, nnunt ornomnnx x umy-nno), noy-
xammn unonxa trt axrnnntm: orxnnxartcx na nyxt nm, mart cnon nonmt n
r. n. +rnx cnryannxx unonucxo xax cyxr axrnnnocrn moxr noxnnxrt cx n
asnnuntx ornomnnxx, raxnx xax:
no-nntx, xax nnnnnyantno . o, uro conmarcx nm, xax nonarar on cam, n
cocrnnntx nyxax;
no-nrotx, cyxr axrnnnocrn +ro yroro no mn, xora nncyrcrnn
yroro omyrnmo n moxr nxnnartcx xax cnoro oa nroxnn n cno nnyrnnn
mn. nyuarcx +ro nnmt rora, xora nnrct yroro unonxa cranxrcx ntm
cocrnnntx;
n-rrtnx, cyxr axrnnnocrn raxon, uro on n oroxcrnnxrcx nn c xm ns nm
84
xonxrno on nannnnnyann, o n ro x nmx nmr ornomnn x xaxomy, uro
cnocrnnno ncm nmxm: concrt, asym, oora n . ora axrnnnocrt unonxa nonx-
ronana +rnmn nnnocrxmn, ronoxr, uro cyxrom xnnxrcx ncom ;
n-urnrtx, cyxr axrnnnocrn snnun n oroxcrnnxrcx c nnontm rnom,
rnom nnnnna n-, ntcrynax n ]om ccosnarntnoro nnn nocosnarntnoro.
ronn . a +ro axrnnno nauano
oosnauarcx rmnnom no n accmarnnarcx xax cocoroun cnn nmnn
(nncrnnxr noonxnnx oa) n cnn cmrn (nncrnnxr asymnnx, arccnn).
B. A . oncc yonnrnonnx nornocrn cyxra
nnonarar ocrnxnn rx nnn nntx nn. nt xrntnocrn +ro nnocxnmnn
syntraron, oas nosmoxnoro xax nooas crnnrntnoro.
5. ( . oncc ocymcrnnnnx xrntnocrn
nnonarar ncnontsonann unonxom onnnntx ccrn n nn ncnosmoxntx
nncnoconnn. 3ry ]ynxnnm ntnonnxmr n unonucxn orant. urot nnmnnrt +rn
nncrymnrt, unonx noymanno nnn anromarnucxn onnarcx na nmmmncx
ncrannnnx o rom, xax nmn crnonart. nnm ornocxrcx snannx, nantxn, ymnnx.
c nnyrnnn oasymmn axrnnnocrn mornnannonnax, nnnax n
nncrymnrantnax ocnona ncrannxr coo on nnn mn cnxsanno nno.
courannn c nnmnnmn noxnnnnxmn axrnnnocrn n ornrntmn noscrnnxmn ct onn
oasymr cncrmy.
nnmnnm noxnnnnxm axrnnnocrn unonxa ornocxr ro nonnn. o
nonnnm nonnmamrcx nnmnn noxnnnnx ncnxnucxo xrntnocrn.
'/'("' +ro nnamnn nnyrnnro cocroxnnx unonxa n crnnx no
ornomnnm x connantno snaunmtm oxram. tnxmrcx na nna nonnnx: nantno
(cnoncno) n antno.
'-.$+(' C'/'("' +ro cncrma ntcxastnann, mnnn, cyxnn,
oxasarntcrn n r. ., xorot moryr trt sa]nxcnonant xax xnnt nnsnaxn nnyrnnnx
ncnxnucxnx cocroxnn.
'$+(' C'/'("' ncrannxr coo cncrmy naxrnucxnx crnn
nocrynxon. !HC +ro conoxynnocrt nsanmocnxsanntx cosnarntntx crnn,
nanannnntx na ocrnxnn xaxo-nno connantno snaunmo nnn n onnnno
connantno c xax axr nancrnnnoro camoonnnnx cyxra, n xoroom on
yrnxar cx xax nnunocrt.
axnm oasom, noccrnom axrnnnocrn ocymcrnnxrcx nsanmocnxst nnunocrn c
oxyxamm co n yrnmn nmtmn. 3ra cnxst noxnnxrcx us cocrnnnym
axrnnnocrt, us axrnnnocrt yrnx nm, us crnnx nmron n xnnnn, +nrnx
xorotx nocnnnnmarcx oranamn uyncrn unonxa.
8.B.

ornocrt +ro oxrnnnax nyxa cyxra n um-ro. axt unonx
ncntrtnar nornocrn n nnm, cn, ox, xnnnm, cymcrn nornnononoxnoro nona
n mnorn yrn. nn mnxmrcx n conmncrnymrcx n sanncnmocrn or ocra om
xyntryt unonxa, ro snann o oxyxammm mn n ornomnn x nmy, omcrnnnoro
nonoxnnx, no]ccnonantno, mnxorynnono nnnanxnocrn n r.n. onnaxontmn
onn ntcrynamr n nx xaxoro xonxrnoro unonxa. nx onnx onn cnoxrcx nnmt x
yonnrnonnm rx nornocr, xorot noxonmt nx ro cymcrnonannx, y yrnx
x xyr nornocr ocrarouno mnox.
o+romy xaxt unonx, ncmorx na nannun omnx nornocr, nmr cnom
nornocrno-mornnannonnym c]y. ornocrno-mornnannonnax c]a onnxr
nanannnnocrt axrnnnocrn nnunocrn.
ncnxonornn nornocrn unonxa ycnonno nxrcx na nonornucxn,
connantnt n yxonnt (nantnt).
"$%"&'!"' C-'.(!" +ro nornocrn, ocnunnammn
xnsnxrntnocrt unonxa n noonxnn ro oa. 3ro noxnnt nornocrn.
85
nnm ornocxr: nornocrn nnm, no, rnn, cn, n unonx nornnononoxnoro nona n
.
*"$+()' C-'.(!" ocnunnamr nnnanxnocrt nnunocrn x
onnnno rynn nm. 3ro: nornocrt n omnnn, n +monnonantnom xonraxr c
yrnmn nmtmn, nornocrt n ry, nornocrt nmnrt n trt nmnmtm n .
onnantnt nornocrn moryr tr marnantntmn n yxonntmn. mramn
marnantntx nornocr ntcrynamr nmn, cosannt unonucrnom n noncc ro
asnnrnx: oxa, xnnnm, tront nmrt, rancnornt ccrna n mnoro yro.
/'$+()'D nnn /H#()' C-'.(!". yxonntm nornocrxm ornocxr
nornocrn n asnooasntx xonraxrax unonxa c omcrnom, c ncxyccrnom,
nnraryo. nn cnxsant c nosnannm nnunocrtm oxyxammro mna n cnoro mcra n
+rom mn. anon cnnn]nucxnm nnom raxo nornocrn ntcrynar noncx cmtcna
xnsnn, noncx cnoro nnasnaunnx n +rom mn.
ymcrnymr n yrn monn cryxryt nornocr nnunocrn. annm,
cornacno ronn . acnoy, xaxt unonx onaar mornnannonntm naoom, xorot
nomorar my yonnrnoxrt nornocrn nxrn yonn. nt yonnt cocrannxmr
nonornucxn nornocrn, noxonmt unonxy nx ntxnnannx. 3ro nornocrn n
nnm, nosyx, no n r.n.
xo na nroo yonnt (nornocrn n sonacnocrn n ynnnocrn n yymm)
nosmoxn nnmt nn ycnonnn, cnn yonnrnont nornocrn nnoro yonnx. +ro
cnxsn ryno oxnart or nxa, uro on cam naunr sannmartcx raxnmn nnamn
xrntnocrn, xax, nannm, nconann, asnnrn nantxon urnnx, nanaxnnann xoomnx
ornomnn co cncrnnxamn n r.n., cnn n yonnrnont ro naxnmn nonornucxn
nornocrn nnoro yonnx n nornocrn n sonacnocrn. rom cnyua, cnn +rn
nornocrn yonnrnont n nn ornnn ynnnocrn n rom, uro onn n yymm yyr
yonnrnoxrtcx nomantno, unonx moxr nxonrt x yonnrnonnm yrnx, on
ntcoxnx nornocr n nmnn n nnnanxnocrn x xonxrno connantno rynn
(connantnt craryc), n camoonnx n camoannsannn. ontxo yonnrnonn nornocrt
camoro ntcoxoro yonnx nornocrt n camoannsannn unonx moxr crart
soontm, rnoucxnm n nsanncnmtm cymcrnom, n nonnom cmtcn cnona nnunocrtm.
rora on moxr ycnmno mart asnnunt nonmt, nyum nonnmart cx n yrnx,
asymn ntcrannart mxnnunocrnt ornomnnx n nonnocrtm orart cx nmnmomy
ny, n xoroo on cnxro nnr.
naxo ocrnut camoannsannn usntuano ryno, n naxrnucxn ontmnncrno
nm nnxora n nonnmamrcx na +ror yonnt. o ax r, xomy yarcx +ro ocrnut, n
moryr ocranartcx na nm nocroxnno, rax xax camoannsannx +ro noncc, a n
saxonunno cocroxnn.
ornocrt moxr raxx nonnmartcx xax nxax rnnorrnucxax nmnnax,
xoroax no ocroxrntcrnam noxnnxrcx ro n nn mornna, ro n nn urt. cnn
nornocrt ntcrynar n nn urt, ro cranonnrcx cranntno n ntcrynar xax cnocrno
xaaxra.
no ns nonynxntx xnaccn]nxann nornocr, asaoranntx na annom
noxo, nnnanxnr X. m. ornacno ro nsrnxam, nornocrn nxrcx na
86
nornocrn nnnunt n nornocrn nronunt. asnnuamrcx raxx nornocrn xnnt
n nornocrn narnrnt. asnannt ]omt cymcrnonannx nornocr onnxmrcx
cnocoamn nx yonnrnonnx. ornocrn moryr noxnnxrtcx na crnnnom nnn
nantnom yonnxx. nn moryr trt +ronnrnucxnmn nnn connonnrnucxnmn.
cnncox nornocr, nnoxnntx X. m, nxoxr:
1) ( crmnnn xonronnonart, oxastnart nnnxnn, nanannxrt,
yxart, nnxrcrnonart, orannunnart;
2) crmnnn cnonom n nom onosonrt, ocynrt, nonsnartcx,
ynnsnrt;
3) ", ) crmnnn x yx, nmnn, oax nonx, cnmnarnx
x yrnm, craann nn orcyrcrnnn yxcxnx ornomnn, xnann cnnsnrt nm,
ycrannrt nnxrcrnn n yrn.
ornocrn n nsonnonant yr or yra n ntcrynamr xax nno nno, xax
cncrma. +ro rouxn snnx onnnnt nnrc ncrannxr xnaccn]nxannx
nornocr, nnoxnnax .F. annntm, n ocnon xoroo nxar ocnonnt nnt
xrntnocrn unonxa. anno xnaccn]nxannn ntnxmrcx urt rynnt
nornocr: nonornucxn nornocrn; ncnxo]nsnonornucxn nornocrn;
connantnt nornocrn n ntcmn nornocrn.
$!!"I"*"3 C-'.(!', : '. B. ;

17. ornocrt n rnoucrn, ry, yu
13. ornocrt trt
nnunocrtm
14. ancrnnnt
n +crrnucxn
nornocrn
15. ornocrt
cmtcna xnsnn
16. ornocrt
nororonnnnocrn
n noonnnn
rynocr
'(
9. ornocrt n
camoyrnxnnn
10. ornocrt a
omnnn
11. ornocrt n
nosnannn
12. ornocrt n
camontaxnnn
-,9
5. onncrnucxn
nornocrn
6. ornocrt
n +monnonantnom
nactmnnn
7. ornocrt n
cnoo
8. ornocrt
n noccranonnnnn
+nrnn
B
1. ornocrt
n sonacnocrn
n camocoxannnn
2. ornocrt
n +monnonantnom
xonraxr
3. nnrnonounax
nornocrt
4. ornocrt
n nnrarntno
axrnnnocrn n nr
F
accmornnt monn cryxryt nornocr nnunocrn cnnrntcrnymr o rom,
uro onn n xnnxmrcx noxnntmn. ornocrnax c]a nnunocrn ]omnyrcx
noccrnom nocnnrannx. o+romy nocnnrann nornocr y r c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn ona ns nnrantntx saau ]omnonannx nx nnunocrn.
ornocrn xax ornocnrntno ycrounnt ncnxnucxn cocroxnnx, ntsnannt
nyxo orannsma n nnunocrn unonxa, ]omnymrcx n noncc nsanmocrnnx
nnunocrn c oxyxamm co n no mnorom onnxmrcx ycnonnxmn, oasom xnsnn n
nocnnrannm. cnonno rnnnn ]omnonannx nornocr xnnxrcx nnamnn
xonxrno nyxt xax oxrnnno noxonmocrn n nornocrt, ntcrynamm
normnmtm ycnonnm nx ]ynxnnonnonannx nnunocrn.
oncc oasonannx nornocr nocnr nannomnt, ntnncrt xaaxr.
nn nornocrn moryr yracart, yrn nosononnxrtcx, rrtn nosnnxart sanono.
urot nonxrt +ror noncc, n ncnxonornn ntnxmr na rnna nornocr: +nmnrant
n nronunt. +nmnrantm nornocrxm ornocxr r, s xorotx unonx n moxr
cymcrnonart. nronuntm nornocrn, nosnnxammn n syntrar nosmoxnocrn nx
87
ntoa. 3nmnrant nornocrn xnnxmrcx aso nx nosnnxnonnnx nronuntx
nornocr.
annun ntoa cosar raxx ycnonnx nx ]omnonannx nornocr,
asnnuntx no cno nanannnnocrn n cnocoam nx yonnrnonnx. x otuno nastnamr
noxonmtmn nornocrxmn (nosnann, oyunn, oasonann n n.) n nornocrxmn
n noxonmtmn, nx ncro ornramt nnn n nnsnanamt omcrnnno
moantm (xynn, anxoront, ynornnn naxornxon n r. n.). cnonno mcro n
nornocrno c] nnunocrn sannmamr nornocrn, cnxsannt c xnsnocnunnm n
cosannm marnantntx ccrn xnsnn nonornucxn nornocrn n nornocrn,
nmmmn connantnym nnoy connantnt nornocrn.
coo mcro n ]omnonannn nornocr c]t nnunocrn sannmar asnnrn
ntcmnx connantntx nornocr. nnm ornocxr: nornocrt trt nnunocrtm,
nornocrt cmtcna xnsnn n nxorot yrn. cnn y nnunocrn nasnannt nornocrn n
nonno m n asnnrt, ro axrnnnocrt yr mornnnonartcx rontxo yonnm nnsmnx
ncnxo]nsnonornucxnx (ronncrnucxnx) nornocr, cnxsanntx c +monnonantntm
nactmnnm, noccranonnnnm +nrnn, nannm, nn cxnonnocrn x nnuronnannm,
nocnart, nxycno nocrt n . nornocrxm ntcmro yonnx ornocxr:
A. -( ) nnn nonnax nornocrt. annax
nornocrt cnxsana c noonnnm rynocr, nnxrcrnn, croxmnx na nyrn x
ocrnxnnm nnn.
B. -( ". cyrt noxnnxrcx n nannunn ocosnanamo
nnn. mtcn xnsnn nxnmuar n cx rn ]omt nanannnnocrn cymcrnonannx nnunocrn:
nx cx, n c, nx yrnx. nncrno +rnx ]om ocnunnar nan n onr. an
ntaxar cncrmy nnnocr nnunocrn (mnonossnucxnx, rornucxnx, oasntx
ncrannnn), xorot nmmr nx unonxa nnunocrnt cmtcn. cosnann nana xax
ocnont cmtcna xnsnn xnnxrcx naxntm +ranom n ]omnonannn nnunocrn. asymnn x
nanon nr sa coo cosann ]ycrannonno cnryannn. onr ncrannxr coo
cncrmy +monnonantntx nxnnann, cnxsanntx c nonccom annsannn nnunocrtm
cnonx nanon. cnyua orxnonnnx n nonnnn nnunocrn or cnoro nana ona omymar
ncxom]or, yrtsnn concrn.
5. -( ( (! noxnnxrcx n rnnnnn x camontaxnnm,
camoaxryannsannn n nau us cncrmy ccrn (mtcnn, snannx, nmrt
xrntnocrn) nn]omannn o cno nnnnnyantnocrn yro nnunocrn.
9. < noxnnxmrcx n crmnnnn nnunocrn x omnnm c
nxacntm: nnoo, nonsnnnxmn ncxyccrna n r..
8. / cnxsant c nxnnannm nnunocrtm nyxt n
ntnonnnnn nom n nannn nonnnx, nnnxrtx n omcrn, n cocroxnnm ncnxnucxo
nanxxnnocrn n cnyua nntnonnnnx +rnx nom.
c nuncnnnt ntm nornocrn ntcmro yonnx ocnunnamr nnunocrn
nosmoxnocrt acxtrnx connantno snaunmo axrnnnocrn, nnsnann nnnocrn n
nyxnocrn n omcrn.
onnantnt nornocrn, xax n yrn oconnocrn nnunocrn, naunnamr
]omnonartcx c mnanucxoro nosacra. nox c momnra noxnnnnx na cnr nyxarcx
n nnm, n samnr or xonoa n n yrnx nornocrxx, noxonmtx nx noxannx
xnsnn, no yonnrnonrt nx on moxr rontxo c nomomtm nsocntx. noncc
nsanmocrnnx c nsocntmn y nro nocrnnno noxnnxmrcx asnnunt connantnt
nornocrn: nornocrt n +monnonantnom omnnn, nornocrt xonraxra co
nsocntmn, n nonyunnn c nx croont nonoxnrntntx +monnonantntx noxnnnn n .
a nroom, rrtm roy xnsnn n syntrar ycnoxnnnx nsanmoornomnn co
nsocntmn y nxa noxnnxrcx nornocrt uacrnuno yonnrnoxrt cnon nonornucxn
nornocrn camocroxrntno, s nomomn nsocntx. oxnnxmrcx +nmnrant
marnantnt nornocrn (nnrc x oxyxammnm nmram, nornocrt nmrt
nrymxn n .) xonny rrtro roa nosnnxamr nnoctnxn nx asnnrnx on
cnoxntx connantntx nornocr oxastnart onnnno nnnxnn na oxyxammnx,
nornocrt n nonoxnrntntx +monnonantntx noxnnnnxx n .
88
xo nosacrnoro asnnrnx n syntrar nsanmocrnnx co nsocntmn y nxa
snaunrntno acmnxrcx c]a marnantntx n yxonntx nornocr. axnnxrcx
nornocrt n omnnn, n ocrnxnnn ycnxon, n nnsnannn, noxnnxmrcx +nmnrant
nornocrn n camoconmncrnonannn, xnannn ontm snart n ymrt, trt nyum n
mnorn yrn.
cnm n cramm mxontnom nosacr n sanncnmocrn or ycnonn xnsnn n
nocnnrannx nornocrnax c]a snaunrntno acmnxrcx. osnnxar nornocrt trt
nsocntm, na nnt nnan naunnamr ntxonrt ntcmn connantnt n yxonnt
nornocrn, cxnatnarcx ocrarouno ycrounnax naxnx nornocr, noxnnxmrcx
omnnnymmn nornocrn, uro cnnrntcrnyr o rom, uro mnoma xax nnunocrt n
ocnonnom c]omnonancx.
r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn nornocrno-mornnannonnax c]a
sauacrym ]omnonana, no yonnt +ro ]omannn n onnaxon n sanncnr or nna n
rxxcrn nnnunoro saonnannx n nronuntx naymnn.
um +ro moxr noxnnxrtcx?
ax, asnnrn ymcrnnno orcranoro nxa yx c nntx n xnsnn ornnuarcx or
asnnrnx nomantntx r. ontmnncrna r-onnro]non nanmarcx saxxa n
noxnnnnn ncnxnucxnx nonooasonann, orcyrcrnyr nnn cnnxn nnrc xo ncmy
oxyxammmy, nanmarcx omax naronornucxax nnrnocrt. annm, nnrc x
nrymxam y nnx xarxonmnnt n oycnonnn rontxo nx nnmnnm nnom; nornocrt n
nr n c]omnonana, nronax xrntnocrt noxoxa na nmrnym xrntnocrt. cnn
raxn rn n nxnmuamrcx n nry, ro n nx crnnxx nanmarcx crornnnocrt,
orcyrcrnyr samtcn nrt, nr +nmnron cmxra. nonnnn ymcrnnno orcrantx
omxontnnxon nonaamr nmnyntcnnnt crnnx n cnmmnnyrnt xnannx.
r c saxxamn ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx, n ornnun or ymcrnnno orcrantx,
nornocrnax c]a ntaxna n nnom on narnxno, no ona n coornrcrnyr
]nsnucxomy nosacry r, n n sanncnmocrn or noncxoxnnx (nantnoro,
xoncrnrynnonantnoro, comarornnoro, ncnxornnoro, a raxx noscrnnx na orannsm
nonocntx ]axroon) saxxa ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx ar asnt nananrt orxnon-
nn. nnom x y r c saxxamn ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx na nauantnom +ran
oyunnx n mxon n c]omnonana nornocrt n yunnn. 3rn rn, nocmax mxony,
noonxamr ncrn cx, xax omxontnnxn. ymnm nnom xrntnocrn y nnx
noonxar ocranartcx nra.
n nnnanannnno asnnnamm n xoxnnonno aor nox nocrnnno
naunnar ocosnanart cnom ncocroxrntnocrt, uro noxnnxrcx n nycnnamocrn.
cosnann cnoro ornnunx or yrnx r, c ono croont, nr x ocosnannm cno
nnonnonnnocrn, a c yro x nontrxam nnunocrno xomnncannn (n xaxo-nno
yro c]).
r c saxxamn cnyxonoro nocnnxrnx n cnxsn c naymnnm asnnrnx ycrno
un ]omnyrcx nornocrt n omnnn, uro cxastnarcx xax na omm asnnrnn, rax
n na urax xaaxra.
cnntx r n cnxsn c orcyrcrnnm nn]omannn, nocrynamm us orant
snnx, n n cnxsn c saxxo no +ro nnunn omro ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx noncxonr
saxxa mnornx connantntx nornocr no rnny rcxoro nn]anrnnnsma.
c +rn n yrn nrarnnnt momnrt n asnnrnn nornocrno c]t r,
nmmmnx xnsnnnt orannunnx, sycnonno, ornnarntno cxastnamrcx n na omm
asnnrnn. naxo yur mnornx oconnocr nx asnnrnx, a raxx nnnnnyantntx
oconnocr nxa nomorar on nonno annsonart nmmmncx nnyrnnn
nornnnan n c]omnonart nornocrn, nontmammn connantno snaunmym nnunocrnym
axrnnnocrt.
8.5. .

max xrntnocrt unonxa naunnarcx c nornocr, no norxann n
onnnnom nanannnnn ynannxrcx mornnom.
89
" +ro nnoccrnnnt noynrnt x xrntnocrn. ornn nosnnxar n
syntrar ncrun c nornocrtm n onnxrcx xax nmr nornocrn. oxnnnn
mornna mnxr rnn nonnnx. Fnaroax mornny, unonx cranonnrcx axrnnntm. tuno
crnnx unonxa noyxamrcx n onnm, a ncxontxnmn mornnamn, no onomy ns nnx
nnnanxnr mammax ont, yrnm nroocrnnno snaunn. nannt mornn
nastnarcx nymnm, yrn x, cnococrnymmn crnmynxnnn ro nnn nno xrntnocrn,
mornnamn-crnmynamn.
tnxmr rn rynnt mornnon, n ocnony xnaccn]nxannn xorotx nonoxnt asnt
ocnonannx.
- mornnt, cnxsannt c coxannm xrntnocrn nnn c
nonccom. nnm ornocxr mornnt, noyxammn nxa x nosnanarntno xrntnocrn
n yunnm. annm, mornnt, cnxsannt c xnannm ysnart nont ]axrt, nont cnocot
crnnx; mornnt, ornocxmncx x camomy nonccy yunnx, noonnnm rynocr, nos-
nnxammnx nn mnnn rx nnn nntx saau.
! nxnmuamr mornnt, noxnnxmmncx n syntrar nsanmocrnnx c
connantntm oxyxnnm. 3ro mornnt-nnn. nx uncno nxoxr: mnoxoconnantnt
mornnt, ysxonnunocrnt mornnt, mornnt c ornnarntno n nonoxnrntno
nanannnnocrtm. ax, x mnoxoconnantntm mornnam otuno ornocxr raxn mornnt, xax:
uyncrno onra n ornrcrnnnocrn n omcrnom, cmt, ystxmn, xonnxrnnom,
yunrnxmn; mornnt camoonnnnx, noxnnxmmncx n nonnmannn snaunnx snann n
xnsnn; mornnt ymcrnnnoro, ]nsnucxoro, +crrnucxoro conmncrnonannx.
sxonnunocrnt mornnt noxnnxmrcx n crmnnnn nxa, nannm, xoomo
yunrtcx, urot n onrt onrn nnn nnsxnx, nonyunrt noxnany, noaox,
yrnnrtcx n rynn.
rnnarntnt mornnt moryr noxnnxrtcx n crmnnnn nsxart nnnxrnocr:
naxasannx, nonnannx.
-'+3 mornnt, xaaxrnsymmncx ocosnannocrtm noyxnn
nnunocrtm. ornnt +ro rynnt nxr na ocosnanamt n nocosnanamt.
ocosnanamtm mornnam ornocxr: yxnnx, nant, nnn, nnnocrnt onnrannn,
]omnymmncx na ocnon mnonossnnx unonxa, a raxx nnrct, crmnnnx n .
axntm ncrounnxom ]omnonannx mornnon ntcrynar cncrma nnnocr, na
xoroym onnrnyrcx unonx n cno xnsnn n xrntnocrn.
'((!+ +ro nonxrn, ntaxamm nonoxnrntnym nnn ornnarntnym
snaunmocrt nmra nnn xnnnnx. nnocrt moxr ntcrynart n ]om omcrnnnoro
nana, n nn nonsnnn marnantno n yxonno xyntryt, unonucxnx nocrynxon,
connantntx nnnocr. onnantnt nnnocrn, nnomnxxct us nnsmy
xnsnxrntnocrn unonxa, nxoxr n ncnxonornucxym cryxryy nnunocrn n cranonxrcx
nnunocrntmn nnnocrxmn.
nnocrnt onnrannn cxnatnamrcx na ocnon nnnocrntx ncrannnn,
nyrm ocosnannx nornocr n nx cannnnn c oxyxammnm mnom n nyrm noscrnnx
connantno ct n nocnnrannx. nn moryr nmrt xax accyount, rax n +monnonantnt
acnxr n ncrannxmr coo nncrno +monnonantnoro n annonantnoro.
ncrma nnnocrntx ncrannnn cxnatnarcx y xaxo nnunocrn, +nmnrt
xoroo moryr naxonrtcx n camtx asnnuntx nsanmocnxsxx. na moxr nocnrt
]armnrant xaaxr, ncrannxmm xonrnomar asnnuntx nnnocrntx
ncrannnn, y yrnx nocnrt nnocrnt xaaxr, xora nmmmncx nnnocrn
nounnnt nanon naxntm nx nnunocrn nnnocrxm, uro n oraxarcx na xnsnxrnt-
nocrn n nonnnn nm.
uncn naxnmnx mornnon nnunocrn, noyxammnx x axrnnnocrn, ntcrynamr
nnrct.
('-'! noxnnxrcx n ocosnanno nanannnnocrn nnunocrn na onnnnt
nmr nnn xnnnn n cnxsn c ro nnnnxarntnocrtm nnn nyxnocrtm. nrc, xax
mornn, cnococrnyr onnrnonx n xaxo-nno onacrn, osnaxomnnnm c nontmn
]axramn, on rnyoxomy n nonnomy oraxnnm crnnrntnocrn. nrct moryr trt
xnaccn]nnnonant no coxannm, mnor n ycrounnocrn. ocnon ycrounnocrn
90
nnrca ncra nxnr nonoxnrntno +monnonantno cocroxnn, ntstnamo nonccom
yonnrnonnx snaunmtx nx unonxa nornocr.
m onnm ocosnanntm mornnom moryr ntcrynart crmnnnx.
-'0$'("' +ro +monnonantno nxnnann unonxa, noxnnxmmcx n ro
rxrornnn x snaunmomy nx nro oxry. xaucrn oxra crmnnnx moryr ntcrynart
antnt nmn, nmrt, cnryannn, a raxx cyxrnnnt oxrt xnannx, murt n
rst.
'!1('0)' 0") +ro r, o xorotx unonx n orar c orura o nx
cymcrnonannn. ocosnanamtx mornnon snaunrntno ontm, um ocosnanamtx. o
onnnnoro nosacra naxrnucxn nc mornnt ornocxrcx x nocosnanamtm. cosnann
cocrnnntx mornnon ryr ontmoro nnrnnxryantnoro n xnsnnnoro ontra. 3ro, no
cyrn na, cnnnantnax xrntnocrt, nmmmax cno mornn camonosnann n
nancrnnno camoconmncrnonann. nocosnanamtm mornnam ornocxr: nnunnx,
ycranonxn, connantnt ycranonxn.
4!( noxnnxrcx n nocosnanamo roronnocrn unonxa x ntnonnnnm
xrntnocrn onnnntm cnocoom.
*"$+(3 H!( +ro ntaxnn nnnocrno onnrannn n ]om
connantno-rmnnnonanno nacnonoxnnocrn nnunocrn x saan onnnnomy
ornomnnm x unonxy, x ro nnn nno nmn n r. . cranonxa moxr trt annsonana xax
nacronn, xax onnnnt +monnonantnt nnn +monnonantno-accyount nacro
(onrnmncrnucxn, nccnmncrnucxn, cxnrnucxn, omanrnucxn) no ornomnnm x
romy nnn nnomy oxry. cnonno nyrt ]omnonannx connantno ycranonxn nyrt
nnoccrnnnoro yuacrnx nnunocrn n naxrnucxo xnsnn, cocrnnnt ontr.
ocosnanamt mornnt moryr noxnnxrtcx n n cosnannn, no n ocotx ]omax. nx
uncn nastnamr raxo mornn, xax nnunocrnt cmtcn.
"&(!(), !0)!$ +ro nxnnann nontmnno cyxrnnno snaunmocrn
nmra, crnnx nnn cotrnx, oxasanmrocx n non crnnx nymro mornna.
nx ntxnnnnx nnunn, onnxmmnx nanannnnocrt nonnnx unonxa,
ncnontsymr nonxrn mornnannx.
"*"3 +ro conoxynnocrt croxnx mornnon, noyxnn, onnxmmnx
coxann, nanannnnocrt n xaaxr xrntnocrn n nonnnx nnunocrn. tnxmr
raxn rnnt mornnannn, xax: mornnannx narononyunx, mornnannx ncrnxnocrn,
mornnannx omnnnonannx, mornnannx ocrnxnnx n . ornnannonnax c]a unonxa
onnxr macmrat n xaaxr nnunocrn. na moxr onnartcx na nontmn
ysxonnunocrnt mornnt nnn x nmrt mnoxn ]ynamnr omcrnnno-snaunmtx
mornnon. sanncnmocrn or nonaannx roro nnn nnoro rnna mornnannn moxno
nornosnonart nonnn unonxa n ro nnn nno cnryannn.
antno ocranonx nornocrn n mornnt ]omnymrcx n xrntnocrn. nnm
ns mxannsmon oasonannx mornnon nonyunn nasnann !/"% 0" na *'$+D nnn
nnamnnx nnn n mornn. yrt +roro mxannsma cocronr n rom, uro nnt, an
noyxamax x ocymcrnnnnm xaxnm-ro mornnom, co nmnm nnorar
camocroxrntnym noynrntnym cnny, ro crt cama cranonnrcx mornnom. naxo +ro
moxr nonsorn n rom cnyua, cnn naxannnnamrcx nonoxnrntnt +monnn.
onoxnrntnt +monnn n +rom noncc, xax nouxnnar R.F. nnnr, ntcrynamr
n onn cnooasntx mocrnxon, xorot cnxstnamr annt nmr c cncrmo
cymcrnymmnx mocrnxon, noxa nont mornn n nxonr n +ry cncrmy na nanax onoro ns
nnx.
o mnnnm amnxancxoro ncnxonora . crnnra, n ocnon mornnannn nxnr
xornnrnnnt ncconanc. o xornnnn noasymnarcx nmo snann, mnnn nnn
yxnn unonxa, a no ncconancom nx ncoornrcrnn snannxm, mnnnxm n
yxnnxm yrnx nm. ornnrnnnt ncconanc +ro cocroxnn ncxom]ora,
ntsnanno ononmnno axnnryann n ncnxnx cyxra nornnounntx
nsanmoncxnmuammnx nornocr, mornnon xrntnocrn, ommnx o nnyrnnro
xon]nnxra, ntxo ns xorooro on crmnrcx narn noccrnom cnoro nonnnx.
ryax . nnna n ro nocnonarn . mo, . onn n . n xaucrn
91
ncnxonornucxoro mxannsma mornnannn accmarnnarcx coornomnn oasa camoro
cx n nantnoro oasa. o nx mnnnm, camoonnxa unonxa xax nnnnna n xax
nnunocrn, c ono croont, n ro ncrannnn o nan, c yro croont, moryr n
connaart, uro nnnonr x axrnnnocrn unonxa, nanannnno na cnxrn +roro
ncoornrcrnnx. nxrn ncoornrcrnnx mxy nanom n camoonnxo noncxonr
noccrnom raxnx ncnxnucxnx xnnnn, xax yonnt nnrxsannx n yonnt
oxnannx.
4-'(+ C-"31("3 +ro ycranonxa nnunocrn na onnnnt craryc, ycnx,
syntrar xrntnocrn, naxoxmncx n sanncnmocrn or yonnx camoonnxn nnunocrn.
4-'(+ 2"/("3 sanncnr or nt nnnnna n cnon cnoconocrn n nosmoxnocrn n
onnnno c] xrntnocrn, a raxx om ynnnocrn n c, ro crt cnxsan c
camoonnxo.
3rn yonnn moryr ononnxrt yr yra, connaart, a raxx onayxnnart
ncoornrcrnn, uro yr oycnonnnnart onnnnt rnn nonnnx unonxa,
ntcrynart n xaucrn mxannsma nocronnx mornnannn.
onmt mxannsmon mornnannn asaartnannct raxx n ycn ncnxoanannsa .
om, . nom, 3. omom. xaucrn ocnonntx mxannsmon mornnannn n nx
ryax ntnnramrcx nocosnanamt nornnounx. . n ocnonntm mxannsmom
nocronnx mornnannn cunran xomnnxc nnonnonnnocrn. o ro mnnnm, +ror
xomnnxc ncrannxr coo nocosnanamo nxnnann, nosnnxamm na ocnon
nonontcrna coo: cno nnmnocrtm, nnunocrntmn xaaxrncrnxamn n r.n.
3. om ocnonntm mxannsmom nocronnx mornna cunran nocosnanno
nxnnann, nosnnxamm na ocnon ocosnannx unonxom ornnnx ro or nnot, uro
ntstnar uyncrno onnoucrna, ccnnnx n cnoro nnuroxcrna, no+romy nonnn
unonxa nanannno na cnxrn +ro ornnarntno nanxxnnocrn.
rax, n cnoxnom noncc ]omnonannx nnunocrn, noyxammnm axrnnnocrt n
onnxmmnm nanannnnocrt, nymym ont nramr mornnt. ornnannx cnyxnr
noynrnm nonnnx, nanannxr ro, nnar my nnunocrnt cmtcn n snaunmocrt.
rcma ounnno, uro n nnocrnom noncc nocnnrannx n connantno annnrannn
nnunocrn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn ]omnonann nornocrno-
mornnannonno c]t onxno crart rnanntm nanannnnm.
8.9.

ncnxonornn cunrarcx, uro xrntnocrt conmcrno c omnnm, xoroo
nosnnxar n noncc xrntnocrn, xnnxrcx ocnonntm ]axroom n ycnonnm asnnrnx
ncnxnxn n nnunocrn nxa.
'3'$+(!+ +ro nnnanannnnax axrnnnocrt unonxa, nanannnnax na
noasonann oxyxamm crnnrntnocrn n camoro cx. xrntnocrt ncra
nmrna, ocosnanna n nocnr omcrnnnt xaaxr.
syunn xrntnocrn n xaucrn nmra ncnxonornucxoro nccnonannx tno
nauaro . . trorcxnm n . . ynnmrnom. o oconno nnrncnnno ono nononnoct
. . onrtntm n ro nocnonarnxmn. . . onrtn sanoxnn ocnont rax
nastnamoro x-rntnocrnoro noxoa n ncnxonornn. n accmarnnan nmrnym x-
rntnocrt xax noncc, nnyrn xorooro n xaucrn ro noxonmoro momnra nosnnxar
ncnxnucxo noom.
. . onrtn n cnom nccnonarntcxom noxo asnnuan nnyrnnmm n
nnmnmm xrntnocrt. nmnxx xrntnocrt +ro uyncrnnno-nmrnax
marnantnax xrntnocrt no onnonannm oxramn. antnax xrntnocrt +ro
xrntnocrt no nnyrnnm nnan. ornacno ro nsrnxam nnyrnnxx xrntnocrt
nronuna. na ]omnyrcx na ocnon nnmn nmrno xrntnocrn. oncc
nxoa anno xrntnocrn no nnyrnnmm, ncnxnucxym, oosnauarcx rmnnom
E"('-"-"1*"3F. n +rom nouxnnarcx, uro nnrnonsannx cocronr n n nocrom
nmmnnn nnmn xrntnocrn no nnyrnnn nnan cosnannx, a n ]omnonannn
camoro cosnannx. arnt nxo or nnyrnn xrntnocrn x nnmn onnxrcx
92
nonxrnm EO!'-"-"1*"3F.
mrnax xrntnocrt nmr cnymmn cocrannxmmn: nornocrnmornnt
nnnxrntnocrt. nt nnacr xrntnocrn nornocrn, mornnt, nnn,
ycnonnx. nn cocrannxmr nmrno coxann, ocnony, na xoroo ona cronrcx.
roo nnacr xrntnocrn cryxrynt +nmnrt: orntnax xrntnocrt, crnnx,
onannn. 3ro annsannx. rn nnacr xrntnocrn nnamnxa.
oxann nnocrno xrntnocrn coornocnmo c nonxrnxmn nornocrn n
mornnt. o+romy ananns xonxrno xrntnocrn unonxa moxno ocymcrnnxrt rontxo
rora, xora onnnt nornocrn n mornnt +ro xrntnocrn nn ocrarouno urxom
]omynnonannn nx nmrnoro coxannx. crounnxom axrnnnocrn ntcrynamr no-
rnocrn, xorot naxoxr cno ntaxnn n mornnax xrntnocrn. or nnn nno mornn
noyxar unonxa x nocranonx saaun, x ntxnnnnm ro nnn, xoroax n onnnntx
ycnonnxx ryr ntnonnnnx crnnx, nanannnnoro na cosann nnn nonyunn
nmra, ornuammro ronannxm mornna.
'$+ +ro xonunt syntrar xrntnocrn. na ncra ocosnanna n
ncrannxr coo mtcnnmt syntrar xrntnocrn.
xrntnocrt ntcrynar xax nnnna xnsnn unonxa, ro axrnnnocrt, ornuammax
onnnno nornocrn, mornny. na annsyrcx n crnnxx n onannxx. ',!"'
cocrannax uacrt xrntnocrn. mx onnnnym nnt, ono ocymcrnnxrcx asntmn
cnocoamn n sanncnmocrn or rx ycnonn, n xorotx +ro crnn conmarcx. crnn
+ro nnno axr nonnnx n non snaunn cyxra. ro syntrarom xnnxrcx
noasonann n nosnann xnsnnno cnryannn, noccosann n cosann nontx
nmron unonucxo xyntryt. crnn moxr trt ncrannno n nn courannx
on mnxnx ]armnron onann. onacrn C'-*", ornocnrcx nocronn
nsanmocrnn mxy ccrnamn, ornuammnmn nnn cyxra.
xrnnnocrt nnunocrn nxa, nmmmro xnsnnnt orannunnx, annsyrcx n
asnnuntx c]ax xnsnn n xrntnocrn n, n nnym out, n ro onacrn, n xoroo
xnsnnno naxnt ]ynxnnn oxasannct nanon coxanntmn. 3ro moxr trt: nronax,
nosnanarntnax, yunax, xommynnxarnnnax (omnn), xyoxcrnnnax (nconann, nnxa),
cnornnnax xrntnocrt, ocnyxnnammn ry n mnorn yrn nnt. xnmunn
nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n r nnn nnt nnt xrntnocrn rnanno
ycnonn annsannn ocnonno nnn connantno annnrannn ]omnonann
nonnonnno, ycrounno x ranmnymmnm xnsnnntm cnryannxm nnunocrn.
+rnx nnxx naxno cosart ycnonnx nx roro, urot nox, ntnonnxx xonxrnym
xrntnocrt, nocrnnno cranonnncx cyxrom.
H.N'(!+ unonxa no cnomy ncxonomy ocnonannm cnxsana co cnoconocrtm
nnnnna nnamart cnom xnsnxrntnocrt n nmr noasonannx.
ymcrnnntmn cnocrnamn +roro noncca xnnxrcx cnoconocrt unonxa ynannxrt
cnonmn crnnxmn, nnannonart cnocot crnn, annsontnart namunnt
norammt, xonronnonart n onnnnart xo n syntrart cnonx crnn. o crt
cranonnnn cyxra xrntnocrn crt noncc ocnonnx nnnnnom ocnonntx
cryxryntx oasymmnx xrntnocrn: cmtcna, nnn, saau, cnocoon noasonannx
unonxom oxrnnnoro mna n camoro cx.
crynax n xnsnt, nxnmuaxct n r nnn nnt nnt xrntnocrn, nox
nnonauantno n xnnxrcx cyxrom xrntnocrn, on ntcrynar n onn nocnrnx n
crnyr crnxnno. naxo no m asnnrnx n onnannx nm onnnno
xrntnocrtm, on co nmnm cranonnrcx cyxrom. axt nn xrntnocrn, n
xorot nxnmuarcx nox, ornnuarcx cnonm coxannm, ]omamn orannsannn,
yuacrnnxamn n moxr annsonart mnoxn xyr ro nornocr.
annm, yuacrnyx n ocnyxnnammm ry, nox moxr yonnrnonrt cnon
nornocrn n nnxnnn, conmcrno xrntnocrn; a nsoasnrntno xrntnocrn n
camontaxnnn, n rnoucrn n r.. nonmnno annsyx cnon nornocrn n nnrct,
nox nnorar mnorn nnunocrnt urt, raxn xax: ryonmn, nmo-
snarntnocrt, omnrntnocrt, xorot n antnmm cranonxrcx ocnono
ncnxonornucxo cryxryt nnunocrn.
93
uacrn n xrntnocrn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn cosar
nnoctnxn nx mnnx yro naxnm saaun connantno annnrannn
nnxnnannn nocncrnn n asnnrnn ncnxnxn n nonnnn, oycnonnnnt nronuntmn
naymnnxmn.
nx connantnoro aornnxa n +ro cnxsn usntuano naxno nonnmann xomnnxca
nnonnonnnocrn, xorot moxr c]omnonartcx y r n noocrxon n nno
ocosnannx nmn cnonx orannunn n ycyrynrtcx, cnn co croont oxyxammnx yr
noxnnxrtcx onnnno nornnocrnn.
uyncrno nnonnonnnocrn moxr sarynnrt nosnrnnnt ocr n asnnrn. naxo
ymnno uyncrno nnonnonnnocrn, cornacno nsrnxam . na, noyxar nxa
acrn, crart raxnm x cnntntm, xax oxyxammn nmn, n ax cnntn yrnx, crmnrtcx
x camoconmncrnonannm, x nnocxocrny, x asnnrnm cnonx cnoconocr. nt
nnocxocrna moxr trt xax nosnrnnno, rax n nrarnnno. cnn ona nxnmuar
nnrct, sannrconannocrt n narononyunn yrnx, ona asnnnarcx n xoncryxrnnnom
n soonom nanannnnn.
. n cunran, uro xaxt unonx ntaartnar cnom xnsnnnym nnt,
cnyxamym cocorounnm ro crmnnn n ocrnxnn. omnonann xnsnnntx
nn naunnarcx n rcrn xax xomnncannx uyncrna nnonnonnnocrn, nynnnocrn n
cnomomnocrn n mn nsocntx. nsnnnt saaun unonxa annsymrcx n xnsnnnom
crnn.
"1('((), !"$+ +ro ynnxantnt cnoco, ntannt xaxtm unonxom nx
cnonannx cno xnsnnno nnn. 3ro nnrrnonannt crnnt nncnoconnnx x xnsnn n
nsanmocrnnx c xnsntm noom. ax uacrt cnoro xnsnnnoro crnnx xaxt unonx
cosar cno ncrannnn o mn. n nastnar +ro cxmo annnnnnn.
crannnn unonxa o mn onnxr ro nonnn. n nouxnnan, uro nmn n
cnomomnt nmxn n yxax nnmnnx cnn. unonx cam ]omnyr cnom nnunocrt.
cnonno nyrt corynnucrno c yrnmn nmtmn. axt nnnnnyym ncrannxr
nncrno nnunocrn n nnnnnyantnoro ]omnonannx +ro nnunocrn. oncryxrnnno
crmnnn x conmncrny nnmc cnntno omcrnnno uyncrno n xoonannx,
corynnucrno sanor ]omnonannx soono nnunocrn.
ocrarox nnrca x asnnuntm nnam xrntnocrn n ro connantnym nsonxnnm
moryr noonrt cnymmn ycnonnx xnsnn nxa.
1. -%("&'!3 ('C$(*'((!+D uacrt onsnn n cnaocrt nxa. nn
moryr nnncrn x romy, uro nox orxastnarcx or nsanmocrnnx c yrnmn ns uyncrna
nnonnonnnocrn n ncnoconocrn ycnmno connonartcx c yrnmn rtmn. ro x
nmx rn, xorot noonnamr cnon rynocrn, moryr noonrt nnonauantnt
cnaocrn.
2. 1.$(()' /'" raxx nmmr rynocrn n asnnrnn uyncrna connantnoro
nnrca n xoonannn. m n xnarar ynnnocrn n cnonx cnnax. onnantnt nnrc y
nnx usntuano cna. sanonannt rn, xax nannno, mano ncntrtnamr nonnnnt
uyncrna no ornomnnm x onrnxm, xorotmn onn rax xoomo mannnynnymr.
3. '-2'((!+ rrtx crynnt, xoroax moxr ctsno samnnrt asnnrn
nxa. 3rn rn nnxora n snann nmnn n xoonannn n om, no+romy nm usntuano
ryno asnnrt n c +rn xaucrna.
urot nomout nxy noonrt xnnt nnn samacxnonannt xomnnxc
nnonnonnnocrn, naxno cnymm:
1) nonxrt cnnn]nucxn crnnt xnsnn nxa, oconnocrn ro xnsnn n asnnrnx;
2) nomout nxy nonxrt cx, ntaorart y nro ny n cnon cnnt n nosmoxnocrn;
3) cosart ycnonnx nx ycnnnnx connantnoro nnrca y nxa. axno, urot on cmor
nonxrt cno xnsnnnt crnnt, nonxn cx, nayunncx nnrt omnxn, xorot on nar n
noncnnntx, xnsnnntx cnryannxx, nayunncx nonnmart nocncrnnx cnoro nonnnx.
asnonnnocrtm ycnmnoro nonnnx xnnxrcx H'-'((' C'/'("', xoroo
noxnnxrcx xax cnoconocrt orxtro rononrt o uyncrnax n ronannxx, ycranannnnart
xonraxrt, ymrt naunnart n oxanunnart cy, orxtro ntaxart nosnrnnnt n
nrarnnnt uyncrna, ymrt cxasart nr, ucrno ntaxart cno mnnn s ornxxn na
94
oxyxammnx.
ornnononoxntm ynnnomy nonnnm xnnxrcx ('H'-'((' C'/'("'. ro
oycnonnnnamr cnymmn ]axrot: crax xonraxra, crax xnrnxn, uyncrno nnnt,
usmnax ocrooxnocrt n xon]omnocrt, crax noronart n nacroxrt na cnom n .
nx asnnrnx ynnnoro nonnnx xomnyrcx nnnanannnno ncnontsonart
xnsnnnt cnryannn, n xorot nxnmuarcx nox, a raxx orannsannm cnooasnoro
rnnnra xax n crcrnnntx, rax n n naoarontx ycnonnxx.
nnm ns nnon nonnnx r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn moxr trt
arccnx.
%-'!!"(' C'/'("' +ro onooxo, nonnranno ornnarntntmn +monnxmn
oraxnn antnocrn, nnnoxm x ncxaxnnm, noxrnnnocrn, nnnocrn
nonnmannx crnnrntnocrn. rccnnno nonnn uacro nanmarcx y r c
saxxo ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx, y ymcrnnno orcrantx n yrnx. no ns nnunn
arccnnnoro nonnnx moxr trt ]ycrannx.
G-H!-*"3 +ro nnosmoxnocrt yonnrnonnx nornocrn (xourcx, no
nntsx nno nnosmoxno ocrnut). rccnnno nonnn moxr noxnnxrtcx n nn
nxmoro noscrnnx (yrartcx, artcx), nno xocnnnoro (nacmmxa, nsnarntcrno).
ycrannn cnocont naxannnnartcx, ycnnnnax n saxnnxx arccnnnocrt nxa. um
on ]ycrnonana n nnornuna nnunocrt, rm uam n ocr ocymcrnnxrcx
naxnarno arccnnno nonnn.
rcma ocnonno nyrt nynxnnx arccnnnoro nonnnx ycrannn nnn
cmxrunn ]ycrnymmnx cnryann n noonnn nnornucxnx cnmnromon n asnnrnn
nnunocrn nxa.
8.8.

44
y naxy c omnnm, nro n yunnm xnnxrcx ocnonntm nnom xrntnocrn
unonxa, n xoroom annsymrcx noxnnnnx ro axrnnnocrn, nanannnno na
yonnrnonn nosnnxammnx nornocr. Fnaroax ryy unonx cosan conmnno
omcrno, nmrt marnantno n yxonno xyntryt, orxtn norannunnt
nosmoxnocrn nx antnmro norcca conmnno nnnnnnsannn n asnnrnx camoro
cx.
y no cno cnnn]nx moxr trt ymcrnnntm n ]nsnucxnm,
nonsnonrntntm x nnonsnonrntntm, no]ccnonantntm n nno]ccnonantntm.
mcrnnnt ry +ro ocoax omcrnnno noxonmax rornucxax
xrntnocrt unonxa. ro syntrar otuno nann, xorx n oraxarcx n marnantntx
]omax (cnmnonax, marmarnucxnx ntuncnnnxx, sanncxx). nsnucxn ry nn
naxrnucxo xrntnocrn, n ocnon xoroo nxar mtmunt ycnnnx unonxa.
syntrar ]nsnucxoro rya, xax nannno, marnann.
nonsnonrntntm nnam rya ornocxr: nonsnocrnnnt ry na
nnnxrnxx, n macrcxnx, n onacrn mcn n r.., ro crt raxo ry, syntrarom
xorooro xnnxrcx marnantnt noyxr. nonsnonrntnt ry nmax
nncooasnax xrntnocrt, n cnxsannax c nonsnocrnom marnantntx nar nnn
xonxrntx noyxron. axnmn nnamn xrntnocrn moryr trt: omnn, cnor,
ncxyccrno, trono ry, ry no camoocnyxnnannm.
xrntnocrn r n noocrxon ocoo mcro sannmar yunt ry.
xnmuaxct n nro, on cranonnrcx nx nnx nymnm nnom xrntnocrn, n xo xorooro
onn ycnannamr omcrnnno-ncronucxn ontr, naxonnnnt nmcrnymmnmn
noxonnnxmn.
yonax xrntnocrt nx unonxa ocnona xnsnxrntnocrn xax ntcm
nnnocrn, xax ncrounnx camoasnnrnx nnunocrn n annsannn sanoxnntx n n
nosmoxnocr. o nx nxa-nnnanna anno nonxrn nmr on mnoxo snaunn,
um nx nomantntx r. nro nxnmuarcx n rontxo nonsnonrntnt ry, no n
nnonsnonrntnt ry (trono ry, ry no camoocnyxnnannm n omonocrny,
95
cnor n r..). o+romy nororonxa x ryy nxa-nnnanna +ro n nororonxa x ryy
no xonxrno no]ccnn, +ro nauantnt +ran ro nnomnnx x camocroxrntno
ryono xnsnn, ocnona nx antnmro asnnrnx. annt noncc xnnxrcx
noxonmtm +nmnrom connannsannn nnunocrn, ocosnannoro ntoa xnsnnnoro nyrn n
nnrrannn n omcrno.
urot onnart nantxamn n ymnnxmn xonxrnoro no]ccnonantnoro rya
noxonmo, urot nox nnanrntno nnon onnnnym ]nsnucxym
nonxocrt, onnan nantxamn camoocnyxnnannx, y nro onxno trt c]omnonano
nonoxnrntno ornomnn x ryy xax x xrntnocrn n nnom. asnannt xaucrna
nnoramrcx n xo nororonxn x ryono xrntnocrn na annnx n nocnymmnx
+ranax nosacrnoro asnnrnx.
ororonxa nxa-nnnanna x ryy xnnxrcx naxnm cocrannxmm
connantno-annnrannonnoro noncca. rnannax saaua ntrxar ns omnx nnn
connantno annnrannn: ]omnonann nnunocrn, ycrounno x ranmnymmnm
cnryannxm n cnocono ycnmno aanrnonartcx n cnoxnt, a noo n uyxt nx nro
oxyxammn connantnt mn. amxax +ro rnanno saaun onxna cronrtcx ncx
cncrma orannsannn nocnnrarntno aort c nxom no nororonx ro x ryono
xrntnocrn, x noonnnm rynocr, xorot moryr ncrrnrtcx na xnsnnnom nyrn.
nrantno mcro n cncrm nororonxn nxa x ryono xrntnocrn
sannmar noncc ]omnonannx 0"*"((, %(!" x ryy, xoroax nomorna t
nxy ocrnut ntcoxoro yonnx camoannsannn. ycnonnno +ro rm, uro y mnornx
r moxr orcyrcrnonart nnn ount cnao noxnnxrtcx nancrnnnax mornnannx rya,
moryr nosnnxart ononnnrntnt rynocrn n ntaorx rx nnn nntx nantxon n
crnn, y orntno uacrn r n cnny cnnn]nxn ]xra moxr trt orannuna
c]a nx rya nnmt nxorotmn orntntmn nnamn.
omnonann mornnannonno roronnocrn x ryy moxr martcx n amxax
asnnnamm n ncnxoxoxnnonno aort, n xo oxasannx ncnxorannrnucxo
nomomn, nrono n yuno xrntnocrn r n r.. axntm ccrnom noscrnnx na
asnnnammymcx nnunocrt nxa cnyxnr ncnxonornucxn ramornax onnxa. annomy
nny noscrnnx na nxa ornocxrcx: noomnn, naxasann, nonnann, samuann,
noxnana, oonn n x yrnx xax nonoxnrntntx, rax n nrarnnntx onnox. a ocnon
onnxn oxyxammnx, nx ncro nsocntx, y nro n rontxo ]omnyrcx
nonoxnrntnax mornnannx na yuacrn n asnnuntx nnax rya, no n cocrnnnax onnxa
cx camoonnxa.
unt naxntm momnrom n nororonx nxa x ryy, n ]omnonannn y nro
asnnuntx ryontx nantxon xnnxrcx ocymcrnnnn ncnxonornucxo noxxn. na
nosnonxr nomout my nonnrt n cx n cnon cnoconocrn, nsxart omnox, noxart
nn nyauax.
mcr c rm n orntntx cnyuaxx aora no ]omnonannm mornnannonno
roronnocrn nxa x ryy moxr oxasartcx sycnmno. +ro cnxsn xomnyrcx
rnyoxo asoartcx n nnunnax nnocnnnmunnocrn nxa x connantno-
ncnxonornucxnm noscrnnxm n ncnontsonart cnnnantnt nnmt, nannm, nnm
rccnn nx ]omnonannx y nro noxonmtx connantntx mornnon.
yrnmn nanon naxntmn nanannnnxmn nororonxn r x ryy n ycnonnxx
connantno-annnrannonnoro noncca moryr trt:
connantnax narnocrnxa ntxnnxr cocroxnn cncrmt xnsnocnunnx nxa-
nnnanna n nanannnnocrn na nororonxy x ryy;
connantnt naronax nxnmuar connantno-tronym, connantno-ryonym n
connantno-nanonym noxxy nxa n ro cmtn na ocnonannn narnocrnxn c nntm
cosannx onrnmantntx ycnonn annnrannn n nororonxn nxa x ryy;
connantno-ryonax noxxa nxnmuar nomomt nxy, noocrxy c
orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn n ocymcrnnnnn no]onnrannn, n nonyunnn
no]ccnonantnoro oasonannx n n ryoycrocrn;
connantno-nanono naronax n nomomt nnonarar orannsannm mnnucxnx
xoncyntrann onrnxm n noocrxam no nonocam nmmmnxcx y r c orxnonnnxmn n
96
asnnrnn nan n raanrn n cnocoam nx annsannn;
connantnax aanrannx nxnmuar connantno-tronym n connantno -conym
aanrannm n sanncnmocrn or nmmmnxcx y nxa xymnn n orannunn
xnsnxrntnocrn.
asnannt nanannnnx connantno-annnrannonnoro noncca onnrnonant na
mnn nc conoxynnocrn xnsnocnunnammnx nonm nxa n, nx ncro, na
connantno-conym n connantno-tronym aanrannm.
ororonxa nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn x ryy
nnonarar n rontxo ntaorxy y nro onnnntx ryontx nantxon n ymnn, no n
ro onnrannm na no]ccnonantno camoonnnn. unonx c orannunnxmn n
asnnrnn onxn n runn xnsnn trt rorontm x nosmoxno cmn aounx mcr,
onacr no]ccnonantno xrntnocrn, x nontmnnm xnann]nxannn, camoo-
asonannm n nnororonx, x camoannsannn n nocroxnnomy ocry n noncc ryono
xrntnocrn. annax saaua marcx ccrnamn no]ccnonantno onnrannn na
ocnonannn ro ncrannnn o cnonx nosmoxnocrxx, xnannxx, mornnax, ycranonxax n rx
nnnocrntx ycranonxax, xorot y nro c]omnonant no ornomnnm x onnnntm
nnam no]ccnonantno xrntnocrn.
mammax ont n nnomnnn r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn
xnsnxrntnocrn x ryy nnnanxnr nsocntm.
urot ocnunrt ycnmnt noncc nororonxn nxa x ryy, noxonmo xax
mnnnmym cocorounrt ycnnnx na mnnn cnymmnx saau, xorot nomoryr
nnnanannnno n xnann]nnnonanno ocymcrnnxrt nocnnrarntnym aory c nxom.
o-nntx, onrnn nnn sammammn nx nnna onxnt xax moxno antm
nxnmunrt nxa n annnrannonnt noncc, uro nosnonnr nm ntxcnnrt n ocrarouno
crnnn ntaxnnocrt naymnn n cocroxnn xomnncarontx nosmoxnocr orannsma
nx nornosnonannx yym ryono xrntnocrn. urot annsonart cx n ryono
xrntnocrn, unonx onxn n rontxo xoomo onnrnonartcx n mn no]ccn, no n
nmrt nannntno ncrannnn o c, o cnonx nnrcax n nosmoxnocrxx, cnntntx n
cnatx croonax, o nnnocrxx n nnrxsannxx. xnmunn nxa c orannunnxmn
xnsnxrntnocrn n annnrannonnt noncc cosar antnt nnoctnxn n
rontxo nx ycrannnx nnn xomnncannn naymnntx ]ynxnn, no n nx on rnyoxoro
nonnmannx cnoro , cnonx nosmoxnocr n rom nnn nnom nn ryono xrntnocrn.
anon nonno ncrannnn o nosmoxnocrxx orannsma nxa c
orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn n ro nnamnx n noncc noccranonnrntnoro nunnx ar
onnnn annnrannonnoro nornnnana.
'."$"*"((), C'(*"$ +ro conoxynnocrt nmmmnxcx
ncnxo]nsnonornucxnx, ]nsnucxnx, ncnxonornucxnx cnoconocr n saarxon,
nosnonxmmnx nn cosannn onnnntx ycnonn n ro nnn nno crnnn
xomnncnonart nnn noccranonnrt naymnnt c]t xnsnxrntnocrn. onnt
annnrannonnoro nornnnana sanncnr or nosacra nxa, xaaxra naronornn,
ntaxnnocrn naymnntx ]ynxnn n nosmoxnocrn nx xomnncannn, ycnonn
oxyxamm ct n . um ntm yonnt annnrannonnoro nornnnana, rm on
mnoxn xyr cnnnantnocr ocrynn nx ntoa.
ornosnonann ryontx nosmoxnocr y r c orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn
ncxonr ns snannx annnrannonnoro nornnnana nxa, ro ]ynxnnonantnoro
cocroxnnx n nnamnx nanmnnx n ocrynnoro cnxra ronann, xorot moryr trt
my nxnnnt us onnnno nmx xnsntm n aoro, xaaxrom n
ycnonnxmn.
asnnuamr rn nananra ryonoro nornosa:
1) naronnxrnt, nn xoroom nnonararcx ocrynnocrt ryono
xrntnocrn n noxasanntx no]ccnxx n nonnom om;
2) comnnrntnt, xora ntnonnnn no]ccnonantnoro rya nosmoxno nn
conmnnn onnnntx orannunn;
3) nnaronnxrnt, xora ryonax xrntnocrt nosmoxna rontxo n cnnnantno
cosanntx ycnonnxx nnn na omy, nnn n ocrynna noom.
97
a ocnonannn anntx xomnnxcnoro ocnonannx cocrannxrcx nnnnnyantnax
noramma annnrannn, n xoroo naxy c nuntmn monnxrnxmn onnxmrcx
mt no nontmnnm yonnx ocrynno ]nsnucxo n nnrnnxryantno narysxn, xyr
noxasanntx no]nn ryonoro oyunnx. n raxx xomnyrcx xnm yunoro
rya n ortxa, ]omt ryonoro oyunnx, onnxmrcx ]omt xonronx sa cocroxnnm
orannsma no nmx ryontx narysox, yxastnamrcx xonronnymt naamrt nx
naua n nx yunrnx.
o-nrotx, naxno cosart raxn ycnonnx xnsnxrntnocrn, n xorotx nanon
nonno noxnnxnnct t xnann n axrnnnocrt nxa n camoconmncrnonannn n n
nnornnn ryontx nantxon.
ororonxa r c orannunnxmn xnsnxrntnocrn x ryy cnoxnt n
nnrntnt noncc, naunnammncx n annm rcrn.
coax ont n nororonx r x ryy nnnanxnr cmt. n naxno n rontxo
cosart ycnonnx nx nomantno xnsnxrntnocrn nxa n noxnnnnx ro axrnnnocrn
n ryontx nax, no n c]omnonart y nro ny n cx, cnon nosmoxnocrn. cnn x y
nxa c]omnonanact mornnannx x nmo xrntnocrn, n ocnon xoroo nxnr crax,
uyncrno nynnnocrn, oxnann nnnxrnocr, ro onrnn onxnt nnnxrt mt,
urot +ry mornnannm nncrn n nosnrnnno ycno. ornxa nocnnrannx nxa c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn ryr nannunx y onrn cnnnantntx snann.
onrnn onxnt nosnart saxonomnocrn asnnrnx cnoro nxa n rnxo arnonart na
ncxxn, ax nsnaunrntnt, nonoxnrntnt nnn nrarnnnt nsmnnnx n ro asnnrnn.
cnonntmn mxannsmamn nnomnnx nxa x ryy n ]omnonannx
ynaxnrntnoro ornomnnx x nmy xnnxmrcx nnunt nnm onrn n oxyxammnx ro
nnn, a raxx corynnucrno nsocntx c nxom n asnnuntx nnax xrntnocrn.
nyr nosaornrtcx o rom, urot n cmt n noncc ryonoro nocnnrannx x nxy c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn ornocnnnct rax x, xax n x nomantnomy nxy.
mtx acnonarar snaunrntntmn ccrnamn nnomnnx nxa x ryy. nx
uncn moryr trt:
camoocnyxnnann (coxann n noxx cno oxt, oynn, nocrntntx
nnnanxnocr, nnctmnnoro crona, yuntx nocon n r..);
corynnucrno n nrono xrntnocrn, n noyxrnnntx nnax xrntnocrn
(nconannn, xoncrynonannn, nnx ]nry ns nnacrnnnna n r..);
n xo oyunnx nnnm omamnro xosxcrna (ymnnm nnroronnrt nnmy, coxart
n uncror xnarny, accunrtnart cmnt mxr n r..);
n xo osnaxomnnnx c no]ccnonantno xrntnocrtm, ntnonnxmo onrnxmn;
n noncc ntnonnnnx nxom omamnnx yuntx saann n r..
urot ryono nocnnrann n cmt tno ycnmntm, onrnxm noxonmo
conmart n ornomnnn nxa cnymmn narornucxn ronannx:
nocnntnocrt, rynxnocrt, oxsarntnocrt ntnonnnnx onnnnoro xyra
omamnnx aor;
oyunn ryontm nantxam n conmcrno xrntnocrn nxa n nsocnoro;
cosann ycnonn nx ycnmno aort r n noonnnx nocnntntx rynocr;
oxrnnnax onnxa n asymno noomnn syntraron rya nxa.
nrantntm snnom nororonxn r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn x xnsnn
xnnxrcx cncrma oasonannx. saaua cocronr n rontxo n rom, urot art rxm
onnnnt snannx n ntaorart coornrcrnymmn nantxn n ymnnx, no n nororonnrt
nx x ryono xrntnocrn. nn onxnt trt xoomo nororonnnt n no]ccnonantnom
ornomnnn, trt nnnnmunntmn, cnocontmn tcro aanrnonartcx x nontm
ycnonnxm n coxannm no]ccnonantno xrntnocrn.
coxannnm, conmnnt yonnt orannsannn ryonoro oyunnx r c
]nsnucxnmn n ncnxnucxnmn orxnonnnxmn n coornrcrnyr ronannxm nx nororonxn
x camocroxrntno xnsnn. cnonno ro nocrarox n rom, uro mxona nmcro nororonxn
nxa x ryono xrntnocrn, ]omnonannx nonoxnrntno mornnannn x ryy ntra-
rcx oyuart ro ro nnn nno aou no]ccnn, ntaartnart ncnonnnrntcxn nantxn,
nnxrcrnymmn n xonunom nror connantnomy cranonnnnm nnunocrn. o crt annxx
98
no]ccnonannsannx n cnxsn c nnonnmannm rtmn sarynxr ]omnonann
nornocrn x ryono xrntnocrn, ntaartnar y nnx croxo ornamnn x ryo-
ntm ycnnnxm.
cxox ns nasnanntx nocrarxon n conmnntx ronann n nororonx r c
orannunnxmn xnsnxrntnocrn x ryy, oxrnnno ntrxar noxonmocrt
nocmtcnnnx cncrmt ryonoro oyunnx c rouxn snnx nontmnnx ro xaucrna.
ororonxa r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn x ryy
onxna ocymcrnnxrtcx ncm yxnaom yunoro sannnx. mnnm +ro saaun cnyr
nounnnrt ncm cncrmy oyunnx n nocnnrannx: yunt nmrt omoasonarntnoro
nnxna, ncnnnnnnt ryonoro no]nnx, nnyunym xrntnocrt. x coxann n
naxrnucxn crnnx onxnt trt nanannnt na nonnmann rtmn raxnx xarron,
xax +xonomnxa, nnycrnx, +xonornx, xyntrya, soont oas xnsnn, na nocnnrann
nanono xyntryt, moantntx nom nonnnx, nornocrn ocosnanno roronnrtcx x
nsocno xnsnn.
oxonmo onnartcx, urot n xo nsyunnx yuntx nmron y r
]omnonannct raxn cnoxnt nnunocrnt oasonannx, xax: ryonmn, ymnn
ononrt nauaro no o xonna, nnycrmnnnocrt, nnnnnarnnnocrt, ymnn nornucxn
mtcnnrt, nsanmocrnonart c yrnmn nmtmn no asntm nonmam, nnannonart n
xonronnonart cnom xrntnocrt.
axnmax oconnocrt orannsannn ryonoro oyunnx r c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn cocronr n rom, uro ona onxna trt croro n]]nnnonana.
nx r, nmmmnx orxnonnnx n ]nsnucxom asnnrnn, coxann nororonxn x
ryy onxno nocnrt on ntaxnnt xoxnnonnt xaaxr.
nx r, nmmmnx nrxn nnrnnxryantnt naymnnx, no cnocontx ncrn
camocroxrntnym, nsanncnmym xnsnt, nororonxa x ryy onxna asnonartcx na
]omnonannn ntcmnx xoxontx ]ynxnn (un, nocrancrnnno-nmnntx
ncrannnn n .), asnnuntx nnon nmrno-naxrnucxo xrntnocrn.
oxann xomnncarono-aanrannonnoro acnxra nororonxn r c nasnanntmn
]xramn nanannno na xoxnnm ncnxo]nsnucxoro asnnrnx nnunocrn, cosann
xomnncaronoro n connantno-aanrannonnoro cnocoon xrntnocrn.
nx r c ntaxnntmn nnrnnxryantntmn naymnnxmn, n cnocontmn ncrn
nsanncnmym xnsnt, ryonax nororonxa onxna nmrt on ysxym naxrnucxym
nanannnnocrt na ntnonnnn xonxrntx ryontx onann. oxann oyunnx
raxnx r nanannno na xoxnnm nnunocrn nxa, ro nosnanarntntx nosmox-
nocr, xomnncannm nnrarntntx ]xron, connantnym aanrannm n connantno c,
nororonxy x ocrynntm nnam rya.
unt naxno, urot n cncrm nororonxn r c orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn x ryy n
nonno m ncnontsonancx ocnyxnnammn ry n yuno ry n asnnuntx macrcxnx.
cnyxnnammn ry, xax nanon ocrynnt, nocxmn crcrnnnt xaaxr n
n rymmn ocotx marnantntx sarar, onxn +]]xrnnno ncnontsonartcx na
norxxnnn ncro nnoa ntnannx nxa xax n cmt, rax n n cnnnannsnonannom
nnn yroro rnna yuxnnn.
cnonntmn nnamn ocnyxnnammro rya moryr trt: yoxa cnonx aounx mcr,
yoxa xnntx n nocontx nommnn, camoocnyxnnann n cronono, aora na xyxn, n
noconom xosxcrn n r.n. yont nantxn n xo ocnyxnnammro rya acmnxmr
nosmoxnocrn nxa n noocrxa x connantno-trono aanrannn, a nx nxorotx ns
nnx moryr crart ocnono nx no]ccnonantnoro camoonnnnx.
mntm snaunn nmr oyunn r yunomy ryy n macrcxnx:
ntaorx nantxon cronxnoro n cncanoro na, nantxon n ymnn aort c rxantm,
nxsannm, nnrnnm n mnoromy yromy.
rannsyx ryonym xrntnocrt r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, nao
nmrt n nny, uro noxonmax oraua n mnnn saau connantno annnrannn noxnnrcx
nnmt n rom cnyua, cnn yyr yunrtnartcx cnnn]nucxn oconnocrn asnnrnx r.
rcma nnomnn r x ocrynno nm ryono xrntnocrn onxno cronrtcx na
crorom yur nnnnnyantntx oconnocr nxa. aor c rtmn noxonmo
99
noxnnxrt rnnn, myocrt, trt uyrxnm n nanmarntntm, samuart n asnnnart
nmo, ax nsnaunrntnt ycnx. nyr nocroxnno saornrtcx o crnmynnonannn
yuacrnx nxa n ry n nonoxnrntnoro ornomnnx x nmy. +rnx nnxx nonsntm nx
nro moryr trt: conmcrnax xrntnocrt co nsocntm, nnnnunn x ocyxnnm n
ntnonnnnm xosxcrnnntx n. annm, moxno noconronartcx c rtmn, xax nyum
ooyonart nnomaxy nx ortxa, ormonrnonart xomnary, xax nyum o]omnrt n .
annsannx raxoro noxoa moxr ntsnart y nxa nxnnann uyncrna
cocrnnnoro oma, uro naronnxrno orasnrtcx na ro ncnxnx. nx asnnrnx
nancrnnno mornnannn y r nonsntm moxr trt courann yxnnx c
marnantntm crnmynnonannm, orannsannx aort n nn nrt (rax, xax +ro namr
nsocnt).
om roro, nn orannsannn ocnyxnnammro n yunoro rya n macrcxnx
noxonmo:
ncxnmuart cnntnym aory. nox onxn nnrt syntrar cnoro rya n
nonyuart sa nro moantno n marnantno nosnaraxnn;
nocrannxrt nxy nosmoxnocrn ntnart macrcxym n nxonrt ns ono n
yrym;
ocnunnart nocroxnno nnxnn nxa or nsroronnnnx mn cnoxnoro x on
cnoxnomy nsnnm.
rax, nororonxa r c orannunnxmn xnsnxrntnocrn x ryy naxnmax
cocrannxmmax xomnnxca monnxrn, nanannnntx na ]omnonann nnocrno
nnunocrn, onaamm xaucrnamn, noxonmtmn nx ycnmno nnrrannn n
connantno-+xonomnucxym xnsnt omcrna. onoxnrntntx cnnron n nororonx x ryy
moxno ocrnut rontxo nn nonoxnrntnom ornomnnn nxa x romy, uro nnarar
nsocnt, cnn nox nnnnmar nnoxnn nsocnoro xax cocrnnno, xax
noxonmo.
yono nocnnrann n oyunn nnsnano ]omnonart y nxa c annnx nr
nonoxnrntnym mornnannm x ryono xrntnocrn n nmxm rya, asnnnart raxn
xaucrna, xax: ryonmn, nnnnnarnnnocrt, axrnnnocrt, naxounnocrt, xommynnxarnnnt
n yrn cnocrna, cocrannxmmn ocnony conmnno nnunocrn.
C-!) /$3 !0(-$3
1. cnxonorn asnnuntx nanannnn no-asnomy nonnmamr ncrounnxn
axrnnnocrn. axont asnnunx? ar oocnonannt ornr.
2. acxor nonxrn xrntnocrt n ont n asnnrnn ncnxnxn n ]o-
mnonannn nnunocrn.
3. uro oosnauar nonxrn cyxrnocrt? acxor mxannsmt ]o-
mnonannx nxa xax cyxra xrntnocrn n omnnx.
4. axn nsrnxt . na ncrannxmr nnnocrt nx nonnmannx cymnocrn
connantno annnrannn?
5. acxor cryxryy nornocr unonxa. oumy nornocrn xnnxmrcx
ncrounnxom axrnnnocrn nnunocrn?
6. uro ncrannxr coo naxnx nornocr no . acnoy?
7. acxor nnunnt acmnnnx nornocrno c]t nnunocrn nxa.
asonnr cnnn]nucxn oconnocrn asnnrnx nornocrno-mornnannonno c]t
y noocrxon, nmmmnx ]xrt asnnrnx.
8. asonnr naxnmn mornnt nnunocrn, noyxammn x axrnnnocrn, n
acxor nx cymnocrt.
9. uro ncrannxr coo ontr nnunocrn xax connantno-ncnxonornucxax
xarronx? asonnr ocnonnt nyrn n ycnonnx ycnmnoro ]omnonannx xnsnnnoro
ontra nnunocrn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn.
10. asonnr ocnonnt ronannx, nxnnxmt x asnnnamm n
ncnxoxoxnnonno aor c rtmn, nmmmnmn orannunnt nosmoxnocrn.
11. acxor snaunn rya nx asnnrnx nxa c orannunntmn nos-
moxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn.
100
'0) /$3 /$/ " !.J'(",
1. ' . 0$ &
, ,'.
". )$ ! & .
(. ;'' $ ,
' $.
"'-H-
1. ' /. .. sannt ncnxonornucxn ryt: n 2-x r. ., 1980.
2. /& . 4. onmt ncnxonornn cyxra. ., 1994.
3. /&' /. . nomannn nnunocrn. ., 1988.
4. / -. 8. rannsannx ncnxonornucxo cnyxt n mxon.
.: onmncrno, 1997.
5. osmoxnocrn annnrannn r c ymcrnnntmn n ]nsnucxnmn
orannunnxmn ccrnamn oasonannx. ., 1995.
6. . =. /. nnn n omym ncnxonornm. yc nxnn.
., 1996.
7. 6 7.. cnont ncnxonornn: unnx nx nyson. .: yntrya
n cnor, R, 1997.
8. 1' . 4. xrntnocrt. osnann. nunocrt. ., 1982.
9. 8. . cnxonornx. un. nx crynron ntcm. n. yun. san-
nn. 3 xn. n. 1. mn ocnont ncnxonornn, 2- ns. .: ocnmnn:
, 1995.
10. rannsannx n coxann ryono n no]ccnonantno nororonxn
na conmnnom +ran. ., 1996.
11. ) . . nnn n ncnxonornm. ocxna: ns. nnr
xamnx, 1995.
12. ) . . nunocrt n ncnxonornn: naanrma cyxrnocrn.
ocron-n/, 1996.
13. axrnucxax ncnxonornx oasonannx / o . . . yonnno.
, 1997.
14. oxonona 7. ., . . connocrn nnunocrn nn nora-
nnuntx accrocrnax n comarnucxnx saonnannxx. ., 1995.
15. $ 7. -.. . . n . onnnnnx nororonxn x ry-
y r c orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn. ., 1997.
16. 2' ;. 4, cnxonornx asnnrnx nnunocrn n onrorns.
., 1989.
17. >& .. cnxonornx anomantnoro asnnrnx nnunocrn n rcxom n
noocrxono-mnomcxom nosacr. .: oontx, 1993.
101
C

7.A. .

