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in
Gemini Communication Company Confidential
Ver 1.0
Gemini Communication Ltd.
Gemini Communication Ltd.
Innovation & Leadership
Innovation & Leadership
Basics of VSAT Technology
Ref. 1020007100
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Gemini Communication Company Confidential
Ver 1.0
VSAT Networks Planning &
Implementation
Data as on June,06 3
Ver 01
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Gemini Communication Company Confidential
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General Contents
VSAT Overview
Applications
Benefits
Network Characteristics
Access Techniques
Network Planning
VSAT Antennas
Ver 01
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Demodulator
Modulator
Base Band
Controller
Network
Interface
LNA
Frequency Converter
Power Amplifier
Coaxial Cable
VSAT Networks Definition
Very Small Aperture Terminal
Intelligent satellite earth station
Ver 01
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Applications
Retail Networks
Point-of-Sale (PoS)
Banking, inventory
Lottery/Gaming
Reservations
Corporate Networks
Internet/Intranet access
Corporate voice
File transfers
Video-conferencing
Rural Telephony and
Network Extensions
PSTN extensions
Payphones
WLL interconnections
High-speed Internet access
Browsing
E-mail
Internet trunking
E-commerce
Video Applications
Distance Learning
Data as on June,06 6
Ver 01
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Application - Video
Requires High BER Performance in the Link
(1x10
-10
)
Data Rates Range
384 kb/s (video conferencing) to 8.448 mb/s (TV
station quality)
Traffic Planning
Application
SNG (large carrier requires large HPA)
Receive-only antenna (reduced capital cost)
Ver 01
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e.g. 2 Mb/s e.g. 2 Mb/s
Network
Access
Point
e.g. 2 Mb/s e.g. 2 Mb/s
e.g. 8 Mb/s e.g. 8 Mb/s
Local
ISP
Internet Internet
Application - Internet
Ver 01
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VSAT Networks Benefits
Low Terminal Cost
Inexpensive indoor electronics
Distance Insensitive
Re-configurable
Flexible
Move the office location - move the
dish within coverage
Fast and Easy
Installation
Commissioning
Small, inexpensive, un-manned
Operation
Expansion
Ver 01
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VSAT Networks Benefits
Autonomous System
Independent from PSTN
Superior Quality
High reliability
No last mile Problem
Bandwidth Optimization => cost-effective
solutions
Asymmetric Configurations
Internet traffic
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VSAT Networks -
Network Characteristics
Data as on June,06 11
Ver 01
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VSAT Networks Characteristics
Several Locations Linked via Satellite
Number of Locations:
A few to thousands of sites
Satellite Connectivity:
Same transponder configuration for
each sub-network
Type of Links:
Shared bandwidth pool
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VSAT Networks Characteristics
Frequency Band
C and Ku-bands
Network Topology
Star and Mesh
Typical Dish Sizes
C-band: 1.8 - 2.4 m
Ku-band: 0.9 - 1.8 m
Typical Amplifier Sizes
C-band: 1 - 10 W
Ku-band: 1 - 5 W
Modulation Techniques
BPSK, QPSK, MSK
Forward Error
Correction
1/2 FEC, 3/4 FEC,
and others
Satellite Access
Scheme
FDMA, TDMA, and
combination
Demand Assignment
Method:
DAMA, PAMA
Ver 01
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VSAT Networks Frequency
C-band Ku-band

