.

Skin
Mucous membranes
Natural killer cells
Phagocytotic cells (macrophages and dendritic
cells)
Fever
Inflammation
Complement

HCl and other acids
Defensins: destroy bacterial cell walls
Lysozyme; enzyme that hydrolyses cell walls
Complement: blood plasma proteins that aid
in bacterial removal
Interferons; Signals from leukocytes and viral
infected cells that promote Natural Killer cells

Lymphocytes
T cells: several types survey for infected host
cells
B cells and plasma cells: produce antiboides
Communication chemicals between leukocytes
(interleukins)
Stimulate inflammation
Stimulate production of B and T cells and
Natural Killer cells
Interferons which activate macrophages
Inhibitors
Antiviral activity
Neutrophil, eosinophil activation
Leukocyte proliferation in general

IgG: Great Immune response (specific).
IgA: Plasma cells produce this as general
protection in mucosa of digestive, respiratory
and reproductive systems.
IGM: Initial specific response to a pathogen.
IgE: allergic reaction; promotes inflammation.
IgD: B cell activation
Stimulate complement activation

Opsonization: Phagocytotic cells consume
pathogen labeled with an antibody

NK cell activation: bond to virus infected cells
and stimulate natural killer cells to use perforin
to lyse the host cells.
Apoptosis

MHC I: self recognition

MHC II: pathogen recognition
Macorphages

Dendirtic cells

With gamma interferon: Fibroblasts and
endothelium can also become APC

Blood
Interstitial Fluid
Lymph
Lymph nodes

Tonsils

Thymus

Speen

Appendix




Major organs of the
Lymphatic System
include the
Thymus, Tonsils
and Spleen.
Lymph drains from
capillaries to vessels
to trunks to cisterna
chyli.
Lymph drains into the
subclavian veins. The
right head, upper thoracic
and arm drain to the right
subclavian vein via the
right lymphatic duct. The
rest of the body drains
into left subclavian vein
via the thoracic duct.
Anchoring Filaments
Lymphatic system within
the Digestive Tract
Lacteal
Lymphatic vessel
Right Lymphatic Duct
(drains into right
subclavian vein)

Thoracic Duct
(drains into left
subclavian vein)

Lymphatic Trunk
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue
ileum, appendix, spleen, tonsils, respiratory
system.

Macrophages, lymphocytes IgA secreting
plasma cells.

70% of structural immune system
Lymph Node Cartoon
afferent
efferent
Inner cortex
Outer cortex
Both circulate in and out if blood and from
lymph node to lymph node

B activated by Follicular Dendrtic Cells (FDC)
proliferate in germinal centers

T activated by Antigen Presenting Cells (APC)
proliferate in paracortex (not as much as B)
Lymph Node
Subcapsular sinus
Outer Cortex
Lymphatic capsule
Lymph Node
Subcapsular sinus
Outer Cortex
Inner Cortex
Lymphatic capsule
Lymph Node
Subcapsular sinus
Outer Cortex
Hilus & efferent vessel
Inner Cortex
Lymphatic capsule
Lymph Node
Subcapsular sinus
Outer Cortex
Hilus & efferent vessel
Inner Cortex
Medulla with Medullary cords
Lymphatic capsule
Outer
Cortex
Subcapsular
Sinus
Outer
Cortex
Inner
Cortex
Subcapsular
Sinus
Lymphatic follicle
Outer
Cortex
Inner
Cortex
Subcapsular
Sinus
Lymphatic follicle
Outer
Cortex
Inner
Cortex
Medulla
Subcapsular
Sinus
Germinal Center
Medullary cord
Medullary cords extend from paracortex.
B and T lymphocytes and plasma cells

Medullary sinus
Reticular tissue meshwork
Macrophages, sometimes neutrophils if
infection occurs here.

From reticular fibers

Phagocytotic

Fibroblast


Pancreas
Red pulp: blood sinuses
Open vs closed circulation

White pulp: B and T lymphocytes
T lymphocytes in periarteriolar Lymphoid
sheets (PALS)
B lymphocytes: Germinal centers and
regions immediately external to PALS
White pulp
White pulp
Central artery
Red pulp
White pulp
Central artery
Central Artery
Thymus
Prevents autoimmunity
Produces mature T cells until puberty
Decreases in function and structure with age:
becomes filled with adipose tissue.

Contains lymphoblasts
Thymic epithelial cells (cross between
reticular cells and epithelium.

Hassals corpuscle: cytokines promote T cell
development.

Squamous TEC: create blood thymus barrier
preventing exposure of T lymphocytes to
antigens.

Cytoreticulum: keratin filaments
Macrophages and developing T cells attached
here.
Cortico-medullary barrier: region between
lobules



Borne in B one marrow but mature in thymus

99% destroyed here

CD4: self recognition (helper T);
CD8 =antigen recognition develop here.

Only cells with both proteins mature to blood
stream via venules.
Medulla
Medulla
Cortex
Cortex
Medulla
Cortex
Medulla
Cortex
Hassalls
Corpscule