naxrnx yuno-nocnnrarntno, xoxnnonno n yrnx nnax aort c

rtmn mnoxo ncnontsymrcx nonxrnx ncnxnxa n nnunocrt, nxo nomnxx ono
yrnm. naxo nasnannt nonxrnx n roxcrnnnt. crannxx coo nacroxnmo
nncrno, rax xax nnunocrt unonxa n moxr trt nnmna ncnxnucxoro mna, onn
nmmr asno coxann.
cnxnxo onaamr nc ntcoxoorannsonannt xnnt cymcrna, uro annsyrcx n
cnoconocrn nx mosra oraxart oxyxammym crnnrntnocrt n nsanmocrnonart c
n. cnxnxa unonxa, n ornnun or ncnxnxn yrnx xnntx cymcrn, ncrannxr coo
nanon ntcoxn yonnt orannsannn n asnnrnx. osr unonxa sa cnom +nonmnnm
nnon ntcouamym nnacrnunocrt, cnoconocrt nncnocannnartcx x camtm
cnoxnmnm ycnonnxm.
aunnax or nocrmnx ]om ncnxnucxoro oraxnnx, nanmamtx n nn
cyxrnnnoro nxnnannx n cyxrnnnoro nosnannx nnmnnx noscrnn, y unonxa
nocrnnno naxy c nnoccrnnntm nx oraxnnm nosnnxno onoconanno
oraxnn c nomomtm nonxrn, ntaxamtx cnonamn, asnnnarcx cnoconocrt
onnonart +rnmn cnonamn, noxnnxrcx mtmnnn.
axnm oasom, +nonmnnx nnnna x nosnnxnonnnm uncro unonucxo ]omt
oraxnnx oxrnnnoro mna unonucxoro nocnnxrnx, uyncrn, namxrn, mtmnnnx n
nonn.
nunocrt, n ornnun or nonxrnx ncnxnxa, +ro connantno cncrmno xaucrno
unonxa xax cyxra unonucxnx ornomnn, nnoramo n onrorns. anno
xaucrno nncym rontxo unonxy. nonarntno, nonxrnx asnnrn ncnxnxn n
asnnrn nnunocrn raxx n roxcrnnnt.
oncc asnnrnx nnunocrn nornnm or asnnrnx ncnxnxn, no on n cnonrcx
rontxo x conoxynnocrn asnnnammnxcx nosnanarntntx, +monnonantntx n nonntx
xomnonnron, xaaxrnsymmnx nnnnnyantnocrt unonxa. asnnrn nnunocrn n camom
omm nn accmarnnarcx n ncnxonornn xax noncc nxoxnnx n nonym connantnym
cy n nnrrannn n n.
Faso asnnrnx nnunocrn xnnxrcx nonornucxax cymnocrt. unonx oxarcx
nonornucxn n rm on connantno nsntm, no n ount xoorxn nomxyrox
nmnn cranonnrcx nonxrntm nx oxyxammnx, nnorax nnunocrnt cnocrna. 3ro
nnamnn nnnnna n nono xaucrno xnnxrcx cncrnnm nsmnnn n orannsm n
ncnxnx, syntrarom asnnrnx nnnnna. onxrn asnnrn xaaxrnsyrcx
xaucrnnntmn nsmnnnxmn, noxnnnnm ncnxnucxnx n nnunocrntx nonooasonann,
nontx mxannsmon, ]ynxnnonantntx sanncnmocr, nonccon n cryxry.
anon naxntmn xnrnxmn asnnrnx, xax nouxnnan . . trorcxn,
xnnxrcx n]]nnnannx, acunnnn an tnmro nnoro +nmnra n camom
asnnrnn, ncroxa cnxs mxy croonamn oxra. nmom xaucrnnnoro
nsmnnnx moxno nasnart, nannm, oasonann xomnnxca oxnnnnnx y mnanna,
noxnnnn un n annm rcrn, nosnnxnonnn nonsnontnocrn nonnnx n mnamm
mxontnom nosacr.
102
nunocrt asnnnarcx c asno crnntm nnrncnnnocrn na norxxnnn nc
xnsnn. urot crart nnunocrtm, noxonmo ycnonrt snannx, naxonnnnt
nmcrnymmnmn noxonnnxmn, nncnonrt nx ontr n nxnmunrtcx n cncrmy ornomnn
ro nnn nno connantno omnocrn. asnnrn nnunocrn oycnonnno nnnxnnm mnoxcrna
nnyrnnnx n nnmnnx ]axroon.
('L("0 I-0 ornocxrcx: nnnanxnocrt nnnnna x onnnno
xyntry, connantnax ca n nocnnrann, ynnxantnax cmnax ca. (H-'(("'
/''-0"(() nxnmuamr rnrnucxn, nonornucxn n ]nsnonornucxn ]axrot.
nnanxnocrt x ro nnn nno xyntry nnnonr n noncc connannsannn x
nomarnnntm monxm n mtmnnnn, nonnnn, ntaxnnn +monn. yntrynax ca
]omnyr oas cx, ]omy ornomnn c yrnmn nmtmn, nornocrn n cnocot nx
yonnrnonnx, a raxx nnn, x ocrnxnnm xorotx mt crmnmcx, nnnocrnt on-
nrannn n ycranonxn.
nnxnn cmnoro oxyxnnx raxx omyrnmo cxastnarcx na asnnrnn nnnnna.
coo snaunn nmr ]oma onrntcxoro nonnnx, yxnn n nn. onrnn
cnyxar montm nx noaxannx n noccrnom cocrnnntx nocrynxon oxastnamr
nnnxnn na r, coxanxmmcx na norxxnnn antnm nx xnsnn.
nnxmmnm ycnonnm asnnrnx nnunocrn unonxa xnnxrcx ro mnoronnanonax
xrntnocrt n omnn. nnxxct noyxrom connantnoro asnnrnx, nnunocrt nnmnxr
nmmmncx y n snannx na naxrnx n +rnm nntnar, nncnocannnar cy x cnonm
nyxam. xo nocroxnno acmnxmmnxcx nosmoxnocr unonx nosnar cx, cnon
cnntnt n cnat croont, n syntrar y nro noxnnxrcx nornocrt n
camoconmncrnonannn.
nunocrt nxa ]omnyrcx n cnnn]nucxo nx nro xrntnocrn nr,
omnnn, yunnn, ry n syntrar +nrnunocrn n axrnnnocrn camoro nxa. mcr c
rm xrntnocrt ntnonnxr asnnnammym ]ynxnnm nnmt n rom cnyua, cnn ocnuna
mornnannonnax croona, cnn y nxa cxnatnamrcx ocrarouno ocosnannt, croxn
n cnntnt nnyrnnn noyxnnx. cnxsn c rm uro xrntnocrt mnoronnanona,
cymcrnyr mnoxcrno mornnon, asnnuntx no coxannm, nonsnontnocrn n
ocosnannocrn.
nnax nsanmocnxsannax cncrma mornnon xrntnocrn n nx annsannx
cocrannxmr C!"#$%"&'!HQ !(H nnunocrn. sanncnmocrn or mornna, xorotm
yxonocrnyrcx nox, ]omnymrcx n asnnnamrcx asnnunt xaucrna nnunocrn.
ncrma ycrounno cryxryt nonaammnx mornnon xaaxrnsyr nanannnnocrt
axrnnnocrn nnunocrn.
ornacno . . trorcxomy, noncc asnnrnx nxa +ro noncc
nsanmocrnnx antntx n nantntx ]om. nox n casy ocnannar yxonno n
marnantno orarcrno unonucrna. o nn noncca ocnonnx nantntx ]om noom
nnosmoxno asnnrn. nsnucxo, ncnxnucxo n nnunocrno asnnrn nxa ncran-
nxr coo cnoxnym nnamnxy ]omnonannx orannucxnx, ncnxnucxnx n nnunocrntx
nonooasonann. 3rn oasonannx ncrannxmr coo nnt nsanmocnxsannt n
nsanmooycnonnnnt noncc. nonmnno c ]nsnucxnmn nsmnnnxmn n orannsm
nxa noncxonr rnyoxax ncroxa ncnxnxn, oycnonnnnax n rontxo
]nsnonornucxnmn ]axroamn, no n n snaunrntno crnnn ncnxoconnantntmn.
nnnnx nosacrnoro asnnrnx cnnrntcrnyr o rom, uro um ontm noncxonr
]nsnucxnx nsmnnn no m cosnannx orannsma, rm on axnarntmn n on
cnntntmn cranonxrcx connantnt axnnn na nnx.
annm, ycranonnno, uro on ann nnornn ]nsnucxo cnnt n
nronuntx nnsnaxon cosar nyumym asy nx nnunocrnoro asnnrnx. axn rn
nontsymrcx ontm cnmnarn oxyxammnx, onn on yannonmnnt n ynnt n
c, mn oxn.
annnn mxy coo naamron ]nsnucxoro n ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx rynnt
ncntrymtx nnnort o 30-nrnro nosacra, nonnno amnxancxnm ncnxonorom ..
xonc, ntxnnno nyumym connantnym nncnoconxmocrt mantunxon-axcnaron n
cannnnn c mnnno asnnnammnmncx rtmn. nt, cran nsocntmn, ocranannct
103
on yannonmnntmn, ornrcrnnntmn n nyum aanrnonanntmn x ntcoxnm
ronannxm, nxnnxmtm omcrnom, n nanornn, rn c samnnntm ]nsnucxnm
asnnrnm tnn on cnoxont, cyrnnnt, on sanncnmt or yrnx.
noux nonoxnn n ncxontxo nno. nnom ano cosnmn nouxn xaxyrcx
on connantno aanrnonanntmn, no asnnunx mn orurnnnt. xcnxrcx +ro no
mnorom n nonornucxnmn, a connantntmn nnunnamn. nsnucxomy asnnrnm mantunxon
n cannnnn c nouxamn nnxamnm nx oxyxnnm nnarcx roaso ontm snaunn,
orcma n nnnxnn connantnoro ]axroa n annom cnyua oxastnarcx cnntn.
a ]omnonann nnunocrn n noocrxonom n mnomcxom nosacr ocoo nnnxnn
oxastnamr cnryannn, cnxsannt c nncnoconnnm x cnomy rny n ro nsmnnnxm,
nonono cosnann n cnnn]nucxn nx xaxoro nona nonmt.
3ro oycnonnno n rontxo ]nsnonornucxnmn nsmnnnxmn, no n ro connantno
ontm noocrxa, rmn connantntmn nocncrnnxmn, xorot onn ncyr. cosnanax, uro
ro ]nsnucxo asnnrn cxoo sanmnrcx, no n nonnmax nsmnnn, noncxoxmnx nn
+rom, y noocrxa nn cannnnn cx co cncrnnxamn nosnnxamr ax nn
nsnaunrntntx orxnonnnxx or nomt ctsnax osaounnocrt n onacnnx.
crannnn o c ]omnyrcx raxx n sanncnmocrn or crnnn connantno axnnn
na nsmnnn ]nsnucxoro onnxa noocrxa co croont oxyxammnx (oonn,
nocxnmnn, ornamnn, nacmmxn, nsnn).
norn xnsnct n nno nononoro cosnannx n n mnocrn cnxsant c nnonxnm nnn
ocxonrntntm ornomnnm nnsxnx nsocntx nm, a raxx cncrnnxon. oocrxn
uyncrnymr cx ynnn, cnn y nnx nosnnxar omymnn nnuno nnrnunocrn. nn
xorxr, urot y nnx tno nc xax y yrnx. unrarcx, uro oxono nononnnt nymx n rrt
mnom n nno nsocnnnx osaount asmamn cnoro rna, ]nryo n ncom,
onacaxct ocrartcx cnnmxom manntxnmn nnn crart cnnmxom ontmnmn.
mntmym rnory ntstnamr naymnnx nononn rna. mnom n nymx
cnoxonr, nannm, xaxo y nnx noc, xoorxn nnn nnnnt, xaxymncx nnnntmn yxn
n mnoro yro. nann oconnocr asnnrnx nomorar nsannrtcx or uyncrna
nnonnonnnocrn. nx annoro nosacra rnnnuno raxx nxnann nnsnartcx n noontx
nxnnannxx ns-sa craxa trt ntcmxnntm nsocntm.
mnom uacro nosnnxamr ncnxnucxn nonmt, cnxsannt c nnnuntmn
nonontmn nnsnaxamn, y nymx +ra nonma n nosnnxar, onaxo ontmo nnnmann c
nx croont ynxrcx mncryannxm, oconno xaxymmycx sanastnannm. c nasnannt
oconnocrn ncnxoconnantnoro noscrnnx na r, n oconno noocrxon n nno
nosacrnoro cosnannx, no-asnomy oxastnamr nnnxnn na ]omnonann nx nnunocrntx
xaucrn. onnx cnyuaxx rn ycnmno cnannxmrcx c nonmamn nxonoro nnoa, n
yrnx nosnnxamr onnnnt rynocrn, oycnonnnnt asnnuntmn nnunocrntmn
orxnonnnxmn moantno-+rnucxoro, nnornucxoro, roxcnxannonnoro xaaxra n r..
uro x xacarcx r n noocrxon c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, ro onn no
ornomnnm x oconnocrxm nosnnxnonnnx nnunocrntx orxnonnn ncrannxmr coo
rynny nontmnnoro ncxa.
omosxmnm ]axroom n asnnrnn ncnxnxn n nnunocrn anomantnoro nxa
ntcrynar ror ]axr, uro n syntrar nnnunoro naymnnx nosnnxamr nronunt
orxnonnnx (nnoro, nrooro, rrtro n nocnymmro noxxon), n um nnx +rn
orxnonnnx n ncnxnucxom asnnrnn x nnnunomy naymnnm, rm on nnrncnnno onn
noxnnxmrcx n asntx nnax xrntnocrn nxa, ycnoxnxx annsannm. a
xaucrnnntx xaaxrncrnxax ncnxnucxoro n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx cxastnarcx crnnt,
nmx nosnnxnonnnx nnnunoro ]xra n nosacr, n xoroom on tn nnorn. max
saxonomnocrt cocronr n rom, uro um antm nacrynnno nonxnn, rm snaunrntn
noxnnxrcx cnooasn asnnrnx.
annm, rn, norxnmn cnyx n on nosnm nosacr, moryr coxannrt
ycrnym ut, a nx ymcrnnno asnnrn n rxr onot na cnoncnt oomnnx.
connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn moxno cronxnyrtcx c ]axrom, xora y
r, ocnoxnnntx ]xrom, orannucxn nocrarox n noncc asnnrnx n
]omnonannx nnunocrn nrar nonym ont. ono croont, ]xr ncrannxr
104
coo mnnyc orannunn, cnaocrt, ymannn asnnrnx, a c yro n cnxsn c rm uro
cosamrcx rynocrn, noncxonr crnmynxnnx axrnnnocrn nxa, nontmnno,
ycnnnno nnxnn nn.
sncrno, uro ncxxn ]xr cosar crnmynt nx ntaorxn xomnncannn. o, uro
naymnnt anannsaro xnnxrcx cocranno uacrtm nno ]ynxnnonantno cncrmt,
osnauar, uro n nro nxnmuarcx n xrntnocrt ocrantntx unnon cncrmt n
ycranannnnarcx onnnno nsanmoornomnn xax mxy orntntmn uacrxmn, rax n
mxy uacrxmn n cncrmo xax nntm nntm. ax yrnxar . n, omymnn
]xrnnnocrn oranon xnnxrcx nocroxnntm crnmynom nx asnnrnx ncnxnxn.
max ura nnunocrn anomantntx r saxnmuarcx n rom, uro ]xr cosar
ornnuammcx or nomt nsmnnno nonoxnn. anomantntx r n noocrxon
onontno uacro nanmarcx xax nonnxa cocrnnntx cnn, nosmoxnocr,
cnoconocr, nonoxnnx n omcrn, rax n nx noonnxa. onnxa n noonnxa
cocrnnntx cnn n cnoconocr ncruamrcx y anomantntx r uam, um y no-
mantntx.
xo moxno ncrrnrtcx c nxnrnuntm onnnnannm anomantntmn rtmn xax
cocrnnno, rax n uyxo xrntnocrn, a raxx c rm, uro anomantnt rn n noocrxn
nrxo nonaamr no uyxo nnnxnn. nomantnt unonx nourn ncra n xaxo-ro ]om
uyncrnyr cno nntrono nonoxnn, ntrxamm ns ro ]xra, uro, n cnom out,
moxr orasnrtcx n yyuammm uyncrn nnonnonnnocrn. asnnrnn nnunocrn +ro
moxr nnncrn x +]]xram orcranannx. naxo n nxorotx cnyuaxx, nanornn, nosnnxar
cnooasno uyncrno ntcoxomnx.
nox c ]xrom snaunrntno ontm sanncnr or +monnonantntx n
nocnnrarntntx ornomnn ct, um nomantnt soont nox. rcma ont
connantnoro oxyxnnx nn ]omnonannn nnunocrn nxa, nmmmro orannunnt
nosmoxnocrn, namnoro naxn. omomt anomantnomy nxy onxna trt nanannna
rnanntm oasom na nocnnrann ro camocroxrntnocrn, xax moxno mntm sanncnmocrn
or oxyxnnx, na nocrannnn nosmoxnocr nx ryono n connantno nnrrannn.
rannsannx noncca connantno annnrannn, oconno n coxarntno
uacrn, no mnorom onxna onnxrtcx rm, xaxo ncrannxm mt n cnom nooaxnnn
nnunocrt nxa, a sarm nsocnoro unonxa, nmmmro xnsnnnt orannunnx, xaxnmn
xaucrnamn on onxn onaart, urot ycnmno annsonart xnsnnnt nnn nonxn
nosnnxammnm na ro nyrn oxrnnntm nnn cyxrnnntm rynocrxm. ntmn cnonamn,
0) /$2() "0'+ !'.-1(HQ 0/'$+ $"&(!"D -HQ .) #/"$" "'
$"&(!()' &'!D -)' .) &'$'HD 3%J'((0H '0 "$"
"()0 /'I'0D OII'"( /C"-+!3 -'$+(, 2"1('((, !-'/'.
comnnno, n cnny usntuano cnoxnocrn nsyuamoro oxra ncrannrt
raxym mont cnoxno. na ns rynocr cocronr n rom, uro, no-nntx, xaxt
xonxrnt ]xr, xaxo xonxrno saonnann, a raxx crnnt n rxxcrt ro
noxnnnnx naxnatnamr cno cnnn]nucxn orrnox na ncnxnucxo asnnrn n
]omnonann nnunocrn.
ao raxx nmrt n nny, uro asnnrn ]xrnnnoro nxa noncxonr n
orannunnom nocrancrn, nn nonnonnnoro omnnx co cncrnnxamn n nsocntmn,
uro cnococrnyr asnnrnm nronuno ayrnsannn n ]omnonannm +ronnrnucxnx
ycranonox. rannunn nocrancrna oraxarcx n n nocnnrarntntx noxoax x raxnm
rxm. Fontnt rn sauacrym nocnnrtnamrcx n ycnonnxx rnnonxn co croont
onrn n nnxamnx ocrnnnnxon.
cnxsn c rm uro y nxa naymna ra nnn nnax xnsnnnax ]ynxnnx, my
nnnnctnamrcx ]nomnt nnoxocrn, cnaocrn, n ynxrcx nnnmann asnnrnm y
nro nnrcon, xnann, uro n xonunom nror nnnonr x ncnxonornucxo
nnnannnocrn, xoroax oxastnar n cnom out annnn na ]nsnucxo asnnrn
nxa, ycnnnnax ro ]nsnucxn nocrarxn. tacrax, noont nox oxastnarcx
n cnocontm x camocroxrntno xnsnn, no n n cnxsn c nannunm ]xra, a ns-sa
ncnonmnnoro ]omnonannx noxonmtx nnunocrntx xaucrn.
rn n noocrxn, nmmmn xnsnnnt orannunnx, nxnmuaxct n connantnym
105
cy, cranxnnamrcx n c nannsnonanno, a c antno crnnrntnocrtm, n xoroo
noxnnxmrcx xax saxonomnt xnnnnx, rax n cnyuant, xax nonoxnrntnt, rax n
ornnarntnt, xax moantnt, rax n amoantnt, x nocnnxrnm xorotx onn tnamr n
rorontmn. rcma ontmo snaunn n cnnn]nucxym nanannnnocrt nnoramr
nonoct ]omnonannx n asnnrnx y nnx nantxon n ymnn anannsa n onnxn connantntx
xnnnn, ]omnonann cnnnantntx nantxon n ymnn, ornocxmnxcx x connantno-
xommynnxarnnno nnnnnn n mtmnnnm, nocnnrann cnoro oa ncnxonornucxoro
nmmynnrra nnocnnnmunnocrn x nonxntm ]omam nonnnx oxyxammnx.
axnm oasom, asnnrn nnunocrn mnoronnanont noncc ycnonnx nxom
omcrnnno-ncronucxoro ontra, n xo xorooro noncxoxr nocroxnnt nsmnnnx n
]nsnucxo, connantno, moantno n yrnx c]ax, n nc +ro noxonmo yunrtnart n
noncc connantno annnrannn r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn.
7.B.
1-! xarronx, cnyxamax nx oosnaunnx nmnntx xaaxrncrnx
nnnnnyantnoro asnnrnx. ornacno F. . nantny, nosacr +ro cymmannx
asnoontx xnnnn ocra, omcomarnucxoro, nononoro n nnno-ncnxnucxoro
cosnannx, snocrn n crannx, cxoxmnxcx co mnornmn cnoxntmn xnnnnxmn
omcrnnno-+xonomnucxoro asnnrnx unonxa n xonxrntx ycnonnxx.
asnnuamr nosacr xononornucxn n nosacr ncnxonornucxn.
D) onnxrcx xonnucrnom noxnroro nnnnnom
nmnn co nx ro noxnnnnx na cnr.
-,) +ro xaucrnnno cnooasnax crynnt asnnrnx
nnnnna, oycnonnnnax saxonomnocrxmn ]omnonannx orannsma, ycnonnxmn
oyunnx n nocnnrannx.
nax nontrxa cncrmnoro anannsa xarronn ncnxonornucxoro nosacra
nnnanxnr . . trorcxomy. nmuntmn ro xaaxrncrnxamn on cunran connantnym
cnryannm asnnrnx, oraxammym mcro nxa n cncrm omcrnnntx ornomnn,
xrntnocrt nxa n nonooasonannx n c] cosnannx n nnunocrn.
aucrnnnt xaaxrncrnxn ncnxonornucxoro nosacra samrno natnymrcx n
sanncnmocrn or connoxyntryntx, +xonomnucxnx n yrnx ]axroon. ax ycranonnno, n
xo nosacrnoro asnnrnx noncxoxr cymcrnnnt nsmnnnx n ncnxnucxo n
nnunocrno c]ax nnnnna, no connannx no nmnn rcno nsanmocnxsanntx nnnn
]nsnucxoro, ncnxnucxoro n connantnoro asnnrnx nnnnna n noncxonr.
annomnocrt rmna asnnrnx +rnx croon nnnonr x acxoxnnxm F crnnn
]nsnucxo, ncnxnucxo nnn connantno snocrn nnnnna, oycnannnnax xnnnnx
axcnannn, ncnxo]nsnucxoro n nnunocrnoro nn]anrnnnsma, saxxn ncnxnucxoro
asnnrnx n n.
ymcrnnnt nsmnnnx n xaucrnnnt xaaxrncrnxn ncnxonornucxoro
nosacra nnocxr asnnunt orannunnx ]nsnucxoro n ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx.
syntrar xononornucxn n ncnxonornucxn nosacr sauacrym n connaamr:
ncnxonornucxn nosacr moxr xax onxart xononornucxn nosacr, rax n orcranart
or nro. conno +ro xaaxrno nx r, craammnx onnro]nn, cnntx,
rnyxonmtx, r, nmmmnx saxxn ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx, n .
onma nnonsannn nosacrnoro asnnrnx nnunocrn nnnnxana mnornx
yuntx. ax, . nonaran, uro ]ynamnr nnunocrn n ocnonnom ]omnyrcx n
runn nntx nxrn nr xnsnn n onnxrcx ]axroamn xoncrnrynnonantnoro n
nnnnnyantnoro noxxa. cnono asnnrnx nnunocrn cnyxar n nnoctnxn:
rnrnucxax noxnnxmmaxcx n nn nxnnann n annm rcrn n oxastnammax
nnnxnn na ]omnonann nsocno nnunocrn, nroax nnoctnxa noxnnt
ncnxocxcyantnt nornocrn (cxcyantnt nncrnnxrt), +nrrnucxo ocnono
xorotx xnnxrcx nnno. nno, no (. y, +ro cnna, c xoroo noxnnxrcx
cxcyantno nnunn. yrax rouxa snnx: nnno +ro ncnxnucxax +nrnx, nmmmax
cxcyantnym oxacxy.
nosacrom ncnxocxcyantnt nornocrn norccnymr, noxoxr n cnom
106
asnnrnn ncxontxo cran, xaxax ns xorotx cnxsana c onnnntmn yuacrxamn rna
+ornntmn sonamn (oantno, anantno, ]annnucxo, yrantno), na xorotx
nnnnn n onnnnt nno xnsnn n n nonornucxn rmnnnonanno nocnona-
rntnocrn ]oxycnyrcx, uro ocrannxr my nnxrno nanxxnn. onyunnt n +ro
cnxsn connantnt ontr ]omnyr y nnnnna onnnnt nnnocrn n ycranonxn.
naxo n y ncx r nnornn connantnoro ontra norxar narononyuno.
a yonnrnonn rcxnx ncnxocxcyantntx nornocr, xax cunran . , nnnxmr
raxn ]axrot, xax ]ycrannx n cnxsaornnnocrt. cnyua ]ycrannn
ncnxocxcyantnt nornocrn nxa, nannm cocann, xycann, xnann, moryr
ncxartcx onrnxmn, n onn n nayr yonnrnonnx y nxa. n cnxsa-
ornnnocrn onrn rxm n nocrannxrcx nosmoxnocrt ynannxrt cnonmn
nnyrnnnmn ]ynxnnxmn. syntrar y nnx ]omnymrcx uyncrna sanncnmocrn n
nxomnrnrnocrn, noncxonr usmno cxonnnn nnno, uro nnocncrnnn, n snt
rot, moxr noxnnrtcx n nn ocrarounoro nonnnx, cnxsannoro c ro cran
ncnxocxcyantnoro asnnrnx, na xoroym nnmnact ]ycrannx nnn cnxsaornnnocrt.
ornacno . y, nnunocrt n cnom asnnrnn noxonr nxrt cran
ncnxocxcyantnoro asnnrnx: oantnym, anantnym, ]annnucxym, narnrnym n
rnnrantnym. xaxo ns +rnx cran on cnxstnar ]omnonann asnnuntx rnnon
xaaxra. um xyx nox cnannxrcx c ocnonnm nornocr n saau, nncymnx
ro nnn nno crann ncnxocxcyantnoro asnnrnx, rm on ontm nonxn rccnn n
ycnonnxx ]nsnucxoro nnn +monnonantnoro crcca n yymm.
onmo nnonsannn asnnrnx nnunocrn sannmancx raxx 3nx 3nxcon. n
asnnn xnsnt unonxa na nocmt orntntx cran ncnxoconnantnoro asnnrnx +ro.
3ro:
1. $(8 (or oxnnx o onoro roa). a +ro crann
nosnnxar xon]nnxr mxy onnm n nonnm x oxyxammmy mny.
2. +8( (or onoro o rx nr) xon]nnxr mxy
uyncrnom nsanncnmocrn n omymnnm crta n comnnnxmn.
3. *8( (or urtx o nxrn nr). nx anno
crann xaaxrn xon]nnxr mxy nnnnnarnnnocrtm n uyncrnom nnnt. +ro nmx
nox yx yxn, uro on nnunocrt, rax xax on rar, rononr, ncrynar no
nsanmoornomnnx c yrnmn nmtmn.
4. * (or mcrn o onnnanarn nr) xon]nnxr mxy
ryonmnm n uyncrnom nnonnonnnocrn.
5. - (or nnanarn o nxrnanarn nr) xon]nnxr mxy
nonnmannm nnnanxnocrn x onnnnomy nony n nnonnmannm ]om nonnnx,
coornrcrnymmnx annomy nony.
6. . ( (nanart nanart nxrt nr). +rom nno nosnnxar
xon]nnxr mxy crmnnnm x nnrnmntm ornomnnxm n omymnnm nsonnonannocrn or
oxyxammnx.
7. ' ( (nanart mcrt mcrtcxr urt roa) xon]nnxr
mxy xnsnnno axrnnnocrtm n cocorounnocrtm na c, cnonx nosacrntx
nonmax.
8. - ( (mcrtcxr nxrt nr cmrt) xon]nnxr mxy
omymnnm nonnort xnsnn n oruaxnnm. +ror nno noncxonr cosann sanmnno
]omt +ronnrnunocrn. unonx nocmtcnnnar ncm cnom xnsnt, ocosnar cno n
yxonntx asymtxx o noxnrtx roax.
ornacno 3. 3nxcony, nasnannt crann asnnrnx xnnxmrcx syntrarom
+nnrnrnucxn asnnnammrocx nnana nnunocrn, xorot nacnyrcx rnrnucxn.
3nnrnrnucxax xonnnnnx asnnrnx asnyrcx na ncrannnnn o rom, uro xaxax
cranx xnsnnnoro nnxna nacrynar n onnnno nx n nmx, a raxx o rom, uro
nonnonnno ]ynxnnonnymmax nnunocrt ]omnyrcx rontxo nyrm noxoxnnx n cnom
asnnrnn nocnonarntno ncx cran. om roro, xaxax ncnxoconnantnax cranx
cononoxarcx xnsncom nonoorntm momnrom n xnsnn nnnnna, xorot nosnnxar
xax cncrnn ocrnxnnx onnnnoro yonnx ncnxonornucxo snocrn n connantntx
107
ronannn, nxnnxmtx nnnnny na +ro crann.
3. 3nxcon nonaran, uro cnn +rn xon]nnxrt asmamrcx ycnmno, ro xnsnc n
nnnnmar ocrtx ]om n saxanunnarcx oasonannm onnnntx nnunocrntx
xaucrn, n conoxynnocrn cocrannxmmnx ror nnn nno rnn nnunocrn. asnannt crann
nmn noxoxr c asno cxoocrtm n c asntm ycnxom. yauno asmnn xnsnca na
xaxo-ro ns nnx nnnonr x romy, uro, nxox na nonym cranm, unonx nnnocnr c
coo noxonmocrt mart nornnounx, cnocrnnnt n rontxo anno, no n
ntym crann.
ncronn asnnrnx ncnxonornn tno nmano n yrnx nontrox cosart
nnonsannm asnnrnx. num asnt anrot (3. Bnanr, 1966; B. Fmnn, 1933; .
nnn, 1935; . nnnnn, 1953; . oymn, 1980, n .) cronnn no asntm xnrnxm.
onnx cnyuaxx rannnt nosacrntx nnoon ntnxnnct, ncxox ns cnoxnnmcx
cncrmt yuno-nocnnrarntntx yuxnn, n yrnx n coornrcrnnn c xnsncntmn
nnoamn, n rrtnx n cnxsn c anaromnucxnmn n ]nsnonornucxnmn oconnocrxmn.
naunrntnax rynna nnonsann cronnact na ocnon ntunnnnx xaxoro-nno onoro
nnsnaxa rcxoro asnnrnx xax ycnonnoro xnrnx nx onnnnx orntntx nnoon.
ayuno-noyxrnnnym xonnnnnm nnonsannn ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx nnunocrn,
omnnnxrym n orucrnnno ncnxonornn, asaoran . F. 3ntxonnn. a ocnon
rnyoxoro anannsa cymcrnymmnx cxm nnonsannn n onnaxct na nn asnnrnx . .
trorcxoro, . . onrtna n ., on cosan nayunym ronm nnonsannn,
asnymmymcx na nsyunnn nnyrnn cymnocrn camoro noncca asnnrnx.
nanno oconnocrtm anno nnonsannn xnnxrcx ro, uro ycranonnnn rannn
nosacrntx nnoon onnxrcx n no orntntm cnocrnam nnunocrn, a na ocnon
nnocrnoro ncrannnnx saxonomnocr acrymro unonxa, arcx rornucxo
oocnonann nnxymnx cnn ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx, onnxmrcx nnyrnnn xnrnn
nx nnonsannn, ncnxonornucxo coxann xaxoro nosacra, acxtnamrcx
nmnt, noncxoxmn n ncnxnx nxa no nnnxnnm nsmnnn ro connantno
cnryannn asnnrnx.
ocnony nnonsannn, ornuamm nnocrnomy asnnrnm ncnxnxn nxa, tno
nonoxno ncrannnn o rom, uro xaxt nosacr, xax cnooasnt n xaucrnnno
ocot nno xnsnn unonxa, xaaxrnsyrcx oconnocrxmn ycnonn, n xorotx on
xnnr (connantnax cnryannx asnnrnx), onnnntm rnnom nym xrntnocrn n nos-
nnxammnmn naroax +romy cnnn]nucxnmn ncnxonornucxnmn nonooasonannxmn.
mn nymro rnna xrntnocrn coornrcrnymr saxonomnt nxot or onnx
nosacrntx nnoon x yrnm, a nmcrnnnocrt +rnx rnnon xrntnocrn ocnunnar
nncrno ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx xax nnunocrn. rcma ncx ncnxnucxax xnsnt nxa
accmarnnarcx xax noncc nntnno cmnt xrntnocrn, nnum na xaxom
nosacrnom +ran ntnxrcx nymax xrntnocrt, c ycnonnm cryxry xoroo
cnxsant rnannmn ncnxonornucxn nonooasonannx onnnnoro nosacra.
oncxoxnn +rnx nonooasonann nr n no cnocoy mxannucxoro ycnonnx,
sanomnnannx, a no cnocoy axrnnnoro nncnonnx cryxryt +ro nym
xrntnocrn, nyrm nnrnonsannn.
n nocronnn nnonsannn tna c]omynnonana rnnorsa o nnonunocrn
nonccon ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx, saxnmuammaxcx n saxonomno nonroxmmcx cmn
onnx nnoon yrnmn. a nnoamn, n xorotx noncxonr nnmymcrnnno
asnnrn mornnannonno-nornocrno c]t, cnymr nnot, n xorotx nr n-
nmymcrnnno ]omnonann onannonno-rxnnucxnx nosmoxnocr. axt as
mxy +rnmn nymx rnnamn onnrannn nosnnxamr nornnounx. nn n cranonxrcx
nnunno asnnrnx.
axax +noxa rcxoro asnnrnx nocrona no onomy nnnnnny. na orxtnarcx
onnrann n c] unonucxnx ornomnn. crnn n moxr antm asnnnartcx,
cnn ono n ncrannno n nonym cncrmy ornomnn nxa c omcrnom. oxa nnrnnxr
n nonxncx o onnnnoro yonnx, n moxr trt n nontx mornnon. uncnnnt
xaaxrncrnxn nosacrntx +ranon xnnxmrcx raxx n xnrnxmn xaxoro
ncnxonornucxoro nosacra. nnm ornocxrcx:
108
connantnax cnryannx asnnrnx. 3ro ra cncrma ornomnn, n xoroym nox
ncrynar n omcrno n xax on n nnx onnrnyrcx;
nymn rnn xrntnocrn nxa n +ror nno;
ocnonnt nonooasonannx asnnrnx;
xnsnct nnomnt rouxn n xo rcxoro asnnrnx, ornxmmn onn
nosacr or yroro.
nonsannx, nnoxnnax .F. 3nxonnntm, oxnartnar nno nmnn or
oxnnx nxa o oxonuannx mxont n nnr ro na cmt nnoon:
1) mnanucrno: or oxnnx o onoro roa xnsnn;
2) ann rcrno: or onoro roa xnsnn o rx nr;
3) mnamn n cnn omxontnt nosacr: or rx o urtx-nxrn nr;
4) cramn omxontnt nosacr: or urtx-nxrn nr o cmn nr;
5) mnamn mxontnt nosacr: or cmn nr o cxrn-onnnanarn nr;
6) noocrxont nosacr: or cxrn-onnnanarn o rnnanarn-urtnanarn nr;
7) annn mnomcxn nosacr: or rnnanarn-urtnanarn o mcrnanarn-cmnanarn
nr.
accmornm oconnocrn xaxoro ns ntnnntx nosacron.
A. $/'(&'!", 1-!. +rom nosacr naunnarcx noncc asnnrnx
nnunocrn. ymax xrntnocrt nnoccrnnno +monnonantno omnn. amxax
+roro omnnx n na ro ]on ]omnymrcx onnrnonount n cncono-mannnynxrnnnt
crnnx. c onn cononoxamrcx n n xaxo-ro m rynnymrcx snrntntmn,
cnyxontmn, mtmuno-nnrarntntmn n yrnmn omymnnxmn n nocnnxrnxmn. a
rrtm mcxn nn nomantnom asnnrnn y nxa nosnnxar nno connantno
oasonann xomnnxc oxnnnnnx. xonny nnoro roa xnsnn nosnnxar
nonooasonann, noxonmo nx ocnunnx ncro nocnymmro asnnrnx,
nornocrt n omnnn c yrnmn nmtmn n onnnno +monnonantno ornomnn x
nnm.
B. (('' /'!. ymax xrntnocrt nmrno-mannnynxrnnnax. a
yx mnanucxoro nosacra n annro rcrna noncxonr nxo x cocrnn no-
nmrntm crnnxm: nox onnanar omcrnnno ntaoranntmn cnocoamn
crnn c nmramn n corynnucrn co nsocntmn. nonmnno nnrncnnno
asnnnamrcx nantnt ]omt omnnx nxa co nsocntmn. naxo ut, xax n camn
nmrnt crnnx, ncnontsyrcx nm noxa rontxo nx nanaxnnannx xonraxron co
nsocntmn, no n xax nncrymnr mtmnnnx. onooasonannxmn nosacra xnnxmrcx ut
n narnxno-crnnno mtmnnn.
5. L$+(), 1-!. ymax xrntnocrt onnax nra. xnmuaxct n
nronym xrntnocrt, nox monnyr xrntnocrt nsocntx n ornomnnx mxy
nmtmn, n syntrar uro nosnar ]ynamnrantnt cmtcnt unonucxo
xrntnocrn. onnax nra ntcrynar xax nn axrnnnocrn, onnxmmn omnn n
nmrnym xrntnocrt n oxastnar onnxmm nnnxnn na ]omnonann nnunocrn.
naxo n conmnnom omcrn nra n xnnxrcx nncrnnntm rnnom
xrntnocrn r. om nrt rn nxnmuamrcx n nsoasnrntnym xrntnocrt,
+nmnrant ry, nocnnxrn cxasxn, yunn. omxontnom nosacr saxnatnamrcx
ocnont ncx nnunocrntx oasonann, xorot oxonuarntno c]omnymrcx n on cra-
mm nosacr.
cnonntmn ncnxonornucxnmn nonooasonannxmn nosacra xnnxmrcx:
nosnnxnonnn nnoro cxmarnunoro nntnoro rcxoro mnonossnnx;
nosnnxnonnn nntx +rnucxnx ncrannnn;
nosnnxnonnn conounnnntx mornnon. +rom nosacr yx moxno nanmart
nonaann oymanntx crnn na nmnyntcnnntmn;
nosnnxnonnn nonsnontnoro nonnnx. . F. 3ntxonnn ormuan, uro n omxontnom
nosacr onnrnymmn nonnn oas cnauana cymcrnyr n xonxrno narnxno
]om, no sarm on cranonnrcx nc on n on oomnntm, ntcrynammnm n ]om
nannna nnn nomt. a ocnon ]omnonannx nonsnontnoro nonnnx y nxa, no . F.
3ntxonnny, noxnnxrcx crmnnn ynannxrt coo n cnonmn nocrynxamn;
109
nosnnxnonnn nnunoro cosnannx ocosnann cnonx crnn, nnuntx xaucrn
(xoomn, nnoxo, ot, sno n r. n.), noncxonr nocrnnnt nxo or nnmnnx
cam (3 roa), x nnunomy camocosnannm (6 nr). nxa nosnnxar crmnnn x
omcrnnno snaunmo n onnnnamo xrntnocrn, uro xaaxrnsyr ro roronnocrt x
oyunnm n mxon.
9. $/L", L$+(), 1-!. ymax xrntnocrt yunn. noncc
yunnx axrnnno ]omnyrcx nosnanarntnax c]a nxa, ycnannamrcx snannx o
nmrax n xnnnnxx nnmnro mna n unonucxnx ornomnnxx. us yunn n +rom
nno onocyrcx ncx cncrma ornomnn nxa c oxyxammnm mnom. cnonntmn
ncnxonornucxnmn nonooasonannxmn +roro nosacra xnnxmrcx:
nonsnontnocrt n ocosnannocrt ncx ncnxnucxnx nonccon (xom nnrnnxra) n nx
nnrnnxryannsannx, nx nnyrnn onoconann, xoroo noncxonr naroax
ycnonnm cncrmt nayuntx nonxrn;
]nxcnx ocosnann cnonx cocrnnntx nsmnnn n syntrar asnnrnx yuno
xrntnocrn.
8. /-!), C'-"/. ymax xrntnocrt omnn n cncrm
omcrnnno nonsno xrntnocrn (yuno, omcrnnno-orannsannonno, ryono n
.). oocrxont nosacr snamnyr nxo or rcrna x nsocnocrn. +ror nno
noncxonr yno ]nsnucxo n nonono cosnann, uro nnur noxnnnn nontx uyncrn
n nxnnann (nnrc x cno nnmnocrn, rny, nnrc x yromy nony). o noocrox
nn connantno, nn ncnxonornucxn x mnnm mnornx nonm, nooxamtx nosacrntm
asnnrnm, m n roron. Fsonsnnno asmnn nosnnxammnx nnyrnnnx
nornnoun no mnorom sanncnr or nomomn nsocntx. mcr c rm nonornucxn
]axrot n +ro nmx oxastnamr nnnxnn na noocrxa n nxmo, a us cncrmy ro
connantntx nsanmoornomnn c oxyxammnmn.
nooasn connantno cnryannn asnnrnx n noocrxonom nosacr cocronr n rom,
uro noocrox nxnmuarcx n nonym cncrmy ornomnn n omnnx co nsocntmn,
noncxonr nonnrannx co nsocntx na cncrnnxon. noncc omnnx
noocrox onnanar cnocoamn omnnx n asntx cnryannxx. xo nsanmoornomnn
noocrxa c connantno co y nro nosnnxamr nnyrnnn nornnounx, xorot n
xnnxmrcx nnxym cnno ro ncnxnucxoro n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx.
noocrxonom nosacr orurnnno noxnnxrcx nornocrt trt nnunocrtm.
oocrox n noncc omnnx n nsanmocrnnx co cncrnnxamn crmnrcx x
camoyrnxnnm, ntrarcx nonxrt cx, cnon nonoxnrntnt n ornnarntnt xaucrna,
urot trt nnnxrtm n xyry cncrnnxon.
onooasonannx nosacra nosnnxnonnn ncrannnnx o c n xax o nx,
a xax o nsocnom. nro noxnnxrcx crmnnn trt camocroxrntntm, ymnn
nounnxrtcx nomam xonnxrnnno xnsnn, noxnnxrcx camoonnxa.
7. -L", L$+(), 1-!. ymax xrntnocrt yuno-
no]ccnonantnax. ramn mxontnt nosacr +ro nxo or uncro ]nsnonornucxo
snocrn x connantno. +rom nosacr noonxar yxnnxrtcx n conmncrnonartcx
nc ro, uro cnoxnnoct n noocrxonom nosacr, no nymnm n asnnnammnm cranonnrcx
nnrnmno-nnunocrno omnn. nyrn +roro omnnx asnnnamrcx nsrnxt na xnsnt,
ocymcrnnxrcx no]ccnonantno n nnunocrno camoonnnn. ramn mxontnt
nosacr +ro noa ntaorxn nsrnxon n yxnn, ]omnonann mnonossnnx.
nanno coxann xnsnn n cramm mxontnom nosacr nxnmunn no nsocnym
xnsnt, ycnonn rx nom n nannn, xorot cymcrnymr n omcrn.
cnonntmn nonooasonannxmn nosacra xnnxmrcx: mnonossnn,
no]ccnonantnt nnrct, camocosnann, murt n nant.
onnnnnx . F. 3ntxonnna tna xonxrnsnonana n yrnynna n aorax . .
ntmrna. syuax saxonomnocrn noyonnnoro asnnrnx nnunocrn n onrorns, on
cnan ntno o rom, uro n noncc onnannx acrymnm unonxom connantntm ontrom
crnn n ornomnn y nro ]omnyrcx cnooasnax !*"$+(3 C1"*"3D nosnnnn
ro no ornomnnm x omcrny, xoroax ntcrynar naxnmnm xnrnm connantno
snocrn nnunocrn. tunnnn connantno nosnnnn xax syntrarnnnoro momnra
110
connantnoro cosnannx na asnnuntx nosacrntx +ranax nosnonxr na ocnon nnoro
nnnnnna ]nxcnonart cocroxnn connantno snocrn nxa, onnnnart ro nsmnnn,
yrnynnn, ntnxx raxnm oasom yonnn onnannx nm connantntm ontrom crnn n
ornomnn, yonnt connantnoro asnnrnx.
rax, accmornnt xonnnnnn nnonsannn nnunocrnoro asnnrnx acrymro
unonxa nmmr asnt rornucxn ocnonannx. . a mamm snaunn na
asnnrn nnunocrn oxastnamr nonornucxn ]axrot. asnnrn nnunocrn, cornacno ro
nsrnxam, oycnonnno oconnocrxmn ncnxocxcyantnoro asnnrnx. 3nxcona asnnrn
nnunocrn xnnxrcx cncrnnm +nnrnrnucxn asnnnammrocx nnana nnunocrn,
xorot nacnyrcx rnrnucxn. .F. 3ntxonnna n ocnony nnonsannn asnnrnx
nnunocrn nonoxna ronx xrntnocrn. mcr c rm onn nmmr mnoro omro. c onn
accmarnnamr nxa, n xaxax ns nnx, onnaxct na cnon xonnnnnn, yrnynxr nnnn
connantno-ncnxonornucxoro asnnrnx nnunocrn na asntx nosacrntx +ranax.
7.5.


asnnrn nnunocrn nxa ncrannxr coo ncxrno, nannomno
nocrynarntno nnxnn nn. c nnunocrnt cnocrna n xaucrna nxa
asnnnamrcx, nounnxxct saxony rroxonnn. ''-#-("3 +ro cnnnantnax
saxonomnocrt, cocroxmax n nannomnom asnrtnannn nacncrnnno nn]omannn
no nmnn. nnnnx rroxonnn nosacrntx nsmnnn ]ynxnn n cncrm nmmr mcro
na norxxnnn nc xnsnn unonxa, xax na annnx, rax n na on nosnnx +ranax ro
xnsnn.
roxonnocrt xaaxrnsyr n rontxo onrorns nosnanarntntx ]ynxnn n
nnnnnntx cnocrn unonxa, no n cranonnnn ro xax nnunocrn. 3ror noncc norxar
asnonmnno, coornrcrnnno nocnonarntnocrn ycnonnx connantntx on n nx
cmnt no nnnxnnm connantntx ]axroon, oycnannnnammnx xnsnnnt nyrt n
nnnnnyantnym nsmnunnocrt cnocrn unonxa xax nnunocrn. asnonmnnocrt n
+]]xrnnnocrt ]omnonannx ncnxnucxnx n nnunocrntx xaucrn acrymro unonxa
nanon xxo noxnnxmrcx n xnrnucxn n cnsnrnnnt nnot asnnrnx.
-"1"!) -1""3 +ro ocot, ornocnrntno nnoonxnrntnt nnot
onrornsa, xaaxrnsymmncx sxnmn ncnxonornucxnmn nsmnnnxmn n asnnrnn
nxa n ornxmmn onn nosacr or yroro.
nsnct ornocxrcx x nomarnnntm nonccam, ocnunnammnm nomantnt
nocrynarntnt xo nnunocrnoro asnnrnx. nn noxnnxmrcx n syntrar nsmnnnx
coornomnn mxy yonnm asnnrnx ornomnn n yonnm asnnrnx y nxa snann,
cnocoon crnn. annm, n noocrxonom nosacr n syntrar ncnxnucxoro n nnu-
nocrnoro asnnrnx noxnnxrcx nornocrt nsmnnrt cnocot ornomnn c
oxyxammnmn, no xaxnmn ccrnamn +roro ocrnut, noocrox noxa n snar.
syntrar noxnnxrcx xnsnc n asnnrnn, rax xax naymarcx coornomnn mxy nontmn
nornocrxmn n cratmn cnocoamn omnnx.
nsnct moryr nosnnxart nn nxo unonxa or ono nosacrno crynnn x
yro n cnxsant c xaucrnnntmn noasonannxmn n c] ro connantntx ornomnn,
xrntnocrn n cosnannx. nx nosacrntx xnsncon n rcrn xaaxrnt noncct
nxoa x nonomy rnny nsanmoornomnn r co nsocntmn n cnxsn c nosacrammnmn
nosmoxnocrxmn, nsmnnnm connantno cnryannn asnnrnx, cmno xrntnocrn,
ncroxo nc cryxryt cosnannx nxa.
xo noncct nxoa r na nonym nosacrnym crynnt cnxsant c
asmnnm nctma ocrtx nornnoun mxy an cnoxnnmnmncx y nnx ]omamn
nsanmoornomnn c oxyxammnmn nmtmn n cnonmn nosocmnmn ]nsnucxnmn n
ncnxnucxnmn nosmoxnocrxmn. cnn nsocnt n yunrtnamr nosnnxammn y r nont
nornocrn n c] omnnx n xrntnocrn, ro rn, n snax, xax yonnrnonrt cnon
ronannx n nrnsnn, moryr noxnnxrt nrarnnnsm, ynxmcrno, xannsnocrt, y nnx
moryr nosnnxart nrarnnnt nonnucxn axnnn, nontmartcx xon]nnxrnocrt.
111
o cnonm xaucrnnntm xaaxrncrnxam, nnrncnnnocrn n nnrntnocrn
norxannx xnsncnt cocroxnnx y asntx r tnamr asnnuntmn. naxo nc onn
noxoxr rn ]ast: nnax ]asa C-'/-""&'!3D xora noncxonr acna an
c]omnonanmnxcx ]om nonnnx n saoxnn nontx; nroax ]asa
H$+0"(*"((3D xnsnc ocrnrar cno ntcm rouxn; rrtx ]asa C!-""&'>
!3D naunnarcx ]omnonann nontx ]om nonnnx.
sncrnt na ocnonntx nyrn norxannx nosacrntx xnsncon. nt nyrt
nanon acnocrannnt -"1"! ('1"!"0!". ro cnmnromamn xnnxmrcx
cronrnnocrt, ynxmcrno, nrarnnnsm, ocnnnnann nsocnoro, nnocrt x cocrnnnocrn
n . crcrnnno, +rn cnmnromt n xnnxmrcx nx xaxoro xnsncnoro nnoa
onnaxontmn, a noxnnxmrcx n cnxsn c nosacrntmn oconnocrxmn.
roo nyrt -"1"! 1"!"0!". ro cnmnromt nornnononoxnt: usmno
nocnymann, sanncnmocrt or cramnx n cnntntx, rcc x cratm nnrcam n nxycam,
]omam nonnnx. nnt n nroo nananrt +ro nyrn nocosnannoro nnn
nocrarouno ocosnannoro camoonnnnx nxa. nnom cnyua noncxonr ntxo
sa nnt cratx nom, no nroom nncnoconnn, cnxsanno c cosannm
onnnnoro nnunoro narononyunx. rouxn snnx asnnrnx nanon naronnxrn
nnt nananr.
ao nmrt n nny, uro nosacrnt xnsnct, xax nnomnt rouxn na xnno
rcxoro asnnrnx, nmmr nonoxnrntno snaunn. cmorx na ro uro co croont r n
+ro nmx moryr noxnnxrtcx xon]nnxrnocrt, rynonocnnrymocrt, snaunnx xnrnucxnx
nnoon +rn ]axrot ymannrt n moryr, rax xax xnsnct nxar n ocnon mxannsmon
cmnt onoro nosacrnoro nnoa yrnm.
ornacno nsrnxam .. trorcxoro n ro nocnonarn, cryxrya nosacra
nxnmuar n cx xaaxrncrnxy connantno cnryannn asnnrnx nxa, nymro rnna
xrntnocrn n ocnonntx ncnxnucxnx nonooasonann nosacra. xaxom nosacr
connantnax cnryannx asnnrnx coxnr c nornnoun (rnrnucxym saauy),
xoroo onxno trt mno n ocoom, cnnn]nucxom nx annoro nosacra nymm
rnn xrntnocrn. asmnn nornnounx noxnnxrcx n nosnnxnonnnn
ncnxonornucxnx nonooasonann nosacra. 3rn nonooasonannx n coornrcrnymr
crao connantno cnryannn asnnrnx, cnnrntcrnymm o nxo nxa n nont
ncnxonornucxn nosacr.
rcxom nosacr otuno ntnxmrcx cnymmn xnrnucxn nnot n
asnnrnn nnunocrn:
1) xnsnc nnoro roa xnsnn, nnn xnsnc nonooxnnoro;
2) xnsnc rx nr;
3) xnsnc 67 nr;
4) noocrxont xnsnc.
axt ns nasnanntx xnsncon nmr cnon nnunnt, coxann n cnnn]nucxn
oconnocrn. cxox ns rornucxo xonnnnnn nnonsannn, nnoxnno .F.
3ntxonnntm, coxann xnsncon onnxrcx cnymmnm oasom.
-"1"! -'# $' n C/-!), -"1"! +ro xnsnct ornomnn, ncn sa
xorotmn nosnnxar onnnnax onnrannx n unonucxnx ornomnnxx. -"1"!
(&$ 2"1(" n -"1"! 76 $' +ro xnsnct mnonossnnx, xorot orxtnamr
nxy onnrannm n mn nm.
accmornm xarxo coxann nasnanntx xnsncon.
1. " +ro camt nnt n camt onacnt xnsnc,
xorot nxnnar nox nocn oxnnx. cnonntm ]axroom, ntstnammnm
xnrnucxym cnryannm, ntcrynamr ]nsnonornucxn nsmnnnx. nnt mnnyrt nocn
oon nosnnxar cnntnmn nonornucxn crcc, rymmn monnnsannn ncx
cycon orannsma nxa. yntc nonooxnnoro n nnt mnnyrt xnsnn ocrnrar
200 yaon n mnnyry n y soontx r nomannsyrcx n runn uaca. nxora ontm
samnrnt mxannsmt orannsma n nonrnyrcx cront cnntnomy ncntrannm, xax n
nnt uact nnnnnyantno xnsnn nxa.
nsnc nonooxnnoro +ro nomxyrount nno mxy nnyrnyrontm n
112
nnyrontm oasom xnsnn, +ro nxo or rmnort x cnry, or rnna x xonoy, or onoro
rnna nnrannx n txannx x yrnm. ocn oxnnx ncrynamr n crnn yrn nnt
]nsnonornucxo rynxnnn nonnnx, mnorn ]nsnonornucxn cncrmt naunnamr ao-
rart sanono.
oxonmtm ycnonnm nomantnoro asnnrnx nxa n nno nonooxnnocrn
xnnxrcx axrnnno ]ynxnnonnonann ro anannsaroon. cnn nox nonaar n ycnonnx
cncono nsonxnnn, ro crt orcyrcrnymr nnmnn nnuarnnnx, ro ro asnnrn sxo
samnxrcx.
nno nonooxnnocrn oconno nnrncnnno ]omnyrcx xrntnocrt
ntcmnx anannsaroon snnx n cnyxa. a nx ocnon naunnamr nocrnnno cxnatnartcx
asnooasnt ycnonno-]nxront cnxsn. nnt cxrt n nosnnxar ycnonnt
]nxc na nonoxnn nn xomnnnn. oncxonr asnnrn onnrnonounoro ]nxca n
nn axnnn cocorounnx n nxorotx yrnx. s axnnn cocorounnx na nnn
marn na nroom-rrtm mcxn xnsnn nxa nosnnxar naxno connantno-
ncnxonornucxo nonooasonann xomnnxc oxnnnnnx.
cnonntm nrorom xnsnca nonooxnnocrn xnnxrcx aanrannx nxa x nontm
nnnnnyantntm ycnonnxm xnsnn, antnmmy asnnrnm xax noconnantnoro cymcrna.
ncnxonornucxom ornomnnn saxnatnarcx ocnona nsanmocrnnx n omnnx nxa
co nsocntmn, n ]nsnonornucxom noxnnxmrcx ycnonnx n nosmoxnocrt ]omnonannx
ycnonntx ]nxcon cnauana na snrntnt n cnyxont, a sarm n na yrn asaxnrnn.
2. , . nsnc rx nr ncrannxr coo nomxy nsanmoornomnn,
xorot cymcrnonann o cnx no mxy nxom n nsocntm. xonny annro rcrna y
nxa noxnnxrcx rnnnnx x camocroxrntno xrntnocrn, uro ntaxarcx n
noxnnnnn cnonocourannx cam. unrarcx, uro na +rom +ran asnnrnx nnunocrn
nxa nsocnt naunnamr ntcrynart nx nro nocnrnxmn oasnon crnn n
ornomnn n oxyxamm crnnrntnocrn. nomn cam osnauar n rontxo
nosnnxnonnn nnmn samrno camocroxrntnocrn, no n ononmnno ornnn
nxa or nsocnoro unonxa.
syntrar raxoro ornnnx nsocnt xax t nnnt nosnnxamr n mn rcxo
xnsnn. n rcxo xnsnn ns mna, orannunnoro nmramn, nnamarcx nocrnnno
n mn nsocntx nm. nsnaxamn raxoro ornnnx moryr trt: ynxmcrno, nrarnnnsm,
cronrnnocrt, cnononn, ocnnnnann nsocntx, crmnnn x norcry, cnornsmy.
rarnnnt momnrt n nonnnn nxa nosnnxamr rontxo rora, xora nsocnt, n
samuax y nxa rnnnn x camocroxrntnomy yonnrnonnm xnann, noonxamr
orannunnart ro camocroxrntnocrt, coxanxmr crat rnn ornomnn, cxontnamr
axrnnnocrt nxa, ro cnooy. cnn x nsocnt raxrnunt, samuamr camocroxrnt-
nocrt, ynaxnxmr y nxa, ro rynocrn nno n nosnnxamr, nno tcro
noonnamrcx.
rax, ns nonooasonann xnsnca rx nr nosnnxar rnnnnx x camocroxrntno
xrntnocrn, noxox na xrntnocrt nsocntx, nsocnt ntcrynamr nx nxa xax
oasnt nonnnx, n nox xour crnonart xax onn, uro xnnxrcx naxnmnm
ycnonnm nx antnmro ycnonnx nm n noncc xrntnocrn n omnnx ontra
oxyxammnx ro nm.
3. CCE noxnnxrcx na ocnon nosnnxnonnnx y nxa nnunoro
cosnannx. omxontnnx naunnar nonnmart, uro on n nc snar, uro y nro crt xoomn n
nnoxn nnunt xaucrna, uro on sannmar onnnno mcro cn yrnx nm n
mnoro yro. uncn ocnonntx cnmnromon xnsnca mcrn-cmn nr ntnxmr:
yrary nnoccrnnnocrn. yrt +roro cnmnroma cocronr n rom, uro mxy xnannm
nxa n ro crnnm nxnnnnnarcx nxnnann roro, xaxo snaunn +ro crnn
yr nmrt nx camoro nxa;
mannnuant nox uro-ro ns cx cronr, uro-ro cxtnar;
cnmnrom rotxo xon]rt nxy nnoxo, no on craarcx +roro n noxastnart.
oryr nosnnxnyrt rynocrn or roro, uro nox naunnar samtxartcx, orroaxnnartcx or
oxyxammnx, cranonnrcx nynannxmtm.
ocnon +rnx cnmnromon nxnr oomnn nxnnann. nxa nosnnxar
113
nnyrnnxx xnsnt, xnsnt nxnnann, xoroax nxmo n nnoccrnnno n
naxnatnarcx na nnmnmm xnsnt, onaxo na n nnnxr. osnnxnonnn nnyrnn
xnsnn usntuano naxnt ]axr, rnt onnrannx nonnnx ocymcrnnxrcx nnyrn
+ro nnyrnn xnsnn.
nsnc mcrn-cmn nr ryr nxoa x nono connantno cnryannn, ryr
nonoro coxannx ornomnnn. nox onxn ncrynnrt n ornomnnx c omcrnom xax c
conoxynnocrtm nm, ocymcrnnxmmnx oxsarntnym, omcrnnno noxonmym n
omcrnnno nonsnym xrntnocrt. ax nannno, raxax rnnnnx noxnnxrcx n crm-
nnnn nxa cxo norn n mxony n nauart yunrtcx.
4. -) , 17 , +ro xnsnc ornomnn noocrxa
co nsocntmn. a anno crann asnnrnx noncxonr mnrntnax cmna nc
connantno cnryannn asnnrnx nxa, naunnarcx nxo or xaaxrnoro nx rcrna
rnna ornomnn nsocnoro n nxa x xaucrnnno nonomy, cnnn]nucxomy nx omnnx
nsocntx nm, cmnxrcx onn nymn rnn xrntnocrn yrnm.
noocrxonom nosacr nosnnxar ncrannnn o c xax o nsocnom,
nmarnynmm rannnt rcrna, uro onnxr nonnrannm onnx nom n
nnnocr na yrn, c rcxnx na nsocnt. oxnnxrcx nnrc noocrxa x yromy
nony, n ononmnno ycnnnnarcx nnnmann x cno nnmnocrn, nosacrar nnnocrt
yxt n yra, nnnocrt xonnxrnna cncrnnxon. xo n nauan noocrxonoro
nosacra mxy nsocntm n noocrxom nosnnxar xon]nnxr. oocrox naunnar
conornnnxrtcx ronannxm nsocntx, xorot on antm oxorno ntnonnxn, onxartcx,
cnn xro-ro orannunnar ro camocroxrntnocrt. noocrxa noxnnxrcx oocrnno
uyncrno cocrnnnoro ocronncrna. ana nsocntx on naunnar orannunnart, a cnon
acmnxrt.
crounnxom raxoro xon]nnxra ntcrynar nornnoun mxy ncrannnnm
nsocnoro o noocrx n saauax nocnnrannx n ncrannnnxx noocrxa o cocrnnno
nsocnocrn n xaaxr nan. 3ror noncc ycyrynxr m ona nnunna. noocrxonom
nosacr ornomnnx nxa co cncrnnxamn, n oconno c ystxmn, croxrcx na nxoro-
tx naxntx nomax nsocno moann anncrna, a ocnono ro ornomnn co nsocntmn
noonxar ocranartcx ocoax rcxax moant nocnymannx. cnonn noocrxom moann
anncrna nsocntx n noncc omnnx co cncrnnxamn ncrynar n nornnoun c
nomamn moann nocnymannx, noromy uro ona nx noocrxa cranonnrcx nnnmnmo.
3ro cosar ontmn rynocrn n nx nsocntx, n nx noocrxa.
Fnaronnxrnax ]oma nxoa noocrxa x nonomy rnny ornomnn nosmoxna,
cnn nsocnt cam noxnnr nnnnnarnny n, yunrtnax ro ronannx, ncronr cno
ornomnn x nmy. rnomnnx mxy nsocntm n noocrxom onxnt cronrtcx no rnny
ornomnn mxy nsocntmn na ocnon coyxcrna n ynaxnnx, onnx n nomomn.
om roro, yunrtnax, uro omnn co cncrnnxamn moryr crart on snaunmtmn n
asnnrnn connantno-moantno nsocnocrn, naxno cosart raxym cncrmy, xoroax t
yonnrnoxna rynnono omnn noocrxa, no n ro x nmx xonronnonanact co
croont nsocnoro. ontxo n raxnx ycnonnxx noocrox moxr nayunrtcx no-nsocnomy
ymart, crnonart, ntnonnxrt asnoro oa saaun, omartcx c nmtmn.
axy c xnsncamn n xnsnn acrymro unonxa cymcrnymr nnot, nanon
naronnxrnt nx asnnrnx rx nnn nntx ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn n nnunocrntx xaucrn.
x nastnamr !'(1""()0", rax xax n +ro nmx asnnnammncx orannsm tnar
oconno uyncrnnrnn x onnnnomy oy nnnxnn oxyxamm crnnrntnocrn.
annm, annn nosacr (nntrrn ro xnsnn) xnnxrcx onrnmantntm nx
asnnrnx un. nonmnno c asnnrnm un y nxa nnrncnnno asnnnarcx
mtmnnn, xoroo cnauana nocnr narnxno-crnnnt xaaxr. amxax +ro ]omt
mtmnnnx cosamrcx nnoctnxn nx noxnnnnx on cnoxno ]omt narnxno-
oasnoro mtmnnnx, xora ocymcrnnnn xaxoro-nno crnnx moxr noncxonrt s
yuacrnx naxrnucxnx crnn, onnyx rontxo oasamn. cnn n nosacr o nxrn nr
nox n onnan untmn ]omamn omnnx, ro on sarm snaxno orcrar n
ncnxnucxom n nnunocrnom asnnrnn.
no omxontnoro rcrna nanon onrnmann nx asnnrnx nornocrn n
114
conmcrno co nsocntmn xrntnocrn. cnn n annm rcrn xnannx y nxa m n
crann cocrnnntmn xnannxmn n nmn ynannxmr nsocnt, ro na rannn omxontnoro
nosacra ornomnnx conmcrno xrntnocrn nnxoxr n nornnoun c nontm yonnm
asnnrnx nxa. osnnxamr rnnnnn x camocroxrntno xrntnocrn, y nxa
noxnnxmrcx cocrnnnt xnannx, xorot moryr n connaart c xnannxmn nsocntx.
osnnxnonnn nnuntx xnann nnamar crnn n nonno, na ocnon +roro
orxtnarcx nosmoxnocrt nx conounnnnx xnann n ott mxy nnmn.
3ror nosacr, xax cunran .. trorcxn, xnnxrcx raxx cnsnrnnntm nx asnnrnx
nocnnxrnx. amxrt, mtmnnn, nnnmann on ornocnn x onnnntm momnram axra
nocnnxrnx. namn mxontnt nosacr xnnxrcx nnoom nnrncnnnoro xaucrnnnoro
noasonannx nosnanarntntx nonccon. nn naunnamr nnorart onoconannt
xaaxr n cranonxrcx ocosnanntmn n nonsnontntmn. nox nocrnnno onnanar
cnonmn ncnxnucxnmn nonccamn, yunrcx ynannxrt nnnmannm, namxrtm, mtmnnnm.
+rom nosacr y nxa nanon nnrncnnno asnnnarcx nnn n asnnnarcx
cnoconocrt x onnannm oxyxamm co. n nosnrnnnom ncxo +ro crann
asnnrnx y nxa ]omnyrcx nxnnann cno ymnocrn, nn nyaunom ncxo
uyncrno nnonnonnnocrn n ncnoconocrn trt naann c yrnmn nmtmn.
noocrxonom nosacr nanon narnxno noxnnxrcx crmnnn nxa
yrnnrt cnom camocroxrntnocrt, nsanncnmocrt.
n accmornnn nosacrntx xnsncon n cnsnrnnntx nnoon asnnrnx n
ntnxnnct nonoct, cnxsannt c oconnocrxmn nx norxannx y r c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn, a nannct ntnot na ocnonannn omnx saxonomnocr asnnrnx
acrymro unonxa. nxsano +ro c rm, uro xax xnsncnt, rax n cnsnrnnnt nnot
xnnxmrcx omnmn n asnnrnn nmoro nxa: nomantnoro nnn nmmmro xaxo-nno
]xr. yro no, na oconnocrn nx norxannx yyr cxastnartcx n rontxo
nnnnnyantnt asnnunx nxa, cnoxnnmaxcx connantnax cnryannx, no n xaaxr
saonnannx, ]xra n nx nocncrnn. num +rn asnnunx yyr on nnn mn
rnnnunt nx onornnntx rynn saonnann, n cnnn]nunocrt norxannx xnsncntx n
cnsnrnnntx nnoon yyr onnxrtcx nmnm nx noxnnnnx, nnrntnocrtm n
nnrncnnnocrtm norxannx, a raxx nxorotmn yrnmn oconnocrxmn.
o n nmom cnyua, xax cnnrntcrnyr naxrnxa, urot c]omnonart
nonnonnnym nnunocrt nyxno yunrtnart n rontxo xonxrnt oconnocrn n xaxom
orntnom cnyua, no onnrnonartcx nx ncro na omn saxonomnocrn asnnrnx
nxa, rax xax n noncc connantno annnrannn mt onxnt c]omnonart
nnunocrt, xoroax onxna uyncrnonart cx annonnno n rontxo n cno c, no n
cn ncx nm.
aaua connantno annnrannn r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn yr n
+ro cnxsn cocroxrt n rom, urot cnonmnno onnxrt noxnnnn xnrnucxnx n
cnsnrnnntx nnoon n xnsnn nxa, cosanart ycnonnx nx ycnmnoro asmnnx
xnrnucxnx cnryannn n ncnontsonart nosmoxnocrn xaxoro cnsnrnnnoro nnoa nx
asnnrnx rx nnn nntx nnunocrntx xaucrn.
7.9. 4

onxrn connannsannx n asnnuntx nayuntx mxonax n nmr onosnaunoro
ronxonannx: n nonxnnnonsm ono osnauar connantno nayunn, n cnmnonnucxom
nnraxnnonnsm syntrar connantnoro nsanmocrnnx, n rymanncrnucxo
ncnxonornn camoaxryannsannm -xonnnnnn. nxsano +ro c rm, uro xnnnn
connannsannn mnoroacnxrno n xaxo ns yxasanntx nanannnn axnnrnyr nnnmann
na ono ns croon +roro ]nomna.
*"$"1*"3 +ro noncc n syntrar ycnonnx n axrnnnoro nocnonsnocrna
nnnnnom connantnoro ontra, ocymcrnnxmt n omnnn n xrntnocrn. C)
$"&(!" +ro nnamnucxax cncrma ycrounntx uyncrn, ymnn n snann,
nosnnxammnx n noncc xnsnn n xrntnocrn.
nox, noxnnxxct na cnr, nxnmuarcx n cncrmy yx rorontx ornomnn, nom n
115
nannn nonnnx, cnocoon nontsonannx nmramn, ntaoranntmn nmcrnymmnmn
noxonnnxmn. a annnx cranxx asnnrnx oconnocrn unonucxoro trnx ycnannamrcx
nm na nocosnarntnom yonn. arm +ror noncc no m nsocnnnx nxa
nnorar ocosnannt xaaxr n cranonnrcx normnmo uacrtm cosnannx nnunocrn.
ntr nnunocrn +ro nroronax conoxynnocrt ]nxcnonanntx nnmnnx noscrnn,
noasonanntx us nnsmy nornocr no nnyrnnm ncnxnucxom nnan.
oncc ]omnonannx ontra nnnnna cocronr ns rx +ranon: nnt +ran
nnamnn nnmnro noscrnnx n ]axr cosnannx (nnrnonsannx); nroo +ran
coxannn n axxymynxnnx n cosnannn nnamnnoro nnmnro noscrnnx; rrn +ran
nnamnn ontra nnunocrn n crnn (+xcrnonsannx).
omnonann ontra nnunocrn nnrntnt noncc, oycnonnnnt mnornmn
nnmnnmn n nnyrnnnmn, oxrnnntmn n cyxrnnntmn ]axroamn. nnm ornocxr:
nmnn ]axrot.
1. axoconnantnt ycnonnx: +xonomnxa, nonnrnxa, nano, nonornx, moant,
rannnn, omcrnnnax ncnxonornx, nnrnx, omcrnnno mnnn, cnyxn, nnrarya,
ccrna maccono nn]omannn, rora]nucxax ca.
2. nxoconnantnt ycnonnx: cmtx, oasonarntnt n nocnnrarntnt
yuxnnx, rynnt omnnx, ystx.
nyrnnn ]axrot.
1. nsnonornucxn oconnocrn asnnrnx n cocroxnn soontx nxa. rn c
accrocrnamn snnx, cnyxa, ymcrnnno orcrant, ocnannnt n cnxsn c nncnntmn
saonnannxmn, xax nannno, ncntrtnamr sarynnnx n nnornnn snann, ntaorx
nantxon n ymnn, uro noxnnxrcx n om nx ycnonnx, nmnntx n xaucrnnntx
xaaxrncrnxax.
2. onnantno-ncnxonornucxn oconnocrn nocnnxrnx oxyxamm
crnnrntnocrn nnunocrtm. ma nxoxr: nnnnnyantnt oconnocrn omymnnx,
oconnocrn acconnarnnno n ycnonno snaunmocrn nocnnnnmamoro marnana,
oconnocrn nsnarntnocrn nocnnxrnx nmron nnmnro mna.
3. onnantno-ncnxonornucxn oconnocrn mtmnnnx. xaucrn ocnonntx
116
connantno-ncnxonornucxnx oconnocr mtmnnnx ntcrynamr: oconnocrn ymnnx
oomart, nsnarntnocrt mtmnnnx, crornnt mtmnnnx n .
4. onnantnt ycranonxn, yonnt asnnrnx nornocrno-mornna-nnonno c]t.
5. ocrnnnax axrnnnocrt nxa no ycnonnm omcrnnno-ncronucxoro
ontra.
xo connannsannn unonx n nocro ycnannar connantnt ontr, no n
noasyr ro n cocrnnnt nnnocrn, ycranonxn, onnrannn, nsnarntno nnonr n
cncrmy cnoro nonnnx r nomt n crornnt, xorot nnnxrt n omcrn nnn
rynn, c xoroo on nsanmocrnyr. nro cxnatnarcx cno nnunt ontr.
tuno ntnxmr rn c]t, n xorotx noncxonr connannsannx nnunocrn:
xrntnocrt, omnn, camocosnann. m xaaxrncrnxo ncx +rnx rx c]
nastnarcx noncc acmnnnx, ymnoxnnx connantntx cnxs nnunocrn c nnmnnm
mnom.
'/HJHQ -$+ !*"$+(0 !($'("" -'.'( "%-' /'3'$+(!+D
nnum mamm snaunn oxastnar n noom xrntnocrt, a nymax xrntnocrt, n
xoroo nox nanon nonno acxtnar cnon nosmoxnocrn n nanon +]]xrnnno
ycnannar connantnt ontr.
-3 !I'- .J'("'. occrnom omnnx nox nonyuar nn]omannm
o ontr, xorot my noxonmo ycnonrt n noasonart n cocrnnnt nsrnxt,
mtcnn, ycranonxn, nomt nonnnx n r..
-'+3 !I'- !*"$"1*"" -1""' !0!1(("3 $"&(!". camom
omm nn noncc connannsannn ncrannxrcx xax cranonnnn n unonx oasa ro
. as +ro nonnmann cx, ornomnn x c. as cxnatnarcx na
norxxnnn nc xnsnn no noscrnnm mnorouncnnntx connantntx xnnnn. tcmn
yonnt ro asnnrnx camocosnann ocnona ]omnonannx ymcrnnno axrnnnocrn n
camocroxrntnocrn nnunocrn n cyxnnxx n crnnxx. nanntmn ]ynxnnxmn
camocosnannx xnnxmrcx nosnann cx, camoconmncrnonann n noncx cmtcna xnsnn.
oncc connannsannn, xax nouxnnar . . nna, moxr trt nonxr rontxo
xax nncrno nsmnnn ncx rx nasnanntx c]. nn, nsxrt n nnom, cosamr nx
nnnnna acmnxmmymcx crnnrntnocrt, n xoroo on crnyr, nosnar n
omarcx, rm camtm ocnannax n rontxo nnxamym mnxocy, no n ncm cncrmy
connantntx ornomnn. mcr c +rnm ocnonnm nnnnn nnocnr n n n cno ontr, cno
rnoucxn noxo. o+romy nr yro ]omt ocnonnx crnnrntnocrn, xom
axrnnnoro noasonannx.
annnonno ntnxmr cnymmn crann connannsannn:
1. - , nnn (or oxnnx o
noocrxonoro nnoa). nox ycnannar connantnt ontr nxnrnucxn, aanrnyrcx,
nncnocannnarcx, noaxar.
2. ' (noxnnxrcx xnann ntnnrt cx cn yrnx,
xnrnucxo ornomnn x omcrnnntm nomam nonnnx). annax cranx no-asnomy
norxar y noocrxon n mnom. noocrxonom nosacr cranx nnnnnyannsannn n
xo camoonnnnx mn n x xaaxrnsyrcx xax nomxyrounax connannsannx, rax
xax mnonossnn n xaaxr noocrxa m n c]omnonannct n xnnxmrcx
nycrounntmn. Rnomcxn x nosacr (1825 nr) xaaxrnsyrcx onnnno
ycrounnocrtm. onnannsannx n +rom nno onnxrcx xax xonnnryantnax, n xo
xoroo ntaartnamrcx ycrounnt cnocrna nnunocrn.
3. ' (noxnnxrcx xnann narn cno mcro n omcrn).
nrrannx noxonr narononyuno, cnn cnocrna, xorotmn onaar nnunocrt,
nnnnmamrcx omcrnom nnn rynno, n xoroym on nxnmuarcx. cnn x oconnocrn
xonxrno nnunocrn n naxoxr nnsnannx, ro nosmoxnt cnymmn ncxot:
coxannn cno nnoxoxcrn n noxnnnn arccnnntx nsanmocrnn c nmtmn n
omcrnom;
nsmnnn cx, crart xax nc;
xon]omnsm, nnmn cornamarntcrno, aanrannx.
4. 3 oxnartnar nct nno snocrn unonxa, ro
117
ryono xrntnocrn, xora unonx n rontxo ycnannar connantnt ontr, no n
nocnonsnonr ro sa cur axrnnnoro noscrnnx na yrnx nm, oxyxammym
crnnrntnocrt us cnom xrntnocrt.
5. - accmarnnar noxnno nosacr xax
nosacr, nnocxmn cymcrnnnt nxna n nocnonsnocrno connantnoro ontra n xo
naun ro nontm noxonnnxm.
nnnnt nnrc nx nonnmannx cymnocrn noncca connannsannn r
ncrannxmr nsrnxt . . ntmrna o noyonnnom connantnom asnnrnn nnunocrn n
onrorns.
n oamar nnnmann na ro, uro asnnrn nnunocrn +ro nnt noncc
connannsannn, n xo xorooro nox ocnannar connantnt ontr n ontr
nnnnnyannsannn, yunrcx ntaxart cocrnnnym nosnnnm, nornnonocrannxrt cx
yrnm, noxnnxrt camocroxrntnocrt nyrm ycranonnnnx nc on mnoxnx ornomnn.
rnnt onnannx +rnm ontrom cnooasno axxymynnyrcx n nosnnnn ro no
ornomnnm x omcrny. annax nosnnnx nmr nnamnxy cnoro asnnrnx n noxnnxrcx n
nosnnnn omcrn, r axnnr narcx na cx (n n oraxarcx crmnnn
nxa nonxrt cno ), n n nosnnnn omcrno xacarcx ocosnannx cx
cyxrom omcrnnntx ornomnn.
osnnnx n omcrn ocoo axrnnno asnrtnarcx n nnot annro rcrna
(c 1 roa o 3 nr), mnamro mxontnoro (c 6 o 9 nr) n cramro mxontnoro (c 15 o 17
nr) nosacron, xora axryannsnyrcx nmrno-naxrnucxax croona xrntnocrn.
ranonnnn xaucrnnno nno connantno nosnnnn n omcrno nanon
axrnnno noncxonr n omxontnom (c 3 o 6 nr) n noocrxonom (c 10 o 15 nr) nosacrax,
xora oconno nnrncnnno ycnannamrcx nomt unonucxnx nsanmoornomnn.
x n nnom, mnanucxom, nno ntxcnxmrcx nosmoxnocrn connantnoro
asnnrnx nxa, ycranannnnarcx n onnnnom cmtcn ro nosnnnx no ornomnnm
x omcrny, uro nnnonr acrymro unonxa x nonnmannm nannunx yrnx.
nxa or roa o rx nr n syntrar onnannx ntaoranntmn cnocoamn
ynornnnx ocrynntx nm nosnnxar crmnnn ntrn sa nnt
nnoccrnnntx onxontx ornomnn. naxomxct c nmramn n crnnxmn c nnmn,
on ononmnno ocnannar onnnnt onn, uro n roronnr ro nxo na nonym
connantnym nosnnnm. rm roam nox sanmar nnt nnxn snaxomcrna c u-
nonucxnm mnom, ]nxcnyx cno nono connantno nonoxnn, ntnxx cno ,
ocosnanax cnom camocrt, cranx cx n nosnnnm cyxra. +roro ysnonoro yxa
naunnarcx nont yonnt connantnoro asnnrnx: on naunnar nc on axrnnno ncrynart
n ornomnnx c yrnmn nmtmn nsocntmn n cncrnnxamn.
nno c 3 o 6 nr, ocosnan cno cn yrnx, nox crmnrcx nnmnrt
cx x yrnm, axrnnno noscrnonart na cnryannm: on onnanar connantntm ontrom,
connantno sa]nxcnonanntmn crnnxmn, nx connantno cymnocrtm, xoroax n
onnxr asnnrn ro connannsannn n nnnnnyannsannn.
6 roam y r orurnnno noxnnxrcx cnoconocrt crannrt cx na mcro
yroro unonxa n nnrt nmn c ro nosnnnn, yunrtnax n rontxo cnom, no n uyxym
rouxy snnx. mcrnnrnro nxa noxnnxrcx onnrannx na omcrnnnt ]ynxnnn
nm, nomt nx nonnnx, cmtcn xrntnocrn. axo nonnn nxa nn
ononmnnom asnnrnn nooaxnnx n cnmnonnxn oocrxr ro nornocrt n nosnannn
oxron nnmnro mna, snaunmtx n omcrn, nnont na nonom yonn ntnnrar na
nnt nnan nosnnnm n omcrn.
cnonn n nrono xrntnocrn ornomnn x nmam, nam, nox crmnrcx
annsonart cnon nosmoxnocrn n nmrno-naxrnucxo xrntnocrn, uro
axryannsnyr na annom yx snaunn yuno xrntnocrn. cnn nxrnnrnn rn
m naxoxrcx n ysxom xyry nnrnmno-nnunocrntx ornomnn, onnrnymrcx n ocnonnom
na snaxomt oxyxammn nx nmrt n nnsxnx nm, ro y mcrnnrnnx r
noxnnxrcx on mnoxo nonnmann connantntx cnxs, ntaartnarcx ymnn
onnnnart nonnn yrnx r n nsocntx. Bcrnnrnn unonx ocosnar cnom
nnnanxnocrt x rcxomy xonnxrnny, naunnar nonnmart naxnocrt omcrnnno
118
nonsntx n. o crt nmnno na yx mxy 56 roamn y nxa ]omnyrcx
onnnno nonnmann n onnxa connantntx xnnnn, onnrannx na onnouno
ornomnn nsocntx us nnsmy xonxrno xrntnocrn.
nymmn nno cranonnnnx nnunocrn nnxonrcx na 69 nr n cnxsan c
ocosnannm m cnoro mcra n cncrm omcrnnntx ornomnn, noxnnnnm rnoucxoro
ornomnnx x crnnrntnocrn. oncxonr ]omnonann nonsnontnocrn ncnxnucxnx
nonccon, nnyrnnro nnana crnnx, ]nxcnn cocrnnnoro nonnnx, uro
ocnunnar x 9 roam asnnrn nornocrn n nonyunnn nnsnannx yrnmn nmtmn n
asnrtnannx cncrmt nsanmoornomnn c nnmn.
xy 9 n 10 roamn naunnarcx nont yonnt connantnoro asnnrnx,
]omnymt n nosnnnn n omcrno, xora nox ntrarcx ntrn sa amxn rcxoro
oasa xnsnn, sanxrt omcrnnno naxno n omcrnnno onnnnamo mcro. a annom
ysnonom yx on n rontxo ocosnar cx cyxrom, no ncntrtnar nornocrt ann-
sonart cx xax cyxra. o nxrn nr nox asnrtnar cnon ornomnnx n c
snaxomtx nm, rnt x on crmnrcx ncrynnrt n mnoxn xyr omcrnnntx
ornomnn. annt nno rnanntm xnrnm onnxn nxom cx n yroro
cranonxrcx nancrnnno-ncnxonornucxn oconnocrn nnunocrn, noxnnxmmncx no
nsanmoornomnnxx c oxyxammnmn.
oocrxont nno c 10 o 15 nr cnxsan c nosnnxnonnnm camocosnannx xax
ocosnannx cx n cncrm omcrnnntx ornomnnn, asnnrnm connantno axrnnnocrn n
connantno ornrcrnnnocrn, oocrxmmnx nornocrt noocrxa n omcrnnnom
nnsnannn. o+romy n 15 nr n ntunnxrcx ouno nomxyrount yx
connantnoro nnxnnx n omcrn. ax, cnn urtnanarnnrnro noocrxa
ontm ncro nnrcyr camoonnxa n nnnxrn ro yrnmn, ro y nxrnanarnnrnro
ocnonno mcro sannmamr nonoct asnnrnx cnoconocr, ntaorxn ymnn,
nnrnnxryantnoro asnnrnx.
r 15 o 17 nr nr asnnrn acraxrnoro n nornucxoro mtmnnnx, ]nxcnn
cocrnnnoro xnsnnnoro nyrn, crmnnnx x camoannsannn, uro oocrxr nornocrt
mnomcrna sanxrt nosnnnm xaxo-nno connantno rynnt, onnnnt raxancxn
nosnnnn, oycnannnnax noxnnnn nonoro nonoornoro ysnonoro yxa connantnoro
nnxnnx n omcrno.
c accmarnnamt yxn ]nxcnymr r yonnnt nsmnnnx n connantno
snocrn n noncc connannsannn, xorot ocnunnamr asnnrn nosnnnn acrymro
unonxa xax cyxra ornomnn cyxr-oxrntx n cytxr-cyxrntx, cranonnnn
ro , n n rontxo n omcrn, no n nanon axrnnno nonoxnn n omcrno.
rax, nocrynarntno connantno asnnrn nr or ocosnannx nxom cnonx
connantntx nosmoxnocr, us cranonnnn nnunocrntx nonooasonann, x
noxnnnnm, yxnnnnm, xaucrnnnomy nsmnnnm connantno nosnnnn n syntrar
cocrnnno rnoucxo axrnnnocrn. anon ntnyxno +ra nosnnnx noxnnxrcx nn
nxo c ono crynnn onrornsa na yrym. num na ncx mxnosacrntx
nxoax ornanno rouxo cnyxnr nont yonnt connantnoro asnnrnx nxa.
tunnnn antno cymcrnymmnx ocotx yonn n cocroxnn connantno
snocrn n xo ro asnnrnx n ycranonnnn nx coxannx c nosnnnn no ornomnnm
x omcrny n n omcrn moryr crart naxntm xnrnm n onnnnn
connantnoro asnnrnx nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn. nann +rnx yonn
nomoxr on nnnanannnno cronrt noncc nsanmocrnnx c nnm, cosar xoomn
nnoctnxn nx onrnmnsannn nocnnrarntnoro noncca, nx orannsannn xoxnnn
ncnxnucxnx n nnunocrntx orxnonnn n connantno annnrannn nxa n nnom.
7.8.

urot ocnunrt nomantno ncnxnucxo n nnunocrno asnnrn nxa, nyxna

cncrma nnnanannnnoro asnnnammro noscrnnx, a n cnyua nxnarntnoro
119
asnnrnx n xoxnnx noxnnxmmnxcx nontx ncnxnucxnx oasonann n ]om nonnnx.
onxrnx asnnnammax n xoxnnonnax xrntnocrt n roxcrnnnt,
xaxo ns nnx nmr cno coxann.
1"QJ3 /'3'$+(!+ nanannna na cosann connantno-ncnxonornucxnx
ycnonn asnnrnx nnunocrn.
--'*"((3 /'3'$+(!+ nmr on ysxym nanannnnocrt. na
onnrnonana na mnn n noncc asnnrnx nxa xonxrntx nonm, cnxsanntx c
ncnannnnm nocrarxon asnnrnx ncnxnxn n cnocrn nnunocrn, naxnarntx ]om
nonnnx n camouyncrnnx.
xrom ncnxoxoxnnonntx noscrnn moryr trt xax soont, rax n
ontnt nmn. oxnn naymnn ncnxnucxoro n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx soontx
nm sannmamrcx ncnxonorn, xoxnn anomantnoro asnnrnx mnnnncxn
ncnxonorn, naroncnxonorn n noncnxonorn.
annnonno ncnxonornucxym xoxnnm accmarnnamr n mnoxom n ysxom
cmtcn +roro nonxrnx.
mnoxom cmtcn ncnxonornucxax xoxnnx +ro xomnnxc xnnnnxo-
ncnxonoro-narornucxnx noscrnn, nanannnntx na ncnannnn nmmmnxcx y
r nocrarxon n asnnrnn ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn n nnunocrntx cnocrn. ysxom
cmtcn mro ncnxonornucxoro noscrnnx, onnrnonannt na onrnmnsannm
asnnrnx ncnxnucxnx nonccon n ]ynxnn n na ramonnsannm asnnrnx xaucrn
nnunocrn.
sanncnmocrn or xaaxra narnocrnxn n nanannnnocrn xoxnnn . F.
3ntxonnn nnaran asnnuart n ]omt xoxnnn: cnmnromarnucxym, nanannnnym
na cnmnromt orxnonnn n asnnrnn, n xoxnnm, nanannnnym na ncrounnx n nnunnt
orxnonnn n asnnrnn. cnxonornucxax xoxnnx onxna trt cxonnnrnonana n na
nnmnnx noxnnnnxx orxnonnn n asnnrnn, a na crnnrntntx ncrounnxax,
nooxammnx +rn orxnonnnx.
o+romy x anannsy ncnxonornucxo cryxryt ]xra, ntxcnnnm nnunn ro
nosnnxnonnnx, ncnontsonannm coxannx n ]om ncnxonornucxoro noscrnnx na
nnunocrt nxa nyxn n xaxom xonxrnom cnyua rnyoxo noymannt
mroonornucxn noxo.
cnonononarammnmn mroonornucxnmn nnnnnnamn, or xorotx sanncnr
+]]xrnnnocrt ncnxonornucxo xoxnnn, nastnamr cnymmn:
nnonarar nnt xomnnxc xnnnnx-ncnxonoro-
narornucxnx noscrnn nn ncnxonornucxo xoxnnn;
. aaun xoxnnonno aort moryr
trt c]omynnonant rontxo na ocnon syntraron ncnxonarnocrnucxoro nsyunnx n
rontxo sont axryantnoro, no n sont nnxamro asnnrnx nxa;
,. 3ro noxo x nxy xax nnocrno nnunocrn c
yurom nc cnoxnocrn n ncx nnnnnyantntx oconnocr;
( ,. nunocrt noxnnxrcx n ]omnyrcx rontxo n
xrntnocrn;
,) F, G. annt nnnnnn,
c]omynnonannt . . trorcxnm, asnyrcx na nonoxnnn o nym onn oyunnx n
ncnxnucxom asnnrnn nxa. roonnnxn xoxnnn anomantnoro asnnrnx cnnsy
nnx n xaucrn ocnonnoro coxannx xoxnnonno aort accmarnnamr ynax-
nnnx, rnnonxn yx nmmmnxcx y nxa ncnxonornucxnx cnoconocr.
, . annsannx +roro nnnnnna n
ncnxoxoxnnonno aor nanannna na ycrannn nnunn n ncrounnxon orxnonnn n
ncnxnucxom asnnrnn nxa.
nannax saaua ncnxonornucxo xoxnnn yxnnnn ncnxnucxoro soontx,
ocnunn ramonnucxoro ]omnonannx nnunocrn nxa c orannunnxmn
xnsnxrntnocrn.
naxrnx ncnxonornucxo nomomn raxnm rxm cnoxnnnct cnymmn
nanannnnx ncnxonornucxo xoxnnn naymnn asnnrnx.
120
'-' (C-$'("' P --'*"3 O0*"($+(% -1""3 -'.'(. nt
xoxnnn cmxrunn +monnonantnoro ncxom]ora y r, nontmnn nx axrnnnocrn
n camocroxrntnocrn, ycrannn nronuntx nnunocrntx axnn, oycnonnnntx
+monnonantntmn accrocrnamn, raxnmn xax arccnnnocrt, nontmnnax nosynmocrt,
rnoxnax mnnrntnocrt n .
3monnonantnt naymnnx cn r n noocrxon ncruamrcx uacro.
rouxn snnx naymnnx cncrmt ornomnn x yrnm nmxm n camomy c
ntnxmr rn ocnonnt rynnt r c +monnonantntmn naymnnxmn.
nnym rynny nxoxr rn, y xorotx +monnonantnt nonmt noxnnxmrcx n
ocnonnom n amxax mxnnunocrntx ornomnn (nontmnnax nosynmocrt, a]]xrnnnt
ncntmxn n noncc omnnx, oconno co cncrnnxamn).
roax rynna r ornnuarcx ntaxnntmn nnyrnnnunocrntmn xon]nnxramn.
nx nonnnn nocnxnnarcx nontmnnax saromoxnnocrt, cnao ntaxnnax
omnrntnocrt, noocnonannt craxn, rnyoxo nxnnann ont.
nx rrt rynnt xaaxrnt ntaxnnt nnyrnnnunocrnt n mxnnunocrnt
xon]nnxrt. nonnnn r +ro rynnt nonaamr arccnnnocrt, nmnyntcnnnocrt.
coo mcro n xnnnnx +monnonantntx naymnn sannmamr nnost rcxoro
nosacra. x n ontmnncrn cnom accmarnnamr xax onsnn nnunocrn. anon
acnocrannnax nnunna rcxnx nnoson ncnxnucxax ranma.
cnxonornucxax xoxnnx +monnonantntx naymnn n asnnrnn nxa
ocymcrnnxrcx n amxax nyx noxoon: ncnxonnamnucxoro n nonnucxoro.
-,) noxo nnonarar cosann ycnonn, cnnmammnx nnmnn
connantnt nrat, nononnymmn xon]nnxr. amxax C'/'(&'!% noxoa
crannrcx saaua nnornnx rtmn nontx ]om nonnnx nnn nnnnnonann
nmmmnxcx saanrnnntx ]om nonnnx.
o nasnaunnm mrot xoxnnn +monnonantntx naymnn nxr na n rynnt:
ocnonnt n cnnnantnt.
ocnonntm mroam ornocxr: nrorannm, arrannm (mro ocnonan na
ncnontsonannn nosmoxnocr nsoasnrntnoro ncxyccrna), ncnxoananns, mro
cncnnnnsannn, ayrornnym rnnonxy, nonnucxn rnnnr.
nnnantnt mrot +ro raxrnucxn n rxnnucxn nnmt ncnxoxoxnnn,
nnt xorotx ycrannn nmmmnxcx ]xron c yurom nnnnnyantno-
ncnxonornucxnx ]axroon.
o ]om ncnontsonannx mrot tnamr rynnontmn n nnnnnyantntmn.
-' (C-$'("' P --'*"3 !'(!-(>C'-*'C"(, "
"('$$'H$+(, /'3'$+(!" ocymcrnnxrcx n ornomnnn r c ncnxnucxnm
noasnnrnm (ymcrnnnax orcranocrt), c saxxo ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx () n
nonxnntm ncnxnucxnm asnnrnm.
1) H ) , , xax cnnrntcrnymr mnorouncnnnt
nccnonannx, nanmamrcx naymnn xoncranrnocrn n nmrnocrn nocnnxrnx,
samnnnt rmn ysnanannx nmron, rynocrn oomnnx cncontx cnrnanon.
nnx samrno cnnxn om namxrn, nmmr mcro cymcrnnnt rynocrn n xannnn n
nocnonsnocrn nn]omannn, nanmarcx noasnnrn mtmnnnx, nnosmoxnocrt
oasonannx nonxrn, rynocrn nnoca n oomnnx.
asnannt naymnnx y r onnxmr n ocnonnt saaun ncnxonornucxo
xoxnnn. xo xoxnnn r yuar ycnannart cncont +ranont, mannnynnonart c
nmramn asnnuno ]omt, nnnunnt, nnra; asnnnamr snrntnym, cnyxonym n
ocxsarntnym namxrt; oyuamr nontsonartcx ncnomorarntntmn nmramn (oynnt
crnnx); ]omnymr narnxno-oasno n cnoncno-nornucxo mtmnnn.
connocrt xoxnnonntx noscrnn cocronr n rom, uro onn ncnontsymrcx n
noncc oyunnx r noyxrnnntm nnam xrntnocrn: xoncrynonannm,
nconannm, nnx, annnnxannn, a raxx n nr.
BM - " , y r nanmarcx samnnnt rmn
]omnonannx nosnanarntntx nonccon n +monnonantno c]t c nx nmnno
]nxcann na on annnx nosacrntx +ranax. nosacrom nosmoxno crnaxnnann
121
nnrnnxryantnoro ]xra nnnort o ocrnxnnx nomantnoro yonnx asnnrnx. naxo
+ra rnnnnx sanncnr or ]omt n rxxcrn saxxn ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx. onnx
r moxr trt noasnnrn nnoctnox nnrnnxra, y yrnx mornnannonnax
croona yuno xrntnocrn, y rrtnx snrntno-nocrancrnnno ncrannnn,
namxrt, nnnmann.
nonarntno, xoxnnonno noscrnn onxno trt nanannno na
]omnonann +rnx ncnxnucxnx nonccon. cnxoxoxnnonnt sanxrnx c rtmn c
no asnnrnm nosnanarntntx nonccon moryr nononrtcx xax nnnnnyantno, rax n n
rynn.
3) - " , (nnornno cnaoymn)
nanmarcx xxo ntaxnnax nnrnocrt mtmnnnx, ncromamocrt nnnmannx. oryr
raxx nmrt mcro orannucxn mnnnn n +nnnncnx. n orannucxo mnnnn
naymarcx nnnanannnnocrt mtmnnnx, xnrnunocrt, nonnucxn axnnx.
ocncrnnx nonxnnoro asnnrnx ncnxnxn nxa nxr na rn xnnnnucxnx +rana
(.. ynnu).
AI nox ncnocon x ymcrnnnomy nanxxnnm, nmmr mcro
nontmnnax yromnxmocrt, cnnxnn oma cnyxono n snrntno namxrn, rynocrn n
xonnnrannn n ycrounnocrn nnnmannx, naymnn nnamnxn mtcnnrntntx nonccon.
oryr trt oocrnnx n nn rononoxyxnnx, naymnnx cna, omro ncnxnucxoro
ronyca. nnom nornos aanrannn yonnrnonrntnt.
cnonntm nanannnnm ncnxonornucxo xoxnnn r c nacrnnucxnm
cnnomom xnnxrcx nontmnn nx ymcrnnno aorocnoconocrn c nomomtm
cnnnantntx ncnxorxnnucxnx nnmon no asnnrnm namxrn, nnnmannx, cxoocrn
axnn, a raxx xoxnnx +monnonantntx naymnn (cnxrn rnoxnocrn, asnnrn
ynnnocrn n c n .).
A. r nanmarcx nxnocrt, omax saromoxnnocrt nnn x
nontmnnax nosynmocrt, nnrarntnax acromoxnnocrt, moryr noxnnxrtcx
ncnxonaronoont axnnn. nx nnx xaaxrnt naxnarnax camoonnxa, cnnxnn
xnrnxn cnoro cocroxnnx.
oxnnonnt noscrnnx nn nonarnn nanannnt na nsmnnn
nonnnx nxa. ocrnrarcx +ro c nomomtm nontmnnx connantno axrnnnocrn
nxa n cmt, n mxon, a raxx c nomomtm cnnnantntx ncnxoxoxnnonntx
noscrnn, nnt xorotx ycnonn n asnnrn nantxon omnnx n cmt, xonnxrnn
cncrnnxon.
' noxnnxrcx n cnnxnnn ymcrnnno xrntnocrn n ymcrnnno
axrnnnocrn. cnxonornucxax xoxnnx raxnx r orannsyrcx c yurom cnnn]nxn
]xra n nononrtcx n nyx nanannnnxx: no-nntx, nnnnmamrcx mt x orannsannn
xnsnxrntnocrn n omnnx nxa n cmt n rynnax r, r tnar nox. o-
nrotx, yuar ocrynntm nnam xrntnocrn n noxnnxmr saory o asnnrnn ro
+monnonantno n nosnanarntno c] (xoxnnx nononrcx no ananornn c xoxnn
nxa, nmmmro ncnxnucxo noasnnrn). annax aora ocymcrnnxrcx n rcnom
xonraxr c onrnxmn, noronom, xoxnnonntm narorom.
-'+' (C-$'("' P C!"#$%"&'!3 --'*"3 C'/'("3 /'',
C/-!. onnn +ro cncrma nsanmocnxsanntx ]nxrontx n cosnarntntx
crnn (]nsnucxnx n ncnxnucxnx), ocymcrnnxmtx unonxom nn ocrnxnnn
onnnno nnn, annsannn onnnno ]ynxnnn n xo ro nsanmocrnnx co
co.
ocnonntm ]omam nonnnx ornocxr: 1) nc nnmnn noxnnnnx
]nsnonornucxnx nonccon, cnxsanntx c cocroxnnm, xrntnocrtm n omnnm nm,
nosa, mnmnxa, nnronannn n n.; 2) orntnt nnxnnx n xcrt; 3) crnnx xax on
xynnt axrt nonnnx, nmmmn onnnnt cmtcn; 4) nocrynxn m on
xynnt axrt, xax nannno, nmmmn omcrnnno, connantno snaunn n cnxsannt c
nomamn nonnnx, ornomnnxmn, camoonnxo n n.
coornrcrnn axnn, crnn n nocrynxon unonxa omnnnxrtm n
omcrn ]omam n nomam nonnnx accmarnnarcx xax naymnn nonnnx.
122
cnonntmn nnunnamn naymnnx nonnnx r n noocrxon moryr trt: ncxaxnno
ncnxnucxo asnnrn; ncramonnucxo ncnxnucxo asnnrn: ncxaxnnt cmnt
ornomnnx n nocnnrarntnt nnnxnnx cmtn; ncnxnucxax n connantnax nnnannx;
saanrannx, cnxsannax c rynocrxmn oyunnx, n .
AM -, " , . n
ncxaxnnom ncnxnucxom asnnrnn nanmamrcx cnoxnt courannx omro
noasnnrnx, saxannoro, nonxnnoro n ycxonnoro asnnrnx orntntx ]ynxnn,
nnnoxmnx x noxnnnnm naronornucxnx nonooasonann.
nnm ns xnnnnucxnx ntaxnn +roro rnna naymnn xnnxrcx rcxn ayrnsm.
rcxn ayrnsm +ro ocnonno nronunt ]xr, ntcrynammn n xaucrn
xomnncaronoro mxannsma, nanannnnoro na samnry or ranmnymm nnmn ct.
ro xaaxrntm nnsnaxom xnnxrcx naxnarnocrt ncnxnucxnx axnn,
noxnnxmmnxcx n oronannocrn or antno cnryannn.
r, craammnx ayrnsmom, nanmamrcx tcrax ncromamocrt nmo
nnnanannnno xrntnocrn, onooasno, crornnno nonnn, yxo n ]anrasnm,
cnooasnt rammarnucxn cro xstxa. sanncnmocrn or crnnn naymnnx
nsanmocrnnx nxa c nnmn co ntnxmr (. . nxontcxax) urt rynnt
r c annnm rcxnm ayrnsmom.
rn nno rynnt. ymn cnnom ormnnocrt or nnmn ct. rn
n ncntrtnamr nornocrn n omnnn c nmtmn n n nnamr ]omamn xonraxra c nnmn.
nnx nourn nonnocrtm orcyrcrnymr nantxn camoocnyxnnannx.
rn nroo rynnt. ymn cnnom ornxnn oxyxamm antnocrn.
rnnuamrcx on nnnanannnntm nonnnm. nnx cnonranno ntaartnamrcx
camt nocrmn crornnnt axnnn n unt mramnt. n axnarno nnrntno
xoxnnn onn moryr ocnonrt nantxn camoocnyxnnannx n +nmnranoro oyunnx.
rn rrt rynnt. ymn cnnom sammnn c nntm nornnocroxnnx
a]]xrnnno naronornn. mmr on cnoxnt ]omt a]]xrnnno samnrt, uro
noxnnxrcx n ]omnonannn naronornucxnx nnunn, n xomnncarontx ]anrasnxx.
rn +ro rynnt nn axnarno xoxnnn moryr trt nororonnnt x oyunnm no
ncnomorarntno mxon.
rn urnro rynnt. cnonno cnnom sammnn c nntm nornnocroxnnx
a]]xrnnno naronornn. r +ro rynnt nanmarcx nsnaunrntnax naronornx n
a]]xrnnno n cncono c]ax, na nnn nnan ntcrynamr nnosonoont
accrocrna, noxnnxmmncx n oocrn, nyrnnnocrn, oconno nn xonraxrax. n ax-
narno ncnxonornucxo xoxnnn onn moryr trt nororonnnt x oyunnm n maccono
mxon.
oramma xoxnnn ayrnuntx r asaartnarcx c yurom crnnn rxxcrn n
cnnn]nxn naymnnx. aaun ncnxoxoxnnonno aort c nnmn cocroxr n rom, urot
noonrt nrarnnnsm nn omnnn, cmxrunrt xaaxrnt nx raxnx r cncont n
+monnonantnt ncxom]or, noonrt ornnarntnt ]omt nonnnx, nontcnrt
ncnxnucxym axrnnnocrt n noncc omnnx co nsocntmn n rtmn.
cnonntmn nanannnnxmn xoxnnonno aort xnnxmrcx:
oyunn nxa nnmnnm xonraxram;
oyunnx on cnoxntm ]omam nonnnx;
asnnrn camocosnannx n nnunocrn ayrnunoro nxa.
BM -, , .
annt nn nsonrornsa onnxrcx xax ncnxonarnx, nnn naronornucxo asnnrn
nnunocrn. n ncnxonarnucxom asnnrnn ormuarcx nontmnnax nosynmocrt,
naronornucxax nanntnocrt nnn, naooor, nnrnocrt, nxsxocrt, nxnocrt a]]xra,
nocrarounocrt ntcmnx +monn, orcyrcrnn ]nxcnnntx xaucrn. nn n ocosnamr
cnon xaaxronornucxn oconnocrn, noonnnnamr ncnxoranmnymmn cnryannn,
cnococrnymmn sorannsannn nonnnx. oxannt nnrnnxr nxa n rynnyr
ro +monnonantno-nonnt noncct.
asnannt oconnocrn nnunocrnoro asnnrnx nrarnnno oraxamrcx na nonnnn
nxa. my cranonnrcx ryno nncnoconrtcx x otuntm ncnnnnnnantm
123
ronannxm, naymarcx noncc ro connannsannn, uro, n cnom out, n snaunrntno
crnnn ycyrynxr nnunocrnym ncramonnm.
+ro cnxsn ocnonno nntm ncnxoxoxnnn r c ncramonnuntm asnnrnm
xnnxrcx ramonnsannx nx nnunocrno cryxryt, cmntx nsanmoornomnn n
ycrannn nnn crnaxnnann ncnxoranmnymmnx ]axroon. axno noynrt y nxa
nnn noocrxa nnrc x cno nnunocrn n oconnocrxm nonnnx, nayunrt acnosnanart
ncnxoranmnymmn cnryannn, oyunrt ro ontmmy xonnucrny nananron nonnnx,
xorot moxno ncnontsonart n ryntx cnryannxx, asnnrt cnoconocrt x camorynxnnn
n camoonnx.
nx annsannn +rnx nn xomnymrcx cnnnantnt rynnont sanxrnx c
ncnontsonannm nr-amarnsannn, cncrma ncnxorynnymmnx rnnonox, mrot
ncnxonnamnucxoro, nonnucxoro, xornnrnnnoro n yrnx nanannnn
ncnxoxoxnnn.
5M -, ) ) ,
.H!$$'(()# ( (, ,) ()
!31" ! .
cxaxnnt cmnt ornomnnx n nrarnnno nocnnrann n cmt xnnxmrcx uam
ncro ncrounnxom nnno-ncnxnucxnx accrocrn c asnooasntmn nnannxmn
nonnnx. r ns nnarononyuntx cm, x romy x ocnoxnnntx rmn nnn nntmn
]xramn asnnrnx, nanmarcx, xax nannno, ntcoxn yonnt rnoxnocrn,
arccnnnocrt, nonn x nsocntm. naxo, ncmorx na nnarononyun n cmt, rn,
nonaax n cnnnannsnonannt yuxnnx, rocxymr no onrnxm, xno xanxr
cmnt nnxnnn. o+romy, ocymcrnnxx noxonmym xoxnnm n ncnxnucxom
asnnrnn nxa, ntsnannym nrarnnntm nocnnrannm n cmt, n cnyr oraxart
nxa or ynoro nnnxnnx nnoxnx onrn. ntr aort c raxnmn rtmn noxastna-
r, uro nyxno yxnnxrt cnxsn c ocrnnnnxamn, orannsontnart c nnmn ncrun n
ntxont nn, na xannxynax. onoxnrntnym ont nrar nnn cmnoro antoma,
coxannn cmntx nnxnn, a xoxnnonnym aory c raxnmn rtmn accmarnnart
xax nmnnym noxxy cmtn, naxoxmcx n xnsncnom cocroxnnn.
tsno nonmo n cncrm connantno annnrannn xnnxrcx mxontnax
saanrannx r c orannunnxmn xnsnxrntnocrn. norn ns nnx nmmr cncono
noasnnrn, saxxy ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx (), nnrnnxryantnym
nocrarounocrt, xorot xnnxmrcx nnunno ]omnonannx y nnx nnyrnn
nanxxnnocrn, rnoxnocrn, arccnnnocrn, xon]nnxrnocrn, omymnnx
nnonnonnnocrn, nnyxnocrn, uro nnnonr x ncranonnsannn ornomnn c connantno
co.
cnonno nyrt oxasannx nomomn saanrnonanntm rxm, nmmmnm
orannunnt nosmoxnocrn soontx, +ro cosann ycnonn nx nnrrannn n
nomantno asnnnammymcx connantnym cy, asaorxa nnnnnyantntx noramm
cnnnantno orannsonanno nomomn n noxxn. ocnony norammt onxnt trt
nonoxnt xoxnnx ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn n +monnonantno-non no c]t nxa,
]omnonann camoonnxn, nantxon axnarnoro omnnx co cncrnnxamn n nsocntmn n
oxyxamm connantno c.
''-' (C-$'("' P --'*"3 -1""3 $"&(!". noncc
onrornsa moryr nosnnxart nrarnnnt nnunocrnt xaucrna, cosammn antnym yrosy
ncxaxnnoro asnnrnx nnunocrn n nnom. urot n onycrnrt nxnarntnoro asnnrnx n
noxnnnnx nrarnnntx nnunocrntx xaucrn, ocymcrnnxrcx nx ncnannnn, xoxnnx.
cnontsonann mroon ncnxoxoxnnn n cncrm monnxrn no
ncnxonornucxo annnrannn oxastnarcx axryantntm rora, xora noxonmo mart
nonoct nsmnnnx, ncnannnnx rx cnocrn nnunocrn, ]omnonann xorotx
cnxsano n c onsntm, a c oconnocrxmn nocnnrannx n oyunnx, oasom xnsnn nxa.
ncooasnocrt ncnxoxoxnnn nnunocrn antno nosnnxar na 45-m roy
xnsnn nxa, xora c]omnonanmncx nnunocrnt xaucrna naunnamr mmart ro
connantno aanrannn. num ona nosmoxna nnmt n rx cnyuaxx, cnn nox on nnn
mn ocosnar cno nonnn, ro crt nmr mcro ornocnrntnax nnrnnxryantnax co-
124
xannocrt.
+ro cnxsn oxrom ncnxoxoxnnonntx noscrnn moryr ntcrynart
ornocnrntno cnoxnt ncnxonornucxn oasonannx (mornnt, nnnocrnt onnrannn,
urt xaaxra, ycranonxn, camoonnxa, yonnt nnrxsann n r.n.), ]omnonann
xorotx noncxonr ornocnrntno nsanncnmo or nosmoxntx naroncnxonornucxnx
accrocrn.
cnny cnoxnocrn ncnxonornucxnx cryxry, nonxamnx ncnxonornucxo
xoxnnn, ]oma, rmarnxa n coxann xoxnnonntx sanxrn no ncnannnnm
nnunocrntx cnocrn ocrarouno asnooasnt. nnm ornocxr: cmxrno-onnt nrt,
cnnnantnt yunt sanxrnx, ntnonnnn onnnntx rcrontx saann c oarno
cnxstm n .
cnonno nnnnnn nocronnx xoxnnonntx sanxrn saxnmuarcx n
monnonannn cnryann, moncrnymmnx nocrarounym annonantnocrt, ycnmnocrt
xrntnocrn nxa n coornrcrnnn c nsnauantno nncymnmn my ycranonxamn,
nannnamn, nonnucxnmn crornnamn, n moncrannn nosmoxnocrn nontmnnx
+]]xrnnnocrn, ycnmnocrn +ro xrntnocrn nn nx nsmnnnn.
nyrn xaxoro ns nasnanntx nanannnn ncnxonornucxo xoxnnn ntnxmr
asnnunt ]omt orannsannn n mrot ncnxoxoxnnonnoro noscrnnx. uncn
ocnonntx nnon ncnxonornucxo xoxnnn nronax, rynnonax, nnnnnyantnax,
cmnax, no-ncnxonornucxax xoxnnn.
to xonxrno ]omt ncnxonornucxo xoxnnn onnxrcx yonnm
asnnrnx n xonxrntmn nonmamn nocnnrannx nxa. cxox ns saau connantno
annnrannn, xoxnnonnax aora orannsyrcx raxnm oasom, urot ocnunrt
nnocrno noscrnn na nnunocrt no ncm mnorooasnn mornnannonntx,
nnrnnxryantntx, +monnonantno-nonntx n yrnx noxnnnn nnunocrn. cnonntmn
nanannnnxmn xoxnnn naymnn nnunocrnoro asnnrnx moryr trt:
1. oonnn mnxoconnantno narornucxo sanymnnocrn, xoxnnx
naxnarntx mroon nocnnrannx nxa.
2. omomt nxy n asmnnn ncnxoranmnymmnx cnryann, ]omnonannn
noyxrnnntx nnon nsanmoornomnn c oxyxammnmn nmtmn, nontmnnn connantnoro
craryca, asnnrnn xomnrnrnocrn n nonocax nomarnnnoro nonnnx.
3. omnonann n crnmynnonann cncono-nnnrnnntx, mnmnucxnx n
nnrnnxryantntx nonccon y r. 3ra saaua marcx n xo nnnnnyantno n
rynnono ncnxoxoxnnn c rtmn c ncnxnucxnm noasnnrnm n saxxo
ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx.
4. asnnrn n conmncrnonann xommynnxarnnntx ]ynxnnn, +monnonantno-
nonno rynxnnn nonnnx. cnunnarcx n noncc rynnontx sanxrn c rtmn c
acnnxonn ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx (ncxaxnnoro, ncnononnonantnoro n
ncramonnunoro).
5. omnonann axnarntx onrntcxnx ycranonox na saonnann n connantno-
ncnxonornucxn nonmt nxa nyrm axrnnnoro nnnnunnx onrn n
ncnxoxoxnnonnt noncc.
6. osann n rcxom xonnxrnn, r oyuarcx nox, armoc]t
ooxnarntnocrn, orxtrocrn, nsanmononnmannx. ocrnrarcx nyrm axrnnno aort
n rontxo c unnamn cmtn, no n c naroramn, oyuammnmn nxa, a us nnx c
onoxnaccnnxamn, ystxmn n snaxomtmn.
oxnnonnax aora c rtmn, nmmmnmn orannunnt nosmoxnocrn, naxy c
asnnnamm aoro xnnxrcx ocnonntm nanannnnm n connantno annnrannn
r. naxo, urot ona tna +]]xrnnno, naxno conmart cnymmn ronannx n
ycnonnx, nxnnxmt x nonnnm.
o-nntx, ona onxna onnartcx na rnyoxn snannx saxonomnocr
ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx nxa noom n snannx cnnn]nxn nsonrornsa, ntsnannoro
rm nnn nntm onsnnntm nonccom n ro nocncrnnxmn, n uacrnocrn. n +rom ocoo
nnnmann cnyr oarnrt na cnymmn ]axrot:
nosacrnt +rant, nnrncnnno cmnxmmn yr yra;
125
nonornucxn n connantnt ]axrot, nnnxmmn na asnnrn nosnanarntno n
+monnonantno-nonno c];
nnunocrnt n xaaxronornucxn cnocrna, noxnnxmmncx n nonnnn n n nnom n
xnsnxrntnocrn r;
cnnn]nucxn xnnnnx, saxnnammn ]omnonann nontx ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn,
xorot noxonmt nx nomantnoro asnnrnx c yurom xonxrnoro saonnannx n
xonxrno crann nosacrnoro asnnrnx.
o-nrotx, coxann asnnnamm aort onxno onnxrtcx oconnocrxmn
cnsnrnnntx nnoon nosacrnoro asnnrnx, noxonmocrtm ]omnonannx rx
ncnxnucxnx nonooasonann n xaucrn nnunocrn, xorot na annom +ran nanon
axryantnt.
-rrtnx, xoxnnonnym aory noxonmo ocymcrnnxrt na ocnon
cnnnantntx noramm, xorot asaartnamrcx nnmnnrntno x xaxomy nxy n
xaxo nosacrno rynn c yurom cnnn]nxn saonnannx nnn ]xra, ntsnanmro
naymnnx. n +rom noramma onxna yunrtnart sony nnxamro asnnrnx nxa,
nornocrn n mornnt, noyxammn ro x axrnnnocrn, oconnocrn xyntryno n
connantno ct, n xoroo on nocnnrtnarcx, nymn nn xrntnocrn, nncymn
annomy nosacrnomy +rany, n yonnt ro c]omnonannocrn.
oxonmo crmnrtcx x romy, urot xoxnnonnt sanxrnx ocymcrnnxnnct n
crcrnnntx nx nxa ycnonnxx.
-urnrtx, n xo orannsannn xoxnnonno aort noxonmo conmarm
ocrynnocrt, nmcrnnnocrt n nocnonarntnocrt n ]omax n mroax nonnnx.
axrnxa nornxar, uro yuacrn nxa n asnnuntx ]omax xoxnnonno aort
yr on noyxrnnntm, cnn n +ro aor nncyrcrnyr onnnnax nornxa, no-
cnonarntnocrt, mronucxax nmcrnnnocrt.
naxonn, urot ocnunrt +]]xrnnnym xoxnnonnym aory, naxno
ocnunrt nonoxnrntnym mornnannm nxa na ro yuacrn n nnaramo nsocntmn
xrntnocrn. tnonnnn annoro ronannx xnnxrcx mammnm n orannsannn nc
xoxnnonno aort. onoxnrntntx cnnron n connantno annnrannn moxno
ocrnut rontxo nn nonoxnrntnom ornomnnn nxa x romy, uro nnarar nsocnt,
cnn nox nnnnmar nnoxnn nsocnoro xax cocrnnno, xax noxonmo.
xo ncnxonornucxo xoxnnn n cnyr crmnrtcx x ononmnnomy
mnnm mnornx saau, a rnnnno aorart na ono-nymx cocrannxmmnmn on
cnoxno saaun. rynxnt manntxn, no ycnmnt nsmnnnx n asnnrnn nxa
nnnyr x nonoxnrntntm syntraram n n mnnn on cnoxntx nnunocrntx nonm.
annm, cnn nox sarynxrcx omartcx co cncrnnxamn ns-sa nocrarxa
asnnrnx un, nononnnn cnonanoro sanaca nxa onxno crart n aor c nnm
nnoouno saau. nonmnno yr martcx n naxnax connantnax saaua
nox n xo +ro aort nnorar nantxn mxnnunocrntx ornomnn.
cymcrnnxx xoxnnonnym aory, naxno nomout nxy n xo nosacrnoro
asnnrnx nocrnnno crart xosxnnom cnoro nnyrnnro mna, nayunrtcx ynannxrt
cnonmn xnannxmn, ymrt crannrt nnn, nanannnnt na noasonann camoro cx.
3ror noncc ryr mnoro nmnn n ycnnn xax co croont nxa, rax n nsocnoro.
am nox n moxr annsonart nocrannnno saaun. onrtcx nonoxnrntntx
cnnron n cnom asnnrnn moxno rontxo na naxrnx, n +ry naxrnxy moryr orannsonart
rontxo nsocnt.
7.7. 4

