3

" "
- . . .
,

(, ..) ,
 , (), .
,
, , .
.

, , , .
. . ,
,
.
,  , 
.

.
.
  ,
, ,
.

1
:
2- u (x, y).
1.
II- , :

a11 uxx + 2a12 uxy + a22 uyy + f (ux , uy , u, x, y) = 0

(1.1)

:
) O , ( - ). ,
(1.1) :
D = a212 a11 a22 > 0 - ,
D = a212 a11 a22 < 0 - ,
D = a212 a11 a22 = 0 - () .
) : ( ):
a11 (dy)2 2a12 dydx + a22 (dx)2 = 0.
- :

(x, y) = const.
(x, y) = const.

. : = (x, y), = (x, y) (1.1)

:

u, + f1 (u , u , u, , ) = 0.

=
:

+
;
2

(1.2)

u u + f2 (u , u , u, , ) = 0.

.
2
(1.3)

(1.2) (1.3)
() .
 () (x, y) = ? (x, y). =
?
?
= +
2 , = 2i (1.1) :

u + u + f3 (u , u , u, , ) = 0.
( ) , (x, y) = (x, y) = (x, y), = (x, y), (x, y)
(x, y) - :

x y
6 0.
=
x y .

(1.1) :

u + u + f (u , u, , ) = 0.
: 1-2

uxx + xuyy = 0.
:

D = x > 0.
.. x < 0 - (xy).
:

D = x < 0.
.. x > 0 - .
:

(dy)2 + x(dx)2 = 0,

(dy) = x dx.
:
3
2
(x, y) = y + (x) 2 = const.
3
3
2
(x, y) = y (x) 2 = const.
3

(1.4)

x < 0
, ( ). :

+
= y,
2

2
=
= (x)3/2 .
2
3
, :

(x = 0; y = 1; x = x, y = 0),

ux = u x + u x = xu ,

1
1
uxx =
u x [(u ) x + u x ] =
u + (x)u ,
2 x
2 x
uy = u y + u y = u ,
=

uyy = u y + u y = u ,
u
uxx + xuyy =
xu + xu = 0.
2 x
:

u u

1
u = 0.
2(x) x

, 2(x)3/2 = 3 , :

u u

1
u = 0.
3

(x > 0) :

2
i x = ?,
3
2
(x, y) = y i x
3
().
:
(x, y) = y +

+ ?
=
= y,
2
2
?
= (x)3/2 ,
=
2i
3

x = 0; y = 1; x =

x; y = 0,

ux = u x + u x = x u ,

1
1
uxx = u + x (u x + u x ) = u + xu ,
2 x
2 x
uy = u y + u y = u ; uyy = u y + u y = u .
, :

1
uxx + xyyy = u + xy + xu = 0.
2 x

, 2x x = 3 , :
u + u +

1
u = 0.
3

2.
.
( a11 , a12 , a22 , b, c, d
):

a11 uxx +2a12 uxy +a22 uyy +b ux +c uy +du+f (x, y) = 0.

(2.0)

- , ..
D = a212 a11 a22 . , D, ,
a12 , a11 , a22
(x, y).
, D > 0, .. ( ).
(2.0) ( , , , , u f (x, y)). :

u + b1 u + c1 u + d1 u + f1 (, ) = 0.

(2.1)

c . u(, )
v(, ) :

u(, ) = v(, ) e+ .

(2.2)

c
() v . , (2.2)
(2.1):

u = (v + v) e+ ,
u = (v + v) e+ ,
u = [v + v + (v + v) ] e+ ,
v (, ) :

v + ( + b1 ) v + ( + c1 ) v + ( + b1 + c1 + d1 ) v + f2 () = 0.

f2 (, ) = f1 (, ) e(+) .

= b1 ,
= c1 .

( v ).

v + (d1 c1 b1 ) v + f1 (, ) e(c1 +b1 ) = 0.

(), v (, ) .
: :

uxx + 2uxy + ux + u = 0.

(2.3)

1) D = 1 > 0 - .
2) .

(dy)2 2 dydx = dy (dy 2dx) = 0.

: y = const, y 2x = const.
:

=y
= y 2x

x = 0,
x = 2,

y = 1.
y = 1.

ux = 2u ,
uxx = 4u ,
uxy = 2u 2u .