Benefits
- Available Everywhere
- Wide Global Coverage
- Less rain attenuation

- Higher Satellite Power available
- Small Antennas
- Smaller Amplifiers

Points to
consider
- Terrestrial Interference
- Low Antenna G/T
- High Rain Attenuation
- Limited Coverage Area
Ver 01
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VSAT Networks Typical Architecture
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Outdoor Unit (ODU)
Communications Equipment
Hub Antenna
Larger Earth Station
VSAT Traffic Terminal
Small remote dish
Indoor Unit (IDU)
VSAT Traffic Terminal
Indoor Electronics
VSAT vendor-specific equipment
Interface to application-specific user
terminals
VSAT Networks - Components
Indoor Unit (IDU)
Hub Traffic Terminal
Network Management System
(NMS)
Supervises and monitors
the system
Network Control Computer
(NCC)
Controls entire operation of
the network
Indoor Electronics
VSAT vendor-specific
equipment
Host Computer
NMS
HUB
Baseband
Information Center
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Hub
Remotes
Healthy
Unwell
VSAT Networks Network Management System
(NMS)
Equipment Configuration and Frequency: Assignment of in/out-
bound channels
Network Monitoring and Control: Health check and switch-over
Network Statistics Collection: Usage, performance and traffic
loading
Network Diagnosis: Loop back tests
Trouble Shooting/Report Generation: Alarm printouts,
configuration, periodic, statistical reports
Actual Network Computer that Contains Links to all Network
Management Screens
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VSAT Networks
Access Techniques
Data as on June,06 18
Ver 01
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FREQUENCY
POWER GUARDBANDS
CARRIERS
ALLOCATED
BANDWIDTH
A) FDMA
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FREQUENCY
POWER GUARDBANDS
CARRIERS
ALLOCATED
BANDWIDTH
C) FTDMA
T
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G
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FREQUENCY
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POWER
CARRIER
ALLOCATED
BANDWIDTH
D) SCPC
T
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FREQUENCY
POWER
T
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G
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BURSTS
ALLOCATED
BANDWIDTH
B) TDMA
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VSAT Access Techniques
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Gemini Communication Company Confidential
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VSAT Networks
Network Planning
Data as on June,06 20
Ver 01
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Competitive Solution
Technology
Customer
Requirement
Timing
Performance
Satellite
Capacity
Implementation Plan
Implementation
Cost
Maintenance
Cost
VSAT Decision Drivers
Data as on June,06 21
Ver 01
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Gemini Communication Company Confidential
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Customer Requirement:Traffic
Applications: Voice, Data, Video
Number Of Sites in the Network and Number of Users
Per Site
Location of Sites: Satellite and Connectivity
Requirements
Network Topology: Star or Mesh
Protocols: ATM,Frame Relay, IP, X.25, ISDN
Signaling Requirements for Voice: R2, SS7
Quality for Voice
Maximum Carrier Requirement
Bandwidth requirement, peak traffic requirements
Link Availability Requirement
Blocking probability
Equipment and link availability
Data as on June,06 22
Ver 01
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Customer Requirement: Equipment
What are Equipment Characteristics?
What are the Frequency Requirements?
C-band, Ku-band
What are the Terminal Requirements?
Maximum antenna size
Data as on June,06 23
Ver 01
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Possible VSAT Equipment
Customer Requirements will Determine:
Network topology
Traffic type & size
Required interfaces
Existing equipment to be taken into
consideration
Ver 01
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VSAT Planning Factors
Traffic Analysis
Carrier
Sizing
Link
Budget
Space Segment
Requirements & Costs
Equipment
Requirements & Costs
VSAT Equipment
Specifications
Space Segment
Parameters
Performance Criteria
Response Time for Data &
Grade of Service for Voice
Data as on June,06 25
Ver 01
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Traffic Analysis Factors
Data Rate
Chosen voice/video compression
voice: 4.8 kb/s to 16 kb/s
video: 256 kb/s (video conferencing) to 8 Mb/s
(studio quality)
Peak hour data rate + length of the peak hours
Internet user type
Low-end: 64 kb/s
High-end: 256 kb/s and higher
Number of carriers
Blocking probability (voice)
Peak traffic requirement
number of voice channels and traffic in Erlang during
peak hour
Data as on June,06 26
Ver 01
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Gemini Communication Company Confidential
Ver 1.0
P
o
w
e
r
Bandwidth
Reqd. BW
VSAT Network
Large Station
Network
Reqd. BW
Network Planning:
Specific Lease Resources
Network Design:
Equipment Characteristics
Modulation Technique
Coding
Access Technique
Data Rates
Number of Carriers
Size of Earth Station (G/T)
Quality of Service:
Rain Margin
Clear-sky Eb/No
Network Availability
Power
Equivalent
Bandwidth
Transmission
Plan
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VSAT Networks:
Antennas
Ver 01
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6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
36
32
28
24
20
16
12
8
4
0
40
7
14.25 GHz
32 - 25 log (angle) 29 - 25 log (angle)
Angle (deg.)
d
B

d
o
w
n

f
r
o
m

4
3
.
4

d
B
Beamwidth in
Degrees
Antenna Gain
Antenna
(m)