onxrn HC-$'("' accmarnnarcx xax +nmnr, ]ynxnnx asnnuntx

orannsonanntx cncrm (nonornucxnx, connantntx, rxnnucxnx), ocnunnamm
coxannn nx onnnno cryxryt, noxann xnma xrntnocrn, annsannm
nx noramm n nn.
rouxn snnx cncrmnoro noxoa nnunocrt +ro cncrma, a ynannnn
126
noxonmt +nmnr. nunocrt nxa n moxr asnnnartcx s nsocnoro.
nonarntno, HC-$'("' -1""'0 $"&(!" -'.'( c %-("&'(()0"
102(!30" +ro nnnanannnno narornucxo n connantno-ncnxonornucxo
noscrnn na asnnnammrocx unonxa c nntm nnnnrnx, coxannnx, conmncr-
nonannx n asnnrnx nnunocrntx cnocrn n xaucrn, noxonmtx nx ro ycnmnoro
nxoxnnx n cncrmy connantntx ornomnn.
asnnuamr na nna ynannnnx: !"#",(' syntrar noscrnnx na nxa
macct cnyuantx nnnuntx axron n !1('$+('D ocymcrnnxmo na ocnon urxo
nocrannnno nnn, noymannoro coxannx n nnnnnx xonunoro syntrara.
nannnn asnnrnm nnunocrn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn +ro
cosnarntno ynannnn, xonuno nntm xorooro xnnxrcx ]omnonann ycrounno,
nonnonnno nnunocrn, cnocono ycnmno nsanmocrnonart c oxyxamm
connantno co.
!"#$%"&'!", !0)!$ ynannnnx asnnrnm nnunocrn n noncc connantno
annnrannn cocronr n rom, uro cnnnanncr no connantno annnrannn, annsyx
namunnym norammy, onxn ncxonrt ns roro, uro nox n rontxo oxr, no n
cyxr noscrnnx, axrnnnt yuacrnnx mnoronnanontx ornomnn. axo noxo x conn-
antno-annnrannonno aor ryr yura, no-nntx, ncnxonornucxnx n
]nsnonornucxnx oconnocr asnnrnx nxa, xaaxra nronuntx naymnn,
nnnnnyantntx n nosacrntx oconnocr; no-nrotx, connantntx ycnonn asnnrnx n
oconnocr ro nnxamro connantnoro oxyxnnx, a raxx rcxnx xonnxrnnon n
rynn, cnn n +rn rynnt nxnmun nox; n-rrtnx, xonxrntx ycnonn connantno
-annnrannonnoro noncca.
urot nnnxnn onoro unonxa na yroro tno on ncomtm, ncnontsymrcx
asnnunt nnmt n mrot noscrnnx.
*"$+(>C!"#$%"&'!' 1/',!"' +ro nnnanannnnt nnoc
nnxnn n nn]omannn or onoro yuacrnnxa nsanmocrnnx x yromy n
nnonarammn nsmnnn mxannsmon rynxnnn nonnnx n xrntnocrn unonxa, na
xorooro nanannno noscrnn.
-"'0 1/',!"3 +ro conoxynnocrt ccrn, crnn n nannn no nx
ncnontsonannm.
'/ 1/',!"3 +ro conoxynnocrt nnmon, annsymmnx noscrnn.
nmt n mrot noscrnnx nanannnt nx ncro na nsmnnn mornnannn
axrnnnocrn unonxa n ]axrot, xorot rynnymr +ry axrnnnocrt, a raxx na
ncnxnucxn cocroxnnx, n xorotx unonx naxonrcx: nynnnocrt, nccnx, rnora,
crax n .
uncn nanon acnocrannntx ccrn noscrnnx onoro unonxa na
yroro n noncc mxnnunocrnoro nsanmocrnnx otuno nastnamr:
1. . ) (nantnax nn]omannx). nanntm n nm ntcrynar cnono.
uno noscrnn nmr nntm oncrn coxann mtcnn o nxa nnn noocrxa n
c ro nomomtm c]omnonart nnn nsmnnrt cncrmy ro nnnocr: mornnannn, ycranonox,
nnnocrnt onnrannn no ornomnnm x c nnn rm nnn nntm oxram n xnnnnxm.
2. / ) (nnantnax nn]omannx). cnontsyrcx
ononmnno c untm noscrnnm c nntm ycnnnnx ro +]]xrnnnocrn nnn x
ooconnno nx naun cocrnnno nn]omannn, a raxx nx cosannx on
naronnxrno ocranonxn nn omnnn c narnom. nuntm noscrnnxm ornocxr:
mnmnucxn n nanromnmnucxn nnxnnx, nnronannm ronoca, nayst, xcrt n .
3. ( ! ((
(! % ". axnmn nnamn
xrntnocrn xnnxmrcx: nronax, noyxrnnnax (nnxa, xoncrynonann, nconann), yu-
nax, cnornnnax, nocnntnt trono ry n . xnmunn r n nasnannt nnt
xrntnocrn nosnonxr nsmnnrt nm cno nnaronnxrnt craryc n rm camtm saxnnrt
nosnnxm nonoxnrntno cocroxnn n nont rnn nonnnx. n +rom nncooasno
ntnart nanon +]]xrnnnym c rouxn snnx nocnnrarntntx nosmoxnocr n nos-
moxnocr nxa c orannunnxmn xnsnxrntnocrn ]omy orannsannn.
127
ax, nx ]omnonannx nantxon omnnx, ntaorxn nantxon nsanmocrnnx co
cncrnnxamn nonsntmn moryr trt saannx, rymmn nanoro nnn rynnonoro
ntnonnnnx. ynnonax xrntnocrt snaunrntno acmnxr nono omnn r,
ynnnunnar nosmoxnocrn nx oxasannx nsanmonomomn, asnnnar uyncrno
ooxnarntnocrn.
rxm cnyr onxrt n ntnonnnn yrnx naxntx n: m]crno na mantmamn,
nonnn nroron xonnxrnnntx n n mnoro yro. num nomuno, ycnx raxoro
noxoa tnar on +]]xrnnntm, cnn na nauantnom +ran yunrtnarcx xnann
nxa nsanmocrnonart nnn naxonrtcx nmcr c xaxnm-ro onnnntm unonxom.
mcr c rm n orntntx cnyuaxx raxax aora moxr oxasartcx sycnmno.
+ro cnxsn xomnyrcx rnyoxo asoartcx n nnunnax nnocnnnmunnocrn nxa x
connantno-ncnxonornucxnm noscrnnxm n ncnontsonart cnnnantnt nnm,
nonyunnmn nasnann C-"'0 -'%-'!!"". yrt annoro nnma cocronr n rom, uro
nsocnt cnon ycnnnx nanannxr na axrnnnsannm y nxa mornnon on nnsxo c]t
(sonacnocrn, ntxnnann, nnmno mornn) n n cnyua ycnxa nosocmym axrnnnocrt n
anno c] ncnontsyr nx ]omnonannx y nro noxonmtx connantntx mornnon.
nnm ns nanon acnocrannntx ranmnymmnx ]axroon nx nxa c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, mmammnx my nxnmuartcx n mxnnunocrnt ornomnnx
n nsanmocrnonart c yrnmn, oconno nsnaxomtmn, nmtmn n nsnaxomtx cnryannxx,
crax n nonnnnocrtm. unrarcx, uro um ntm ]axro cyxrnnno
nonnnnocrn, rm ntm rnoxnocrt, yonnt +monnonantntx nxnnann,
nocncrnnxmn xorotx moxr trt norx nnnanannnnocrn n xrntnocrn, nnuno
axrnnnocrn, yxo n cx, samxnyrocrt. onnnnocrt moxr noxnnxrtcx n onnx
nnuntx ncnxrnn, cno onn n mcra n xnsnn, n saraunntx ycnnnxx n yu, ry, n
onnx nnornntx moantntx n connantntx nom.
c nuncnnnt nrarnnnt nnunnt moryr ntstnart y nxa, n oconno y
noocrxa n mnomn, nnyrnnmm nanxxnnocrt, or xoroo on ntrarcx samnmartcx
ccrnamn, xorotmn on acnonarar. uncn raxnx ccrn moryr trt: nocmtcnnn
nosnnxm cnryannn, noncx nontx nn nno yxo n rccnnnt ]omt arnonannx n
nn sasnnunx, anarnn, nccn, arccnnnocrn n .
nnnanncr no connantno annnrannn onxn nnnrt noont ncxo or
nsanmocrnnx c oxyxammnmn nxa rtmn n nsocntmn n snart ocnonnt nyrn
ntxoa ns +ro cnryannn. uncn mroon, xorot moryr art nonoxnrntnt +]]xr n
ycnonnxx nosnnxnonnnx y r uyncrna nonnnnocrn n craxa n nnsncrntm,
uacro ncnontsyrcx mro cosannx nonnnntx cnryann n mro onnrnymmnx
cnryann.
'/ !1/("3 ('C-'/'$'(()# !"H*",. ro cyrt cocronr n rom, uro nxy
nnararcx ntnonnnrt saann, xoroo my camomy n no cnny. o xora on naunnar
sarynxrtcx, my n +ro nmx xoxrno nocxastnamr ntxo ns cnryannn. nox
nnnnmar +ry nocxasxy n naunnar arnonart na n rymtm oasom. onsnocrt
+roro mroa cocronr n rom, uro n cnyua ycnxa mnnx saaun y nxa ntaartnarcx
uyncrno ynnnocrn n cnonx cnnax, na n ro, uro n on moxr ntnonnxrt noont
saannx rax x, xax n yrn rn.
'/ -"'("-HQJ"# !"H*", nanannn na ro, urot n cosanno
cnnnantntm oasom nrono cnryannn nnn nn ntnonnnnn xaxoro-nno saannx nc
yuacrnnxn notnann n onnnno onn n n ono n ro x cnryannn. aaua cocronr n
rom, urot nox ncntran onn n r x ronannx x c n cno xrntnocrn, xax n
nc yrn unnt rynnt. annt mro nosnonxr ntaartnart ncm rxm,
nxnmunntm n annym rynny, onnaxono rymo ornomnn x onnnno cnryannn
n c yurom +roro nsmnxrt cno nonnn n nyxnom nanannnnn.
noncc ynannnnx asnnrnm nnunocrn nxa ncnontsymrcx, xax nannno,
na cnocoa noscrnnx: nxmo n xocnnnt.
-30, !C!. ocnonan na nonnom annnnn na ncnxnxy nxa. annt
cnoco xnnxrcx nxmtm ornrom na xonxrnym cnryannm n nnonarar ntncnn
nornucxn oocnonannoro ronannx nx mnnx nonoca: nnxasart, uro nyxno cnart,
128
naxasart n r.. n nymnom ro ncnontsonannn moryr nosnnxnyrt nanxxnnt cnryannn
mxy nxom n nsocntm.
nanon acnocrannntm nnam nxmoro noscrnnx na unonxa ornocxr
yxnn n nnymnn.
4.'2/'("' +ro mxannsm noscrnnx na cosnann nnunocrn nyrm oamnnx x
cocrnnnomy xnrnucxomy cyxnnm. xnn asnyrcx na nornucxnx
oxasarntcrnax n nnonarar ocrarouno ntcoxn yonnt asnnrnx nornucxoro
mtmnnnx. o+romy nnmt, coxann n ]omt yxnnx onxnt coornrcrnonart
yonnm asnnrnx nnunocrn, x xoroo onn aconant. xnn on +]]xrnnno
rora, xora yxarcx rynna, a n nnnnn, rax xax sct ncrynar n crnn mxannsm
annnnx rynnt, xorot n nnocnr n +ror noncc cnon xoxrnnt.
a syntrarnnnocrt yxnnx nnnxr raxx anronrrnocrt ncrounnxa,
ocrynnocrt n ynrntnocrt nn]omannn n mnorn yrn ]axrot.
xnn nnmnxrcx, xax nannno, ram, r nocnonarntnax, nnnanannnnax
aora c nmtmn cronrcx na ocnon ynaxnnx. Fon cnocont yxart yrnx r nmn,
xorot nontsymrcx onnm n n ycnonnxx, xora cosarcx nnnnyxnnax ocranonxa,
nannm sa uamxo uax, n nn ntnonnnnn xaxo-ro conmcrno aort n r. .
connantno-annnrannonno naxrnx yxnn xax cnoco noscrnnx na yroro
unonxa on mnoxo ncnontsyrcx n aor c noocrxamn n mnomamn.
n nramornom ncnontsonannn mroa yxnnx nosmoxn rax nastnamt
+]]xr ymanra, xora nosnnxar nornnononoxnt syntrar. 3ro moxr cnyunrtcx n
syntrar nstrouno, naonnno nn]omannn, nnonnmannx nnn orannnocrn or
xnann nxa.
yrnm acnocrannntm cnocoom noscrnnx na nm xnnxrcx nnymnn.
(HL'("' +ro ncnxonornucxo noscrnn na ncnxnxy yroro unonxa, n
nnym out na ro +monnonantnym, ccosnarntnym c]y, nnn rynnt nm
nomnmo a nnora n nornn nx nonn. xannsm nnymnnx asnyrcx na cnnxnnn
cosnarntnocrn, xnrnunocrn no ornomnnm x nnymamomy coxannm.
nymnn ocnonano rnanntm oasom na anronrrnocrn ncrounnxa nn]omannn.
cnn nnymammn n anronrrn, ro nnymnn xax mxannsm noscrnnx n crnyr.
nymnn nocnr rontxo nantnt xaaxr. o nnymnnn ount ontmym ont nrar
+xcnccnnnt +nmnr, n nx ncro nnronannx ronoca, xoroax cosar n rnasax
nnymamoro ynrntnocrt, snaunrntnocrt cnon. ax cunramr nxorot ncnxonorn, or
nannntnoro ncnontsonannx nnronannn na 90 nonnron sanncnr ycnx nnymnnx.
noconocrt x nnymnnm n y ncx nm onnaxona. nymamocrt tnar ntm y
nnn co cnao nnno cncrmo, sxnmn xonannxmn nnnmannx, nntcoxnm yonnm
nnrnnxra. nymamocrt sanncnr or nosacrntx asnnun. Fon nnymamtmn
oxastnamrcx rn n cannnnn c noocrxamn n mnomamn.
occrnom nnymnnx rxm nnnnnamrcx mnorn nomt n nannna nonnnx,
nannna nnuno rnrnnt, ornomnn x ryy. connantno-annnrannonno aor c
nomomtm nnymnnx y r ]omnymrcx ycranonxa na ynnnocrt n cnonx cnnax n
nosmoxnocrxx, nannna nsanmoornomnn c nmtmn, nomt n nannna nonnnx.
!'((), !C!. nnonarar onoconanno noscrnn. xastnarcx n
nxmo, a us ]omnonann nnnocr, mornnon xrntnocrn, nnrcon, ornomnn n
r. n. annt cnoco n cannnnn c nntm cunrarcx on +]]xrnnntm, rax xax on n
ynnxar uyncrno cocrnnnoro ocronncrna nxa.
axntm ccrnom noscrnnx na asnnnammymcx nnunocrt nxa cnyxnr
C!"#$%"&'!" %-0(3 *'(. annomy nny noscrnnx na nxa ornocxrcx:
noomnn, naxasann, nonnann, samuann, noxnana, oonn n x yrnx, xax
nonoxnrntntx, rax n nrarnnntx, onnox.
nonmnnax onnxa ax nsnaunrntnoro ocrnxnnx nxa n noncc
connantno annnrannn xnnxrcx nx nro naxntm cnrnanom nonnxnnx nn,
narononyunoro camoyrnxnnx n connantno nnnom nanannnnn. ax, ncnxonor . .
onann nnarar cnymmn nannna onnxn nnunocrn:
nonoxnrntnax onnxa +]]xrnnna n courannn c ntcoxo n cnannnno
129
ronarntnocrtm x unonxy;
nnnmnmt rnoantnax nonoxnrntnax n rnoantnax ornnarntnax onnxn.
noantnax nonoxnrntnax onnxa ntstnar y nxa uyncrno nnormnmocrn, cnnxar
camoxnrnunocrt, ronarntnocrt x c n saxtnar nyrn nx antnmro
camoconmncrnonannx. noantnax ornnarntnax onnxa notnar y nxa ny n
cx, ntstnar ornamnn x asnnuntm sanxrnxm.
anon nncooasna nannantnax nonoxnrntnax onnxa: n nror nnunocrt
ronrcx cnonm ocrnxnnm n xonxrnom n n nmcr c rm ocosnar, uro ocrnrnyrt
ycnx n ar ocnonannx nx camoycnoxonnx no ncx yrnx ornomnnxx. annantnax
ornnarntnax onnxa cosar cnryannm, nn xoroo nox nonnmar, uro n annom xon-
xrnom cnyua on onycxar omnxy, y nro n nc nonyuarcx rax, xax +ro noxonmo, no
on nc x nmr nosmoxnocrt ncnannrt nonoxnn, rax xax nx +roro y nro crt
noxonmt cnnt n nosmoxnocrn.
xmax (c nastnannm ]amnnnn) n xocnnnax (s yxasannx) onnxn n
nncyrcrnnn yrnx r +]]xrnnnt, cnn:
nox onncx ontmnx ycnxon n connantno xrntnocrn naroax nnuno
nnnnnarnn, craannm. ora ro nao noxnannrt nconantno nynnuno;
nox onycrnn ctsnt nocurt rnanntm oasom n no cno nnn, a n
cnny cnoxnnmnxcx oxrnnntx ycnonn. raxo cnryannn xomnyrcx yxasart na cam
]axr naymnnx, n nastnax ]amnnnn nxa. n nnom, n no nroom cnyua rn yyr
naroant sa cnannnnym onnxy.
a ocnon onnxn oxyxammnx, nx ncro nsocntx, a raxx na as onnxn
syntraron cocrnnno xrntnocrn y r nocrnnno ]omnyrcx camoonnxa.
nauana, n mnamm mxontnom nosacr, ona tnar nycrounno, sarm, n noocrxonom
nosacr, nnorar on ycrounnt xaaxr n cranonnrcx naxntm ]axroom,
onnxmmnm nonnn n xrntnocrt noocrxa. conno samrna ont nn
santmnno nnn sannxnno camoonnx. n santmnno camoonnx y noocrxa,
nannm, uacro nosnnxamr xon]nnxrt c oxyxammnmn, rynocrn nn nto yra nnn
noyrn, ro no +ro nnunn moryr n nnnnmart n cnon xomnannn cncrnnxn. n
sannxnno camoonnx y nxa nosnnxar sanncnmocrt or yrnx cncrnnxon,
noxnnxmrcx raxn urt, xax nynnnocrt n cnonx cnnax, nonontcrno coo n .
amoonnxa xnnxrcx n rontxo rynxroom nonnnx, no n cymcrnnntm
]axroom ]omnonannx nnunocrn nxa. annnnax cx c yrnmn rtmn, nox
noccrnom camoonnxn xnrnucxn onnnnar cnon nosmoxnocrn n onnxr
norammy camonocnnrannx.
a syntrarax camonocnnrannx cymcrnnno cxastnarcx noxnnnn y nxa nana, x
xoroomy on crmnrcx. auno nnn nyauno ntannt nan no mnorom onnxrcx
ro camoonnxo. cnn camoonnxa axnarnax, ro ntannt nan cnococrnyr
]omnonannm raxnx xaucrn, xax: camoxnrnunocrt, ntcoxax ronarntnocrt x c,
nacrounnocrt, ynnnocrt n c, a cnn camoonnxa naxnarnax, ro moryr
]omnonartcx raxn xaucrna, xax nynnnocrt nnn nsnnmnxx camoynnnocrt,
nxnrnunocrt.
amonocnnrann +ro ntcmn yonnt asnnrnx camorynxnnn n camoynannnnx
coo. o m nontmnnx crnnn ocosnannocrn ono cranonnrcx nc on snaunmo
cnno camoasnnrnx nnunocrn. amonocnnrann naxonrcx n nastnno cnxsn c
nocnnrannm n n rontxo noxnnxr ro, no n cosar antnt nnoctnxn nx on
+]]xrnnnoro ]omnonannx nnunocrn.
oxonmtmn xomnonnramn camonocnnrannx, xorot naxno ntaartnart y
nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, xnnxmrcx cnoconocrt x camoanannsy
nnunocrnoro asnnrnx, camoorury n camoxonronm. naxo ncmy +romy noocrxa nao
nayunrt, urot on onnan raxnmn nnmamn camonocnnrannx, xax: camonnxas,
camooonn n camonnymnn.
conno naxno nx orannsannn camonocnnrannx nosnann cx. 0C1(("'
+ro ona ns camtx cnoxntx n camtx cyxrnnno naxntx saau. cnoxnocrt ntsnana
rm, uro, nx um nauart cx nsyuart, nox onxn asnnrt cnon nosnanarntnt
130
cnoconocrn, naxonnrt coornrcrnymmn ccrna, a sarm yx nnmnxrt nx x
camonosnannm.
amonosnann naunnarcx n annm rcrn, no rora ono nmr conmnno ocot
]omt n coxann. nauana nox yunrcx ornxrt cx or ]nsnucxoro mna, nosn
ocosnanart cx xax unna connantno mnxorynnt, n noocrxonom nosacr
naunnarcx ocosnann yxonnoro cnonx ncnxnucxnx cnoconocr, xaaxra,
nancrnnntx xaucrn, nosnnxar ocosnannt nnunt nan, conocrannnn c xorotm
ntstnar nonontcrno coo n crmnnn cx nsmnnrt. +roro naunnarcx
camoconmncrnonann, n nxy n +rom raxx nao nomout.
axntm ycnonnm n cosannn ncnxonornucxoro xom]ora no nsanmoornomnnxx c
nxom, nmmmnm ]xr asnnrnx, xnnxrcx ncnxonornucxax noxxa.
!"#$%"&'!3 C//'-2 +ro noncc, n xoroom nsocnt, nsanmocrnyx
c nxom, cocoraunnarcx na nosnrnnntx croonax n nnmymcrnax nxa c nntm
yxnnnnx ro camoonnxn. na nosnonxr nomout my nonnrt n cx n cnon
cnoconocrn, nsxart omnox, noxart nn nyauax.
urot nayunrtcx ncnxonornucxn noxnnart nxa, cnnnanncry no
connantno annnrannn noxonmo nsmnnrt nnntunt crnnt omnnx c rtmn.
mcro roro urot n omnnn c nxom oamart nnnmann na omnxn n nnoxo
nonnn, nyaun nn ntnonnnnn saann, nyxno cocoraunnartcx na nosnrnnntx
croonax ro nocrynxon, naxonrt nx n noomxrt ro, uro nar nox.
oxart nxa snaunr nnrt n nro. nox nyxarcx n noxx n
rontxo rora, xora my nnoxo, no n rora, xora my xoomo. ao nonnmart ont
ncnxonornucxo noxxn n snart, uro, oxastnax , moxno n asouaonart nxa.
annm, nocroxnnt ynxn rnna rt mor t cnart nyum nnnoxr ro x ntnoy:
saum craartcx, x nnxora nsocnoro n yonnrnom.
oxonmo nomnnrt, uro cymcrnymr ]axrot na nnt nsrnx sonnt, no
onn moryr nnncrn x asouaonannm r. axnmn ]axroamn, no mnnnm ncnxonoron,
moryr trt: santmnn ronann x nxy co croont onrn n yrnx yuacrnnxon
connantno-annnrannonnoro noncca, connnucrno artn n ccr, usmnt
amnnnn nxa n .
ax noxart nxa?
ymcrnymr noxnt cnocot, rax nastnamt nonymxn, noxxn. annm,
rnnnuntmn nx onrn cnocoamn noxxn nxa xnnxmrcx rnnonxa, cosann
sanncnmocrn or nsocnoro, nanxstnann nantntx cranaron, crnmynnonann
connnucrna co cncrnnxamn, xorot n cosamr y nxa omymnnx
ncnxonornucxo samnrt, a nnnoxr x nxnnannxm n mmamr nomantnomy
nnunocrnomy asnnrnm.
nx roro urot oxasart nxy ncnxonornucxym noxxy, nsocnt onxn
nontsonartcx raxnmn cnonamn n crnnxmn, xorot t aorann na asnnrn ro -
xonnnnnn n uyncrno nonsnocrn n axnarnocrn. axnmn cnocoamn moryr trt:
moncrannx yonnrnonnocrn rm, uro ocrnr nox; oyunn nxa cnannxrtcx
c asnnuntmn saauamn; ynornnn cnonocourann, cnnxammnx nanxxnn, rnna:
c mt nmn, n nc mt nam omnxn; nouxnnann nt n cnnt n nosmoxnocrn
nxa.
xomnyrcx, ocymcrnnxx ncnxonornucxym noxxy, axnnrnonart
nnnmann na nomntx omnxax n nyauax nxa, rax xax onn nanannnt n na
noxxy, a nornn n. nn moryr ntsnart y nro uyncrno ncnonannx n nnncrn x
xon]nnxry co nsocntm. nx roro urot noxasart ny n nxa, nsocnt onxn nmrt
myxcrno n xnann cnart cnymm:
satrt o nomntx omnxax n nyauax nxa;
nomout nxy ocrn ynnnocrt n rom, uro on cnannrcx c anno saau;
cnn y nxa uro-ro n nonyuarcx, nosnonnrt my nauart c nynx, onnaxct na ro, uro
nsocnt nxr n nro, n ro cnoconocrt ocrnxnnx ycnxa;
nomnnrt o nomntx yauax n nosnamartcx x nnm, a n x omnxam;
ount naxno nosaornrtcx o rom, urot cosart nxy cnryannm c raanrnonanntm
131
ycnxom.
axo noxo moxr nomout nxy mart r saaun, xorot my no cnny.
cnxonornucxax noxxa cocronr n rom, urot art nosmoxnocrt nxy
nouyncrnonart ro nyxnocrt.
C-!) /$3 !0(-$3
1. asonnr ocnonnt ]axrot n ycnonnx asnnrnx nnunocrn n acxor
oconnocrn nx noscrnnx na nxa.
2. ocnyr, noumy um antm n ontm noncxoxr y nxa ]nsnucxn
nsmnnnx no m cosnannx orannsma, rm on axnarntmn n on
cnntntmn cranonxrcx connantnt axnnn na nnx.
3. uro xnnxrcx romosxmnm ]axroom n asnnrnn nnunocrn nxa c ora-
nnunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n xax ro noonrt?
4. acxor cymnocrt nonxrn nosacr, xononornucxn nosacr,
ncnxonornucxn nosacr.
5. acxor n oocnyr ocnonnt nonoxnnx n coxann nnonsannn
asnnrnx nnunocrn, nnoxnno . F. 3ntxonnntm.
6. ar xaaxrncrnxy ocnonntm cranxm connannsannn nnunocrn nxa.
acxor coxarntnt acnxrt no+rannoro connantnoro asnnrnx nnunocrn,
ntnnnt . . ntmrnom.
7. uro raxo xnsnc asnnrnx n nnunocrn nxa? acxor cnnn]nxy
norxannx xnsncntx cocroxnn y r.
8. acxor cymnocrt nonxrnx cnsnrnnnt nnot n asnnrnn r.
axont n +ro cnxsn saaun nx connantno annnrannn?
9. uro raxo ncnxonornucxax xoxnnx? asonnr ocnonnt nanannnnx
ncnxoxoxnnonno aort.
10. acxor ncnxonornucxn cmtcn ynannnnx asnnrnm nnunocrn nxa
c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, a raxx mcro n ont n +rom noncc
ncnxonornucxo noxxn.
'0) /$3 /$/ " !.J'(",
1. 1' $ , ,'
.
". 0$ $ ,.
(. 2 *:A$+ , 95! ,
,'.
"'-H-
1. .. -. onnantnax ncnxonornx: unnx. 2- ns., on. n
na. .: s. , 1988.
2. /, 1. 4. nunocrt n ]omnonann n rcxom nosacr.
.: ocnmnn, 1978.
3. 1. . oann cou. . 5. cnont ]xronornn. .:
arornxa, 1983.
4. 8 .. . syunn ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx anomantntx r //
]xronornx, 1983, N 6. . 316.
5. 6 4. 0. cnxonornx cramxnaccnnxa. ., 1980.
6. -& 4. 4. cnxoxoxnnx r n noocrxon c naymnnxmn
n asnnrnn: uno nocon. .: ncrnryr cnnnantno narornxn n
ncnxonornn, 2000.
7. 0$&! 1. 2. osacrnax ncnxonornx. unnx. ., 1996.
8. ) . . nnn n ncnxonornm. ., 1995.
9. ), 1. cnxonornx anomantntx r n noocrxon naroncn-
xonornx. .: s-no ncrnryr naxrnucxo ncnxonornn, oonx:
3, 1996.
10. axrnucxax ncnxonornx oasonannx / o . . . yonnno.
132
., 1997.
11. 8& 1. 4., ' . 7. cnxonornx camonocnnrannx. .,
1982.
12. onnantnax ncnxonornx: un. nocon nx crynron n.
nncrnryron /..roncxn, . . amnxona, . . mnona n . o . .
. roncxoro. .: ocnmnn, 1987.
13. 2% ;.4. onmt nosacrno n narornucxo ncnxono-
rnn. , 1995.
14. ., ; 7. 4, . rannsannx ncnxonornucxo
cnyxt n mxon. ycx, 1991.
15. D' ;. /. nonm nnonsannn ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx n
rcxom nosacr // cromarnx no nosacrno ncnxonornn. ., 1994.
16. D' ;. /. rcxax ncnxonornx (asnnrn nxa or oxnnx o
cmn nr). ., 1960.
III

U
E

K
6.A. 4
> .
133
G 4
unonx xnnr cn nm. cx ro xnsnt norxar n asnooasntx on nnn
mn ycrounntx onnnnxx, oosnauamtx n connantno ncnxonornn nonxrnm
rynna.
-HCC +ro orannunnax asmom omnocrt nm, ntnxmmaxcx nnn
ntnxmax ns connantnoro nnoro na ocnon xaucrnnntx nnsnaxon: xaaxra
ntnonnxmo xrntnocrn, nosacra, nona, connantno nnnanxnocrn, cryxryt,
yonnx asnnrnx.
cnonntmn xaaxrncrnxamn rynnt, ornnuammnmn or nocroro cxonnnnx
nm, xnnxmrcx: nxoroax noonxnrntnocrt cymcrnonannx; nannun om nnn nnn
nn; nsanmocrnn unnon rynnt; asnnrn xorx t +nmnrano rynnono
cryxryt; ocosnann nxoxmnm n rynny nnnnnom cx xax t nnn cnoro unncrna n
rynn.
nanno ycnonn ]ynxnnonnonannx n asnnrnx rynnt conmcrnax
xrntnocrt. oxann conmcrno xrntnocrn unnon rynnt onocyr nc
noncct rynnono nnamnxn: asnnrn mxnnunocrntx ornomnn, nocnnxrn
narnamn yr yra, ]omnonann rynnontx nom n nnnocr, ]om corynnucrna
n nsanmno ornrcrnnnocrn. nnunna, cryxrya n cocran rynnt onnxmrcx nnxmn
n saauamn xrntnocrn, n xoroym ona nxnmuna nnn an xoroo cosana.
sanncnmocrn or ocnonannx, saxnatnamoro n xnaccn]nxannm, rynnt nxr:
E na rynnt antnt (xonraxrnt) n ycnonnt.
'$+(3 %-HCC orannunnax n asmax omnocrt, cymcrnymmax n nnom
nocrancrn n nmnn n onnnnax antntmn ornomnnxmn (mxontnt xnacc,
connantno-annnrannonnax rynna n .).
4!$(3 %-HCC onnnnax no onnnnomy nnsnaxy: oy
xrntnocrn, nony, nosacry, yonnm oasonannx n n. 3ro omnocrt nm,
nxnmuammax cyxron, n nmmmnx nxmtx nnn xocnnntx oxrnnntx
nsanmoornomnn yr c yrom. mn, cocrannxmmn +ry omnocrt, moryr n rontxo
nnxora n ncruartcx, no n n snart nnuro yr o yr. annm, nsxun nnn
rnyxonmt rn xax xarronn anomantntx r;
&E na rynnt ontmn, mant, mnxorynnt.
$+L"' %-HCC) xonnucrnnno n orannunnamax omnocrt nm,
ntnxmax na ocnon onnnntx connantntx nnsnaxon: connantno
nnnanxnocrn, nona, nosacra, nannonantnocrn n r.. ontmnx rynnax
ntaartnamrcx nomt nonnnx, omcrnnnt n xyntrynt nnnocrn n
rannnn, omcrnnno mnnn, xorot us noccrno mantx rynn onoxrcx
o cosnannx xaxoro unonxa.
$3 %-HCC nxnmuar n cx ornocnrntno nontmo uncno nnnnnon,
onnnntx omnmn nnxmn n saauamn.
"-%-HCC moxr ]ynxnnonnonart n nn nat, rnat;
no $5& &&E na rynnt ]omantnt (o]nnnantnt) n n]omantnt
(no]nnnantnt).
G-0$+(3 %-HCC antnax nnn ycnonnax connantnax omnocrt, nmmmax
mnnucxn ]nxcnonannt craryc, unnt xoroo n ycnonnxx omcrnnnoro asnnnx
rya onnnt connantno saanno xrntnocrtm. ]nnnantnt rynnt ncra
nmmr onnnnym nomarnnno saxnnnnym cryxryy, nasnaunno nnn nsanno
yxonocrno, saxnnnnt nana n oxsannocrn unnon (yunax rynna, rynna
rcxoro caa n r.n.).
'I-0$+(3 %-HCC antnax connantnax omnocrt, n nmmmax
mnnucxn ]nxcnonannoro craryca, oonontno onnnnax na ocnon nnrcon,
yxt n cnmnarnn nno na ocnon narmarnucxo nontst. ]omantnt rynnt moryr
ntcrynart xax nsonnonannt omnocrn nnn omnocrn, cxnatnammncx nnyrn
o]nnnantntx rynn. x nnrct moryr nmrt asnnunym nanannnnocrt n sanncnmocrn
or nn n nnnocr rynnt;
no &9 E na rynnt ntcoxoro n nnsxoro yonnx asnnrnx.
134
rynnam nnsxoro yonnx asnnrnx ornocxr: n]]ysnym rynny, rynny-
acconnannm, rynny-xoonannm, rynny-xonoannm. rynnam ntcoxoro yonnx
asnnrnx xonnxrnnt;
E
a) na rynnt noconnantnt: noconnantnax acconnannx, xoonannx, xonnxrnn;
) rynnt aconnantnt: aconnantnax acconnannx, xonoannx;
E na rynnt ]nrnt n rynnt unncrna.
'I'-'((3 %-HCC ntnonnxr n ocnonnom n ]ynxnnn: nomarnnnym n
cannnrntnym. omarnnnax ]ynxnnx noxnnxrcx n mornnannonntx nonccax.
]nrnax rynna ntcrynar xax +ranon, noccrnom xorooro nnnnn moxr onnnrt
cx n yrnx. omarnnnt n cannnrntnt ]ynxnnn moryr ntnonnxrtcx ono n ro x
rynno.
tnxmrcx raxx nonoxnrntnt n ornnarntnt ]nrnt rynnt.
nonoxnrntntm ornocxrcx r, c xorotmn nnnnn nnrn]nnnyr cx n unnom
xorotx on xour crart. ornnarntntm ornocxrcx ]nrnt rynnt, ntstnammn
y nnnnna nnnxrn. xaxoro nnnnna otuno nmrcx snaunrntno xonnucrno
]nrntx rynn n sanncnmocrn or asntx nnon ornomnn n xrntnocrn,
nannm cmtx, noonax xomnannx n r. .
-HCC &$'(! rynna, c unnamn xoroo nnnnn nocroxnno xonraxrnyr;
& 'E na rynnt no nnrcam, yunt, nonsnocrnnnt,
ncnxoxoxnnonnt rynnt n .
-HCC) .J'("3 "$" %-HCC) C "('-'!0 +ro rynnt, n xorotx rn
nonoxr cnoono nmx, omamrcx, ntnonnxmr asnnunym xrntnocrt. asnannt
rynnt moryr trt ]omantntmn n n]omantntmn. nrct r, nxoxmnx n +rn
rynnt, moryr nmrt asnnunym nanannnnocrt: xyxxn rxnnucxoro rnoucrna, yx-
cxn xomnannn, camoxrntnocrt n r..
-HCC) H&'.()' +ro ]omantnt rynnt, cosanamt cnnnantno nx
ocymcrnnnnx yuno-nocnnrarntno aort n yunom nnn cnnnannsnonannom
sannnn.
-HCC) C!"#--'*"(()' +ro nontmn nmnnt onnnnx nm,
otuno nmmmn nasnaunnoro yxononrnx, omym nnt mxnnunocrnoro
nsanmocrnnx, nnunocrnoro nayunnx, ocra n camoacxtrnx. cnonntmn omnmn
nnsnaxamn, xaaxrnsymmnmn +rn rynnt, ntcrynamr: onrunn ntaxnnx +monn;
nooxnn omymnnx nnnanxnocrn x rynn; oxsarntnocrt camoacxtrnx;
onoonann nontx nnon nonnnx; canxnnonnonanno rynnono ocymcrnnnn
mxnnunocrntx cannnn; asnnn c nasnaunntm nnom ornrcrnnnocrn sa
yxonocrno rynno.
o ]ynxnnn yxononrnx n +monnonantno crnmynxnnn ntnxmr (o . . n
nntman .) cnymmn nnt ncnxoxoxnnonntx rynn: annonantnt; a]]xrnnnt;
rynnt, nnrnonannt na yxononrn: rynnt rnnnra ymnn; rynnt ncru;
rmrantrrynnt; rynnt rncno rannn; ncnxoama; rynnt rannnantno rannn;
rynnt rannn ncxyccrnom. ynnt, nnrnonannt na yuacrnnx: -rynnt; rynnt
ncru. anon cymcrnnntmn naamramn ncx nasnanntx rynn xnnxmrcx crnnt
ocymcrnnnnx yxononrnm nym onn n cryxrynonannn n ]ynxnnonnonannn
rynnt n crnnt +monnonantno crnmynxnnn n nornnononoxnocrt annonantnomy
mtmnnnm;
,. a ocnonannn nosacrno nnonsannn ntnxmrcx
cnymmn nnt rynn: rynnt omxontnnxon, mnamnx mxontnnxon, noocrxon,
cramxnaccnnxon, crynron, monoxn, rynnt cnro nosacra, snoro nosacra n n.
ax nnnm, n coornrcrnnn c nnnxro xnaccn]nxann cymcrnyr oromno
xonnucrno nnon rynn, xorot nosnnxamr n syntrar nsanmocrnnx nm yr c
yrom. axt ns nnx sannmar onnnno mcro n cryxry omcrna, ntnonnxr
coornrcrnymmym ]ynxnnm, nmr cnom cnnn]nxy, ncrannxr onnnnym nnnocrt
nx xaxoro xonxrnoro unonxa.
nx nonnmannx cymnocrn noncca connantno annnrannn r c
135
orannunnxmn xnsnxrntnocrn ncrannxmr nnrc n nc nnt rynn,
cymcrnymmn n omcrn, a n nnym out mant rynnt. ycnonnno +ro rm, uro
rn c nntx n cno xnsnn cnxsant c onnnntmn mantmn rynnamn, raxnmn xax
cmtx, rynna rcxoro caa, rynna yunoro sannnx n r. . num onn n rontxo
naxoxrcx n nocrancrn +rnx rynn, no ncntrtnamr nx onnnno nnnxnn, nonyuamr
or nnx nn]omannm o nnmnm mn, orannsymr n nnx nsanmocrnn, a n antnmm n
xrntnocrt.
rax, uro x raxo manax rynna? axont ocnonnt connantno-ncnxonornucxn
oconnocrn n xaxym ont ona nrar n xnsnn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn,
nxnmunnoro n noncc ro connantno annnrannn?
6.B. 4.
4 K

4

nnnnyantno asnnrn unonxa noncxonr n noncc ycranonnnnx

mnorooasntx nxmtx n xocnnntx cnxs, ocosnanamtx n nocosnanamtx ornomnn c
oxyxammnmn nmtmn, nxnmunntmn n asnnunt connantnt omnocrn, unnom
xorotx no m nsocnnnx cranonnrcx n cam nox. nx nxa c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn ocoo snaunn nx yonnrnonnx ro connantntx nornocr
nnorar manax rynna.
$3 %-HCC ornocnrntno nontmo uncno xonraxrnymmnx nnnnnon,
onnnntx omnmn nnxmn n saauamn. 3ro moxr trt cmtx, onnnn nnsxnx
nxy nm, rynnt n rcxnx omxontntx, omoasonarntntx n
cnnnannsnonanntx yuxnnxx, rynnt cncrnnxon n r.n.
anax rynna ornnuarcx or yrnx rynn cno ornocnrntno nocro cryxryo.
3ro osnauar, uro n mantx rynnax crt anronrant nn (cnn rynna no]nnnantnax)
nnn anronrrnt yxononrnt (cnn o]nnnantnax), noxyr xorooro onnnt
ocrantnt unnt rynnt. cnn x nnyrn rynnt, sanxro xaxo-nno xrntnocrtm,
noxnnxmrcx yrn nnt n uacrt unnon naunnar noxnnart nx n nnonmt nmn
xomt n nnnocrn, ro manax rynna cranonnrcx cryxryno cnoxno n nxo acnaarcx
na n nnn on mant rynnt.
ont rynnt ncrynamr n mxrynnont ornomnnx nsanncnmo ona or yro.
cnn manax rynna sanxra connantno snaunmo n nnno xrntnocrtm, ro ona moxr
crart rynno ntcoxoro yonnx asnnrnx.
ornnunrntntm nnsnaxam mano rynnt ornocxr:
!). no ar nosmoxnocrt
ycranonnnnx nnuntx xonraxron, xorot nxnmuamr n cx nc croont omnnx:
nn]omannonnym, nnraxrnnnym (nsanmocrnn) n nnnrnnnym (cnoconocrt
nocnnnnmart unonxa unonxom);
) ) (. na moxr ntcrynart n
nn nnxn ncnxrnnt, ro crt tcro annsymo nnn no nmnn n snaunmo nx
rynnt; n nn nronuntx nn on nnrntntx no nmnn n ntnoxmnx na
nnrct yrnx rynn; n nn antn ncnxrnnt. nn conmcrno xrntnocrn
nmnrnymr rynny n ono nno, onnxmr nnmnmm ]omantno-nnnym cryxryy
rynnt;
!% . no moxr trt ncrannno n nn
nna, yxononrnx, a raxx acnnno mxy unnamn rynnt, n nncrno moxr
nocnrt cnryarnnno-cnnn]nucxn xaaxr. o crt ont nna n onnnno
cnryannn nnnnmar na cx onn ns unnon rynnt;
99 (, ). axt unn rynnt
nnocnr cno nxna n conmcrnym xrntnocrt;
1(, ) " . nn nnnxmr na
rynnonym axrnnnocrt, ]omnymr nnyrnnmm cryxryy mxrynnontx ornomnn;
136
9) ) ( nom, nannn,
onnxmmnx oxnannx unnon rynnt no ornomnnm yr x yry.
c]omnonanmcx nom moxno rononrt rora, xora ona onnxr nonnn
ontmnncrna unnon rynnt.
anax rynna nocroxnno nsmnxrcx n asnnnarcx. nncymn cnymmn omn
saxonomnocrn:
1) n rynn nocroxnno noncxoxr cryxrynt nsmnnnx;
2) rynna asnnnarcx (nno norcc, nno rcc);
3) n rynn moxr noncxonrt cmna mcr mxy unnamn (on).
ant rynnt, n xorot oxastnarcx nonnunntm nox c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn, xnnxmrcx n rontxo mcrom, r yonnrnoxmrcx connantnt
nornocrn, no n naxnmnm ]axroom n ycnonnxm ]omnonannx ro xax nnunocrn.
xnmuaxct n cncrmy ornomnn, cnocrnnntx anno rynn, nox nocrnnno
ycnannar nnnocrn n nomt, rynnymmn nonnn, n n xonunom nror on n cnonx
nocrynxax n crnnxx cranonnrcx noxoxnm na yrnx unnon rynnt.
ccnonann cnnornyxonmtx r, nonnno ocnonarnm orucrnnno
rn]nocyonarornxn . . oxonxncxnm, noxasano, uro nx asnnrn, xorx ncncrnn
orcyrcrnnx snnx n cnyxa no n orannunno, nmmm oromnt ncnononnn
mxy xononornucxnm n ncnxonornucxnm nosacrom, nounnxrcx omnm
saxonomnocrxm onrornrnucxoro asnnrnx. cnnornyxonmtx, xax n y r sxu-
cntmamnx, ncnxnucxo n nnunocrno asnnrn naunnarcx n ycnonnxx nastnnoro
nncrna nxa n nsocnoro n nx conmcrno xrntnocrn no yonnrnonnm
+nmnrantx orannucxnx noyxnn. num naxnmnm ycnonnm +rnx ornomnn
xnnxrcx ycranonnnn +monnonantno-nonoxnrntnoro xonraxra mxy nxom n
nsocntm.
nanornuntm oasom norxar noncc ncnxnucxoro n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx
r, nmmmnx yrn orannunnx xnsnxrntnocrn, ro crt on nounnxrcx rm x
omnm saxonomnocrxm: nsocnt ncrannxr nx nxa ry mnxocy, c xoroo
nox axrnnno nsanmocrnyr, nnorar onnnnt connantnt ontr, +monno-
nantno nxnnar cnon nsanmoornomnnx c oxyxammnmn ro nmtmn.
mcr c rm, xax nsncrno, nnamnxa asnnrnx nomantnoro n anomantnoro
nxa, xorx n nounnna nntm omnm saxonomnocrxm, xaaxrnsyrcx
cnnn]nucxnmn oconnocrxmn, nnum cnonmn nx onnnnoro nna anomantnoro
asnnrnx. anon om omnnnymm saxonomnocrtm nn ncx nnax orxnonnn
xnnxrcx naymnn unoro omnnx, cnoconocrn x nnmy n naorx nn]omannn.
rcma yro naxno saxonomnocrtm ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx anomantntx r
xnnxrcx rynocrt nx connantno aanrannn, sarynnnx no nsanmoornomnnxx n
nsanmocrnnxx c connantno co.
accmornm nxorot oconnocrn nauantno crann saoxnnx omnnx n
nsanmoornomnn mxy nxom n nsocntm n ro, xaxnm oasom +ro cxastnarcx na
nocnymmm ncnxnucxom n nnunocrnom asnnrnn nxa.
oxnnnmncx na cnr nox c nntx mnnyr xnsnn naunnar ncntrtnart nnnxnn
connantno ct. ymcrnyr x snntn, us noccrno xorotx omcrno
nnxacarcx x orntno nnunocrn. xaucrn nanon nnsxo x nnunocrn xnrouxn
omcrna ntcrynar mnxoca, xya nxonr cmno oxyxnn nxa, nsocnt n
cncrnnxn, xorot c nnm omamrcx.
nunocrnax mnxoca nxa, no onnnnm . . onomnncxoro,
ncrannxr coo nncrno nyx ocnonntx connantno-ncnxonornucxnx nocncrm.
nonauantno +ro nocncrma nsocntnox, x xoroo na onnnno crann
onrornsa noxnmuarcx nocncrma noxnox. ocncrma nox
nox raxx moxr annsontnartcx asnnuntmn cnocoamn: artx-ccrt, rn
coc, rynna rcxoro caa, rynna cnnnannsnonannoro rcxoro sannnx,
mxontnt xnacc. o nmcr c rm oosnaunnax ntm cnxst nxa co nsocntm
noonxar crnonart nct ror nno xnsnn unonxa, noxa on cam n cranr nsocntm.
onxrt, xax asnnnamrcx nsanmoornomnnx nxa n cncrm noxnox,
137
nomoxr ananns ncxono nauantno cncrmt ornomnn nsocntnox. mnno n
+ro cncrm saoxarcx n nonyuar crnmyn x asnnrnm n camoasnnrnm nornocrt n
omnnn, xoroax ncrar onnxmmnm xomnonnrom n mornnannonno-nornocrno
c] mxnnunocrntx ornomnn. 3rn nsanmoornomnnx nosnnxamr n c momnra
oxnnx nxa, a saonro o noxnnnnx ro na cnr n cnxsant c rm, uro ornomnn
marn n yrnx snaunmtx nsocntx onnxrcx coxannm xomnnxca
coornrcrnymmnx connantno-ncnxonornucxnx +ranonon, nannn, crornnon, nom
marnncxo nmnn, saort o rxx, oxsannocr, cnxsanntx c nnmn. o crt m o o-
xnnx nxa mart nornosnyr cno yym ornomnn x nxy. o n annom
cnyua moxno rononrt rontxo o nannunn onocroonnro ornomnnx s
coornrcrnymm annsannn nsanmocrnnx n noncc omnnx.
axax x xarnna nanmarcx n y nonooxnnoro. nann yx omarcx c
martm, no +ro omnn nocnr onocroonnn xaaxr s ncnxonornucxoro orxnnxa co
croont nxa. o nocrnnno y nro noxnnxrcx oxrnnnax nyxa no nsocnom
unonx, xoroax naunnar xxo noxnnxrtcx nn nomantnom asnnrnn na rrtm mcxn
xnsnn n nn xomnnxca oxnnnnnx. +roro momnra n ncnxnucxo xnsnn nxa
noxnnxrcx nont +nmnr omnn: mantm nar nnt nontrxn omartcx,
nsanmocrnonart c yrnm unonxom.
ora omnn nnorar nycroonnn xaaxr, cncrma mart nox c
connantno-ncnxonornucxo rouxn snnx cranonnrcx mano rynno. mnno sct
nox nnorar ror connantno-ncnxonornucxn ontr, xorot na cnymmnx
nosacrntx +ranax nr x acmnnnm xyra omnnx, acnocranxrcx na yrnx
snaunmtx nsocntx, n rom uncn n n cncrm noxnox.
axnm oasom, oasonann mano rynnt nnxonrcx na nnt mcxnt xnsnn
nxa. na cranonnrcx rouxo orcura ro asnnrnx xax noconnantnoro cymcrna n
ynnncantno cncrmo mxnnunocrnoro omnnx na norxxnnn nc nocnymm
xnsnn. oxnnnn mano rynnt snamnyr nont unonucxn +ran ornomnn nxa
c yrnmn nmtmn.
cnxonoramn samuno, uro cnn y nxa n onrorns antm noxnnxmrcx
ncnxnucxn nonooasonannx, ro ro asnnrn xaucrnnno mnxrcx. ax, cnn nox
antm naunnar ntnonnxrt nnnanannnnt mannnynxrnnnt crnnx c nrymxamn n
yrnmn nmramn, y nro on +]]xrnnno ]omnyrcx snrntno-nnrarntnax
xoonnannx, asnnnarcx nornocrt x nccnonarntcxo xrntnocrn. Fon ann
onnann nxmo noxoxo nar ro on camocroxrntntm n cosar nyumn ycnonnx
nx ocnonnx oxyxammro nocrancrna, nontmar xnsnnnt ronyc, ycnnnnar
axrnnnocrt. nnann nmrno xrntnocrtm cnococrnyr nnrncnnnomy asnnrnm
un. omnonann un n on annn nno cranonnrcx ocnono cnonmnnoro nnn
ycxonnoro asnnrnx omro ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx.
o x camo noncxonr n c noxnnnnm mano rynnt, nosnnxm n noncc
nsanmocrnnx marn n nxa. cnn xomnnxc oxnnnnnx noxnnxrcx cnonmnno,
ro nox antm nxonr or nocroro +monnonantnoro omnnx x corynnucrny co
nsocntmn, x axrnnnomy onnannm cnauana mannnynxrnnntmn crnnxmn, a sarm n
crnnxmn c oynxmn-nmramn: xyxxo, noxxo n r.. o crt +ro nc ro, uro
asnnnar nnrc x nrono xrntnocrn, crnmynnyr cnonmnno noxnnnn
sauarxon camocroxrntnocrn.
coxannnm, nosnnxnonnn connantno omnocrn n cncrm martnox
mano rynnt y mnornx r c onnnntmn nnamn orannunn (cnntx, rnyxnx,
rnyxonmtx, ymcrnnno orcrantx, nmmmnx yrn ]xrt) moxr snaunrntno saxn-
nartcx, nnorart xaucrnnno nno xaaxr n, crcrnnno, orannunnart nnn
romosnrt nocrynarntno ncnxnucxo n nnunocrno asnnrn.
rcma nosnnxamr ctsnt nomxn n annsannn nxom cnsnrnnntx
nnoon, n noxnnnnn ncnxnucxnx n nnunocrntx nonooasonann, n nosnnxnonnnn
nymnx rnnon xrntnocrn n rontxo n omxontnom rcrn, no n n nocnymmn
nosacrnt nnot. oxr raxx ]omnonartcx asnnrn nymnx connantntx
nornocr, raxnx, xax: nornocrt n omnnn co nsocntmn, c nomomtm xoroo
138
nxom ycnannarcx connantnt ontr; nornocrn no nnmnnx nnuarnnnxx, n
syntrar uro noncxonr asnnrn nosnanarntntx cnoconocr; nornocrt n
omnnn co cncrnnxamn, noccrnom annsannn xoroo nnorarcx
nonoxnrntnt ontr corynnucrna n nsanmonomomn, a raxx nornocrt n nnxnnxx,
nnnoxmax x onnannm nno cncrmo asnooasntx nantxon n ymnn.
ax, y nomantno asnnnammrocx nxa n omxontnt nno n noncc
mxnnunocrnoro nsanmocrnnx c rtmn axrnnno cxnatnarcx nosnanarntnax n
nnunocrnax ]omt omnnx. osnanarntno omnn noxnnxrcx n nn saanannx
mnorouncnnntx nonocon (nosacr noumyux) na asnnunt rmt, nnum nox
ryr, urot nsocnt ncts ornocnncx x nmy xax x ronanmy. nunocrnax ]oma
omnnx xaaxrnsyrcx rm, uro nox axrnnno crmnrcx x ocyxnnm co
nsocntmn nonnnx n nocrynxon yrnx nm n cnonx cocrnnntx c rouxn snnx
nancrnnntx nom.
nxa x c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n sanncnmocrn or rxxcrn ]xra
annt ]omt omnnx n nno omxontnoro rcrna naxoxrcx, xax nannno, n
sauarounom cocroxnnn nnn noom orcyrcrnymr.
nnnno ]omannn nonramrcx n raxn nnunocrnt oasonannx, xax:
conounnnn mornnon, ycnonn nancrnnntx nom, ]omnonann nonsnontnocrn
nonnnx, ro crt raxoro nonnnx, nx xorooro xaaxrna ycrounnocrt,
ncnryarnnnocrt, coornrcrnn nnmnnx nocrynxon nnyrnn nosnnnn.
rax, n nauantno cncrm ornomnn nsocntnox saoxarcx n
nonyuar crnmyn x asnnrnm n camoasnnrnm nornocrt n omnnn. o ntaxnnm ..
Foxonnu, nornocrt n omnnn, xax n nornocrt n nontx nnuarnnnxx, ornocnrcx x
raxo xaucrnnno nono ]om nornocrn, xora unonxa noyxar x crnnm n
nyxa n um-nno, n nocrarox, a crmnnn x nonomy nxnnannm, x onnannm,
ocrnxnnm. syntrar ncnxnucxn yxonnt nornocrn cranonxrcx
nnactmnntmn, nnoramr nosmoxnocrt camonnxnnx.
ro x nmx saxxa n noxnnnnn +roro nonooasonannx, oconno nn nannunn
y nxa roro nnn nnoro ]xra, ocnanxr connantnt ]axro asnnrnx, nar ro
nocrarouno +]]xrnnntm, nnur sa coo orcranann n ncnxnucxom n nnunocrnom
asnnrnn.
aymnnx asnnrnx y r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn,
xax nannno, mnoronnanont n mnoroacnxrnt. nn moryr noxnnxrtcx n nnrnnxryantno,
nnrarntno, uno, cncono nnonnonnnocrn, nnum n asntx ]omax n n asno
crnnn ntaxnnocrn, n, cnn cnonmnno n yyr nnnxrt noxonmt nuno-
osoonnrntnt n narornucxn mt, moryr nosnnxnyrt nronunt naymnnx n
cryxry ]xra. o+romy usntuano naxno cnonmnno onayxnrt y nxa
orxnonnnx n asnnrnn, oxasart my noxonmym nomomt, a raxx cosart
coornrcrnymmn ycnonnx nx nontmnnx onn connantnoro ]axroa n asnnrnn ro
nnunocrn.
6.5.
4
axnmnm nonocom connantno-ncnxonornucxoro anannsa mantx rynn xnnxrcx
nonma nx cranonnnnx n asnnrnx. cot nnrc x anno nonm nosnnx n xonn
XIX n. n n cnnxarcx o cnx no. syunnm rynn ns uncna sayxntx anroon
sannmannct raxn yunt, xax: 3. mxrm, . a, . nnnc, . , . nnn, .
nnor, u. Fna, . tmxom, . Bn], u. ynn, B. Fmn n mnorn yrn. nn
nccnonann noncct, noncxoxmn n omcrn, cnnn]nucxn oconnocrn
unonucxoro cymcrnonannx n rm camtm cosanann ocnony nx rornucxoro n
+mnnnucxoro nccnonannx mantx rynn. norn ns nnx nsyuann n camn mant rynnt.
nacroxm nmx n sanano ncnxonornn n nsyunnn mantx rynn cnoxnnoct rn
ocnonntx nccnonarntcxnx noxoa: connomrnucxn, connonornucxn n
rynnonnamnucxn.
A. *"0'-"&'!' (C-$'("' cnxsano c nmnm x. ono.
139
ornucxo noctnxo annoro nanannnnx xnnxrcx crmnnn oxcnnrt nc
croont connantno xnsnn +xonomnucxn, nonnrnucxn cocroxnnm
+monnonantntx ornomnn mxy nmtmn, nx cnmnarnxmn n anrnnarnxmn no ornomnnm
yr x yry. ronxa, nnoxnnax x. ono, mnoxo nnmnxrcx nx nsyunnx
cncrmt +monnonantntx ornomnn n mano rynn. na nosnonxr ntasnrt
xonnucrnnno n ra]nucxn cryxryy mxnnunocrntx ornomnn n rynn, ncxox ns
uncna n xaaxra nsanmntx ntoon unnon no onnnnomy connomrnucxomy
xnrnm.
B. *"$%"&'!' (C-$'("'. nccnonannn mantx rynn narcx axnnr
na nsyunn saxonomnocr nx ]ynxnnonnonannx n omcrn. anno nanannnn
cnxstnarcx c rannn, xoroax tna sanoxna n +xcnnmnrax 3. +o. syuax mant
rynnt, on nnmn x ntnoy o cymcrnonannn n n nyx rnnon cryxry ]omantno n
n]omantno, uro orxtno mnoxym ncnxrnny nx nccnonann n connantno
ncnxonornn.
5. K$ E%-HCC, /"(0""F. syunn mantx rynn asnyrcx na
asaoranno . nnntm ronn nonx. nrantnax nx ronn nonx cocronr n
rom, uro saxont connantnoro nonnnx cnyr ncxart us nosnann connantntx n
ncnxonornucxnx cnn, rmnnymmnx ro. axnmnm mroom anannsa cnn
ncnxonornucxoro nonx xnnnoct cosann n naoarontx ycnonnxx rynn c saanntmn
xaaxrncrnxamn n nocnymm nx nsyunn. onoxynnocrt +rnx nccnonann
nonyunna nasnann rynnono nnamnxn. o onnnnm . nnna, rynnonax
nnamnxa +ro ncnnnnnna, nccnymmax nonoxnrntnt n ornnarntnt cnnt,
xorot crnymr n anno rynn.
orucrnnno ncnxonornn na nsyunn nonm mano rynnt ontmo nnnxnn
oxasann nn . . Fxrna o ]ynxnnn xonnxrnnntx nn, o ]axroax cornaconannx
nnnnnyantntx n ntaorxn xonnxrnnntx crnn, o rnnonornn xonnxrnnon n mnorn
yrn, ntcxasannt nm n cnonx ryax n 20- rot. xrnnno nsyunnm nonm mano
rynnt n 2030- rr. sannmannct F. . Fnxn, . . anyxnt, . . axanxo n .
o nanontm uncno nccnonann no anno nonmarnx nnxonrcx na
nocnnn cxrnnrnx XX n. +ro nmx cxnatnamrcx connantno-ncnxonornucxn
nnrt n nnnra, ocxn, ocnann, ycx, ocrom n yrnx rooax, xorot
tnn onnrnonant rnanntm oasom na nonmarnxy mantx rynn n xonnxrnnon,
]ynxnnonnymmnx n c] oasonannx.
a ocnon ntnonnnntx n nnx n 70- n nocnymmn rot nccnonann n
nsyunnn mano rynnt cnoxnncx x nccnonarntcxnx noxoon: mroonornucxn,
xrntnocrnt, craromrnucxn, naamrnucxn, orannsannonno-ynannnucxn,
connomrnucxn, connantno-nnnrnnnt, xaxt ns xorotx nnaran cnon
xonnnnnn asnnrnx mano rynnt.
anon nt]no ns nasnanntx xonnnnn n nanannnn ntnxmrcx n
xonnnnnn: craromrnucxax xonnnnnx, nnn xonnnnnx onoconannx xrntnocrtm
mxnnunocrntx ornomnn (. . roncxn), n naamrnucxax xonnnnnx, nnn
xonnnnnx no+rannoro asnnrnx rynnt xax xonnxrnna (. . mancxn).
-0'-"&'!3 (*'C*"3D nasnannax nosx ncnxonornucxo ron
xonnxrnna, asaorana n cnn 70-x roon . . roncxnm n ro corynnxamn.
n tn ncrannn nont noxo x anannsy mxnnunocrntx ornomnn n mantx
rynnax c nntm ntxnnnnx nnnnnnnantntx ornnun rynn ntcmro yonnx asnnrnx
xonnxrnnon or ncx yrnx nnon rynn.
raromrnucxax xonnnnnx acnocranxna nnnnnn xrntnocrn na onacrt
connantno ncnxonornn. ax x xax nnnnn n nmrno xrntnocrn noasyr
oxyxammn mn n noccrnom +roro nsmnxr cx, cranonxct nnunocrtm, connantnax
rynna n conmcrno connantno snaunmo xrntnocrn noasyr oxyxammym
crnnrntnocrt n noccrnom +roro nsmnxr cncrmy mxnnunocrntx ornomnn,
cranonxct xonnxrnnom.
ncrmooasymmnm nnsnaxom xonnxrnna n anno xonnnnnn ntcrynar
xrntnocrno onoconann. cymcrnnxx cnom nnt n xonxrnom nmr
140
xrntnocrn, rynna rm camtm nsmnxr cx, conmncrnyr cnom cryxryy n
noasyr cncrmy mxnnunocrntx ornomnn. aaxr n nanannnnocrt nsmnnn,
noncxoxmnx n n, sanncnr or xonxrnoro coxannx xrntnocrn n nnnocr,
ncxoxmnx ns on mnoxo connantno omnocrn. oxann conmcrno
xrntnocrn unnon rynnt onocyr nc noncct nnyrnrynnono nnamnxn:
asnnrn mxnnunocrntx ornomnn, nocnnxrn narnamn yr yra, ]omnonann
rynnontx nom n nnnocr, ]om corynnucrna n nsanmno ornrcrnnnocrn.
ornacno craromrnucxo xonnnnnn, xonnxrnn onaar rnynnno,
mnoroyonnno (craromrnucxo) cryxryo. nrantno snno rynnono
cryxryt (crara ) oasyr cama rynnonax xrntnocrt, coxarntnax,
omcrnnno-+xonomnucxax n connantno-nonnrnucxax xaaxrncrnxa.
nt cno (crara F) ]nxcnyr ornomnn xaxoro unna rynnt x rynnono
xrntnocrn, nnxm, saauam, nnnnnnam, na xorotx ona cronrcx, mornnannm
xrntnocrn, connantnt cmtcn nx xaxoro yuacrnnxa.
o nroo crar () noxannsymrcx xaaxrncrnxn mxnnunocrntx ornomnn,
onoconanntx coxannm conmcrno xrntnocrn ( nnxmn, saauamn, xoom
ntnonnnnx), a raxx nnnxrtmn n rynn nnnnnnamn, nxmn, nnnocrntmn
onnrannxmn. n noncxonr connann nnnocr, xacammnxcx conmcrno
xrntnocrn, asnnrn onnnno mornnannn unnon rynnt, +monnonantno
nnrn]nxannn c rynno n n.
tnxrcx raxx rrn cno (), r ]nxcnymrcx nonxnocrnt cnxsn mxy
unnamn rynnt. 3ro r x mxnnunocrnt ornomnnx, ra nx uacrt, xoroax nocrona
na nnoccrnnntx +monnonantntx xonraxrax, r nn xonnxrnnnt nnn xrntnocrn,
nn omsnaunmt nx xonnxrnna nnnocrnt onnrannn n ntcrynamr n xaucrn
ocnonnoro ]axroa, onocymmro nnunt xonraxrt unnon rynnt.
ornacno anno xonnnnnn, rynnt n cnom asnnrnn moryr noxonrt ncxontxo
cran, xorot rnnonornucxn onnxmrcx n nxrt nosnnn.
1. 599 omnocrn, r nmn rontxo conncyrcrnymr (+xcxycnx,
naccaxnt anroyca, yunax rynna n nnt nt sanxrnx n .), r orcyrcrnn
onoconannx mxnnunocrntx ornomnn oycnonnno orcyrcrnnm conmcrno
xrntnocrn.
2. -( omnocrt, r ntcoxn yonnt asnnrnx
connantntx nnnocr nnmt n ount cnao m onocyr rynnont noncct.
osmoxno, +ro rontxo uro cosannax rynna c anxo m n cnoxnnmcx conmcrno
xrntnocrtm. ct ycnx onoro unonxa n onnxr ycnmnocrn xrntnocrn
yrnx, a nyaua onoro n nnnxr na syntrart yroro. ancrnnnt nnnocrn n raxo
rynn ]ynxnnonnymr, no onn n oraorant n noncc omnnx n conmcrnoro rya, a
nnnncnt ns mnoxo connantno ct. x antnmax cyta sanncnr or roro, yr
nn nanaxna mnoronnanonax conmcrnax xrntnocrt, xoroax nx noncnnno cosnar n
yxnnxr.
3. ( omnocrt, r nsanmoornomnnx nm ]axrnucxn
n onocymrcx omnmn ]axroamn conmcrno xrntnocrn, a onayxnnamr
141
sanncnmocrt or aconnantntx nsrnxon n ncrannnn. annm, rynna arccnnno
nacronntx noocrxon, r onoconann mxnnunocrntx ornomnn xaxo-nno x-
rntnocrtm mnnnmantno nn maxcnmantno aconnantntx onocymmnx ]axroax.
4. % rynna, r nannno ntcoxn yonnt
onoconannx nsanmoornomnn nnnnnon, no ]axrot, xorot nx onocymr,
xnnxmrcx rnyoxo axnnonntmn, naxntmn connantnomy norccy.
5. rynna, onnnnax omnmn nnxmn n saauamn nm,
ocrnrmax n noncc conmcrno xrntnocrn ntcoxoro yonnx asnnrnx n ornuammax
ronannxm omcrnnnoro norcca. tcoxax connantnax snaunmocrt ]axroon n
maxcnmantno crnnn onnxr n onocyr mxnnunocrnt ornomnnx, nar raxo
coomcrno ntcoxocnnounntm.
-0'-"&'!3 (*'C*"3 asaartnanact raxx n cnn 70-x roon . .
mancxnm c corynnxamn ycxo connantno-ncnxonornucxo naoaronn; . .
untmntm, . . xarontm, . . yromxnntm, . . Bannntm n . annax
xonnnnnx n nornnounr ncnxonornucxo ronn xonnxrnna. onxrnx yonn
no+rannocrn n crynnuarocrn, xax ntasnncx . . roncxn, nxmo cnxsant co
craromrnucxo xonnnnn nnrarynnono axrnnnocrn n xonnxrnnax.
cnonnax nx naamrnucxo xonnnnnn cocronr n rom, uro antnax xonraxrnax
rynna noxonr n cnom asnnrnn x +ranon. no+ranno asnnrn ocymcrnnxrcx n
noncc conmcrno xrntnocrn n omnnn naroax asnnrnm naxnmnx
connantno-ncnxonornucxnx naamron.
xaucrn ocnonntx n ocrarountx naamron, xaaxrnsymmnx xonraxrnym
rynny xax xonnxrnn, tnn nasnant:
AM ( nxnmuar n cx nnrrarnnno
nncrno nn, mornnon, nnnocrntx onnrannn;
BM noxnnxrcx n cnoconocrn rynnt x
camoynannnnm, n ymnnn camocroxrntno cosanart orannsannm n ryntx nnn
nnnnnntx cnryannxx, cornaconanno ntnnrart nna-orannsaroa na nc
noxonmt ynannnucxn crynnn, nnxonrt x nnomy mnnnm, oconno nn
nnnxrnn mnn, onnx nm, naxntx cotrnxx, crnnxx.
5M C!"#$%"&'!3 ( noxnnxrcx n nnrnnxryantnom,
+monnonantnom n nonnom nncrn rynnt.
9M ( n c] ro nnn nno xrntnocrn. aucrnnnax
xaaxrncrnxa nasnanntx naamron onnxr yonnt asnnrnx rynnt xax
xonnxrnna.
onnn asnnrnx rynnt oosnauamrcx cnymmnmn rmnnamn: rynna-
xoonannx, rynna-anronomnx, rynna-xonnxrnn. rnnun xaxo crann nnn, yonnx,
asnnrnx rynnt onnxrcx no yonnm asnnrnx xaxoro naamra.
aamrnucxax xonnnnnx nnonarar nynnym rouxy, momnr cosannx
rynnt, orsxn nonoxnrntno n ornnarntno norxxnnocrn, coornrcrnymmn
rynnam noconnantnoro n anrnconnantnoro xaaxra.
axo nynno rouxo nasnana %-HCC>(%$0'- rynna an nsnaxomtx
nm, oxasanmnxcx nnn coanntx na onom nocrancrn n n ono nmx.
sanmoomnn n nsanmocrnn raxo rynnt nocxr nonxnocrnt n cnryarnnnt
xaaxr: nannm, rynna r, rontxo uro nnxanmnx n rcxn nart ns asntx
mcr. ynna-xonrnomar +ro ]axr oxnnx nonoro connantnoro orannsma,
nnnunax nnonax nnoctnxa nx ]omnonannx xonnxrnna.
142
-HCC>C'-*"3 n ocnonnom coornrcrnyr nonxrnm xoonannx
onnnnm nm, coanmnxcx nx ntnonnnnx onnnno saaun. ynna raxoro
yonnx ornnuarcx antno ycnmno crnymm orannsannonno cryxryo,
ntcoxnm yonnm rynnono nororonnnnocrn n corynnucrna. mxnnunocrnt
ornomnnx n nnyrnrynnono omnn nocxr nx ncro cyryo nono xaaxr,
nounnnnt ocrnxnnm ntcoxoro syntrara n ntnonnnnn xonxrno saaun n rom
nnn nnom nn xrntnocrn. anannnnocrt n ncnxonornucxax conmcrnmocrt
ntcrynamr sct nronuntmn nonsnontmn or nncrna, nn n nsanmocrnnx, no
axrnnnocrt nrotx sxo nnrncn]nnnyr n axryannsnyr asnnrn nntx. 3ro n
cosar ycnonnx nxoa rynnt yonnx xoonannn na cnymmym crynnt.
r xoonannx o xonnxrnna rynna noxonr m onn yonnt yonnt
(0"1*"". o +rnm ycnonntm oosnaunnm nonnmarcx cocroxnn onontno
ntcoxoro nnyrnnro nncrna rynnt no ncm naamram, oconno no naamry
ncnxonornucxoro nncrna (conmcrnmocrn). mnno na +rom yonn unnt
nnrn]nnnymr cx c rynno, uro noxnnxrcx n ntaxnnxx mt, mox rynna,
noncxonr noncc ooconnnx, cnnrocrn n cnaxnnocrn, xorot cocrannxmr
nnyrnrynnonym ocnony nx nxoa x ntcmmy yonnm.
naxo anronomnsannx moxr yncrn rynny n croony or xonnxrnna x
xonoannn nxxonnxrnny. 3ro cnyuarcx, cnn nonsor rnnanronomnsannx, xora
ooconnn nnnr x samxnyrocrn n nornnonocrannnnm cx yrnm unnam, n rom
uncn n sa cur yrnx rynn.
cnn x rynna nxonr x mxrynnonomy nsanmocrnnm, cranonnrcx xuxo
on mnoxo omnocrn, n n ]omnyrcx xonnxrnnncrcxax nanannnnocrt, rynna
ocrnrar ntcmro yonnx asnnrnx nnamarcx n $$'".
a ocnon naamrnucxo xonnnnnn asnnrnx rynnt xax xonnxrnna
asaorana cncrma narnocrnucxo onnxn yonnx asnnrnx rcxnx rynn (xnaccntx
xonnxrnnon), xoroax mnoxo ncnontsyrcx n mxontno naxrnx. nx roro urot
onnnrt yonnt asnnrnx rynnt yrcx cryxrynt xomnonnrt rcxoro
xonnxrnna, xorot moxno nsyuart n nsmxrt. axnmn naamramn (xomnonnramn)
rynnt xnnxmrcx:
nanannnnocrt axrnnnocrn rynnt;
orannsannonno nncrno;
nnrnnxryantno nncrno;
ncnxonornucxn xnnmar;
nonno nncrno;
+]]xrnnnocrt xrntnocrn rynnt.
o syntraram nccnonannx cronrcx no]nnt rynnt, arcx xonnucrnnnax n
xaucrnnnax xaaxrncrnxn n narcx ntno o yonn asnnrnx rcxo rynnt xax
143
cyxra xrntnocrn n cyxra omnnx.
accmornnt xonnnnnn asnnrnx rynn xax xonnxrnnon ncrannxmr
rornucxn n naxrnucxn nnrc nx orannsannn connantno-annnrannonno
naxrnxn c rtmn, nmmmnmn orannunnt nosmoxnocrn xnsnxrntnocrn. nann
connantno-ncnxonornucxnx xaaxrncrnx ]ynxnnonnonannx mano rynnt n ocnonntx
saxonomnocr asnnrnx cosar naronnxrnt ycnonnx nx orannsannn
+]]xrnnno xoxnnonno n asnnnamm aort c rtmn n ycnonnxx
]ynxnnonnonannx asnnuntx rcxnx rynn.
6.9. .
44 4