(2.3.) :

1
1
4u + 2u u = 0 u + u u = 0.
2
4

(2.4)

: u = v e+ .

u = (v + v) e+ ,
u u = [v + v + (v + v)] e+ .
(2.4)

u + u

1
1
1
+
+ v + +
2
2
4

v = 0.

v = 0,

1
= .
2

- v():

1
v = 0.
4

10

3
.
,
, ,
.
.
II-1. .

, t = 0 ( )
. ,
(
),
t > 0.
:
) ,
) .
1) . , ,
. (, x),
() .
l.
x = 0, x = l.
2) . x,
u.
u x t:

u = u(x, t).
,  .
3) .
- - . -

11

(
):

a2 uxx = utt .
4) ()
.
() - , ..
, ..

u (0, t) = 0,
u (l, t) = 0.
() - . , .
( ), .. .
, ( ):

u
| ux (0, t) = 0,
x 0
ux (l, t) = 0.
5) ( t = 0)
(x) (x) :

u(x, 0) = (x),
u
| ut (x, 0) = (x).
t 0
, II-1 :
: a2 uxx = utt .
:
(): u (0, t) = 0 u (l, t) = 0, (): ux (0, t) =
0 ux (l, t) = 0.
:
u (x, 0) = (x) ut (x, 0) = (x),

12

0 x l;

0 t.

, ()
f (x, t),
, .
III-1.

l ,
. , :
) () ,
) .
1. - x .
2. - u;
u
, .. u = u(x, t).
. ()
0, - l.
3. ( ) :

a2 uxx = ut .

a , ( a = const).
4. :
(): u (0, t) = T1 , u (l, t) = T2 , T1 T2 -
.
().
, () :

u
ux (0, t) = q1 ,
x
ux (l, t) = q2 .
q1 q2 - .

13

5.
t = 0 :

u (x, 0) = (x).
,
:
a2 uxx = ut .
:
() - ( ) - u (0, t) = T1 ; u (l, t) = T2 .
() - ( ) - ux (0, t) = q1 ; ux (l, t) =
q2 .
(!).

u (x, 0) = (x),
0 x l,

0 t.

, ()
()
f (x, t), ( ).

2.

( )
. .
.
I.
I- .
II 99. l ,
, .
, - .
.
x ,

14

x = 0, x = l.
u(x, t) -
.
- :

a2 uxx = utt .

(A.1.1)

( ):

u (0, t) = 0,

u (l, t) = 0.

(A.1.2)

- ,
(0, l), - ( ).

u (x, 0) = (x) = x (l x).

(A.1.3a)

- :

ut (x, 0) = (x) = 0,
0 x l;

(A.1.3)

0 t.

t > 0.
- - ,
. -
( ).
: ,
,
- , ,
.
(.1.1) :

u (x, t) = X (x) T (t).

(.1.1.), :

a2 T X 00 = X T 00 .

(A.1.3)

15

a2 X T (a2 X T 6= 0, .. ,
X 6= 0, T 6= 0).

X 00
T 00
= 2 = = const.
X
aT
X (x) T (t):
X 00 + X = 0,

T 00 + a2 T = 0.

(A.1.4)

, X (x), T (t)
( ), (.1.4.)
() .
(.1.2.):

u (0, t) = X(0) T (t) = 0 X(0) = 0.

(A.1.4a)

( T (t) 6= 0).

(A.1.4)

u (l, t) = X(l) T (t) = 0 X(l) = 0.

, X(x) :

X 00 + X = 0,
X(0) = 0,
X(l) = 0,
0 x l.

(A.1.5)

- (0, l) - .
()
> 0 ( , 0 ).
.3 .. ( )
(.1.5.) .
( > 0):

X(x) = A cos

x + B sin

x.

X(0) = A = 0,

X(l) = B sin n l = 0,

16

o B 6= 0 ( ) :
q

n l = n,

n = 1, 2...

, .3. .. (.1.5.):

n
n =
l

!2

n = 1, 2, 3...

n
x.
(A.1.5a)
l
Xn (x) (0, l):
Xn (x) = sin

Z l
0

Xn (x) Xm (x)dx = 0, n 6= m.

:
2

Zl

|| Xn (x) || =
0

l
Xn2 (x) dx = .
2

,
, .. n , , ,
T (t):

Tn00 + a2 n Tn = 0.
Tn (t) = An cos a

n t + Bn sin a

n t.