C-Band

Ku-Band

C-Band

Ku-Band
Gain
at 3
2.4 1.40 0.62 41.6 49.1 20.1
1.8 1.94 0.83 39.1 46.1 20.1
1.6 2.19 0.94 38.1 45.5 20.1
1.2 2.92 1.25 35.6 43.0 20.1


VSAT Antenna Restrictions
Antenna Size and Radiation Pattern
Ver 01
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VSAT Type Approved Antennas
Intelsat Type Approved Antennas:
Highly recommended
Certification of performance of production model
Benefits
Reduces or eliminates Intelsat operational tests
Lower cost
Guaranteed performance
GX Standard
Data as on June,06 30
Ver 01
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Gemini Communication Company Confidential
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VSAT Solutions
Creating the Right Portfolio of Services to Meet All Your
Needs
VSAT Solutions: Cost-effective and complete solution
for private mesh or star network service via
partnership with leading VSAT vendors
Leases: Highly flexible service, providing bandwidth
and satellite power to suit any application
Carrier Services: Pre-engineered digital circuits with a
guaranteed service quality equal to fiber. Designed to
carry high quality point-to-point business applications
using off-the-shelf equipment.
Dedicated or shared
Data as on June,06 31
Ver 01
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Gemini Communication Company Confidential
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Complete, convenient, time-saving VSAT network solutions
The Right Portfolio:
VSAT Solutions
Customized VSAT solution for any need
VSAT equipment recommendation
Cost optimization of equipment and bandwidth
Network design support
Service flexibility
Scalability
Global connectivity
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Access Techniques
Ver 01
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Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

VSAT - Access Techniques

Ver 01
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FDMA Network
Transponder Layout:
Carriers access the transponder:
- At the same Time
- At a different Frequency
Frequency
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TDMA Network
Transponder Layout:
Carriers access the transponder:
- At a different Time
- At the same Frequency
B
u
r
s
t
F
r
a
m
e
Carrier #1
Carrier #2
Bursts in
Carrier #1
Bursts in
Carrier #2
Data as on June,06 36
Ver 01
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Gemini Communication Company Confidential
Ver 1.0
Frequency
Power
T
i
m
e
Inbound Carriers
Outbound Carriers
B) SCPC / DAMA Networks
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Frequency
Power
C) FTDMA Networks
T
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Carriers
Outbound
Carrier
Frequency
Power
T
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m
e
Inbound
Carriers
Inbound
Bursts
#
3
#
4
#
2
A) TDM / TDMA or FTDMA Networks
VSAT Networks Access Techniques
Bandwidth Allocation Examples
Data as on June,06 37
Ver 01
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Gemini Communication Company Confidential
Ver 1.0
VSAT Networks Access Techniques
Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA)
Remotes request a time slot or a frequency to
transmit
their traffic
NMS attributes each remote a time slot or a
frequency to transmit this traffic
The attributed frequency or time slot will not be
released until the end of the transmission
Ver 01
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Gemini Communication Company Confidential
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Network Traffic
VSAT
Control
Channels
Traffic
Channels
Pool

VSAT
NMCC
Network Control
VSAT
DAMA
Data as on June,06 39
Ver 01
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Gemini Communication Company Confidential
Ver 1.0
Access Techniques
Aloha
Random packet transmission
Acknowledgement of the received packets by the
hub
Slotted-Aloha
Improvement of the Aloha technique by
implementing time slots
Each VSAT will be synchronized with the master
clock of the hub
Dedicated Access (DA-TDMA)
The hub allocates time slots to each VSAT for the
length of its required transmission
Data as on June,06 40
Ver 01
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Gemini Communication Company Confidential
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Thank You
Contact : info@gcl.in