axnm xaaxrncrnxo rynnt xnnxrcx yonnt asnnrnx. cnonannm
nx ntxnnnnx yonnx asnnrnx rynnt n cnr conmnntx ncrannnn ntcrynar
coxann xrntnocrn n nannun connantno snaunmtx nn n nnnocr, or
xorotx sanncnr xaaxr mxnnunocrntx ornomnn. a +ro ocnon cronrcx
ncnxonornucxax rnnonornx rynn. tcmnm yonnm asnnrnx rynnt xnnxrcx xonnxrnn,
cnnn]nucxn urt xorooro onayxnnamrcx n xrntnocrn n mxnnunocrntx
ornomnnxx.
onnxrnn n ro connantno-ncnxonornucxom snaunnn +ro connantnax rynna
ntcoxoro yonnx asnnrnx, r mxnnunocrnt nsanmocrnnx n mxnnunocrnt
nsanmoornomnnx onoconant omcrnnno nnntm n nnunocrno snaunmtm
coxannm conmcrno xrntnocrn (. . roncxn, 1995).
onnxrnny nncymn cnymmn oconnocrn: 1) onnnn nm no nmx
ocrnxnnx onnnno connantno ooxmo nnn; 2) oonontnocrt onnnnx;
3) cnnounnocrt n nnocrnocrt; 4) ncnxonornucxax samnmnnocrt, nsanmonomomt n
nsanmonoxxa; 5) nannun ycnonn nx noxnnnnx rnoucxnx cnoconocr n
nonnonnnoro asnnrnx nnunocrn.
ynnt ntcoxoro yonnx asnnrnx nmmr nnnnnnnantno ornnun or ncx yrnx
rynn. aucrnnnt ornnunx xonnxrnna or rynn on nnsxoro yonnx asnnrnx,
cornacno . . roncxomy, noxnnxmrcx nx ncro n ocotx nsanmoornomnnxx,
xorot n yrnx rynnax nno orcyrcrnymr, nno cnao ncrannnt. uncn raxnx
ncnxonornucxnx ]nomnon rnanntm ntcrynar !0C-'/'$'("' $"&(!" %-HCC'.
yrt ro cocronr n rom, uro unn rynnt ntcoxoro yonnx asnnrnx nsnarntno
ornocnrcx x nmtm nnnxnnxm, n rom uncn n n cno omnocrn, nnnnmax onn n ornrax
yrn n sanncnmocrn or onocymmnx ]axroon yxnn, nnnnnnon, nanon,
nn conmcrno xrntnocrn.
rynnax ntcoxoro yonnx asnnrnx n cnyuaxx ynnnunnx nx uncnnnocrn n
ymntmarcx nxna, nnocnmt unnamn n conmcrnym xrntnocrt, n ocnanar
mornnannx, orcyrcrnymr sxn nornnounx mxy nnnnnyantntmn n rynnontmn
nnrcamn, nanmarcx nonoxnrntnax cnxst mxy +]]xrnnno conmcrno
xrntnocrtm c naronnxrntm ncnxonornucxnm xnnmarom, cosamrcx nannyumn
nosmoxnocrn nx nonccon nnrrannn n nconannsannn.
cymcrnnnn conmcrno connantno nnno n nnunocrno snaunmo xrntnocrn
ocnunnar cranonnnn n xonnxrnn nsanmoornomnn onnx n corynnucrna,
cnxrn nornnoun, nosnnxammnx mxy nnnnnyantntmn n rynnontmn nnxmn.
mnno xonnxrnn nonnomar ry sanncnmocrt nnunocrn or omcrna, nn xoroo ona cra-
nonnrcx cnoono.
ynna, ocrnrmax yonnx asnnrnx xonnxrnna, ncrannxr coo nnocrno
nncrno, xoroo nnonarar nannun cocrannxmmnx xomnonnron, croon,
nocryxry, nsanmocrnymmnx nnyrn nnocrno cryxryt. cnonononarammnm
nnnnnnom nonnmannx ncnxonornucxo cryxryt nnnnmarcx oraxnn
xnsnxrntnocrn n nnom, a nocryxry oraxnn asnnuntx c] +ro
xnsnxrntnocrn.
nnocrno cryxry rynnt ntnxmr rn noxa (. . mancxn n .):
144
omcrnnnt nox, nnunocrnt nox n nox omnx xaucrn.
1. F$%)G nxnmuar n cx nocryxryt nanannnnocrn,
orannsonannocrn n nororonnnnocrn, oraxammn coornrcrnnno mnonossnucxym,
ynannnucxym n no]ccnonantno-nonym c]t rynnono xnsnxrntnocrn.
2. F*)G nocryxryt nnrnnxryantno, +monnonantno n
nonno xommynnxarnnnocrn. annt nocryxryt oraxamr rn croont cosnannx
nxoxmnx n rynny nnunocr n coornrcrnymmnx c] xnsnxrntnocrn rynnt.
3. B %, (nnrrarnnnocrt, mnxoxnnmar, ]nrnocrt,
nncrno, nnrrarnnnax axrnnnocrt, nnrrynnonax axrnnnocrt).
nauana onnnm cymnocrt omnx xaucrn.
( ma nncrna, cnnrnocrn, omnocrn unnon rynnt yr c
yrom (orcyrcrnn nnrrarnnnocrn asomnnocrt, snnrrannx ).
+ onnxr camouyncrnn xaxo nnunocrn n rynn,
yonnrnonnocrt rynno, xom]ornocrt n n.
.96 crnnt nnnxrnx unnamn rynnt rynnonoro +ranona, nx
nnrn]nxannx c +ranonamn rynnontx nnnocr.
* crnnt nymro axrnnnoro nnnxnnx nnunocr unnon rynnt na
rynny n nnom n nanannnnn ocymcrnnnnx rynnontx saau.
( ma axrnnnsannn rynno cocrannxmmnx
nnunocr.
( crnnt nnnxnnx anno rynnt na yrn
rynnt.
c nasnannt xaucrna xaaxrnsyr my om onnxn rynnt xax xonnxrnna,
onn rcno cnxsant yr c yrom, xaxo ns nnx acxtnarcx us nocryxryt nyx
nntx noxon.
/ (C-$'((!+Q %-HCC) nonnmarcx connantnax nnnocrt nnnxrtx m
nn, mornnon xrntnocrn, nnnocrntx onnrannn n rynnontx nom. anannnnocrt
rynnt ntcrynar naxnm ncnxonornucxo nocryxryo, cnxstnamm nonno
yrn nocryxryt.
-%("1((!+ %-HCC) cocronr n antno +]]xrnnno cnoconocrn rynnt
x camoynannnnm rynnono camoynannxmocrn.
/%$'((!+ %-HCC). xrntnocrt ryr or xaxo nnunocrn n rynnt n
nnom coornrcrnymmnx snann, nantxon, ymnn, ontra rynnono nororonnnnocrn.
nanason rynnono nororonnnnocrn moxr trt nctma snaunrnn or nocro
cymmt nororonnnnocrn xaxo nnunocrn n orntnocrn o ntcoxo crnnn nnrrannn,
nncrna, cnnrnocrn, conmcrnmocrn nc rynnt no nororonnnnocrn.
('$$'H$+(3 00H(""(!+ +ro noncc mxnnunocrnoro
nocnnxrnx n ycranonnnnx nsanmononnmannx, naxoxnnx omro xstxa.
ommynnxarnnnocrt annsyrcx n cnoconocrn rynnt cosanart onrnmantnt nyrn
nsanmonn]omannn n onnnnn omnx nosnnn, cyxnn, nnnxrnn rynnontx
mnn. antntm +xnnnannrom nnrnnxryantno xommynnxarnnnocrn xnnxrcx
cnoconocrt unnon rynnt nonnmart yr yra c nonycnona.
S0*"($+(3 00H(""(!+ +ro mxnnunocrnt cnxsn
+monnonantnoro xaaxra, nnamnucxn noncc nonaammro +monnonantnoro
nacrox rynnt, +monnonantnt nornnnant.
$'3 00H(""(!+ +ro cnoconocrt rynnt nornnocroxrt
rynocrxm n nnxrcrnnxm, cnooasnax crccoycrounnocrt, naxnocrt n
+xcrmantntx cnryannxx.
accmornnt nocryxryt ncrannxmr coo nnocrno nncrno. nyrn
xaxoro noxa n mxy noxamn cymcrnymr mnorooasnt ]ynxnnonantnt
nsanmocnxsn n nsanmosanncnmocrt. 3rn cnxsn oycnannnnamrcx nx mcrom n nnocrno
cryxry rynnt, connnnm n nnx omcrnnntx n nnunocrntx nn n nnoramr
connantno-ncnxonornucxn xaaxrncrnxn us omn xaucrna, xorot noxnnxmrcx
us xaxym ns nocryxry. cnxonornucxax cryxrya mano rynnt xax xonnxrnna
axryannsnyrcx n annsyrcx rontxo xnsnn n xrntnocrn.
145
6.8. K
4
cnonntm ycnonnm nx nosnnxnonnnx mxnnunocrntx ornomnn ntcrynar
conmcrnax xrntnocrt. r onnxr n rontxo nnoccrnnnax cnmnarnx yr x
yry, no n ornomnnx, cnxsannt c ntnonnnnm saann, xorot nnocxrcx nsocntmn,
uro cranonnrcx oconno samrntm n cramnx rynnax rcxoro caa. nocrnax cncrma
ornomnn co cno cocrnnno cryxryo n nnamnxo asnnrnx naunnar
cxnatnartcx n xo nosnnxnonnnx onno nrt, ro crt n nymm nn xrntnocrn
omxontnnxa. o m asnnrnx nc on samrntmn cranonxrcx cryxrynt
xomnonnrt mxnnunocrntx ornomnn, nxnmuammn n cx ]ynxnnonantno-onnt,
+monnonantno-onnount n nnunocrno-cmtcnont ornomnnx (. . roncxn, 1982),
xorot nocrnnno naunnamr ntnonnxrt ont rynxroon no nsanmoornomnnxx c
nmtmn.
GH(*"($+(>-$')' (L'("3 noxnnxmrcx n asnnuntx nnax
xrntnocrn (ryono, yuno, nrono, noyxrnnno n .) n asnoaunnamrcx n xo
ycnonnx nxom nom n cnocoon crnn n rynn no nnoccrnnntm
yxonocrnom n xonronm co croont nsocnoro nnn x n n]omantntx rynnax
camocroxrntno. nn nosnonxmr ornrnrt na nonoct: n xaxo xonxrno conmcrno x-
rntnocrn onn nosnnxamr n uro onn oraxamr?
S0*"($+(>*'(&()' (L'("3 amr nosmoxnocrt nonxrt: coornrcrnyr
nn nonnn r n rynn connantntm nomam? axn +monnn ono ntstnar? uro
nannrcx nnn n nannrcx nm n cncrnnxax? cnonnax ]ynxnnx +monnonantno-onnountx
ornomnn n rcxo n noocrxono rynn ocymcrnnnn xoxnnn nonnnx
cncrnnxa n coornrcrnnn c nnnxrtmn nomamn conmcrno xrntnocrn.
"&(!(>!0)!$)' (L'("3 +ro nsanmocnxsn n rynn, nn xorotx
mornn onoro nxa nnorar nx yrnx cncrnnxon nnunocrnt cmtcn, snaunn
nx mnx. n +rom yuacrnnxn conmcrno xrntnocrn naunnamr nxnnart
nnrct n nnnocrn +roro nxa xax cnon cocrnnnt, an xorotx onn, nnnnmax
asnnunt connantnt onn, crnymr.
o crt, nxnmuaxct n asnnunt nnt xrntnocrn n ntnonnxx coornrcrnymmn
onn, rn n noocrxn n rontxo nosnamr mn nsocntx, no n nx ncro yuarcx
nsanmocrnonart c nmtmn, ocnannax raxnm oasom nomt unonucxnx ornomnn.
axnmnm ]axroom ]omnonannx nnunocrn nxa, nxnmunnoro n
mxnnunocrnt ornomnnx, xnnxrcx xrntnocrno onoconann, ntcrynamm xax
crnmynnymmn nnsnax xonnxrnna. cnonntmn onocymmnmn ]axroamn
mxnnunocrntx ornomnn ntcrynamr:
]oma orannsannn conmcrno xrntnocrn r. um ntm crnnt
conmcrnmocrn xrntnocrn r n rynn, rm nnrncnnn norxamr n n noncct
xonnxrnnooasonannx, nt]n noxnnxmrcx ornomnnx nsanmno cornaconannocrn,
corynnucrna;
mornnannx conmcrno xrntnocrn r, ntcrynammax n nn
ornnarntnoro nnn nonoxnrntnoro noyxnnx, crnmynnonannx-naxasannx nnn narat
unnon rynnt sa ycnxn n nyaun conmcrno xrntnocrn;
coxarntnt xaaxrncrnxn conmcrno xrntnocrn ro, an uro, no
nmx xaxnx nnnocr ona conmarcx.
o ]om orannsannn conmcrnym xrntnocrt noasnxmr: na
rnamnrnonannym n nrnamnrnonannym.
'%$0'("-((3 !0'!(3 /'3'$+(!+ +ro xrntnocrt r n
rcxnx caax, mxonax, nmnntx rcxnx xonnxrnnax no camoocnyxnnannm, n
ntnonnnnn nocnntntx ]om omcrnnno nonsnoro rya, noyxrnnno conmcrno
xrntnocrn, ncrannxmm coo rnoucxym axrnnnocrt n xyoxcrnnno-
nsoasnrntno, rxnnucxo n xoncryxrnnno xnsnxrntnocrn omcrna. c nnt
rnamnrnonanno xrntnocrn n snaunrntno crnnn saamrcx, xonronnymrcx n
onnnnamrcx nsocntmn.
'-'%$0'("-((3 !0'!(3 /'3'$+(!+ +ro rnoucrno camnx r.
146
n ornocxr nronym xrntnocrt n camoxrntnym orannsannm c]t ocyra n
omnnx.
cnonntmn nnsnaxamn conmcrno xrntnocrn xnnxmrcx:
nncrno ncx unnon rynnt no mcry, nmnn n crnnm;
connann nnnnnyantntx nn c rynnono nntm, nno rynnonax nnt
cranonnrcx nntm xaxoro unna rynnt;
nannun cnxs, nsanmosanncnmocrn n noncc xrntnocrn;
nannun conmcrntx nxnnann, naroax xorotm n rcxo rynn ocoo cnnt
ocrnramr connantno-ncnxonornucxn +]]xrt noaxannx nsocntm n cncrnnxam,
ynoonnn cx nm n nx c.
onmcrnax xrntnocrt n amo]nax antnocrt, ona onaar cno nnamnxo.
+ro cnxsn ntnxmr ncxontxo +ranon, xorot ona noxonr n cnom asnnrnn.
nt +ran 0$/'(&'!. +rom nno nosnnxar +monnonantnax
conmcrnmocrt n na nsocntnox. cnn nsocnt c nxom n omarcx n n
nsanmocrnyr, y nro nosnnxar raxo xnnnn, xax rocnnrannsm saxxa
ncnxnucxoro n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx. conno uacro +ro nanmarcx n saxtrtx
rcxnx yuxnnxx omax nxa. 3monnonantno x rnnt ornomnnx nsocnoro c
nxom nnnoxr ro x nonoxnrntno oxamnnomy nocnnxrnm mna,
sannrconannocrn x cncrnnxy n yrnm nmxm.
roax cranx -((", /L$+(), 1-!. xrntnocrt r +roro
nosacra n rynn oasyr nnmt ]omantno nncrno no mcry, nmnn n crnnm.
orx sct samrn xxo ntaxnnt +monnonantnt ]on, n raxo rynn xrntnocrt
norxar naannntno, xom, no n nmcr. 3ro cranx ncorynnucrna co cncr-
nnxamn.
rtx cranx asnnrnx conmcrno xrntnocrn !-'/(", /L$+(),
1-!. +rom nosacr noxnnxrcx conmcrno crnn mxy rtmn, no ono noxa m
n snaunrntno crnnn ntcrynar mxannucxo cnnxnn crnn. ro x nmx
sct yx noxnnxmrcx +nmnrt corynnucrna, xorot noxnnxmrcx n ycranonnnnn
xonraxron co cncrnnxamn, n onnnnn r na ocnon nsanmnoro nnrca x nr, n
noxnnnnn nsnarntnoro ornomnnx cnmnarn-anrnnarn. nxa oxarcx
cyxrnnno ornomnn x cncrnnxy xax x narny no conmcrno xrntnocrn, s
xorooro nrart nnnrcno.
urnrax cranx asnnrnx !-L", /L$+(), " 0$/L", L$+(),
1-!. a +ro crann noxnnxmrcx nrammn xonnxrnnt, n xorotx cymcrnyr
omnocrt ronann, cornaconannocrt crnn, nncrno omcrnnnoro mnnnx no
nonoy rx nnn nntx acnxron corynnucrna n nr. nox n cnonx nsanmoornomnnxx
co cncrnnxamn naunnar nnnnmart no nnnmann nx nnrct n n x cnyuan
yxonocrnonartcx onnxo nx nancrnnntx xaucrn.
xrax cranx nnxonrcx na C/-!), 1-!. omnymmaxcx xrntnocrt
n +rom nosacr nnorar xaaxr asnnroro corynnucrna na ocnon
camocroxrntno nocranonxn nnn xrntnocrn, ntaorxn nnana, om accranonxn
cnn n nnocxnmnnn syntraron. +rom nosacr orurnnno noxnnxrcx nnrc x
nnyrnnmy mny unonxa, noncxonr orxtrn , ycranannnnamrcx ornomnnx
anncrna nan n oxsannocr unnon rynnt.
Bcrax cranx Q(L'!", 1-!. ontmarcx connantnax snaunmocrt nn
n coxannx conmcrno xrntnocrn, acmnxrcx xyroso mnom n nymx,
nornocrt n camontaxnnn. axcnmantno ntaxnnax n +rom nosacr nornocrt n
omnnn annsyrcx n asnnuntx n]omantntx rynnax. x nanannnnocrt, xax na-
nnno, nocnr noconnantnt xaaxr, no nnora moxr nnnnmart acconnantnym n ax
anrnconnantnym oxamnnocrt, uro moxr nnnonrt x rynnontm nanonaymnnxm.
snarntno ornomnn unonxa x yrnm nmxm, cocrannxmm ocnony
mxnnunocrntx ornomnn, nosnnxar na camtx annnx cranxx onrornsa. cnn nyx-
rxmcxunt mnann moxr nonoxnrntno arnonart na nmoro nsocnoro, ro c 45
mcxnn noxnnxrcx nsnarntno ornomnn, nosnnxar nnax ]ynamnrantnax
n]]nnnannx na cnonx n uyxnx. oxnnnn annoro ]nomna nooxar x
147
xnnnn, nocxmnx xaaxr omnx connantno-ncnxonornucxnx saxonomnocr n
noxnnxmmnxcx n mxnnunocrntx nsanmoornomnnxx na ncx nosacrntx +ranax.
uncn raxnx omnx saxonomnocr ntcrynamr:
1. H!(3 !-HH- %-HCC). onoxnn cyxra n cncrm mxnnunocrntx
ornomnn, onnxmm ro nana, oconnocrn n nnnnnrnn, onnxrcx nonxrnm
craryc. H! noxasarnt connantno-ncnxnucxnx cnocrn nnunocrn xax oxra
xommynnxannn n rynn, ]nxcnymmn nosnnnm n nnnunny ncrnxa unonxa n ro
omnnn c yrnmn nmtmn. a nmom nosacrnom +ran n rynn ncra crt nmn,
xorot nontsymrcx acnonoxnnm yrnx, n crt nmn, xorot n nontsymrcx
cnmnarn cncrnnxon nnn ntstnammn anrnnarnm, cnny uro onn oxastnamrcx n
cnooasno ncnxonornucxo nsonxnnn.
2. nymmax omax saxonomnocrt, noxnnxmmaxcx n mxnnunocrntx
ornomnnxx, 1"0!31+ '-3(!(% #-'- ).- &'$' !
H!,&"!+Q '% (L'(", ('0H. yrt +ro saxonomnocrn cocronr n rom, uro
noxrnocrt ntoa sanncnr or crnnn ycrounnocrn nonoxnrntnoro +monnonantnoro
ornomnnx unonxa x unonxy. ryxryno nnnn nsanmoornomnn n rynn
ntcrynamr xyrn xnamoro omnnx. tnxmr na xyra raxoro omnnx.
nt xyr xnamoro omnnx cocrannxmr cncrnnxn (14 unonxa), x
xorotm nox nnn noocrox ncntrtnar nanon ycrounnym cnmnarnm. o nroo
xyr xnamoro omnnx (ro om 68 cncrnnxon) nxoxr unnt rynnt,
noxrnocrt ntoa xorotx naxonrcx na nroom mcr.
mcr c rm nao nmrt n nny, uro xyrn xnamoro omnnx ncrannxmr coo
cryxrynt nnnnt nsanmoornomnn, a n noncca omnnx. ryxryno nnnn
nanmamoro omnnx xnnxrcx rynnnonxa. narornucxo rouxn snnx xnarntna
cnryannx, nn xoroo xonnxrnn cocronr ns cncrnnxon, nsanmno nxoxmnx n xyr
xnamoro omnnx yr c yrom.
3. nnm ns omnx ]axroon nosnrnnnoro omnnx nx ncx nosacrntx rynn
ntcrynar !H.N'"(3 "(I-0"-((!+ $"&(!", no xoroo nonnmarcx
cnoconocrt onoro unonxa trt ncrounnxom xornnrnnno nnn +monnonantno
nn]omannn nx yroro.
osnann n nxnnann unonxom na ocnon nasnanno nn]omnonannocrn
ount cnntno nnnxmr na asnnunt naamrt mxnnunocrntx ornomnn. xo
cnnnantntx nccnonann ycranonnno, uro ncntrymt ncx nosacrntx rynn
onayxnnamr rnnnnm x nonnx cnoro nonoxnnx n rynn. s omro uncna
nsyunntx oxono 70 nonnron nmmr ntcoxn yonnt nnrxsann cnoro nonoxnnx n
cncrm mxnnunocrntx ornomnn. yx ncro ocosnarcx nonoxnn ncnxonornucxo
nsonxnnn. txnnno, uro nmn, xorot oxrnnno naxoxrcx n nyonnrnonrntnom
nonoxnnn n rynn, nonnnnamr cno nonoxnn.
annom cnyua mt cranxnnamcx c crnnm ncnxonornucxo samnrt, xoroax
ncrannxr coo cnooasno ntrcnnn mtcnn o nyonnrnonrntnom nonoxnnn,
cnocono ntsnart nnyrnnn xon]nnxr, nocxontxy ona cranxnnarcx c ntcoxnm yonnm
nnrxsannx n +ro onacrn. unnt x rynnt, xorot naxoxrcx n naronnxrnom
nonoxnnn, nmmr rnnnnm noonnnnart cno mcro n rynn. nayxnno xnnnn
tno nasnano I'(0'(0 ('/'(!" !1(("3.
asnannt ntm saxonomnocrn, oxcnxmmn nxorot oconnocrn
mxnnunocrntx ornomnn, xaaxrnt n rontxo nx nomantnoro asnnnammrocx
nxa n noocrxa, no n nx r, nmmmnx orannunnt nosmoxnocrn.
accmornm na nnm raxoro ]xra, xax cnnora, xaxnm oasom +rn nsmnnnx
noxnnxmrcx n oraxamrcx na mxnnunocrntx ornomnnxx r n noocrxon,
norxnmnx snn.
ax nsncrno, onnm ns naxnmnx noynrn x ycranonnnnm mxnnunocrntx
ornomnn ntcrynamr nnnrnnnt nornocrn, noxnnxmmncx noonnmom
crmnnnn x nocnnxrnm oxyxammro mna. r, norxnmnx snn, nn
cnonrannom asnnrnn ]omnonann +rnx nornocr saromaxnnarcx, a na nno
mcro ntcrynamr orannucxn nornocrn, xax nanon nrxo yonnrnoxmt.
148
oasnnrn nnnrnnno nornocrn n nosnanarntntx nnrcon oycnonnno raxx
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn yrnx anannsarontx cncrm. ocrynammax or nnx
nn]omannx, nmmmax cnrnantno snaunn (snyxonax, rmantnax, mxannucxax n .), n
moxr nosmcrnrt yma, nanocnmoro nonntm nnn uacrnuntm ntxnmunnm snrntntx
]ynxnn, rax xax raxrnntno-xnncrsnucxax cncrma snaunrntno ycrynar snrntno.
uncn yrnx nnunn cnnxnnx nosnanarntno axrnnnocrn y cnntx moxno
nasnart: noasnnrn nantxon ocxsarntnoro n nnsyantnoro ocnonannx, ornnarntnt
+monnonantnt cocroxnnx (nccnnnt nacronnx, crcct, ]ycrannn),
naxnarnym camoonnxy n ycranonxy no ornomnnm x c n cnomy ]xry, x sxunm
nmxm n x asnnuntm nnam xrntnocrn.
norn nuncnnnt nnunnt, n nosnonxmmn cnntm axrnnno ncrynart n
connantnt xonraxrt, nooxnt sarxxntmn nccnnntmn cocroxnnxmn,
nosnnxammnmn n syntrar ocosnannx cnoro ]xra n ro nocncrnn, n
noxnnxmmnmcx xomnnxcom nnonnonnnocrn.
tnxmr urt rnna nonnnx, nosnnxammro nnoccrnnno nocn yrart
snnx n mxontnom nosacr:
1) snnuno-nxnt, nnrntno ntnammn n nccnnnom cocroxnnn, n
nnnnmammn nnxaxnx ycnnn nx noccranonnnnx cnoro nonoxnnx n omcrn;
2) accynrntno-nonno rnn, nanannxmmn ycnnnx na noonnn ]xra;
3) xonracrnt, nx xorooro xaaxrna rnyoxax nccnx, cmnxmmaxcx
monnnsann cnn na oty c ]xrom;
4) nycrounnt, xaaxrnsymmncx rynxntmn cmnamn nccnnnoro n
onrnmncrnucxoro nacronnx.
ax nnnm, na nyrn ycranonnnnx nxom nnn noocrxom, nmmmnm ]xr
snnx, nomantntx mxnnunocrntx ornomnn cronr ount mnoro nnyrnnnx n
nnmnnx nnxrcrnn, xorot ncronr noonrt my n noncc connantno
annnrannn conmcrno c nsocntmn. nanns nnamnxn ycranonnnnx mxnnunocrntx
ornomnn n rynnax, r nmmrcx nmn c naymnnm snnx, noxastnar, uro n nx
asnnrnn nanmamrcx cnon cnnn]nucxn oconnocrn.
nonauantno, n omxontnom n mnamm mxontnom nosacr, mxnnunocrnt
ornomnnx mxy cnntmn n cnaonnxmnmn cxnatnamrcx n rynnax cnooasno n
oxastnamrcx sanncnmtmn or cocroxnnx snnx. num n nanon nnaronnxrnom
crarycnom nonoxnnn oxastnamrcx rorantno cnnt. 3ro oxcnxrcx nx mntm
monntnocrtm n axrnnnocrtm, mntm xommynnxarnnnocrtm n noxnnxrcx n rom, uro
onn nonyuamr nanmntm uncno ntoon, oxastnaxct n nonoxnnn ornramtx n
nsonnonanntx.
cnm n cramm mxontnom nosacr sanncnmocrn mxnnunocrntx ornomnn
or cocroxnnx snnx yx n nanmarcx, uro moxno oxcnnrt, no-nntx, ornocnrntno
onoonocrtm xonnxrnna (y ncx mxontnnxon nmrcx naronornx snnx) n, no-nrotx,
rm, uro n +ro nmx nsmnxmrcx nnnocrnt onnrannn n na nnt nnan nn nto
nnon ntcrynamr moantno-nonnt n nnrnnxryantnt xaucrna unnon xonnxrnna.
onnantno-ncnxonornucxn nocncrnnx ]xron snnx noxnnxmrcx nanon
orurnnno, xora nnnannt no snnm nnnt nonaamr n cmmannt xonnxrnn, r
yuarcx cnnt n sxun. nnt, xax nannno, yxoxr or xonraxron co sxunmn, cranonxrcx
samxnyrtmn, onnrnonanntmn na cno nnyrnnn mn. nosmoxnocrt nnn ora-
nnunnocrt nnsyantnoro nocnnxrnx sauacrym n ar cnnomy ocrarounoro snannx o
narn no omnnm. 3ro moxr ycyrynxrtcx naxnarntmn ycranonxamn sxunx x
cnntm, oycnonnnntmn xocmrnucxnmn ]xramn nocnnnx, nsnannm nx
ncnxonornucxnx oconnocr, nnonnmannm.
n nanxam nocnnrarntno n connantno-annnrannonno aor
cnnn]nucxn oconnocrn rynn, n xorot nxnmuamrcx cnnt, orcrynamr na sann
nnan, ycrynax mcro omncnxonornucxnm n connantntm saxonomnocrxm ]omnonannx
xonnxrnna. syntrar raxo xonnxrnn moxr ocrnut camoro ntcoxoro yonnx
asnnrnx, a nnnann no snnm ocymcrnnxrt n nm ]ynxnnm nna.
rax, mxnnunocrnt ornomnnx r n noocrxon, xax cyxrnnno
149
nxnnamt cnxsn, ycranannnnammncx mxy nnmn n xo conmcrno xrntnocrn n
omnnx, ncrannxmr coo cncrmy ncnonnxmtx on, ycranonox, onnrannn,
oxnann, us xorot rn n noocrxn yuarcx nocnnnnmart n onnnnart yr yra.
o+romy noxonmo noxnnxrt saory n rontxo o nxnmunnn nxa c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn n cncrmy mxnnunocrntx ornomnn, no n o ocnunnn ro
cocrnnno nnyrnn axrnnnocrn. axno nanannrt na asnnrn coxanntx
anannsaroon, ntaorxy cnrnantntx asaxnrn, cnocontx samnnrt yraunnt, na
asnnrn nosnanarntntx nornocr, ]omnonann nonoxnrntno mornnannn n
ycranonox x yuno, ryono, omcrnnno-nonsno xrntnocrn, omnnm n
mxnnunocrnomy nsanmocrnnm c oxyxammnmn nmtmn.
oxonmo raxx nomnnrt, uro saaua nsocntx nn oxasannn nomomn rxm n
ycranonnnnn nomantntx mxnnunocrntx ornomnnn nnnanannnno cosanart
raxym cnryannm asnnrnx, n xoroo nx connantno camouyncrnn tno t nocroxnno
oxamno +monnonantno nonoxnrntntmn nxnnannxmn, urot y nnx omnnnonano
xoom nacronn, uro xan noxonmo nx +]]xrnnnoro ncnxnucxoro n
nnunocrnoro asnnrnx nxa.
6.7. 4
4\ G

ax yx nouxnnanoct, rmnnanro asnnrnx nnunocrn nxa n noocrxa
xnnxrcx xrntnocrno-onoconannt rnn nsanmoornomnn, xorot cxnatnarcx y
unonxa c nanon ]nrno (snaunmo nx nro) rynno nnn rynnamn. 3rn
ornomnnx onocymrcx coxannm n xaaxrom xrntnocrn, xorot saar +ra -
]nrnax rynna. um coxarntn n nnnnxarntn nx nxa xrntnocrt
rynnt, rm nocnnrarntno noscrnn na nro cnntn. o crt asnnrn rynnt
ntcrynar n ]axroom asnnrnx nnunocrn.
s +roro cnyr, uro n connantno-annnrannonno naxrnx noxonmo
saornrtcx n rontxo o xonxrnom nx, no n o asnnrnn rynnt, cosanax rm camtm
nyumn ycnonnx n nx ]omnonannx nnunocrn xaxoro nxa, nxoxmro n +ry rynny.
nx nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn ]nrntmn rynnamn cranonxrcx,
xax nannno, rynnt unncrna, ro crt r rynnt, n xorot on nxnmuarcx cnauana c
nomomtm nsocntx, a sarm, no m nsocnnnx, n camocroxrntno. axnmn rynnamn nx
nro moryr trt: nront rynnt n rynnt omnnx, rynnt r n rcxom cay nnn n
annnrannonnom yuxnnn, yunt rynnt n omoasonarntno nnn
cnnnannsnonanno mxon n r. .
rcxax rynna, n xoroym nxnmuarcx nox c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn
xnsnxrntnocrn, n amo]no oasonann, a xnno connantnt orannsm, xorot
noxonr n cnom cranonnnnn onnnnt +rant asnnrnx. o m nxnmunnx r n
asnnunt nnt nrono, yuno, ryono n omcrnnno-nonsno xrntnocrn n ac-
mnnnx c] nx nsanmocrnnx xax nnyrn rynnt, rax n nn rynna naunnar
]ynxnnonnonart n nocro xax rcxax rynna, a xax xaucrnnno nono oasonann
cyxr xrntnocrn n omnnx. na nnamarcx n rcxn nocnnrtnammn xonnxrnn,
onaammn nosmoxnocrxmn ycnnnnart +]]xrnnnocrt nocnnrarntnoro noscrnnx.
yxrnocrt rynnt +ro connantno-ncnxonornucxax xaaxrncrnxa,
onnxmmax rynny xax nocnrnx axrnnnocrn, cnocono crnonart nnnanannnno
na unnon n na noasonann oxyxamm crnnrntnocrn. yxrnocrt rynnt
ntcrynar n asnnuntx acnxrax n sanncnr or nn no nmx uro ona tna
c]omnonana. ax, cnn rynna cnoxnnact, nx roro urot n n rn nmcr nononnn
nmx, omannct, nrann n r. ., ro rynna ntcrynar xax cyxr omnnx n nosnannx.
cnn x rynna cosana nx roro, urot ocymcrnnxrt yunym xrntnocrt nnn
x c nntm annnrannn r, ro n annom cnyua cyxrnocrt rynnt moxr
ntcrynart n nyx nsanmocnxsanntx acnxrax: rynna xax cyxr yuno-nosnanarntno
nnn x annnrannonno xrntnocrn n rynna xax cyxr omnnx. asnannt
xomnonnrt cyxrnocrn rynnt ntcrynamr xax nno nno n rcno nsanmocnxsn n
150
nsanmooycnonnnnocrn mxy coo.
mcr c rm yonnt asnnrnx roro nnn nnoro xomnonnra moxr trt asnnuntm.
annm, cnn n yuno rynn nonaamr nnn ocnonno xrntnocrn, no nmx
uro ona tna cosana, ro rynna ntcrynar xax cyxr yuno xrntnocrn. cnn x n
n santmarcx ont omnnx, a yunax xrntnocrt yxonr na nroo nnan, ro rynna
nnamarcx n cyxr omnnx, uro n xonunom nror ornnarntno cxastnarcx xax na
yonn asnnrnx rynnt n nnom, rax n na xaxom unn n orntnocrn.
nx roro urot rcxax rynna nnarnnact n cyxr xrntnocrn n
nocnnrarntnoro noscrnnx, noxonmt cnymmn ycnonnx:
1. ynna onxna urxo onnnrt nmr n nnt cno xonnxrnnno
xrntnocrn. annun +rnx xomnonnron nnonarar nnocxnmnn syntrara
xrntnocrn, onnnn cnocoon orannsannn nnyrnrynnono axrnnnocrn n
cnnn]nxn mxnnunocrnoro nsanmocrnnx, ]om xonronx crnn orntntx
nnnnnon n rynnt n nnom.
2. ynna onxna onaart ntcoxnm yonnm cnnounnocrn nnn nnnocrno-
onnrannonnoro nncrna. xaucrn noxasarnx rynnono cnnounnocrn ntcrynar
crnnt connannx mnnn, onnox, ycranonox, nosnnn unnon rynnt no ornomnnm x
nmry xrntnocrn. tcoxax crnnt rynnono cnnounnocrn cosarcx n n
syntrar xommynnxarnnno naxrnxn rynnt, a xnnxrcx cncrnnm axrnnno
conmcrno rynnono xrntnocrn, nmmm omcrnnno nonsnt xaaxr.
3. xrntnocrt rynnt onxna trt onoconana nntm nnnocrntm
coxannm nmra conmcrno xrntnocrn. connantno ncnxonornn onnxrcx
xax nmrno-nnnocrno nncrno rynnt (. . onnon). mrno-nnnocrno
nncrno rynnt n xnnxrcx cnyuantm connannm nnnnnyantntx nnnocrntx
ycrmnnn, ono noxnnxrcx n onnrannn na saxont n nomt oxrnnntx omcrnn-
ntx ornomnn, xorot n noncc nsanmocrnnx r yr c yrom cranonxrcx rm
camtm saxonamn n nomamn xrntnocrn cocrannxmmnx xonnxrnn nnnnnon.
xnmunn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n mxnnunocrnt ornomnnx
n rynn ncrannxr my antnt ycnonnx nx annsannn nornocrn trt
nnunocrtm n cnoconocrn crart nnunocrtm. axnmnm mxannsmom annsannn +rnx
nornocr xnnxrcx noncc camoyrnxnnx, ornnx nxom onnnnoro
craryca (ncrnxa) n rynn. annt mxannsm naunnar ]ynxnnonnonart c camoro
nauana ycranonnnnx xonraxron c yrnmn rtmn, nnum, urot camoyrnnrtcx
nxy n nono rynn, my nao nc naunnart cnauana. nornnt nxom craryc
nnsnarcx rontxo unnamn ro rynnt, n xoroo on ro nnon, n yro rynn on
moxr trt conmnno nntm.
amoyrnxnn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n rynn r moxr
noxonrt n onnx cnyuaxx narononyuno, n yrnx c cymcrnnntmn ocnoxnnnxmn.
nunnt raxoro nonoxnnx asnnunt. nn moryr nmrt xax oxrnnnt, rax n
cyxrnnnt xaaxr. cyxrnnntm ]axroom ornocxrcx nnnnnyantnt
oconnocrn, noxnnxmmncx n urax xaaxra, rmnamnr, n ntaxnnocrn n rx-
xcrn ]xra asnnrnx n r. . oxrnnntm nosacrnt oconnocrn, yonnt
asnnrnx rynnt, n xoroym nxnmuarcx nox, cnoxnnmaxcx n n cncrma
mxnnunocrntx ornomnn, nocnnrannocrt unnon rynnt n .
noncc camoyrnxnnx nasnannt ]axrot moryr nonoxnrntno nnn
ornnarntno nnnxrt na ]omnonann y nxa rx nnn nntx nnunocrntx xaucrn. cnn
nox n rynn xnam, yrn unnt rynnt c nnm crmxrcx nsanmocrnonart, trt
nmcr, ro nosnnxamr antnt nosmoxnocrn nx ]omnonannx raxnx xaucrn nnunocrn,
xax uyncrno cocrnnnoro ocronncrna, ynnnocrn n cnonx cnnax, nnrnunocrn c
yrnmn rtmn.
rmxct camoyrnnrtcx n rynn, nox cranonnrcx on axrnnntm. urot
trt nnnxrtm rtmn, my sauacrym nnxonrcx cxnnart cnon xnannx,
ncrannart cno nonnn. annm, rn nramr n marasnn. a ont noanna
nrnyr ncxontxo unonx, a noann nyxn rontxo onn. cnn onn n oronoxrcx o
rom, xro yr ns nnx noannom, ro nra nxarnrcx, uro nntsx onycrnrt, noromy uro
151
ncm rxm ount xourcx nrart. syntrar onn ntnyxnt orxasartcx or cnonx
xnann n nmcro onn noanna nnnxrt yrym ont ont noxynarnx. axn
cnryannn n xnsnn r ncruamrcx nocroxnno. nnx rn n rontxo nnoramr
nantxn omnnx n yuarcx nsanmocrnonart yr c yrom, no n ononmnno
]omnymr nnunocrnt xaucrna, noxonmt nm n yrnx xnsnnntx ycnonnxx.
o m asnnrnx nxa nornocrt n connantnom ncrnx nosacrar.
conno +ro samrno y noocrxon: x xonny nxonoro nosacra ona cranonnrcx ono
ns ocnonntx n nymnx nornocr. o nmx ocrnxnnx ncrnxa n rynn noocrox
cnocon nnrnyrt x nmtm ccrnam. my ocrannxr yonontcrnn or ocosnannx roro,
uro ro nnsnamr xax nnunocrt.
xo or rcrna n cocroxnn nsocnoro unonxa xaaxrnsyrcx noxnnnnm n
raxnx nornocr, xax nornocrt trt camocroxrntntm n cnoontm. nx noocrxa
oxrnnno noxonma raxax connantnax cnryannx, nn xoroo on yr sannmart on
ntcoxo nonoxnn, um nox, uro nosnonnr my nnarnrtcx n nonnonnnym
nnunocrt. cnn x on nonaar n cnryannm, r c nnm n cunramrcx, ornnmamr y nro
nnunym cnooy, ro y nro nosnnxar nnyrnnxx nanxxnnocrt n on roron ntrn ns +ro
cnryannn n narn raxym, r ro nnsnanann t nonnonnntm unnom. oocrox n
moxr ncntrtnart yonnrnonnx, cnn na xaxt nocrynox ntnyxn nonyuart as-
mnn or yrnx. noocrxontx rynnax, xax nannno, ycranannnnamrcx ornomnnx
anncrna, uro nx nnx xnnxrcx nnnnxarntntm.
nx r n noocrxon c orannunnxmn xnsnxrntnocrn noncc
camoyrnxnnx n rynnax tnar cnoxntm, oconno n nnrrnonanntx rynnax. nn
n ncra n n nc camocroxrntno moryr annsonart annym nornocrt. nonmnnax
nomomt nsocntx n camoyrnxnnn nxa n rynnax nomoxr nm nnocrn
noxonmt xaucrna nx asnnrnx nonnonnno nnunocrn.
a ]omnonann mnornx cnocrn nnunocrn n ycnonnxx naxoxnnx nxa n
rynn oxastnamr raxn mxannsmt connantno-ncnxonornucxoro noscrnnx, xax
noaxann n saaxnn.
/-2("' +ro connantno-ncnxonornucxo xnnnn, saxnmuammcx n
nnonsnontnom, a nnora n n cosnarntnom xonnonannn uyxnx crnn, ]om
nonnnx, nnnxrnn uyxnx connantntx nnnocr n r.. oaxann, xax mxannsm
noscrnnx, ncruarcx na ncx nosacrntx crynnxx asnnrnx unonxa, onaxo xaxo
ns nnx nncymn cnon cnnn]nucxn oconnocrn. mnanucxom nosacr rn
noaxamr nnxnnxm n snyxam ronoca nsocnoro, ntraxct rm camtm ycranonnrt
cnooasnt xonraxr co nsocntm.
oaxann n omxontnom rcrn +ro nyrt osnaxomnnnx nxa c rm, um
sannmamrcx nsocnt n nx cncrnnxn. oaxann nx nxa n +ror nno nmr
ocoo snaunn. occrnom noaxannx rn ycnannamr n conmncrnymr cnom ut,
asnnnamr nnxnn yx, nnnmamr nomt n nannna nonnnx. tuno noaxann y
r noncxonr nocosnanno. max rnnnnx sct raxona: um cram nox, rm
on mntm noaxar.
oaxann n noocrxonom nosacr nanannno na nnmnmm, a nnora n na
nnyrnnmm nnrn]nxannm noocrxa c nxoroo snaunmo nx cx nnunocrtm.
oaxann, xax mxannsm noscrnnx, nx orntno xarronn r c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn nmr nnxoxm snaunn. xrom noaxannx nxa n noocrxa
moryr crart onrnn, cncrnnxn, nocnnrarnn, ron ]nntmon, xnnr n r. . coo mcro
mxannsm noaxannx sannmar y r c orannucxnm noaxnnm nnno cncrmt,
ymcrnnno orcrantx, nmmmnx ]xrt un, c naronorn cnyxa n nxorotx yrnx.
oaxann moxr oxastnart xax nonoxnrntno, rax n ornnarntno nnnxnn na
asnnrn rx nnn nntx xaucrn nnunocrn n nom nonnnx. rcma cnnnanncr no
connantno annnrannn onxn cosart raxn ycnonnx, urot y r tna nosmoxnocrt
noaxart connantno nnmnmtm oasnam nonnnx, oxastnammnm nanon
nonoxnrntno nnnxnn na ]omnonann nnunocrntx xaucrn y xaxoro nxa.
-2'("' +ro mxannsm noscrnnx, ncrannxmmn coo nauy
onnnnoro +monnonantno-ncnxnucxoro nacrox onoro unonxa na yrnx nm nnn
152
naooor. aaxnn ocnonano na annnxnnn x +monnonantno-ccosnarntno c]
unonxa. noncc saaxnnx noncxonr nsanmonnnxnn +monn, nacronn n uyncrn.
unonx moxr saasnrtcx cmxom, nannxo, asaxnnm. aaxnn cocroxnnm
yroro unonxa noncxonr no ncx nnax rynnono xrntnocrn nn ycnonnn
nosnnxnonnnx +monnonantnoro nncrna c yrnmn unnamn rynnt. aaxnn n
noaxann ycnnnnamr +monnonantno noscrnn nm yr na yra, um cosarcx
ycrounno cocroxnn conxnnannx, +monnonantno-nonno axrnnnocrn.
sanmoornomnnx mxy rtmn, cxnatnammncx n syntrar nx nxnmunnx n
asnnunt rynnt, cnooasno nnnramrcx y onoro n roro x nxa. nn moryr
trt: nnunt n nont, nnnnnyantnt n rynnont, annonannt n nannonannt,
nornnounnt n xon]nnxrnt. axt rnn ornomnn nmr cnon nnonronmt
oconnocrn n cnooasno oraxarcx na ncnxnucxom n nnunocrnom asnnrnn unonxa.
a mxnnunocrnt ornomnnx n rynn nnnxr nacronn r, mornnt nx
nonnnx, ycranonxn. nntno nnnxnn na ]omnonann xaaxronornucxnx cnocrn y
nxa oxastnar raxo connantno-ncnxonornucxn ]nomn, nosnnxammn n noncc
mxnnunocrntx ornomnn, xax xon]omnsm.
(I-0"10 (or . noont, cooasnt) +ro nncnoconnucrno,
orcyrcrnn cocrnnno nosnnnn n cnno noaxann oasny, onaammmy nanontm
cnno annnnx. on]omnocrt noxnnxrcx n ycnonnn rynnontx nom, nnnocr,
nnnxrnn nnonauantno n asnxmmcx nosnnnn ontmnncrna. a ccosnarntnom
yonn annsyrcx n nn raxnx cnocrn nnnnna, xax nnymamocrt, cnoconocrt n
nornocrt n sanmcrnonannn ]om nonnnx n r..
on]omnocrt asnnuamr nnmnmm (nynnunym) n nnyrnnmm (nnunym). n
ncm nx asnnunn o ]omt xon]omnocrn nnsxn n rom, uro unonx, naxoxmncx n
sanncnmocrn or rynnt, ntnyxn ncxart nonnnnoro nnn mnnmoro nncrna n
nocrannart cno nonnn x rm ]omam n coxannm, c xorotmn on n cornacn.
asnonnnocrtm xon]omnsma ntcrynar ('%""10 T(((I-0"10M
crmnnn nxa nnn noocrxa nnmnno ntcrynart nornn nosnnnn
rocnocrnymmro ontmnncrna, nmo nno n no ncx cnyuaxx yrnxart
nornnononoxnym rouxy snnx. on]omnsm n nonxon]omnsm +ro nnsxn cnocrna
nnunocrn, ocnonannt na nonoxnrntno nnn ornnarntno nounnnnocrn. o+romy
nonnnm nonxon]omncra moxno ynannxrt rouno rax x, xax n nonnnm
xon]omncra.
ntrnarnno xon]omnocrn n nrarnnnsmy ntcrynar ('1"!"0!+,
ocnonannax na camoonnnnn, na nsnarntnom ornomnnn unonxa x nmtm
nnnxnnxm cocrnnno rynnt. rcma cnyr ornnuart nnooasno nonnn,
asnymmcx na xon]omnocrn, n nonnn, nosnnxamm naroax omnocrn
camocroxrntno c]omnonanntx nsrnxon.
om roro, xon]omnocrt, xax cnoco nonnnx, ornnuarcx or (HL'0!"
nxnrnunoro nnnxrnx uyxo rouxn snnx n nounnnnx (nonnnonnnx) yromy
anronrrnomy nx nro unonxy. ccnonannx noxasann, uro xon]omnocrt n
nnymamocrt n ro nnn nno crnnn nncymn xaxomy unonxy c rcrna n o xonna
xnsnn. o na crnnt nx ntaxnnocrn nnnxmr mnorn ]axrot. on]omnocrt sanncnr
or nnunocrntx xaucrn, nona, nosacra, yonnx camoonnxn, camoynaxnnx, rnoxnocrn,
nnrnnxra, nonoxnnx n rynn n . amt ntcoxn yonnt xon]omnsma nanmarcx
y r, noocrxon n mnom, n, crcrnnno, +ro ount cnntno oraxarcx na
nnunocrnom ocr nxa.
on]omnsm, xax ycranonnno, moxr nrart xax nonoxnrntnym, rax n
ornnarntnym ont. usmno ntaxnnt xon]omnsm acnnnnarcx xax naryno
xnnnn. unonx, n nmx cocrnnntx nsrnxon, ntcrynar manonrxo n uyxnx yxax.
onoxnrntno snaunn xon]omnsma cocronr n rom, uro on ntcrynar xax mxannsm
cnnounnx unonucxnx rynn, mxannsm naun connantnoro nacncrna, xyntryt,
rannn, connantntx oasnon nonnnx n connantntx ycranonox.
xaucrn nnma noxnnnn xon]omnocrn y r nocnontsymcx syntraramn
nccnonann mxnnunocrntx ornomnn n rynnax omxontnnxon, nonnntx . .
153
ontnncom. m tno ycranonnno, uro n nnnunom omxontnom xonnxrnn noncxonr
mnoronnanono n nocroxnno nnnxnn r onnx mnxorynn na yrn. axt nox
n rynn nonaar n cnoxnt nsanmocnxsn n nsanmosanncnmocrn, xorot nocroxnno
nnnxmr (xax nonoxnrntno, rax n ornnarntno) na ro asnnrn. rnomnnx r,
ncruammnxcx n nrono xrntnocrn, croxrcx na ocnon yxonocrnanounnnnx,
crnnt noxnnnnx xorotx asnnuna y asntx r. nn ns nnx noxnnxmr ontmym
axrnnnocrt, nonnocrtm noannxmr nnnnnarnny ocrantntx nrammnx. yrn
naccnnnt, cnno cnymr samtcny ronanm, rrtn n nrnymr na yxonoxmym
ont, no ocrarouno axrnnnt.
a +rom ocnonannn narcx ntno o rom, uro cxnatnammncx ornomnnx mxy
rtmn c asnnuntmn rnnamn ornomnn yxonocrnanounnnnx moryr
nonoxnrntno n ornnarntno nnnxrt na nocnnrann y r nannntntx
nsanmoornomnn. nnnnx r, nosnnxmn na ocnon nonnoro yxonocrna,
oxastnamr nno nnnxnn xax na nounnxmmnx, rax n nounnnntx. nntx n nocnn-
rtnarcx ymnn cornacontnart cnon crnnx c crnnxmn ronanm, cunrartcx c nx
samtcnom. nrotx noannxrcx axrnnnocrt, camocroxrntnocrt, rnoucrno.
nnnnx, croxmncx na ocnon uacrnunoro yxonocrnanounnnnx, cosamr
ycnonnx nx roro, urot cunrartcx c samtcnom ronanm, axrnnnocrt x nx nounnnnoro
nn +rom n noannxrcx. n raxnx onnnnxx cosamrcx naronnxrnt ycnonnx
naun ocnon omunonucxnx xaucrn or axrnnnoro x naccnnnomy nxy.
axnm oasom, snax rnn ornomnn, nocnnrarnt, n naymax cryxryt nrt,
moxr nsmnnrt ro n rm camtm cosanart nanon annonantnt nyrn ncnxonoro-
narornucxoro noscrnnx.
ctma acnocrannno ]omo nnnxnnx n rcxnx xonnxrnnax ntcrynar
C/&"('("'D C"('("' -"'H on cnmnarnunoro cncrnnxa. axnm
anronrrom moxr crart nn rynnt nnn on nsocnt cncrnnx. ornnun or
accmornnoro an xnnnnx xon]omnsma sct annnn ncxonr n or rynnt, a
or onoro unonxa.
noncc nsanmocrnnx na ocnon nounnnnx anronrrnomy cncrnnxy y
nxa nnn noocrxa moryr nosnnxart ncnxonornucxn cocroxnnx n nn nxnnann.
onom cnyua, xora nox asnxr nsrnxt narna no omnnm, +ro moxr trt
uyncrno ornrcrnnnocrn sa conmcrnym xrntnocrt, n yrom uyncrno camoycno-
xonnocrn, rax xax noocrxy ncrannxrcx, uro ornrcrnnnocrt sa nc, uro noxyr
noncxonr, ncr ror, xro naxonrcx na on ntcoxo crynnn naxnn. axax nosnnnx
nnnonr x soronoounomy, nxnrnucxomy nounnnnm anronrry nnna, sannmammro
on ntcoxn connantnt craryc, ax cnn ro crnnx nornnouar ronannxm
nancrnnnocrn.
nrrarnnno coxarntno xaaxrncrnxo, onnxmm camouyncrnn
nxa n rynn, xnnxrcx connantno-ncnxonornucxn xnnmar.
*"$+(>C!"#$%"&'!", $"0 n rcxo rynn oraxar xaaxr
cnoxnnmnxcx ornomnn mxy rtmn, nosnnxmnx na ocnon annsannn nornocr
r, ncnxonornucxo conmcrnmocrn, nnsocrn, cnmnarn n anrnnarn, connannx
nnrcon, xaaxron n cxnonnocr. cnono nonoxnrntnoro xnnmara n rynn cnyxar:
ynaxnrntno ornomnn r yr x yry n nsanmnax nomomt, yonnrnonn nx
nornocr n omnnn, n camontaxnnn, n ncnxonornucxo samnmnnocrn.
onnantno-ncnxonornucxn xnnmar, nosnnxnyn xax syntrar nnoccrnnnoro n
onoconannoro noscrnnx na rynny mnornx oxrnnntx n cyxrnnntx ]axroon,
nocrnnno nnorar ornocnrntnym camocroxrntnocrt n naunnar ]ynxnnonnonart
xax mxannsm xonnxrnnnoro noscrnnx na xrntnocrt n nonnn rynnt, a raxx
xaxoro xonxrnoro nxa, nxoxmro n +ry rynny.
mcr c rm connantno-ncnxonornucxn xnnmar +ro n crarnuno, a
nnamnuno oasonann, ]omnymmcx n noncc ]ynxnnonnonannx rynnt.
nntno nnnxnn na xnnmar n rynn oxastnamr +monnonantnt cocroxnnx, nosnnxammn
n syntrar mxnnunocrnoro nsanmocrnnx r. +monnonantnom nnan nmn
ornnuamrcx yr or yra +monnonantno nosynmocrtm, nnrntnocrtm n ycrounno-
154
crtm +monnonantntx nxnnann, omnnnonannm crnnucxnx nnn acrnnucxnx,
nonoxnrntntx nnn ornnarntntx +monn, nosnnxammnx no nnnxnnm nsmnnnx
ycnonn nsanmocrnnx nnyrn rynnt nnn n oxyxamm c.
o +ro nnunn n rynn moryr nosnnxart crcrnnnt xonannx
+monnonantnoro cocroxnnx, cnat n nomt nacronnx, xorot moryr noncxonrt xax
n runn onoro nx, rax n na norxxnnn nnrntnoro nnoa. nnm ns naxntx
noxasarn connantno-ncnxonornucxoro xnnmara n rynn xnnxmrcx xon]nnxrnt
cnryannn, nosnnxammn mxy rtmn n syntrar cronxnonnnx asntx nosnnn,
xnann, nnrcon n nnnoxmn x naymnnm xonraxron. on]nnxrnocrt n rynn
nrarnnno oraxarcx na ncx croonax xnsnn rcxoro xonnxrnna n nx ncro na
camouyncrnnn r, yuacrnymmnx n xon]nnxr.
axnm x oasom moxno onrtcx, urot rcxn rynnt oxastnann on
+]]xrnnno nonoxnrntno noscrnn na r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n
ycnonnxx nnnxnnx nasnanntx ]axroon?
ymcrnyr ncxontxo raxnx noxoon.
o-nntx, orannsyx n ycnonnxx annnrannonnoro noncca nsanmocrnn
r n rynn, noxonmo yunrtnart nanon snaunmt ]axrot, nnnxmmn na
+monnonantnt nxnnannx xaxoro nxa or ntnannx n rcxo rynn. nnm
ornocxrcx: mornnannx r na ntnann n rynn n omnn co cncrnnxamn,
ycranonxn, mnnnx, +monnonantnt cocroxnnx.
o-nrotx, noxonmo cosanart raxn cnryannn, urot rn or conmcrnoro
ntnannx n rynn nonyuann nonoxnrntnt +monnonantnt nxnnannx,
yonnrnoxnn nornocrt n omnnn n oxnann nontx ncru.
-rrtnx, onnartcx, urot nox, naxoxct n rynn, omyman cx
annonanntm unnom, c xorotm cunramrcx nc yrn unnt rynnt.
axax rynna nmr cnon nomt n nannna, naroax xorotm rynnymrcx
nnyrnrynnont nsanmoornomnnx. o onn n ncra moryr ornuart saauam connantno
annnrannn, n nnum c nomomtm amnnncrarnnntx m nsmnnrt nx ncrannxrcx
n antntm.
cranonnno, uro axrnnno noscrnn na rynnont nomt moxr oxasart nn
rynnt nnn x +roro moxno ocrnut nyrm nxnmunnx rynnt n yrym xrntnocrt.
cnontsyx annt noxo, nao nmrt n nny, uro nn noscrnnn nna na
rynny c nntm ycranonnnnx nnn nsmnnnx rynnontx nom n nannn, rynnymmnx
nonnn unnon, co croont rynnt n ontm nnn mntm m n sanncnmocrn
or asnnuntx nnunn moxr ncxonrt onnnno conornnnnn. rnnt +roro
conornnnnnx yr onnxrtcx raxnmn noxasarnxmn, xax: rynnonax cnnounnocrt,
anronrr nna, snaunmocrt cratx nom nx rynnt, crnnt acxoxnnx cratx n
nontx nom nsanmoornomnn.
c nasnannt ]axrot nyxno c yurom nosacrntx oconnocr yunrtnart n no
m nosmoxnocrn, n coornrcrnnn c saauamn connantno annnrannn nxa, na nnx
nnnxrt. annm, na rynnonym cnnounnocrt moxno noscrnonart us ocosnann
rynno cno connantno onn n cnoro ornnunx or yrnx rynn; noccrnom ncnont-
sonannx asnnuntx ]axroon cnnounnx n nn cnmnonon, snaxon, ]omt, nnson n r. n.;
us ]omnonann mt-uyncrna.
oxno nonnnxrt raxx na nsmnnn rynnontx nom nyrm ncnontsonannx
accmornntx an mxannsmon noscrnnx, raxnx, xax nnymnn, noaxann,
yxnn.
n nxnmunnn rynnt n xrntnocrt cosamrcx oxrnnnt ycnonnx
noxonmocrn nsmnnnx rynnontx ycranonox, nom, rynnymmnx nsanmoornomnnx n
rynn. nxsano +ro c rm, uro yrnxnn nontx nom n accmarnnamom cnyua, xax
nannno, noxonr nsamrno, rax xax nnnmann unnon rynnt n +ro nmx cocoraun-
narcx n na nomax ornomnn, a na xo ntnonnnnx xrntnocrn. ont x nomt
nocrnnno cranonxrcx rynxroamn nonnnx r n anno rynn.
accmornnt ntm ccrna n mxannsmt nnnxnnx onoro unonxa na yroro
nosnnxamr n ]ynxnnonnymr n camn no c sornocnrntno x oxry, a nnmt n rom
155
cnyua, cnn naxoxr naroarnym nouny nx nx annsannn. unonx n nnom noarnnn x
ncnxonornucxomy noscrnnm, no ma +ro noarnnnocrn sanncnr or mnornx nnunn.
nn nmn crmxrcx xnrt nsanncnmo n axrnnno conornnnxmrcx nmtm nontrxam
oxasart na nnx nnnxnn, y yrnx nr cocrnnnoro mnnnx, n onn nonxnt nmomy
noscrnnm xax nonoxnrntnomy, rax n ornnarntnomy. xcnnrt +ro moxno rm, uro
xaxt unonx nnnnnyann n nnonronm. a crnnt ncnxonornucxoro noscrnnx
nnnxr rnn nnno cncrmt, cocroxnn soontx, yonnt ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx, ycnonnx
nocnnrannx n mnoro yro.
rax, ncnontsyx n connantno-annnrannonno naxrnx asnnunt ccrna,
mxannsmt n mrot noscrnnx c nntm ycnnnnx nnnxnnx rynnt na nnunocrt nxa,
mt rm camtm cnococrnym ]omnonannm n nn noxonmocrn nsmnnnm mxannsmon
rynxnnn nonnnx n xrntnocrn xax xonxrnoro nxa, nmmmro r nnn nnt
xnsnnnt orannunnx, rax n rynnt r n nnom. nonmnno c +rnm cosamrcx
antnt ycnonnx nx nontmnnx yonnx asnnrnx rynnt n acmnnnx nosmoxnocr
xax cyxra nocnnrarntnoro noscrnnx.
C-!) /$3 !0(-$3
1. ar onnnn nonxrnxm rynna, manax rynna. asonnr ocnonnt
rnnt rynn.
2. xaaxrnsyr craromrnucxym n naamrnucxym monn asnnrnx
rynnt.
3. asonnr ornnunrntnt nnsnaxn mano rynnt. acxor nnamnxy asnnrnx
mxnnunocrntx ornomnnn nxa c yrnmn nmtmn.
4. asonnr ocnonnt onocymmn ]axrot cranonnnnx mxnnunocrntx
ornomnn n rynn.
5. ar xaaxrncrnxy ocnonntm +ranam asnnrnx conmcrno xrntnocrn
nm.
6. acxor cyrt omnx saxonomnocr, noxnnxmmnxcx n mxnnunocrntx
ornomnnxx na ncx nosacrntx +ranax asnnrnx nxa. uncnnr
nxorot cnnn]nucxn oconnocrn mxnnunocrntx ornomnn, nanmam-
mncx y r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn.
7. asonnr ocnonnt connantno-ncnxonornucxn ]nomnt, nosnnxammn n
noncc mxnnunocrntx ornomnn.
8. um n nn xaxnx ycnonnxx moxr noxnnxrtcx nonoxnrntno n nrarnnno
nnnxnn rynnt na nnunocrt nxa n noocrxa c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn?
9. axo nnnxnn moxr oxasart na connantno camouyncrnn nxa
ncnxonornucxax ycranonxa?
10. asonnr n acxor coxann ocnonntx ccrn connantno-ncnxo-
nornucxoro noscrnnx cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn na nxa c
orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn.
11. acxor ocnonnt xaaxrncrnxn rynnt xax cyxra xrntnocrn n
omnnx.
'0) /$3 /$/ " !.J'(",
1. - &. 8' & '
$ , ,'.
". ; ! &!.
(. 2 $ ,
,! .
"'-H-
1. .. -. onnantnax nonornx: unnx. 2- ns. on. n na.
.: s-no , 1988.
156
2. /, 1. 4. nunocrt n ]omnonann n rcxom nosacr. ., 1968.
3. ' 6. :. ront xonnxrnnt omxontnnxon / onnxrnn n nnunocrt. o
. . . naronona n . s-no ayxa, 1975.
4. ; . 4. onmt rynnono cnnounnocrn. .: s-no , 1979.
5. ; . 4. cnxonornx xonnxrnna. ., , 1984.
6. F&$ . 4. onxrn ncnxonornucxo samnrt n xonnnnnxx .a, .
oxca // onoct ncnxonornn, 1990, N 4.
7. 6 :. 1. rcxn xonnxrnnt / onnxrnn n nnunocrt. o . . .
naronona n ., .: ayxa, 1975.
8. . . cnxonornx. unnx nx crynron ntcm. n. yun. sannn.
3 xn. n. 1. mn ocnont ncnxonornn. 2 ns. ., 1995.
9. . . onnantnax ncnxonornx: ]nomn n nayxa. ocnannt, 1998.
10. 0$&! 1. 2. osacrnax ncnxonornx. ., 1996.
11. ) . . nnn n ncnxonornm. ., 1995.
12. ) . . onnantnax ncnxonornx. u. nocon nx crynron n.
nncrnryron. ., 1987.
13. ), 1. cnxonornx anomantntx r n noocrxon naroncnxonornx.
.: s. ncrnryr naxrnucxo ncnxonornn, oonx: 3,
1996.
14. 1.;. cnont ncnxonornn. ocron-na-ony. s-no nnxc,
1996.
15. 8$ -. .. ' 2. onxrn n xnaccn]nxannx rynn n connantno
ncnxonornn / cromarnx no connantno ncnxonornn. ., 1994.
16. 8& 6. cronx ncnxonornn rynn. nmymcrna rynnono ]omt.
onxrn ncnxoxoxnnonno rynnt / cromarnx no connantno
ncnxonornn. ., 1994.
17. < 1.4. cnxonornx orannsarocxo xrntnocrn mxontnnxon. .:
ocnmnn, 1980.
18. . . ccnonann rynnt xax cyxra xrntnocrn n cyxra
omnnx n aorax .. mancxoro n ro yunnxon / onnantno-
ncnxonornucxn acnxrt onrnmnsannn xnsnxrntnocrn monoxntx rynn
nsmnxmmnxcx connantno-+xonomnucxnx ycnonnxx: . nayu. ryon.
ycx: s-no ycx, roc. n. yn-ra, 2000.
157
J

K
].A. P
U
mtx xuxa omcrna, ocnonannax na ax n xonnom ocrn, unnt xoroo
cnxsant omnocrtm tra, nsanmno nomomtm n moantno ornrcrnnnocrtm. mtx
xarronx ncronucxax. osnnxnyn na annnx crynnxx omcrnnnoro asnnrnx xax
ontmax marnncxax cmtx, ona na norxxnnn ncronn nrnna cymcrnnnt
nsmnnnx, nnarnnmnct n manym ornoncxym cmtm, ocnonannym na nnoaunn.
romno nnnxnn na ]ynxnnonnonann cmtn oxastnar xyntrya n connantno-
ncnxonornucxo ycrocrno omcrna. axo omcrno naroax xyntryntm
rannnxm nmr cno ncrannnn o cymnocrn cmtn. nccnonarntcxo naxrnx
nsyunnx cmntx ornomnn rnnt cm n onnx cnyuaxx acnonaramr no mxan
nomantnocrt anomantnocrt, n yrnx no mxan nantnax antnax cmtx.
cnonannm nx xnaccn]nxannn cnyxar asnnunx xyntry asntx +nox, naoon, cran.
annax xnaccn]nxannx ncrannxrcx cnymm cxmo.
/'$+(3 !'0+3 +ro nomantnax cmtx, nooxnnax xyntryo omcrna.
monn nantno cmtn omcrno, ncxox ns cnonx moantntx nnnocr, xorno t
nnrt +ranon cmtn, x xoroomy onxna crmnrtcx xaxax antnax cmtx. otnno
xnsnn nosnnxamr, cymcrnymr n acnaamrcx n nantnt, a antnt cmtn. nnt
antno cmtn moryr trt asnooasntmn n ornnuartcx or nantno.
'$+(3 !'0+3 xonxrnax cmtx xax connantnax rynna, xax oxr
nccnonannx.
-0$+(3 !'0+3 cunrarcx raxono, cnn ona ocnunnar rymt mnnnmym
narococroxnnx, connantno samnrt n nonnxnnx unnon n cosar ocrarount
ycnonnx nx connannsannn r o ocrnxnnx nmn ncnxonornucxo n ]nsnonornucxo
snocrn. omantnax cmtx n ncra moxr cunrartcx nantno c nosnnn conno-
xyntryntx nom, cnyx xorotm xnnr ra nnn nnax omnocrt nm. rouxn snnx
omunonucxoro asnnunx rnnon cm nomantno xnnxrcx raxax cmtx, r
ornrcrnnnocrt sa n xax nno ncr orn. c ocrantnt rnnt cm, r +ro nannno
n conmarcx, cunramrcx anomantntmn. cnn x n cmt nnxoro nr, xro ncr sa n
ornrcrnnnocrt, +ro C!'/!'0+3.
axnm ]ynxnn cmtn, xax connantnoro nncrnryra, xnnxrcx nocnonsnocrno
n nocnnrann monooro noxonnnx. nanntmn ]axroamn, cxnnxmmnmn cmtm n
nornnocrnymmnmn acnay, ntcrynamr asnooasnt ]omt nsanmocrnnx n
158
nsanmoornomnnn n asnnuntx c]ax conmcrno xnsnn: xosxcrnnno-trono,
nnrnmno, nancrnnno-nocnnrarntno. n orcyrcrnnn conmcrno xrntnocrn nnn
nn ocnannnn cmnt ornomnnx ]omnymrcx.
nnn]nxa conmnno cmtn cocronr n rom, uro ontmnncrno axon saxnmuarcx
no nnunomy ntoy yymnx cynyron, a cmnt ornomnnx xaaxrnsymrcx c
nanono rouxn snnx xax annonannt. naxo, xax samuar . . yxnnnn,
noxnnxx cnon nsrnxt ntcxastnannxmn . . Fxna, nr yroro raxoro nncrnryra
omcrna on n cnoonoro n cmtcn nanxstnannx onnnntx nannn xnsnn
unonxa, on xcrxoro, um cmtx.
mtx +ro cryxrya, cocroxmax ns ornomnn omnnnonannx nounnnnx
(nnacrn), ornrcrnnnocrn n +monnonantno nnsocrn. num snax ncnxnucxo
+monnonantno nnsocrn n oxsarntno moxr trt nonoxnrntnt. annoymn,
oruyxnn, nnanncrt oxamnnamr cymcrnonann cmtn n cnon nnra n n mntm m,
um nmont, nonnmann n couyncrnn. o crt cmtx usntuano cnoxno connantno-
ncnxonornucxo oasonann, rymm xomnnxcnoro accmornnx n nsyunnn ncx
croon.
nx on rnyoxoro nonnmannx cymnocrn connantno annnrannn r c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn nac nnrcyr antnax nomantnax nnn anomantnax
cmtx, nmmmax r n sannmammaxcx nx nocnnrannm.
cnonntmn nnonauantntmn mornnamn cosannx cmtn n ontmnncrn cnom
ntcrynar crmnnn monotx nm x ocnunnm nnunoro cuacrtx, x yonnrnonnm
nornocrn n ncnxonornucxo n ]nsnucxo nnsocrn x unonxy yroro nona.
ro x nmx nnn cosannx cmtn ntxoxr anxo sa amxn nnuntx
nsanmoornomnn n ntcrynamr xax connantno saannt n connantno nnnt.
asnnrn cmntx ornomnn no mnorom nounnxrcx omnm saxonomnocrxm
asnnrnx cmtn. nauan cynyxcxo xnsnn na nno mcro ntcrynamr uyncrnnnt
nnunnx, a moantno n ncnxonornucxo ncoornrcrnn sauacrym noonnnnarcx. o
noxonr nmx, n na nnt nnan ntnnramrcx on onronmnnt nnn, ncrar
nonoc o nnnocrxx n ccrnax nx ocrnxnnx. cnn cynyrn naxoxrcx na asntx
cranxx moantnoro asnnrnx n +crrnucxoro nocnnxrnx crnnrntnocrn, ro onn
naunnamr asaxart yr yra, cosanax xon]nnxrnt cnryannn. raxnx cmtxx
nyonnrnonnocrt n ax, ncnxnucxax n ]nsnucxax nconmcrnmocrt nnnoxr x
ncramonnn cynyxcxnx ornomnn, asnoam, nnosam n r..
tnax ror nnn nno nananr nonnnx, xaxt ns cynyron yxonocrnyrcx
c]omnonanmnmncx y nro moantntmn nnnnnnamn n ycranonxamn. x nosnnxnonnn
no mnorom oycnonnno cnnn]nxo ro cmtn, n xoroo onn nocnnrtnannct. xo
nsyunnx nonm cmtn onayxna naxnmax saxonomnocrt: cymcrnyr nocosnan-
nax rnnnnx nonroxrt mont ornomnn cnonx cocrnnntx onrn n cocrnnno
cmt. nx mantunxa ocoo snaunn nmr ontr omnnx c ornom n nanmnnx sa ro
nonnnm no ornomnnm x marn. noux ount naxno ycnonrt cnocot nonnnx
marn no ornomnnm x orny. cnn, nannm, myx ryo oamancx c xno, ocxonxn
, ynnxax nnuno ocronncrno, ro n ncxnmuno, uro ctn n cno cmt yr nocrynart
ananornuntm oasom. o raxo x cxm yr ncrn cx no ornomnnm x myxy n out.
uro xacarcx onrnx nornnononoxnoro nona, ro ro oas ount naxn nn
nto yymro narna, xorot ocymcrnnxrcx nnn no cxocrny, nnn no
nornnononoxnocrn. oxrnocrt ramonnunoro comsa mxy myxunno n xnmnno
nanxmym onnxrcx cxocrnom mon cm, ns xorotx noncxoxr cynyrn.
nornnononoxnom cnyua moxr nosnnxart ota sa nnacrt, nnonnmann, asnot,
omnnt rn n r..
ymcrnnnt nsmnnnx no nsanmoornomnnx cynyron nnocnr noxnnnn nxa.
na cranonnrcx martm, myx ornom. +roro nmnn nosnnxar nonax n rnannmax
]ynxnnx cmtn saora o rxx, nx nocnnrannn n nororonx x camocroxrntno xnsnn.
urot ycnmno annsonart annym ]ynxnnm, nyxnt xax mnnnmym na ycnonnx: cosann
nomantntx marnantntx ycnonn nx xnsnn cmtn n nxa n ocnunn yxonno,
moantno-ncnxonornucxo armoc]t, noxonmo nx asnnrnx ncnxnxn n
159
]omnonannx nnunocrn nxa.
nam occncxo crnnrntnocrn ontmnncrno monotx nm, nnannyx
cosann cno cmtn, xornn t xnrt orntno or onrn. naxo no asntm
nnunnam +ro cnart yarcx n ncm. norn ns nnx nocn ycranonnnnx auntx
ornomnn noonxamr xnrt c onrnxmn myxa nnn xnt. om roro, nmano
ncruarcx cnyuan, xora na cnr noxnnxmrcx rax nastnamt nnaunt rn, mnorn
srnt cmtn yctnonnxmr nnn youxmr r, nnmnnmnxcx nonunrntcrna
onrn.
c +ro nooxar mnorooasn ]om cymcrnonannx cm, cxnatnammnxcx n
nnx nnyrncmntx ornomnn, noxoon n crnn nocnnrannx r. rouxn snnx
nannunx unnon cmtn connonorn, nannm, asnnuamr cnymmn ]omt:
1. H$'-(3 !'0+3 cocronr ns nsocntx n r, xorot or nnx sanncxr.
2. !L"-'((3 !'0+3 nxnmuar nyxnanym cmtm n ocrnnnnxon: aymx,
ymx, nnyxon, ccr, artn n r. .
om nasnanntx nonxrn nx onnnnx rnnon cmtn ncnontsymrcx raxx:
( nanon acnocrannnt n annom omcrn nananr monn
cmtn;
1 ( cmtx, cocroxmax ns rx unnon: myx, xna n nox.
nacroxm nmx n occncxom omcrn annt rnn cmtn xnnxrcx nonaammnm.
. . nuxo n onncann cmtn nxnmuar cnymmn xaaxrncrnxn n nananrt:
1. ryxrynt cocran:
( (crt mart n orn);
( (crt rontxo mart nnn orn.);
9 ( (nannun orunma nmcro orna nnn mauxn nmcro marn).
2. ynxnnonantnt oconnocrn:
(K
(.
cnonntmn nnunnamn ncramonnn n cmt, no ro mnnnm, xnnxmrcx:
1) orcyrcrnn narncrna mxy onrnxmn (onn ns nnx omnnnyr, yro rontxo
nounnxrcx);
2) cryxrynonannax cmtx (nr nsanmononnmannx mxy unnamn cmtn, cymcrnyr
nsnnmnxx anronomnx unnon cmtn, nr +monnonantno nnnxsannocrn n connanocrn
mxy unnamn cmtn n mnnn xnsnnntx nonm);
3) acnaammaxcx cmtx (xon]nnxrnax, c ntcoxnm ncxom asnoa):
4) nrnnax ncnoconnantnax cmtx (omnnnonann onoro unna cmtn c usmno
sanncnmocrtm yrnx, xcrxax rnamnrannx cmno xnsnn, nr nycroonn
+monnonantno rnnort, nr x anronomnsannn yxonnoro mna unnon cmtn or
nroxnnx nnacrnoro nna).
om nasnanntx xnaccn]nxann rnnon cmtn cymcrnymr n yrn. nx uncn
ncrannxr nnrc xnaccn]nxannx, nnoxnnax 3. yrmnxnn, nsyuanm
ncnxonornucxn rnnt cmtn. o mnnnm, cymcrnyr rn nananra: rannnonnax,
ronnrnucxax, cynyxcxax (moxarnucxax).
-/"*"((, !'0+' nocnnrtnarcx ynaxnn x anronrry cramnx,
narornucxo noscrnn ocymcrnnxrcx cnxy nnns. cnonntm ronannm xnnxrcx
nounnnn. rorom connannsannn nxa n raxo cmt xnnxrcx cnoconocrt nrxo
nnnctnartcx n nrnxantno-orannsannonnym cryxryy. rn ns +rnx cm nrxo
ycnannamr rannnonnt nomt, no ncntrtnamr rynocrn n ]omnonannn cocrnnno
cmtn. nn n nnnnnarnnnt, oxn n omnnn, crnymr ncxox ns ncrannnnx o
onxnom.
/'*'(-"&'!, !'0+' rnanno saau onrn cunrarcx ocnunn
cuacrtx nxa. oscrnn ocymcrnnxrcx, xax nannno, cnnsy nnx (or nxa x
onrnxm). syntrar y nro ]omnyrcx ntcoxax camoonnxa, omymnn cocrnnno
snaunmocrn, no nosacrar noxrnocrt xon]nnxra c connantntm oxyxnnm sa n-
namn cmtn. o+romy nox ns raxo cmtn moxr onnnnart mn xax naxnt.
!HC-H2'!, T/'0-"&'!,M !'0+' yunrtnamrcx nsanmnt nnrct,
160
nnnxrn n anronomnocrt unnon. rorom nocnnrannx n raxnx cmtxx xnnxrcx ycnonn
nxom moxarnucxnx nnnocr, ramonnsannx ro ncrannnn o nanax n
oxsannocrxx, cnoo n ornrcrnnnocrn, asnnrn axrnnnocrn, ooxnarntnocrn,
ynnnocrn n c n +monnonantno ycrounnocrn. ax nocrarox nastnarcx
nosmoxnocrt orcyrcrnnx y nro nantxon nounnnnx connantntm ronannxm,
nocronntm no nrnxantnomy nnnnnny.
sanncnmocrn or cnoxnnmnxcx rnnon cmtn n nnx ycranannnnamrcx
coornrcrnymmn ]omt mxnnunocrntx ornomnnn, acnnnn oxsannocr mxy
unnamn, nonoxnn r n cmt n ornomnn x nnm.
mtx n nocro connantnax rynna, +ro nx ncro omcrnnnt nncrnryr, n
xoroom xaxt unn ntnonnxr connantnym ont (ont orna, marn, nxa,
cramro ronanma n r. .) n sannmar n n coornrcrnymm nonoxnn craryc, c
ntrxammnmn ns nro nana-mn n oxsannocrxmn. onnantnt onn xaxt unn cmtn
nncnannar n xo connannsannn, no nnnxnnm oxyxammnx nm, noccrnom
noaxannx. mtx nx nxa naxnm ycnonn connannsannn. xo
nsanmocrnnx c unnamn cmtn nox nncnannar connantnt nomt n nnnocrn,
noxonmt my n xnsnn.
mtx, xax nouxnnar . . yxnnnn, xax n nmo yro nncrnryr,
cxnnxrcx cncrmo nnacrn, nsanmoornrcrnnnocrn n ncnxonornucxo nnsocrn.
asnnuamr rn rnna nnacrntx cryxry: narnaxantnax cmtx, r nnacrt nnnanxnr
myxy; marnaxantnax cmtx nnacrt nnnanxnr xn; +ronnranax cmtx nnacrt
annomno acnnxrcx mxy myxm n xno. unnt cmtn moryr nmnrt yr yra
nnn nnannrt, nmrt cocrnnntx r nnn nnmntx, no noxa cmtx cxnnxrcx
cncrmo omnnnonannx nounnnnx n noxa ona ntnonnxr saauy nocnnrannx r
ona cymcrnyr. rnrcrnnnocrt sa connannsannm n xnsnocnunn cmtn moryr
ntnonnxrt n rontxo orn nnn mart, no n yrn unnt cmtn aymxn, ymxn,
cramn artx n ccrt n .
conmnno occncxo cmt n ontmnncrn cnom ornrcrnnnocrt sa cmtm
ncr mart. o anntm nccnonann, mart n 1,54 asa uam xonronnyr yuy r,
nocmar onrntcxn coannx, nonr nxa n rcxn ca, rn oramr
nnournn n ocyxnnn yuntx n, nsanmoornomnn c ronanmamn, nnuntx
nonm n .
nnxnn onn orna n nocnnrannn r nnnonr sauacrym x nnaunntm
syntraram. o anntm xnnnnucxnx nccnonann, orn nmr naxnm snaunn nx
asnnrnx nxa c camoro ro oxnnx. n ntcrynar n xaucrn nno monn nn
ann nnrn]nxannn nxa c nnm, ornt noomxmr noncc ornnnx nxa or
marn, ycxoxx rm camtm noncc connannsannn.
conno nnnxa ont orna n nocnnrannn ctna. nmt orn cnocon c]omnonart
y nro cnoconocrt x nnnnnarnn n nornnocroxnnm rynnonomy annnnm. um ontm
nox nnnxsan x marn, rm on mn axrnnno moxr nornnocrnonart arccnn
oxyxammnx. um mntm nox nnnxsan x orny, rm nnx ro camoonnxa, rm mntm
on nnar snaunn yxonntm n connantntm nnnocrxm no cannnnm c marnantntmn
n nnnnnyanncrnucxnmn. rcyrcrnn orna n cmt nnn nntnonnnn nm cnonx
oxsannocr sauacrym nnnonr x asnnrnm y nxa ncnxonaronornn.
ymcrnnno nsmnxr ncm cncrmy ornomnn n oxastnar ctsno nnnxnn na
noncc nocnnrannx r nannun n cmt aymx n ymx. xn cnyuan
nconnannx roux snnx na nocnnrann nxa unnon cmtn cramro n cnro
noxonnn. Faymxn n ymxn uacro cnncxonrntno ornocxrcx x nocrynxam r,
noonnnnamr nx nocncrnn, nnnnmamr no nnnmann nnmt nx cnmmnnyrnt
nnrct. mcr c rm nmano cm, r nx nosnnnn n nocnnrannn r connaamr c
ronannxmn onrn. comnnno, ymxn n aymxn, xax n onrnn, nmmr
moantno nano ntcxasart cno ncornacn c raxrnxo nocnnrannx r, no nart +ro
nao n xoxrno ]om, cnococrnymm n asnnnnm nsrnxon, a ntaorx n-
noro noxoa n nx nocnnrannn.
mt, xax n nmomy yromy omcrnnnomy ]omnonannm, nncym nct cnxr
161
ornomnn, no nym mcro n nm sannmamr nont n nnunocrnt ornomnnx. nont
ornomnnx cnxstnamrcx c ynannnnm cmt, c orannsann cmnoro tra,
nocnnrannx r, xyntrynoro ocyra, c ocnunnm marnantnoro narononyunx n .
yxonnt, nnunocrnt ornomnnx nornnmt or nntx, rax xax onn noxnnxmrcx n
conmcrno xrntnocrn unnon cmtn, no nmnno onn nramr mammym ont n
]omnonannn nc ncnxonornucxo armoc]t n cmt. nn xnsnnno snaunmt nx ncx
unnon, rax xax sararnnamr narononyun xaxoro ns nnx.
xnnunocrnt ornomnnx n cmt no mnorom sanncxr, no-nntx, or xaaxra
cnoxnnmnxcx +monnonantno-onnountx cnxs. nn croxrcx, xax nannno, no nnnnnny
nannrcx n nannrcx n nxnmuamr n cx ncrannnnx cynyron o cnocrnax
xaaxra n nonnucxnx nocrynxax yr yra. nnount cyxnnx n ncra tnamr
nocroxnntmn n sauacrym ount cnntno ornnuamrcx or nnonauantntx. ax, ncntrtnax
uyncrno nnmnnnocrn, mnorn crnnx cynyrn nnn cynyra moryr xasartcx mnntmn n
sonntmn. us nxoroo x nmx +rn cyxrnnnt onnxn moryr nonrnyrtcx
xoxnnn, n r x camt cnocrna xaaxra, mant nonnnx n nnntuxn yx
ntstnamr nornnononoxnt uyncrna.
o-nrotx, or nnunocrno-cmtcnontx ornomnn, nnonarammnx onnrnonxy n
mornnax n nnunocrntx cmtcnax yroro unonxa. nsnaxom nannunx naronnxrntx
cmtcnontx ornomnn xnnxrcx nonno nsanmononnmann cynyron, nosnnxamm n
syntrar ncnxonornucxo nnsocrn mxy nnmn. axax nnsocrt, x coxannnm, c roamn
mnxrcx, nnum nannomno y myxunn n xnmnn. cranonnno, uro ono ns
rnannmnx nnunn cmntx xon]nnxron xnnxrcx nnno ncronxonann cynyramn
mornnon nonnnx yr yra n nnnnctnann ncymcrnymmnx namnn.
-rrtnx, cnn onn ornuamr nnnnnny rymannocrn. urot n cmt nann mn,
nncrno, nonnmann n ynaxnn yr yra, nyxno ornocnrtcx x cnonm nnsxnm xax x
camomy c, yunrtnart nornocrn n cnocrna xaxoro, ymrt oronannartcx, yxart
n ycrynart, nsmnxx yrnx n nsmnxrtcx camomy. snaunrntno crnnn xaaxr
noxnnnnx nontx n nnunocrntx ornomnn oycnonnn nanannnnocrtm n
ycranonxamn unnon na nonnmann cymnocrn cmntx ornomnn.
ocnon nonnucxo nanannnnocrn cmtn nxnr %-HCC' !'0'(('
!1(("'. connocrt ro cocronr n rom, uro ono oraxar nct xomnnxc saor cmtn,
nocxontxy cmnt tr sararnnar nc croont xnsnn. cryxryy cmnoro
rynnonoro cosnannx nxoxr mnonossnucxn ycranonxn, asnnunoro oa nornocrn
n cnocot nx annsannn, mornnt, nxnnannx, nacronnx, nnntuxn, rannnn.
num +ro n nocrax cymma connantno-ncnxonornucxnx oconnocr, a xaucrnnno
ocoo oasonann, cnoxnnmcx n syntrar conmcrno trono xrntnocrn n
nsanmoornomnn.
a cmnom rynnonom cosnannn oraxarcx nct nnonronmt nx xaxo
cmtn yxna xnsnn, ontr, ycnonnt rannnn, xaaxr unnon, cnxst c nnmnnm
mnom n mnoro yro. o+romy rynnono cmno cosnann nmr cnon cnnn]nucxn
oconnocrn nx xaxo cmtn. no moxr trt nrarnnntm n nosnrnnntm, nontm n
orcrantm, xoncnarnnntm n nsmnunntm. o cnn ono cnoxnnoct, ro ono cranonnrcx
naxntm onocymmnm ]axroom, us xorot nnomnxmrcx nncmnt nnnxnnx n
or xorooro sanncnr yonnt asnnrnx nnunocrn nxa. onom cnyua ono moxr trt
nonoxnrntntm ]axroom, n yrom ncnxonornucxnm atom na nyrn noxnnnnx
camocroxrntnocrn n axrnnnocrn.
mtx n nsonnonannax omnocrt, r nc onnxrcx nnmt nonontmn
ornomnnxmn. na xnnxrcx onnm ns snntn connantno cryxryt omcrna, r n
mnnnarm oraxamrcx nc noncct, noncxoxmn n nm. unnt cmtn moryr rynrtcx
na nonsnocrn, n ynannnucxnx cryxryax, n roronn, sannmartcx nnnnnma-
rntcxo xrntnocrtm, cocroxrt n asnnuntx omcrnnntx n nonnrnucxnx narnxx n
nnxnnxx n r.. o+romy, ncomnnno, oasonarntnax, no]ccnonantnax n
omcrnnnax nosnnnx onrn n yrnx unnon cmtn cxaxrcx na nanannnnocrn n
nocnnrannn r.
a xnsnt cmtn ontmo nnnxnn oxastnamr uncro mcrnt, noxantnt ]axrot.
162
Fontmnncrno nacnnntx nynxron, rooon, aounx nocnxon, cn nmmr cnon, ornnunt
or yrnx rannnn, cno xomnnxc nnnxrn, ouaron xyntryt, nnontx ycnonn. a
nanannnnocrt cmtn nnnxr cnxst c mcrom aort, rax xax ona xnnxrcx onnm ns
ncrounnxon narococroxnnx cmtn, cnxst c yuntmn n yrnmn yuxnnxmn, r yuarcx
rn. mmrcx n yrn rnnnunt nncmnt nnnxnnx.
rax, cmtx, xax nnnunax xuxa omcrna, ncrannxr coo cnoxno
connantno-ncnxonornucxo oasonann. nn cosannx n ]ynxnnonnonannx ntxoxr
anxo sa amxn nnunocrntx ornomnn n ntcrynamr xax connantno saannt n
connantno nnnt. axnm ]ynxnn cmtn xnnxrcx nocnonsnocrno n nocnnrann
noacrammnx noxonnn, xoroo nounnnt nc yrn ]ynxnnn.
oncc asnnrnx cmntx ornomnn nounnxrcx omnm saxonam asnnrnx
cmtn. sanncnmocrn or ycnonn cosannx cmtn n ]ynxnnonnonannx xaxax cmtx
nmr cno nnonronmt onnx, noxnnxmmncx n cryxry, ]ynxnnonantntx
oconnocrxx, acnnnnn connantntx on, cnnn]nxn omnnnonannx
nounnnnx, ornrcrnnno sanncnmocrn, ncnxonornucxo nnsocrn, crnn nocnnrannx
r. onuno nntm n asnnrnn cmntx ornomnn xnnxrcx cosann nomantno
cmtn, cnocono ocnunnart nonnonnno ]nsnucxo, ncnxnucxo n nnunocrno
asnnrn r.
].B.