.. .
-
X(x), , , T (t)
.. , ()
- (.1.2)
, (.1.4.) (.1.4.)
X(x), .. .
- :

un (x, t) = Xn (x) Tn (t) = (An cos a

n t + Bn sin a

n t) sin

n
x.
l

17

u (x, t) =

n=1

n=1

un (x, t) =

n=1

Tn (t) Xn (x) =
q

[An cos a n t+Bn sin a n t] Xn (x).

(A.1.6)

An Bn
. (A.1.3):
X

Bn

n Xn (x) = 0.

Xn (x) Bn , Bn = 0.
,

u(x, t) =

X
n=1

An cos a

n t Xn (x).

(.1.3.), :

x(l x) =

An X n .

(A.1.7)

Xn (x) = sin n x,
q
n
n =
, n = 1, 2, ...
e
, , (.1.7.)
x(l x) Xn (x),
An :
Rl

An =

x(l x)Xn (x)dx

|| Xn (x) ||2

2 Zl
n
=
xdx.
x(l x) sin
l0
l

:
Zl

x (l x) sin
0

n
xdx =
l

=| u = x(l x); du = (l 2x); dv = sin

n
l
n
xdx; v =
cos
x |=
l
n
l

18

l
n l
x(l x) cos
x |0
n
l
{z
}
=0

l Zl
n
+
(l 2x) cos
xdx =
n 0
l
n
l
n
xdx; v =
sin
x |=
l
n
l

!
l 2
n
(l 2x)
sin
x |l0
n{z
l
|
}

| u = l 2x; du = 2dx; dv = cos

=0

l
+2
n

!2 Zl
0

n
l
sin
xdx = 2
l
n

2
A2k = 0;

l
n

!3

!3

cos

n
x |l0 =
l

[1 (1)n ].

A2k+1

l2
.
=8 3
(2k + 1)3

1
8l2 X
(2n + 1)
(2n + 1)
u(x, t) = 3
cos
a
tsin
x.
n=0 (2n + 1)3
l
l

(A.1.8)

II.

II .
, .
.
:

a2 uxx = utt .

(A.2.1)

ux (0, t) = 0,
ux (l, t) = 0.

(A.2.2)

19

e :

u(x, 0) = (x),
ut (x, 0) = (x),
o x l;

0 t.

(A.2.3)

, :

u(x, t) =

X
n=0

Tn (t)Xn (x),

(A.2.4)

Xn (x) - :

X 00 + X = 0,
X 0 (0) = 0,
X 0 (l) = 0,
0 x l.

(A.2.5)

(A.2.5) Xn (x) :

n
n =
l

!2

; n = 0, 1, 2, ...

n
x.
l
(A.2.6) :
Xn (x) = cos

(A.2.6)

|| X0 (x) ||2 = l,
l
|| Xn (x) ||2 = , n = 1, 2, 3.
(A.2.7)
2
(A.2.4)
II-99.
, , ,
. , ,
, , .

20

III.
.
, , ,
:

u (x, t) =

Tn (t) Xn (x).

(A.3.1)

.. Xn (x) . ( n ) -
(.1.5 a), - (.2.6) -
(.3.1.).
, ,
, . .
o, , -
, -
Xn (x) - , (.3.1) .

, .
N 100.
l ,
() ,

h .
. x ,
x = 0 , u(x, t)
x (
), - ,
:
:

a2 uxx = ut a2 uxx ut = 0.

(A.3.2)

21

u(0, t) = 0,
u (l, t) = 0.

(A.3.3)

u(x, 0) = (x) =
0 x l,

2xh ,
l
(l

0 x 2l ,
x) 2hl , 2l x l.

0 t.

(A.3.4)

.
(.3.1) (.3.2), :

X
n=1

[a2 Tn Xn00 Xn Tn0 ] = 0.

(A.3.5)

, Xn (x)

Xn00 + n Xn = 0 Xn00 = n Xn .

(A.3.6)

2
n = ( n
n = 1, 2...
l ) ,
(.3.6) (.3.5), :

X
n=1

[Tn0 + n a2 Tn ] Xn (x) = 0.

(A.3.7)

Xn (x) (.3.7)
, Xn (x) :

Tn0 + a2 n Tn = 0.

(A.3.8)

, Tn (t),
:

an
Tn = exp
l

!2

t.