mtx nnxam n nno connantno oxyxnn, c xorotm cranxnnarcx
nox. oxnnnn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n cmt crnyr na
onrn yyuamm. cnn oxnn nomantnoro nxa nnnnocnr n xnsnt cmtn
nono, n ncntrtnamo o +roro nacnaxnn unonucxoro trnx: nxnnannx uyncrn
aocrn, roocrn, nxnocrn, ro nox, onnmncx c ]xrom nnn nonyunnmn ro
nocn oxnnx, sauacrym xnnxrcx nx cmtn rom, nuantm, xnmom, a nnora n
nntnocnmtm nosoom. onrnn nxnnamr +ror ]axr xax xnsnnnym xaracro]y,
nnum nsanncnmo or roro, xaxo y nxa ]xr: naymnn snnx, cnyxa, onono-
nnrarntnoro annaara nnn ymcrnnnax orcranocrt. a +ro noun uacro nosnnxamr mxy
cynyramn xon]nnxrt, nmano cnyuan, xora onrnn orxastnamrcx or raxnx r,
ocrannxmr nx n onntntx omax nnn namr na nocnnrann n cnnnannsnonannt
yuxnnx.
uyncrnom rox, craxa n rnorn ncruamr nsncrn o noxnnnnn nxa c
]xrom asnnrnx n yrn unnt cmtn. Fartx n ccrt raxx nocrnnno naunnamr
nonnmart, uro nx ar nnn ccra ornnuarcx or nnx.
oxnn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn crnyr na onrn no-
asnomy, no n ontmnncrn cnom noxnnxrcx xax cnntnmn ncnxonornucxn crcc,
nocncrnnm xorooro sauacrym cranonnrcx nosnnxnonnn rax nastnamoro
ranmarnucxoro nnosa. nmnromt +roro nnnoro accrocrna moryr trt asntmn, no
cyrt ro ona naymnn ]ynxnnonnonannx ncnxnxn n syntrar nxnroro moxa.
norn onrnn nocrnnno oramr cnnt, urot nnyrtcx x otnno xnsnn
n sanxrtcx nocnnrannm nxa. naxo cnntnt mox, nxnrt nmn an, cnocon
nosnamartcx x nnm n nn rocnxrnnntx rnor, cconnnnt, nnntx ctnon,
nnonucxnx nccn.
tnxrcx ncxontxo cxm nonnnx onrn na noxnnnn nxa, nmmmro
ror nnn nno ]xr. 3ro:
1. - 9.
onrnt nnnnmar ]xr cnoro nxa, oxrnnno ro nocnnnnmar,
axnarno onnnnar n noxnnxr no ornomnnm x nmy nacroxmym nannocrt.
onrnx n noxnnxmrcx nnnmt uyncrna nnnt nnn nnnxsnn x nxy. nanntm
nnsom cunrarcx: oxonmo ocrnrnyro xax moxno ontm ram, r nosmoxno.
ontmnncrn cnyuan na n cocrnnnt cnnt n cnoconocrn nxa nnar onrnm
ymnnym cnny n noxxy.
#. . .
163
rnnarcx, uro nox craar ]xrom, uro on ]xrnnnt, uro ro ]xr
oxastnar +monnonantno noscrnn na onrn. nant ornocnrntno oasonannx n
no]ccnn nxa cnnrntcrnymr o rom, uro onrnt n nnnnmar n n nnsnar nx
cnoro nxa nnxaxnx orannunn. nxa nocnnrtnamr n yx usntuanoro uc-
ronmnx, n onrnn nacrannamr na ntcoxo ycnmnocrn ro xrntnocrn.
7. . ) %, , , ,(.
onrnn nanonnnt usmntm uyncrnom xanocrn couyncrnnx, uro noxnnxrcx
n usmno saornnnom n samnmammm nxa or ncx onacnocr rnn nocnnrannx.
nomantnt nox xnnxrcx nmrom usmno nmnn marn, uro moxr nnncrn
x romy, uro onrnn yyr craartcx cnart nc sa nro, n, raxnm oasom, nox moxr
onro, a nnora ncm xnsnt naxonrtcx na nn]anrnntnom yonn. aora o nx
cnnrntcrnyr o nnnxsannocrn nmxmro onrnx n o ro usmnom nnnmannn x
nxy.
?. ' , " .
]xr cunrarcx nosoom. rnnarntno ornomnn n ornamnn no ornomnnm
x nxy cxtnarcx sa usmno saornnntm, nynnrntntm, nnnmarntntm
nocnnrannm. onrnn nrnamr nanxy n ntnonnnnn cnonx oxsannocr,
nanrnuno craamrcx trt xoom martm nnn ornom.
@. $ , " .
nox orxtro nnnnmarcx c ornamnnm, n onrnt nonnocrtm ocosnar cnon
naxnt uyncrna. naxo nx oocnonannx +rnx uyncrn n noonnnx uyncrna nnnt
onrnn oamamrcx x onnnno ]om samnrt. mcrno, naun nnn yunrnx
oxastnamrcx nnnonart n nosnnxnonnnn naccyxon n ornomnnn x ]xry n ano-
mantnomy nxy. onrnt na ocnon raxnx crnn nnorar uyncrno
oocnonannocrn naxnocrn no ornomnnm x cnomy nxy n onrunn or
oromnoro uyncrna nnnt.
asnannt rnnt axnn onrn, no mnnnm . oxa, nonnaxono
noscrnymr na nxa n cosamr asnt ycnonnx nx ro nnunocrnoro asnnrnx.
annm, cama no c axnnx ornnannx moxr ntsnart ctsnt naymnnx
nnunocrn anomantnoro nxa, nocxontxy nontmar nnno nanxxnn n nox
nocroxnno xnnr, no cymcrny, n cocroxnnn crcca. o cnn y nro cnntnt rnn nnno
cncrmt, ro nn raxo axnnn onrn na ]xr crnnrntno nnocncrnnn moxno
onrtcx ornnuntx syntraron. usmnax samnra (norxnnx) n ornxnn, cxtro
nnn orxtro orunn +ro onosnauno nrarnnnt axnnn onrnx, saxnnammn
asnnrn nxa nnn mmammn asnnrnm.
nox c ]xrom xnnxrcx nx onrn n rontxo ncrounnxom ornnarntntx
+monnonantntx nxnnann. ro noxnnnn nnocnr cymcrnnnt xoxrnnt n
nnntunt tr cmtn, nsmnxr ornomnn x yrnm rxm. uacro cmtn rarxr nmano
cnn, urot xax-ro nncnoconrtcx x cnomy ncuacrtm. xn cnyuan, xora onrnn,
oxnax nacmmx n couyncrnnx, crcnxmrcx ntxonrt na norynxy c mantmom n namr
+ro xayunct, raxom, n rmno nmx cyrox, nann or nm.
tsnano +ro no mnorom rm, uro nam omcrno, x coxannnm, n nororonnno x
nocnnxrnm raxnx r. ymcrnyr cnooasnax ncnxonornucxax crna mxy
soontmn nmtmn n nmtmn, nmmmnmn orannunnt nosmoxnocrn. r raxo crnt
craamr n rontxo rn, no n nc omcrno, nocxontxy nn raxom ornomnnn y nmn
nosacrar moantnax ucrnocrt x ncuacrtm yroro unonxa n x nsamnmnntm cnoxm
nacnnnx n nnom.
norn onrnn n moryr cmnnrtcx c rm, uro nox y nnx onncx c ]xrom,
n, nxo snax, uro nsmnnrt cnryannm nnosmoxno, nnnaramr nnmonnt ycnnnx: n
cunraxct nn co nmnm, nn co ccrnamn, crancrnymr no nauam, +xcracncam,
xonynam, naxct na uyo, a nyr a uro-ro nonyunrcx n nox cranr soontm.
mano nonocon nosnnxar y onrn n cnxsn c orannsann xnsnn n
nocnnrannx nxa c yurom ]xra. ynocrt +ro nonmt cocronr n rom, uro
cynyrn, oxnax oxnnx soonoro nxa, oxastnamrcx n ncnxonornucxn, n
naxrnucxn nnororonnnntmn x romy, urot nocnnrtnart nxa c ]nsnucxnmn nnn c
164
ncnxnucxnmn orannunnxmn, n snamr oconnocr ro asnnrnx. or nmx, onn
oroyr or nnonauantnoro moxa n naunyr ocnannart nayxy nocnnrannx raxoro nxa,
nnnmart ontr yrnx cm, y xorotx crt rn c ananornuntmn ]xramn,
naxannnnart cno ontr, nnum n ontm crnnn na ocnon no n omnox.
urot +roro n noncxonno, raxnm cmtxm nyxna nomomt n ncnxonornucxax
noxxa, n n +rom ontmym ont moryr ctrart cnnnanncrt no connantno
annnrannn. onnantnax annnrannx nxa onxna naunnartcx n c camoro nxa,
a c onrn, c ]omnonannx y nnx ncnxonornucxo roronnocrn x nocnnrannm nxa c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn.
mn cnoxno nx onrn xnnxrcx nonma orannsannn nomantnoro
omnnx nxa co nsocntmn n cncrnnxamn. mo ]xr cxastnarcx nx ncro
na xommynnxarnnntx cnoconocrxx nxa. ax, y r c naymnnxmn un nosnnxamr
rynocrn n ucnyxono onacrn, y cnntx nnn cnaonnxmnx n nnsyantno onacrn, y
nm c naymnnxmn onono-nnrarntnoro annaara n onacrn moronxn. mcr c
rm, ncmorx na cnnn]nxy rynocr, n naymnnxx nantno n nnantno
xommynnxann y ncx r nsanncnmo or nna ]xra nmrcx mnoro omnx ur. 3ro:
1. onaann ]omannsonanntx xonraxron, sayunntx mramnon n ]om nonnnx.
2. crooxnocrt n nmcr c rm crmnnn nmnonnonart, sacnyxnrt ynaxnn n
omnnn c nomantntmn rtmn, a nnora, naooor, oocrt n crmnnn nsxart
xonraxron.
3. nnn]nucxax xcrnxynxnnx, n cnocrnnnax nomantntm rxm.
a ycranonnnn xonraxron nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn c yrnmn
nmtmn uacro nnnxr nonn, noonnxa, naccyxn, nyxnn no ornomnnm
x nmy. cnn omnn co nsocntmn n onrnxmn nc x yarcx nananrt (n +ro onn
ntcrynamr camn onrnn, nsocnt unnt cmtn), ro nananrt xonraxrt co cncrnnxamn
oxastnarcx xya cnoxn.
omantno asnnnammnmcx rxm uacro tnar nnnrcno omartcx c nxom,
nmmmnm ]xr asnnrnx, n xonraxron c nnm onn nsramr. naxo +ro n snaunr, uro
+ror at nnosmoxno noonrt. ananrt omnn nxa c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn c ro soontmn cncrnnxamn moxno, no my ryrcx nomomt xax co
croont onrn, rax n yrnx nsocntx.
mtn, y xorotx nmmrcx rn c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, ncntrtnamr
snaunrntnt sarynnnx n nyocrna nn onnnnn nxa na yuy. cnn
soonoro nxa yr n rcxn ca nnn n mxony s ncxxnx orannunn, ro nox co
cnnnantntmn nonmamn onxn norn n +rnm x mnnnncxnx n yrnx
xomnccn, nyxno nonyunrt nx +roro onnnnt asmammn oxymnrt, n nnmt
rora +ror nonoc moxr mnrtcx, nnum nnsncrno xax: nonoxnrntno nnn
ornnarntno. crcrnnno, cmtx n nox naxoxrcx n nanxxnnn, ncntrtnamr
nrarnnnt +monnonantnt nxnnannx, uyncrna craxa n rnorn, ntsnannt
oxnannm nnnxrnx mnnx. uacro nocrynnnn n mxony r c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn sanastnar no nmnn, uro n rontxo mmar ncnontsonannm
cnsnrnnntx nnoon asnnrnx onnnntx croon ncnxnxn n nnunocrn, no nnocnr
ononnnrntnt nxnnannx onrnxm n nanocnr ncnxonornucxym ranmy nxy.
ymcrnnnt nonmt nosnnxamr y onrn n c orannsann noncca
oasonannx r. cruarcx, x coxannnm, nmano yunrn, y xorotx rn c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn ntstnamr nrarnnnsm: asaxar nx nnmnocrt, ro, uro
onn n rax, xax nc, ycnannamr yunym norammy, n rax omamrcx n r. . o+romy or
raxoro nxa ntramrcx nsannrtcx nyrm nanannnnx ro n yuxnnx nnrnarnoro
rnna, rm camtm ortnax ro or cmtn. ro x nmx nsncrno, uro nnxaxax yrax
omcrnnnax orannsannx, ax cnn n n cosant nomantnt ycnonnx nx xnsnn, n
moxr samnnrt cmtm. rtnaxct or n, nox nnmarcx camoro rnannoro ]axroa
asnnrnx nacxn, nnnmannx, onrntcxoro rnna, xaxonnnoro omnnx c cmt.
um antm ortnamr nxa or cmtn, rm n ontm crnnn craar ro ncnxnucxo
n nnunocrno asnnrn, xoroo nocnonnnrt n yymm naxrnucxn nnosmoxno.
rcma ntno: cnn y nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn crt cmtx n crt
165
nosmoxnocrt n n nocnnrtnartcx, ro nxnarntno nsonnonart ro or n, or omcrna, a
naxonrt on nnmnmt ntxo nx cosanmrocx nonoxnnx.
acca nonm noxnnxrcx n nn oyunnn nxa c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn na omy. asanoct t, nox, ocranaxct n cmt, n nnmarcx rx
nnmymcrn, xorot ona my ar. o uro on moxr nonyunrt, oyuaxct na omy, cnn
orcyrcrnyr onnnnax cncrma oasonannx? anxrnx c raxnmn rtmn, xax nannno,
nonoxrcx no nroo nononnn nx, xora rn n yunrnx uyncrnymr ycranocrt, n, no cyrn
na, n xo +rnx sanxrn n yunrnt, n yunnx n rontxo n moryr rnonrt, no n nomantno
cooaxart. o crt no +ro nnunn oasonann na omy cranonnrcx nnonnonnntm.
mtx nx unonxa nanon snaunmt ]axro connannsannn n nnocxonr no
nnnxnnm nc yrn omcrnnnt oasonannx. n unonx ycnannar cncrmy nom,
nannn, nnnocr n snann n coornrcrnnn c xyntryo n rannnxmn omcrna n
anonyr nx na naxrnx. uro x xacarcx onn cmtn nx nxa c orannunntmn nos-
moxnocrxmn, ro ona nnsmnmo nosacrar. cnxsn c ro ocotm oasom xnsnn na cmtm
noxnrcx ocnonno mx yxoa, nocnnrannx n oasonannx raxnx r. o +ro nnunn n
cmtxx, r crt rn co cnnnantntmn nonmamn, snaunrntno nosacramr
marnantnt, ncnxonornucxn n +monnonantnt narysxn, nontmarcx ncx nosnnx-
nonnnx y unnon crccon n nccn. urot ycnmno cnannrtcx c saauamn
nororonxn r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn x camocroxrntno xnsnn, +rn cmtn
nyxamrcx n ononnnrntntx marnantntx, ]nsnucxnx n yxonntx cycax.
syntrart nccnonannx, nonnnoro n ocxn n 1994 roy ncrnryrom
connonornn no noramm . . untnno n . . cno, c nntm onnxn ycnonn
]ynxnnonnonannx cmtn, nocnnrtnamm nxa c ocotmn nonmamn, noxasano, uro
cnn o onsnn nxa n aorann nsanncnmo or roro, xaxo y nxa ]xr, rontxo
8 onomnntx, ro n cnxsn c nosnnxnonnnm nono cnryannn ontmax uacrt (80) ncx
onomnntx mar naxonrcx n ocnonnom oma, yxaxnnax sa cnonm nxom. o +ro
nnunn marnantno nonoxnn cm, nmmmnx r c ocotmn nonmamn,
onnnnarcx nnx, um nsnrarnnnax ntoxa no ocxn. 34,6 cnonnron
onnnnn cno marnantno nonoxnn xax nnoxo n 11,7 xax ount nnoxo. nnom
oxono 21 r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn nocnnrtnamrcx mamamn s ornon.
uncn ount naxntx n ryntx nonm onrnxmn tnn nasnant raxn
nonmt, xax: nnosmoxnocrt oyunnx r n otuno mxon (34,5); rynocrn n
orannsannn nrnro ortxa (41); rynocrn n orannsannn omnnx co cncrnnxamn
(40). anontm cnoxocrno y nnx noxnnnoct n cnxsn c yymnm nx ontnoro -
nxa. nmnnt ormuann rynocrn c nonyunnm no]ccnn (43,3), c yymnm
ryoycrocrnom (40) .
xo nccnonannx ntxcnnnoct, uro 35 r c ocotmn nonmamn nocmamr
otunym mxony, 25 mxony cnnnannsnonannym no no]nnm onsnn, 7 r
nocmamr mxont c yrnynnntm nsyunnm asnnuntx nmron, oxono 23 r
oyuamrcx na omy. rm rxm, xorot sannmamrcx na omy, n 73 cnyuan nnxoxr na
om yunrnx, n 39 cm mart nnn yrn unnt cmtn sannmamrcx c nxom no
noramm mxont, 8,5 nannmamr naroron uacrntm oasom.
norn ns onrn n yonnrnont cocroxnnm oyunnx r. o mnnnm
onrn, nx rxm nyum ncro tno t yunrtcx n mxon c nontmnm uncnom yunnxon
(45); urot n n ocymcrnnxncx nnnnnyantnt noxo (35), na rrtm mcr
crmnnn oyuart nxa n otuno mxon (27). o crt onrnn xorxr, urot nx
rn, ax n c ocotmn nonmamn, nocmann mxont, xax nc, no urot n +rnx mxonax
nncyrcrnonan nnnnnyantnt n n]]nnnonannt noxo x yuamnmcx.
ax nnnm, noxnnnn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn crnyr na
cmtm no-asnomy, no n ontmnncrn cnom nrarnnno. xn cnyuan, xora na +ro
noun nosnnxamr xon]nnxrt, noocnonannt onnnnnx n ac yr yra, acna
cmtn. oxnnnn nxa c ]xrom n cmt ncr c coo ononnnrntnt marnant-
nt, ncnxonornucxn n +monnonantnt narysxn. osnnxamr onnnnt rynocrn n
orannsannn ro xnsnxrntnocrn n nocnnrannx, n ycranonnnnn cnxs c oxyxammnmn
nmtmn, n nanaxnnannn omnnx nxa co nsocntmn n oconno co cncrnnxamn, n
166
orannsannn nonyunnx oasonannx, n no]ccnonantnom camoonnnnn n mnorn
yrn. c +rn rynocrn noxonmo yunrtnart nn orannsannn connantno-
annnrannonnoro noncca c nxom.
].5. >

KVU 4
V

xnrt mox, ntsnannt nsncrnm o noxnnnnn n cmt nxa c ]xrom,
ctsno ranmnyr ncnxnxy onrn n cymcrnnno nnnxr na ycranonnnmncx mxy
nnmn ornomnnx.
ramonnuntx cmtxx cynyrn, xax nannno, naxoxr nyrn nsanmno noxart,
ycnoxonrt yr yra, nxnrt cno ro nmcr. o raxnx cm, x coxannnm, nmnoro.
ontmnncrn cnom ornomnnx mxy cynyramn nocn noxnnnnx nxa c ]xrom
oxnaxamrcx. xo nosnnxar nonn, ona, cynyrn naunnamr ncxart nnunnt
ncuacrtx nxa, uro nr x nosnnxnonnnm nnanncrn n nnyrncmntm xon]nnxram.
m on cnoxnt nxnnannx ntnaamr na onm onnoxnx mar.
nrarnnno axnnn omcrnnnoro mnnnx na oxnn nnaunoro nxa
oannxmrcx craannx, cnxsannt c ro onsntm, c rynocrxmn coxannx n
nocnnrannx.
onrnn, nmmmn raxnx r, uacro craamr or roro, uro uyncrnymr cx
nnnonntmn n cnyunnmcx c nxom. nn n moryr camocroxrntno noonrt
nanannnmncx na nnx rxxnt nnunocrnt n connantnt nonmt: crax n omnnn c
yrnmn nmtmn o cnom nx, rynocrn n orannsannn ro nocnnrannx n asnnrnx.
oxno nn nomout raxnm onrnxm nsannrtcx or myunrntntx nxnnann
stcxonocrn n ocrn onxnt ynnnocrt n noxo?
cnxonornucxax naxrnxa ar n +ro cnxsn nonoxnrntnt ornr. 3monnonantnt
nxnnannx, mtmnnn n nonnn unonxa usntuano cnoxnt, no onn nnonn
nosnanamt n ynannxmt. nnoxnn ocrarouno ycnnn moxno, nannm, nsmnxrt
nnntunt oas mtcn n uyncrn, ycranannnnart na nnmn xonront, noonnart
nnntuxy ymart o nnoxom xnsnnnom ncxo, xoroax cononoxar naxrnucxn xaxym
nonmy n nam xnsnn.
unonx cam cnonm oasom mtcn n uyncrn cosar c nacronn. o
nnnxnnm nnmnnx n nnyrnnnx ]axroon on noynnyr nmcrna, nnnxmmn na ro
ncnxnucxn nxnnannx or xxo ntaxnntx noxnnnn +]onn, nocrora, aocrn
o rnyouam nccnn n camonunannx.
ora onrn nocn noxnnnnx nxa c ]xrom naunnamr ncnonart
rynocrn n nyaun, ro onn ntramrcx narn ntxo ns cosanmrocx nonoxnnx, ncnontsyx
nmmmncx n nx acnoxxnnn nnnnn nonnnx. nn moryr trt cnymmnmn:
1) nnnxrt ntson cytt n nauart crnonart, orannsyx onxntm oasom ro
nocnnrann n asnnrn;
2) cmnnrtcx c o n nayunrtcx xnrt nmcr c n, nnnnmax xax
nnsxnocrt;
3) nsannrtcx or nxa, nan ro na nocnnrann cnonm onrnxm nnn n
cnnnannsnonanno yuxnn.
s nuncnnntx nananron nonnnx camt asymnt n +]]xrnnnt nyrt
nauart crnonart. cnxonornucxn nccnonannx, nononmt n ycnonnxx antno
onacnocrn, noxasann, uro nannyumnm oasom noonnann cno crax n rnoxnt
nxnnannx r, xro tn sanxr ntnonnnnm xonxrno saaun. xoro x orcyrcrnonano
non xrntnocrn, naunnann nannxonart nnn ncntrtnann nonnmym cxonannocrt n
nonnnn.
asraxa +roro ]nomna cocronr n rom, uro om nnnmannx, xoroo unonx
ynxr antnocrn, orannun. cnn nnnmann sanonnno xoncryxrnnno
xrntnocrtm, ro n ocrarcx cnoonoro mcra nx ycramammnx ]anrasn n rnoxntx
167
nxnnann. nonarntno, ono ns naxnmnx ycnonn noonnnx nrarnnntx
nxnnann y onrn, nmmmnx nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn,
nxnmunn nx n axrnnnym xrntnocrt, n nx ncro cnxsannym c nocnnrannm nxa.
on xrntnocrn y raxnx onrn ncxnmunrntno nnnxo. 3ro nsyunn
cnnnantno nnraryt n ontra nocnnrannx raxnx r n yrnx cmtxx, cosann
naronnxrntx ycnonn nx xnsnn nxa, nsanmocrnn n omnn c mantmom n .
norn nccnonannx amr ocnonann cnart ntno o rom, uro n nosnnxnonnnn
rnoxntx nxnnann n craxa y onrn n cnxsn c noxnnnnm nxa c ]xrom,
ontmo snaunn nmr ]oma n noonxnrntnocrt crcca, c xorotm onn cronxnynnct.
sxax n xoorxax ncnxnucxax ranma nourn ncra ntstnar cnntnt crax, xorot
yr nnrtcx on, um cnonano t, n yr ycnnnnartcx c runnm nmnn: ro crt n
annom cnyua noncxonr xnnnn cncnnnnsannn. nooasno nonronn anxmnx
ncnxnxy noncmcrnn, ax cnn onn ocrarouno ctsnt, nanornn, ntstnar uam
ncro nocrnnno coxamnn uyncrna rnorn: noncxonr nnntxann. xnsnnno
naxrnx +ro xoomo oraxarcx n nsncrno nocnonnn: nnn n ry nc nryr.
nonarntno, cnn onrnn nnnnmamr ntson cytt n axrnnno naunnamr
sannmartcx c nxom, y nnx snaunrntno ontm noxnnxrcx mancon na ro, urot
noonrt cnon craxn n rnoxnt mtcnn. o crt n annom cnyua nyxna noncnnnax,
nroonnnnax, nnrntnax nocnnrarntnax aora n nsanmocrnn c nxom, uro n
nnnr x nonoxnrntnomy ncnxorannrnucxomy +]]xry.
tsntm nnxrcrnnm na nyrn noonnnx rnoxntx nxnnann n craxon,
cnxsanntx c noxnnnnm nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, ntcrynar nama
cocrnnnax mtcnnrntnax xrntnocrt. annun nrarnnntx uyncrn n nxnnann
yxastnar na ro, uro mt nmm nnyrnnmm C!"#$%"&'!HQ H!(H na nrarnnno
mtmnnn n ntramcx cronrt cno nonnn nmnno c n. crannxx nac nann c
ornnarntntmn +monnxmn, nrarnnnax ycranonxa nnmar nac cocroxnnx noxox n mmar
noncxy noxoxmnx nyr nx mnnx ro nnn nno nonmno cnryannn.
comnnno, n nc nmn mtcnxr onnaxono. s naxrnxn nsncrno, uro ra uacrt ns
nnx, xoroax n ontm m nonxna nrarnnnomy mtmnnnm, ount ocro arnyr
na nosnnxammn rynocrn, rm on na raxn yat cytt, xax oxnn ontnoro
nxa. x, xro nnnnmar ncuacrt xax crcrnnno cocroxnn xnsnn n n xnar
cmnnrtcx c cyto, monnnsymr cnon cnnt n crmxrcx ocrono nx noonrt.
rarnnnt mtcnn nmmr rnnnnm ount tcro cranonnrtcx nnntuxo n n
antnmm noscrnonart na ncnxnxy unonxa anromarnucxn. urot n onycrnrt
oasonannx, cymcrnyr nmano nnmon, cnnmammnx ornnarntno noscrnn
nrarnnnoro mtmnnnx nyrm nnoa ro n nosnrnnno ycno.
ax, n ncnxorannrnucxo naxrnx mnoxo nsncrn nnm, xora nannnry
xomnymr cnnrt sa noxnnnnm nrarnnntx mtcn n rynxno, n x um us
na uaca, ]nxcnonart nx n rran nnn c nomomtm nxro]ona na aynoxaccr, a sarm,
nn ananns cnanntx sannc, nonart x nnm nosnrnnnt nananrt ornron.
urot nrarnnnt mtcnn nyum ocosnart, a sarm nx nsmnnrt nnn cmxrunrt,
moxno nnmnnrntno x cnnn]nx accmarnnamo nonmt ncnontsonart cnymmn
ncnomorarntnt nonoct:
axn uyncrna ntstnar mtcnt o rom, uro y mnx nmrcx nox c ]xrom
asnnrnx?
nococrnymr nn onn romy, uro x ocramct yrnrnntm, nanyranntm, nonontntm,
orounntm?
mymam nn x uyncrno nnnt? yrn.
nnrannx na nosnrnnnt mtcnn nnnonr n nror x nsmnnnm nnntunoro
crnnx mtmnnnx, uro snaunrntno cnnxar ncnxnucxym nanxxnnocrt, cmxruar
+monnonantnt nxnnannx, ntsnannt nnnxrntmn nx unonxa +monnxmn.
annm, nac nocroxnno ncnyr mtcnt o rom, uro mt nonnnnt n oxnnn
nxa c ]xrom n uro nac no +ro nnunn ocyxamr oxyxammn nmn. o cnn r
x nonmt nontrartcx ncrannrt n yrom, on nosnrnnnom xnmu, ro ra x
cnryannx, cnxsannax c oxnnm nnn noxnnnnm ontnoro nxa, yr ntrnxrt
168
ncxontxo nno. +ro cnxsn moxno cxasart c, uro mt n cno n onn, crt n
yrn cmtn, r nocnnrtnamrcx rn c ]xramn asnnrnx. nx nx oyunnx
cymcrnymr n rocyacrn cnnnantnt mxont, xorot nnsnant nomout nam. n noa
nn nam nmcro roro, urot nstxart n oxart, nauart crnonart n sanxrtcx no-nacroxmmy
nocnnrannm nxa, urot nororonnrt ro xo ncm rynocrxm, xorot ncrrxrcx na
xnsnnnom nyrn.
noxnt nxnnannx onrn, nooxnnt ]xrom nxa, cxastnamrcx
ornnarntno n rontxo na nx omm camouyncrnnn, no n na yxymnnn mxnnunocrntx
ornomnn. asaxnnocrt, rnn xnnxmrcx crcrnnno axnn unonxa na ony n
orounn. nn uacro cononoxamr xon]nnxrt, nosnnxammn ns-sa nconnannx nsrnx-
on na xnsnt, nocnnrann r, cxnatnammncx nrarnnnt ornomnnx n mnoro yro.
rnn unonx nnrar nyxamn n xnannxmn yroro unonxa, no+romy n ornrnax
axnnx tnar axnarno. asaxnnt cynyrn uacro tnamr osnonnt, caxacrnunt,
nnornunt n cnonx onnnnnxx n nocrynxax, cxnonnt ncxart n cnom narn nocrarxn
n nonnnnocrn. mnornx cynyron, cranxnnammnxcx c rnnno axnn onoro ns nnx,
noxnnxmrcx nc ocnonannx, urot nrart nnn yrannart nany, uro naxnatnar nsoont
ornuarox na ornomnnxx n cmt. mcr c rm ncntmxn asaxnnx n rnna moxno
nornarnrt.
ntm marom na nyrn noonnnx nmoro nocrarxa xnnxrcx nnsnann camoro
]axra ro cymcrnonannx. xorx +ro ryno cnart ns-sa usmno ont nnn
ncntntunnocrn, yroro nyrn nr. yxno yunrtcx nocnrt nomnn sa ro, uro mt
nontcnnn ronoc nnn ntnncnynn cno asaxnn, ncrart na nosnnnm narna n
nontrartcx nonxrt ro. nornn ymnnx cnoono ntaxart cnon uyncrna xnnxrcx
naxntm marom x ycranonnnnm xonronx na cnonmn crnnxmn.
ymcrnyr nmano nnmon, cnococrnymmnx ycranonnnnm xoncryxrnnnoro
nanora n cnnxnnm axnnn rnna. ax, cnn nt nouyncrnonann, uro asaxnt, moxno n
nxnnno ]om nonocnrt nnn noronart or narna norn nam nancruy. cnyua x
cnn nocta ocrannna cocnnxom s nnnmannx, nyxno nontrartcx xoxrno
nanannrt cno rnn n xoncryxrnnno ycno n ncnontsonart ro n xaucrn nncrymnra
nx ocyxnnx n mnnx nosnnxm nonmt. cnn unonx cnocon asoartcx n
nosnnxmnx +monnxx, nnsnart n ntasnrt nx, n noxnnxx nn +rom nynaxnnx x yromy
unonxy, snaunr, on nnonn onnan coo.
m, xro uacro cconrcx, onnnnym nontsy cnocono nnncrn conmcrno
ocyxnn nonm, no nmx xorooro myx nnn xna mornn t omnxrtcx nsanmntmn
nrnsnxmn n ntaorart xoncryxrnnnt noxo x mnnm ro nnn nno cnryannn.
crnnntm moxr oxasartcx cnoco, ocnonannt na ncnontsonannn nosmoxnocrn
narnon nnnmarntno ntcnymart yr yra n rm camtm cosart nnoctnxn nx
ornnx yrxnnoro n ntny ccot annoncnx n asmnnx xon]nnxra. oxno
ncnontsonart nnmt, ocnonannt na ornnunnn nnnmannx. nx +roro nnmnxmrcx cur,.,
nonsncnn nonroxmmnxcx ]as n . n omnnn co ncntntunntm unonxom
xomnyrcx ncnontsonart nc cno ymnn xoxrno cnymart, craartcx no
nosmoxnocrn noxnnxrt nonnmann yro nosnnnn.
cnn onrnt nnonucxn cconrcx c nxom, nao craartcx n nosnonxrt
uyncrny rnna nosonaart na nmontm. yxno ncnomnnrt oo ncm xoomm, uro
onnxr. oxno nsxrt nxa sa yxy, onxrt, ccrt xom. 3rn xcrt onnx
nomoryr nooort n cmt uyncrno nnnxsnn n ont.
mcr c rm n mnnn nnunocrntx nonm rontxo onoasontx ynaxnnn
nocrarouno. onrtcx nsmnnnx nrarnnnoro mtmnnnx n nrarnnntx ycranonox moxno
rontxo naxrnxo. ao nayunrtcx xonronnonart cnon mtcnn n uyncrna, n ncxxn as,
xora nrarnnnt mtcnn n uyncrna nosnnxamr, ocranannnnart nx n nnanart nm nosnrnn-
nt xaaxr.
manym ont n cnxrnn ncnxnucxoro nanxxnnx n ntnoa ns cocroxnnx nccnn
onrn, ncntranmnx mox or oxnnx nxa c ]xrom, nrar omnn.
ymcrnymr na xannx nananra nonnnx y rx, y xoro noxnnncx raxo nox: onn
samtxamrcx n cx, oxct, uro o +rom ysnamr oxyxammn nmn n nx ocyxr, yrn
169
ncntrtnamr xnann nonnrtcx c xm-nnyt cnonm rom, narn noxxy n
couyncrnn.
naxo n nc nmn moryr ocosnart ncuacrt raxnx onrn. yum ncx nx
nomyr r, xro ncntran ananornunt ya cytt. crrnn ocrnnnym ymy moxno
n nonnaxart, nsnnn cno ro, n nnxrt ontr nocnnrannx nxa. ocn raxnx ncru
n c, xax nannno, nacrynar onrunn, unonx accnanxrcx, noxnnxmrcx noncxn
naxt n rom, uro nxa c ]xrom moxno nocnnrart n cnart ro nonnonnntm
unnom omcrna.
unt nonsno nx cnxrnx ncnxnucxoro n ]nsnucxoro nanxxnnx soono
uyncrno mmoa. ora n cmtm nnxonr a, otuno ronoxr, uro unnam cmtn n o
myrox. mcr c rm no nc nmna cunranoct, uro mmo +ro cnooasno nxacrno,
nomoramm nmxm ornnutcx or ]nsnucxo nnn +monnonantno onn. nomomtm mmoa
mt moxm s ocooro amarnsma nnsnanart cnon omnxn, cnaocrn, xon]nnxrt,
naxonrt cmmno n cnom nonnnn, n ornomnnxx mxy nmtmn, n nocnnrannn
nxa, nnamart nrarnnnt +monnn n nonoxnrntnt. cnn mt, ncmorx na
nosnnxmn rynocrn, naxonm cnnt nocmxrtcx na coo, y nac noxnnxrcx ontm
mancon noonrt nnyrnnn ncxom]or n r nnmnn ncntrannx, oymnnmncx na
nac.
Rmo xaucrno n noxnno. ro moxno y cx asnnrt. crounnxom mmoa
moxr crart nc, uro mt nam n c um cranxnnamcx. nsnt nonna acya, cnonsno
axrnnnocrn, cyrt, nycroro myma, n nc +ro orarmn marnan nx rnnonxn uyncrna
mmoa. urot onnart uyncrnom mmoa, nao naxonrt nmx nx asmtmnnnx na
cotrnxmn xaxoro nommro nx n ntrartcx narn n nnx cmmnt croont,
nynnnunnart nnn nnymntmart snaunmocrt nommro ]axra nnn cnryannn,
nnymtnart notunt cnryannn n r. . ymcrnyr nmano n yrnx cmntx nonm,
ntstnamtx noxnnnnm nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn. cmorx na cnoxnt
xaaxr, nn nsanmnom xnannn cynyron nx moxno noonrt n nanannrt na
xoncryxrnnno mnn nonm, cnxsanntx c asnnrnm ]xrnnnoro nxa.
axnm oasom, ncmorx na mnorn antnt n mnnmt rynocrn, nosnnxammn n
cmt n cnxsn c noxnnnnm nxa c ]xrom, nx moxno noonrt nnn cmxrunrt, cnn
onrnn cnonmnno nsanxrcx or nocncrnn nxnroro crcca, onnamr nantxamn
ynannnnx cnonmn uyncrnamn n mtmnnnm, noxnnnnxmn asaxnnx n rnna, nayuarcx
cmorrt na xnsnt c uyncrnom mmoa, ncnontsonart cnon nocnnrarntnt nosmoxnocrn n
ontr nocnnrannx raxnx r, naxonnnnt n yrnx cmtxx.
o nx +roro ount naxno annnrnonart cx. oonrt uyncrno nnnt n roun
sa ro, uro onrnn nonnnnt n ax nxa, nacronrt cx na nonoxnrntnym nonny n
c]omnonart ncnxonornucxym ycranonxy na axrnnnym xrntnocrt, na ro, urot
maxcnmantno annsonart nosmoxnocrn nxa n nocnnrart ro n nnunocrnom ornomnnn
nonnonnntm unonxom. oxonmo ncmorrt ornomnnx mxy unnamn cmtn n
cosart n n raxym moantno-ncnxonornucxym armoc]y, urot ona naronnxrno
nnnxna na asnnrn nxa. naxo nao nmrt n nny, uro n nc cmtn moryr cnannrtcx
c nanannnmnmncx na nnx nonmamn camocroxrntno. m nyxna cnonmnnax
ncnxonornucxax noxxa n ncnxorannrnucxax nomomt.
].9. >



ocnnrann cnoxnt, mnororannt, nanxrnucxn nornnounnt noncc
cranonnnnx unonxa unonxom, ]omnonannx ro xax nnunocrn. nanntm n nocnnrannn
xnnxrcx onnann nxom connantntm ontrom, naxonnnntm nmcrnymmnmn
noxonnnxmn, nyrm nonnunnx ro n cncrmy omnnx n omcrnnno-nonsno
xrntnocrn. cnonnax saaua +rnx nsanmoornomnn ocnunn xnsnn, soontx,
marnantnoro narononyunx nxa, ]omnonann ro yxonno c]t n onnnn
mcra n connantno xnsnn.
170
nox c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, xax cyxr nocnnrarntnoro
noscrnnx, nsanncnmo or nna ]xra ncrannxr coo asnnnammymcx nnunocrt n
nnnnnyantnocrt. noncc nocnnrannx y raxoro nxa, xorx n nn nxoroom
nosmoxnom cnnxnnn rmnon n nsmnnnn nxorotx xaucrnnntx xaaxrncrnx
asnnrnx, nocrnnno cxnatnamrcx cocrnnnt mornnt n crnmynt nonnnx, asnn-
namrcx nornocrn, ]omnymrcx nnunocrnt xaucrna, nnrct, noxnnxrcx
nosmoxnocrt crannrt n coo nnn cosnarntnoro camoconmncrnonannx n
ocymcrnnnnx camonocnnrannx. o crt nox c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, xax n
nox, n nmmmn ]xron, cnocon no nnnxnnm nocnnrannx ycnmno asnnnartcx
n ncnxnucxom n nnunocrnom ornomnnxx.
ocnnrann nxa naunnarcx n cmt. nanntmn yuacrnnxamn nocnnrarntnoro
noncca ntcrynamr nc unnt: mart n orn, cram noxonnn n nnn aymx n
ymx, artx n ccrt n . r nx crnn n ornomnnx x nxy no mnorom sanncnr
ycnmnocrt ro asnnrnx. cnn nox n cmt n xnann, n yonnrnoxmrcx ro
nornocrn n nacx, nmnn, +monnonantnom xonraxr, cnn on nxnnar cocroxnn
nnyrnnro cnoxocrna, ro nc +ro saxnnar asnnrn nnunocrn nxa. rarnnno
na +ror noncc raxx cxastnarcx nax crnmynamn, ornnuammaxcx monoronnocrtm n
onooasnm oxyxammax ca. na moxr noannrt nnrc nxa x oxyxammmy
mny.
axnm nnoctnxo nomantnoro ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx nxa xnnxrcx
nmont x nmy onrn, cnoxonax armoc]a n cmt, ooxnarntno ornomnn.
xo ax nontmn ycnnnx onrn moryr oxasart ount cnntno nnnxnn na
asnnrn nxa, nontcnrt ro axrnnnocrt, nnrc x nsocnomy unonxy.
+rom ornomnnn noxasarntnt ontrt . . ncnno, nsyuanm ont omnnx c
mnannamn 24 mcxnn n nx asnnrnn. anxrnx nnnnct 78 mnnyr n nt n cocroxnn n
rom, uro +xcnnmnraro nacxan nxa, nornaxnnan n romomnn ro, yntaxct n
nnronannax nxnt cnona, nnmno rax, xax +ro nar nmxmax mart n mnnyrt ocoo
nxnocrn. rnrno axnn tna ynax aocrt r. nn cmxnnct, rxnynn yuxn x
nsocntm, n nocror ncxnxnnann, nx rnasa cnxnn n nyunnnct.
ocn 23 sanxrn rn c nrnnnm xann +xcnnmnraroa, a sannn ro,
oxnnnxnnct n nnstnno rynnnn. annnnax annym rynny r c xonrontno,
onayxnnoct, uro y r, c xorotmn nnrncnnno omannct nsocnt, noncxonno
on tcro asnnrn nnnmannx n nnrca, nx nnxnnx tnn on asnooasntmn.
nn uam aonannct n nonyuann on rnyoxo yonontcrnn or crnn c nrymxamn,
nonn nccnonann nx: accmarnnann, omyntnann, ocnonann ryamn, cnymann, xaxo
onn nsamr snyx, cxnmann, acrxrnnann n r. . cnn yucrt, uro nsocnt n noxastnann
mantmam, xax nao crnonart c nrymxamn, ro moxno cnart ntno, uro nmnno
omnn nsocnoro oxasanoct ro cnno, xoroax nonnnyna ncnxnucxo asnnrn
nxa nn n cnana ro on axrnnntm.
naxrnx cmnoro nocnnrannx ncronucxn cnoxnnoct na rnna ornomnn
mxy onrnxmn n rtmn: (L'("3 !C/&"('("3 n (L'("3 !-H/("&'!.
nt rnn ornomnn xoomo nsncrn. n nnnctnarcx n cnymmym ]omyny:
nsocnt, nox manntxn, x snam, xax xnrt, on n snar. ro ny sa coo. naxo
nox n ncra nonnmar +rn naroont crmnnnx nsocntx, naunnar
conornnnxrtcx, n cnymartcx, n nsocnt nycxar n no cnom nnacrt c rm, urot
nox nomn sa nnm. o crt n annom cnyua nnacrt cranonnrcx no nno
noxonmocrtm nocnnrannx, nnmnntm ro ycnonnm, a noncc nocnnrannx
nnamarcx n noncc nounnnnx nxa. socnt onnamrcx nnacrn na nnm, a
nox cocrnnno nnacrn na cnryann.
axo rnn nocnnrannx, no rmnnonornn . ononunxa, nastnarcx
coomnnucrnom. rn, ntocmn ram, r nanr coomnnucrno, r noxar nnnnnn:
r rt mn, cmorxr na nc c nosnnn ntrot. ro ntron, c rmn nyr yxy.
crano ntrot nacrynar xonn ncxxnm ornomnnxm. am, r ycranannnnamrcx
ornomnnx conounnnnx, nonnonnnoro nancrnnnoro nocnnrannx trt n moxr,
noromy uro cno sa nnacrt mxy nsocntmn n rtmn nnt nnsnax syxonnocrn n
171
ncnannnnocrn.
yro rnn ornomnn corynnucrno. orynnuart c rtmn snaunr
ynaxart nx, nnnrt, ymrt nocrynnrtcx cnonmn xnannxmn, nyxartcx n nnx n trt
nyxntm. ocnnrann xax corynnucrno +ro crcrnnno nocnnrann, xoroo nmr
mcro n xaxo yxno cmt. a ncx nyumnx nnmax nocnnrannx moxno ynnrt, uro
ro ycnx onnxrcx nmnno corynnucrnom c rtmn, onn uyncrnymr cx
camocroxrntntmn uyrt nn n c rx nr.
ro x nmx nonnmann cnoot n nocnnrannn r nmr cnom cnnn]nxy.
ro nocnnrann ar cnooy, r nox nar uro xour, a ro, r on cnoono crnyr
nmcr c onrnxmn, crmxct x ono nnn. ornomnnxx corynnucrna onrnxm
nnxonrcx nanannxrt cnnt n na nxa, n na camoro cx. nrt n nm n
nounnnnoro nomomnnxa, a corynnxa, s xorooro n cnannrtcx n rom nnn nnom n,
ynaxart n noxnnart ro.
na ns ctsntx onacnocr, xoroax nocrrar mnorn cmtn, r crt
nox c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, +ro ycranonnnn x nmy ocooro
ornomnnx, nnx n nm oconnoro nxa. onrnn crmxrcx oranrt ro or
]nsnucxnx ycnnn, ntnonnxmr sa nro mnorn crnnx, ax r, c xorotmn on mor t
ycnmno cnannrtcx cam, arnymr na nc ro xannst, nnmax ro rm camtm +n-
mnrano camocroxrntnocrn.
ocnnrarntnax raxrnxa n cmt no ornomnnm x nxy c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn onxna trt rouno raxo x, xax n n nocnnrannn soonoro nxa.
ocroxnno axnnrnonann nnnmannx na ro oconnocrxx antnt nyrt x
]omnonannm sanncnmo, nycrounno, nnnycrmnnno nnunocrn, naccnnno
nocnnnnmamm nc xnsnnnt ocroxrntcrna n ncnocono noonnart rynocrn.
annyumn nosmoxnocrn nx nocnnrannx nxa nocrannxr nomantnax
ramonnunax nonnax cmtx. raxo cmt nru ycnannarcx ontr nancrnnnoro
nonnnx n nnnunoro connantnoro omnnx. cnn n n nanr ooxnarntnocrt,
nmont n ynaxnn, nc unnt cmtn nomoramr yr yry, ro s ocotx sarynnn
]omnymrcx mnorn nnnt xaucrna nnunocrn.
uro x xacarcx yrnx rnnon cm, ro xaxo ns nnx nncymn cnon nonmt.
manorno cmt, nannm, ryn nocnnrtnart nonnonnnoro unonxa n connantnom
ornomnnn. nncrnnnt nox nonyuar ontm nnnmannx, nm ontm ooxar n n
cxtnamr +roro. nncrnnnt rn uam ntacramr cxnmnamn, +roncramn, ucrntmn
nmtmn. nox nnntxar x romy, uro nc o nm saorxrcx, a my saornrtcx n o xom.
nncrnnnt rn uam ocramrcx nn]anrnntntmn, ncamocroxrntntmn,
nyxammnmncx n onx cramnx.
nnonno cmt, r uam ncro orcyrcrnyr orn, mantunx ryn nocnnnnmar
ont myxunnt. nru n noux nt ona nnmarcx nosmoxnocrn nanmart oasnt
ornomnn xnt x myxy. onoxnn r ns nnonntx cm onruarcx, cnn onn
yxar c rtmn ns ramonnuntx nonntx cm, n rora +ra cmtx, a n cnox nnnnmarcx
sa oasn, xoroomy onn n craamrcx cnonart.
nnxrn ro nnn nno onn n cmt no ornomnnm x rxm onnxr crnnt
nocnnrannx. nanon acnocrannno xnaccn]nxannn ntnxmr cnymmn
ocnonnt crnnn nocnnrannx:
-"-(), !"$+. n annom crnn nocnnrannx annsyrcx raxrnxa nxrara
n onxn: c mnnnm r n cunramrcx, nmax nx nnnnnarnna accmarnnarcx xax axr
cnononnx, xax nocxrarntcrno na anronrr cramro, sa nx nonnnm ycranannnnarcx
xcrxn xonront. n raxom crnn nocnnrannx nnunocrt nxa ]omnyrcx, uro
nx ncro cxastnarcx na nnnnnyantnocrn. nox acrr oxnm,
nnnnnnarnnntm, n cnyua x nnocnymannx moxr nosnnxnyrt xon]nnxr mxy nxom
n nsocntm. n asmnnn xon]nnxra nsocnt ntrarcx ncnontsonart raxrnxy nxrara.
'0-"&'!", !"$+. ro ocnon nxnr onn n ynaxnrntno ornomnn
x nxy, na n ro nosmoxnocrn n cnoconocrn. nx moxarnucxoro crnnx nocnnrannx
n cmt xaaxrno crmnnn nsocnoro mart nc nonoct conmcrno c nxom na
ocnon corynnucrna, axnarno onnnnart nc ro ycnxn n nyaua, oxastnart my
172
ncmnym ncnxonornucxym noxxy. moxarnucxn crnnt nocnnrannx cosar
nanon naronnxrnt ycnonnx nx asnnrnx nnunocrn nxa, cosannx nomantnoro
moantno-ncnxonornucxoro xnnmara n cmt, nocnnrannx axrnnno camoonnxn, uyncrna
cocrnnnoro ocronncrna n yrnx nonoxnrntntx xaucrn.
CH!"'$+!", !"$+. nx nro xaaxrno ]omantno ntnonnnn
onrnxmn cnonx oxsannocr, cnox nx nnmt x saor o rom, urot rn tnn ctrt n
ort. uro x xacarcx nx nocnnrannx, ro +ra nonma nx xax yro t n xacarcx. nn
n snamr, xax +ro nart, nnn x cunramr nocnnrann r n nyxntm sanxrnm, rax xax
sauacrym ontm sanxrt coo. n annom crnn nocnnrannx naymarcx noncc
connannsannn nxa, ncnxnucxo asnnrn samnxrcx, noxnnxmrcx
rynonocnnrymt n narornucxn sanymnnt rn.
ccnonannx mnornx anroon . . xcnmn (1939), . . xonnna, . .
aunnnxn (1960), ..yxana (1959), .n (1930), . onra (1965) yxastnamr
na ro, uro ycranonnnmncx n cmt rnn nrarnnnoro nonaammro nocnnrarntnoro
noscrnnx oxastnar cymcrnnno nnnxnn n rontxo na saxxy ncnxnucxoro
asnnrnx nxa, no n na nosnnxnonnn asnnuntx anomann n ]omnonannn nnunocrn.
num ycranonnno, uro nonaammn rnn nsanmoornomnn naxonrcx n rcno
nsanmocnxsn c xaaxrom nnunocrntx orxnonnn y r.
nxa nocnnrtnar nc, uro ro oxyxar. mcrnnnt ornomnnx n
nsanmoornomnnx, noscrnnx n nsanmocrnnx, n xorot ncrynamr mxy coo
nsocnt n rn, ncra xnnxmrcx nocnnrarntntmn nsanncnmo or crnnn ocosnannx nx
xax nsocntmn, rax n rtmn. rcma nocnnrann r moxr trt !"#",()0 n
*'$'(C-$'(()0. cnn crnxnno nocnnrann norxar n norannsonanno c, ro
nnnanannnno nocnnrann nycmarnnar xax cosann cnnnantntx ycnonn n
mroon noscrnnx na nxa, rax n ncnontsonann n nocnnrarntntx nnxx
norannsonanno ct c nntm nornnocrnnx nosmoxnomy ornnarntnomy
nnnxnnm. cnonntm xnrnm syntraron nocnnrarntnoro noscrnnx xnnxrcx
crnnt coornrcrnnx cnocrn n xaucrn nnunocrn ronannxm xnsnn.
coo mcro n asnnrnn n nocnnrannn nxa sannmamr nnot mnanucrna n
annro rcrna. +ro nmx nox nonnocrtm sanncnr or cmtn, or nocnnrarntntx
nosmoxnocr n ycnonn xnsnn n n.
ccnonannx ]nsnonornn mosra n n onacrn rcxo ncnxonornn noxasann, uro
ycnonn nxom omcrnnnoro ontra n saxnatnann ocnon ymcrnnntx n yrnx
cnoconocr noncxoxr nanon +]]xrnnno n nno o rx nr, xora nocrynammax
nnmnxx nn]omannx n mosr noxnrcx na nnrncnnno asnnnammncx nnnt xnrxn.
rnononann +rnx saxonomnocr nnnocnr nnonannmt ym n asnnrnn nxa,
n saaua onrn, nmmmnx r c rmn nnn nntmn ]xramn, n ynycrnrt +rn
nosmoxnocrn.
nox n naccnnnt oxr nocnnrarntnoro noscrnnx. n axrnnnt ro
cyxr. nocnnrannn ncra nsanmocrnyr nocnnrarnt n nocnnrannnx. nox,
nsmnxxct no nnnxnnm nocnnrarntnoro noscrnnx, cosnarntno nnn nocosnanno cam
naunnar nnnxrt na nsocntx, sacrannxx nx nnocnrt xoxrnnt n coxann n ccrna
nocnnrannx.
ornacno nsrnxam . . ynnmrna, asnnrn nxa nnonarar nocroxnno
asnnrn nocnnrarnx, xoroo ntcrynar ycnonnm asnnrnx nxa. rcma cnyr
ntno, uro nocnnrann nxa n cmt onxno naunnartcx c nocnnrannx, camonocnnrannx
n camooasonannx onrn. nn onxnt snart, n rontxo xax yxaxnnart sa nxom, no
n onnrnonartcx n rom, xaxnm oasom asnnnart ncnxnxy nxa n ]omnonart ro xax
nnunocrt.
uyncrno ornrcrnnnocrn onrn onxno nocxasart nm, uro nnrct nxa n
ro nonnonnnoro nocnnrannx norymr or nnx snaunrntno ontm ycnnn, um n
nocnnrannn soonoro nxa. o+romy c nntx n ro noxnnnnx n cmt onxna
trt onnna raxax raxrnxa nocnnrannx, xoroax yunrtnana t xaxt nt ro xnsnn,
nnonarana t myo nsnmnnann nosmoxnocr ncx unnon cmtn, anno nx
ornomnn x ornrcrnnnomy nocnnrannm nxa n cnannnno coornomnn rx
173
ycnnn n xrn, xorot moryr nonaonrtcx n ro nocnnrannn.
Fontmo nnrc nx onrn ncrannxr ontr annro asnnrnx r n
nonnn. 1969 roy onn ns ocnonarn ]nmt onn accaa yxa cosan
orannsannm noncxax acconnannx annro asnnrnx, xoroax ar nosmoxnocrt
rtcxuam mantm n nosacr o rx nr yunrtcx no noramm, xoroym on asaoran.
ocnon +ro norammt nxnr nnnxax na n cnny nocnnrannx n n nornnnantnt
nosmoxnocrn nxa. o, uro nox moxr ycnonrt o rx nr, nnocncrnnn my arcx
c ryom nnn noom n arcx. o, uro nsocntm ycnonrt ryno, rn ycnannamr
nramun: nnocrannt xstxn, nry na cxnnx, nxonym sy, nnanann, nconann n r..
nn roront yunrtcx ncra, noxa nm nnrcno.
nncnonnn x cno aor ocn rx yx nosno on rononr o rom, uro
rannnonnt noxo x oyunnm r nooun. unrarcx, uro o rxx nsncrno nc,
rora xax na camom n mt ount mano snam o nx antntx nosmoxnocrxx. t ynxm
mnoro nnnmannx nonocy o rom, umy yunrt r cram rx nr, no, cornacno
conmnntm nccnonannxm, x +romy nosacry asnnrn xnrox rononnoro mosra yx
sanmno na 7080. osr nxa onaar ]ynamnrantno cnoconocrtm
nnnnmart cnrnant nsnn, cosanart nx oas n sanomnnart. a +ro cnoconocrn
xnrcx nc antnm nnrnnxryantno asnnrn.
o+romy, xax on cunrar, nnonrt nn]omannm nsnn nanon +]]xrnnno n nno
or onoro o rx nr, rax xax ocnonnt cryxryt mosra ]omnymrcx x rm roam.
+ro cnxsn on nnarar nsmnnrt n aor c rtmn n coxann, a cnoco oyunnx
nxa. nanno, nonarar on, +ro cnonmnno nnnn n asnnnammncx xnrxn
mosra nonoro ontra. mo nox, cnn my art ro, uro nyxno n xora nyxno, ntacrr
cmtmnntm n c rntm xaaxrom.
ann asnnrn nonsno n rontxo nx soontx r, no n nx rx, xro noxnnncx
na cnr c rmn nnn nntmn orxnonnnxmn or nomt. ax samuar accaa yxa, n mn
crt nmano r c ]nsnucxnmn orxnonnnxmn: ontntx nonnomnnnrom, ymcrnnno
orcrantx, rnyxnx, nmtx. ann asnnrn n onxno oxonrt nx croono, naooor,
nmnno n cnny rxxnoro nonoxnnx r noxonmo onnnrt nx nocrarox xax
moxno antm, urot c nomomtm rxnnxn annro asnnrnx xomnncnonart +rn
nocrarxn nacxontxo +ro nosmoxno.
ax, rnyxoro nxa cnauana yuar ysnanart na cnyx cocrnnno nmx, sarm yuar
yrn cnona. osx connxmr cnona co snaunnxmn, asnnnax cnt cnyxa. us
ncxontxo nnt mnann naunnar ysnanart ronoc cno marn, a us urt mcxna
cno nmx. nmno x rm roam ysnar mnorn cnona, xorotmn nontsymrcx nsocnt n
noncnnno xnsnn, no+romy +rn annn rot camt noxoxmn, urot nayunrt
asnnuntm cnonam nxa co cnyxontmn orxnonnnxmn. Fontm ncro nao nsrart
nsonxnnn nxa or snyxon, noromy uro on xxot nnuro n cntmnr. cnn nox yr
nocroxnno cnymart snyxn, y nro asontrcx cnoconocrt cntmart, ax cnn on onncx c
ctsntm naymnnm cnyxa.
ocnnrann nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n cmt ryr n rontxo
ononnnrntntx marnantntx sarar n ]nsnucxnx ycnnn, no nx ncro snann n
ontmoro ncxyccrna ynannnnx ro asnnrnm. axno n rontxo cosart ycnonnx nx
nomantno xnsnxrntnocrn nxa, no, rnanno, c]omnonart y nro ny n cx,
cnon nosmoxnocrn, urot on mn x nnn, ncmorx na nyaun, orroxnn, n samtxancx n
cx, a naxonn nont nananrt ycranonnnnx nomantntx ornomnn c yrnmn nmtmn,
xorot ornocxrcx x nmy nosnrnnno, cosanan cnom connantnym mnxocy.
cnn x y nxa c]omnonanact mornnannx, n ocnon xoroo nxnr crax,
uyncrno nynnnocrn, oxnann nnnxrnocr, ro onrnn onxnt nnnxrt mt,
urot +ry mornnannm nncrn n nosnrnnno ycno. cmtn crt nosmoxnocrn +ro
cnart, cnn ona yr anannsnonart nonnn nxa, nonnmart ro, +monnonantno
noxnnart, noomxrt sa ycnxn n n noxonrt mnmo nyau.
rax, cmtx, xax nnnunax omcrnnnax xuxa, n xoroo naunnarcx noncc
nocnnrannx r, nsanncnmo or rnna cnocona nn cosannn coornrcrnymmnx
ycnonn n cncrmt nocnnrarntntx noscrnnn sanoxnrt nount ocnont nonnonnnoro
174
asnnrnx nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn n ncnxnucxom n
nnunocrnom ornomnnxx.
naxo n annsannn +ro saaun noryrcx or onrn n yrnx unnon cmtn
snaunrntno ontm ycnnn, um n nocnnrannn soonoro nxa. x ncro nm
noxonmo nnnxrt nxa c ]xrom asnnrnx xax antnocrt, nonnrt n ro
nosmoxnocrn nsmnxrtcx n n cnon nocnnrarntnt cnoconocrn.
ornxa nocnnrannx nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn ryr nannunx
cnnnantntx snann, ncroxn nn noxonmocrn mxnnunocrntx ornomnn n
cmt, orxasa or noountx crnn nocnnrannx n ntaorxn nanon onrnmantno
crarrnn n raxrnxn nocnnrannx c yurom ]xra nxa, rnna cmtn, ycnonn xnsnn n
yrnx ]axroon.
ao ocosnart, uro rorontx nnron nocnnrannx na nc cnyuan xnsnn nnxro n
moxr art. onrnn onxnt camn nosnart saxonomnocrn asnnrnx nxa n
coornocnrt c nnmn cnon crnnx n asnnuntx xnsnnntx cnryannxx, rnxo arnonart
na ncxxn, ax nsnaunrntnt nonoxnrntnt nnn nrarnnnt nsmnnnx n asnnrnn
nxa, n onycxax nn +rom acxoxnn mxy coxannm nocnnrarntntx
noscrnn n oasom xnsnn cmtn.
].8. D VU

D
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oxnnnn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n cmt crannr onrn
n ]axrom acmnnnx connantntx xonraxron c asnnuntmn yuxnnxmn,
orannsannxmn n cnyxamn. cosnanax cnom ornrcrnnnocrt n mantmom, onrnn
onxnt, n rxx nmnn, naunnart crnonart, noxnnxx coornrcrnymmym axrnnnocrt
c nntm cosannx noxonmtx ycnonn nx orannsannn nonnonnnoro asnnrnx n
nocnnrannx nxa. axax axrnnnocrt nonsna n nyx ornomnnxx. o-nntx,
xrntnocrno nnnanannnno nonnn nosnonxr onrnxm nru nxnrt
nccnnno cocroxnn, ntsnanno noxnnnnm nxa c ]xrom asnnrnx, no-nrotx,
asymnax axrnnnocrt moxr art nosnrnnnt nmnyntc nx cnonmnnoro nnnanannn-
noro ro nunnx, nocnnrannx n asnnrnx, n ynycxax naronnxrntx nnoon asnnrnx n
]omnonannn coornrcrnymmnx ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn n nnunocrntx cnocrn.
x ncro onrnxm cnyr nocnoxonrtcx o nonnnn cnonmnno
narnocrnxn cocroxnnx soontx n asnnrnx nxa. rn, y xorotx ]xr asnnrnx
ounnn n n ntstnar comnnnx, nonaamr n non snnx cnnnanncron casy nocn nx
oxnnx. naxo naymnnx n asnnrnn nxa moryr trt mnoronnanontmn n
sararnnart asnnunt c]t xnsnxrntnocrn: ymcrnnnym, nnrarntnym, cnconym,
unym nnn x ncxontxo c] ononmnno. num onn moryr nmrt asnt ]omt n
asnym crnnt ntaxnnocrn, noxnnxrtcx n nocn oxnnx, uro nnonarar
noxonmocrt nx yrnynnnoro ocnonannx. o+romy narnocrnxa orxnonnn n
asnnrnn nxa onxna ncra nocnrt xomnnxcnt, cncrmnt xaaxr.
ax noxastnar naxrnxa, cryxrya ]xra moxr trt nannntno onnna
rontxo nn yuacrnn n ocnonannn nxa naua, ncnxonora, ]xronora, a nn
noxonmocrn n yrnx cnnnanncron. axo noxo x narnocrnx nosnonxr nannntno
onnnrt nct cnmnromoxomnnxc nmmmnxcx y nxa nonm, art axnarnym onnxy
xnnnnucxnx, ncnxonornucxnx, narornucxnx n yrnx ro oconnocr.
onrnn, n nmx cnnnantno nororonxn n sauacrym naxoxmncx n crccono
cnryannn, n cnocont axnarno onnnrt ]nsnucxo n ncnxnucxo cocroxnn nxa n
onayxnrt nmmmncx y nro nonmt n orxnonnnx n asnnrnn. nonarntno, nx
saaua nananrt rcnt xonraxr n nsanmocrnn c nasnanntmn cnnnanncramn n n
rontxo n nonnnn narnocrnucxoro ocnonannx, no n n orannsannn yxoa sa
nxom, n ro nunnn n nocnnrannn.
175
yr +rnx cnnnanncron n sanncnmocrn or cryxryt ]xra moxr trt
ocrarouno mnox. nnm ornocxrcx cnnnanncrt ysxoro no]nnx ns coornrcrnymmnx
nnron n nuntx yuxnn, n xorotx rn cocroxr na ncnancnom yur, a raxx
rcxn nau, ncnxonor, cnnnanncr no connantno annnrannn, noron, ]xronor,
xorot xnnxmrcx rnanntmn xoncyntranramn no mnornm nonocam, cnxsanntm c runnm
saonnannx n asnnrnm nxa.
cnyua noxonmocrn onrnn moryr oarnrtcx sa nomomtm n C!"#$%>
0'/">C'/%%"&'!HQ (!H$+*"Q TM, n xoroo aoramr cnnnanncrt
asntx no]nn. nx saauy nxonr oxasann nomomn nacnnnm n nynxnnn
orxnonnn n ]nsnucxom n ncnxnucxom asnnrnn r. +ro nntm onn oxsant
cnonmnno ocnonart n ntxnnxrt r c orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn n annm,
omxontnom n mxontnom nosacr n oxastnart nm nuno-narornucxym n
xoxnnonnym nomomt, ocnonart r cramro omxontnoro nosacra c nntm
ntxnnnnx nx roronnocrn x yunnm n mxon n onnxrt ]omt nx oyunnx,
asaartnart nnnnnyantnt xomnannn no nunnm, oyunnm n nocnnrannm r,
oxastnart xoncyntrarnnnym nomomt onrnxm n mronucxym nomomt naroram n
nocnnrarnxm.
asnannax xomnccnx nn noxonmocrn ncmarnnar an ycranonnnnt
rxm narnost, nx uro nox nanannxrcx na ononnnrntno ocnonann n
mnnnncxo (nuno) nnn nayuno-nccnonarntcxo yuxnn.
Fontmym nomomt cmt moxr oxasart connantnt aornnx, nnsnannt
oxastnart cocrnn n asmnnn nonm xnsnxrntnocrn. n n cocroxnnn
nomout cmt nannyumnm oasom nncnoconrtcx x nontm ycnonnxm n ronannxm
xnsnn, narn cnnnx o nyxntx nxy cnnnanncrax, nooart nn]omannm o nos-
moxntx noconxx, ntrorax, orannxx, ntart coornrcrnymm oasonarntno
yuxnn nx nxa, ncrannxrt nnrct cmtn n asnnuntx rocyacrnnntx n
omcrnnntx ]onax, yuxnnxx, orannsannxx, notcxart nxnm nnn yunrnx nx
nxa, nosnaxomnrt c cmtxmn, xorot ycnmno mamr r x saaun, coart oxy-
mnrt nx mnnx asnnuntx ]omantntx nonocon, axryantntx nx cmtn n nxa,
nart noxonmt saxynxn noyxron n nxacrn n .
om nasnanntx yuxnn n nnn, x xorotm nn noxonmocrn moxno
oarnrtcx, nyxno nmrt nn]omannm n o rx orannsannxx, r onrnn raxx mornn t
nonyunrt rymym nomomt. nnm moxno orncrn:
rnronantnt nnn aonnt nnrt connantnoro ocnyxnnannx nnn connantno
samnrt nacnnnx. nasnannom nnr moxno sarncrnonart cmtm n nxa, crart
nocroxnntm ro xnnnrom n nontsonartcx ycnyramn, nunt xorotx ocrarouno mnox;
annnrannonnt nnrt nx r n noocrxon c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, n
saauy xorotx nxonr oxasann mnnnncxo, connantno n ncnxonoro-narornucxo
nomomn rxm;
roocxn nnn aonnt xomnrrt no samnr nan marnncrna n rcrna. nnx moxno
nonyunrt xoncyntrannm o ntrorax, cymcrnymmnx ]onax n yrnm nonocam;
cnnnantnt oasonarntnt yuxnnx rcxn cat, mxont, nnrnart,
acconnannn n yrn onnnnx onrn, nmmmnx r c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn, xorot nnasnaunt nx oxasannx cmtxm noxonmo
+monnonantno noxxn, naun ontra nocnnrannx r, samnrt nan cm n .
naunrntnt rynocrn moryr nosnnxnyrt y onrn, n nm moxr noronartcx
nomomt nn onnnnn nxa na oyunn n mxony.
axonom occncxo annn oasonannn ycranonnno, uro nano
raxan na nonyunn oasonannx xnnxrcx onnm ns ocnonntx n normnmtx
xoncrnrynnonntx nan raxan occncxo annn. nm crt crartn, n xorotx
ocoo ormunt saxonoarntnt nonoxnnx n ornomnnn r c orxnonnnxmn n asnn-
rnn, nycmarnnammn cosann ycnonn nx nonyunnx oasonannx, xoxnnn
naymnn asnnrnx n connantno aanrannn na ocnon cnnnantntx narornucxnx
noxoon, orannsannn cnnnantntx oasonarntntx yuxnn, ocnunnammnx
nunn, coxann, nocnnrann n oyunn, connantnym aanrannm n nnrrannm n
176
omcrno, xoxnnm nocrarxon asnnrnx y r n omxontntx yuxnnxx.
onrnn nxo croxr n ntoom, xya nanannrt nxa na oyunn n
otunym omoasonarntnym mxony nnn x n cnnnantno yuxnn. x nonnnnx n
nanacnt. no n rom, uro n xrntnocrn cnnnantntx oasonarntntx yuxnn ont
onrn n noccranonnnnn xnsnnnoro nornnnana nxa, x coxannnm, no nnnmann
naxrnucxn n nnnnmarcx. tsnano +ro rm, uro cnnnantnt yuxnnx uacro
rnronantno orannt or cmtn n xonraxrt c onrnxmn tnamr n on asa n na-
rn mcxna. xo ns-sa n snannx, xax trt c nxom n orcyrcrnnx antno
nosmoxnocrn ntoa rnna n nna oasonarntnoro yuxnnx, onrnn ntnyxnt
ncnontsonart nncrnnnt nyrt canart nxa n rocyacrnnnt
cnnnannsnonannt yuxnnx.
mcr c rm ax n +rnx cnyuaxx onrnn onxnt nosaornrtcx o rom, urot
nxa nororonnrt x mxon. ororonxa x oyunnm n mxon naxrnucxn naunnarcx c
camoro ro oxnnx. cnn y onrn nosnnxamr comnnnx n rom, na uro nart axnnr
na nunn nxa nnn na ro oasonann, ro nao nmrt n nny, uro rn, xorot
ncntrtnann ]nnnr n nocnnrannn n oasonannn, tnamr mn nncnoconnntmn x
xnsnn, cnomomntmn ax n otuntx xnsnnntx cnryannxx. o+romy, xaxnmn t
rxxntmn n tnn naymnnx n asnnrnn nxa, nao mart nonoc n nontsy
oasonannx, n ncxnmuax, sycnonno, n nunnx.
cnn x nox, nmmmn ]xr n asnnrnn, onnxrcx n om-
oasonarntnym mxony, onrnxm cnyr nananrt camt rcnt xonraxr c yunrnxmn n
xnaccntm yxononrnm, accxasart nm o nnnnnyantntx oconnocrxx cnoro nxa,
rynxno nocmart xnaccnt onrntcxn coannx, ntaartnart nnnnnyantnym
norammy asnnrnx c yurom cnnn]nxn ]xra, rynxno orcnxnnart nsmnnnx n
ncnxnx n nnunocrn, noncxoxmn no noscrnnm oyunnx n nocnnrannx.
onsntm xnnxrcx yuacrn onrn n raxnx asnnuntx nnmxontntx
onnnnxx, oxastnammnx nnnxnn na oasonarntnt noncc, xax onrntcxn
xomnrr, conr ornon n . asnannt onnnnx, xax nannno, nannt nonnomounxmn
nnnxrnx rx nnn nntx mnnn, xacammnxcx ynyumnnx orannsannn oyunnx r,
yrnxnnx oxymnron, rnamnrnymmnx xnsnt mxont, nonnnx coann no
nonmntm nonocam, ommxontntx monnxrn c yuacrnm onrn, orannsannn
conmcrnoro ncnxonornucxoro xoncyntrnonannx n r.. uacrn n nnx ar onrnxm
nosmoxnocrt crannrt n mart nonoct, n rontxo ornocxmncx x ommxontntm
nonmam, no n xonnnrnonart nnnmann na oxasannn nomomn n samnr nnrcon, na
cosannn ycnonn nx oyunnx n nocnnrannx r, nmmmnx orannunnt
nosmoxnocrn, xorot rymr x c nontmnnoro nnnmannx n cnnn]nucxoro
nnnnnyantnoro noxoa.
mtn, nmmmn r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, nmmr cxont
nonmt n sarynnnx, nxo nm nocrar ]nsnucxnx n moantntx cnn. c onn
nyxamrcx n ncnxonornucxo noxx, nornocrn nonnrtcx c yrnmn nmtmn
cnonmn comnnnxmn n rynocrxmn.
aaxr omnnx onrn no mnorom onnxrcx nx nnnnnyantntmn
oconnocrxmn, cnnn]nxo cnoxnnmcx xnsnxrntnocrn n ornomnnm x nnm
oxyxammnx. unnt ramonnuntx cm n ontmnncrn cnom n samtxamrcx amxamn
ornomnn rontxo mxy coo, a nmmr ys, y nnx crt cnon nnrct, nmnmt
sanxrnx. 3rn cnxsn c nnmnnm mnom xnnxmrcx ycrounntm ncrounnxom ncnxonornucxo
noxxn nn nosnnxnonnnn rx nnn nntx cmntx nonm. onrnn ncra moryr
nonnrtcx c ystxmn no nonoy rnoxntx nxnnann n rynocr, nosnnxmnx n
cmt, oconno cnn onn yx cranxnnannct c ananornuntmn cnryannxmn. r, xax n y
nsocntx, raxx noxnnxmrcx ystx nn cmtn. raxnx cmtxx rn c annnx nr
nnomamrcx x nmnmtm sanxrnxm, acryr ynnntmn n c, y nnx on nt]no
noxnnxrcx uyncrno cocrnnnoro ocronncrna, nosnnxar on mnoxn n ycrounnt
nanason nnrcon.
coxannnm, y mnornx onrn, orxromnntx rmn nnn nntmn nonmamn,
cymcrnyr rnnnnx cyxnnx xyra snaxomcrn. nn uacro samtxamrcx n c, n xorxr
177
ncruartcx co cnonmn nnxrnxmn, y nnx moxr nosnnxnyrt noosnrntnocrt, nonn
x yrnm nmxm. o +ro nnunn onn sarynxmrcx yrn or cnonx nonm, nocroxnno
ncntrtnamr nnyrnn ncnxnucxo nanxxnn, noxnnxmmcx nxo n
nosnnxnonnnn uyncrna stcxonocrn. o+romy onrnxm, xorotx uacro ncnymr
raxn cocroxnnx, noxonma cnooasnax ncnxonornucxax asxxa. nx +roro
xomnyrcx xorx t na xoorxo nmx ornnutcx or cmntx nonm, noncrn
nxoroo nmx nn cmtn co cnonmn snaxomtmn, nsnnrt nm cnom ymy, nocn uro
moxr nacrynnrt onnnno onrunn, nnyrtcx ynnnocrt n cnonx cnnax n mn
ncranr n yrom, on rnnom cnr.
asnnrn nxa, nmmmro ]xr asnnrnx, crannr n onrnxmn nc nont
n nont nonmt, xorot onxnt ramorno n sannrconanno martcx. no ns
raxnx nanon cnoxntx nonm xnnxrcx annsannx nornocrn nxa n omnnn co
cncrnnxamn.
onrnn n onxnt onycxart, urot +rn ornomnnx cxnatnannct crnxnno n
oxyxammn cncrnnxn cmxnnct na ro ncnxnucxnmn n ]nsnucxnmn nocrarxamn.
naxo ano nnn nosno nxy nnrcx omartcx c oxyxammnm mnom, n, cnn y nro
n yyr ntaorant noxonmt nantxn nsanmocrnnx c yrnmn nmtmn, nn nro
ooconnnocrt or cncrnnxon moxr onyrtcx m ontm rarn.
Fon +]]xrnnno xonraxrt c yrnmn rtmn nanaxnnamrcx n annm nosacr.
nox, naxoxct cn r, moxr omymart, uro on n raxo, xax yrn, no
nxnnannx n cnxsn c nosacrntmn oconnocrxmn m nocrarouno rnyoxn, aanrannx
noncxonr mn onsnnno n tcr. urot +ro cnyunnoct, nyxno nomout nxy yc-
ranonnrt xonraxr c rm mantmom, c xorotm on yr omartcx, n cnococrnonart romy,
urot n xomnannn on cran cnonm unonxom, sacnyxnn onn r. anon
nnmnmo nx mnnx +ro saaun xnnxrcx nronax xrntnocrt. cnontsyx ,
onrnt moxr nooart raxn nrt, n xorotx nox n yr uyncrnonart cx
cnomomntm. uacrn n nnx nomoxr my ocrn ynnnocrt n c n sanonart
onnnnt anronrr n rcxom coomcrn.
yum ncro noxnmunrt x yuacrnm n nrono xrntnocrn nxa artn n
ccr, urot onn crann coyuacrnnxamn ro nxoxnnx n connantnt mn. cnn x
nosnnxar xon]nnxrnax cnryannx n rn n nnnnmamr nxa c ]xrom n cno
coomcrno, ro nanxstnart ro nm n xomnyrcx, rax xax annax ca noxa n
cosna nx roro, urot ro nnnxrt, no+romy nao ncxart yrn nananrt n noxot
orannsannn omnnx nxa co cncrnnxamn.
nsnt nnonocnr nmano nnmon, xora nmn naroax ynonomy ryy n
ncrnamo non uacrnuno nnn nonnocrtm noxann cnon nyrn, nsnauantno
cunranmncx snaxntmn. unnt, xasanoct t, na xanxo cymcrnonann, onn
nann cnom xnsnt nonno n cuacrnnno. 1994 roy . . ynoon, norxnmn snn n
cnyx, samnrnn xannarcxym nccrannm no nonm camoasnnrnx nnunocrn n
+xcrmantntx ycnonnxx cnnornyxort. us na roa on ncrannn n ycnmno
samnrnn oxrocxym nccrannm no rm unonunocrt xax ]axro camoasnnrnx
nnunocrn. n asaorana onrnnantnax mronxa nnunocrno camoannnrannn
r-nnnannon.
cxontxo antm, n 1961 roy, ycnmno samnrnna nccrannm na rmy ax x
nocnnnnmam oxyxammn mn cnnornyxonmax . . xooxoona. n nonnom
orcyrcrnnn snnx, cnyxa ona ntaorana y cx cnoconocrt x nayunomy rnoucrny.
ocn samnrt nccrannn ona aorana n ayuno-nccnonarntcxom nncrnryr
]xronornn xamnn narornucxnx nayx, nna aory no oyunnm n nocnnrannm
cnnornyxonmtx r.
ranax onxno +rnm nmxm, n cnyr satnart, uro ocnont nasnanntx xaucrn
sanoxnnn onrnn, nmnno onn no mnorom cosann ycnonnx nx nx asnnrnx.
urot ontm ysnart o oconnocrxx asnnrnx ncnxnxn nxa n ro nyr,
ncomnnno, nyxnt xoncyntrannn y cnnnanncron, onaxo +roro nocrarouno. cnn
onrnn xorxr no-nacroxmmy cuacrtx cnomy nxy, onn onxnt co nc
ornrcrnnnocrtm sanxrtcx cnonm oasonannm n camooasonannm, onnannm
178
rxnonornxmn nocnnrannx nxa. annm, norcc nx mnornx r c noxnntmn
nnn nnornntmn nocrarxamn, oconno ymcrnnntmn, moxr trt ount
mnnntm, n +ro sauacrym nnnonr onrn n oruaxnn. o cncrmarnucxax, ynonax
aora cnocona nnnocnrt co nmnm ynnnrntnt syntrart. onrnn uacro
crmxrcx, urot nox ocnannan ro, uro on n moxr, a nao nart axnnr na ro, uro on
cnocon ocnonrt.
nacroxm nmx nsarcx nmano nnraryt no nonmam nocnnrannx n
asnnrnx r, no n +rom oromnom norox nn]omannn ncnymmy unonxy tnar
ryno narn ro, uro my nyxno. xasart xnann]nnnonannym nomomt n nto
noxonmo nnraryt n n cocrannnnn norammt camooasonannx onrn moryr
no]ccnonantno nororonnnnt nmn, n uncn xorotx moxr trt: ncnxonor,
cnnnanncr no connantno annnrannn, nau, connantnt aornnx, ]xronor n
yrn. annsannx anno norammt nosnonnr onrnxm nnocrn nyxnt snannx n
cosart cnom cncrmy nocnnrannx c yurom nnnnnyantntx oconnocr n cnnn]nxn
]xra nxa.
ax nnnm, connantnt cnxsn cmtn c noxnnnnm nxa c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn snaunrntno acmnxmrcx. Fs nx ycranonnnnx n noxannx
nomantntx nontx ornomnn mart mnorn nonmt nocnnrannx n asnnrnx nxa
xan sarynnrntno.
naxo urot or raxnx nsanmoornomnn tna nontsa nx cmtn n nxa, nyxna
nonx n axrnnnocrt camnx onrn. ontxo nn nx xnannn n nnycrmnnnocrn moxno
onnart nnrxo nayxo nocnnrannx nxa c orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn n cosart
ycnonnx nx ro on +]]xrnnnoro ncnxnucxoro n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx.
C-!) /$3 !0(-$3
1. acxor connantno-ncnxonornucxn oconnocrn cmtn xax xuxn omcrna.
xaaxrnsyr ocnonnt rnnt cmtn n oxcnnr, noumy onn nonnaxono
nnnxmr na asnnrn nnunocrn nxa.
2. asonnr ocnonnt ]axrot, or xorotx sanncxr mxnnunocrnt ornomnnx n
cmt.
3. acxor ocnonnt cxmt nonnnx onrn n nx axnnn na ]xr nxa.
4. uncnnr rynocrn, nosnnxammn n cmt, n cnxsn c noxnnnnm nxa c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn.
5. uro nonnmarcx no connantno-ncnxonornucxo annnrann onrn n xaxn
cymcrnymr cnocot cnxrnx y nnx rnoxntx +monnonantntx nxnnann?
6. axn cymcrnymr nnxrcrnnx na nyrn noonnnx rnoxntx nxnnann n
craxon y onrn n xaxnm oasom nx moxno noonrt?
7. acxor cymnocrt nonxrnx nocnnrann n snaunn +roro noncca nx nxa
c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n cmt.
8. uro raxo crnnt cmnoro nocnnrannx n xaxo nnnxnn on oxastnar na
ncnxnucxo asnnrn nxa n nosnnxnonnn asnnuntx anomannn n ]o-
mnonannn nnunocrn?
9. ocnyr naxnocrt connantntx cnxs onrn, nmmmnx r c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, n ar xaaxrncrnxy nxorotm ns nnx.
'0) /$3 /$/ " !.J'(",
1. 'A! ! ' $5.
". )! $ $
, '.
(. 'A! $ ', 95 $
,.
"'-H-
1. ;&, . . cnxonornx cmtn. ., , 1996.
179
2. nox n raxo, xax yrn... nnra nx onrn
r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn soontx / o . . . onxono. .:
cmtn, 1997.
3. 3! . 4. nost y r n ncnxorannx. .:
oms, 1998.
4. 1 -. 4. yrn nnnxnnx cmtn n rcxoro yuxnnx na
cranonnnn nnunocrn omxontnnxa // cnxonornucxn ocnont ]omnonannx
nnunocrn n ycnonnxx nocnnrannx. ., 1979.
5. ), 1. cnxonornx anomantntx r n noocrxon
naroncnxonornx. .: s-no ncrnryr naxrnucxo ncnxonornn, oonx;
3, 1996.
6. nnnanon . 4. mtx xax xonnxrnn / onnxrnn n nnunocrt
/ o . . . naronona n . .: ayxa, 1975.
7. onnantnax ncnxonornx: un. nocon nx crynron n.
nncrnryron / o . . . roncxoro. .: ocnmnn, 1987.
8. . ., =# .. :. rnt n mnxmmmcx mn:
n. nx yunrn n onrn. -: ocnmnn, 1991.
9. : 1. mtn, nocnnrtnammn r c ocotmn
nonmamn / osmoxnocrn annnrannn r c ymcrnnntmn n ]nsnucxnmn
orannunnxmn ccrnamn oasonannx. . nayuntx ryon n noxrntx
marnanon, n-r n. nnnonann . ., 1995.
L
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K

@.A. U P G G
4 V
.J'("' cnnn]nucxax ]oma nsanmocrnnx unonxa c yrnmn nmtmn xax
unnamn omcrna. omnnn annsymrcx connantnt ornomnnx nm. oxno
cxasart, uro nmo nsanmocrnn mxy nmtmn +ro n crt omnn. annm, rt
yntnyncx nsnaxomomy unonxy na ynnn, a on r; rt nonxn yxy cnomy snaxomomy n
snax nnnrcrnnx, a on ornrnn rm x; nox nocnr nrymxy, yxastnax n ry croony, r
ona naxonrcx, a nt r n noar my. ax nnnm, n xaucrn snaxon ccrn
omnnx ntcrynamr n mnmnxa, n xcrt, n crnnx, n cnona.
o crt omnn +ro n nocro nsanmocrnn, a cnoxnt, mnoronnanont
noncc ycranonnnnx n asnnrnx xonraxron mxy nmtmn, nooxamt conmcrno
xrntnocrtm n nxnmuammn n cx omn nn]omann, ntaorxy nno crarrnn
nsanmocrnnx, nocnnxrnx n nonnmannx narnon no omnnm.
Fnaroax omnnm unonucrno cosar n nar or noxonnnx x noxonnnm
omcrnnnt ontr, snannx, ]omt xyntryt, rannnn, nant, otuan, annsyr cnon
nornocrn no nsanmocrnnn c yrnmn nmtmn. omnnn acxtnarcx nnyrnnn
mn onoro unonxa yromy, ro nnnnnyantnt oconnocrn, noxnnxrcx ro xaaxr,
xyntrya, nnrnnxr. syntrar omnnx c yrnmn nmtmn unonx cranonnrcx
nnunocrtm.
mnn, xax normnmax ]oma xnsnxrntnocrn nm, xnnxrcx
180
nnmnntm ycnonnm orannsannn noncca connantno annnrannn r c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn. noncc omnnx y nxa ]omnyrcx axrnnnax
ut, xnnxmmaxcx ocnono nx ncnxnucxoro n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx, ycranxmrcx
unt nocrarxn, on yunrcx cnymart n nonnmart nocrynammym x nmy nn]omannm n n
coornrcrnnn c n crnonart. nro ]omnymrcx xommynnxarnnnt n yrn xaucrna,
noxonmt nx nomantnoro nxoxnnx n oxyxammn ro connantnt mn.
mnn n xnsnn unonxa ntnonnxr asnnunt ]ynxnnn. nanon
acnocrannno xnaccn]nxannn ntnxmr rn ro croont: xommynnxarnnnym,
nnraxrnnnym n nnnrnnnym.
00H(""(3 !-( .J'("3 +ro omn nn]omann mxy
narnamn. aaua ronoxmnx n noncc naun nn]omannn nonnnxrt yr na
yra, oorarnrtcx snannxmn, cnnnxmn, xorotmn acnonarar narn no omnnm,
yrounnrt nnonxrno n r. n. ommynnxarnnno coomnn nnonarar raxx ntaorxy
nono nn]omannn, ncrannxmm nnrc nx omammnxcx nm.
('-"(3 !-( .J'("3 xaaxrnsyrcx rm, uro n xo omnnx nmn
crmxrcx n rontxo nart nn]omannm, no n nonnnxrt yr na yra. annax saaua
annsyrcx narnamn no omnnm n noncc orannsannn nmn cnooasno
conmcrno xrntnocrn, ocnonanno na mxnnunocrnom nsanmocrnnn. axt
yuacrnnx nnocnr n +ro nsanmocrnn cnon mtcnn, axnnn n nn ntasnrntntx xcron,
n +ro noonxarcx o rx no, noxa nn]omannx n yr nonxra narnamn no
omnnm.
'-*'C"(3 !-( .J'("3 nxnmuar n cx noncc ]omnonannx oasa
yroro unonxa, uro ocrnrarcx nournnm sa ]nsnucxnmn xaaxrncrnxamn
narna ro ncnxonornucxnx cnocrn n oconnocr nonnnx. accmornn rx
croon omnnx n nncrn naxno ycnonn onrnmnsannn conmcrno xrntnocrn n
nsanmoornomnn.
cnonntmn mxannsmamn nosnannx yroro unonxa ntcrynamr nnrn]nxannx
(ynoonnn) n ]nxcnx. xo nocnnxrnx n mxnnunocrnoro nosnannx moryr
nosnnxart +]]xrt, ncxaxammn nocrynammym nn]omannm, +]]xr nnnunocrn,
+]]xr nonnsnt, +]]xr oona n . 3rn xnnnnx oosnauamrcx n ncnxonornn rmnnom
xaysantnax arnynnx.
aysantnax arnynnx G. attributo nnnnctnart, nanxrt) nnrnrannx
cyxrom cnoro nocnnxrnx, nnunn n mornnon nonnnx yrnx nm, nonyunnax n
na ocnon nnoccrnnnoro nanmnnx, anannsa syntraron xrntnocrn, a nyrm
nnnnctnannx nnunocrn, rynn nm cnocrn, xaaxrncrnx, xorot n nonann n non
nocnnxrnx n xax t onxnt omtcnnnartcx nm. nann +rnx mxannsmon nosnonxr on
rouno ntxnnrt ncnxonornucxo coxann noncca nsanmononnmannx, ocrnramoro
nn omnnn.
oncc naun nn]omannn n omnnn ocymcrnnxrcx c nomomtm asnnuntx
snaxontx cncrm. tnxmr na nna xommynnxannn: nantnym n xaucrn snaxontx
cncrm ncnontsyrcx xstx, n nnantnym n xo anno xommynnxannn nnmnxmrcx
asnnunt nunt snaxont cncrmt.
nanntm ccrnom nantno xommynnxannn xnnxrcx xstx.
1) +ro cncrma snaxon, ntaxnn, crnn n nannn, ncnontsymtx nx
naun mtcnn yrnm nmxm. mnn nx narnon ocrynno nnmt rora, xora
ncnontsyrcx onn n ror x xstx.
cnonno nnnn xstxa xnnxrcx cnono. $ +ro snax, cnmnon, snaunn,
noccrnom xorooro oosnauamrcx nc xnnnnx antnoro mna, ncruammncx n
xnsnxrntnocrn unonxa.
stx annsyrcx n un. '&+ +ro xstx n crnnn, ncronucxn cnoxnnmaxcx n
xo nsanmoornomnn n noasymm xrntnocrn nm ]oma omnnx,
onoconannax xstxom.
rouxn snnx yunnx .. annona ]nsnonornucxo ocnono un xnnxrcx
nannun y unonxa nroo cnrnantno cncrmt. nono, xax asaxnrnt, ntcrynar n
ncxontxnx ]omax: cnyxono, snrntno, nnrarntno n ocxsarntno. oornrcrnnno
181
n mosry ]omnymrcx axnarnt nnrt. ax ycranonnno, unt nnrt
nosyxamrcx n rontxo n momnr noronannannx, no n no nnyrnn un.
ut nxnmuar n cx nnmnn (uyncrnnnt) n nnyrnnn xomnonnrt.
('L(", 0C('( noxnnxrcx n crnnxx arnxynxnnonnoro annaara, n
nonsncnnn ronocom cnon n cnonocourann, n xcrax, mnmnx, nanromnmnx.
uyncrnnnt xomnonnr +ro +monnonantnax oxamnnocrt un. n cnxsan c nau
uyncrn n ornomnn ronoxmro unonxa x nmry: cnoxon, oroun, nsnonnonan.
(H-'((", 0C('( c ro nomomtm noncxonr ncroxa uyncrnnntx
anntx, nx ocosnann n mornnannx n onnnno cncrm nonxrn n cyxnn.
ncnxonornn omnnx ntnxmr na nna un: nnmnmm n nnyrnnmm.
('L(', -'&" ornocxr ycrnym n nnctmnnym ut.
H ( +ro nantno omnn noccrnom xstxontx ccrn,
nocnnnnmamtx na cnyx. asnonnnocrxmn ycrno un xnnxmrcx nanornucxax n
mononornucxax ut.
5 ( nosnnxar n noncc omnnx nyx nnn ncxontxnx nm,
xora noxnnxrcx noxonmocrt n cornaconannn conmcrntx crnn nnn mtcn. nanor
ncra nrcx n ycnonnxx +monnonantnoro xonraxra n nsanmnoro nocnnxrnx. asronan-
nammn nmn noscrnymr yr na yra xcramn, mnmnxo, nnronann. nanornucxax
ut nn om rm asronoa nastnarcx co.
+ ( +ro nsnoxnn mtcn, snann, nn]omannn onnm
unonxom. nmom mononornucxo un moxr cnyxnrt accxas, nxnnx, ntcrynnnn.
ononornucxax ut moxr nncyrcrnonart n n nanor, cnn narn no omnnm
nsnarar cnon mtcnn n saxonunnom nn.
om nasnanntx nnon un cymcrnymr raxx cnnnantnt nnt, ncnontsymt
nn ]xrax asnnrnx. 3ro axrnntnax n xcronax ut.
5( ( ut, nocnonsnoxmax cnona noccrnom axrnntntx yxn c
nomomtm nantnn n nnxnn.
4 ( cnoco omnnx nm, nnmnntx cnyxa, noccrnom cncrmt
xcron, xaaxrnsymmcx cnooasntmn nxcnucxnmn n rammarnucxnmn
saxonomnocrxmn. axonomnocrn xcrono un oycnonnnt cnooasnm
ocnonno cmanrnucxo nnnnt xcra, a raxx ro ]ynxnnonantntm nasnaunnm
ncnontsonannm n c] nnnnyxnnoro omnnx. c] o]nnnantnoro omnnx
(nxnnx, coann) nnmnxrcx xantxnymmax xcronax ut, xora xcrt
nocnonarntno ncnontsymrcx nx nocnonsnnnx cnon. raxo un nnmnxmrcx
+nmnrt axrnntno un nx oosnaunnx oxonuann, cy]]nxcon n n. cronax ut,
xax n axrnntnax ut, ncnontsyrcx n orucrnnno cyonarornx xax
ncnomorarntno ccrno nn oyunnn rnyxnx cnoncno un, a raxx n mxnnunocrno
xommynnxannn rnyxnx n n omnnn cntmamnx c rnyxnmn.
-( ( +ro nantno (cnoncno) omnn c nomomtm nnctmnntx
rxcron. nncymn ra]nucxo nsoaxnn, rammarnucxn n cnnraxcnucxn
xoncryxnnn, nannna nanncannx. Fnaroax nnctmnno un unonx nnorar snannx
n nnomamrcx x mnono xyntry. nctmnno utm onnanamr n noncc oyunnx
r n mxon. cnona nnctmnno un an]annr, ncrannxmmn coo conoxynnocrt
yxn, cnoron n yrnx ra]nucxnx snaxon, acnonoxnntx n coornrcrnnn c
onnnntmn nannnamn.
nctmnnax ut aconmrntm uncnom nm nocnnnnmarcx snnm. nx rx x,
y xoro snrntnax ]ynxnnx yrauna, cymcrnyr cnnnantnax cncrma nnctma, ocnonannax
na ncnontsonannn ]ynxnnn omymnnx (asyxa Fanx). yunn r, norxnmnx
snn, c nomomtm +ro asyxn orxtnar nyrt x snannxm n xyntry, sa]nxcnonanntm n
ncrounnxax nnctmnnocrn.
( +ro ut c ncnontsonannm xstxontx snaunn nn noncca
antno xommynnxannn. ocnonno nasnaunn ocmtcnnn cnnn]nxn ncroxm
ycrno nnn nnctmnno un. o nnyrnn un mtcnt n xstx cnnnamrcx n nastnnt
xomnnxc. Fnaroax nnyrnn un cnoncno ntaxamrcx noncct nocnnxrnx

mna,
nxnnannx nnunocrn, ]omnymrcx ycranonxn n ornomnnx x mny, asnnnarcx
182
cnoconocrt x camorynnonannm nonnnx, auano ]omnonannx nnyrnn un
nnxonrcx na ann rcrno. cnonntm mxannsmom noxnnnnx cnyxnr
nnrnonsannx nnmn un. xontm +ranom or nnmn un x nnyrnn
ntcrynar rax nastnamax +ronnrnucxax ut.
3ronnrnucxax ut +ro ut, oamnnax x camomy c. na ntnonnxr
xonronnymmym n rynnymmym ]ynxnnn n naxrnucxo xrntnocrn nxa. 3ra
]oma rcxo un nnnt tna onncana mnnacxnm ncnxonorom . nax.
anmarcx ona n nosacr 35 nr n x xonny omxontnoro nosacra ncusar. annax
ut noxnnxrcx n rom, uro rn ronoxr ncnyx, xax yro t nn x xomy n oamaxct.
3ronnrnucxax ut naxno ccrno ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx.
tnxmr rn ocnonntx rnna nnyrnn un:
ut no cx. annt rnn coxanxr s
nonsncnnx snyxon cryxryy nnmn un. uam ncro ncnontsyrcx nn mnnn
mtcnnrntntx saau n sarynnntx ycnonnxx.
' (. na nmr cnnn]nucxym cryxryy n
ornnuarcx or cryxryt nnmn un (xo oason, cxm, nmron). cnontsyrcx xax
ccrno mtmnnnx.
]omnonann n saxnnnn n
cnnn]nucxnx nnnnax (norammt) unoro ntcxastnannx, nnoro rxcra n
coxarntntx uacr.
urot ut tna ocrynno n nonxrno narny no omnnm, ona onxna
ornuart onnnntm ronannxm. ocnonntm cnocrnam un ornocxr:
coxarntnocrt, nonxrnocrt, ntasnrntnocrt n noscrnnnocrt.
/'-2'$+(!+ -'&" onnxrcx xaucrnom nn]omannn n oxasarntnocrtm
ntcxastnamtx n n mtcn n cyxnn.
(3(!+ sanncnr or snannx cnymarnxmn ro onacrn, x xoroo ornocnrcx ut
ronoxmro, or ro ymnnx cronrt xarxn n cnnraxcnucxn nannntnt nnoxnnx,
cnnrt sa nornxo nsnoxnnx, n snoynornxrt cnnnantntmn rmnnamn.
)-1"'$+(!+ onnxrcx +monnonantno nactmnnocrtm un, urxocrtm n
xcnocrtm nonsnomnnx cnon, ymntm ncnontsonannm nays, nnronannn.
1/',!'((!+ -'&" cocronr n nnnxnnn na mtcnn, uyncrna n nonm yrnx
nm, nx yxnn n nonnn.
oncc omnnx norxar no onnnntm connantno-ncnxonornucxnm
saxonomnocrxm n ycnonnxx connantnoro xonronx na ocnon onnnntx nannn, nom,
oasnon nonnnx, cnoxnnmnxcx n omcrn na norxxnnn ncronn. nn oxnartnamr
nc croont xnsnn: cmnt n nont ornomnnx, +rnucxn n +crrnucxn nomt,
nomt moann n mnoro yro.
omt nonnnx n omcrn naunnamr nnnnnartcx nxy c annro rcrna n
cnyxar my sarm ]omo onoconannoro xonronx sa cnonmn crnnxmn n nocrynxamn.
nnrnonxa na nomt n nannna nonnnx nosnonxr unonxy ncnontsonart nx
xax xnrnn, cannnnart cnon nocrynxn n ]omt nonnnx c rm, xax +ro namr yrn
nmn, n rynnonart nx, n onycxax ocnoxnnn no nsanmoornomnnxx. cnyua x
nconmnnx nnn naymnnx nom n nannn nonnnx n crnn ncrynamr mxannsmt
connantnoro xonronx n nn ocyxnnx, noonnx, naxasannx. onunax nnt +rnx
canxnn onrtcx, urot unonx, naymnnmn nx, mor cxoxrnonart cno
nonnn, xax +roro ryr omcrnnnax moant.
@.B.
U 4
ut y unonxa nosnnxar na camtx annnx cranxx rcxoro nosacra n
conmncrnyrcx na norxxnnn nc ro xnsnn. oxnnnn n asnnrn un xax ]omt
omnnx, onoconanno xstxom, nosmoxno, no-nntx, rora, xora ncnanno
]ynxnnonnymr nc orant, yuacrnymmn n nonsnocrn: mosr, ncrannxmmn
nnrantno snno uno xrntnocrn, n ncnonnnrntnt orant unoro mxannsma
nonocrt ra n noca, syt, ryt, xstx, rorant, nrxn.
183
o-nrotx, xora crt axrnnno nsanmocrnn nxa n nsocnoro n
+monnonantno, nrono, yuno n yrnx nnax xrntnocrn. syntrar y nxa
nosnnxar nornocrt n omnnn, noxnnxmrcx onnnnt xommynnxarnnnt xaucrna,
nononnxrcx cnonant sanac, conmncrnyrcx nnyrnnxx n nnmnxx ut.
urot ut nxa ycnmno asnnnanact, my sa xoorxn nomxyrox nmnn
ncronr onnart cnymmnmn ocnonntmn nantxamn n ymnnxmn:
ntunnxrt onnnnt snyxoxomnnxct (cnona) ns nnoro unoro noroxa, xorot
rn nocroxnno cntmar;
ocymcrnnxrt ]onmarnucxn ananns, ro crt ymrt asnnuart cxont snyxocourannx
n cnona;
nonnmart cnona, ro crt coornocnrt ntnnnt cnona c onnnntm oxrom;
oomart onoont nmrt n oosnauart nx onnm n rm x onnnntm
cnonom;
nonnmart nno nnoxnn, ro crt rynnt cnon, onnnntx onnnntmn
rammarnucxnmn cnxsxmn;
nnart mxannsmom unonsnomnnx (arnxynxnn);
ornart n xaxom orntnom cnyua nyxnt cnona n, orannsyx nx n onnnnt
rammarnucxn cryxryt, ntaxart cnon mtcnn n nonxrntx yrnm nmxm
nnoxnnxx.
cnonn xstxa nxom nr nymx ocnonntmn nyrxmn: n noncnnnom omnnn
c oxyxammnmn nsocntmn n cncrnnxamn n n xo cnnnantntm oasom
orannsonannoro oyunnx. omm nn asnnrn un y nxa ocymcrnnxrcx no
cnymm cxm. nonauantno ut nosnnxar xax connantno xnnnn, xax ccrno
omnnx (xommynnxarnnnax ]ynxnnx). o nocrnnno nanason acmnxrcx, n ona
cranonnrcx ccrnom nosnannx (nosnanarntnax ]ynxnnx) n ccrnom rynnonannx
cnoro nonnnx (rynnymmax ]ynxnnx).
amax annxx ]ynxnnx un xommynnxarnnnax. na nosnnxar na 912 mcxn,
xora nox naunnar nonsnocnrt nnt cnona. xonny nrooro roa xnsnn y nro
noyxarcx nosnanarntnt nnrc. +romy nmnn nox moxr ocrarouno
nnxrno ntasnrt cnon xnannx, nonxrt x nmy oamnnym ut, uro cosar ycnonnx nx
asnnrnx nosnanarntno ]ynxnnn. cnannax nont cnona n nont rammarnucxn ]omt,
nox acmnxr cnon ncrannnnx o oxyxammm mn, o ornomnnxx nmron n
xnnnn, noncxonr nx nosnann. nonmnno c asnnrnm xommynnxarnnno n
nosnanarntno ]ynxnn ro ut naunnar ntnonnxrt rynxrnnnym ]ynxnnm. ntmn
cnonamn rynxroamn nonnnx cnyxar rnaront nonnnrntnoro naxnonnnx n cnona
moxno n nntsx.
annntno ycnannax annt cnona, nox nnnxar n coxann n yrnx cnon,
nocrnnno yunrcx nontsonartcx nmn nx nnannonannx cnoro nonnnx nnyrnn
utm.
cnono ]omnonannx un n mtmnnnx na nnom roy xnsnn nxa xnnxrcx
asnnrn cncomorontx ]ynxnn. no ]omo omnnx nx nxa cranonnrcx
nunax ]oma +monnonantno omnn. noncc +monnonantnoro arnonannx
na nsocnoro y nomantno asnnnammrocx nxa noxnnxmrcx cnnn]nucxn nx
omnnx snyxn n nnronannn, nosnnxar onnrnonounax axnnx, xoroax cmnxrcx
oxnannm snaxomoro nnna, yntmn axnnxmn nn ncru c nsocntm.
nntm omnnx nox naunnar ncnontsonart xcrt, mnmnxy, on aocrno nnn
c nnaum ncruar onrn, rxnrcx x nnm yxamn, ornoaunnarcx, ntaxax
nyonontcrnn. ornocrt n omnnn naunnar yonnrnoxrtcx noccrnom
nocrmnx +nmnron un: rynnnx n nnra, na cmny xorotx nnyr sarm cnona.
o nroom nonyronn nnrncnnno asnnnarcx nonnmann nxom un
oxyxammnx. xonny roa y nomantno asnnnammrocx nxa noxnnxrcx nmrno-
crnnno omnn. onraxr c mantmom ycranannnnarcx c nomomtm xxnx nrymx n
mannnynnonannx c nnmn. camom xonn nnoro roa nosnnxar n nno cnono camoro
nxa. x xonnucrno noxa nnnnxo n ocrnrar 520 cnon. noxnnnnm nntx cnon
naunnarcx nont +ran n ncnxnucxom asnnrnn nxa. amo cymcrnnno
184
nnornn mnanna cocronr n rom, uro y nro nosnnxna ocnonnax connantnax
nornocrt nornocrt n omnnn co nsocntmn.
roo ro xnsnn nxa, n oconno nroax ro nononnna, snamnyrcx nxoom
or ccnoncnoro x cnoncnomy, cocrnnno unomy omnnm. nox ntrarcx
cnxstnart nsncrnt cnona n nnoxnn. ontm +ranom asnnrnx un xnnxrcx
ycnonn rammarnucxoro crox xstxa, xorot nnxonrcx na nroo ro xnsnn.
crynnnn n rrn ro xnsnn ormuarcx nosacramm uno axrnnnocrtm
nxa. nt rn omamrcx n rontxo co nsocntmn, no n co cncrnnxamn. +ro
nmx onn nmxr, urot nm unrann. nn nrxo sanomnnamr nontmn crnxornonnx,
cxasxn, accxast, nocnonsnoxr nx c ontmo rounocrtm, nrxo ornuamr na nonoct no
nx coxannm. ocrnnno ut r nnnnmar ]omy nanora. a ocnon
nanornucxo un noncxonr axrnnno onnann rammarnucxnm crom xstxa.
smnnn connantno cnryannn asnnrnx nxa nr x n]]nnnannn
]ynxnn n ]om un. oonxar asnnnartcx mononornucxax ut, noxnnxrcx nonax
]oma coomnnx n nn mononora. ont nornocrn n omnnn namr ut nxa
on cnxsno. na naunnar nonn oraxart xommynnxarnnnym n cmtcnonym ]ynxnnn.
31(3 -'&+ +ro raxax ut, xoroax oraxar n unom nnan nc
cymcrnnnt cnxsn cnoro nmrnoro coxannx. axym ut nastnamr ('!(,.
ut nxa n nauan n oasyr cmtcnonoro nnoro. nx roro urot nonxrt, nao
yunrtnart xonxrnym cnryannm, n xoroo ona nonsncna. 3ro !"H"(3 -'&+.
oxasarnm cnxsno un moxr cnyxnrt ncnontsonann nxom comson. s omro
xonnucrna comson, xorot ynornxmr n un rn o 7 nr, n nno o rx nr
ycnannarcx oxono 40. nox x rm roam ycnannar nourn nc naxn.
cnonnax nnnnx asnnrnx un nxa, xax nouxnnan . . ynnmrn,
saxnmuarcx n rom, uro or ncxnmunrntnoro rocnocrna rontxo cnryarnnno un nox
nxonr x onnannm xonrxcrno utm. onrxcrnax ut n nacnannarcx na
cnryarnnno n n ntrcnxr onn cocymcrnymr. nox n sanncnmocrn or cnryannn n
xaaxra coomnnx nontsyrcx ro cnryarnnno, ro xonrxcrno utm. nauana nox
omarcx c nnsxnmn my nsocntmn, xorot nxnmunt c nnm n onnnnym, ony n ry
x cnryannm. ut no+romy nocnr cnryarnnnt xaaxr, uro coornrcrnyr
coxannm. ora mnxrcx nnt n coxann un, mnxrcx n xaaxr. na
cranonnrcx xonrxcrno.
oncc antnmro asnnrnx cnxsno un, nonxro na ocnon xonrxcra,
cnxsan c onnannm cnonantm sanacom n rammarnucxnm crom onoro xstxa. mnno
asnnrn cnxsno un nrar nymym ont n noncc unoro asnnrnx nxa.
nnann cnxsno utm no mnorom onnxrcx oyunnm. omxontnnx nar rontxo
nnt marn. antnm asnnrn cnxsno un ornocnrcx x mxontnomy nosacry.
yuno xrntnocrn yuamncx onxnt onnart nonsnontno,
norammnonanno, xommynnxarnnno, mononornucxo utm. ocnonnom +rn saaun
mamrcx nn oyunnn onomy xstxy. Fs onnannx ontm xstxom nnosmoxno
antnm oasonann n om asnnrn nxa. unrt r xstxy snaunr yunrt nx
onnanart asntmn ro croonamn, ymnnm nonsnocnrt cnona, ntaxart cnon mtcnn n
cnxsno ]om.
urot ut mxontnnxa coornrcrnonana nomam omnannonantnoro nnrarynoro
xstxa, ona onxna ornuart onnnntm ronannxm. nnm ornocxrcx:
nannntnocrt rammarnucxax (rnanntm oasom nannntno nocronn nnoxnn),
o]ora]nucxax n nynxryannonnax. mnn ramorno c rouxn snnx nom nnrarynoro
xstxa o]omnrt cnom ut onn ns ocnonntx nnsnaxon asnnrnx un;
xcnocrt un ocrynnocrt nx nonnmannx yrnmn nmtmn;
uncrora un orcyrcrnn cnon-naasnron, n nyxntx nnocranntx cnon,
nnannntno nonxrtx rmnnon, rytx cnon;
rounocrt un ymnn nart cnom mtcnt, accxasart o xaxom-nnyt cnyua,
onncart nmr n coornrcrnnn c crnnrntnocrtm;
ymnt nto cnon nx rouno naun +ro crnnrntnocrn. to ns xa
cnnonnmon nanon noxoxmnx nx anno nnn;
185
ntasnrntnocrt un ymnn xxo, ynrntno n n ro x nmx no nosmoxnocrn
cxaro ntasnrt cnon mtcnn n uyncrna;
orarcrno (ornocnrntno) xstxontx ccrn nx ntaxnnx ono n ro x mtcnn,
orcyrcrnn onooasnx, nonronnx n nontmom orsx rxcra onnx n rx x cnon n
xoncryxnnx.
ayunrt ncm ymnnxm casy nnosmoxno, no+romy na xaxom sanxrnn, r
nxom cocrannxrcx cnxsnt rxcr, onxna trt urxo onnna saaua oyunnx,
nycmarnnammax nocnonarntno nonnxnn or nocrmnx saann x on
cnoxntm, ycranannnnax cnxst mxy nnmn.
nxsnax ut moxr trt ycrno n nnctmnno. cnono cnxsno nnctmnno un
xnnxrcx nnann ycrno utm. ro x nmx nnctmnnax ut nmr cnon
cnnn]nucxn oconnocrn n ryr ocotx nnmon n ccrn. na ornnuarcx or
ycrno n rontxo ncnontsonannm ra]nucxnx snaxon, no n n cnnraxcnucxom n
crnnncrnucxom ornomnnxx, rnnnuntmn nx n cnnraxcnucxnmn xoncryxnnxmn.
ut nncrymnr asnnrnx ntcmnx ornon ncnxnxn unonxa. axxa unoro
asnnrnx na nntx nosacrntx crynnxx n moxr trt n nonno m xomnncnonana
nnocncrnnn. nnmann x asnnrnm un nxa oconno naxno, noromy uro n +ro nmx
nnrncnnno acrr ro mosr n ]omnymrcx ncnxnucxn ]ynxnnn, xorot n rcrn nrxo
noamrcx rnnonx.
@.5. 4K .
4K

onmt asnnrnx un xnnxmrcx nmrom nsyunnx mnornx ncnnnnnn:
noronnn, ]nsnonornn, nnonaronornn, nnnrnncrnucxnx n yrnx nayx. axax nayxa
accmarnnar nx no onnnntm yrnom snnx n coornrcrnnn co cnonmn nnxmn.
aymnnx un c rouxn snnx connantno annnrannn ncrannxmr nnrc c
nosnnnn roro, xax onn cxastnamrcx, no-nntx, na omm ncnxnucxom asnnrnn n
asnnrnn orntntx ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn n xax onn nnnxmr na cranonnnn nxa xax
nnunocrn. o-nrotx, xaxym ont nrar omnn n xoxnnn nrarnnntx untx
naymnn, nnxrcrnymmnx nonccy connannsannn n aanrannn nxa x oxyxamm
connantno c, n xaxnm oasom c nomomtm ccrn connantno annnrannn moxno
cnnsnrt nnn noonrt nosnnxnonnn y r c untmn naymnnxmn nronuntx
ncnxnucxnx oasonann.
nx roro urot n noncc connantno-annnrannonno aort ycnmno
noscrnonart na nxa c untmn naymnnxmn c nntm ]omnonannx ro xax
nnunocrn, noxonmo snart nnt naymnn, cnmnromarnxy nx noxnnnnx, +rnonornm
(nnunnt) nosnnxnonnnx, mxannsmt n ymrt orannsontnart nsanmocrnn c rtmn c
yurom nx cnnn]nxn.
-HL'("' -'&" +ro orxnonnn n un ronoxmro or xstxono nomt,
nnnxro n anno xstxono c, oycnonnnno accrocrnom nomantnoro
]ynxnnonnonannx ncnxo]nsnonornucxnx mxannsmon uno xrntnocrn.
!!-,! -'&" +ro naymnn nantno xommynnxannn. accronntmn
oxastnamrcx n rontxo mxannsmt n ccrna un, no n nsanmoornomnnx, oxrnnno
cymcrnymmn mxy nnnnnom n omcrnom n noxnnxmmncx n unom omnnn.
o anntm .. onxono, unt naymnnx xaaxrnsymrcx cnymmnmn
oconnocrxmn:
n coornrcrnymr nosacry ronoxmro;
n xnnxmrcx nanxrnsmamn, sramornocrtm un n ntaxnnm nsnannx xstxa;
cnxsant c orxnonnnxmn n ]ynxnnonnonannn ncnxo]nsnonornucxnx mxannsmon
un;
nocxr ycrounnt xaaxr, camocroxrntno n ncusamr, a saxnnxmrcx;
rymr onnnnoro noronnucxoro noscrnnx n sanncnmocrn or nx xaaxra;
uacro oxastnamr ornnarntno nnnxnn na antnm ncnxnucxo asnnrn nxa.
axax xaaxrncrnxa, no mnnnm, nosnonxr orn]]nnnonart unt
186
naymnnx or nosacrntx oconnocr un, or nmnntx naymnn, or
oconnocr un, oycnonnnno rnronantno-nanxrntmn n connoxyntryntmn
]axroamn.
anon onacntm nx nosnnxnonnnx untx accrocrn xnnxrcx mnanucxn
nosacr n nno annro rcrna. +ro nmx nmo om nnn nnno-ncnxnucxo
saonnann nxa otuno cononoxarcx naymnnm unoro asnnrnx. om roro,
xax ycranonnno, na asnnuntx cranxx onrornsa cymcrnymr nnot, xora nanon
nnrncnnno asnnnamrcx r nnn nnt snntx uno cncrmt. o +ro nnunn
cranonxrcx on annmtmn nnnt mxannsmt uno xrntnocrn n nosacrar ncx
naymnnx untx ]ynxnn n nosnnxnonnnx nontx untx accrocrn. 3rn nnot n
xnsnn r onnxmrcx xax xnrnucxn.
asnnrnn uno ]ynxnnn ntnxmr rn xnrnucxnx nnoa.
-) ) nnxonrcx na nnt na roa 2"1(" nxa, xora
noxnnxmrcx nnoctnxn un n naunnarcx axrnnno ]omnonann. +ro nmx
nanon nnrncnnno asnnnamrcx xoxont unt sont, n uacrnocrn sona Foxa,
xnrnucxn nno xoroo nnxonrcx na nosacr 1418 mcxnn. rcma ax
nsnaunrntnt nnaronnxrnt ]axrot, crnymmn n +rom nno, moryr
orasnrtcx na unom asnnrnn.
) ) rxnrnn nosacr nxa. a +rom +ran
asnnrnx un noncxoxr cymcrnnnt nsmnnnx; asnnnarcx cnxsnax ut, naunnarcx
nxo or cnryarnnno x xonrxcrno un, uro ryr ontm cornaconannocrn n
aor nnrantno nnno cncrmt c nn]nucxnmn mxannsmamn un n yrnmn
]ynxnnxmn. naxo n cnxsn c nx nsnocrtm moxr nosnnxnyrt nxoroax
accornaconannocrt n aor nnno, +noxnnno, cocyncro cncrmax, uro nnnonr x
nsmnnnxm n nonnnn nxa, noxnnxmmnmcx n nrarnnnsm, ynxmcrn, n
nonnxr annmocrt uno cncrmt. o +rnm nnunnam moxr nosnnxnyrt
sanxann, nanmartcx orcranann unoro asnnrnx. anxann moxr raxx nosnnxnyrt
ns-sa nosacrno nannomnocrn cosnannx orntntx snntn uno
]ynxnnonantno cncrmt n yrnx ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn.
3) ) nosacr 67 nr. nxsan c nororonxo nxa x
mxon n c nauanom oyunnx n n. cnonnax ro oconnocrt cocronr n rom, uro
nosacrar narysxa na nnrantnym nnnym cncrmy. cnn x nxy nxnnxrt n +ro
nmx nontmnnt ronannx, ro noncxoxr cnoro oa ctnt nnno xrnt-
nocrn, xorot moryr crart nnunno nosnnxnonnnx sanxannx.
asnannt xnrnucxn nnot xnnxmrcx nacnonarammnmn ycnonnxmn nx
nosnnxnonnnx untx accrocrn. nn moryr nmrt xax camocroxrntno snaunn, rax
n courartcx c yrnmn nnaronnxrntmn ]axroamn: rnrnucxnmn, om
ocnannnocrtm nxa, nc]ynxnn co croont nnno cncrmt n .
unax ]ynxnnx ona ns cnoxnmnx, n naymnn moxr trt ntsnano
mnornmn nnunnamn. ornacno conmnntm ncrannnnxm (.. xnnncxn, ..
nnncron, 1968), asnymmnmcx na xrntnocrno-nonccyantnom n
cnmnromonornucxom noxoax, ut nxa accmarnnarcx xax cnnn]nucxax,
naxnucxn orannsonannax xrntnocrt, nxnmuammax n cx asnt yonnn
nooxnnx unoro ntcxastnannx: mornnannonnt, cmtcnono, xstxono.
nx roro urot nxy nsnoxnrt mtcnt, noxonmo nannun y nro mornna
ntcxastnannx, samtcna un, urot tno nnocxnmnn xonunoro syntrara unoro
crnnx, nnannonann (norammnonann) ntcxastnannx. urot cxasart on
nannntno, nyxno nooart coornrcrnymmn nxcnucxn ntaxnnx, sarm nr
rammarnucxo nocronn nnoxnnx, ro nonsncnn n xonront sa untm
crnnm. n asntx nnax ]xron asnnrnx y nxa moxr naymartcx onn nnn
ncxontxo nasnanntx yonn, a nnora n nc, snntx uno cncrmt.
sncrnt nccnonarnt untx naymnn .. narnn nouxnnan, uro
unt accrocrna oycnonnnt xax nnmnnmn, rax n nnyrnnnmn ]axroamn,
crnymmnmn n rcnom nsanmocrnnn. c nnunnt untx naymnn on asnnn
na urt rynnt: orannucxn (anaromo-]nsnonornucxn, mo]onornucxn),
187
]ynxnnonantnt (ncnxornnt), connantno-ncnxonornucxn n ncnxonnonornucxn.
-%("&'!"0 C-"&"(0 tnn orncnt noasnnrn n noaxnn mosra no
nnyrnyronom nno, n momnr oon nnn nocn oxnnx, a raxx asnnunt
orannucxn naymnnx nn]nucxnx oranon un. m tnn ntnnt orannucxn
nnrantnt noaxnnx mosra n orannucxn nn]nucxn nnunnt (noaxnn
orana cnyxa, acmnnnn na n yrn mo]onornucxn nsmnnnx arnxynxnnonnoro
annaara).
GH(*"($+()' C-"&"() .. narnn oxcnxn yunnm .. annona o
naymnnxx coornomnnx nonccon nosyxnnx n romoxnnx n nnrantno nnno
cncrm. n nouxnnan rcno nsanmocrnn orannucxnx n ]ynxnnonantntx,
nnrantntx n nn]nucxnx nnunn.
/ !*"$+(>C!"#$%"&'!"0" C-"&"(0" on nonnman asnnunt
nnaronnxrnt nnnxnnx oxyxamm ct.
!"#('-$%"&'!"0" C-"&"(0" nm tnn nasnant ymcrnnnax orcranocrt,
naymnnx namxrn, nnnmannx n yrn accrocrna ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnnn.
ocrnxnnx nocnnnx nr n onacrn nonornucxnx, mnnnncxnx n yrnx nayx o
unonx nosnonnnn on nonno noxasart snaunn +xsornntx (nnmnnx) n +nornntx
(nnyrnnnx) nnunn n nosnnxnonnnn untx accrocrn. Ftn cnan axnnr na
noxonmocrt xomnnxcnoro, cncrmnoro noxoa n narnocrnx untx naymnn.
axno n rontxo ntnxrt orannucxn (nnrantnt n nn]nucxn) n
]ynxnnonantnt nnunnt untx accrocrn, no n ncrannxrt c mxannsmt
untx naymnn, nosnnxammnx no nnnxnnm rx nnn nntx nnaronnxrntx
noscrnn na orannsm nxa, uro noxonmo xax nx ntaorxn crarrnn n raxrnxn
xoxnnn untx accrocrn, rax n nx nornosa n nx nynxnnx.
nacroxm nmx n noronnn ocrarouno rnyoxo noanannsnonant
oconnocrn xaxoro nna naymnnx n asaorana ocoax cncrma xoxnnonntx
nocnnrarntntx noscrnn. ymcrnyr n ocnonntx xnaccn]nxannn untx
accrocrn, accmarnnammn onn n r x xnnnnx: xnnnnxo-narornucxax n
ncnxonoro-narornucxax. ocnony +rnx xnaccn]nxann, a raxx asaorxn nayuno
oocnonanntx nyr n mroon nynxnnx, noonnnx n xoxnnn untx
accrocrn nonoxnt rn nnnnnna (.. nnna, 1968): nnnnnn asnnrnx, nnnnnn
cncrmnoro noxoa n nnnnnn accmornnx untx accrocrn c yrnmn croonamn
ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx.
1. -"(*"C -1""3 nnonarar +nonmnnonno-nnamnucxn ananns
nosnnxnonnnx ]xra. nnxa nnunn ro nosnnxnonnnx n nornosnonannx
nocncrnn ryr yura nnoctnox, ycnonn, oconnocr n saxonomnocr
unoro asnnrnx na xaxom nosacrnom +ran n nnonarar ntnnn n rontxo
nymro ]xra, no n nronuntx naymnn. narnocrnxa untx accrocrn c nosn-
nn nnnnnna asnnrnx nsanmocrnyr c yrnm nnnnnnom nnnnnnom
xrntnocrnoro noxoa. nox ocnannar xrntnocrt no yxonocrnom nsocnoro, n
nx xaxoro nosacrnoro +rana nncym cno nn xrntnocrn, xorot rcno cnxsan c
asnnrnm un.
2. -"(*"C !"!'0(% C/#/ ocnontnarcx na cncrmnom cronnn n
cncrmnom nsanmocrnnn asnnuntx xomnonnron un: snyxono croont,
]onmarnucxnx nonccon, nxcnxo-rammarnucxoro crox. axnmnm
cncrmooasymmnm ]axroom ntcrynar xonxrnt syntrar xrntnocrn cncrmt.
nx uno cncrmt raxnm nonsntm syntrarom xnnxrcx xommynnxannx, xoroax
cocrannxr ocnonnym ]ynxnnm un.
3. -"(*"C !31" -'&" ! /-H%"0" !-(0" C!"#"&'!% -1""3
asnyrcx na nonnmannn roro, uro unonucxn ]omt nonnnx, ut, ncnxnucxn
]ynxnnn n ant or oxnnx. nn ]omnymrcx nnxnsnnno no mammnm nnnxnnm
nnnanannnnoro nocnnrannx, oyunnx n ycnonn ro xnsnn n omcrn c nxmtm yuac-
rnm un.
$"(">C'/%%"&'!, $!!"I"*"" nc nnt untx naymnn
nxrcx na n ontmn rynnt: (-HL'("3 H!(, -'&" n (-HL'("3 C"!+0'((,
188
-'&". cnom out naymnnx ycrno un noasnxmr na na rnna: a) naymnnx
nonsnocnrntno croont un (]onannonnoro nnmnro ntcxastnannx) n )
nonnmo]nt naymnnx, cryxryno-cmanrnucxoro (nnyrnnro) o]omnnnx nt-
cxastnannx.
accrocrna ]onannonnoro o]omnnnx ntcxastnannx n]]nnnymrcx n
sanncnmocrn or naymnnoro snna: ronocooasonannx; rmna nrmnucxo orannsannn
ntcxastnannx; nnronannonno-mnonucxo, snyxononsnocnrntno orannsannn. 3rn
accrocrna moryr nanmartcx nsonnonanno nnn n xomnnannxx. nx nx oosnaunnx
ncnontsymrcx cnymmn rmnnt:
1. 59 :9; C orcyrcrnn nnn accrocrno ]ynxnnn ; un ncncrnn
naronornucxnx nsmnnnn ronoconoro annaara (naymnn ronoca). oxnnxrcx nno n
orcyrcrnnn ]onannn (a]onnx), nno n naymnnn cnnt, ntcort n rma ronoca
(nc]onnx). anno naymnn moxr trt nsonnonanntm nnn nxonrt n cocran xa
yrnx naymnn.
2. B naronornucxn samnnnt rmn un.
3. 3, naronornucxn ycxonnt rmn un. n samnnnom rmn
ut oxastnarcx rxryu acrxnyro, nxno, monoronno. n ycxonnom rmn
roonnnno, crmnrntno, nanoncro. cxonn un moxr cononoxartcx
arammarnsmamn. 3rn xnnnnx nnora ntnxmr xax camocroxrntnt naymnnx,
ntaxnnt n rmnnax , 9. cnyuaxx, xora naronornucxn ycxo-
nnax ut cononoxarcx noocnonanntmn naysamn, sannnxamn, cnortxannm, ona
oosnauarcx rmnnom C$'-(. Fannannx n raxnnannx onnxmrcx no omnm
nasnannm naymnn rmna -'&".
9. = :; naymnn rmnonrmnucxo orannsannn un,
oycnonnnno cyooxntm cocroxnnm mtmn unoro annaara.
8. 5 :9 9; naymnn snyxononsnomnnx nn
nomantnom cnyx n coxanno nnnnannn unoro annaara. n anaromnucxnx
]xrax naymnnx nocxr orannucxn xaaxr, a nn nx orcyrcrnnn
]ynxnnonantnt. aymnn nosnnxar otuno n noncc asnnrnx un nxa nnn n
cnyuaxx ranmarnucxoro nonxnnx nn]nucxoro annaara n nmom nosacr.
6. . :(; naymnn rma ronoca n snyxononsnomnnx,
oycnonnnno anaromo-]nsnonornucxnmn ]xramn unoro annaara. nnonannn
ornocxr ]xrt, oycnonnnnt noxnntmn acmnnnamn nea. cnxsn c rm uro
txarntnax cryx nosyxa noxonr nn nonsncnnn snyxon un n nonocrt noca n n n
nonyuar sonanc, nanmarcx ncxaxnno nonsncnn ncx snyxon n ut cranonnrcx
nnnxrno, monoronno.
7. 5 naymnn nonsnocnrntno croont un, oycnonnnno
nocrarounocrtm nnnnannn unoro annaara. n nsarnn nanmarcx
nc]omnonannocrt ncx snntn cnoxnoro mxannsma ]onannonnoro o]omnnnx
ntcxastnannx, cncrnnm uro xnnxmrcx ronocont, noconucxn n arnxynxnnonno-
]onrnucxn ]xrt.
xxno crnntm nsarnn xnnxrcx , noxnnxmmaxcx n nnosmoxnocrn
ocymcrnnrt snyxonym annsannm un.
nsarnx nosnnxar uam ncro ncncrnn ano nnornnoro nantnoro
naannua, no moxr nosnnxnyrt na nmom +ran asnnrnx nxa ncncrnn mosrontx
saonnann.
aymnnx cryxryno-cmanrnucxoro (nnyrnnro) o]omnnnx ntcxastnannx
ncrannnt nymx nnamn: anann n a]asn.
8. orcyrcrnn nnn noasnnrn un n cnxsn c orannucxnm
oaxnnm untx son xot rononnoro mosra no nnyrnyronom nnn annm nno
asnnrnx nxa. nn ns camtx cnoxntx ]xron un, nn xoroom naymnt
onannn oroa n norammnonannx na ncx +ranax nooxnnx n nnma unoro
ntcxastnannx, n cnxsn c um unax xrntnocrt nxa oxastnarcx nnomnonanno.
9. 9 nonnax nnn uacrnunax yrara un, oycnonnnnax noxantntmn
noaxnnxmn rononnoro mosra.
189
-HL'("3 C"!+0'((, -'&" noasnxmrcx na n rynnt: accrocrna
nnctma n accrocrna urnnx.
1. "!$'!"3 uacrnuno cnnn]nucxo naymnn noncca urnnx.
oxnnxrcx n sarynnnxx onosnannx n ysnanannx yxn, n sarynnnxx cnnxnnx yxn n
cnoron, uro nnnonr x nnannntnomy nocnonsnnnm snyxono ]omt cnona.
2. "!%-I"3 uacrnuno cnnn]nucxo naymnn noncca nnctma.
oxnnxrcx n ncroxocrn onrnxo-nocrancrnnnoro oasa yxnt, n cmmnnxx nnn
nonycxax yxn n . cnyua nc]omnonannocrn nonccon nnctma n xo oyunnx
ronoxr o %-I"".
o anntm nccnonann, naymnnx nnctmnno un (sa ncxnmunnm
onrnucxnx ]om) nosnnxamr no nnunn ]xron ycrno un, nc]omnonannocrn
onann snyxonoro anannsa, ncroxocrn nonsnontnoro nnnmannx.
axnm oasom, n cnnnantno nnrary ntnxrcx 11 ]om untx naymnn,
9 ns nnx cocrannxmr naymnnx ycrno un n n ]omt nnctmnno un.
!"#$%>C'/%%"&'!3 $!!"I"*"3 nosnnxna n syntrar xnrnucxoro
anannsa xnnnnucxo xnaccn]nxannn c rouxn snnx nnmnnnx n narornucxom
noncc n n nornnounr . oxonmo tno narn omn noxnnnnx ]xra nn
asntx ]omax anomantnoro asnnrnx un y r c rm, urot moxno tno orannsonart
xoxnnonnym aory c rtmn n yuno rynn, xnacc.
aymnnx un n anno xnaccn]nxannn noasnxmrcx na n rynnt.
- naymnn ccrn omnnx (]onrnxo-]onmarnucxo
noasnnrn n om noasnnrn un).
onrnxo-]onmarnucxo noasnnrn un naymnn nonccon
]omnonannx nonsnocnrntno cncrmt onoro xstxa y r c asnnuntmn untmn
accrocrnamn ncncrnn ]xron nocnnxrnx n nonsnomnnx ]onm.
m noasnnrn un asnnunt cnoxnt unt accrocrna, nn
xorotx naymno ]omnonann ncx xomnonnron uno cncrmt, ornocxmnxcx x
snyxono n cmtcnono croon.
xaucrn ocnonntx nnsnaxon ormuamrcx: nosn nauano asnnrnx un,
cxynt cnonant sanac, arammarnsm, ]xrt nonsnomnnx, ]xrt
]onmooasonannx.
naymnnx n nnmnnnn ccrn omnnx, xya ornocnrcx
sanxann, a raxx xomnnnonannt ]xr, nn xoroom sanxann courarcx c omnm
noasnnrnm un.
anno xnaccn]nxannn n ntnxmrcx n xaucrn camocroxrntntx naymnn
un naymnnx nnctma n urnnx. 3rn naymnnx accmarnnamrcx n cocran ]onrnxo-
]onmarnucxoro n omro noasnnrnx un xax nx cncrmnt, orcounnt
nocncrnnx.
ax nnnm, naymnnx uno xrntnocrn y r asnooasnt n
mnoronnanont. nn moryr nosnnxnyrt nn asntx nnax orxnonnn: nn ymcrnnno
orcranocrn, nn saxx ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx, nn rcxom nantnom naannu,
nn naymnnxx cnyxa, snnx, connantno-ncnxonornucxo sanymnnocrn,
+monnonantno nnannn, nn orannunnn untx xonraxron nxa, nn omnnn c
rtmn, nmmmnmn ]xrt un, n .
sncrno, uro nc ncnxnucxn ]ynxnnn nnnmann, nocnnxrn, namxrt,
nooaxnn, mtmnnn n yrn ]omnymrcx nnoccrnnno na as un. n
orannunnn omnnx nxa c oxyxammnmn nmtmn no nnunn untx accrocrn
samnxmrcx rmnt asnnrnx nosnanarntno c]t n n nnym out craamr
acraxrno mtmnnn, nnrnnxr.
aymnn uno xrntnocrn nn ]xrax asnnrnx r xnnxrcx om
saxonomnocrtm nx ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx. yrt anno saxonomnocrn cocronr n rom,
uro, cnn n ocymcrnnxmrcx noxonmt xoxnnonnt noscrnnx, nacrynar
]omannx unoro omnnx n nsanmocrnnx nxa c connantno co,
orannunnarcx xyr ncrannnn o oxyxammm mn, naymarcx cnoconocrt x
190
nnmy n naorx nn]omannn, nosnnxamr rynocrn connantno aanrannn, uro
ornnarntno cxastnarcx na omm ncnxnucxom asnnrnn nxa.
nonmnno naxy c untmn naymnnxmn oxastnarcx n ro nnn nno m
naymnno nnunocrt nxa. crcrnnno, crnnt naymnnx omro ncnxnucxoro n
nnunocrnoro asnnrnx n orntntx ]ynxnn nxa nn untx naymnnxx n
onnaxona n no mnorom sanncnr or xaaxra nmmmrocx ]xra, crnnn ntaxnnocrn
accrocrn orntntx ncnxnucxnx nonccon n ]ynxnn, or +]]xrnnnocrn mnxo-
narornucxoro noscrnnx, ycnonn xnsnn n nocnnrannx nxa n xa yrnx
]axroon. nn rn nyxamrcx rontxo n ncnxonoro-narornucxom noscrnnn, yrn
n nuno-osoonnrntno n ncnxonoro-narornucxo nomomn.
o+romy nx ncx r, y xorotx nanmamrcx naymnnx uno ]ynxnnn,
noxonmo ann ntxnnnn nx nnunn n orannsannx cnonmnno xoxnnonno-
asnnnamm n connantno-annnrannonno nomomn, uro xnnxrcx naxntm ycnonnm
noonnnx n cosannx on naronnxrntx nosmoxnocr n ]omnonannn nxa xax
nnunocrn.
@.9. U

aymnn un y r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn cosar ononnnrntnt
rynocrn n nx connantno aanrannn n ycranonnnnn nsanmoornomnn c oxyxammnmn
nmtmn. naxo +ro n snaunr, uro +rn rynocrn n noonnmt. nacrnunocrt xot
rononnoro mosra oycnannnnar asnnrn nxa, ax n rxxntx naronornucxnx ycno-
nnxx. uro x xacarcx ]ynxnnonantntx naymnn, ro onn otuno on nrxn, no
cannnnm c orannucxnmn, n nn cosannn noxonmtx ycnonn n cnnnantno
orannsonanno xoxnnonno aor nox moxr ornart n asnnrnn cnonx
cncrnnxon. o+romy n oyunnn n nocnnrannn raxnx r nao noxonrt c
onrnmncrnucxnx nosnnn: nnrt n nornnnantnt nosmoxnocrn n cnoconocrn nxa
noonrt nx.
anon onananmnmn cx na naxrnx noxoamn xnnxmrcx: cnonmnnax
narnocrnxa n orannsannx xoxnnonntx n connantno-annnrannonntx monnxrn,
yur nnnnnyantntx n nosacrntx oconnocr nxa, onoa na ro coxannt
ncnxnucxn ]ynxnnn n croont nnunocrn. c +ro n snaunrntno crnnn nomorar
onnnrt axnarnt ]omt, coxann n mrot oyunnx n nocnnrannx raxnx r.
cnono asnnrnx nxa na nauantnom +ran ro xnsnnnoro nyrn xnnxmrcx
nsanmoornomnnx n cncrm nsocntnox. rnomnn nxa x
crnnrntnocrn, ormuan . . trorcxn, oxastnarcx c camoro nauana connantntm
ornomnnm. socnt ntcrynar nx nxa n xaucrn nocnnxa n ro omnnn c
nmrntm mnom. c nnt nonnnx, nc ncnxnucxn cnocrna nxom nnora-
mrcx naroax romy, uro ro yx n annm rcrn oyuamr xonrt, crnonart c
nmramn, nnrt, cnymart, nanmart, ysnanart, nonnmart. ontxo naroax
noscrnnm connantnoro oxyxnnx n cnnnantnoro oyunnx ns nxa ]omnyrcx
nnunocrt, cnoconax uyncrnonart n mtcnnrt no-unonucxn. sanmocrnyx c
nsocntmn, nntnno nonyuax or nnx nc nont n nont cnnnx, y nxa nocrnnno
asnnnarcx nornocrt x nontm nnuarnnnxm, x nosnannm oxyxammro mna.
mnno nsocnt cosar ycnonnx nx asnnrnx ro un, ocymcrnnxr oro ]om
n coxannx nx omnnx n ycranonnnnx nsanmoornomnn c nnm. Fs omnnx c
nsocntmn nox onnart utm camocroxrntno n n cocroxnnn.
cnn n mnanucxom nosacr on ncntrtnar ]nnnr n omnnn c nsocntmn, ro
+ro nnnonr x raxomy saonnannm, xax rocnnrannsm. anno saonnann naxnatnar
ornuarox na nc c]t ]omnymmcx nnunocrn, nrarnnno cxastnarcx na
nnrnnxryantno n +monnonantno c]ax, -xonnnnnn, ]nsnucxom narononyunn
nxa.
nnann nxom utm xax ccrnom omnnx noxonr n rn ocnonntx +rana.
191
-) 1 onantnt. nox n nonnmar un oxyxammnx nsocntx
n n ymr rononrt. a +rom +ran nocrnnno cxnatnamrcx ycnonnx, cnococrnymmn
onnannm utm.
) 1 +ran nosnnxnonnnx un. nox naunnar nonnmart nocrmn
ntcxastnannx nsocntx n nonsnocnrt cnon nnt cnona.
3) 1 +ran asnnrnx unoro omnnx. n oxnartnar nc nocnymm
nmx xnsnn. a +rom +ran asnnnarcx nornocrt n omnnn, n omnn cranonnrcx
ono ns croon nnocrno xrntnocrn nxa, onnxmo oconnocrxmn +ro
xrntnocrn.
nonauantno, n nnom nonyronn xnsnn, nornocrt n omnnn noxnnxrcx
xax nornocrt no nnnmannn n ooxnarntnocrn nsocnoro. n onnannn nxom
nonsnontntmn xnararntntmn nnxnnxmn nornocrt n omnnn nnorar xaaxr
nyxt n corynnucrn nnn n coyuacrnn nsocnoro. a cnymmm +ran nornocrt n
omnnn cranonnrcx xax nornocrt no nsanmononnmannn n conxnnannn nsocnoro.
3ra nornocrt nosnnxar n cnxsn c nnrcom r x mny unonucxnx ornomnn n
oycnonnna onnannm rtmn nannnamn n nomamn +rnx ornomnn.
asnnrn omnnx n xaucrn nnocrno xrntnocrn accmarnnarcx n
ncnxonornn xax cmna xaucrnnno cnooasntx ]om, ornnuammnxcx ocotm
coxannm nornocrn nxa n omnnn c nsocntm. +ro cnxsn ntnxrcx urt
]omt omnnx: cnryarnnno-nnunocrno, cnryarnnno-nono, nncnryarnnno-
nosnanarntno n nn-cnryarnnno-nnunocrno.
"H"(>$"&(!(' .J'("' nxa c nsocntm cxnatnarcx x nym
mcxnam ro xnsnn. annax ]oma cunrarcx cnoxnnmcx, cnn mantm cmornr n rnasa
nsocnoro, ornuar yntxo na yntxy, cnn nosnnxamr nnrarntno oxnnnnn,
noxannsannn n nox crmnrcx nonnrt +monnonantnt xonraxr c nsocntm.
"H"(>/'$' .J'("' nosnnxar n xonn nnoro nonyronx n coxanxrcx
o rx nr. ro ocnonnax oconnocrt cnxst c nmrno xrntnocrtm. r
nosnnxar nornocrt n corynnucrn c nsocntmn, nm ryrcx coyuacrn n nx
crnnxx. sanmocrnyx c nnmn, onn nocrnnno nxoxr or nnmnrnnntx
mannnynxnn x on cnnn]nuntm, a sarm n x xyntryno-]nxcnonanntm crnnxm c
nmramn. yxasannt ]omt omnnx nocxr cnryarnnnt xaaxr, ro crt
nnyount x annomy mcry n nmnn. oxnnnn y r nntx nonocon o cnocrnax
nm, o nmrax n xnnnnxx, orcyrcrnymmnx n anno nmx n n annom mcr,
snamnymr nxo nxa or annnx cnryarnnntx ]om omnnx x on asnnrtm
nncnryarnnntm.
('!"H"(>C1('$+(3 I-0 omnnx nosnnxar n mnamm
omxontnom nosacr. nx n xaaxrno nxnmunn nxa n n naxrnucxym, a n
nosnanarntnym xrntnocrt. ymnm cranonnrcx nosnanarntnt mornn. ro
yonnrnonn noyxar nxa crannrt n nsocntm nc on cnoxnt nonoct.
cnonntm xommynnxarnnntm ccrnom cranonnrcx ut, xoroax nosnonxr nsanncnmo
or cnryannn nanart n nonyuart maxcnmantno coxarntnym nn]omannm.
xonny omxontnoro nosacra noxnnxrcx ntcmax ]oma omnnx
('!"H"(>$"&(!(3. nanntm mornnom omnnx cranonnrcx nnunocrnt mornn.
nox rnt cocoraunnarcx n na mn nmron, a na connantnom oxyxnnn, na
mn nm. osnnxar nornocrt n nocro n ooxnarntnom ornomnnn, a no
nsanmononnmannn, n conxnnannn. rxm naxno snart, xax nyxno nart, xax nocrynart
nannntno. onnann nosnnnn c mnnnm nsocnoro cnyxnr oxasarntcrnom
nannntnocrn.
axax ns nasnanntx ]om omnnx cnococrnyr asnnrnm onnnntx croon
ncnxnxn nxa: cnryarnnno-nnunocrnax crnmynnyr cranonnnn nnnrnnntx
crnn asntx cncrm n anannsaroon; cnryarnnno-nonax nnnonr x nxoy or
orntntx crnn x nmry xrntnocrn n asnnrnm un; nncnryarnnno-
nosnanarntnax nomorar nxy acmnnrt amxn mna, ocrynnoro nx nosnannx;
nncnryarnnno-nnunocrnax nnonr nxa n mn connantntx ornomnn n nosnonxr
sanxrt n nm axnarno mcro.
192
n ocrnxnnn onnnnoro yonnx asnnrnx y nxa nosnnxar nornocrt
trt xom co cncrnnxom, omartcx c nnm. conno samrno +ra nornocrt
noxnnxrcx na rrtm roy xnsnn.
mnn co cncrnnxamn ornnuarcx or omnnx c nsocntmn.
o-nntx, ono +monnonantno nactmno. cnn c nsocntm nox asronannar
on nnn mn cnoxono, ro asronot co cncrnnxamn cononoxamrcx, xax nannno,
sxnmn nnronannxmn, xnxom, xnnnxntm, cmxom n r..
o-nrotx, ono noxnnxrcx n ncranarnocrn rcxnx ntcxastnannn, n
orcyrcrnnn xcrxnx nom n nannn. maxct c nsocntm, rn nnxnnamrcx
onnnntx nom ntcxastnann, omnnnxrtx ]as n untx oooron. omnnn
mxy coo rn ncnontsymr camt noxnannt courannx cnon n snyxon: onn xyxxar,
rmar, nasnnnamr yr yra. mnno n raxom omnnn y r noxnnxrcx rno-
ucxo nauano, ]anrasnonann.
-rrtnx, n omnnn r nonaamr nnnnnarnnnt ntcxastnannx na
ornramn. m snaunrntno naxn ntcxasartcx camnm, um ntcnymart yroro. maxct
x c nsocntm, nox cxo nnounrar cnymart, um rononrt.
-urnrtx, ono snaunrntno orau no cnomy nasnaunnm, ]ynxnnxm, on
mnorooasno, um cnn t narn tn nsocnt. r nsocnoro nox xr nno
onnxn cnonx crnn, nno nono nn]omannn.
maxct co cncrnnxom, on moxr ynannxrt crnnxmn narna, nnrnoxrtcx,
ntaxart ony, ]anrasnonart. o crt nsocnt n cncrnnx nnnxmr na asnnrn asntx
croon nnunocrn. o nsanmoornomnnxx c nsocntm nox yunrcx rononrt n nart rax,
xax nao: cnymart n nonnmart yroro, ycnannart nont snannx, n omnnn x co
cncrnnxom ntaxart cx, ynannxrt yrnm, ncrynart n asnooasnt ornomnnx.
o+romy nx nomantnoro nonnonnnoro asnnrnx nxa nyxnt n rontxo nsocnt, no n
yrn rn.
mnn nxa co cncrnnxamn oxastnar noscrnn na mnorn ro xnsnnnt
c]t. no xnnxrcx naxntm ccrnom camonosnannx n ]omnonannx axnarnoro
ncrannnnx o c. ncrnnx ntcrynar nx nxa n onn cnooasnoro sxana, n
xoroom on nnnr cx. mymnn cxocrna ocrannxr my oromno yonontcrnn. nx
n coo anno cymcrno, on nnrynrnnno nonnmar cno cocroxnn, cannnnar ro c
coo.
mnn co cncrnnxamn naxnmn ncrounnx asnnrnx nosnanarntno
xrntnocrn. onraxrt mxy rtmn amr nm ononnnrntnt nnuarnnnx,
nonoxnrntnt nxnnannx, orxtnamr nosmoxnocrt nomoncrnonart cnon ymnnx.
xo omnnx y r nanaxnnamrcx n conmncrnymrcx conmcrnt naxrnucxn n
nront crnnx, ]omnymrcx ncrannnnx o yrom unonx annom no nosacry.
mnn co cncrnnxamn +ro n ocoax ]oma xnsnxrntnocrn, xoroax
cymcrnnno ornnuarcx or omnnx nsocntx. Fnnsxn nsocnt otuno nnnmarntnt n
ooxnarntnt x mantmy, onn oxyxamr ro rnnom n saoro, yuar onnnntm
nantxam n ymnnxm. ncrnnxn nocrynamr nnau. nn mn nnnmarntnt n
ooxnarntnt, n cnnmxom roonxrcx nomout yr yry, noxart n nonxrt
cncrnnxa. nn moryr ornxrt nrymxy, onrt, n oamax nnnmannx na cnst.
aunnax c urtxnrnro nosacra cncrnnx cranonnrcx nx nxa on
nnournrntntm narnom, um nsocnt. connocrn omnnx co cncrnnxamn xxo
noxnnxmrcx a rmax asronoon, na ocnon xorotx moxno nocnnrt, uro nnnr nox
n cnom cncrnnx n sa cur uro on camoyrnxarcx. tcxastnannx cncrnnxon rax
nnn nnau cnxsant c cocrnnntm nxa. namn omxontnnxn asronannamr,
nx ncro, o rom, uro onn nnxr nnn o rom, uro y nnx crt. nn craamrcx nnnnut
nnnmann c nomomtm nmron, xorotmn onaamr. annax oconnocrt, xorx n n
mntm m, noxnnxrcx na norxxnnn ncro omxontnoro nosacra.
nn omxontnnxn uam moncrnymr cncrnnxam ro, uro onn ymmr nart
n xax +ro y nnx nonyuarcx. nxrtcmt nr rn mnoro accxastnamr o c, o rom, uro
nm nannrcx nnn n nannrcx, a raxx omnnnamrcx yr c yrom coomnnxmn, n
cnxsanntmn c xonxrntmn crnnxmn n anno cnryann. a norxxnnn omxontnoro
193
nnoa asnnnamrcx, cmnxx yr yra, rn ]omt omnnx co cncrnnxamn. nym
roam cxnatnarcx nnax ]oma omnnx +monnonantno-naxrnucxax. mnn
cnonrcx, n ocnonnom, x rorn, ncntm, xnxam, saanntm nnxnnxm n ornnuarcx
acxonannocrtm n nnoccrnnnocrtm. rn onro nramr onn, a nx ycranonnnnx
xonraxron ncnontsymr nc crnnx, xorotmn onnann n omnnn c nsocntmn: xcrt,
nosy, mnmnxy.
nosacr c 4 o 5 nr y omxontnnxon nanmarcx cnryarnnno-nonax ]oma
omnnx. 4 roa nornocrt n omnnn co cncrnnxamn ntnnrarcx na ono ns
nntx mcr. rmnnn crnonart conmcrno y nnx rax cnntno, uro onn nyr na
xomnomncc, ycrynax yr yry nnnnxarntnym ont n nr, nrymxn n r. n. nnx
noxnnxrcx cxnonnocrt x xonxynnnn, connonarntnocrn, nnnmnnmocrt x onnx
ronanm.
a nxrom roy xnsnn onn nocroxnno cnamnnamr o ycnxax cncrnnxon, rymr
nnsnart cocrnnnt ocrnxnnx, samuamr nyaun yrnx r, ntramrcx cxtnart
cnon nomaxn. naxo n +ro nmx nox m n nonnmar mornnon nonnnx
cncrnnxon, n ntnxr nx nnrct n xnannx, no noxnnxr nnrc xo ncmy, uro
nar cncrnnx. nmno n nxrt nr rn naunnamr nonnmart, uro onn nyxnt yr
yry.
67 nr naunnarcx rnnnnx x asnnrnm nncnryarnnno-nono ]omt
omnnx. osnnxamr nnnxsannocrt, yxa. oncxonr cranonnnn cyxrnnnoro
ornomnnx x yrnm rxm, nosnnxar nnrc x nnunocrn oncnnxa, n cnxsannt c
xonxrntmn
5
crnnxmn.
nann oconnocr asnnrnx ]ynxnnn omnnx y r noxonmo, nx
ncro, nx +]]xrnnno orannsannn nocnnrannx nxa, nx cosannx ycnonn ro
nonnonnnoro asnnrnx, ]omnonannx nnunocrntx xaucrn, noxonmtx nx
sonsnnnoro nxoxnnx n oxyxammym connantnym cy. ccnonannx noxastnamr,
uro nnornn rtmn nonoxnrntntx xaucrn n conmcrno xrntnocrn co
cncrnnxamn no mnorom sanncnr or ymnnx nocnnrarnx onnnntm oasom
orannsontnart +ry xrntnocrt.
ax .. xocon, nsyuax r omxontnoro nosacra, +xcnnmnrantno oxasana,
uro cymcrnymr cnryannn, n xorotx oxrnnnax nornxa conmcrno xrntnocrn
nxryr onnnnt nsanmoornomnnx, nounnxx nnnnnyantnt rnnnnn nonnnx
orntntx r. o crt nocnnrarnt moxr saan monnonart raxn cnryannn nsan-
moornomnn, n xorotx noxnnxnnct t nyxnt nx nocnnrannx nocrynxn r.
annt ntno usntuano naxn nx orannsannn on noyxrnnnoro noncca
connantno annnrannn. nnaxct na nosacrnt oconnocrn r n yunrtnax
nocrarxn n asnnrnn nxa, ntsnannt nnunnamn asnnuno +rnonornn, cnnnanncr
no connantno annnrannn nnn nocnnrarnt moxr nocnonarntno n nnnanannnno
]omnonart y nxa r xaucrna nnunocrn, xorot my noxonmt nx ycranonnnnx
nonnonnnoro nsanmocrnnx c oxyxammnmn nmtmn n asnnuntx cnryannxx n
ycnonnxx.
n orannsannn omnnx nxa co cncrnnxamn noxonmo raxx nmrt n
nny, uro ono n cnom asnnrnn nonoono n nmr asnt yonnn. tuno no
conmcrno xrntnocrtm nonnmarcx omnn na anntx: conmcrnax nra, nconann,
xoncrynonann, conmcrno nmxnonoxnn n . o n rcxnx xonnxrnnax moxno
nanmart cnryannn omnnx, r onn ns r ntnonnxr ont nsocnoro n ntrarcx
yunrt cnoro cncrnnxa ntnonnnnm onnnntx nannn. axo omnn yx nntsx
nasnart omnnm na anntx. 3ro yx yro rnn omnnx.
n onnnnn rnnon omnnx n nsanmocrnnx mxy coo r
onayxnnoct, uro cnn narnt nmnn nannt rnnt omnnx, ro onaanmn on
nnsxnm rnnom norxrnnannct n noncc +ro conmcrno nrt. rn x, ntnonnxnmn
]ynxnnn nsocnoro n conmcrno xrntnocrn, nonyuann n asnnrnn snaunrntno ontm,
rax xax onn n +rom cnyua ntcrynann nonnonnntmn cyxramn omcrnnno
xrntnocrn.
rax, omnn r c nsocntmn n cncrnnxamn cymcrnnno ornnuarcx yr or
194
yra n oxastnar nnnxnn na asnt croont asnnrnx nnunocrn. o+romy orannsannx
nsanmocrnnx r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn co cncrnnxamn oxrnnno
noxonma n, cnonarntno, xnnxrcx naxnm cocrannxmm noncca nx connantno
annnrannn.
@.8. 4

U
ornocrt n omnnn y nxa nosnnxar na nnom roy xnsnn n syntrar
nnoccrnnnoro +monnonantnoro omnnx c martm n c nosacrom nnorar nc
on xxo ntaxnnt xaaxr. antnm asnnrn nxa nonnocrtm sanncnr or
roro, xax annsyrcx +ra nornocrt, xaxo mcro sannmar omnn n ro xnsnn, c xm
on omarcx, xaxon xyr n xaaxr omnnx, xaxono ornomnn omammnxcx x nxy n
nxa x nnm.
coxannnm, n xnsnn mnornx r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn
cxnatnarcx raxax cnryannx, xora onn, ocrnrnyn roro nnn nnoro nosacra, sarynxmrcx
omartcx c nsocntmn n cncrnnxamn, nx n nonnmamr, c nnmn n xnamr asronannart,
cmmrcx na nnmn, nx nsramr. syntrar y raxnx r nosnnxamr att,
nnxrcrnymmn ycranonnnnm nomantntx xonraxron mxy nmtmn. oxno ntnnrt
rn rynnt rynocr, xorot uam ncro nanmamrcx n omnnn r n noocrxon,
+ro:
rynocrn, nosnnxmn n cnxsn c ]xramn asnnrnx nxa (naymnn unoro
asnnrnx, ymcrnnnax orcranocrt, saxxn ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx n .);
rynocrn omnnx, nooxnnt connantntmn ]axroamn (connantnax nsonxnnx n
nnnannx, narornucxax sanymnnocrt, rynonocnnrymocrt n .);
rynocrn, oycnonnnnt nnnnnyantno-rnnonornucxnmn oconnocrxmn
(oconnocrn rmnamnra, xaaxra, +monnonantntx a croxnn n .).
nax rynna rynocr rynocrn n omnnn, nosnnxmn n cnxsn c ]xramn
asnnrnx nxa n ro un. nn ocrarouno nonno n rnyoxo ncrannnt n
cnnnantno nnrary. axt nn ]xra naxnatnar cnon cnnn]nucxn
oconnocrn na uno omnn, uro yunrtnarcx n xoxnnonno aor no
ncnannnnm un; mcr c rm y ncx r c ]xramn asnnrnx asnnuno +rnonornn
mnoro omro, uro nx cnnxar n nar noxoxnmn. ontmnncrna nn nnx nanmamrcx
]xrt nonsnomnnx, uro nar ut manoasounno. mnornx r nt n
nocrarouno rount cnonat c orannunntm xonnucrnom cnon, oosnauammnx
ornnunnt n oomammn cnona, orcyrcrnymr noxonmt nantxn omnnx xax c
nsocntmn, rax n co cncrnnxamn, uro cymcrnnno oraxarcx na nx ncnxnucxom n
nnunocrnom asnnrnn.
asnnrn nantxon omnnx y r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn moxno
cannnnart c samxnyrtm noountm xyrom: ns-sa rytx ]xron snyxono un, nocrn
cnonanoro sanaca n yrnx nnunn cyxamrcx connantnt n unt xonraxrt, a +ro n
cnom out nnmar nx nosmoxnocrn on +]]xrnnno omartcx, asnnnart ut n nt-
aartnart noxonmt nantxn unoro omnnx.
roym rynny nnunn, oycnannnnammnx rynocrn n omnnn r c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, cocrannxmr connantnt ]axrot. nonannmt ym
asnnrnm nxa nanocnr connantnax nsonxnnx. uacro onrnn, ynrt rom, uro y nnx
onncx nox c ]xrom, nocrarouno c nnm omamrcx, ncncrnn uro on n
nonyuar noxonmo nacxn n onrntcxoro rnna. Foxct, uro na nnm yyr cmxrtcx ro
cncrnnxn n ocyxr oxyxammn nmn, raxoro nxa nsonnymr, nnmax rm camtm
noxonmo my uno naxrnxn n naxrnxn mxnnunocrntx ornomnn.
yro xanocrtm, oraxammcx na omnnn r, moxr crart
snoynornnn nrarnnno onnxo nonnnx nxa. cnontsyx n nocnnrarntno
naxrnx mrot noomnnx n naxasannx n n nax antrnarnnno onnxn nrarnnntm
momnram n nonnnn nxa, onrnn n nocnnrarnn uacro c nnm asronannamr
asaxnno, ornnarntnym onnxy orntntx nocrynxon nnocxr na nnunocrt n nnom.
195
sncrno, uro na nonnn unonxa n omcrn cymcrnnno nnnxmr ro mtcnn n
ncrannnnx o c, cnom nnmnm nn, cnonx cnoconocrxx, nosmoxnocrxx, omnxax n
nyauax. ocrarouno, nannm, ncrannrt c o rom, uro mt nn ncru c yrnmn
nmtmn cxyunt n nmnrntnt, ntstnam y nnx nnnxsnt, mt rm camtm saan
nnannym n nonnxm ncxo +ro ncrun. axax nrarnnnax ycranonxa noxnyr
nc mxannsmt mtmnnnx n ynonr or nanxxnnoro noncxa mnnx nmo saaun.
anornn, cnn unonx narcx na ycnx, ro ro ycnnnx no ocrnxnnm nnn ornnuamrcx
ontm mnrntnocrtm n nacrounnocrtm. osnnxammn nn +rom nonoxnrntnt
mtcnn, noyxamr x on +nrnunomy noncxy +]]xrnnntx nyr x ocrnxnnm nnn.
um uam x nam nnxoxr nrarnnnt mtcnn, rm mt xyx uyncrnym, cxnonnt ymart
ontm o nnoxom. osnrnnnt x mtcnn sacrannxmr nac ncrn cx on accynrntno n
ynnno.
uro x xacarcx r, oconno noocrxon, ro onn, ocosnan cnom
nnonnonnnocrt, noxnnnnym nrarnnntmn ntcxastnannxmn oxyxammnx, ount
ocro arnymr na nosnnxmn cnryannn, noamrcx nnymnnm nsnn. rn, xorotx
onrnn nocroxnno yramr n ynnxamr, co nmnm naunnamr nnrt n ro, uro n rnn
rononr orn nnn mart, rm camtm nxy ncxyccrnnno cosarcx +monnonantno
nnarononyun.
rrt rynn moxno orncrn rynocrn, sanncxmn or nnnnnyantno-
rnnonornucxnx oconnocr. ax, cnn nxy cnocrnnnt raxn urt, xax
asaxnrntnocrt, ncntntunnocrt, ncxannocrt, nsnnmnxx uyncrnnrntnocrt,
nnaxcnnocrt, nrarnnnt nnntuxn, ynt mant nonnnx, nonxrnocrt, cnat
camoxonront, xxo ntaxnno nnoxo nacronn nc +ro moxr nnncrn x
cymcrnnntm rynocrxm n ycranonnnnn mxnnunocrntx xonraxron.
Fatom n omnnn moxr crart raxx nannun xxo ntaxnntx rmnamnron.
nnrntntm rxm ryno omartcx c rmn, xro axrnnn, nnocnnn, y xoro tcrt
axnnn, n, naooor, rn nonnxnt ncntrtnamr sarynnnx n omnnn c
mnnrntntmn rtmn.
asnannt rynocrn nmmr n rontxo onnnnt asnnunx, no n nnx
coxnrcx mnoro omro, uro cnnxar nx. annun y nxa rx nnn nntx ]xron
nmo +rnonornn xnnxrcx ono ns rnanntx nnoctnox nosnnxnonnnx ncnxnucxnx
cocroxnn, noxnnxmmnxcx n naxnarno naccnnnocrn, nnxrcrnymm ntnonnnnm
rx nnn nntx crnn. anno cocroxnn oosnauarcx n ncnxonornn rmnnom
ncnxonornucxn at.
3monnonantnt mxannsm ncnxonornucxnx aton cocronr n ycnnnnn
ornnarntntx nxnnann n ycranonox, cnxsannt c ntnonnnnm ro nnn nno saaun
n noxnnxmmncx n nn crta, uyncrna nnnt, craxa, rnorn, nnsxo camoonnxn n .
connantnom nonnnn ncnxonornucxn att ncrannnt atamn omnnx, nnn
xommynnxarnnntmn atamn, xorot mmamr nxy ycranannnnart nomantnt
xonraxrt n mxnnunocrnom nsanmocrnnn.
uncny nanon omnx acnocrannntx sarynnn, nosnnxammnx nn
omnnn r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, moxno orncrn:
A. 1"0(' ('C("0("' C-('- C .J'("QD "$" !0)!$, .-+'-.
cnmnocrt nmoro noscrnnx moxr trt +]]xrnnno nnmt rora, xora ronann
cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn cranonnrcx ronannm nxa x camomy c.
cnn +ro ycnonn n conmarcx, ro noncc nsanmocrnnx c nxom naymarcx.
' nnonnmann n noncc nsanmocrnnx c nxom .. Foxonnu onnnna xax
cmtcnono at. mtcnono at moxr nosnnxart n asnnuntx cnryannxx n no
mnorom sanncnr or coxannx omnnx. anon uacro ncruammnmncx cnryannxmn nx
nosnnxnonnnx cmtcnonoro ata moryr trt:
nox n nonnmar ronann nsocnoro noromy, uro onn nx nro nnonxrnt;
nox nnau cmornr na onnnnt ]axrt;
nox moxr n nocnnnnmart ronannx nsocnoro noromy, uro ono nx nro
nnorar ocot cmtcn (nnnxn, nacmmxn). nryannn raxoro rnna oconno moryr
noxnnxrtcx no nsanmoornomnnxx c noocrxom.
196
ronannx ax naroxnarntnt n nocnnnnmamrcx noromy, uro onn
nonroxmrcx cnnmxom uacro;
ronann nnocnntno nx nxa.
urot nsxart n xo nsanmocrnnx c nxom cmtcnonoro ata, nyxno
ncronrt cnocot nxnnnnx ronann.
mtcnono at moxr nosnnxnyrt n n rom cnyua, cnn y nxa no ornomnnm
x unonxy, sannmammmycx connantno annnrann, cnoxnnoct nrarnnno
ornomnn. nunnamn ro nosnnxnonnnx moryr trt cnryannn, xora crnnx nxa n
ontmnncrn cnom onnnnamrcx ornnarntno; xora, cnnnanncr no connantno
annnrannn sannnxnnonno nacrannar na cnom ronannn; xora ronannx
nxnnxmrcx nxoxrno xax no coxannm, rax n no ]om.
osnnxnonnn cmtcnonoro ata sanncnr n rontxo or nnmnnx noscrnn, no
n or nnnnnyantntx oconnocr nxa. xo on, ax nonnmax nannntnocrt
ronann nsocnoro, n nnnnmar nx, rax xax onn nrnonymr ro xnannx, nnnocrn,
cncrmy ro nnunocrntx cmtcnon. conno uacro cmtcnont att nosnnxamr n om-
nnn c noocrxamn, xora y nnx nosnnxar raxo ncnxnucxo nonooasonann, xax
camoonnxa.
2. -+'- !)/ noxnnxrcx xax uyncrno nnonxocrn sa cx. rn, nmmmn ror
nnn nno ]xr, nocrnnno naunnamr nc ontm ocosnanart cnom nnonnonnnocrt, uro
onn n raxn, xax yrn, a cnn m na nnmn nomyunnamr no +romy nonoy, ro y nnx co
nmnm nosnnxar raxax croxax ura xaaxra, xax sacrnunnocrt, nanmarcx yxo n
cx.
3. -+'- !-#. r uyncrno craxa xnnnn onontno acnocrannno.
nn moryr oxrtcx noxnnnnx nontx nm n ncrun c nnmn, rmntx nommnn,
omamnnx xnnorntx n r.. rax moxr nosnnxnyrt, cnn n ac nxa ntcxastnamrcx
yrost, sanyrnnann. nanornunt +]]xr oxastnamr rnn n yrant co croont nsocntx,
na xorot onn ount uyrxo arnymr. mnn c rtmn n nasnanntx cnryannxx rxr
nnsocrt, cunocrt, onn. rn crmxrcx yxnonnrtcx or omnnx c raxnmn
narnamn. onnx cnyuaxx c nx croont moxr noxnnxrtcx arccnnnocrt, n yrnx
cocroxnn noannnnocrn nnn xonnucxoro asaxnnx.
9. -+'- !-/("3 moxr nosnnxnyrt y nxa, nannm, n cnyua asnyunnx
c martm n cmt. anno sarynnn n omnnn uacro nosnnxar y r, xorotx
nommamr na oyunn n cnnnannsnonannt yuxnnx.
noxnt nxnnannx r n cnxsn c asnyxo c nnsxnmn my nmtmn uacro
noxnnxmrcx xax nnyrnnn norcr no ornomnnm x nsocntm. nn moryr nm n
nounnxrtcx, nnaxart, snrt nnn x samtxartcx, yxonrt n cx. nunno noxnnnnx
anno rynocrn moxr crart uyncrno +ronsma, sanncrn, nacrammn n ony. ann-
m, xora nox uyncrnyr cx onnntm no nnnmannn n nacx co croont nsocntx.
5. -+'- "() nosnnxar rora, xora nxa nocroxnno onnnxmr n rom, uro on
nnannntno cx nr, uro on nyxnmx, n ntnonnxr yxasann nsocnoro, uro on n
ymr nrart co cncrnnxamn, uro on n ncnannmt nox n . uyncrno nnnt moxr
nosnnxnyrt n rora, xora nxa ncramr samuart nsocnt n n ntcxastnamr
nnntuntx oonn.
6. -+'- C-'!#/!. oxnnxrcx n rom, uro orntnt cncrnnxn,
oconno n noocrxonom nosacr, n nsocnt nynaxnrntno, c uyncrnom nnocxocrna
ornocxrcx x rxm, nmmmnm ]xrt asnnrnx, nanmnnax na nnx asnnunt nrarnnnt
xntxn, rnna: nnuroxnt, nnnnt, ryno, nncnannmt, cronxont, yonna n mno-
rn yrn, ocxonxmmn nnuno ocronncrno r. ocroxnno ynomnnann o antntx
n mnnmtx nocrarxax nnmar nxa nt n cnon cnnt n nosmoxnocrn. mnornx r
+ro ntstnar ony, rnn, nroonann, nnnonr x nosnnxnonnnm sannxnno
camoonnxn, uyncrna nnonnonnnocrn, nrarnnntm nxnnannxm, ranmnymmnm nx
ncnxnxy.
oonnn rynocr n omnnn nxa xnnxrcx naxnm saau
connantno annnrannn. o urot ycnmno mart +ry saauy, ryrcx nmano
nmnn, n ycnx +ro aort no mnorom sanncnr xax or ycnnn naroron, nocnnrarn,
197
cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn, rax n or crmnnnx camoro nxa nsmnnrt
cx. cnonntm ycnonnm noonnnx rynocr n omnnn xnnxrcx nxnmunn
nxa n asnnunt nnt conmcrno xrntnocrn c nsocntmn n rtmn.
xoxrnonart n nocnonnnrt nocrammn nx omnnx nantxn nosmoxno rontxo
noccrnom nxnmunnx nxa n naxrnucxo nsanmocrnn c yrnmn nmtmn.
ntr yunr, uro noonrt nmmmncx y nxa nocrarxn n rynocrn n
omnnn ononmnno nnosmoxno. cnx moxr nnrn nnmt n rom cnyua, cnn
cnnnanncr no connantno annnrannn onnrnyrcx n na ycrannn mnornx
nocrarxon ononmnno, a na rynxnt manntxn, no ycnmnt nsmnnnx. cnx n
mnnn manntxo uacrno saaun moxr nnncrn x nosnrnnntm nsmnnnxm n mnnn
on omnx nnunocrntx nonm.
cnn, nannm, nxy mmar omartcx ncntntunnocrt, ro ncnannnn +ro
urt xaaxra onxno crart nnoouno saau. cnn omnnm mmar cocroxnn
craxa, ro nonsno nxa noxart +monnonantno, oxcnnrt my, uro ro cocroxnn
nomantno, rax xax crax tnar y xaxoro unonxa, a raxx nn noxonmocrn ntnon-
nnrt c nnm x ncnoxntx ynaxnnn, cnocontx my nomout. nx uncn moryr trt,
nannm, nnoxnn nxy nanconart na nncr ymarn ro, uro on onrcx, a sarm
sacrannrt +ror ncynox nonart. nn moxno nnoxnrt my, urot on ncrannn cx
yrnm nxom, xorot n noono cnryannn n onrcx, n art xaxo-nno noyunn,
urot on ro ntnonnnn camocroxrntno.
ynocrn n omnnn noonnamrcx nru n tcr, cnn n noncc connantno
annnrannn n na xoxnnonntx sanxrnxx no ncxonnnm untx naymnn rxm
nnnnnamrcx nantxn nosnrnnnoro omnnx. ro cyrt cocronr n rom, uro n xo omnnx
uam ncnontsymrcx nonoxnrntnt yrnxnnx, nxnn nrarnnnt onnxn n
xnrnucxn samuannx. nnnanncr no connantno annnrannn nnn nocnnrarnt
onxn noxnnxrt sannrconanno yuacrn x nxy, samuart nc ro yaunt nontrxn
nannntno cxasart, cnonmnno na nnx arnonart n nn oonnx nnn noxnant.
asrono c nxom xnarntno ormuart rontxo r na n xaucrna, r nanmamrcx
xorx n manntxn, no nonoxnrntnt cnnrn.
axno, urot raxn nrorn nononnnct nocn xaxoro sanxrnx c nxom.
oncc connantno annnrannn +ro nycroonnn noncc; nm yuacrnymr
xax nsocnt, rax n nox. anxrnx no noonnnm rynocr n omnnn
orannsymrcx, xax nannno, no nym ontmnm nonmam. onom cnyua onn nocxr
nosnanarntnt xaaxr, nxa nnomamr x asronoy na nosnanarntnt rmt, n
yrom no ]omnonannm nantxon nnunocrnoro omnnx.
n ncm mnorooasnn ]om n coxannx +rnx sanxrn onn croxrcx c yurom
onnnntx ronann: no-nntx, c yurom nnnnnyantntx asnnun n
nosmoxnocr nxa; no-nrotx, ocnontnamrcx na nnnnnn onxamm nnnnnarnnt
nsocnoro. socnt n rontxo moncrnyr nxy oasnt omnnx, no n nr sa
coo, ynnxar ro cnonmn crnnxmn. -rrtnx, nn orannsannn sanxrn no asnnrnm
nantxon omnnx nyxno yunrtnart axrnnnocrt nxa n asntx cnryannxx, ro
nacronn, cocorounnocrt, a raxx nmx, n runn xorooro nox xour
omartcx.
xrnnnocrt nxa yr snaunrntno ntm, cnn y nro crt xaxn-nno ax
ncnoxnt nnrct n ynnunnx. nrc anromarnucxn n noxnnxrcx, ro nao
asnnnart. annm, nxy c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn moxno nnnnrt nnrc x
yxaxnnannm sa nnramn, txamn n axnanym, nanmart sa onaxamn, nrnnamn, naxonrt
n nax nnn ncy asnt noot ntn. annun nnrcon y nxa ar ontm
mancon narn naronnxrnym rmy n sancrn asrono o nnxrntx nx nro nmax.
anxrnx, nmmmn nosnanarntnt xaaxr, nonoxrcx, n ocnonnom, n
nnnnnyantno ]om. 3ro moxr trt conmcrnax nra c nsocntm, xoroax nannrcx
mantmy n xoroym on cam ntnar; nonnxnax nra, nra c nannnamn n r. . anxrnx
nyum naunnart c roro, uro nox yx ymr n uro my nnrcno. yxno nocrnnno n
xo nrt nnn nocn n nonnxart nxa n asrono, accxastnart my, nannm, o
xnnorntx, nx nonaxax, o mamnnax, xnnnnxx nnot n . nr nox n onxn
198
uyncrnonart cx noannnntm, on onxn trt annonanntm narnom. my cnyr
uam saanart nonoct, nanonrt ro na nannntnt ornrt, xnannrt sa yaunt ornrt n
nonoct xaucrn ocnont nx ct moxno ncnontsonart rcxn xnnrn c
nnnmcrannxmn, na]nntmt, myntr]nntmt.
arnanom nx omnnx moxr crart n xnsnnnt ontr nxa. nooasn
+rnx sanxrn cocronr n rom, uro nosnanarntnt marnan cranonnrcx nnrom cnryannn, n
xoroo noncxonr cnnxnn nsocnoro n nxa. aaua nsocnoro cocronr n rom,
urot nox n yxnonxncx or rmt ct n onnartcx asnnrnx y nro cnoconocrn
omnnx na nosnanarntnt rmt.
anxrnx no ]omnonannm nnunocrnoro omnnx moxno cronrt ncxontxo nnau.
x moxno nononrt c ncxontxnmn rtmn. xo raxnx sanxrn naxno cosart ycnonnx,
sacrannxmmn nxa onnnrt n ocosnart cnon crnnx n nocrynxn. nx +rnx nn
noxonr nmax noyxrnnnax xrntnocrt r: nconann, nnxa, annnnxannx, xon-
crynonann, nra n ncounnn. cnnnx nsocnoro onxnt trt nanannnt na ro, urot
nnnnut nnnmann nxa x onnx cocrnnntx ymnn n xoomo snaxomo my
xrntnocrn, oxrnnno cannnnart cnon ymnnx co cncrnnxamn, conocrannxrt cno
mnnn c mnnnm yrnx.
ocnymmn sanxrnx moryr trt xax nnnnnyantnt, rax n rynnont. r
nonsno nnyuart x cnymannm cxasox, accxason ns rcxnx xnnr n ocyxnnm nx
coxannx. Fcyx no marnanam nounrannoro, naxno noxasart nxy, uro cnryannn,
xorot onncant n xnnr, nmmr mcro n n xnsnn r. n +rom nsocnt onxn
ntcxasart cno ornomnn x xon]nnxram n cotrnxm, xorot nmnn mcro n rynn r
na sanxrnxx.
C-!) /$3 !0(-$3
1. acxor cymnocrt nonxrnx omnn. asonnr ocnonnt
]ynxnnn omnnx.
2. uro nt nonnmar no ccrnamn omnnx? axn nnt
un nam nsncrnt?
3. 11uncnnr ocnonnt nantxn n ymnnx, noxonmt
nxy nx ycnmnoro onnannx utm.
4. oanannsnyr nxorot oconnocrn asnnrnx un
nxa n nnamnx. asonnr ocnonnt ronannx, nxnnxmt x un
mxontnnxa, urot ona ornuana nomam omnannonantnoro nnrarynoro xstxa.
5. uro nt nonnmar no accrocrnom un y nxa? ar
xaaxrncrnxy xnrnucxnm nnoam, nanon onacntm nx nosnnxnonnnx
untx accrocrn y r. acxor ocnonnt nnunnt nosnnxnonnnx u-
ntx accrocrn y r.
6. axn xnaccn]nxannn untx accrocrn nam nsncrnt?
7. asonnr ocnonnt nnt untx naymnn y r.
oumy unt naymnnx nnxyr sa coo orxnonnnx n nnunocrnom asnnrnn
nxa?
8. asonnr ocnonnt ]omt omnnx, nosnnxammn n
noncc asnnrnx nxa.
9. asonnr ocnonnt sarynnnx, nosnnxammn n omnnn y
r n noocrxon, nmmmnx unt naymnnx. ora +rn rynocrn
noonnamrcx nru?
'0) /$3 /$/ " !.J'(",
1. 0$5 connantno $
, ,'.
". 9' & & $5.
(. /' $5 & ,
,'.
"'-H-
199
1. / . . nunocrt n omnn. sannt ryt. .,
1983.
2. . ., ) -. . rxx c orxnonnnxmn n
asnnrnn. .. 1973.
3. .& 1. ., 7. 0. rynnn omnnx or roa
o rx nr. ., 1992.
4. . . . onoct nsyunnx rcxo un. ., 1961.
5. F& . . n . oonnn omro noasnnrnx un y
omxontnnxon: n. nx norona. 2- ns., na. ., 1990.
6. 1 . ., ) -. . cnont ]xronornn. .,
1990.
7. 1' . . cnxonornx omnnx ., 1997.
8. 1 -. 4. mnn r c nsocntmn n cncrnnxamn:
om n asnnuno / ccnonannx no nonmam nosacrno n narornucxo ncn-
xonornn. ., 1990.
9. oronnx: u. nx crynron ]xron. ]ax. n nn-ron /
.. onxona, .. anana, . . acrmxona n .; o . . . onxono. 2-
ns. 2-x xn. ., 1995.
10. 1' . . nnnnn asnnrnx un yuamnxcx. ., 1979.
11. -9 7. -. nox c orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn. .,
1992.
12. -&! . . rcxax ncnxonornx / o . nra. .,
1988.
13. mnn n ut: asnnrn un y r n omnnn c
nsocntmn / o . . . ncnno. - ., 1981.
14. ), F. ut n mtmnnn nxa. ., 1994.
15. asnnrn un r omxontnoro nosacra: ocon nx
nocnnrarn rcxoro caa / o . . . oxnna. - 2- ns., 1979.
16. accrocrna un y r n noocrxon / o . ..
xnnncxoro. ., 1969.
17. > -.7. oronnx. ., 1959.
200
1M
>
.