(A.3.9)

u (x, t) =

X
n=1

An Xn (x) exp

!2
an

t .

(A.3.10)

22

t = 0:

(x) =

X
n=1

An Xn (x).

(A.3.11)

(x) , An . (x) -,
(.3.11) :
Rl

An =

(x) Xn (x) dx
|| Xn (x) ||2

(A.3.12)

l
|| Xn (x) ||2 = ,
2

Zl
0

2h Z2
n
2h Zl
n
(x) Xn (x)dx =
x sin
xdx +
(l x) sin
xdx.
l 0
l
l l
l
2

, :

A2k = 0,
A2k+1 =

8h
(1)k ,
2
2
(2k + 1)

k = 0, 1...

(2k + 1)
8h X
(1)k
sin
x
u (x, t) = 2
k=0 (2k + 1)2
l

exp

a(2k +
l

2
1)

t .

(A.3.13)

23

IV.

, (. -I).
.
?
, , .. , , .
. .
, ()
. .
) - .
:

a2 uxx = ut ,

(A.4.1.)

u (0, t) = (t),
u (l, t) = (t),

(A.4.2)

u (x, 0) = (x),
0 x l;

0 t.

(A.4.3)

u (x, t)
v (x, t) , v (x, t)
,
.
, , , x, (t) (t) -
( )
. (t)
(t) - . , .. v(x, t)

24

, u(x, t) - .
, :

u (x, t) = v (x, t) + (Ax + B)(t) + (Cx + D)(t).

(A.4.4)

A, B, C, D, , v (x, t)
, ..

v (0, t) = 0,

(A.4.4a)

v (l, t) = 0,

(A.4.4)

u (0, t) = (t) = v (0, t) + B (t) + D (t).

, v (0, t) = 0,
:

B = 1.

D = 0.

u (l, t) = (t) = v (l, t) + (A l + 1)(t) + C l(t).

v(l, t) = 0
:

1
1
A= , C= .
l
l
, ,
(.4.4a), (A.4.4) v (x, t), :

x
u (x, t) = v(x, t) + 1
l

(t) +

x
v (t).
l

(A.4.5)

(A.4.5) (A.4.1), (A.4.3)

v(x, t):

a vxx

x
= vt + 1
l

x
v (x, 0) = (x) 1
l

0 (t) +

(0)

x 0
(t),
l

x
(0).
l

(A.4.6)
(A.4.7)

25

, v (x, t) : (.4.6), (A.4.4a) - (A.4.4)

(A.4.7).
v (x, t)
. v (x, t)
. .
, (t) = T1 = const., (t) = T2 = const,
v(x, t) v (x, t) - .
, u (x, t) c ,
, . ,
:

u (x, t) = v1 (x, t) + 1

x2
x2
(t)
+
(t).
l2
l2

, :

u(0, t) = (t) = v1 (0, t) + (t) v1 (0, t) = 0

u (l, t) = (t) = v1 (l, t) + (t) v1 (l, t) = 0,

.. v1 (x, t)
.
- - v1 (x, t) - , - v1 (x, t).
, .
200. ( ).
l
u (x, 0) = (x) = x(x
l) + (1 xl ) T1 + xe T2 - , T1 = const T2 = const.
t > 0.

26

x,
, x = 0 ( x = l). ( )
() .
. u(x, t).
.
()

a2 uxx = ut .

(A.4.8.)

()

u (0, t) = T1 ,
u (l, t) = T2 .
:

x
u (x, 0) = x (x l) + 1
l

T1 +

x
T2 .
l

.
a.
, v(x, t), . (A.4.5),
:

x
u (x, t) = v (x, t) + 1
l

T1 +

x
T2 .
l

(A.4.9)

, v (x, t) :

a2 vxx = v1 ,
v (0, t) = 0,
v (l, t) = 0,
v (x, 0) = x (x l),
0 x l; 0 t.
(. II-99):

sin n
an
v (x, t) =
An
x exp[
l
l
n=1
X

(A.4.10)

!2

t],

27

z Zl
n
An =
x(x l) sin
xdx.
l0
l

( ):

X
n
x
x
an
u(x, t) = 1
T1 + T2 + An sin
x exp[
l
l
l
L
n=1

!2

t].

(A.4.11)

(.4.8) , :

u(x, t) = (x, t) + g(x),

g(x)
( ),
(x, t) . :

a2 xx = t ,
(0, t) = 0,
(l, t) = 0,

!
x
x
(x, 0) = x(x l) + 1
T1 + T2 g(x),
l
l
00
g = 0,

(A.4.12)

g(0) = T1 ,
g(l) = T2 ,
0 x l; 0 t.

(A.4.13)

, - (.4.12) (.4.13)
(.4.8.). ,
(.4.13), .. - g(x) -
(A.4.12).
,

g(x) = c1 x + c2 ,
(A.4.13) :

g(0) = T1 = c2 c2 = T1 ,

28

g(l) = c1 l + T1 = T2 + c1 =

T2 T 1
l

x
x
g(x) = 1
T1 + T2 .
l
l
(A.4.12) :
(x, 0) = x(x l).

, (x, t)
v(x, t) (a),
( a).

V. ,

, .
().

a2 uxx = ut ,
ux (o, t) = (t),
ux (l, t) = (t),
u(x, 0) = (x),
(A.5.1)
0 x l.
0t

. , .. v(x, t),
.
,
,
u(x, t). ,
, , .. :

!
x
x
ux (x, t) = vx (x, t) + 1
(t) + (t).
(A.5.2)
l
l
, vx (x, t)
. ,
ux (0, t) = (t) = vx (0, t) + (t) vx (0, t) = 0,

29

ux (l, t) = (t) = vx (l, t) + (t) vx (l, t) = 0.

(.5.2) (.5.1).
(.5.1)
(.5.2):

1
1
uxx = vxx (t) + (t).
l
l

(A.5.3)

ut (x, t) (.5.2) x:

x2
x2
u(x, t) = v(x, t) + x (t) +
(t) + c(t).
2l
2l

(A.5.4)

x2
x2
ut (x, t) = vt (x, t) + x 0 (t) + 0 (t) + c0 (t),
2l
2l

(A.5.5)

c(t) - x,
t, ,
.
(.5.4)
v(x, t):

x2
x2

(0) (0) c(0).

v(x, o) = (x) x
2l
2l

(A.5.6)

(A.5.3), (A.5.5) (A.5.1)

v(x, t):

a2
x2
x2
a2 vxx + [(t) (t)] = vt + x 0 (t) + 0 (t) + c0 (t).
l
2l
2l
c(t) , , t:

a2
c (t) = [(t) (t)], c(0) = c0 .
l
0

(A.5.7)

, c(t) ,
v(x, t) .

30

c0
.
, (x) 0 , .. (x) = 0 + 1 (x), :

c 0 = 0
, , ,
.
, v(x, t) :

a2 vxx

x2
x2
= vt + x 0 (t) + 0 (t),
2l
2l
vx (0, t) = 0,
vx (l, t) = 0,

x2
x2

v(x, 0) = (x) x
(0) (0)c(0),
2l
2l

(A.5.8)

x2
x2
u(x, t) = v(x, t)+x (t)+ (t)+c(t),
2l
2l

(A.5.9)

c(t) :

c0 (t) =

a2
[(t) (t)],
l

c(0) = c0

c0 .
v(x, t)
, . (.5.8) , - .
, (t) (t) ,
[ 0 (t) = 0, 0 (t) = 0]
, v(x, t)
.

31

201.
l, 0 x l
( x ) , x = 0 ,
x = l , T0 = const.
u (x, t) x, (
, ).
:

a2 uxx = ut ,
ux (0, t) = 0,
ux (l, t) = q = const,

(A.5.10)

u(x, 0) = T0 ,
0 x l,

0 t.

v(x, t), , :

x
ux (x, t) = vx (x, t) + q.
l

(A.5.11)

u (x, t) :

x2
u(x, t) = v(x, t) + q + c(t),
2l

(A.5.12)

c(t) - x,
t.
(.5.12) (.5.10), v(x, t):

a2
a vxx + q = vt + c0 (t),
l
2

vx (0, t) = 0,
vx (l, t) = 0,
x2
v(x, 0) = T0 c0 q = (x),
2l

(A.5.13)