A?.A. >

ronn n naxrnx ]omnonannx nnunocrn acrymro unonxa mnoxo
ncnontsymrcx nonxrnx nocnnrann n narornucxax xrntnocrt. ntnnnm
noncca connantno annnrannn r n noocrxon c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn
n camocroxrntnym oracnt snannx n onxo nnonrcx nonxrn connantno-annnrannon-
nax xrntnocrt.
anon mnoxnm nonxrnm ns nasnanntx xnnxrcx nonxrn nocnnrann.
!C"("' xax omcrnnno xnnnn nosnnxno ononmnno c unonucxnm
omcrnom. ocnnrann oxrnnno ncronucxn noncc. no ncra, na nmo
crann omcrnnnoro asnnrnx ocymcrnnxrcx ncm omcrnom, nc cncrmo
omcrnnntx ornomnn n ]om omcrnnnoro cosnannx. ocnnrann n mnoxom cmtc-
n +ro nnnanannnnt noncc naun noacrammnm noxonnnxm omcrnnno-
ncronucxoro ontra, naxonnnnoro unonucrnom.
'/%%"&'!3 /'3'$+(!+ +ro cyxrnnno nosnnxmax antnocrt n nax
nocnnrarntntx ornomnn xax cosnarntno nmmarntcrno n ]omnonann
noacrammnx noxonnn. cnn n nocnnrannn ccrnom nocnnrarntnoro noscrnnx na
r xnnxrcx conoxynnocrt omcrnnntx ornomnn n axrnnnax camoxrntnocrt
r, uro nnnonr x nsncrno crnxnnocrn, nncxasymocrn syntraron ]omn-
onannx nnunocrn, ro narornucxax xrntnocrt cosnarntno crmnrcx x
orannsonannocrn, rmarntnomy oroy coxannx n nnon xrntnocrn nx ocrnxnnx
sannannonanntx nn.
arornucxax xrntnocrt ncrannna cnnnantno nororonnnntmn nmtmn,
nnsnanntmn nnnanannnno ncnontsonart nc nmmmncx ccrna nocnnrarntnoro
noscrnnx na noacramm noxonnn n coornrcrnnn c connantntm saxasom omcrna.
arornucxax xrntnocrt +ro no]ccnonantnax xrntnocrt nsocntx nm,
nntm xoroo xnnxrcx nocnnrann noacrammnx noxonnn.
*"$+(>-'."$"*"((3 /'3'$+(!+ xax omcrnnno xnnnn xnnxrcx
nno c nocnnrannm n narornucxo xrntnocrtm, no n roxcrnnna nm. o cnonm
xaaxrncrnxam connantno-annnrannonnax xrntnocrt yx nonxrnx narornucxax
xrntnocrt n onnxrcx coxannm, nanannnnocrtm noscrnnx n cnnn]nxo
oxra oconnocrxmn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, na xorooro ona
onnrnonana.
onnantno-annnrannonnax xrntnocrt nosnnxna n cncrm mnnnncxnx,
ncnxonornucxnx, narornucxnx n connantno-+xonomnucxnx annnrannonntx
monnxrn, nononmtx c nntm ycrannnx nnn nosmoxno on nonno xomnncannn
orannunn xnsnxrntnocrn, ntsnanntx naymnnxmn soontx co croxnm
accrocrnom ]ynxnn orannsma. na xnnxrcx cocrannxmmnm xomnonnrom om
annnrannonno xrntnocrn n ncrannxr coo cncrmy cnnnantntx
monnxrn, nanannnntx na cosann n ocnunn ycnonn nx nororonxn
nnnannon x nnrrannn n connantnym xnsnt, noccranonnnn nx connantnoro craryca n
201
cnoconocr x camocroxrntno omcrnnno n cmno-trono aanrannn, asnnuntx
nnon naronaxa n connantnoro ocnyxnnannx.
mcr c rm, nasnannt xaaxrncrnxn, onnxmmn coxann connantno-
annnrannonnoro noncca, ncrannxmr coo nnmt nnmnn ]axrot, oxastnammn
noscrnn na nnunocrt. nnnn, na xorooro nanannnt nasnannt connantno-
annnrannonnt noscrnnx, moxr n cnny asntx nnunn nnnxrt nx nnn ornrnyrt,
n noxnnn nnxaxo axrnnnocrn. cnyua nxnannx unonxa nnnxrt nnaramt
mt noscrnnx nnn connantno annnrannn n moryr trt ocrnrnyrt
ornacno nsrnxam . . ynnmrna, ncnxnucxo n nnunocrno asnnrn nxa
nosmoxno rontxo n nncrn nsanmocrnnx nnmnnx n nnyrnnnx ]axroon. nuro n
asnnnammcx nnunocrn n ntnonrcx nnoccrnnno ns nnmnnx noscrnn.
nyrnnn ycnonnx onnxmr ror xyr nnmnnx noscrnn, x xorotm nnunocrt
oxastnarcx nocnnnmunno. cnn ornomnnx mxy rtmn n nsocnt oycnannnnamr
asnnrn cosnannx nxa, ro camo cosnann nnocncrnnn nnnxr na asnnrn nonnnx,
a, n xonunom nror, n na ornomnnx mxy nxom n yrnmn nmtmn.
nonarntno, connantno-annnrannonnax xrntnocrt ncrannxr coo
cnoxnym mnoroyonnnym nnamnunym cncrmy cyxr-cyxrntx ornomnn,
+]]xrnnnocrt xoroo onnxrcx n rontxo xaucrnom annnrannonntx
noscrnn, no n nncrnom nsrnxon cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn n
nannnra, ntaxammnxcx n ynnnocrn nonoxnrntnoro ncxoa or nnnaramtx
conmcrntx ycnnn, n noxnnxmmcx ro cocrnnno axrnnnocrn, ocrarouno nx roro,
urot nonsomnn nonoxnrntnt nsmnnnx n ncnxnucxom n nnunocrnom asnnrnn.
rcma ocnonononaramm saau connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn xnnxrcx
cosann nnyrnnnx n nnmnnx ycnonn nx +]]xrnnnoro nxnmunnx nxa n
connantnym xnsnt, ]omnonann ro xax nnunocrn ycrounno x nnmnnm
ranmnymmnm ]axroam n cnocono +]]xrnnno nsanmocrnonart c oxyxamm ro
connantno co.
onnantno-annnrannonnax xrntnocrt no ornomnnm x rxm c
orannunnxmn xnsnxrntnocrn onxna ocymcrnnxrtcx n nastnnom nncrn c
nonnnm mnnnncxnx monnxrn (mnnnncxax annnrannx), ncnxnucxo n
narornucxo annnrannn n connantno aanrannn. crynax n camocroxrntnym
xnsnt, nox, nommn xyc annnrannn, onxn trt rorontm x noonnnm
]nsnucxnx n connantno-ncnxonornucxnx rynocr, xorot moryr ncrrnrtcx na
xnsnnnom nyrn.
xo mnnnncxo annnrannn on onxn norn xyc nuntx monnxrn,
nanannnntx na coxannn n yxnnnn soontx, noccranonnnn n asnnrn
]nsnonornucxnx ]ynxnn, naymnntx onsntm, na ntxnnnn n axrnnnsannm
xomnncarontx nosmoxnocr ro orannsma c nntm ocnunnx n antnmm ycnonn
nx nosnamnnx x axrnnno camocroxrntno xnsnn.
cnxnucxax annnrannx nnn c orannunntmn ]nsnucxnmn n ncnxnucxnmn
nosmoxnocrxmn nnonarar nonnn xomnnxca ncnxonornucxnx monnxrn,
onnrnonanntx na noccranonnnn soontx, xoxnnm nnn xomnncannm naymnntx
ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn n cocroxnn. ocnon ncnxnucxo annnrannn nxnr
ncrannnn o onsnn xax asymnrntnom noncc n orannsm, xaaxrnom n
rontxo nnoxnm ]nsnucxnm camouyncrnnm ontnoro, no n nsmnnnm ro nnunocrn,
cnnramn n +monnonantno c]. osnamnn x soontm n noncc ncnxnucxo
annnrannn nycmarnnar ycrannn nocncrnn nxnnann, nxnarntntx
ycranonox, nynnnocrn n cnonx cnnax, rnorn o nosmoxnocrn yxymnnx cocroxnnx n
nnna onsnn n n.
cnonntmn nnnnnnamn ncnxnucxo annnrannn xnnxmrcx: narncrno
ncmno nonnunn ontnoro n nuno-noccranonnrntnt noncc; asnonnanonocrt
ycnnn, nanannnnocrt annnrannonnoro noncca na asnnunt c]t
xnsnxrntnocrn; nncrno ncnxoconnantntx n nonornucxnx mroon noscrnnx;
crynnuarocrt cosann nxoon or onoro annnrannonnoro monnxrnx x
yromy.
202
xryantno saau ncnxnucxo annnrannn xnnxrcx raxx asaorxa
+]]xrnnntx mroon noccranonnnnx nnunocrntx ycranonox, nanannnntx na
noonnn nocncrnn onsnn y nnn, nncmnx nnnt n ncnxnucxn saonnannx,
norsnonann oranon, rxxnt xnyrnucxn nmmarntcrna, nmmmnx xonnucxn
saonnannx, nyxammnxcx n ncnxonornucxo xoxnnn n cnyuaxx nsmnnnx nunnx,
connantno nsonxnnn n n. coo nnnmann ynxrcx aor, nanannnno na
xomnncannm yraunntx no]ccnonantntx n connantno-aanrnnntx xaucrn.
cymcrnnnn ncnxnucxo annnrannn ryr cosannx cnnnantntx ycnonn,
cocrnymmnx coxannnm nonoxnrntnoro +]]xra nunnx (ocyr, omnn,
ncnancnsannx).
noncc narornucxo annnrannn nox onnanar yuntmn
crnnxmn, +nmnrantmn nayuntmn snannxmn n na nx ocnon ntaartnar
coornrcrnymmn nantxn n ymnnx, nocrnrar ontr, naxonnnnt nmcrnymmnmn
noxonnnxmn n asnnuntx c]ax xnsnxrntnocrn. rcno cnxsn c mnnnncxo,
ncnxonornucxo n narornucxo annnrann naxonrcx noncc connantno
aanrannn. *"$+(3 /C*"3 nocroxnno, axrnnno nncnoconnn nnnnna x
ycnonnxm connantno ct, a raxx syntrar +roro noncca. oornomnn +rnx
xomnonnron, onnxmmnx xaaxr nonnnx, sanncnr or nn n nnnocrntx
onnrannn nnnnna n or nosmoxnocr nx ocrnxnnx n onnnno connantno
c. orx connantnax aanrannx nr nntnno, +ror noncc otuno cnxstnarcx c
nnoamn xannantntx nsmnnn n xnsnn n xrntnocrn nnnnna n ro oxyxnnx.
asnnuamr na rnna aanrannonnoro noncca: axrnnnt n naccnnnt. nnom
cnyua n noncc aanrannn nanmarcx axrnnno noscrnn na connantnym cy, n
yrom onnxrcx naccnnntm, xon]omntm nnnxrnm nn n onnrannn
oxyxamm ro connantno ct.
nrantntm acnxrom connantno aanrannn xnnxrcx nnnxrn nnnnnom
connantno onn. rcma connantnax aanrannx ntcrynar onnm ns ocnonntx connantno-
ncnxonornucxnx mxannsmon connannsannn nnunocrn. 3]]xrnnnocrt aanrannn
cymcrnnno sanncnr or roro, nacxontxo nnnnn nocnnnnmar cx n cnon connantnt
cnxsn. cxaxnno nnn nocrarouno asnnro ncrannnn o c nr x naymnnxm
aanrannn, nosnnxnonnnm ayrnsma.
axnm oconnocrtm connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn xnnxrcx
onnrannx n na acraxrnoro nxa, xorooro nyxno nocnnrart n coornrcrnnn c
ronannxmn omcrnnnoro asnnrnx, a na xonxrnoro nxa, nmmmro asnoro
yonnx nonmt ncnxnucxoro n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx.
onnantno-annnrannonnax xrntnocrt, xax n nmax yrax xrntnocrt,
nmr cnom cryxryy. n, naxy c urxo ouunno nntm n ntoom saau
connantno annnrannn, oxsarntntmn cryxryntmn xomnonnramn ntcrynamr:
noncc nsanmocrnnx cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn c nxom, nto n
nnmnnn ccrn noscrnnx na nro; a raxx xonront n onnxa cnonx cocrnnntx
noscrnn. n orcyrcrnnn nnn orannunnn onoro ns nasnanntx xomnonnron noncc
connantno annnrannn ]omnyrcx n nnt n annsyrcx.
auantntm snnom connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn, xax n nmo
narornucxo cncrmt, xnnxrcx nnt xax xonunt syntrar. nt connantno-
annnrannonno xrntnocrn no ornomnnm x nxy c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn onnxrcx, c ono croont, na ocnon rnyoxoro nonnmannx cymnocrn
unonucxo nnunocrn, c yro, snannx oconnocr asnnrnx xonxrnoro nxa,
nonyunntx n syntrar ro nsyunnx c nomomtm ncnxonarnocrnucxnx n yrnx
ccrn.
cxox ns nonnmannx connantno annnrannn xax nnnanannnnoro noncca,
onnrnonannoro, n nnym out, na asnnrn nxa xax nnunocrn, cnocono
camocroxrntno annsontnart cno cxtrt nornnnan, cryxryno nnt n connantno-
annnrannonno xrntnocrn moxno accmorrt no ananornn c narornucxo x-
rntnocrtm. +ro cnxsn moxno ntnnrt cnymmn nnt: nnt-nan; nnt omax
crarrnucxax saaua; nnt omax raxrnucxax saaua.
203
'$+>"/'$ +ro nx nccroonnro asnnrnx ncx cymnocrntx cnn
unonucxo nnunocrn, nanon nonnax ]nsnucxax, nnrnnxryantnax n yxonno-
nancrnnnax camoannsannx n nocroxnno camoconmncrnonann na +ro ocnon.
annax nnt nxnmuar n cx nancrnnnt, +crrnucxn n xyntryno-oasonarntnt
xaaxrncrnxn nnunocrn n xnnxrcx ntcm omunonucxo nnnocrtm. oncc
annsannn anno nnn nar unonucxym xnsnt ocmtcnnno, oyxornonno n
nnycrmnnno, a camoro unonxa unonuntm.
'$+ !*"$+(>-'."$"*"((, /'3'$+(!" .J3 !-'%"&'!3
1/& cocronr n rom, urot c]omnonart raxancxn ycrounnym, nnyrnn
ncnnnnnnnonannym nnunocrt, cnoconym +]]xrnnno nsanmocrnonart c
oxyxammnmn nmtmn, sauacrym n n nncnoconnno nx n connantno c. annax
nnt ocrnrarcx n syntrar on nonnoro asnnrnx y nxa c orannunntmn nos-
moxnocrxmn ro yxonntx n ]nsnucxnx cnn, on +]]xrnnnoro ncnontsonannx
coxanntx ]nsnucxnx n ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn.
"&'!"' *'$" " 1/&" !*"$+(>-'."$"*"((, /'3'$+(!"
)'Q ns nnn-nana n crarrnucxo nnn ]omnonannx nnunocrn. nn
ncrannxmr coo cncrmy xonxrntx nocnnrarntntx, oasonarntntx,
asnnnammnx, xoxnnonno-annnrannonntx nanannnn, orannsannx n +]]xrnnnax
annsannx xorotx nnsnana ocnunrt nonoxnrntnt nsmnnnx n asnnrnn nnunocrn
nxa.
axno, urot n xo ocymcrnnnnx +rnx monnxrn y nro saonnact
xnsnnnax nnt ncnxrnna camoro nxa, xax oxra n cyxra nocnnrannx,
xoroax n noncc connantno annnrannn onxna trt ocosnana n nonxra. cx
nocnymmax connantno-annnrannonnax xrntnocrt no mnorom yr sanncrt or
ymnnx nsocntx ncnontsonart xnsnnnym ncnxrnny nxa, nnunt crnmynt,
nnnoxmn n nnxnn ro nnyrnnn cnnt n nnnnnyantnt cnoconocrn.
onnmann camoro cx x nxy nnxonr n casy. omxontnom n mnamm
mxontnom rcrn nox, xnnxxct cyxrom xnsnn n nocnnrannx, m n cranonnrcx
cosnarntntm nocnrnm cyxrnnno nnn, nanannxmm ro mtcnn n nonnn,
nomoramm ocosnannm cx n cncrm omcrnnno xnsnn. namnnm r n
nonnonnnt cyxr nocnnrannx cnococrnymr nnyrnn camoonnnn,
camocosnann n nnycrmnnnocrt, nacrynammn n noocrxonom nosacr. +rom
cnyua noncc nocnnrannx nx r cranonnrcx nonccom camoannsannn,
nocrnnnoro cnnxnnx omcrnnno noxonmtx nn n nnyrnnnx noyxnn.
rcma n connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn naxno cocorounrtcx na
cosannn nx nxa ycnonnn, cnococrnymmnx ocosnannm nm cx, nonnmannm cnonx
xnann, nnrcon, nosmoxnocr, naxnonnocr, ro crt ncro roro, uro onnxr ro
nnunym nanannnnocrt. n nonoxnrntnom ncxo no m nsocnnnx nox c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn yr on urxo ncrannxrt cno nnasnaunn n
nyrn ocrnxnnx cnonx xnsnnntx nn.
nymmn cryxrynt xomnonnr !.!'(( !*"$+(>-'>
."$"*"((3 /'3'$+(!+D !HJ'!$3'03 ('C!-'/!'(( C-*'!!'
1"0/',!"3 !C'*"$"! C !*"$+(, -'."$"*"3 ! -'.'(0. nx roro
urot anno snno +]]xrnnno ]ynxnnonnonano, cnnnanncr no connantno
annnrannn onxn nnart mnoxnm naoom mronucxnx nnmon noscrnnx na
nxa.
nnnanncr no connantno annnrannn +ro orannsaro xnsnn n xrntnocrn
nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n noncc connantno annnrannn. ro
saaua cocronr n rom, urot annonantno onnxrt n orannsontnart nc nnt
connantno-annnrannonnoro noncca: orannsarocxym, narnocrnucxym,
xoxnnonnym, asnnnammym, oasonarntnym, nonaranncrcxn-xoncyntrarnnnym
xrntnocrt, xrntnocrt no camooasonannm n camoasnnrnm n . onnnrt
coxann n ]omt xaxoro nna, xorot tnn t n rontxo axnarnt nnxm n
saauam connantno annnrannn, no xnnxnnct nncooasntmn c rouxn snnx
yonnrnonnx nornocr nxa.
204
-'", !-HH-(), 0C('( !*"$+(>-'."$"*"((, /'3'$+(!"
P (-$+(>*'(&(' 1'(D n xoroom cnnnanncr no connantno annnrannn
mtcnnno oamarcx nasa n ycranannnnar nx cx, mnn nn on c nomomtm
nmmmnxcx ccrn n cnocoon saaun, xorot on crannn cam.
axnm oasom, connantno-annnrannonnax xrntnocrt nxnmuar n cx rn
ocnonntx orannsannonntx xomnonnra:
1) nocranonxy nn n saau connantno annnrannn;
2) nto n nnmnnn ccrn noscrnnx na r;
3) xonront n onnxy cnonx cocrnnntx noscrnn na nxa. onnantno-
annnrannonnax xrntnocrt, xax n nmo yro nn
xrntnocrn, nmr cnon xaucrnnnt xaaxrncrnxn. anon omn ns nnx:
nnnanannnnocrt, onoconannocrt, cyxrnnnocrt, nnrncnnnocrt, nnamnunocrt,
+]]xrnnnocrt.
'$'(C-$'((!+ connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn noxnnxrcx n
rom, uro noncc connantno annnrannn cronrcx c yurom urxo ouunno nnn,
ocosnannx roro, xaxnmn nnunocrntmn n ncnxnucxnmn xaucrnamn onxn onaart
nox na sanmammm ro +ran.
nnn]nxa C!-'/((!" connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn cocronr
n rom, uro connantno-annnrannonnt noscrnnx oxastnamr nnnxnn na nxa c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n nxmo, a xocnnno n syntrar connantno
oycnonnnnocrn connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn, cnxsn co snaunnxmn,
]nxcnonanntmn n nonxrnxx xstxa, nomax moann, nnnocrxx. onnantno-
annnrannonno noscrnn yr nmrt +]]xr nnmt rora, xora ono yr
ocmtcnno na yonn cosnannx n yr nnnxro noocrxom xax cno cocrnnno.
H.N'"(!+ connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn ntaxarcx n
noxnnnnxx nnnnnyantnocrn xax cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn, rax n
nxa, nxnmunnoro n connantno-annnrannonnt noncc. xaucrnnnt
xaaxrncrnxn yyr onnxrtcx axrnnnocrtm ro yuacrnnxon, nannunm nomnoro
ontra, ycranonxamn +monnxmn, nnxmn n mornnamn, oconnocrxmn mxnnunocrntx
ornomnn, a raxx yonnm no]ccnonantno xomnrnrnocrn cnnnanncra no
connantno annnrannn.
('(!"(!+ connantno-annnrannonnoro noncca oycnonnna nannunm y
xaxoro cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn nnnnnyantnoro crnnx xrntnocrn.
ro nannun nosnonxr xaxomy ns nnx nn nannunn asntx oconnocr nnno
cncrmt, asno cryxryt cnoconocr, xaaxra onnartcx onnnno
+]]xrnnnocrn nn ncnontsonannn asntx cnocoon n ccrn noscrnnx.
"(0"&(!+ connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn onnxrcx
nocrynarntntm nnxnnm annsannn rxymnx saau n aor c nxom na nyrn x
nnn. nx connantno-annnrannonnoro noncca naxno onnartcx xorx t manntxnx,
no nonoxnrntntx cnnron n ncnxnx. nnamnucxn nsmnnnx connantno-
annnrannonnoro noncca n +rom cnyua moryr nnncrn x on cymcrnnntm
nonoxnrntntm nsmnnnxm n asnnrnn nnunocrn n nnom.
SII'"(!+ connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn noxnnxrcx n
ornomnnxx ocrnrnyroro syntrara x maxcnmantno ocrnxnmomy nnn saan
sannannonannomy syntrary. nnnrt moxno rontxo n rom cnyua, cnn yyr urxo
ntnnt xaucrnnnt xnrnn nsmnnx syntraron. uncn ocnonntx noxasarn
onnnnx +]]xrnnnocrn connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn moryr trt
nsxrt cannnmt nsmnnnx n yonn asnnrnx nnunocrn nxa, ocrnrnyroro sa
coornrcrnymmn nno, n ro cnoconocrt x aanrannn n nnrrannn n connantnym n
+xonomnucxym xnsnt c yurom annnrannonnoro nornnnana.
axnm oasom, connantno-annnrannonnax xrntnocrt +ro
no]ccnonantnax axrnnnocrt cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn nnn x
cnnnanncra yroro no]nnx, annsymmro naannntno saaun connantno
annnrannn. na ncrannxr coo cnoxnym mnoroyonnnym nnamnunym cncrmy
cyxr-cyxrntx ornomnn, nntm xoroo xnnxrcx nororonxa nxa c
205
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn x nxoxnnm n noyxrnnnym nonno-
nnnym connantno-+xonomnucxym xnsnt, noccranonnnn ro connantnoro craryca n
nxnmunn n cncrmy omcrnnntx ornomnn n xo cnnnantntm oasom
orannsonannoro oyunnx, nocnnrannx n cosannx nx +roro onrnmantntx ycnonn, a
raxx c nomomtm xomnnxca ncnxorxnnucxnx n narornucxnx ccrn, nanannnntx
na nnocrno asnnrn nxa xax nnunocrn n nnax ro ncnxo]nsnucxnx
nosmoxnocr.
A?.B.
G

aor c rtmn, nmmmnmn anomannn n asnnrnn, connantnax annnrannx xax

xrntnocrt n camocroxrntnym onacrt n ntnxrcx, a ntcrynar xax omax saaua
ncx cnnnanncron, ncrynammnx no nsanmocrnn c nnmn. crcrnnno, nn raxom
noxo nnn connantno annnrannn n nonno m n annsymrcx, a sauacrym nnmt
xnanymrcx. syntrar ns cnnnannsnonanntx yuxnn ntxoxr nmn, n
nororonnnnt n n nncnoconnnt x nxoxnnm n cnoxnt mn connantntx n
connantno-+xonomnucxnx ornomnn.
oncc connantno annnrannn yr on +]]xrnnntm n rom cnyua, cnn
connantno-annnrannonnax xrntnocrt yr accmarnnartcx xax cocrnnnax
naxrnxa, xax nont nn no]ccnonantno xrntnocrn, rynnymt cnonmn nnxmn,
saauamn, ycranonxamn, coxannm, ]omamn n mroamn aort. nxo n naxrnxy
cnnnanncron-no]ccnonanon no connantno annnrannn mnxr cnoxnnmcx
nonoxnn. nauanom nx aort connantno-annnrannonnax xrntnocrt nnorar
craryc camocroxrntno onacrn snann.
naxo urot cnnnanncr no connantno annnrannn mor ycnmno ocymcrnnxrt
cnon no]ccnonantnt oxsannocrn, nyxna rantno asaorannax xonnnryantnax
mont connantno-annnrannonno cnyxt. na nosnonnr onnnrt orannsannonnym
ocnony connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn, nncrn onnnnocrt n cryxryy
nororonxn n nontmnnx xnann]nxannn cnnnanncron no connantno annnrannn,
cosacr ycnonnx nx roro, urot cnnnanncrt no connantno annnrannn nyum
nonnmann c]y nnnoxnnx cnoro rya.
ont connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn onxna ornrnrt na nonoct:
saum nyxn cnnnanncr no connantno annnrannn, r n um on onxn sannmartcx,
xro onxn trt ro nannnrom. n onxno trt onnno ro mcro n cncrm
mnxo-connantno, ncnxoxoxnnonno n yuno-nocnnrarntno aort c rtmn,
nnnnnnt, na ocnon xorotx onxnt cronrtcx ornomnnx mxy cnnnanncrom no
connantno annnrannn n yrnmn yuacrnnxamn annnrannonnoro noncca: nauamn,
naroramn, xoxnnonntmn naroramn, onrnxmn n camnmn rtmn.
ont connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn onxna oraxart
rornucxn ncrannnnx o nnxx, saauax, coxannn n onnartcx na nx
naxrnucxym annsannm n aor c rtmn xax syntrar oomnnx n ocmtcnnnx.
m n 20- rot rananrnnnt naror, nau n yunt .. amnxo, axrnnno n
nnoornono sannmanmncx connantno annnrann r c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn (no ro rmnnonornn, ncxnmunrntnt rn), n nnr cno
rornucxo n naxrnucxo xrntnocrn nocrannn nonmy asnnrnx nnunocrn. ..
amnxo cunran, uro xoxnnx nocrarxon asnnrnx nnunocrn nonma ontmo
connantno snaunmocrn n mart noxonmo n xonrxcr rocyacrnnno nonnrnxn.
xaucrn xomnann cnonm xonnram on conronan: un n nocnnrtna, nsyuax, sna n
nom n n orxnonnnxx or n, urot trt crnnrntno naxrnm nonnonnno
nnunocrn, xaxoro t xaucrna ncxont marnan nn ocrancx.
nrcnt marnan nx oomnnx ar conmnnax naxrnxa annsannn
connantno-annnrannonntx cncrm, raxnx xax: nr connantno annnrannn nx
206
r n noocrxon c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn onraxrt-1 (ocxna),
omxontnt nnr connantno annnrannn n axamroox r. onocnncxa (mxona
Foosnna), mxona onc n nxnm onroo, nnr-mxona nrnx-amonnrnx n
onroo n .
ax, ocnonntmn norammamn aort nra onraxrt-1 xnnxmrcx: noramma
connantno annnrannn r n noocrxon c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn us
asnnrn nx connantntx ymnn n nantxon, a raxx noramma connannsannn nnunocrn
nxa nnn noocrxa, nmmmro orannunnt nosmoxnocrn. nr aoramr
Bxont mcn, xomntmrno ramornocrn, +crrnucxoro asnnrnx n yrn xyxxn,
xorot nomoramr xram ocnannart nanon nnrcnt nx nnx nnt nnxnantx
mcn, nomoramr nontmart nx oasonarntnt yonnt.
aora nnra n r. onocnncx ocnonana na xomnnxcnom (nonncnconom)
noscrnnn na nnunocrt nxa no ncm nosmoxntm xananam cnxsn: nnsyantnomy,
aynantnomy, +monnonantnomy n n. Fnaroax nnnnnyantno nooanntm mronxam
nx xaxoro nxa nnr onnarcx xoxnnn cnymmnx naronornucxnx cocroxnn y
r:
1) cnnxnnx crnnn onnro]nnn y r co cnymmnmn saonnannxmn: cnnom
ayna; ryax saxxa nnno-ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx (); saxxa na
]on rcxoro nantnoro naannua () n yrnx orannucxnx naymnn
nnrantno nnno cncrmt;
2) xoxnnx a]]asn n nsarnn (orcyrcrnn n naymnn un);
3) uacrnunax nnn nonnax nnxnnannx morono acromoxnnocrn y r c ;
4) asnnrn n conmncrnonann moronxn n noaxnntx xonunocrxx y r c ;
5) xoxnnx ncnxonarn n nnoson;
6) aanrannx connantno sanymnntx r.
norammy annnrannn nxonr xax aora c rtmn, rax n aora c onrnxmn
r-nnnannon.
aory c onrnxmn nxnmunt cnymmn nnt xrntnocrn:
ncnxonornucxax annnrannx n xoncyntrannx;
nomomt n orannsannn sanxrn c nxom oma;
acnocrannn n omn ontrom.
aora c rtmn orannsonana no rm ocnonntm nanannnnxm, nosnonxmmnm
sacrnonart soont ornt mosra n us nx asnnrn acmnxrt nosmoxnocrn
noaxnntx ornon. 3ro:
sanxrnx mystxo;
sanxrnx nsoasnrntno xrntnocrtm;
ncnxonornucxax annnrannx n om asnnrn, a raxx mnnnncxo ocnunn
r.
onuno nntm cno aort nnr crannr nonnym aanrannm n nnrrannm r
n rcxn xonnxrnnt n omcrno n nnom.
nanntm n aor nnra-mxont nrnx-amonnrnx no connantno
annnrannn n aanrannn xnnxrcx cnnnantntm oasom orannsonannax cncrma aort
c rtmn. cxox ns nonnmannx roro, uro na asnnrn nmoro nxa nnnxmr urt
]axroa: nocrancrno, nmx, nn]omannx n +nrnx n cncrmy aort mxont nxonr:
oyunn n nocnnrann;
osoonnrntnax aora;
no]ccnonantnax annnrannx;
aora c onrnxmn.
nrantno snno n aor mxont cncrma ryono annnrannn. rn,
nmmmn asnnunt ]nsnucxn n ncnxnucxn orxnonnnx, sannmamrcx ocnonnm ocnon
naonoro rnoucrna, oaorxo n xyoxcrnnno sto no ny;
norammnonannm; nsyunnm nnocranntx xstxon; mystxo. mxon cosant n
annsymrcx ycnonnx nx asnnrnx cnoconocr nxa, naxrnucxn marcx nonma
antno nomomn nxy narn cno mcro n xnsnn.
ax nnnm, n nnr cno xrntnocrn . . amnxo, xonnxrnn nra
207
connantno annnrannn r n noocrxon onraxrt-1, . . Foosnn
(onocnncx), xonnxrnn nnra-mxont nrnx-amonnrnx (onroo) cranxr
cosann noxonmtx ycnonn, n xorotx nanon nonno marcx nonma
]omnonannx nnunocrn nxa. nanntm ycnonnm ocrnxnnx nocrannnno nnn
cnyxnr xomnnxcnt, nnn cncrmnt, noxo c onnrann noscrnnx na nc nanon
coxannt c]t asnnnammcx nnunocrn nxa. crt n ocnony connantno-
annnrannonno xrntnocrn nonoxn nnnnnn nonncnconoro noscrnnx na
nxa (nnnnnn cncrmnocrn), cyrt xorooro cocronr n ntxnnnnn mnorooasntx rnnon
cnxs n onnnnx nx nnnxnnx na xaxym ]ynxnnm nxa.
cxox ns cxasannoro, accmornm ocnonnt nanannnnx xrntnocrn
cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn.
axnm oconnocrtm no]ccnonantnoro rya cnnnanncra no connantno
annnrannn xnnxrcx cnnn]nxa oxra, na xorooro nanannnt ro ycnnnx n
oconnocrn oyn ro rya. xr xrntnocrn cnnnanncra no connantno
annnrannn nnunocrt nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn. syntrart ro
rya marnannsymrcx n onnx yroro unonxa: n snannxx, nantxax, ymnnxx, urax
xaaxra n nnunocrn n nnom. xr connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn
ononmnno ntcrynar n xax cyxr xrntnocrn.
cnx connantno-annnrannonntx noscrnn sanncnr n rontxo or coxannx,
mronucxnx nnmon, ncnontsymtx n noscrnnn na nxa, no n ro ornomnnx x
romy, uro nnararcx n noncc connantno annnrannn. nnn]nxa oxra
connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn cocronr n n rom, uro nox nnorar
noxonmt connantno-ncnxonornucxn xaucrna n n nxmo sanncnmocrn or
connantno-annnrannonnoro noscrnnx, a no saxonam ncnxnucxoro asnnrnx.
nooasntmn xnnxmrcx n oynx rya. noncc connantno annnrannn
noncxoxr nsmnnnx xax n ncnxnucxom, rax n n nnunocrnom asnnrnn. , xax nsncrno,
ncnxnxa n nnunocrt nxa asnnnamrcx n ]omnymrcx rontxo n xrntnocrn n
omnnn, n, nx ncro, n raxnx nnax, xax: nra, camoocnyxnnann, noyxrnnnt
nnt xrntnocrn (nconann, nnxa, xoncrynonann), yunn n .
]a xrntnocrn cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn norxar n
onnnnom nocrancrn n orannunnarcx, n ocnonnom, amxamn nsanmocrnnx c
nxom n ycnonnxx, xorot moryr nx nro cnoxnrtcx. 3ro moxr trt nnr
connantno annnrannn, oasonarntno yuxnn, rannnonno
cnnnannsnonanno yuxnn nnn x nnnnnyantnax aora c xonxrntm nxom n
yrnx ycnonnxx. amxax +roro nsanmocrnnx nanaxnnamrcx xonraxrt c ro
onrnxmn, a raxx co ncmn cnnnanncramn, yuacrnymmnmn n annnrannonnom
noncc.
nannax saaua ncx nnn, aorammnx c nxom, cocronr n rom, urot ocnunrt
nonoxnrntnt nsmnnnx n asnnrnn ro xax nnunocrn. o nx +roro noxonmt n
asont n n onocroonnn mt, a xomnnxcnt, cncrmnt noxo, nnonarammn
yur xax nnmnnx, rax n nnyrnnnx ]axroon, noscrnymmnx na nnunocrt. rcma
xrntnocrt cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn r onxna trt
mnoronnanono n nxnmuart n cx nc ocnonnt nanannnnx connantno-
annnrannonnoro noncca.
axnmn nanannnnxmn, na nam nsrnx, xnnxmrcx: orannsarocxax xrntnocrt;
xrntnocrt no narnocrnx ncnxnucxoro n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx nxa; asnnnammax
n xoxnnonnax aora; xoncyntrnonann n nocnmnn r, onrn n
cnnnanncron, sannmammnxcx c rtmn; xrntnocrt no oxan soontx n sonacno
xnsnxrntnocrn n connantno-ncnrucxax aora.
A. -%("1-!3 /'3'$+(!+.
rannsarocxax xrntnocrt +ro xrntnocrt, nanannnnax na ocrnxnn
onnnno nnn nnn nn. na nonnstnar nc c]t xnsnn unonxa n noxonma
ram, r nosnnxar nornocrt ynannxrt nmtmn nnn orannsontnart cx na
ntnonnnn xonxrntx saau. anno nanannnn cnxsano co ncmn yrnmn
nanannnnxmn connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn n ntcrynar xax noxonmax,
208
oxsarntnax nx cocrannxmmax.
rannsarocxax xrntnocrt xnnxrcx annsann na naxrnx saau connantno
annnrannn n ycnonnm on nnnanannnnoro n antnoro noxrnonannx cno
xrntnocrn. o cymcrny, xaxo crnn cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn
nocnr orannsarocxn xaaxr.
cryxry orannsannn connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn moxno
ycnonno ntnnrt na ontmnx acnxra: nororonnrntnt (xoncryxrnnnt) n
orannsannonno,
-() . xnmuar xrntnocrt, cnxsannym c
noxrnonannm, nnannonannm noncca connantno annnrannn, onnnnm ro
coxannx, nn n saau; ycnonn, coxannx n ]om nonnnx xoxnnonntx n
asnnnammnx sanxrn; yuacrnx r n nrono, ryono, ocnyxnnamm xrntnocrn,
nananrt orannsannn mxnnunocrntx ornomnn n r.n.
oronxct x ncru c rtmn, cnnnanncr no connantno annnrannn nonar
mronxn n rxnonornn nsanmocrnnx c nnmn, nororannnnar coornrcrnymm
ooyonann, noymtnar nocnonarntnocrt cocrnnntx crnn, a raxx crnn
xaxoro xonxrnoro nxa n rynnt n nnom.
$) . nnnanncr no connantno annnrannn annsyr na
naxrnx nnn n saaun connantno annnrannn. rannsarocxax xrntnocrt
mnoronnanona n mnoro]ynxnnonantna. uncny ocnonntx orannsarocxnx crnn,
ncnontsymtx n aor c nmtmn, ornocxr: noctt, conrt, noxnannx, yxasannx,
samuannx, ronannx. anon uacro nnmnxmo ]omo noyxnnx r n yuno-
nocnnrarntnom noncc, xnnxrcx narornucxo ronann, n xoroom saamrcx
]omt xrntnocrn n xoroo nanannno na ]omnonann y r crmnnnx x
ocrnxnnm nnn oyunnx onnnntmn ccrnamn n cnocoamn.
. . xynnn, ntnxx na nananra ronarntnocrn, usntuano santmnnym n
sannxnnym (nnantnym), oamar nnnmann na ro, uro onn n onnaxono m naryno
nnnxmr na xonunt syntrart oyunnx. cnyuaxx santmnnx ronann y oyuamtx
naacrar ncnxnucxo nanxxnn n nxnann ntnonnxrt ry nnn nnym xrntnocrt.
ora x ronannx sannxnt, ro yuamncx rxmr nnmnn onot orannsannn
cocrnnno xrntnocrn.
B. "%(!" C!"#"&'!% " $"&(!(% -1""3 -'.'(. nt
narnocrnxn ntxcnnn c nomomtm ncnxonarnocrnucxnx ccrn cymnocrn
nnnnnyantno-ncnxonornucxnx oconnocr nnunocrn c nntm onnxn axryantnoro
cocroxnnx, nornosa antnmro asnnrnx n asaorxn xomnann, onnxmtx
saau ocnonannx. mrom ncnxonornucxoro narnosa xnnxrcx ycranonnnn
oconnocr asnnrnx nxa xax n nom, rax n n naronornn.
cnonntmn +ranamn ncnxonarnocrnucxoro ocnonannx xnnxmrcx:
1) co anntx;
2) oaorxa n nnrnrannx anntx;
3) ntncnn mnnx ycranonnnn ncnxonornucxoro narnosa n onnnn
na ro ocnon nornosa asnnrnx.
cnxonornucxax narnocrnxa xnnxrcx normnmo uacrtm connantno-
annnrannonno aort. nnnanncr no connantno annnrannn c nomomtm rcron n
yrnx ncnxonarnocrnucxnx nony moxr onontno tcro n rouno nsyunrt nnunocrt
nxa n onnnrt xax yonnt asnnrnx nnunocrn n nnom, rax n xaxym
cocrannxmmym n orntnocrn. onyunnt syntrart nccnonannx xnnxmrcx ornanno
rouxo, cnooasno crarono nosnnn nx orannsannn nc cncrmt connantno-
annnrannonno xrntnocrn no ornomnnm x ocnymomy nxy.
syntrart ncnxonornucxo narnocrnxn noxonmt:
nx cocrannnnx connantno-ncnxonornucxoro norra nxa; nmmmro
orannunnt nosmoxnocrn;
nx ntxcnnnx cnntntx n cnatx croon n ro asnnrnn xax nnunocrn;
nx onnnnx coxannx n ]om connantno-annnrannonno aort,
ntoa ccrn n ]om ncnxonornucxo xoxnnn n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx nxa;
209
nx ycranonnnnx oarno cnxsn, cnrnannsnymm o nsmnnnxx n
ncnxnucxom n nnunocrnom asnnrnn na asntx +ranax noncca connantno
annnrannn.
axnmnm +nmnrom ncnxonornucxoro narnosa xnnxrcx noxonmocrt
ntxcnnnx n xaxom cnyua roro, noumy r nnn nnt connantno-ncnxonornucxn
noxnnnnx onayxnnamrcx n nonnnn nxa, xaxont nx nnunnt n cncrnnx.
narnos nastnno cnxsan c nornosom. ornacno . . trorcxomy, coxann
nornosa n narnosa connaamr, no nornos cronrcx na ymnnn nacrontxo nonxrt
nnyrnnmm nornxy camonnxnnx noncca asnnrnx, uro na ocnon nomnoro n
nacroxmro namuamr nyrt antnmro asnnrnx. ornos xomnyrcx asnnart na
orntnt nnot n nnrart x nnrntntm nonrontm nanmnnxm.
axrnucxax ncnxonarnocrnxa nnonarar nannun y cnnnanncra no
connantno annnrannn ncnxonornucxnx snann, onnnntx nantxon nsyunnx
nxa, nnrynnnn, orarmn xnnnnucxn n xnrcxn ontr. r nro ryrcx
conmnn cnoa nannn nnmnnnx ncnxonarnocrnucxnx ccrn, ocnonanntx na
snannn cnocrn nsmxmtx nmnntx n nsmxmmnx nncrymnron, na snannn
+rnucxnx n no]ccnonantntx nom ncnxonarnocrnucxoro ocnonannx.
xo nsyunnx nxa noxonmo yunrtnart ro mornnannm na ocnonann,
ymrt noxnnart, onaart uyrxocrtm x crnnxm, xorot nnonsnontno moryr
nancrn n ocnymomy, ymrt onnnnart cocroxnn ocnymoro n nnom n mnoro
yro.
5. 1"QJ3 " --'*"((3 /'3'$+(!+. anno nanannnn xnnxrcx
nnrantntm n connantno-annnrannonno aor c rtmn n noocrxamn. cxontmn
ro anntmn xnnxmrcx syntrart ncnxonarnocrnucxoro ocnonannx.
oxann, ]omt n mrot asnnnamm n xoxnnonno aort onxnt
ocnunnart nnocrno noscrnn na nnunocrt nxa nnn noocrxa. o+romy
noncc connantno annnrannn noxonmo cronrt c yurom cncrmt naxrnucxnx
nnnnnnon, raxnx xax: nnnnnnt nnocrnocrn, ocrynnocrn, nocnonarntnocrn,
+]]xrnnnocrn, n onnartcx na nnx.
1"QJ3 -. nanannna na nnocrno ncnxonornucxo asnnrn r n
rannnonno onnrnonana na asnnrn nosnanarntno, +monnonantno, nonno n
connantno c] nnunocrn. coxann ntrxar ns nn n saau connantno
annnrannn n onnxrcx aou norammo n nnnnnyantntm nnanom xoxnnn
n asnnrnx nnunocrn xaxoro nxa. annsannx +ro norammt ocymcrnnxrcx nyrm
nxnmunnx nxa n asnnunt ]omt nsanmocrnnx, omnnx n xrntnocrn.
3ro moxr trt: cnnnantntm oasom orannsonannax c yurom asnnnammro
+]]xra nronax, ocnyxnnammax, ryonax xrntnocrt, yunax, cnnnantnt
asnnnammn sanxrnx, na xorotx mamrcx saaun, nannm, ]omnonannx nantxon
omnnx, corynnucrna nnn xonxynrnoro nonnnx, nantxon nonnmannx uyncrn n
nxnnann yrnx nm, camoonnxn n camoanannsa cnoro nonnnx n mnorn yrn.
noncc raxoro nsanmocrnnx y r nocrnnno asnnnarcx n rontxo
nnrnnxryantnax c]a, no n acmnxrcx ontr connantntx ornomnn, nnorarcx
onnnnt yxonnt n +monnonantnt ontr.
!"#--'*"((3 -. onnrnonana na mnn xonxrntx nonm,
cnxsanntx c nronuntmn naymnnxmn n asnnrnn nxa. cnonntm
nncrymnranm xnnxmrcx xoxnnonnt mronxn n rxnonornn, xorot nosnonxmr
monnonart cnryannn, n xorotx nanon nonno sacrnymrcx c]t nnunocrn
nxa, nyxammncx n ncnannnnn. cnxoxoxnnonnax aora ocymcrnnxrcx n nyx
]omax: nnnnnyantno n rynnono. to nasnanntx ]om n noo xoxnnonntx
mronx onnxrcx xonxrntmn saauamn, nocrannnntmn n xaxtm nxom.
9. -!'J'("' " (!H$+"-("' /'', " C/-!D -/"'$', "
!-H/("D H&!HQJ"# .!$H2"("" /'', ! %-("&'(()0" 102(!30".
!"#$%>C'/%%"&'!' C-!'J'("' nnnnnnnantno naxno nanannnn
n connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn. nanno ro saau xnnxrcx nnornn
rtmn n noocrxamn onnnntx snann n nantxon, xorot nnsnant nomout nm
210
nontcnrt mornnannm xnsnxrntnocrn, axrnnnocrt, ycnmno nsanmocrnonart c
yrnmn nmtmn.
aor c rtmn, nmmmnmn orannunnt nosmoxnocrn, saaua +ra n nocrax.
urot snannx, nantxn n ymnnx, nanamt n nnnnnamt nxy, axrnnno
nxnmuannct n noncc nnunocrnoro asnnrnx, noxonmo ctsno noxonrt x oroy
coxannx ocrynnoro n nnrcnoro nxy, a raxx x ntoy ]om nx naun.
cnonntm ycnonnm sct ntcrynar yur nnnnnyantntx n nosacrntx oconnocr
r, yonnt nx antnoro asnnrnx, roronnocrt x ycnonnm rx nnn nntx snann.
anon +]]xrnnntmn ]omamn nx nxa xnnxmrcx r, xorot nx nro ocrynnt,
nnnnxarntnt, axryantno snaunmt.
(!H$+"-("' m onn nn naxrnucxo aort cnnnanncra no
connantno annnrannn. oncyntrnonann accunrano na aory c rtmn cramro
nosacra noocrxon n cramnx mxontnnxon. oncyntrnonann, xax nannno,
nnnnnyantnt nn aort n orannsyrcx n ontmnncrn cnyuan no sanocy r n no
syntraram ncnxonarnocrnucxoro ocnonannx. no moxr nmrt asnnuno
coxann, xacartcx mnornx nonm asnnrnx n nnunocrnoro camoonnnnx
noocrxa nnn mnomn, nsanmocrnnx c yrnmn nmtmn, nsanmoornomnnx nonon n r.n.
oncyntrnonann moxr nmrt nnt oxasannx nomomn noocrxy, ncntrtnammmy
rynocrn n omnnn, n nnornnn nantxon camonosnannx, camoacxtrnx n
camoanannsa cnonx ncnxonornucxnx n ]nsnucxnx nosmoxnocr n asnnrnn, oxasannx
ncnxonornucxo nomomn n noxxn nxa, naxoxmrocx n cocroxnnn cnntnoro
+monnonantnoro nxnnannx, crcca, xon]nnxra n .
]ynxnnn cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn nxonr n rontxo
nocnmnn n xoncyntrnonann r n noocrxon, no n onrn. oncyntrnonann
onrn n corynnxon, sannmammnxcx connantno annnrann r, xnnxrcx
naxntm ycnonnm nanaxnnannx ornomnn n conmcrnoro corynnucrna, ntxcnnnx
roux connxocnonnnx n mnnn ocnonno saaun connantno annnrannn
]omnonannn ycrounno nnunocrn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn,
cnocono x nsanmocrnnm n oxyxamm c.
8. . C #-(' 1/-+3 " .'1C!(, 2"1('/'3'$+(!". oxannn n
yxnnnn nonnonnno xnsnxrntnocrn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn
soontx naxnmax saaua ncx annnrannonntx monnxrn. nnnanncr no
connantno annnrannn onxn snart saxonomnocrn nosnnxnonnnx, runnx n ncxo
onsnn xax asono nnoctnxn nn onnnnn n asaorx ocnonntx noxoon
connantno annnrannn nxa. urot ramorno orannsonart connantno-
annnrannonnt noncc, naxno yunrtnart oconnocrn samnrno-nncnoconrntntx
axnn n ncroxn nnamnucxoro crornna orannsma n noncc ntsoonnnnx n
nx nnnxnn na noncc annnrannn. yxno xcno ocosnanart n nnnrt xax
nnyrnnn, rax n nnmnn ]axrot, oycnannnnammn xnsnxrntnocrt orannsma,
snart ocnonnt nnnnnnt n noxot ]omnonannx satno aranmarnucxo
oxyxamm ct nx r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn soontx no nnsnaxy
anomannn.
axno raxx onrtcx, urot nox ocosnan, uro syntrart ro ntsoonnnnx n
asnnrnx naxoxrcx n nxmo sanncnmocrn or nonnonnno xnsnn n mnornx yrnx
]axroon: nnrannx, cocroxnnx oxyxamm ct, nannunx nntx nnntux,
ncnxornrnnnucxnx nantxon, ]nsnucxo rnnonannocrn orannsma.
1/-"'$+(3 -.. saauy nxonr asnnrn n yxnnnn ]nsnucxnx
cnn n nosmoxnocr nxa.
6. *"$+(>/"!C'&'-!3 /'3'$+(!+. nt nonyunn rtmn, nx
onrnxmn n xonnramn or cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn connantno n
ncnxonornucxo nomomn, no-nntx, ntxoxm sa amxn ro ]ynxnnonantntx
oxsannocr, a no-nrotx, sa amxn ro xomnrnnnn. +rnx nnxx cnnnanncr no
connantno annnrannn onxn onaart anxom anntx o cnyxax n cnnnanncrax,
xorot cmornn t oxasart antnym nomomt nxy. num cnnnanncr no connantno
annnrannn n rontxo ar xoncyntrannm, no n cam orannsyr +ro nsanmocrnn.
211
amxax connantno-ncnrucxoro nanannnnx nnonararcx mnn
cnymmnx saau:
onnnn xaaxra nonmt n nosmoxnocr mnnx;
noncx cnyxt nnn cnnnanncra, cnoconoro oxasart nxy nomomt;
nororonxa noxonmo conononrntno oxymnrannn;
orcnxnnann syntraron nsanmocrnnx nxa co cnnnanncrom;
ocymcrnnnn ncnxonornucxo noxxn nxy no nmx ro nsanmocrnnx co
cnnnanncrom;
xonront sa orannsann nomomn nxy n ycnonnxx oasonarntnoro yuxnnx.
rax, mt accmornn ocnonnt noxot x orannsannn connantno-
annnrannonno aort, ntnnnn ocnonnt nanannnnx. ao nmrt n nny, uro
connantnax annnrannx cnoxnt noncc n onnxrcx, nx ncro, nnunocrtm
cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn. nann accmornntx noxoon nomoxr my
crart no]ccnonantno ramorntm n urxo ncrannxrt xyr cnonx oxsannocr.
A?.5.

yunnm, nocnnrannm n asnnrnm nnunocrn nxa c orannunntmn

nosmoxnocrxmn soontx sannmamrcx mnorn cnnnanncrt: naun, xoxnnonnt
narorn, yunrnx-nmrnnxn, connantnt narorn, ncnxonorn n . +romy nunm
oannxmrcx no]ccnonantnt aornnxn m onoro no]nnx: cnnnanncrt no
connantno annnrannn.
ro x raxo cnnnanncr no connantno annnrannn? axnmn nnunocrntmn n
no]ccnonantntmn xaucrnamn on onxn onaart?
*"$+(3 -'."$"*"3 +ro asnonnnocrt connantno aort. o
onnnnm amnxancxnx yuntx . annca n . +nca, connantnax aora +ro
no]ccnx nonnxnnxon, sannmammnxcx ornomnnxmn mxy nmtmn n nx oxyxnnm,
nnnxmmnx na cnoconocrt nm ntnonnxrt xnsnnnt ]ynxnnn, annsontnart
crmnnnx n nnnocrn, onruart ncrcc, cnnmart ncxom]or n crcct.
o x om connantno aor y cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn
oannxmrcx nont ononnnrntnt ]ynxnnn, nconocrannmt c ntnonnnnm
rannnonntx oxsannocr connantnoro aornnxa: nosnamnn r-nnnannon ns
nnna ]ynxnnonantno orannunnocrn n nonnonnnym omcrnnnym xnsnt.
nonarntno, cnnnanncr no connantno annnrannn +ro no]ccnonan,
nnsnannt ocnunrt ncroxy ncnxnxn n asnnrn saanntx cnocrn nnunocrn
nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn c nomomtm orannsannonntx, narornucxnx n
ncnxorxnnucxnx ccrn; annsannm ro nornocrn trt nnunocrtm, nnnxrt na cno-
conocrt ntnonnxrt xnsnnnt ]ynxnnn; cosann onnnnoro nnunoro
ncnxonornucxoro xom]ora n ncnxonornucxo samnmnnocrn. aora c rtmn n
noocrxamn c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn ryr or xaxoro, xro nsan annym
no]ccnm, nonnm camooraun, srannuno nmnn, ynaxnnx n nt n nosmoxnocrn
nxa, xaxymrocx snaxntm, rnyoxnx no]ccnonantno-rornucxnx n
naxrnucxnx snann. nunocrt cnnnanncra, sannmammrocx connantno annnrann,
xnnxrcx crxnntm ]axroom, onnxmmnm ro no]ccnonantnym nosnnnm n
connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn.
onnantnax annnrannx xax no]ccnonantnax xrntnocrt nxnmuar n cx
oxrnnnym n cyxrnnnym xaaxrncrnxn, ntcrynammn noxonmo nnoctnxo
+]]xrnnnoro rya cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn.
oxrnnntm xaaxrncrnxam ro xrntnocrn ornocxrcx snannx n ymnnx,
xorotmn on onaar, n syntrart connantno annnrannn, ro crt r nsmnnnx n
ncnxnucxom n nnunocrnom asnnrnn, nosnnxammn no nnnxnnm ro rya.
cyxrnnntm ro nnunocrnt oconnocrn. urot ycnmno annsonart nnn
connantno annnrannn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn,
212
cnnnanncr no connantno annnrannn onxn onaart rnyoxnmn n asnocroonnnmn
snannxmn. +ro cnxsn my noxonmt:
no-nntx, snannx o cymnocrntx ocnonax unonxa n ro trnx n snannx o
ocnonntx rnnnnxx omcrnnnoro asnnrnx n ronannxx, nxnnxmtx omcrnom
x unonxy. nann oconnocr omcrnnnoro asnnrnx nosnonxr antno onnxrt
xaaxr n coxann connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn, nnn n saaun no
]omnonannm nnunocrn nxa;
no-nrotx, snannx, ymnnx n nantxn, a raxx ocnont ontra omcrnnntx
ornomnn, xorot n oomnnom nn namrcx noacrammnm noxonnnxm.
syntrar ocnonnx +rnx ocnon y unonxa ]omnyrcx ocosnanno ornomnn x xnsnn
mnonossnn;
n-rrtnx, snannx o nosacrntx oconnocrxx ncnxnucxoro n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx
nxa n nom n n naronornn c yurom nnnunoro saonnannx nnn ]xra n
nocncrnn, ntsnanntx nmn;
n-urnrtx, snannx cocrnnno connantno-annnrannonntx rxnonorn,
onaann naxrnucxnm ontrom, macrcrnom n nnrynnn. nx roro urot +]]xrnnno
noscrnonart na r n ncrynart c nnmn no nsanmocrnn, noxonmo snann saxonon,
no xorotm noncxonr ]omnonann ncnxnxn n nnunocrn unonxa, ro ntcmnx
ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn, noncc ycnonnx snann, nantxon n ymnn, xax cxnatnamrcx
ornomnnx x nmxm n omcrnnntm xnnnnxm. nnnanncry no connantno
annnrannn nao nayunrtcx nontsonartcx +rnmn snannxmn na naxrnx, onnart ontrom,
macrcrnom, ncxyccrnom nx ymnoro nnmnnnx.
onnantno-annnrannonnax aora nxo ryr tcro onnxn
cnoxnnmcx cnryannn n counoro nmmarntcrna cnnnanncra no connantno
annnrannn. a nomomt n +rom cnyua moxr nnrn nnrynnnx, ncrannxmmax coo
cnnan ontra n ntcoxnx nnunocrntx xaucrn.
mcr c rm no]ccnonantnt snannx, ymnnx n nantxn n connantno-
annnrannonno aor c rtmn, nmmmnmn orannunnt nosmoxnocrn, n moryr
camn no c mart nnn n saaun connantno annnrannn. nn ntcrynamr nnmt
noxonmtmn ycnonnxmn. mamm x snaunn, xax noxastnar naxrnxa, oxastnamr
cyxrnnnt ]axrot connantnt nosnnnn n nnunocrnt xaucrna unonxa, sa-
nnmammrocx connantno annnrann, n conoxynnocrn c rnyoxnmn snannxmn n
ymnnxmn n onacrn connantno annnrannn.
nnnanncr no connantno annnrannn, nsanmocrnyx c nxom, nmmmnm
orannunnt nosmoxnocrn, ntcrynar n ncxontxnx nosnnnxx: n onn nocnnrarnx, n onn
onrnx, yunrnx n r. . o+romy on onxn onaart xaucrnamn, xorot tnn t
nncymn xax saornnntm onrnxm, rax n cnnnanncram asntx no]nn: naroram,
ncnxonoram, ncnxorannram n .
1.$"), -/"'$+ cnnnanncr no connantno annnrannn onxn trt
cnocontm nsxrt na cx ont orna nnn marn, ymrt cosanart nx nxa
cnnn]nucxn mnxoxnnmar, xom]or nsanmoornomnn, nncymn cmnomy
nocnnrannm. n onxn naxonrt aocrt n omnnn c nxom, xnrt ro xnsntm,
aonartcx nmcr c nnm ro ycnxamn. n onxn ncrn nxy nmont n nacxy, rax
nocrammym my n orcyrcrnn onrn. ro onxno nonnonart yym nxa rax x,
xax cnn t +ro tn ro cocrnnnt nox.
C!"#$% on onxn nonnmart n snart cx n yrnx nm, snart ncnxonornm
nxa c yurom cnnn]nxn nnnuntx n nronuntx naymnn. urot trt ramorntm
ncnxonorom, on onxn nmrt noxonmym ncnxonornucxym nororonxy, n syntrar
xoroo onxna c]omnonartcx onnnnax ncnxonornucxax xyntrya, ncnxonornu-
cxax xomnrnrnocrt xax n connantno-annnrannonno aor, rax n n n nonarant
n nocnmnnx omcrna o naxnocrn saau connantno aort.
nnart ncnxonornucxo xyntryo snaunr noxnnxrt nocroxnnym saory o
cnom ncnxnucxom soont n ncnxnucxom soont cnonx nocnnrannnxon, crmnrtcx x
nosnannm camoro cx, yrnx nm, onnanart xyntryo nonnnx n omnnx.
C'/%% cnnnanncr no connantno annnrannn onxn ymno ncnontsonart
213
]omt n mrot nocnnrarntnoro noscrnnx, asnnunt connantno-annnrannonnt
rxnonornn, xoomo snart nnn, ]ynxnnn yuno-nocnnrarntnoro noncca, nnart
narornucxo +rnxo n narornucxnm raxrom.
C!"#'-C' on onxn ymrt cnnmart y r n noocrxon crcct n
ncrcct, ncxom]ornt cocroxnnx, rcxn craxn, ymrt orannsontnart
ncnxonornucxym noxxy nxy.
cyxrnnntm xaaxrncrnxam nnunocrn cnnnanncra no connantno
annnrannn moxno orncrn: mornnannonnym nanannnnocrt, xaaxr, cnoconocrn,
ncnxnucxn cocroxnnx, yonnt asnnrnx ocnonntx ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn (nonn,
nnrnnxra, un n .), a raxx nnrrantnt xaaxrncrnxn, onnxmmn n cx
mnorooasnt cnocrna. nx uncn: camoonnxa n nnnnnyantnt crnnt xrntno-
crn n omnnx.
axnmnm nnunocrntm xaucrnom cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn
xnnxrcx ro 0"*"((3 (C-$'((!+ na no]ccnm. crounnax
no]ccnonantnax nanannnnocrt +ro crmnnn crart, trt n ocranartcx
cnnnanncrom n anno onacrn, nomoramm my noonnart nnxrcrnnx n rynocrn n
cno aor. anannnnocrt ro nnunocrn noxnnxrcx no nc no]ccnonantno
xnsnxrntnocrn, onnxr nocnnxrn n nornxy nonnnx, nct ro onnx.
Fontmo snaunn nx aort c nxom c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn nmr
nannun y cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn coornrcrnymmnx cnoconocr.
C!.(!" otuno accmarnnamr xax nnnnnyantnt cnocrna nnunocrn,
cnococrnymmn ycnmnomy ntnonnnnm ro nnn nno xrntnocrn. noconocrn
tnamr omn n cnnnantnt. tnxmr n rynnt cnnnantntx cnoconocr,
noxonmt nx aort c rtmn: nnnrnnno-]nxcnnnt cnoconocrn,
onnxmmn nosmoxnocrt ro nonnxnonnnx n nnnnnyantno cnooasn nnunocrn
nxa n nonnmann camoro cx, n noxrnnnt, xoncryxrnnnt, ynannnucxn
cnoconocrn, cnxsannt c ymnnm noscrnonart na yroro unonxa.
'-*'C"(>-'I$'!"()' !C!.(!" nxnmuamr: cnoconocrt x nsyunnm
yroro unonxa, nonnmannm, conxnnannm, cnoconocrt crart na ro rouxy snnx n
nocmorrt na cx.
HC-$'(&'!"' !C!.(!" nxonr cnoconocrt nnnxrt na orntnt
nocrynxn yroro unonxa n ro nonnn n nnom, ncnontsyx mornnannm nonnnx.
a ornomnnxx cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn c nxom cymcrnnno
cxastnamrcx oconnocrn ro xaaxra.
-'- +ro cncrma ycrounntx +monnonantntx ornomnn no ornomnnm x
c, yrnm nmxm, x ryy, nmam, rnnnuntm cnryannxm no]ccnonantno
xrntnocrn n cnxsanntx c nnmn no]ccnonantntx crornnon nonnnx. aaxr
]omnyrcx na norxxnnn nc xnsnn, moxr mnxrtcx n sanncnr or nanannnnocrn
axrnnnocrn nnunocrn. nmn xaaxr noxnnxrcx n untx axnnxx. tnxmr
cnymmn cnocot +monnonantnoro arnonannx na nonnn r:
a) no coxannm onnount (oxrnnnax nnn ncnannnnax onnxa);
samnrnt (nonnxnonnn n mornnt nocrynxon nxa, nomnn nnn ro onanann);
rynnymmn (noyxnn, sanmnn, yxasann);
) no +]]xrnnnocrn n no ornomnnm x nnn xoncryxrnnnt (antno
cnococrnymmn ocrnxnnm nnn), ncnoxoncryxrnnnt (cosammn nnnmocrt
yuacrnx n mnnn nonmt), cryxrnnnt xnnxmmncx nnxrcrnnm nx ntxoa ns
onnnno cnryannn;
n) no xaaxry axrnnnocrn nacrynarntnt (onnxa nxa n cx, ntxnnnn
nosnnnn yroro), annonannsnymmn (ntxnnnn nonoxnrntntx xaucrn n sarynnn
H cx n yroro);
r) no ]ynxnnn monnnsymmn (xomnannn nxy, c), ycnoxannammn
(yuacrn, nnmnnn), nononnymmn (asonaunn yroro, ynxmcrno).
nnnanncry no connantno annnrannn onxnt trt nncymn
antryncrnucxn urt xaaxra n +mnarnx.
$+-H"10 +ro cncrma nnnocrntx onnrannn nnunocrn, nn xoroo
214
nnrantnt mornn n xnrn nancrnnno onnxn +ro nnrct yroro unonxa
nnn connantno omnocrn. nrantnax nx antrynsma nx cxotcrnx xax n
narmarnucxn onnrnonanno xrntnocrn, ocymcrnnxmo n nnrcax yrnx
nm n n nnonaramm antnoro nosnaraxnnx. crnnxx cnnnanncra no
connantno annnrannn antrynsm moxr ntcrynart xax noxnnnn rymannocrn, a
raxx n noncnnnom omnnn n xrntnocrn c rtmn.
S0C"3 (or ru. HIJKLMHNK conxnnann) xaucrno nnunocrn,
cnoconocrt nonnxart c nomomtm uyncrn n ymnnt nxnnannx yrnx nm,
couyncrnonart nm, asnxrt nx nxnnannx.
oxnnnnx +mnarnn sanncxr or yonnx asnnrnx nancrnnnoro cosnannx unonxa,
nocxontxy +mnarnx moxr nmrt xax +roncrnucxym, rax n antryncrnucxym
nanannnnocrt, ro crt ona moxr trt ncnontsonana, xax no nmx cocrnnntx nnrcon,
rax n no nmx nnrcon yroro unonxa. o+romy cnnnanncr no connantno
annnrannx onxn n nocro nxnnart, couyncrnonart n cocrnonart nxy, a
cnocoom cnoro nxnnannx, couyncrnnx n coyuacrnx nocnnrtnart ro, a raxx asnnnart
y nro antryncrnucxn nxnnannx.
xaaxry nnmtxamr ncnxnucxn cocroxnnx.
!"#"&'!"' !!3("3 +ro ononmnno courann asntx ncnxnucxnx
nonccon n annt orsox nmnn. aor cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn
moryr nosnnxart nmnnt ncnxnucxn cocroxnnx n nn axnnn na cnryannm
(rnoxnocrt, nontmnnax yromnxmocrt, nonnxnnax aorocnoconocrt n .).
nocncrnnn onn moryr nnamartcx n ycrounnt ]ynxnnonantnt cocroxnnx n crano-
nnrtcx xaucrnamn nnunocrn.
accmornm nxorot nnrrantnt cnocrna nnunocrn, oxastnammn mamm
snaunn na no]ccnonantnym xrntnocrt cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn.
axnm nnrrantno xaaxrncrnxo nnunocrn xnnxrcx nnrnnxr.
('$$' ornocnrntno ycrounnax cryxrya cnoconocr, n ocnon xoroo
nxar xax cosnarntnt, rax n ccosnarntnt noncct, ocnunnammn naorxy
asnoxaucrnnno nn]omannn n ocosnannym onnxy. cnonnt xnrnn, no xorotm
onnnnarcx asnnrn nnrnnxra, +ro rnynna cyxnn, oomnnocrt n nonnxnocrt
snann, nnrrannx n rnannsannx uyncrnnnoro ontra na yonn ncrannnn n
nonxrn. cryxry nnrnnxra ocoo snaunn nmr unax xrntnocrt n oconno
nnyrnnxx ut. axno mcro n n sannmamr raxx yonnt asnnrnx
nanmarntnocrn, ymnnx ncnontsonart onannn acraxnnn, oomnnx n cannnnx, c
nntm onnnnx asnooasno nn]omannn o mn nm n xnnnn n nnym
cncrmy nsrnxon.
amrno nnnxnn na nonnmann cnnnanncrom no connantno annnrannn cnonx
nosmoxnocr oxastnar !0*'(. rnnt axnarnocrn camoonnxn antntm
ocrnxnnxm no mnorom onnxr nanannnn n xaaxr asnnrnx ro
no]ccnonantnoro macrcrna. usmno nnsxax camoonnxa ntstnar cocroxnn
nynnnocrn, uro cxastnarcx na mornnannn ornomnnx x ryy. antmnnax camoonnxa
ntcrynar nnxrcrnnm na nyrn camoconmncrnonannx.
nymm nnrrantno xaaxrncrnxo ro nnunocrn ntcrynar
nnnnnyantnt crnnt xrntnocrn n omnnx.
(/""/H$+(), !"$+ ycrounno courann saau, ccrn n cnocoon
connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn n omnnx, xaaxrno nx annoro
cnnnanncra, a raxx on uacrnt oconnocrn, raxn xax nrm aort, +monnonantnt
cocroxnnx. nrnmantnt nnnnnyantnt crnnt ocnunnar nanontmn syntrar nn
mnnnmantntx sararax nmnn n cnn.
cnxonorn . . axona n . . nxonona, nsyuanmn nnnnnyantnt crnnt n
xrntnocrn yunrnx, ntnnnn n xannx asnonnnocrn nnnnnyantnoro crnnx:
accyxamm-mronunt n +monnonantno-nmnonnsannonnt.
connocrtm nnoro crnnx xnnxrcx urxo cryxrynonann n orannsannx
yunoro noncca, nontmnno nnnmann nonronnm n saxnnnnm yunoro
marnana.
215
nx +monnonantno-nmnonnsannonnoro crnnx xaaxrno crmnnn n
nnxnnartcx urxoro nnana, uam ncnontsyrcx nmnonnsannx, onnrnonann na
noncx nonoro.
nnnnyantnt crnnt onnxrcx coornomnnm saau n cnocoon
xrntnocrn, no+romy nnnnnyantnt crnnt n nocroxnn. nnnnnyantnom crnn
xrntnocrn noxnnxrcx nnnnnyantnocrt unonxa. nnnnyantnocrt cnnnanncra no
connantno annnrannn ocnunnar my anronrr n rnasax xonnr, onrn n r.., ro
crt ocoym no]ccnonantnym nosnnnm, oosnauammym cnnn]nucxo nnnxnn na
r n noocrxon, nano nnnnmart mnnx, ntaxart onnxy, anart conrt.
naxo cama no c onxnocrt anronrra n ar. onnnnt anronrr
onnarcx na xaaxrncrnxn cnnnanncra, sannmammrocx connantno annnrann,
xax cyxra xrntnocrn n omnnx n na oconnocrn ro nnunocrn.
A?.9. G


?

0C''(*"3 (or . competo onnamct, coornrcrnym, noxoxy).

o]ccnonantno xomnrnrntm cunrarcx raxo ry, n xoroom na ntcoxom yonn
ntnonnxmrcx ]ynxnnonantnt oxsannocrn, ncnontsymrcx cnnnantnt n
omxyntrynt snannx n ymnnx, nanon nonno acxtnamrcx no]ccnonantnt
cnoconocrn n nnunocrnt xaucrna, ocrnrarcx ntcoxn xonunt syntrar.
o]ccnonantnym xomnrnrnocrt nnau nastnamr no]ccnonannsmom,
no]ccnonantno ramornocrtm, no]ccnonantno xyntryo. aora n xaucrnnnax
onnnnocrt no]ccnonana n cnoxrcx x romy, uro nnora samrno croonnmy
nanmarnm. o]ccnonan cnoxnax cncrma, nmmmax n rontxo nnmnn ]ynxnnn
(orauy), no n nao mnorooasntx nnyrnnnx, n uacrnocrn, ncnxnucxnx cnocrn.
auacrym ncnymmy unonxy ryno nonxrt, noumy no]ccnonan n cno
xrntnocrn nocrynar rax, a n nnau. annm, ns xaxnx noyxnn naun,
]xronorn n . nyum nmx oramr ontntm rxm? oumy onn crmxrcx x romy,
urot +rn rn tnn on cuacrnnnt?
ontramcx ornrnrt na +rn nonoct, nocnontsonanmnct mtcnxmn xocnonnra
nraryno rasrt no onocnncxo onacrn . . amaxono, xoroax, ntraxct
nonxrt, n um cxr aort nxroa omxontnoro nnra connantno annnrannn .
. Foosnna n ro xonnr n nocnnrannn, xasanoct t, snaxntx r, nnmr:
yxno trt nnomantno nnn symno nmxm martm, urot n +rom
narnos-nnrono (ut nr o onsnn ayna) ynonnrt noncx naxt. yr a
nnrcx r-ro crancrnymmax yma n +ro ncxoxnno rntn, n ymmm
camocroxrntno xnart n nnnrartcx, a nc xnannx n +monnn ntaxamrcx n
nunonucxn ntcoxom xnx.
mxm oxcnxmr, uro nx nox nnsnunm n n oyuam, a onn nmcro roro,
urot cmnnrtcx, noymart o om nnnannon, ro sa room crancrnymr no nauam, ymonxx
o uy. xnnnoct +ro uyo n oas ooymnoro nntcoxoro xntma c rnno ctx
nonoc, cxomnoro yunrnx mystxn. cnnrnt, xax na ynnn onocnncxoro
xamrooxa ncrunt mantmn c xoy ocamrcx my na nnun c nonnm: nxc
nanonnu! ontnt yunnxn, rnxx na ro nnno, nnnt xnsnn ntramrcx
yntnyrtcx.
o, uro nnyman n cosan nxc nanonnu Foosnn, moxno nasnart mxono
ncxyccrn nx camtx rxxntx r-nnnannon. ct yuarcx nrt, rannnart n nconart r,
xro no nauany n mor rononrt, xonrt, ornnuart mxunx or saunxa...
...onyuarcx, uro cnnnanncrt n onnamrcx noontx syntraron noromy, uro
naxoxrcx n nnny no]ccnonantntx ncrannnn o nosmoxnocrxx ontnoro nxa?
...y, a onrnn, camt nmxmn n sannrconannt nmn, noumy onn n
moryr camocroxrntno asnnnart cnonx r?
216
mtn rarxr ocnonnt ycnnnx na ro, urot xax-ro nncnoconrtcx x cnomy
ncuacrtm. ...~ mxony n marn nnnoxr cnonx r, a xaxn-ro ct rnn, na
xorotx nntsx cmorrt s coorannx. ct, cn cnonx, onn nocrnnno orxoxr,
cnona nnamamrcx n xnmnn, ax naunnamr yntartcx. orx t an +roro cronr
aorart.
oom-ro Foosnny n ro xonnram saamr nonoc: an uro, crnnrntno, onn
ncyr cno oonontnt xcr, n cynxmn nm ocotx nar, nn noucr, nn
yonnrnonnx? t ontnt rn nnxora n cranyr nonnonnntmn nmtmn. ...~
- onoxr m, uro ns nomantntx r mt mornn t nocnnrtnart rnnn,
nstxar Foosnn. o y soontx r ncra crt nosmoxnocrn nx asnnrnx.
namn yunnxn nor yx rouno s nac n ooyrcx. cnn nox tn naxrnucxn
acrnnm, a nocn sanxrnn ocrnrnr yonnx nxrnnrnro n nancra ocranrcx na nm, +ro
mnoro nnn mano? ymam, n rontxo onrnn, no n omcrno n nnom moxr nouyncrnonart
asnnny. Fontntx r mnnnnont, a no nornosam, x coxannnm, nx yr oxartcx nc
ontm n ontm. nam c nnmn xnrt.
tcnn, ntcxasannt . . amaxono no ornomnnm x Foosnny n ro xonnram,
cnnrntcrnyr o rom, uro no]ccnonantnax xomnrnrnocrt nuro ontm, um
rontxo snannx. ct m oannxmrcx mornnt, noyxnnx, xorot sacrannxmr aorart
unonxa camosannno. o crt no]ccnonan n rontxo uro-ro cnnn]nucxo snar,
xour, no m n moxr, cnocon, ymr. noro ns roro, uro cnnnanncr snar, my
nryno nuncnnrt, yxastnax xorx t na nxorot nnocrnocrn n cno nmrno
onacrn. noonrt ocrarouno nonnt n rannsnonannt ornrt na nonoct rnna:
uro x ymm?, axont mon ncnonnnrntnt n nosnanarntnt crnnx? nnrxo.
ymrcx ocoax ncnxonornucxax nanannnnocrt yma na +ry antnocrt n cnnnantnt
ananns.
uro x xaaxrno nx no]ccnonantno xomnrnrnocrn cnnnanncra no
connantno annnrannn?
-I'!!"($+(3 0C''((!+ cnnnanncra, sannmammmcx connantno
annnrann, +ro cnnan nnrnnxra, cnnnantntx n om xyntryntx snann,
nantxon n ymnn, nnrynnnn, ontra, cnnn]nucxnx nnunocrntx n no]ccnonantntx
xaucrn, ymno +]]xrnnno ncnontsonann mronucxnx nnmon n rxnnx noscrnnx
( nnunocrt nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn c nntm annsannn saau
connantno annnrannn.
o]ccnonantnax xomnrnrnocrt +ro cnoxno cryxryno oasonann,
nosnnxamm n noncc camoconmncrnonannx n onnannx naxrnucxnm ontrom.
nnaxct na nccnonannx . . axono, nsyuanm no]ccnonantnym
xomnrnrnocrn yunrnx, n ananns cnnn]nucxnx oconnocr rya cnnnanncra no
connantno annnrannn, moxno ntnnrt nxrt xomnonnron (noxon), nncymnx
no]ccnonantno xomnrnrnocrn n connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn:
a) nannun ontra +]]xrnnno naxrnucxo xrntnocrn n onacrn connantno
annnrannn nnn c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn soontx;
) no]ccnonantnt cnnnantnt n ncnxonornucxn snannx, nantxn n ymnnx n
onacrn connantno annnrannn r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn;
n) no]ccnonantnt ncnxonornucxn nosnnnn, ycranonxn, ncnxonornucxax
xomnrnrnocrt;
r) nnunocrnt oconnocrn, ocnunnammn onnann no]ccnonantntmn
snannxmn n ymnnxmn;
) syntrart rya, ro crt r nsmnnnx n ncnxnucxom n nnunocrnom asnnrnn
r, xorot nosnnxamr no nnnxnnm ro xrntnocrn. asnannt xomnonnrt
xnnxmrcx xax ncnxonornucxnmn nnoctnxamn no]ccnonantno xomnrnrnocrn, rax n
nonooasonannxmn, xorot camn asnnnamrcx n xo naxrnucxo xrntnocrn cnnna-
nncra, sannmammrocx connantno annnrann. acxom coxann nasnanntx
xomnonnron.
C) C-I'!!"($+(, /'3'$+(!" .$!" !*"$+(, -'."$"*""
/'', ! %-("&'(()0" 102(!30" 2"1('/'3'$+(!". ancrnnnt
217
nnunocrnt xaucrna, xorotmn onxn onaart cnnnanncr no connantno
annnrannn, ocnona nx nnornnx ntcoxnx no]ccnonantntx xaucrn. o, xax
noxastnar xnsnt, no]ccnonantnax snocrt n no]ccnonantnax xomnrnrnocrt
nosnnxamr y cnnnanncra nmoro no]nnx rontxo na naxrnx. urot crart
no]ccnonanom, my noxonmo onnnno nmx na connantno-no]ccnonantnym
aanrannm, nx nxoxnnx n no]ccnm, n ntaorxy coornrcrnymmro
no]ccnonantnoro mnonossnnx, ocosnann raxancxnx nan, oxsannocr n
connantno ornrcrnnnocrn sa cnon crnnx n coornrcrnymm onxnocrn. no
no]ccnonantnoro cranonnnnx y xaxoro unonxa tnar nonnaxontm, no on nmr
mcro y xaxoro, xro naunnar ntnonnxrt cnon no]ccnonantnt oxsannocrn.
-I'!!"($+()' 1(("3D C-I'!!"($+(3 O-H/"*"3 +ro cnnnx o
cnnn]nx rya cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn n ro nsanmocrnn c
nxom, orxromnntm ]xrom asnnrnx, o no]ccnonantntx oconnocrxx nnunocrn
camoro cnnnanncra, oconnocrxx ncnxnucxoro n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx nxa n nom
n n naronornn, ro nosacrntx oconnocrxx n yrn.
-I'!!"($+()' H0'("3 +ro cnocot, rxnonornn noscrnnx cnnnanncra
no connantno annnrannn na nxa c yurom ro nnnuntx n nronuntx naymnn
n asnnrnn, xorot ntnonnxmrcx nm na ntcoxom yonn. o]ccnonantnt ymnnx
oasymr rxnnxn n ro ry. nn cocrannxmr rn ontmn rynnt, n uncno xorotx
nxoxr: ymnnx, xacammncx nocranonxn saau n orannsannn cnryannn; ymnnx,
ornocxmncx x nnmnnnm cnnnantntx nnmon noscrnnx na nxa, n ymnnx
anannsnonart cnon crnnx.
- )I ymnn ynnrt n ornomnnxx c nxom nonmy n
o]omnrt n nn connantno-annnrannonno saaun; ymnn nn ]omynnonannn
saaun onnrnonartcx na nxa xax axrnnnoro asnnnammrocx coyuacrnnxa connantno-
annnrannonnoro noncca, nmmmro cocrnnnt mornnt n nnn; ymnn xonxrnsn-
onart saaun n no+rannt n onarnnnt; nnnnmart onrnmantnt mnnx n ycnonnxx
nonnnnocrn, rnxo ncrannart nnn n saaun c yurom nsmnxmmnxcx ycnonn n
cnryann; ymnn nnnrt nnsxn n anxn nocncrnnx nnnnmamtx connantno-
annnrannonntx noscrnn.
)I n +ry rynny nxnmuamr rn norynnt ymnn.
orynna umy yunrt: ymnn aorart c coxannm yunoro marnana. 3ro
ocnomnnnocrt n nontx xonnnnnxx connantno-annnrannonno aort, ymnn
ntnxrt n nnx xnmunt nn n ncnontsonart na naxrnx, ocymcrnnxrt cnxsn c yrnmn
cnnnanncramn n n.
orynna xoro yunrt: ymnn nsyuart c nomomtm ncnxonarnocrnucxnx ccrn
cocroxnn orntntx ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn (namxrn, nnnmannx, mtmnnnx, un n .),
nnunocrntx xaucrn n nnunocrn n nnom, nsyuart antnt nosmoxnocrn n asnnrnn
nxa, ymnn ntxnnxrt n rontxo nannunt yonnt, no n sony nnxamro asnnrnx
nxa, nnnrt nosmoxnt n rnnnunt sarynnnx; ymnn noxrnonart n
]omnonart y r orcyrcrnymmn yonnn xrntnocrn n nnunocrnt xaucrna; ymnn
acmnxrt non nx camoorannsannn r, asaartnax nx nnx nnnnnyantnt
norammt.
orynna xax yunrt: ymnn ornart n nnmnxrt asnnunt mronucxn
nnmt n rxnonornn n aor c nxom; yunrtnart sarart cnn r n cnonx nn
mnnn xonxrno saaun; nnmnxrt n]]nnnonannt n nnnnnyantnt noxo;
ymnn orannsontnart camocroxrntnym aory r.
3( )I ymnn ncnontsonart ncnxonornucxn n cnnnantnt
snannx n ocnomnnnocrt n nayx n nonom ontr na naxrnx; ymnn
xonomrnonart, ]nxcnonart, rncrnonart noncc n syntrart cnoro rya;
ymnn coornocnrt sarynnnx r c nouramn n cno aor: ymnn nnrt cnat
n cnntnt croont cnoro rya, onnnnart cno nnnnnyantnt crnnt, anannsnonart n
oomart cno ontr; ymnn cronrt nnant conmncrnonannx cno xrntnocrn.
-I'!!"($+()' C!"#$%"&'!"' C1"*"" +ro ycrounnt cncrmt
ornomnn cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn x nxy, x c, x xonnram,
218
onnxmmn ro nonnn. o]ccnonantnax nosnnnx ntaxar raxx
no]ccnonantnym camoonnxy, yonnt no]ccnonantntx nnrxsann, ro ornomnn x
romy mcry n cncrm omcrnnntx ornomnn, xoroo on sannmar n ro, na xoroo on
nrnyr. o]ccnonantnax nosnnnx rcno cnxsana c mornnann, c ocosnannm cmtcna
cnoro rya.
!"#$%"&'!3 0C''((!+ +ro xomnnxc snann n ymnn no
ncnxonornn, noxonmt nx mnnx no]ccnonantntx saau n connantno-
annnrannonno xrntnocrn. nannx no ncnxonornn nnsnant nomout cnnnanncry no
connantno annnrannn asoartcx n cnoxntx nonmax nsanmoornomnn c
nxom n narn noxonmt ntxo ns cnoxnnmcx cnryannn, nnncrn x nonnmannm
nnrrannn snann n mroon ns asnnuntx onacr nayunoro n naxrnucxoro snannx c
nntm mnnx nonm nororonxn nxa x sonsnnnomy nxoxnnm n connantnym
cy. cnxonornucxax xomnrnrnocrt cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn n-
nonarar:
snann saxonomnocr ncnxnucxoro n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx nxa c yurom
nosacrntx, nnnnnyantntx asnnun n naronornucxnx nsmnnn, axnarno onnnnart
cocroxnn r, nx nacronn, nonnn;
snann ncnxonornn nsanmoornomnn n nsanmocrnnx nxa n rynn;
ymnn axnarno +monnonantno orxnnxartcx na ncnxnucxo cocroxnn nxa n ro
nonnn;
ymnn ntnart no ornomnnm x xaxomy nxy raxym ]omy connantno-
ncnxonornucxoro n narornucxoro noscrnnx, xoroax t ornuana ro
nnnnnyantntm oconnocrxm n nornnnantntm nosmoxnocrxm;
onaann narornucxnm raxrom n ymnnm cnonart ronannxm narornucxo
+rnxn no ornomnnm x nxy, nmmmmy orannunnt nosmoxnocrn.
cnxonornucxax xomnrnrnocrt n n nonarant n nocnmnnx omcrna
nnonarar noxnnnn cnoconocrn ]omnonart y nacnnnx nonoxnrntno
omcrnnno mnnn no ornomnnm x rxm, nmmmnm orannunnt nosmoxnocrn.
!"#$%"&'!"' &'! $"&(!". nnm ornocxr oconnocrn
nosnanarntno (no]ccnonantno mtmnnn, nanmarntnocrt, ]nxcnx,
camoonnnnann) n mornnannonno (nnnonarann, mornnannonnax nanannnnocrt
u .) c] u. accmornm nxorot ns nnx.
-I'!!"($+(' *'$'C$%("' nornocrt cnnnanncra no connantno
annnrannn n nnannonannn cnoro rya, roronnocrt x nsmnnnm saau n sanncnmocrn
or ocroxrntcrn n cnryannn. no ncrannxr coo nnocrnym cncrmy onnxmmnx
no]ccnonantnym xrntnocrt onnrnon. o]ccnonantno nnnonarann nxnmuar
n cx omunonucxn nant n raxrnucxn saaun asnnrnx nnunocrn nxa c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, saaun raxancxoro cranonnnnx n ]omnonannx
nnnnnyantnocrn.
-I'!!"($+(' 0)L$'("'. xo naxrnucxo connantno-
annnrannonno xrntnocrn asnrtnarcx no]ccnonantno mtmnnn xax
noncc ntxnnnnx nnmn n saanntx, cxtrtx oconnocr nsanmocrnnx c
nxom.
tmnnn unonxa +ro noyxr n cnoconocrt ro mosra c nomomtm
mtcnnrntntx onann oraxart n ocmtcnnnart antnym crnnrntnocrt, nonnxart
n cymnocrt saxonon asnnrnx nnot, omcrna, camo nnrnnxryantno xrntnocrn.
o]ccnonantno mtmnnn cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn nosnnxar
n syntrar nosnannx, ocmtcnnnx oxrnnno-cyxrnnntx nocnnrarntntx ornomnn,
nsanmocrnn r n nsocntx, nnoccrnnno nnnxmmnx na xoxnnm, asnnrn n
cranonnnn nnunocrn. o]ccnonantno mtmnnn ]omnyrcx xax mtcnnrntnax
cnoconocrt, nosnonxmmax ocmtcnnnart, anannsnonart, cannnnart connantno-
annnrannonnt ronn n xonnnnnn, conmart mronucxn n rxnonornucxn
orxtrnx, rnoucxn n +]]xrnnno ocymcrnnxrt noncc nxoxnnx nxa n connant-
nym cy.
cot nnrc sct ncrannxr naxrnucxo mtmnnn. no noxonmo nx
219
anannsa xonxrntx cnryann n nncnn n nx coxann rx nnn nntx nsmnnn.
-"&'!' 0)L$'("' ocymcrnnxrcx otuno n ycnonnxx ]nnnra nmnn,
nmr orannunnt nosmoxnocrn nx nonxn nnonoxnn. asnonnnocrtm
naxrnucxoro mtmnnnx cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn xnnxrcx
narnocrnucxo mtmnnn, xoroo noxnnxrcx n ananns nsncrntx ur nnunocrn c
yurom nornosnonannx asnnrnx nnunocrn, n narornucxax nnrynnnx.
'/%%"&'!3 "(H"*"3 +ro tcro, onomomnrno nnnxrn mnnx c
yurom nnnnnx antnmro asnnrnx cnryannn s asnnyroro ocosnannoro
anannsa. cnn na nocnymmnx +ranax moxno oocnonart +ro mnn, ro ronoxr o
nnrynnnn on ntcoxoro yonnx, cnn x nr, ro nmr mcro xnrcxax, +mnnnucxax
nnrynnnx. nrynrnnnt cnoco mtmnnnx noxonm, rax xax no]ccnonantno uyrt
sauacrym tnar roun nornucxnx ntxnaox n accyxnn. axno uro
narornucxoro mtmnnnx xnnxrcx C'/%%"&'!3 "0C-"1*"3 naxoxnn
noxnannoro mnnx n ro mrnonnno nonnomnn, connann nonccon cosannx n
nnmnnnx nn nx mnnnmantnom astn. oncc no]ccnonantno nmnonnsannn
nxnmuar urt +rana osann, mrnonnno ocmtcnnn nn, momnrantnt nto
nyrn annsannn, nynnuno nonnomnn, ocmtcnnn, ro crt mrnonnnt ananns
noncca nonnomnnx nn.
om nasnanntx xaucrn, cnnnanncry no connantno annnrannn nx
cranonnnnx no]ccnonantno xomnrnnnn naxnt:
9( !((, (, 9() ,,
nonnmann cymnocrn cnryannn, cnoconocrt no nnmnnm nnsnaxam nonnxart no
nnyrnnn mn nxa nnn noocrxa;
noxo x nxy c no n ro nornnnantnt nosmoxnocrn,
snt ro nnunocrn, n ycnx cnoro na;
,( ymnn nrxo ncrannart rynym cnryannm n nocrym,
nnart nonoxnrntnym +monnonantnym oxacxy n nosnrnnnym nanannnnocrt;
9 oamnnocrt cosnannx na camoro cx, yur ncrannnn
noocrxon onrn n xonnr o cno xrntnocrn.
nnnanncr no connantnt annnrannn onxn onaart raxx snannxmn,
ymnnxmn n nantxamn, xorot nosnonxr my ntnonnxrt cnymmn crnnx:
1. nnnnart connantnym cnryannm asnnrnx, n xoroo oxasancx nox c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn, onnxrt nonoxnrntnt n nrarnnnt nocncrnnx
na ro asnnrn n nn noxonmocrn oxastnart my nomomt n nto ccrn, ]om nnn
rcxnx cnnnannsnonanntx yuxnn, noxonmtx nx nomantnoro asnnrnx raxoro
nxa.
2. rannsontnart nsanmocrnn asnnuntx cnnnanncron: nau,
]xronoron, naroron-nmrnnxon n yrnx c nntm asaorxa n annsannn nno
crarrnn n raxrnxn ncnontsonannx annnrannonntx rxnonorn, omnx ronann n
noxoon n nnnanannnnom asnnrnn nnunocrn nxa.
3. asaartnart na ocnon ncxono mnnnncxo n ncnxonornucxo
nn]omannn nnnnnyantnt nnant connantno annnrannn nxa-nnnanna c
yurom cnnn]nucxnx oconnocr asnnrnx n nocncrnn nnnannnocrn n
ocnunnart ro ntnonnnn.
4. annsontnart na naxrnx ocnonnt nanannnnx, noxot n rxnonornn
connantno annnrannn n nornosnonart nocncrnnx nx nnmnnnx, cosanart
onrnmantnt cnryannn n ycnonnx nx nanon +]]xrnnnoro runnx connantno
annnrannn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n sanncnmocrn or xaaxra
nnnannnocrn n nocncrnn.
5. onyuart c nomomtm ncnxonarnocrnucxnx n yrnx ccrn oarnym
nn]omannm o syntrarax connantno-annnrannonntx noscrnn na ncnxnucxo n
nnunocrno asnnrn nxa n ncnontsonart annym nn]omannm nx ntoa axnarntx
mnn.
6. tnonnxrt no]nnaxrnucxn ]ynxnnn. +rnx nnxx ]omnonart y r
omym, narornucxym n ncnxonornucxym xyntryy, xnann ncnontsonart cannrano-
220
rnrnnnucxn snannx, snannx no ncnxonornn n narornx n nnrcax cocrnnnoro
asnnrnx c yurom xaxoro nosacrnoro +rana.
oxasarnm no]ccnonantno xomnrnrnocrn rya cnnnanncra no connantno
annnrannn xnnxmrcx snmt cnnrn n ncnxnucxom n nnunocrnom asnnrnn nxa.
socnx, on onxn nocrnnno cranonnrtcx xosxnnom cnoro nnyrnnro mna,
nnorart cnoconocrt ynannxrt cnonmn xnannxmn, crannrt nnn, nanannnnt na
noasonann camoro cx.
o syntrarnnnt noxasarnn n annonnnt: cn nnx on naxntm xnnxrcx
oyuamocrt (cnoconocrt x camooyunnm) n nocnnrymocrt (cnoconocrt x
camoasnnrnm), ro crt ocnonannm nx onnxn xnnxmrcx oyunnocrt n nocnnrannocrt
nxa, n ro cnoconocrt x nxoxnnm n connantnym cy. accmornnt
cocrannxmmn no]ccnonantno xomnrnrnocrn cnnnanncra no connantno an-
nnrannn moryr crart cnooasno norammo ro no]ccnonantnoro
camoconmncrnonannx, ocra xomnrnrnocrn n nnunocrnoro ocra.
A?.8. >S

nmom omcrn crnnx n nocrynxn nm onxnt ornuart ronannxm

coornrcrnymmnx connantntx saxonon. ynxnnm raxoro cornaconannx ntnonnxr moant.
oant nnn nancrnnnocrt G. mores nant) ]oma omcrnnnoro
cosnannx, n xoroo oraxamrcx n saxnnxmrcx +rnucxn xaucrna connantno
crnnrntnocrn (naro, oo, cnannnnocrt, sno n r. .). oant ncrannxr coo
conoxynnocrt nannn, nom omxnrnx, nonnnx nm, onnxmmnx nx oxsannocrn
n ornomnnx yr x yry n x omcrny.
oant oxr nsyunnx raxo nayxn, xax +rnxa. mnn +rnxa nnn
ncrornm nx oosnaunnx yunnx o nancrnnnocrn. +rnx asnnuamr na oa
nonm: cocrnnno rornucxn nonoct o noncxoxnnn cymnocrn moann n
nonoct o rom, xax onxn nocrynart unonx no nsanmoornomnnxx c nmtmn, nnn
nomarnnnax +rnxa. annom cnyua nac nnrcyr nomarnnnt acnxr +rnxn.
omarnnnax +rnxa accmarnnar nonmt cmtcna xnsnn, cymnocrt oa n sna,
coxann nancrnnnoro onra, oocnontnar nnnnnnt n nomt moann. na raxx
xnnxrcx ocnono no]ccnonantno nosnnnn unonxa, ro nsanmoornomnn c nmtmn,
cxnatnammnxcx n nmo no]ccnonantno xrntnocrn.
ymcrnyr +rnxa yxononrnx, naua, ncnxonora, narora n r.. cnxsn c rm, uro
n xnsnt nxonr connantno-annnrannonnax xrntnocrt xax camocroxrntnax naxrnxa,
unonxy, xorot m sannmarcx, onxnt trt raxx nncymn cnon moantno-+rnucxn
oconnocrn.
xnannx omcrna or xrntnocrn cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn
nmmr nocrnnnt xaaxr. ono croont, x nmy ornocxrcx nnncannx,
xacammncx nancrnnntx xaucrn yunrnx, rax xax ro rnanno ]ynxnn xnnxrcx
nocnnrann n xoxnnx asnnrnx nnunocrn nxa nnn noocrxa. anno nonoxnn
ntrxar ns crmnnnx omcrna oxanxrt ]nsnucxn n yxonnt mn r, xorot
ns-sa orcyrcrnnx xnsnnnoro ontra n ]nsnucxnx cnn moryr crart xrno
ncnannnnocrn nsocntx.
yro croont, or syntraron ro aort xyr nsmnnn n nx ]nsnucxom n
ncnxnucxom soont, rax xax on aorar c rtmn, nmmmnmn orannunnt
nosmoxnocrn xnsnxrntnocrn. o crt nmn xorxr nnrt n nm n xaucrna, nncymn
nauy.
om roro, n ncrannnnn omcrna cnnnanncr no connantno annnrannn
ynaxamt anronrrnt unonx, xorot n cocroxnnn mart croxmn n nnm
no]ccnonantnt saaun na ntcoxom yonn.
axnm oasom, x moantno-+rnucxnm acnxram xrntnocrn cnnnanncra no
221
connantno annnrannn xax no]ccnonana ornocxrcx r nomt n nannna ro
nonnnx, s xorotx n moxr +]]xrnnno norxart connantno-annnrannonnt
noncc n nsanmocrnn c nxom, nmmmnm orannunnt nosmoxnocrn
xnsnxrntnocrn.
oant ncrannxr coo nncrno nancrnnnoro cosnannx, nancrnnno
xrntnocrn n nancrnnntx ornomnn c rtmn n yrnmn nmtmn n noncnnno
xnsnn n n c] no]ccnonantnoro rya.
-!'((' !1(("' +ro ocosnann nmtmn nom cnoro nonnnx,
xaaxra nsanmoornomnn n omcrn, nnnocr n xaucrn cocrnnno nnunocrn. no
saxnnxrcx n coornrcrnymmnx nsrnxax, nxx, ncrannnnxx, rannnxx, nnntuxax
n ]ynxnnonnyr n nncrn omcrnnnoro n nnnnnyantnoro cosnannx.
cnn omcrnnno cosnann ar oomnno ncrannnn o moann xax
omcrnnnom xnnnnn, ro n nnnnnyantno-nancrnn nom cosnannn oraxarcx
connantnax cnryannx asnnrnx, n xoroo oxasancx unonx. no ncrannxr coo
cncrmy nsrnxon nnunocrn o rom, uro raxo oo n sno, n um cmtcn n nnt xnsnn, uro
raxo cuacrt, cnannnnocrt, concrt, ucrt n ocronncrno, nancrnnnt nan, xaxn
ronannx, nomt n nannna nonnnx cymcrnymr n omcrn, xaxona nancrnnnax
nnnocrt rx nnn nntx xaucrn nnunocrn n nocrynxon.
nnnnyantno-nancrnnno cosnann cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn,
ncxox ns cnnn]nxn ro rya, nxnmuar n cx nct cnxr c]omnonanmnxcx y nro
nancrnnntx nsrnxon, yxnn, uyncrn, oraxammnx nancrnnnt ornomnnx n
c] connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn.
ymcrnnno nnnxnn na ro nnnnnyantno-nancrnnno cosnann oxastnar
nannun rx nnn nntx nancrnnntx xaucrn: n nonoxnrntnom nnan nonoxnrntnt
xaucrna, n ornnarntnom nrarnnnt. uncn nonoxnrntntx xaucrn ontmo
snaunn nmmr raxn xaucrna, xax: ooconcrno ornomnn x ryy, camoxnrnunocrt,
oora n cnannnnocrt, ucrnocrt n nnnnnnnantnocrt, cxomnocrt n nmont x rxm,
no]ccnonantnax roocrt n .
-!'((3 /'3'$+(!+ cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn
ncrannxr coo conoxynnocrt naxrnucxnx crnn n nocrynxon, nanannnntx na
nontmnn cocrnnno no]ccnonantno xyntryt, a raxx na annsannm ycranonox,
nn n saau ]omnonannx nonnonnno nnunocrn nxa c orannunnxmn
xnsnxrntnocrn, cnocono ycnmno aanrnonartcx n cnoxnt mn connantntx
ornomnn. ocrnxnn +ro nnn n onnxr nancrnnnym xrntnocrt cnnnanncra
no connantno annnrannn.
3]]xrnnnocrt connantno-annnrannonnoro noncca no mnorom sanncnr or roro,
xax cnoxnnnct nancrnnnt ornomnnx mxy cnnnanncrom no connantno
annnrannn n yrnmn cyxramn annnrannonnoro noncca: nxom, onrnxmn
nxa, cnnnanncramn asnnuntx no]nn.
-!'(()' (L'("3 +ro antnt ornomnnx mxy nmtmn,
crnymmn na ocnon moantntx nom. ancrnnnt ornomnnx mxy cnnnanncrom
no connantno annnrannn n nxom ntnonnxmr ncxontxo ]ynxnn: no-nntx, +ro
mro noscrnnx na nxa, no-nrotx, ycnonnx nx orannsannn +]]xrnnnoro
connantno-annnrannonnoro noncca, n-rrtnx, onn nmmr connantnym nnnocrt. r
yonnx nancrnnntx ornomnn mxy cnnnanncrom no connantno annnrannn n
nxom no mnorom sanncnr ornomnn nxa x ontry cramro noxonnnx, xorot
ncrar n nnm n ro oas.
sanmocrnn cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn c nxom noncxonr
noccrnom omnnx n asnnuntx nnax conmcrno xrntnocrn n ornomnn. uam
ncro +ro noncxonr n noncc naun snann, ontra n xo nrono xrntnocrn, na
xoxnnonntx n asnnnammnx sanxrnxx. ro omnn c nxom n noncc ncx ]om
nsanmocrnnx n ornomnn onxno trt +monnonantno xom]orntm n nnuno
asnnnammnm. axno cosart raxym ocranonxy, xora nox crcrnnno nxnmuarcx n
asnnunt ornomnnx n cosamrcx onnnnax rnnora n onnrntnocrt. tnxmr
cnymmn nnt omnnx:
222
a) nnmnrnnnt yro unonx onnnnarcx xax nnyxnt n mmammn.
ocn nonyunnx or cocnnxa noxonmo nn]omannn nnrc x nmy rxrcx;
) ]omantno-onno omnn onnrannx na connantnym ont;
n) nono omnn yunrtnamrcx oconnocrn nnunocrn, xaaxra, nosacra,
nacronn cocnnxa, no nnrct na on snaunmt, um yrn ]axrot;
r) yxonno, mxnnunocrno omnn +ro omnn nnsxnx nm, xora moxno
saronyrt nmym rmy n n oxsarntno nnrart x nomomn cnon. axo omnn
nosmoxno rora, xora xaxt yuacrnnx xoomo snar cocnnxa, moxr nnnrt ro
axnnn, nnrct, ornomnnx.
yxonno omnn nx noncca connantno annnrannn xnnxrcx nanon
nnmnmtm, rax xax n nm on ntcrynar nx nxa nocnrnm yxonnoro nauana.
cnonntm ccrnom noscrnnx n oamnnx x nxy xnnxrcx cnoncno
noscrnn. ncnxonornn ntnnt cnymmn rynnt nanon uacro ynornxmtx
cnoncntx noscrnn;
orannsymm noscrnn (nncryxrnonann, acnoxxnn, nacrannnn,
noyxnn n .);
onnnnammn noscrnn (c nonoxnrntntm snaxom noxnana, c
ornnarntntm snaxom xnrnucxn samuannx, onnxn);
ncnnnnnnnymmn noscrnnx (samuann-nonoc, samuann-yrnxnn,
nontmnn ronoca, n .).
a syntrart connantno annnrannn r n xom]ornocrt nx nonnnx
cymcrnnno nnnxnn oxastnamr oconnocrn crnn nsanmocrnnx c nnmn. uncn
ocnonntx crnn narornucxoro yxonocrna (no anntm . . axaono) ntnxmr:
moxarnucxn crnnt, anronrant, xon]omnt n nnn]]nrnt crnnn.
onocrannxx +]]xrnnnocrt yuntx sanxrn, nononmtx naroramn c asntmn
no crnnm cnocoamn aort, . . axaona onayxnna snaunrntno nnmymcrno
moxarnucxoro crnnx narornucxo xrntnocrn no cannnnm c yrnmn crnnxmn
yxonocrna yuno aoro. naxo syntrart anannsa anntx nccnonannx noxasann,
uro n antnom narornucxom noncc 60 nnoanarn nmmr xnno ntaxnnym
anronranym nanannnnocrt.
ax noxastnamr nanmnnx n +xcnrnax onnxa nnn, aorammnx c rtmn-
nnnannamn, nanontmn ncnxonornucxn xom]or n ontmax +]]xrnnnocrt n aor c
nnmn nanmarcx nn moxarnucxom crnn nsanmoornomnn.
a ycranonnnn nomantntx nsanmoornomnn c nxom, nmmmnm
orannunnt nosmoxnocrn, oxastnar nnnxnn n rontxo crnnt ynannnnx, no n
connantno-ncnxonornucxax nosnnnx cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn no
ornomnnm x nxy.
ncnxonornn omnnx ntnxmr n nosnnnn: saxtrym n orxtrym.
nx saxtro nosnnnn xaaxrnt osnnunnann, nouxnyro oxrnnnax
mana nsnoxnnx, orcyrcrnn cocrnnntx cyxnn, nxnnann, osann, orcyrcrnn
+monnonantnoro ornomnnx x romy, uro rononrcx nnn ntnonnxrcx.
orxtro nosnnnn orxtnarcx cno nnunt ontr nxy n conocrannxrcx cno
nxnnann c ro +monnonantntm cocroxnnm. nx anno nosnnnn nncym
ynaxnrntno ornomnn x romy, uro nar nox n ax rora, xora ro crnnx
omnount, xnrnxa ncnontsyrcx n ]om camoxnrnxn, onycxarcx nano nxa na
omnxy, noxnnxmrcx onrnmnsm n onn.
socnt ntcrynar no ornomnnm x nxy naxnmnm ]axroom n ycnonnm
ro comarnucxoro (]nsnucxoro) n ncnxnucxoro (ymnnoro) soontx. xcnxrcx +ro
rm, uro comarnucxo n ncnxnucxo soont rmnnnonano oasom xnsnn,
nonaannm onnnntx xnsnnntx nom n nonnnn nxa, a oas xnsnn, xax
nsncrno, oconno na annnx crynnxx nosacrnoro asnnrnx, nonnocrtm sanncnr or
nsocnoro.
coxannnm, n naxrnx aort c rtmn c orannunnxmn xnsnxrntnocrn
ncruarcx nmano cnyuan, xora onn nonnxamrcx nnnxsntm x orntntm nnnam, c
xorotmn xonraxrnymr. 3ra nnnxsnt nnocnrcx n na xrntnocrt, xoroo onn
223
sannmamrcx. syntrar no]ccnonantnt ycnnnx raxnx cnnnanncron n nocnnnnma-
mrcx rtmn n oxastnamrcx n+]]xrnnntmn.
oant, nnnnnnamn xoroo onxn yxonocrnonartcx cnnnanncr no connantno
annnrannn, nxryr ycranonnnnx raxnx ornomnn mxy nnm n nxom, xorot t
cnococrnonann asnnrnm nonnonnno nnunocrn, onaamm uyncrnom cocrnnnoro
ocronncrna.
axnmnm ycnonnm nonoxnrntnoro noscrnnx cnnnanncra no connantno
annnrannn na nxa xnnxmrcx ornomnnx, ycranannnnammncx mxy nnmn na
ocnon rnyoxoro ynaxnnx n onnx.
oxasarnm ro xomnrnrnocrn no nsanmoornomnnn c nxom xnnxrcx
rymanncrnucxax nosnnnx, nnrc x nmy, x nsyunnm camoro cx, cnonx crnn.
unonx, sannmammncx connantno annnrann, onxn trt no ornomnnm x
nxy nynnrntntm, uyrxnm, ynaxart ro nnunocrt, trt ronarntntm, no
cnannnntm. rcma nonycrnmt ocxonnnx, oxnxn, ant.
nyr nomnnrt, uro onrnmantnt nsanmoornomnnx +ro n ymnn xart
ncnnnnnny, a omn c nxom yxonntmn nnnocrxmn. mn xstx c rtmn +ro n
xstx xoman n nocnymannx, a xstx onnx. cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn
onxna noxnnxrtcx cnoconocrt n rontxo nx roro, urot nonxrt, uro noncxonr n ym
nxa, no n ymnn ycranannnnart xonraxr c nnm, cnonmnno ntnart asymnym my
noscrnnx.
xnatnammncx nsanmoornomnnx cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn n
nxa sanncxr raxx or roro, nacxontxo nm yunrtnamrcx nosacrnt oconnocrn,
nannm, raxn, xax y noocrxa crmnnn x nsocnocrn. nnnanncr no connantno
annnrannn, onycxammn ncnannnnocrt, ryocrt n omnnn c rtmn,
craxrnocrt, ynnxammn nx ocronncrno, n moxr nontsonartcx ynaxnnm y r n
noocrxon.
cnannnno ornomnn x nxy co croont nsocntx moxr noxnnxrtcx n
rontxo n orxonnno nnnxsnn, nnanncrn, no n n nn sasnnunoro ornomnnx.
onnmax, uro x nmy oxyxammn ornocxrcx sasnnuno, nox, n cnny cno
nontrnocrn, n moxr asoartcx, uro n oxyxammnx nmxx oo, a uro sno.
syntrar on cranonnrcx noosnrntntm, y nro ntaartnarcx nonn x nmxm,
nxoxm nocrnnno n osnonnnocrt.
unt naxno, urot cnnnanncr no connantno annnrannn onaan
narornucxnm raxrom.
'/%%"&'!", +ro uyncrno asymno mt na ocnon coorncnnx saau,
ycnonn n nosmoxnocr yuacrnnxon omnnx. axr crt nto x ocymcrnnnnm raxo
mt noscrnnx, xoroax ocnonana na ornomnnn x nnunocrn nxa xax x rnanno
nnnocrn. rcno cnxsn c narornucxnm raxrom accmarnnamr narornucxym +mna-
rnm. 3mnarnx nomorar cnnnanncry no connantno annnrannn ncrart na rouxy snnx,
nonoxnn n cocroxnn nxa n yunrtnart nx no nsanmocrnnn c nnm.
nmt n mrot noscrnnx na r n noocrxon moryr trt asnooasntmn:
nantntmn n nnantntmn, nxmtmn nnn xocnnntmn. o n xaxom xonxrnom
cnyua ryrcx ocmtcnnn nnunn, noonnmnx nrarnnnt nocncrnnx, snann
oconnocr nnunocrn, ycnonnn xnsnn, nocnnrannx n asnnrnx, yura nx cnnn]nxn n
annt momnr. r cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn rymrcx nancrnnnax
snocrt, rnxocrt, rnoucxn noxo x ncnontsonannm rx nnn nntx mronucxnx
nnmon n ccrn.
unt rouno no +romy nonoy ntcxasan n xaucrn noxnann yunrnxm . .
mnncxn. n nncan: t n rononm naroram nocrynar rax nnn nnau, no rononm
nm: nsyuar saxont rx ncnxnucxnx xnnnn, xorotmn nt xornr ynannxrt, n
nocrynar, cooaxaxct c +rnmn saxonamn n rmn ocroxrntcrnamn, n xorotx nt xornr
nx nnmnnrt. rontxo ocroxrntcrna +rn cxonuno asnooasnt, no camn naryt
nocnnrannnxon n noxoxr ona na yrym.
rax, nsanmoornomnnx cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn c rtmn,
nmmmnmn orannunnx xnsnxrntnocrn, onxnt ocnontnartcx na conmnnn
224
onnnntx moantntx nom. uncn raxnx nom moxno nasnart:
n cnyr ncnomnnart o ]xr n nonsnocnrt ro n nncyrcrnnn nxa. n
nmtx ocroxrntcrnax nyxno ynaxart uyncrno cocrnnnoro ocronncrna xaxoro cnoro
nocnnrannnxa n ]omnonart +ro uyncrno;
ocnonntm rynxroom nancrnnntx ornomnn xnnxrcx cnannnnax onnxa
nocrynxon n crnn nxa. oxonmo trt ronarntntm no ornomnnm x
nxy, no ronarntnocrt onxna trt ooxnarntno, courammcx c ynaxnnm
nnunocrn nxa;
x nxy cnyr nxnnxrt nocnntnt ronannx n n onycxart cnnoro
nounnnnx +rnm ronannxm, oortcx nornn acxo noxonocrn nxa no
nsanmoornomnnxx c nmtmn;
nancrnnnt ornomnnx n moryr cronrtcx na ucrnocrn n annoymnn, rm
on na xcroxocrn. oxonmo yunrt r uyncrnonart uyxo ro, conxnnart,
orxnnxartcx na nro, ncmorx na rynocrn, xorot moryr trt y nxa c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn;
nox c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn nyxarcx n nomomn nsocnoro,
oconno xora my ryno. xasart ona ns moantntx nom, rynnymmnx
ornomnnx mxy nsocntm n nxom;
cnyr orart nocnnrannnxon or nantno arccnn soontx
cncrnnxon, nayunrt nx nart +ro camocroxrntno, ncnontsyx cnnnantnt nnmt;
nntsx nnrt cnonx nocnnrannnxon na nmnmtx n nnmnmtx. nn no nonoy
nnaronnntx nocrynxon r n onxn nacrart n anrnnarnm no ornomnnm x nnm;
noxonmo noomxrt nnnnnarnny r, n saxnannnart nnnnnarnnntx, n
nooxart sasnacrno y onnx n notnart ny y yrnx, n xaxom nx naxonrt
nonoxnrntnt urt n n cno aor onnartcx na nnx;
n omnnn c rtmn cnyr naxonrt nyxnt ron, ncm connantno-
annnrannonnym xrntnocrt cronrt rontxo c yurom nnnnnyantnoro noxoa,
asnnnart y r cnoconocrt orcrannart cnon yxnnx, ocnonannt na urxom
ncrannnnn o o n sn;
nancrnnnt nosnnnn nsocnoro onxnt trt xcntmn n conmnno
ounnntmn nx nocnnrannnxon n noxnnxrtcx ro ryono xrntnocrtm n oasom
xnsnn.
ancrnnnt ornomnnx noxonmt n rontxo no nsanmocrnnn c rtmn, no n
c xonnxrnnom cnnnanncron, yuacrnymmnx n annnrannonnom noncc. om
cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn, c nxom, nmmmnm orannunnx
xnsnxrntnocrn, nsanmocrnymr naun, xoxnnonnt narorn, noront,
nocnnrarnn, yunrnx n yrn cnnnanncrt. onnxrnn annnrannonnoro nnn yroro
cnnnannsnonannoro yuxnnx xnnxrcx rm snnom, xoroo onnxr n nanannxr
ycnnnx ncx yuacrnnxon annnrannonnoro noncca na ocrnxnn omnx syntraron.
o+romy nonoc o cncrm nancrnnntx ornomnn n cnnnannsnonannom
xonnxrnn xnnxrcx usntuano naxntm. oncc annnrannn nxa c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn nnonarar ntcoxo uyncrno ornrcrnnnocrn xaxoro
ro unna sa cyty nxa, uro noxnnxrcx n nncrn ronann n crnn no
ornomnnm x nmy. nncrno ronann ncx yuacrnnxon annnrannonnoro noncca
moxr trt ocnuno nnmt nn ycnonnn cornacnx ncx unnon xonnxrnna cnnnanncron
c xaaxrom, coxannm n ]omo +rnx ronann.
onnxrnn annnrannonnoro yuxnnx xonronnyr n nanannxr
xrntnocrt cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn, nxnnxx x nmy onnnnt
ronannx n nn onnox, mnnn o ro xrntnocrn. noono nnnxrn ronann
cnonx xonnr nosmoxno n raxom xonnxrnn, r asymno conmmnt cnooa xrntnocrn
c ncnnnnnno, rnoucxax axrnnnocrt c nounnnnm. ontxo n rnoucxo armoc]
nsanmonomomn moxno uyncrnonart cx ynnntm n axrnnno mart croxmn saaun.
sanmonomomt n nsanmocrnn n annnrannonnom xonnxrnn xnnxmrcx onnm
ns onnxmmnx ycnonn no]ccnonantnoro ocra n nomantnoro asnnrnx
nancrnnntx ornomnn. +ro cnxsn usntuano naxn nocroxnnt omn
225
nn]omann o nounrannom n narornucxo, ncnxonornucxo n cnnnantno
nnrary. naxo noxonmo, urot unnt xonnxrnna ncntrtnann nornocrt n
raxom omn, ymnn nnnrt ax manntxo nono ocrnxnn cnoro xonnrn, nonnmann
yr yra c nonycnona.
onnxrnn cnnnannsnonannoro yuxnnx n amo]no oasonann. nm
coccrnymr ronarntnt n ot cnnnanncrt, nacrounnt n cnannnnt,
ncruamrcx +roncrt n nntxannt. o xax t nn tnn rananrnnnt nnn cnannnnt
orntnt unnt xonnxrnna, cnnnannsnonanno yuxnn, nx ncro, cnntno
cnnounntm xonnxrnnom. ontxo omn ro ntcoxn moantnt yonnt raanrnyr
nonnnnt ycnx n ncnxonornucxym samnmnnocrt xaxoro ro unna, ncnxr nm
ynnnocrt n cnonx cnnax.
usntuano naxno moantno-+rnucxo nonmo xnnxmrcx ornomnnx
cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn c cmt nxa. x nntsx accmarnnart xax
nonno nsanmononnmann n cxon]nnxrno coyxcrno, ncmorx na mnn nmn onnx
n rx x saau. on]nnxrt mxy onrnxmn n cnnnanncrom no connantno annnra-
nnn moryr nosnnxart ns-sa nnsxo narornucxo xyntryt onrn, craxrnocrn
camoro cnnnanncra, asnournnx saau connantno annnrannn n r. .
+ro cnxsn cymcrnymr nomt ornomnn, xorotx cnyr nnxnnartcx xax
cnnnanncry no connantno annnrannn, rax n onrnxm r. uncn raxnx nom
moxno nasnart:
ncmorx na nosmoxnt acxoxnnx no nsrnxax na noncc connantno
annnrannn nxa, nntsx nuxnnart c xoy ro, uro cnano ro nnn nno
croono;
nntsx nn ono ns croon ocranartcx annoymntm x rm, ax manmnm
nsmnnnxm, xorot noncxoxr n ncnxnucxom n ]nsnucxom asnnrnn nxa. nanno
sct ncxnnocrt, onn croon;
narornucxax +rnxa oxstnar noxnnart nocroxnnt xonraxrt c
onrnxmn. cnn x onrnn cnonm nonnnm asnaramr nxa, n sannmamrcx ro
nocnnrannm, ro cnnnanncr no connantno annnrannn n onxn trt sasnnuntm
n, ncxox ns nosmoxnocr cnnnannsnonannoro yuxnnx, oxsan nnnxrt mt x
nsmnnnm cosanmcx cnryannn;
cnyr nomnnrt, uro nmmmax mcro craxrnocrt onrn cranr xnm
xnnnnm, cnn cnnnanncr n yr cam onycxart craxrntx onnox no ornomnnm x
rxm n onrnxm. ro onnxn onxnt manrt onrntcxo uyncrno cocrnnnoro
ocronncrna;
nn nsanmoornomnnxx c onrnxmn cnyr yunrtnart, uro nx onrn
cno nox, xaxnm t on nn tn, camt nnsxn, camt nyumn. o+romy nn onnx
nocrarxon nxa cnyr n crymart xacxn, a narn mcro nonoxnrntntm momnram.
cnn y cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn uyncrna yr nnc na asymom, ro
ro xon]nnxr c onrnxmn nnsxn, xax t on nn craancx arymnrnonart cnon
crnnx;
onacnmnm nnxrcrnnm na nyrn annnrannn nxa c orannunnxmn
xnsnxrntnocrn xnnxrcx narornucxax nnororonnnnocrt onrn. o+romy
noxonmo axrnnno ncrn ncnxonoro-narornucxym nonarany cn onrn,
oyuart nx ocnonntm noxoam n nocnnrannn n nororonx x nnrrannn r c
orannunnxmn xnsnxrntnocrn n omcrno.
ancrnnnt ornomnnx n cncrm annnrannonno xrntnocrn
nnmnno ycnonn ycnmno orannsannn nsanmocrnnx c nxom.
annnrannonnom noncc. nn cnococrnymr ]omnonannm naronnxrnoro
moantno-ncnxonornucxoro xnnmara no nsanmoornomnnxx c yrnmn ro yuacrnnxamn,
onnnnm nntx noxoon n nocnnrannn nxa n conmnnm nncrna ronann
no cosannm ycnonn asnnrnx ro xax nnunocrn, cnocono x nnrrannn n connantnym
cy.
226
C-!) /$3 !0(-$3
1. xcnnr, uro raxo connantno-annnrannonnax
xrntnocrt?
2. nnnr nnn n nasonnr cryxrynt xomnonnrt
connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn.
3. axnm ronannxm onxna ornuart mont connantno-
annnrannonno xrntnocrn?
4. uro ncrannxmr coo nnunocrnt n xrntnocrnt
noxot n connantno- annnrannonno xrntnocrn?
5. asonnr ocnonnt nanannnnx n xrntnocrn cnnnanncra
no connantno annnrannn.
6. asonnr ocnonnt ronannx, nxnnxmt x
cnnnanncry no connantno annnrannn, noxonmt nx +]]xrnnnoro
nsanmocrnnx c nxom, nmmmnm orannunnt nosmoxnocrn
xnsnxrntnocrn.
7. axnmn nnunocrntmn xaucrnamn onxn onaart
cnnnanncr no connantno annnrannn?
8. acxor coxann ocnonntx xaucrn no]ccnonantno
xomnrnrnocrn cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn.
9. um noxnnxmrcx cnnn]nucxn oconnocrn
nsanmocrnnx cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn c rtmn, nmmmnmn
orxnonnnx n asnnrnn?
10. uro oosnauar nonxrn connantno-ncnxonornucxax
nosnnnx no ornomnnm x nxy? axo snaunn ona nmr nx ycranonnnnx
onnrntntx ornomnn mxy cnnnanncrom no connantno annnrannn n
nxom?
'0) /$3 /$/ " !.J'(",
1. 1' ' $ &! 'A
$ '.
#. ' $ '
, &! 'A$ .
7. )#' ' ' $.
"'-H-
1. / -. 8. rannsannx ncnxonornucxo cnyxt
n mxon. .: onmncrno, 1997.
#. / .4. omxontnt nnr connantno
annnrannn n xamroox (Bxona Foosnna) / osmoxnocrn annnrannn
r c ymcrnnntmn n ]nsnucxnmn orannunnxmn ccrnamn oasonannx.
., 1995.
7. osacrnax n narornucxax ncnxonornx / o . .
. roncxoro. ., 1979.
?. 3! 7. :. nnxnn nomarnnno-nnnocrntx
onnrannn naroron na ycnmnocrt nx xrntnocrn. nc. xan. n. nayx. .,
1989.
@. 65 . ). arornucxax xoxnnx. .:
ocnmnn, A@@9.
C. 6 7. . cnont ncnxonornn / unnx nx nyson.
.: yntrya n cnor, R, 1997.
E. 1' . . arornucxo omnn ., 1979.
J. 1! /. . arornxa / yc nxnn. .:
omr, 1993.
L. - . 6. cnxonornx rya yunrnx. .:
227
ocnmnn, 1993,
1M. ntr connantno aort n amxax annsannn
xonnnnnn nsanncnmo xnsnn n xrntnocrn nnannrntcrnnntx orannsann:
axcr mronucxnx marnanon x 10-nrnm ocnonannx connantno aort n
occncxo annn n xrntnocrn ocxoncxoro roocxoro xnya nnnannon
onraxrt-1. ., 2001.
11. 0! . . nr-mxona nrnx-camonnrnx /
osmoxnocrn annnrannn r c ymcrnnntmn n ]nsnucxnmn orannunnxmn
ccrnamn oasonannx. ., 1995.
1#. ) 1. . omnrnrnocrt n omnnn. .,
1989.
17. 8&$ . 1. Ftrn n cosnann. ., 1977.
1?. ! 4. . cmrct na aynom! n unonx,
xorx noo s nononx / osmoxnocrn annnrannn r c ymcrnnntmn n
]nsnucxnmn orannunnxmn ccrnamn oasonannx. ., 1996.
1@. raxon 4. . cnxonornucxn ocnont
narornucxoro raxra. aaron, 1972.
1C. && . -. amna nx uyaxon / osmoxnocrn
annnrannn r c ymcrnnntmn n ]nsnucxnmn orannunnxmn ccrnamn
oasonannx. , 1995.
1E. >' . 4. arornucxax nmnonnsannx //
onrcxax narornxa, 1989. N 9.
1J. < 6. ;. sannt narornucxn
nonsnnnx. .: ocnmnn, 1968.
1L. :& . . arornucxax ncnxonornx. u.
nocon / non. n-r +xcnron. .: +-no nxanona . . s-no
onnyc, 1998.
=!
xasann nomomn rxm c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn +]]xrnnno nxnmunrtcx
228
n noyxrnnnym connantnym xnsnt, nouyncrnonart cx, cran nsocntm, n nnmnnm
unonxom, a annonanntm raxannnom naann co ncmn yrnmn nmtmn, nonma
usntuano naxnocrn nmoro nnnnnnsonannoro omcrna. na sararnnar nct cnxr
ornomnnn n nonccon, cnoxnnmnxcx n nm: +xonomnucxnx, nonnrnucxnx, connantntx,
connantno-ncnxonornucxnx, yxonntx, n nao mart xomnnxcno na rocyacrnnnom
yonn.
ocyacrno onxno nosaornrtcx o connantno samnr cm, n xorotx nmmrcx
rn c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn. noxnnnnm n cmt nxa c ]xrom
asnnrnx, aconmrno uncno mar ocrannxmr aory n nocnxmamr cx saor o
mantm. syntrar marnantno nonoxnn raxnx cm yxymarcx, onn nnmamrcx
mnornx connantntx nar, ocrynntx yrnm nmxm, uro nr x nosnnxnonnnm n nnx
nanxxnntx ornomnn, xon]nnxron, cosanax rm camtm ononnnrntnt
ranmnymmn ]axrot nx nxa.
mn naxno xnnxrcx nonma, cnxsannax c nsmnnnm ornomnnx x nmxm,
nmmmnm ]xr asnnrnx, xax na rocyacrnnnom, rax n na yonn omcrnnnoro
cosnannx. uart, ano, rnnnnn, noun ccrna maccono nn]omannn onxnt n
nnom xnmu nocnnrtnart y nacnnnx ynaxnrntno ornomnn xo ncm nmxm, oxasan-
mnmcx ns-sa ]nsnucxoro nnn ncnxnucxoro ]xra n sarynnrntnom nonoxnnn.
uyncrno nnonnonnnocrn, nosnnxamm y nnx n +ro cnxsn, mmar nm xnrt, nontsonartcx
nosmoxnocrxmn unonucxo xnsnn, a y r ]omnymrcx xaucrna, n nosnonxmmn nm
+]]xrnnno nsanmocrnonart c connantno co.
mn, nmmmn orannunnt nosmoxnocrn xnsnxrntnocrn, onxnt
rynrtcx, a n trt naxnnnxamn y rocyacrna n cmtn.
ayxa n naxrnxa oxasann, uro nmo unonx, nmmmn ror nnn nno ]xr
asnnrnx n cnocont nocnnnnmart nocnnrarntnt noscrnnx, moxr nn cosannn
coornrcrnymmnx ycnonn crart nonnonnno nnunocrtm.
nnm ns nanannnn nororonxn r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn x
sonsnnnomy nxoxnnm n connantnym xnsnt xnnxrcx connantno-annnrannonnax
xrntnocrt.
onnantnax annnrannx cnoxnt n nnrntnt noncc, onnrnonannt n
crontxo na xomnncannm ]xra, a, nx ncro, na asnnrn nxa xax nnunocrn,
cnocono n yymm camocroxrntno n +]]xrnnno nsanmocrnonart c oxyxammnmn
nmtmn n ycnmno annsontnart cnon xnsnnnt nnant. 3ra saaua ocrnrarcx nyrm
on nonnoro acxtrnx n asnnrnx y nxa yxonntx n ]nsnucxnx cnn, onnaxct na
ncnontsonann nanon coxanntx ]nsnucxnx n ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnnn, nosnnxammn
nornocrn n nnrct, ro cocrnnnym axrnnnocrt n cosann coornrcrnymmnx
nnmnnx n nnyrnnnx ycnonn, n xorotx onn moryr nanon a]]xrnnno noxnnxrtcx.
onnmann cymnocrn connantno-annnrannonno aort asnyrcx xa
rornucxnx nonoxnnxx nsncrntx yuntx, raxnx xax: nantn F. ., trorcxn . ,
onrtn . ., ynx . ., roncxn . ., ynnmrn . ., omon F. .,
Fymnnncxn . . n yrnx, n xorotx nnunocrt accmarnnarcx xax cyxr
xrntnocrn, xoroax cama, ]omnyxct n xrntnocrn n omnnn c yrnmn nmtmn,
onnxr xaaxr +ro xrntnocrn n omnnx. ornacno . . ynnmrny, ncnxnxa
(cosnann) n xrntnocrt cyrt nncrno, a n roxcrno: ncnxnucxo ]omnyrcx n
xrntnocrn, xrntnocrt rynnyrcx ncnxnucxnm (oasom, mtcntm, nnanom).
nn nosnonxmr nonxrt nnoy nronuntx naymnn, ocosnart, uro nnunocrt
nxa, nmmmro ]xr, n ro ncnxnxa ]omnymrcx, xorx n nmx nxorot
cnnn]nucxn oconnocrn, no rm x saxonomnocrxm, uro n nnunocrt soonoro
nxa. asnnrn oycnonnno onnmn n rmn x ]axroamn n ycnonnxmn, noxnnnnm
na onnnntx +ranax nosacrnoro asnnrnx onnx n rx x ncnxnucxnx n nnunocrntx
nonooasonann.
ornucxn xonnnnnn nasnanntx anroon amr nosmoxnocrt on rnyoxo
ocmtcnnrt cnnn]nxy connantno-ncnxonornucxnx n yrnx nonm, c xorotmn
cnnnanncr no connantno annnrannn cranxnnarcx na naxrnx, asaartnart nayuno-
oocnonannym crarrnm n raxrnxy connantno-annnrannonno aort c nxom.
229
rcma nnt connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn no ornomnnm x nxy
onnxrcx, c ono croont, na ocnon rnyoxoro nonnmannx cymnocrn unonucxo
nnunocrn n saxonomnocr asnnrnx, c yro, snann oconnocr asnnrnx
xonxrnoro nxa, nonyunntx n xo ro nsyunnx c nomomtm ncnxonarnocrnucxnx
n yrnx mronx. cnonntmn ccrnamn annsannn xnnxrcx cncrma xonxrntx
nocnnrarntntx, asnnnammnx, oasonarntntx, xoxnnonno-annnrannonntx,
nuno-no]nnaxrnucxnx n yrnx noscrnn. axnmnm ycnonnm +]]xrnnno
orannsannn connantno-annnrannonno aort xnnxrcx ann ntxnnnn
nocrarxon n nornnnantntx nosmoxnocr asnnrnx nxa.
mamm snaunn n asnnrnn n nocnnrannn nxa c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn nocn ro oxnnx nnnanxnr cmt. oxnnnn nxa c ]xrom
asnnrnx mnornmn onrnxmn nxnnarcx xax cnntnmn ncnxonornucxn crcc.
ro moxno noonrt nnn cmxrunrt, no n nc cmtn moryr cnannrtcx c nanannnmnmncx
na nnx nonmamn camocroxrntno. m nyxna cnonmnnax ncnxonornucxax noxxa
n ncnxorannrnucxax nomomt. axno noonrt uyncrno nnnt n rom, uro onrnn
nonnnnt n ax nxa, c]omnonart ncnxonornucxym ycranonxy na axrnnnym
xrntnocrt, na ro, urot maxcnmantno annsonart nosmoxnocrn nxa n nocnnrart ro
n nnunocrnom ornomnnn nonnonnntm unonxom.
conno ornrcrnnntm n asnnrnn nxa xnnxrcx nno o rx nr ro
xnsnn. oxasano, uro ycnonn nxom omcrnnnoro ontra n saxnatnann ocnon
ymcrnnntx n yrnx cnoconocr noncxonr nmnno n +ro nmx, xora nocrynammax
nn]omannx n mosr noxnrcx na nnrncnnno asnnnammncx nnnt xnrxn. ann
asnnrn n onxno oxonrt n r c rmn nnn nntmn orxnonnnxmn or nomt. mnno
n cnny rxxnoro nonoxnnx raxnx r noxonmo xax moxno antm onnnrt
nocrarxn n asnnrnn, urot c nomomtm coornrcrnymmnx rxnnx xomnncnonart nx,
nacxontxo +ro nosmoxno.
mrom nncrantnoro nnnmannx onrn onxna crart ut nxa. asnnrn
un oconno naxno noromy, uro n +ro nmx n rontxo nnrncnnno acrr mosr, no n na
as un, xstxa axrnnno ]omnymrcx ncnxnucxn ]ynxnnn, xorot n rcrn nrxo
noamrcx rnnonx. axxa unoro asnnrnx na nntx nosacrntx crynnxx n
moxr trt n nonno m xomnncnonana n nocncrnnn.
ornxa nocnnrannx nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn ryr nannunx
cnnnantntx snann, ncroxn nn noxonmocrn mxnnunocrntx ornomnn n
cmt, orxasa or noountx crnn nocnnrannx n ntaorxn nanon onrnmantno ro
crarrnn n raxrnxn c yurom ]xra nxa, rnna cmtn, ycnonn xnsnn n yrnx
]axroon. onrnn onxnt nosnart saxonomnocrn asnnrnx nxa n coornocnrt c
nnmn cnon crnnx n asnnuntx xnsnnntx cnryannxx, n onycxax nn +rom
acxoxnnx mxy coxannm nocnnrarntntx noscrnn n oasom xnsnn cmtn.
nanntm ycnonnm annsannn ocnonno nnn connantno annnrannn n
]omnonannn nonnonnno ycrounno x ranmnymmnm cnryannxm nnunocrn xnnxmrcx
nxnmunn nxa n r nnn nnt nnt xrntnocrn, nncymn annomy nosacry, n
omnn. crynax n xnsnt, nox n xnnxrcx cyxrom xrntnocrn. n nm
cranonnrcx no m asnnrnx, n xo xorooro on yunrcx ynannxrt cnonmn crnnxmn,
nnannonart cnocot nx ntnonnnnx, annsontnart namunnt norammt,
xonronnonart xo nx ntnonnnnx n onnnnart syntrart.
onnrnoxx n nym xrntnocrn cnon nornocrn, nox ononmnno
nnorar mnorn nonoxnrntnt nnunocrnt xaucrna, raxn xax: ryonmn,
nmosnarntnocrt, nnycrmnnnocrt, xorot sarm cranonxrcx ocnono
ncnxonornucxo cryxryt nnunocrn.
oxonmo noxnnxrt nocroxnnym saory o conmncrnonannn ryonoro
oyunnx n ryonoro nocnnrannx r c orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn. yono nocnnrann
n oyunn onxno c annnx nr ]omnonart y nnx nonoxnrntnym mornnannm x
ryono xrntnocrn n nmxm rya.
uacrn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n conmcrno xrntnocrn n
omnnn c yrnmn rtmn n nsocntmn cosar nnoctnxn nx mnnx yro
230
naxnm saaun connantno annnrannn nnxnnannn nocncrnn n asnnrnn
ncnxnxn, oycnonnnntx nronuntmn naymnnxmn n, nx ncro, raxnmn xax uyncrno
ymnocrn n nnonnonnnocrn.
urot nomout nxy or nnx nsannrtcx, naxno nmrt n nny cnymm: nonxrt
cnnn]nucxn crnnt xnsnn nxa; oconnocrn ro xnsnn n asnnrnx; nomout my
nonxrt cx, ntaorart y nro ny n cnon cnnt n nosmoxnocrn; cosart ycnonnx nx
ycnnnnoro connantnoro nnrca y nxa; yncrn or ncxnmunrntnoro nnrca x c.
annnrnonart nxa nnn noocrxa n connantnom ornomnnn +ro snaunr
cnxrt y nro crax n omnnn co cncrnnxamn, nayunrt ro omartcx c nnmn na asnnunt
xnsnnnt rmt, ntaorart ymnnx samnmart cx or nantntx nocxrarntcrn c nx
croont n oxyxammnx nm, trt anntm co ncmn nmtmn. o nx +roro y nro on-
xn trt c]omnonan onnnnt xnsnnnt ontr.
ax ycranonnno, na nnornn connantnoro ontra n noncc nsanmocrnnx c
connantno co samrno nnnxnn oxastnar omcrnnno mnnn, connantnt
ycranonxn, yonnt asnnrnx nornocrno-mornnannonno c]t camoro nxa. nc
x mamm snaunn nmr naxrnxa, ynaxnnnx n antnom omnnn r. cnyua
x nxnarntnoro ncnxnucxoro n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx nyxna n rontxo asnnnammax
cncrma, no n cncrma xoxnnn noxnnxmmnxcx nrarnnntx nnunocrntx, ncnxnucxnx
oasonann n ]om nonnnx.
axnm cocranno uacrtm noncca connantno annnrannn r c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn xnnxrcx oasonann. no nnsnano
ocnunrt nm ocryn x snannxm, x xyntryno-ncronucxomy nacnnm, naxonnnnomy
unonucrnom, nororonnrt x no]ccnonantno xrntnocrn n, rm camtm, cosart
antnt ycnonnx nx ycnmno nnrrannn n connantno-+xonomnucxym xnsnt.
conmnntx ycnonnxx cnoxnnact cncrma oasonannx nnnannon, no n cnny asntx
nnunn n, nx ncro, n cnxsn c nsmnnnm connantno-+xonomnucxnx ycnonn n cran,
ona nyxarcx n ctsnom conmncrnonannn.
naxo noonrt rynocrn, xorot ncntrtnamr mnorn rn c orannunnxmn
xnsnxrntnocrn nn nonyunnn oasonannx, rontxo na yonn nomcrnnnoro noxoa
ncrannxrcx nantntm. yxna onronmnnax ]antnax noramma, oraxammax
connantnym nonnrnxy rocyacrna, nanannnnym na xomnnxcnym, nccroonnmm
noxxy nnnannon, cosann nx nnx antntx nosmoxnocr nonnonnnoro asnnrnx,
ocronoro cymcrnonannx, nonyunnx oasonannx na ncx ro +ranax n nxnmunnx n
asnnunt nnt no]ccnonantno xrntnocrn.
nox c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn cnnn]nucxn oxr
nocnnrarntnoro noscrnnx. xaxom xonxrnom cnyua noxonmo yunrtnart nct
cnxr ]axroon n ycnonn, xorot moryr nonoxnrntno nnn ornnarntno cxasartcx na
ro nnunocrnom asnnrnn. nx uncn moryr trt: connantnax cnryannx asnnrnx,
oconnocrn omro asnnrnx, cnnn]nxa ]xra n ro nocncrnnx, crnnt coxannocrn
rx nnn nntx ]ynxnn, son axryantnoro n nnxamro asnnrnx, nnnnnyantnt
oconnocrn n mnoro yro. yurom ncro +roro, a raxx anntx narnocrnucxoro
ocnonannx n cnnn or ncx sannrconanntx nnn n cyt nxa: onrn,
naua, ncnxonora, naroron n ., asaartnarcx nnnnnyantnax noramma connantno
annnrannn. n onxnt narn oraxnn nc nonoct, xacammncx ]omnonannx
nxa xax nnunocrn.
conno naxno nosaornrtcx o ]omnonannn y nxa nonoxnrntno
mornnannn xo nc cncrm nocnnrarntntx noscrnn, nnaramtx nsocntmn.
onoxnrntntx cnnron n connantno annnrannn moxno ocrnut rontxo nn
nonoxnrntnom ornomnnn nxa x romy, uro nnaramr nsocnt. uncn ocnonntx
nannn, xorot nomornn mnornm nmxm nonrt ]xr n ocrnut onnnntx ycn-
xon n xnsnn, moxno nasnart cnymmn:
nox nocnnrtnancx n moxarnucxo armoc], my nocrannxnact
ocrarounax camocroxrntnocrt, ncxnmuanact usmnax onxa, nxnnxnnct
ronannx ananornunt soontm rxm, nnnnnannct ryont nantxn;
cosanannct ycnonnx nx annonannoro omnnx, ocnonannoro na moann
231
anncrna, rxm nnnnnanact cnooasnax ycrounnocrt x nantno arccnn co
croont soontx cncrnnxon;
x nocrannnno nnn n asnnrnn nxa mnn c nomomtm manntxnx, no
ycnmntx nsmnnn, uro nnnonno, n xonunom cur, x nonoxnrntntm syntraram n
mnnn on cnoxntx nnunocrntx nonm;
cosanannct ycnonnx nx annsannn xnsnnnoro n rnoucxoro nornnnana n
ro xrntnocrn, n xoroo nox mor noxnnrt cx;
ocymcrnnxnact asymnax ncnxonornucxax noxxa n rora, xora nxy
nnoxo, n rora, xora my tno xoomo.
nnm ns naxnmnx ]axroon n ycnonn asnnrnx nxa xnnxrcx connantnax
ca. naxo noscrnn connantno ct n ncra tnar nonoxnrntntm.
naronnxrnax mnxoca cranonxrcx nx nxa croxnm ncnxoranmnymmnm
ncrounnxom, ycyrynxmmnm ncnxnucxn n comarnucxn naymnnx, uro moxr
nnnonrt x saanrannn n antnmnm orxnonnnxm n ro asnnrnn. urot ymntmnrt
nrarnnno noscrnn connantno cn na nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn,
ona onxna trt, oconno na +ran connantno annnrannn, ynannxmo.
ccnonannx, nonnnt . . mancxnm, . . untmntm, . . xarontm,
. . Bannntm n ., cnnrntcrnymr o rom, uro nanon naronnxrno nx asnnrnx
nnunocrn, xax soonoro nxa, rax n nxa, nmmmro ]xr, ntcrynar cnnnantnax
asnnnammax ca. C'*"$+(3 -1"QJ3 !-'/ +ro raxax orannsannx
xnsnxrntnocrn r, n xoroo noccrnom onnnnoro cncrmooasymmro
xomnonnra cosarcx ocoax connantno-ncnxonornucxax armoc]a, n xoroo
noxnnxrcx ramonnucxo courann nsanmoornomnnx nxa n connantno ct n
xoroax noyxar r trt axrnnntmn n nnycrmnnntmn.
]omam cnnnantno asnnnamm connantno ct, n xorotx rn c
orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn nanon nonno acxtnamrcx, moxno orncrn:
yuxnnx n nnrt, nnsnannt ocymcrnnxrt connantnym annnrannm r n
noocrxon c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn; asnnunt rnnnront sanxrnx, na
xorotx mamrcx xax asnnnammn, rax n xoxnnonnt saaun; nrnn narn ortxa;
cnnnantntm oasom orannsonannax nronax xrntnocrt; sanxrnx no ryy; oyuammax
ncnxonarnocrnxa, oconno nx noocrxon n mnom, yrn sanxrnx, n ocnon
orannsannn xorotx nxnr yur roro nnn nnoro asnnnammro +]]xra, nomorammro
rxm ocnannart xnsnnnt ontr n rontxo n nnrnnxryantno, no n n +monnonantno,
nonno n connantno c]ax. c ontm nnsnann nonyuamr nnrrnonannt ]omt
oyunnx, r rn, nmmmn ror nnn nno ]xr asnnrnx, oyuamrcx n otuntx
omoasonarntntx mxonax.
mcr c rm cnnnantnax asnnnammax ca +ro nnmt ycnonn, n xoroom
nosmoxno +]]xrnnno asnnrn nxa. unt mnoro sanncnr or axrnnnocrn camoro
nxa. syntrart nocnnrarntntx noscrnn samrnt nnmt rora, xora nox, no-
nntx, nnnnmar annym cy xax nnsxym my n axrnnno nxnmuarcx n n, no-nrotx,
axnarno nocnnnnmar cx n cxnatnammncx connantnt cnxsn. cnn on n ymar o
cnom ]xr n n oxnar ocxonrntntx ntnaon no +romy nonoy co croont
oxyxammnx, ro connannsannx n aanrannx nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn
norxar raxx, xax n y r n nmmmnx ]xra. cxaxnno nnn naxnarno
ncrannnn nxa nnn noocrxa o c nr x naymnnxm aanrannonntx
nonccon n nmtx ycnonnxx, n rom uncn n n ycnonnxx cnnnantno asnnnamm ct.
conmnno naxrnx aort c rtmn, nmmmnmn anomannn n asnnrnn,
connantnax annnrannx xax cnnnantnax no]ccnonantnax xrntnocrt n ntnxrcx,
a ntcrynar xax omax saaua ncx cnnnanncron, nsanmocrnymmnx c nxom. n
raxom noxo nnn n saaun connantno annnrannn n nonno m n annsymrcx, a
sauacrym nnmt xnanymrcx. nxo n naxrnxy cnnnanncron no]ccnonanon n
onacrn connantno annnrannn mnxr cnoxnnmcx nonoxnn, n c nauanom nx
aort connantno-annnrannonnax xrntnocrt nnorar craryc camocroxrntno
onacrn snann. onnantno-annnrannonnax xrntnocrt, xax n nmax yrax
xrntnocrt, nmr cno nmr n oxr nccnonannx, noscrnnx, cryxryy, nnn n
232
saaun, coxann n ccrna nx nx ocrnxnnx.
rn c ]xramn asnnrnx ornnuamrcx or cnonx soontx cncrnnxon no cnonm
nosmoxnocrxm n oconnocrxm asnnrax. o ncx nx onnxr ono onn nyxamrcx no
nsocntx nmxx, nnum raxnx, xorot no-nacroxmmy mornn t nm nomout n
ncnxnucxom n nnunocrnom asnnrnn. onnantnax aora +ro no]ccnx, ncymax
]nsnucxym n ncnxonornucxym nomomt rm nmxm, xorot oconno n n nyxamrcx.
o n cannnnn c n y cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn oannxmrcx nont
ononnnrntnt ]ynxnnn nosnamnn r c ]nsnucxnmn n ncnxnucxnmn
orannunnxmn ns nnna ]ynxnnonantno n connantno orannunnocrn n nonnonnnym
omcrnnnym xnsnt.
nonarntno, cnnnanncr no connantno annnrannn +ro no]ccnonan,
nnsnannt ocnunnart ncroxy ncnxnxn n asnnrn saanntx cnocrn nnunocrn
nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn c nomomtm orannsannonntx, narornucxnx n
connantno-annnrannonntx ccrn, annsannm ro nornocrn trt nnunocrtm,
nnnxrt na cnoconocrt ntnonnxrt xnsnnno naxnt ]ynxnnn, na cosann y nxa
onnnnoro nnyrnnro ncnxonornucxoro xom]ora n ncnxonornucxo
samnmnnocrn.
o]ccnx cnnnanncra, sannmammrocx connantno annnrann, ryr or
nmoro unonxa, xorot nsan, nonnm camooraun, srannuno nmnn,
ynaxnnx n nt n nosmoxnocrn nxa, xaxymrocx snaxntm, rnyoxnx
no]ccnonantno-rornucxnx n naxrnucxnx snann. ro nnunocrt xnnxrcx
crxnntm ]axroom, onnxmmnm no]ccnonantnym nosnnnm n connantno-
annnrannonno xrntnocrn. tcrynax n noncc nsanmocrnnx c nxom n onn
nocnnrarnx, yunrnx, ronanma, on onxn courart n c raxn xaucrna, xorot
nncymn xax saornnntm onrnxm, rax n cnnnanncram asntx no]nn: naroram,
ncnxonoram, ncnxorannram. o crt cnnnanncr no connantno annnrannn naxy c
ntcoxnm no]ccnonannsmom onxn trt ntcoxorymanntm unonxom, uyncrnonart n
nnnnmart ont n aocrt yrnx nm, xax cnom cocrnnnym.
233

F xomnnxc monnxrn, nanannnntx na ]omnonann n asnnrn ]ynxnnonantntx cncrm orannsma n
cnoconocr nnnnna, crcrnnno cranonnnn xorotx sarynnno nannunm onsnn nnn ]xra, noxonmtx nnunocrn nx
annsannn n annom coomcrn.
F naronornucxo cocroxnn nnunocrn, cnxsanno c naymnnm mornnannonno c]t nnunocrn, cnoconocrn x
xrntnocrn, naronorn nonn.
xaucrno unonxa, ntaxammcx n noxnnnnn naxnocrn, nrarnnntx uyncrn no ornomnnm x
yrnm nmxm, crmnnnn x nacnntcrnnntm crnnxm no ornomnnm x oxyxammnm nmxm n oxram.
nncnoconnn orannsma (]nsnonornucxax aanrannx) nnn nnunocrn (ncnxonornucxax aanrannx) x
nsmnmxmnmcx ycnonnxm ct.
cnoconocrt orannsma n noncc onrornsa aanrnonartcx x nsmnxmmnmcx ycnonnxm nnmn n
nnyrnn ct c nomomtm asnnuntx nncnoconrntntx mxannsmon.
u ncnxnucxo xnnnn, ntaxammcx n ncrox nnamnucxoro crornna nnunocrn
n coornrcrnnn c nontmn ronannxmn oxyxamm ct.
axrnnno nncnoconnn nnnnna x ycnonnxm connantno ct nyrm ycnonnx n nn-
nxrnx nn, nnnocr, nom n crnn nonnnx, nnnxrtx n omcrn.
-u onrnmnsannx nsanmoornomnn nnunocrn n rynnt, cnnxnn
nn nx xrntnocrn, nnnocrntx onnrannn, ycnonn nnnnnom nom n rannn, nxoxnn n onnym cryxryy.
ycxonn comarnucxoro n ]nsnonornucxoro cosnannx r n noocrxon, noxnnxmmcx
ynnnunnn nx nca n asmon rna, a raxx n on annnx coxax nononoro cosnannx.
u cnoconocrt unonxa nonsnonrt omcrnnno snaunmt noasonannx n mn na ocnon
nncnonnx orarcrn marnantno n yxonno xyntryt, noxnnxmmaxcx n rnoucrn, nonntx axrax, omnnn.
usmno ycnnnn orntntx ur xaaxra, noxnnxmmcx n nsnarntno
yxsnnmocrn nnunocrn no ornomnnm x onnnnoro oa ncnxoranmnymmnm noscrnnxm nn ycrounnocrn x yrnm.
]omt nonnnx unonxa, onnrnonannoro na yonnrnonn uyxnx nnrcon s cosnarntnoro yura
nx ntrot nx cx.
naymnnx namxrn, nosnnxammn nn asnnuntx noxantntx noaxnnxx mosra.
conoxynnocrt cnnn o ocnymom n asnnrnn ro saonnannx.
ncnxnucxo cocroxnn, ntsnanno nnntm ncromnnm orannsma n noxnnxmmcx n nor nnrca,
sasnnunn x oxyxammmy, nannn axrnnnocrn ncnxnxn.
naymnn nnnanannnntx nnxnn n crnn, n xnnxmmcx cncrnnm +nmnrantx accrocrn
nnxnn (naannu, nason n .), a ornocxmcx x accrocrnam ntcmro yonnx orannsannn nnrarntntx axron.
onsnnno cocroxnn unonxa, noxnnxmmcx n nontmnno yromnxmocrn, nycrounnom nacronnn,
sxom nannn cnoconocrn n aorocnoconocrn, ntsnanno ncromnnm orannsma n syntrar ymcrnnnoro nnn ]nsnucxoro
nyromnnnx, nxnnann, xon]nnxron n r. .
onsnnno cocroxnn nnunocrn, noxnnxmmcx n usmno camoyrnynnnocrn, n yxo or xonraxron c
oxyxammnmn, n noryxnnn n mn cocrnnntx nxnnann. accrocrno un, ntaxammcx n nonno nnn uacrnuno
yrar cnoconocrn nontsonartcx cnonamn n ]asamn nx ntaxnnx cnonx mtcn n nonnmart ntcxastnannx oxyxammnx n syntrar
noaxnnx onnnntx yuacrxon xot rononnoro mosra. F F rynocrt ncnxnucxoro noxxa, nosnnxammax n
noncc omnnx. F u nnrncnnnt, uam nrarnnnt +monnonantnt nxnnannx, mmammn
+]]xrnnno xrntnocrn, annsannn nnunocrnoro cmtcna. noncc naun omcrnnno-ncronucxoro ontra
noacrammmy noxonnnm, ]omnonann nnunocrn unonxa. B nxnrnucxo nocnnxrn coomamo nn]omannn,
no nnnxnnm xoroo nsmnxrcx nonnn unonxa n coornrcrnnn c nnymamtmn ycranonxamn. xarronx, cnyxamax
nx oosnaunnx nmnntx xaaxrncrnx nnnnnyantnoro asnnrnx. ncnxonornn asnnuamr nosacr xononornucxn n nosacr
ncnxonornucxn. ononornucxn nosacr cnxstnamr c nonccom onrornrnucxoro asnnrnx, ncnxonornucxn c asnnrnm
ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn na rom nnn nnom +ran onrornrnucxoro asnnrnx n amxax orntntx ncnxnucxnx nonccon, uro cosar
nnoctnxn nx xaucrnnntx nosacrntx cnnron n rcxom cosnannn n nnunocrn. () onn ns nnon
ncnxonornucxo samnrt, noncc, n syntrar xorooro nnnmnmt nx unonxa mtcnn, nocnomnnannx, nxnnannx nsronxmrcx
ns cosnannx n nnoxrcx n c]y ccosnarntnoro, noonxax nnnxrt na nonnn nnnnna n nn cocroxnnx rnorn, craxa n r. .
unn o ntrcnnnn ]ynamnrantnax ocnona ncnxoanannsa, asaorannoro 3. om. R naronornucxo
naymnn nnnrnnno xrntnocrn, cocroxm n nocnnxrnn oxron, xorot n annt momnr n noscrnymr na
coornrcrnymmn orant uyncrn.
annaar nacncrnnnocrn, conoxynnocrt rnon annoro orannsma, nonyunnax nm or onrn.
courann omro nnrarntnoro cnoxo-crna, nycnunnocrn, onnnx nnmnnx nnxnn,
nocrarouno nnnanannnnocrn n nmnyntcnnnocrn nocrynxon, nontmnno a]]xrnnno nosynmocrn, +monnonantno
nanntnocrn, naymnn xonnnrannn nnnmannx.
nonnxno annoncno cocroxnn xaxo-nno cncrmt, coxanxmo nyrm nornnocrnnx
naymammnm annoncn nnmnnm n nnyrnnnm ]axroam. oxann nocroxncrna asnnuntx ]nsnonornucxnx naamron
orannsma.
naronornx rcxoro ncnxnucxoro n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx, nosnnxammax n mnanucxom nosacr no
nnunn orcyrcrnnx noxonmtx connantntx xonraxron c nsocntmn.
orannunnax asmom omnocrt nm, ntnxmmaxcx nnn ntnxmax ns connantnoro nnoro no
onnnntm nnsnaxam: xaaxry xrntnocrn, connantno nnnanxnocrn, cryxry, yonnm asnnrnx.
ornocnrntno nontmo uncno nnoccrnnno xonraxrnymmnx nnnnnon, onnnntx omnmn
nnxmn nnn saauamn.
F nrxax crnnt ymcrnnno orcranocrn.
u G. acn) acna nnunocrn ncncrnn noscrnnx xax nnyrnnnx (ncnxnucxn
saonnannx, naxomannx, anxoronnsm, cxnos mosra), rax n nnmnnx ]axroon (connantno oycnonnnnt).
cnaoymn xax cncrnn noasnnrnx nnn aro]nn ntcmnx ncnxnucxnx ]ynxnn.
1) asn +rnxn, accmarnnammn nonmt onra n onxnoro; 2) conoxynnocrt +rnucxnx nom,
moantntx oxsannocr n nannn nonnnx mnnnncxoro aornnxa nn ntnonnnnn cnonx no]ccnonantntx oxsannocr.
a]]xrnnno cocroxnn nnunocrn, saxnmuammcx n noannnnocrn, cocroxnnn stcxonocrn n om
naccnnnocrn nonnnx.
ncnxnucxo cocroxnn, nosnnxamm n syntrar nnrntnoro orannunnx nosmoxnocr unonxa nx
yonnrnonnx n ocrarouno m ro ocnonntx ncnxnucxnx nornocr.
G. cxrcryx nocrarox) nsxn, nocrarox, orcyrcrnn nnocrnocrn rxann, orana, ]ynxnnn n oarnnsm n
nnunocrn.
cnnn]nucxax axrnnnocrt cyxra, nanannnnax na noasonann oxyxammro mna n camoro
234
cx.
xrntnocrt, n xoroo na rom nnn nnom +ran asnnrnx cnxsano noxnnnn naxnmnx
ncnxnucxnx nonooasonann n n ycn xoroo asnnnamrcx yrn nnt xrntnocrn.
u saxnmunn ncnxonora o nnnnnyantno-ncnxonornucxnx n connantno-
ncnxonornucxnx oconnocrxx nnunocrn xax n nom rax n n naronornn, ntxnnnnt n syntrar nsyunnx.
naymnn cnxsnocrn, nntnocrn ncnxnucxnx nonccon, nocosnanamocrt xonxrntx asaxnrn,
mornnon, crnn, camnx crnn.
noannnno, yntno nacronn, cocorounnocrt na mauntx n nuantntx croonax xnsnn.
accrocrno nacronnx c nonaannm snono-rocxnnnoro, yrmmo-nonontnoro, courammcx c
asaxnrntnocrtm, arccnnnocrtm, nxo craxamn.
ocoo +monnonantno-nancrnnno cocroxnn nnunocrn, raxo xax cosnann unonxa, xoroo
onnrnonano na aconmrnt nnnocrn 44<. 680<. ;0/80 n annsannm nx n nmrno-nncooasno xrntnocrn n
omnn. nnyrnnxx n nnmnxx axrnnnocrt nnunocrn n xonxrntx connantntx, connantno
ncnxonornucxnx ycnonnxx. nonnmann nnnnnom cmtcna xnsnn, connantntx nnnocr n nom, or
xorotx sanncnr nto nnnnn nonnnx.
noxnnt anaromo-]nsnonornucxn oconnocrn nnno cncrmt n mosra, cocrannxmmn nnonym
ocnony asnnrnx cnoconocr.
u ycrounno orxnonnn n cosnannn n nonnnn r, oycnonnnno
ornnarntntm nnnxnnm ct n nocrarxamn nocnnrannx.
u cnnnantnax rynxrnnnax cncrma crannnsannn nnunocrn, nanannnnax na ycrannn
nnn cnnn x mnnnmymy uyncrna rnorn, cnxsannoro c ocosnannm xon]nnxra.
u ornocnrntno ycrounno +monnonantno nxnnann n ocosnann
nnnnnom nosmoxnocrn yonnrnonnx ocnonntx nornocr n ocnunnocrn, cocrnnntx nan n nmo, ax nnaronnxrno
cnryannn, n nn nosnnxnonnnn ocroxrntcrn, cnocontx noxnonart nnn sarynnrt nx annsannm.
u cocroxnn ymnnoro narononyunx, xaaxrno orcyrcrnnm onsnnntx ncnxnucxnx
noxnnnn n ocnunnamm axnarnym ycnonnxm crnnrntnocrn rynxnnm nonnnx n xrntnocrn.
FB (no . . trorcxomy) acxoxnn n yonn rynocrn saau, mamtx nxom
camocroxrntno (yonnt axryantnoro asnnrnx) n no yxonocrnom nsocntx (sona nnxamro asnnrnx).
F ntaxnno orcranann n ncnxnucxom asnnrnn, cnxx crnnt onnro]nnn.
nnno, nmmm naymnn soontx co croxnm accrocrnom ]ynxnn orannsma, oycnonnnno
saonnannxmn, nocncrnnxmn ranm nnn ]xramn, nnnoxmnmn x orannunnm xnsnxrntnocrn n ntstnamm noxonmocrt
ro connantno samnrt.
-F nnnnn n nosacr o 18 nr nxnmunrntno c orxnonnnxmn n ]nsnucxom nnn ncnxnucxom
asnnrnn, nmmmn orannunn xnsnxrntnocrn, oycnonnnno noxnntmn, nacncrnnntmn nnn nnornntmn
saonnannxmn, nocncrnnxmn ranm n ntstnamm noxonmocrt ro connantno samnrt.
nnrrantno cnocrno nnunocrn, conoxynnocrt nnnnnyantno-ncnxonornucxnx oconnocr,
nammnx ynnxantno, nnonronmo.
ycrounnax, nnnnnyantno-cnnn]nucxax cncrma ornocnrntno
onoontx nnmon, cnocoon, mroon, ccrn, nantxon ntnonnnnx ro nnn nno xrntnocrn.
axrnnno nxnmunn nnn c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn
xnsnxrntnocrn n asnnunt c]t xrntnocrn n xnsnn omcrna.
Fu u oyunn n nocnnrann r c
asnnuntmn ]xramn ncnxnucxoro n ]nsnucxoro asnnrnx n yuxnnxx om cncrmt oasonannx nmcr c nomantno
asnnnammnmncx rtmn nn nannunn nnnnnyantntx ccrn xoxnnn ]xra.
ornocnrntno ycrounnax cryxrya cnoconocr, n ocnon xoroo nxar xax cosnarntnt, rax n
ccosnarntnt noncct, ocnunnammn naorxy asnoxaucrnnno nn]omannn n ocosnannym onnxy.
nxo nsnn nnyrt. ornacno . . trorcxomy, ncxxax unonucxax ]oma ncnxnxn
nnonauantno cxnatnarcx xax nnmnxx, connantnax ]oma omnnx mxy nmtmn, xax ryonax nnn nnax xrntnocrt, a nnmt
sarm n syntrar nnrnonsannn cranonnrcx xomnonnrom ncnxnxn orntnoro nnnnna. coxannn y
nsocntx nm ur ncnxnxn, oconnocr nonnnx, cnocrnnntx rcxomy, mnomcxomy nosacry. snann,
nosnnxamm s ocosnannx nyr n ycnonn ro nonyunnx.
onn ns nnon nnoson, xaaxrntx mnorooasntmn naymnnxmn ncnxnxn, nnrarntno c]t,
uyncrnnrntnocrn n ]ynxnn nnyrnnnx oranon.
conoxynnocrt axnn orannsma na nonxnn, ntaxammcx n nosmmnnn
naymnno ]ynxnnn orannsma sa cur xrntnocrn nnonxnntx cncrm, orntntx oranon nnn nx cocranntx uacr.
rynna onnnntx omnmn nnxmn n saauamn nm, ocrnrmax n noncc conmcrno xrntnocrn
ntcoxoro yonnx asnnrnx.
cornacno . ny nontmnno, xomnncarono asnnrn ]nsnucxnx, ncnxnucxnx n nnunocrntx
xomnonnr, nosmmamm nxorot nocrarox, antnt nnn mnnmt.
G. cornsaR yannonmnnann, sammnn) nonno nnn uacrnuno nosmmnn
noasnnrtx, naymnntx nnn yraunntx ]ynxnn sa cur xaucrnnno ncroxn nnn ycnnnnoro ncnontsonannx coxanntx
]ynxnn.
ncnxnucxo oasonann, noxnnxmmcx n croxo ynnnocrn unonxa n
cocrnnno nnonnonnnocrn xax nnunocrn, cosar asy nx nnornucxnx orxnonnn.
nonoxnrntnax +monnonantno-nnrarntnax axnnx mnanna na noxnnnn nsocnoro,
oconno na ronoc marn, nnno, nnxocnonnnx.
--u mxnomcrnnno xoxnnonno-narornucxo n
xoncyntrannonno-narnocrnucxo yuxnn, oxastnamm nomomt nacnnnm, yuxnnxm n oranam oasonannx,
sanooxannnx n connantno samnrt n onnnnn, asaorx n annsannn +]]xrnnntx m ncnxonoro-mnxo-narornucxoro
noscrnnx, connantno-narornucxo annnrannn n annnrannn r n noocrxon.
cncrma cnocoon noscrnnx omcrna n rynn na nnunocrt nx rynxnnn nonnnx n
nnnnnx ro n coornrcrnn c omnnnxrtmn +ro omnocrn nomamn.
u nocroxnnt +nmnr ymnno xnsnn, xaaxrnt cntnntm cronxnonnnm
nnunn, xnann, ncnxnucxnx cncrm n c] nnunocrn.
noarnnnocrt unonxa antnomy nnn nooaxamomy annnnm rynnt; noxnnxrcx n nsmnnnn
cnoro nonnnx n ycranonox n coornrcrnnn c rmn, xorot antm n asnxn.
ocot, ornocnrntno nnoonxnrntnt nnot onrornsa, nx xorotx xaaxrnt sxn
ncnxonornucxn nsmnnnx.
u connantno xaucrno nnnnna. unonx, nannnt cosnannm, cnocont nxnmuartcx n omcrnnnt
ornomnnx, noasontnart oxyxammn mn n camoro cx.
u nnnnnyantno coxann ncnxnucxoro oraxnnx unonxa, ocosnanamo xax nconantnax
cncrma snann, onnox oraxamtx xnnnn, oxron oxyxamm nnono n connantno ct, n xoroo asnnnarcx ro
xrntnocrt.
235
xaucrno, xaaxrnsymm cxnonnocrt unonxa nnnnctnart ornrcrnnnocrt sa syntrart cno
xrntnocrn: 1) nmnnm cnnam +xcrnantnt. nxsan c raxnmn uramn nnunocrn, xax nynnnocrt n cnonx cnnax,
xon]omnocrt, arccnnnocrt n . 2) ocrnnntm ycnnnxm n cnoconocrxm nnrnantnt. unonx nnnnmar ornrcrnnnocrt sa
noncxoxm c nnm cotrn, oxcnxx nx cnonm nonnnm, omnxamn. naronornucxo cocroxnn
nnunocrn, saxnmuammcx n usntuano nnrarntno nosynmocrn, ycxonnn rmna n n ro x nmx n ynomnnn mtmnnnx, ro
cxauxooasnocrn, n axyrannsannn nornocrn n noxnnnnn cnoro n cncrm mxnnunocrntx ornomnn, n nontmnnom, nnora
nncronom nacronnn, n crmnnnn x annsannn xaxo-ro nnn.
- ncnxnucxo saonnann, norxamm n nn nncrynon (]as)
nonnxnnx (nccnx) nnn nontmnnn (mannx) nacronnx; nn cmxrunnom, n sxo ntaxnnom runnn +ro *($"0"3
cnonranno xonann nacronn.
ncnxnucxo cocroxnn, xaaxrnsymmcx nontmnntm, ncntm nacronnm, nycrounnocrtm nnnmannx,
unnrarntntm nosyxnnm.
xonxrno nonnomnn mroa ntaorannt cnoco orannsannn nsanmocrnnx cyxra n oxra
nccnonannx na ocnon xonxrnoro marnana n xonxrno nonyt.
cncrma nnnnnnon n cnocoon orannsannn n nocronnx rornucxo n naxrnucxo xrntnocrn,
a raxx yunn o +ro cncrm.
nnt, an noyxnnax x ocymcrnnnnm xaxnm-ro mornnom, co nmnm
nnorar camocroxrntnym noynrntnym cnny, cama cranonnrcx mornnom.
conoxynnocrt nnmnnx nnn nnyrnnnx ycnonn, ntstnammnx axrnnnocrt cyxra n onnxmmnx
nanannnnocrt.
cyxrnnnax nnunna, nnoccrnnno noyxammax unonxa x ntoy roro nnn nnoro cnocoa crnnx n ro
ocymcrnnnnx.
anromarnsnonanno crnn, c]omnonanno nyrm nonronn.
u noncc n syntrar nnornnx nnnnnyantnoro ontra.
B ]nsnucxo, ymnno n connantno nnarononyun, cnxsanno c nor, anomann,
accrocrnom ncnxonornucxo, ]nsnonornucxo, anaromnucxo cryxryt nnn ]ynxnnn orannsma unonxa.
rynna nanon acnocrannntx nnno-ncnxnucxnx accrocrn, ncnxornntx no nno.
saonnann ns rynnt nnoson, nn xoroom ntaxnno ocnannn xrntnocrn nnno cncrmt
noxnnxrcx n nontmnno asaxnrntnocrn, yromnxmocrn, yrar cnoconocrn x nnrntnomy ymcrnnnomy n ]nsnucxomy
nanxxnnm.
crmnnn no uro t ro nn crano nunrt mnnnm ontmnncrna n nocrynart nornnononoxntm
oasom, n cunraxct nn c um. Fu nnnnnyantnt noxasarnn cxoocrn n xaucrna ycnonnx unonxom snann,
ymnn n nantxon n noncc oyunnx. Fu nnnanannnnt noncc ]omnonannx snann, ymnn n nantxon n cncrm
yunrnt-yunnx. u orxnonnn n nnunocrnom asnnrnn nnnnna or nomt ncncrnn
naymnnx soontx, xaaxrnsymmcx orannunnm cnoconocrn ocymcrnnxrt camoocnyxnnann, nnnxnn, onnrannm,
omnn, xonront sa cnonm nonnnm, yunn n ryonym xrntnocrt. syntrar uyncrnnno-+mnnnucxoro oraxnnx n
unonucxo ncnxnx oxrnnno crnnrntnocrn, ntaxammcx n nncrn snann, nantxon, ymnn, cncrma
ncrannnnn o mn, cnxsannax c nnnm n nyum yym. nonnn, orxnonxmmcx or r-
onann connantntx nom. cnonann xaxomy-nno nnmy, oasny. u onacrt
naxrnucxoro nnmnnnx ncnxonornn, onnrnonannax na nontmnn connantno-ncnxonornucxo xomnrnrnocrn nm.
3 uacrt mnxo-connantno +xcnrnst, ncrannxmmax coo cnnnannsnonannym no-
nyy nsyunnx n noxrnocrno onnxn nnronocrn nnnnna x onnannm onnnno no]ccnn n ocrnxnnm onnnnoro
yonnx macrcrna. onsnnno accrocrno ncnxnxn, xaaxrno xan nmnrntnocrtm, oxsnnnocrtm,
mnnrntnocrtm, cxnonnocrtm x nanxsunntm nxm. ncnxnucxn xnnnnx, cnocrnnnt ontno nnunocrn n
nsyuamt naroncnxonorn n acnxr nx cymnocrn n ncnxnarn n acnxr nx nunnx.
u xrntnocrt no ncnannnnm (xoxrnonx) rx oconnocr ncnxnucxoro
asnnrnx, xorot no nnnxro cncrm xnrnn n coornrcrnymr onrnmantno monn.
nonya onnnnx oconnocr axryantnoro ncnxnucxoro cocroxnnx n nornnnantntx
oconnocr ncnxnucxoro n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx.
conoxynnocrt asnooasntx nantntx n nnantntx ncnxonornucxnx noscrnn, nanannnntx
na +monnn, cyxnnx, camocosnann unonxa nn ncnxnucxnx, nnntx n ncnxocomarnucxnx saonnannxx, c nntm ycrannnx
onsnnntx orxnonnn n nsnunnx.
(r. praxis crnn) orannsonanno, xoonnnonanno cosnarntno crnn. axcnc moxr naymartcx
nn asnnuntx noaxnnxx rononnoro mosra (cm. O.
u cnoco nonnnx, nosmoxnocrt ocymcrnnnnx xorooro n onnnno cnryannn nnorar cnny
nornocrn.
crmnnn nnunocrn ocrnrnyrt onnnnoro craryca, onnnno ynn, onnnnoro syntrara.
naronornx xaaxra, nn xoroo y cyxra nanmarcx naxrnucxn noarnmax ntaxnnocrt
cnocrn, nnxrcrnymmnx ro aanrannn n connantno c.
u cncrma cosnarntntx axron, crnn, nanannnntx na noxann, ocrnxnn
noxonmoro ncnxnucxoro cocroxnnx, ynannnn cno ncnxnxo.
noncc cnxrnx crccontx narysox, ncnxnucxoro nanxxnnx, ocrnxnn cocroxnnx noxox,
accnannnocrn nocn cnntntx nxnnann nnn ]nsnucxnx narysox.
nanannnno, saxonomno, xonnucrnnno-xaucrnnno xoncryxrnnno nsmnnn n ]omnonann
marnantntx n nantntx oxron, cnxsanno c noasonannm nx cryxryt, syntrarom xorooro xnnxrcx conmncrnonann.
naronornucxo ]omnonann nnunocrn y r c rxxntmn ]xramn snnx, cnyxa,
onono-nnrarntnoro annaara, nn xorotx nocrarox cncontx crnmynon ntstnar xnnnnx nnnannn n naymnnx
+monnonantno c]t.
F nnnanannnnt noncc, ocymcrnnxmt c nomomtm mnnnncxnx ccrn, a raxx nosmoxnocr
cnnnantnoro oyunnx, nocnnrannx n no]ccnonantno nororonxn, nanannnntx na ycrannn nnn cmxrunn ]xron asnnrnx.
noncc annnrannn xomnncnymrcx ]ynxnnn, naymnnt onsntm.
F nnnanannnnt noncc nosnamnnx unonxa, nonyunnmro nnnannnocrt nnn
nmmmro r nnn nnt xnsnnnt orannunnx, n noyxrnnnym nonnonnnym connantnym xnsnt, nxnmunnx ro n cncrmy
omcrnnntx ornomnn n xo cnnnantntm oasom orannsonannoro oyunnx, nocnnrannx n cosannx nx +roro onrnmantntx
ycnonn, a raxx c nomomtm xomnnxca ncnxorxnnucxnx n narornucxnx ccrn, nanannnntx na nnocrno asnnrn nnnnna
xax nnunocrn n nnax ro ncnxo]nsnucxnx nosmoxnocr.
xomnnxc rocyacrnnntx n omcrnnntx monnxrn, nanannnntx na
noccranonnnn yraunno nncnoconnnocrn unonxa x xonxrntm ycnonnxm ro rya n tra.
]oma ncnxnucxo samnrt, ntaxammaxcx n nosnamnnn x on nnmnrnnnomy, nxo
rcxomy rnny nonnnx n ycnonnxx crccontx cnryann.
nnyrnnxx ncnxnucxax xrntnocrt unonxa, nanannnnax na ocmtcnnn cnonx cocrnnntx crnn
n cocroxnn.
ocymcrnnnn conoxynnocrn crnn, oxnamtx connantntm oxyxnnm.
236
R u rnn nnunocrn, no xnaccn]nxannn . acnoy, nx xoroo xaaxrno
nntnno crmnnn x nosmoxno on nonnomy ntxnnnnm n asnnrnm cnonx nnunocrntx nosmoxnocr.
u cosnarntnt nto n yrnxnn nnunocrtm cno nosnnnn n asnooasntx
nonmntx cnryannxx.
onnxa nnunocrtm camo cx, cnonx nosmoxnocr, xaucrn n mcra cn yrnx nm.
ntcm ntaxnn cosnannx unonxa, noxnnxmmcx n ocosnannn n nxnnannn cncrmt
ncrannnn nnnnna o camom c, nncymnx my connantntx ornomnnxx, nornocrxx, mornnax xrntnocrn, cymnocrn.
cnoconocrt unonxa n onnnnt nosacrnt nnot onrnmantno, tcro
onnanart rmn nnn nntmn nnamn xrntnocrn, ncnxnucxo axrnnnocrn.
u noncc nxoxnnx nnnnna n connantnym cy, onnann nm nantxamn naxrnucxo
n rornucxo xrntnocrn, noasonann antno cymcrnymmnx ornomnn n xaucrnax nnunocrn.
yonnt c]omnonannocrn ycranonox, snann, ymnn n +rnucxnx xaucrn, ocrarount nx
oonontnoro, camocroxrntnoro, ymnoro n ornrcrnnnoro ntnonnnnx nc conoxynnocrn connantntx on, nncymnx nsocnomy
unonxy.
u connantnt nocncrnnx naymnnx soontx nnnnna, ntaxammncx n
orannunnn ro xyntryntx, connantntx, +xonomnucxnx xonraxron co cno co onrannx.
xonxrno noxnnnn omcrnnntx ornomnn, n xorotx asnnnarcx xonxrnax nnunocrt,
connantnax omnocrt.
R raxax orannsannx xnsnxrntnocrn r, n xoroo noxnnxrcx
ramonnuno courann nsanmoornomnnx nxa n connantno ct n xoroax noyxar r trt axrnnntmn n
nnycrmnnntmn. ocnon ]ynxnnonnonannx cnnnantno asnnnamm ct nxnr onrnmantno courann yuno n nrono
xrntnocrn, coxarntnoro n ynnxarntnoro ortxa r c ononmnntm mnnm no asaoranno noramm cnnnantntx
oyuammnx, asnnnammnx, nocnnrarntntx n connantno-annnrannonntx saau.
u nonoxnn nnunocrn n rynn, mcro n ont n cncrm mxnnunocrntx ornomnn,
onnxmm nana, oxsannocrn n nnnnnrnn.
F nnnnnyantnax, ycrounnax ]oma xommynnxarnnnoro nonnnx unonxa, noxnnxmmaxcx n nmtx
ycnonnxx ro nsanmocrnnx c oxyxammnmn nmtmn.
FT u cnoconocrt nnnnna nnamart cocrnnnym xnsnxrntnocrt n nmr
noasonannx. ocrannxmmnmn +roro noncca ntcrynamr ymnnx ynannxrt cnonmn crnnxmn, nnannonart cnocot nx
ntnonnnnx, annsontnart namunnt norammt, xonronnonart n onnnnart syntrart cnonx crnn.
uyncrno mt, cnoconocrt conmart omnnnxrt nomt nnnnunx n cncrm ornomnn mxy nmtmn.
cxnonnocrt nnnnna x nxnnannm rnorn ncnxnucxoro cocroxnnx ocosnannoro nnn
nocosnannoro oxnannx nnnxrnocr.
ycranonxa nnunocrn na onnnnt craryc, ycnx, syntrar xrntnocrn, naxoxmaxcx n
sanncnmocrn or yonnx camoonnxn nnunocrn.
roronnocrt, nacnonoxnnocrt cyxra x ro nnn nno xrntnocrn, nosnnxammax na ocnon nomnoro
ontra n ocnunnammax ycrounnt nnnanannnnt xaaxr norxannx.
cocroxnn roronnocrn nnunocrn x onnnnomy nocnnxrnm n onnx connantntx
xnnnnn, nonccon, cnryann n nonnnm n n.
u 3 cnoconocrt nnnnna coxanxrt cranntnt +monnonantnt ]on n courannn c
axnarntmn +monnonantntmn axnnxmn n asnnuntx xnsnnntx cnryannxx.
ncnxnucxo cocroxnn, ntstnamo oxrnnno nnoonnmtmn (nnn cyxrnnno nocnnnnmamtmn)
rynocrxmn, nosnnxammnmn na nyrn x ocrnxnnm nnn, nnrncnnno nxnnann nyaun.
coxann nanannnnocrn nnunocrn, oycnonnnno cnnn]nxo ycrounntx snaunmtx
onnox oxyxamm crnnrntnocrn, xorot nmmr ntaxnnym +monnonantnym oxamnnocrt.
B ncnxnucxo saonnann, mnorooasno n noxnnnnxx n xaaxrno asnonnm nnunocrn,
samtxannm n cx, naymnnm xonraxra c yrnmn nmtmn n c nnmnnm mnom.
3 nocrnxnn +monnonantnoro cocroxnnx, nonnxnonnn n cymnocrt nxnnannx yroro unonxa.
237

-'/"!$"' ...................................................................................4
1/'$ :
D 4

4
1
-'/0' " 1/&" H-! E!"#$%"&'!"' !() !*"$+(, -'."$"*""
/'', ! %-("&'(()0" 102(!30" 2"1('/'3'$+(!"F ....................................... 6
1.1. mr n saaun xyca..........................................................................................................6
1.2. cnonnt ]axrot n ycnonnx ncnxnucxoro n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx nxa......9
1.3. ronunt naymnnx n ncnxnx xax syntrar noscrnnx connantntx ]axroon...12
1.4. cnxnucxo soont r n noocrxon........................................................................16
#
'/) "1H&'("3 $"&(!" -'.'( ! %-("&'(()0"
102(!30" 2"1('/'3'$+(!" ....................................................................................21
2.1. roonornucxn acnxrt nsyunnx nnunocrn................................................................21
2.2. rot nsyunnx nnunocrn nxa ................................................................................23
2.3. rannsannx nsyunnx nnunocrn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn
xnsnxrntnocrn..............................31
1/'$ ::


7
"&(!+ -'.'( ! %-("&'(()0" 102(!30" 2"1('/'3'$+(!" .................36
3.1. nnnn nnunocrn .....................................................................................................36
3.2. ryxrynt n cncrmnt noxot nccnonannx nnunocrn.........................................39
3.3. onxrn noma n asnnrnn nnunocrn..............................................................................44
3.4. nunnt naymnn n nnunocrnom asnnrnn nxa.....................................................46
3.5. aymnnx nnunocrnoro asnnrnx y r n noocrxon s ncnxnucxo naronornn.49
3.6. aymnnx nnunocrnoro asnnrnx y r n noocrxon c ncnxnucxo naronorn...54
?
*"$+(3 !-'/ " $"&(!+ ...............................................................................................61
4.1. onxrn connantnax ca ............................................................................................61
4.2. rnomnn x rxm c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn n omcrn...63
4.3. anrannx r n noocrxon n connantno c..........................................................66
4.4. asonann r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn...................70
4.5. onmt nnrrannn r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn
n cy soontx r.........................................................................................................76
@
"(!+ $"&(!" -'.'( ! %-("&'(()0" 102(!30"
2"1('/'3'$+(!"................................82
5.1. xrnnnocrt ocnona ycnonnx nnunocrtm omcrnnno-ncronucxoro
ontra .........82
5.2. ornocrn ncrounnx axrnnnocrn nnunocrn ............................................................84
5.3. ornnt. ornnannx nonnnx n xrntnocrn................................................................88
5.4. xrntnocrt n nonnn nxa c orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn ..........90
5.5. cnxonornucxn acnxrt nororonxn r c orxnonnnxmn n asnnrnn x ryy.......93
C
1""' $"&(!" -'.'( ! %-("&'(()0" 102(!30" 2"1('/'3'$+(!"100
6.1. asnnrn nnunocrn. asnnrn nnunocrn nxa c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn....................100
238
6.2. nonsannx asnnrnx nnunocrn ..................................................................................104
6.3. nrnucxn n cnsnrnnnt nnot n asnnrnn nnunocrn..........................................109
6.4. onnannsannx xax rnanno ycnonn asnnrnx nnunocrn .................................................113
6.5. oxnnx ncnxnucxoro n nnunocrnoro asnnrnx r c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn.....................117
6.6. nannnn asnnrnm nnunocrn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn
xnsnxrntnocrn ............................................................................................................124
1/'$ :::

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E
'.'( ! %-("&'(()0" 102(!30" 2"1('/'3'$+(!" !"!'0'
0'2$"&(!()# (L'(", .................................................................................................131
7.1.ynna xax connantno-ncnxonornucxo xnnnn. naccn]nxannx rynn ..................131
7.2. anax rynna. croxn nosnnxnonnnx rynnontx ornomnn n nxorot
oconnocrn nx cranonnnnx y r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn
xnsnxrntnocrn...............................133
7.3. onnnnnn asnnrnx mano rynnt ................................................................................137
7.4. onnxrnn. cnxonornucxax cryxrya rynnt xax xonnxrnna..........141
7.5. xnnunocrnt ornomnnx n rcxnx n noocrxontx rynnax..........143
7.6. rcxax rynna xax cyxr ]omnonannx nnunocrn nxa...........147
J
'" ! %-("&'(()0" 102(!30" 2"1('/'3'$+(!"
!"!'0' !'0',()# (L'(", .........................................................................................155
8.1. mtx nnnunax xuxa
omcrna ............................................................................155
8.2. nox c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n cmt .......................................................160
8.3. onnantno-ncnxonornucxax annnrannx onrn xax mamm ycnonn nx
nororonxn x nocnnrannm nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn.........................163
8.4. onnantno-ncnxonornucxn oconnocrn nocnnrannx r c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn n cmt...................167
8.5. mtx, nmmmax nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn,
n cncrm connantntx ornomnn .....................................................................................172
L
.J'("' 2(',L", 0C('( !*"$+(, -'."$"*"" /'',
! %-("&'(()0" 102(!30" 2"1('/'3'$+(!" .................................................177
9.1. mnn cnnn]nucxax ]oma nsanmocrnnx mxy nmtmn .......................177
9.2. asnnrn un xax ccrna omnnx y r ..............................................................180
9.3. aymnnx n asnnrnn un. nunnt untx naymnn n nx nocncrnnx ........182
9.4. mnn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn co
nsocntmn n cncrnnxamn .............................................................................................187
9.5. ynocrn nxa c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn n omnnn .........191
1M
*"$+(>-'."$"*"((3 /'3'$+(!+.
"&(!+ !C'*"$"! C !*"$+(, -'."$"*"" /'',
! %-("&'(()0" 102(!30" 2"1('/'3'$+(!"...................................................197
10.1. onxrn connantno-annnrannonno xrntnocrn ...............................................197
10.2. cnonnt nanannnnx n no]ccnonantno xrntnocrn cnnnanncra no
connantno annnrannn r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn
xnsnxrntnocrn .........................................................................................................201
10.3. nunocrt cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn r c orannunntmn
nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn ...............................................................................207
10.4. o]ccnonantnax xomnrnrnocrt cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn
r c orannunntmn nosmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn ....................................211
239
10.5. oantno-+rnucxn acnxrt n aor cnnnanncra no connantno annnrannn
r c orannunntmn osmoxnocrxmn xnsnxrntnocrn ..................................216
$Q&'("'...............................................................................................................................224
'( .................................................................................................................229
uno nsann
onn ntnu

rnuarano c nanosnrnnon, nsroronnnntx nsarntcrnom ocnmnn. anoronax

ntrora moccncxn xnaccn]nxaro noyxnnn 005-93953000. s. nnn. nx N
05824 or 12.09.01. onncano x nuarn 31.07.2002. omar 609 1/
16
. Fymara o]crnax N 1.
annrya AcademyC. uart o]crnax. cn. nu. n. 28. cn. x.-orr. 28,5. nax 1000 +xs. axas
4353
antno rocyacrnnno ynnrano nnnxrn ona yonoro acnoro namnn
sarntcrno ocnmnn nnncrcrna occncxo annn no nam nuarn,
rnanonmannx n ccrn maccontx xommynnxann.
127521. ocxna, 3- nos atnno omn, 41.
nanoncxax onacrnax rnnora]nx nnncrcrna occncxo annn no nam nuarn,
rnanonmannx n ccrn maccontx xommynnxann. 153008, r. nanono, yn. nnora]cxax, 6.
-mai: 091-018 adminet.ianoo.ru
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