32

c0 = c(0) - , .
c(t) , :

a2
c (t) = q.
l
0

v(x, t) , a2 vxx =
vt ,

a2
c(t) = q t + c0 .
(A.5.14)
l
c0 = T0 ,
v(x, t):
x2
v(x, 0) = q.
2l
.. v(x, t) :
a2 vxx = vt ,
vx (0, t) = 0

vx (l, t) = 0,

x2
0 x l.
(A.5.15)
v(x, 0) = q
2l
(A.5.15) - , . o :
u(x, t) =

Cn Xn (x) exp[(a2 n t)],

(A.5.16)

n
, n = 0, 1, 2....
l
Cn  t = 0:
Xn (x) = cos n t,

n =

X
x2
q = Cn Xn (x).
2l

:
Zl
q
1
Cn =
x2 Xn (x)dx.
2
2l || Xn (x) || 0

(A.5.17)

33

(A.5.17) , , :

Xn (x) =
:

Zl
0

1 00
X (x).
n n

1 Zl 2 00
x Xn (x)dx =
x X (x)dx =
n 0
2

1 2 0
x Xn (x) |l0 .
n {z
}
=0

2 Zl 0
+
X (x)xdx =
n 0 n
2 Zl
2l
2
l
Xn (x)dx =
cos n
= xXn (x) |0
n
n 0
n

| n
=

2l
(1)n ;
n

sin
{z
=0

n
x |l0
l
}
n 6= 0.

Rl

n = 0: x2 X0 (x)dx = 13 l3 .
0

, || Xn (x) ||2 =

l
2

n 6= 0:

|| X0 (x) ||2 = l.
:

Cn = (1)n+1

2ql
;
2 n2

n 6= 0;

C0 =

ql
6

VI.
.
,

- .

34

) .
,
( ) , ( ).
.

a2 uxx + f (x) = ut .
u(0, t) = 0.
u(l, t) = 0.
(A.6.1)
u(x, 0) = (x).
0 x l,
0 t.
:
u(x, t) = v(x, t) + (x),
(A.6.2)
v(x, t) - , :
a2 vxx = vt ,
v(0, t) = 0,
v(l, t) = 0,
(A.6.3)
v(x, 0) = (x) w(x),
a (x) - , .
, , ( ):
a2 xx = f (x),
(0) = 0,
(l) = 0,
0 x l.
(A.6.4)
, . (x), - -
(A.6.3). , (x)
(A.6.3),
.
, (A.6.3), -

35

, :

an
v(x, t) =
An Xn (x) exp
l
n=1

!2
t ,

Xn00 (x) + n Xn = 0 Xn =

n
Xn (x) = sin
x,
l
:

n
n =
l

!2

(A.6.5)

1 00
X ,
n n

n = 1, 2, 3...

2 Zl
An =
[(x) (x)] Xn (x)dx = I1 I2 .
l0
:

2 Zl
(x)Xn (x)dx
I1 =
l0

(x) ,

2 Zl
2 Zl
(x)dx =
(x)Xn00 (x)dx.
I2 =
l0
ln 0
:
Zl

w(x) Xn00 (x) dx =| u = w(x); du = w0 dx; Xn00 (x)dx = dv; v = Xn0 (x) |=

= w(x) Xn0 (x) |l0 .

|

Zl

{z
=0

w0 (x) Xn0 (x)dx =| w0 (x) = u; du = w00 dx; dv = Xn0 dx; v = Xn |=

= w0 (x) Xn (x) |l0 +

|

Zl

+
0

{z
=0

1
w Xn (x)dx = 2
a
00

Zl

Xn (x) f (x) dx.

0

f (x)
.

36

)
.
, , :

f (x, t) = (x)et .

f (x, t) sin t ( f (x, t) cos t).
. ( ):
a2 uxx x et = ut ,
u(0, t) = 0,

u(l, t) = 0,
(A.6.6)
1
u(x, 0) = (x) = x,
0 x l,
0 t.
( ,
). v(x, t) (x, t):
u(x, t) = v(x, t) + (x, t),
:
a2 vxx = vt ,
v(0, t) = 0,
v(l, t) = 0,
v(x, 0) = (x) (x, 0),
(A.6.7).
(x, t) :
a2 xx x et = t ,
(0, t) = 0,
(l, t) = 0.
(A.6.8)
(x, t) ,
:
(x, t) = (x)et .

(A.6.9)

(x, t) , , (x):

(x, 0) = (x).
(x). (A.6.9) (A.6.8), (x):

a2 00 et xet = (x)e,t .

37

00 + a2 = a12 x,
(0) = 0,
(l) = 0.
(A.6.10)
(x) , :
(x) = 0 (x) + r (x),
0 (x) - ;
000 + a2 0 = 0,
(x) - ;
r (x) + a2 r = a12 x,
. ( ,
(.6.9)
).

0 (x) = A cos a x + B sin a x.

r = 1 x.
(.6.10) :
A = 0, B = l
sin a l

l
1
=
(A.6.11)
sin a x + x.
sin

o :
(.6.7) :

n
an
v(x, t) =
An sin
x exp[
l
l
n=1

l
a

6= n.

!2

t],

(A.6.12)

2 Zl
n
An =
[(x) (x)] sin
x dx =
l0
l

Zl

2
n

sin
=
x
sin
x dx,
a
l
sin a l 0

Zl
n
1 Z n

x+
x sin
x dx =
cos

sin
a
l
2
a
l
0

n
1
n

x dx =
x |l +

+ cos
+
sin

n
a
l
a
l
2[ a l ]

n
(1)
n
1

a
x |l =
+
l,
+ n sin
2 sin
o

n
a
l
a
2[ a + l ]
a2 l

38

An = (1)n

a2

n
l

2
.
a

(A.6.13)

(A.6.6) :

1 t

u(x, t) =
sin
x
+
x e +
a

sin a l
l

2 X
+
a n=1

(1)n

a2

an
n
x exp
2 sin
l
l
n

!2
t .

(A.6.14)

C. f (x, t) .

,
.

( ) l.
:

a2 uxx + f (x, t) = ut ,
u(0, t) = 0,
0 x l,

u(l, t) = 0,

u(x, 0) = (x).

0 t.

(A.6.15)

Xn (x) =

sin n
x
l

n = 1, 2.....

, Xn (x),
.. ,
, Xn (x), .. :

u(x, t) =

Tn (t) Xn (x).

(A.6.16)

39

(.6.15), f (x, t) Xn (x):

f (x, t) =

fn (t)Xn (x),

2 Zl
fn (t) =
f (x, t)Xn (x)dx,
l0

, (, Xn00 = n Xn , n =
X
n=1

n 2
).
l

[Tn0 + a2 n Tn fn (t)]Xn (x) = 0.

Xn (x) , Xn (x)
:

Tn0 + a2 n Tn fn (t) = 0,

(A.6.17)

.. Tn (t), .. (.6.16),
, :

Tn (t) = Tn . (t) + Tn . (t),

Tn . = An exp[a2 n t],
Zt

Tn . =

fn ( ) exp[a2 n (t )]d.

Tn (t) (A.6.16)
An (A.6.15),
(A.6.15).

VII.
( ) :

a2 uxx + f (x, t) = ut ,

40

u(0, t) = (t),
u(l, t) = (t),
u(x, 0) = (x),
0 x l; 0 t.
, ( , ).
() ,
.
1. - v(x, t)
,
. v(x, t)
.
2. ,
A-VI.

.
l1 , l2 , l3 c , ( ); u(~r, t) - .
:

a2 u = ut ,
u |s = 0,
u |t=0 = (P. ).

(B.1)

S - , P. - .
,
, , . ,
(B.1) :

u(~r, t) = U (~r) T (t).

41

(.1) a2 U (~r) T (t) :

1 T0
U
= 2 = ,
U
a T
T (t):

T 0 + a2 T = 0

(B.2)

U (~r):

U + U = 0.

(B.3)

U |s = 0.

(B.4)

, , n -
T (t) .
e - .
,
,
. . :
) a ,
, , ..
,
().
( , ,
) , .. ,
(), .
) ,

( , , , ).

42

(B.1) .
300. u(~r, t) l1 , l2 , l3 ,
, 3- ,
( - ).
(.1). , .. :

u(~r) = U (~r) T (t),

(.2), u(~r) - :

U + U = 0,

U |s = 0.

(B.5)

- .
- - ,
, - .. .
(x, y, z).
- . , , x = const
, , x.
y = const z = const.
- -
, .
,

( ) :

x = 0,
x = l1 .

y = 0,
y = l2 .

z = 0,
z = l3 .

43

U (~r) = U (x, y, z).

:

2U 2U 2U
+
+
+ U = 0.
x2
y 2
z 2

(B.6)

:
U (0, y, z) = 0,
U (l1 , y, z) = 0,
U (x, 0, z) = 0,
U (x, l2 , z) = 0,
U (x, y, 0) = 0,

U (x, y, l3 ) = 0.
:

(B.7)

U (x, y, z, 0) = D x y z(l1 x) (l2 y) (l3 z). (B.8)

(.6) , :

U (x, y, z) = X(x) Y (y) Z(z).

(.6)
X Y Z :

X 00 Y 00 Z 00
+
+
+ = 0.
X
Y
Z

(B.9)

(.7) :

X 00 + 1 X = 0

U (0, y, z) = X(0) Y Z + X(0) = 0 X(0) = 0,

U (l1 , y, z) = X(l1 ) Y Z = 0 X(l1 ) = 0

0 x l1 .

Y 00 + 2 Y = 0 Y (0) = 0
Z 00 + 3 Z = 0

Z(0) = 0

Y (l2 ) = 0
Z(l3 ) = 0

0 y l2 ,
0 z l3 ,

44

= 1 + 2 + 3 .
( ):

n
Xn (x) = sin
x;
l1

1n

n
=
l1

!2

,
!

m 2
m
Ym (y) = sin
y;
2m =
,
l2
l2

!
p
p 2
Zp (z) = sin z;
3p =
,
l3
l3

2
2
2
n
m
p
nmp = 2 2 + 2 + 2 ; n, m, p = 1, 2, 3, ...
l1
l2
l3
:
0
+ a2 nmp Tnmp = 0.
Tnmp

Tnmp (t) = exp[a2 nmp t].

unmp (x, y, z, t) = Xn (x)Ym (y)Zp (z) Tnmp (t).

:

u(x, y, z, t) =

n,m,p=1

Anmp sin

n
m
p
x sin
y sin
z
l1
l2
l3

2
m 2 p2
2 2 n

exp a
+ 2 + 2 t .
l12
l2
l3

(B.10)

Anmp (B.8):

D xyz(l1 x)(l2 y)(l3 z) =

X
n,m,p=1

Anmp Xn (x)Ym (y) Zp (z).

Xn (x)Ym (y)Zp (z), :
l

Anmp

Z2
8 Z1
n
xdx y (l2 y)
=
x (l1 x) sin
l1 l2 l3 0
l1
0

45
l

Z3
m
p
sin
ydy z(l3 z) sin
zdz =
l2
l
3
0

16
[1 (1)n ][1 (1)m ] [1 (1)p ].
2
(l1 l2 l3 )

( ).

I. ,
l, 0 , S , P . u(~r, t),
. ,
.
: a2 u = ut .
(C.1.1)
: u |S = 0.
: u |t=0 = (P )
| u(~r, t) |< .

.
(.1.1) :

u(~r, t) = U (~r)T (t).

, :

a2 T U = U T 0 ,
1 T0
U
= 2
= ,
U
a T
U + U = 0
T 0 + a2 T = 0.
:

U T |S = U |S T = 0 U |S = 0.

46

, U (~r) (.3.) (..) c

( ):

U + U = 0,
U |S = 0.

(C.1.2)

, .. C..,
T (t) . (.1.2.). (.1.2.)
- . ( ) . - (, , z), ,
- , = const, , z = const. z
, z = 0 ( z = l).
(C.1.2) :

U
1 2U 2U
1

+ 2
+
+ U = 0.

2
z 2

U (0 , , z) = 0,
U (, , 0) = 0,
U (, , l) = 0.

(C.1.3)

(C.1.4)

U (, + 2, z) = U (, , z),
| U (, , z) |< ,
0 2,

0 0 ,

0 z l.

- .
,
:

U (, , z) = R()()Z(z).
(C.1.3) RZ :

dR
1 00 Z 00
1 1 d

+ 2
+
+ = 0.
R d
d

Z

(C.1.5)

47
00

Z
= k32 Z 00 + k2 Z = 0.
Z
(C.1.4):

R() Z(0)() = 0 Z(0) = 0,

(C.1.6)

R()()Z(l) = 0 Z(l) = 0,
0 z l,
(.1.6) :

Zp (z) = sin

p
z,
l

p
,
p = 1, 2...
l
00
= n2 ,

n () = An cos n + Bn sin n, n .
k3p =

( ).
R() :

1 d
dR
n2
2

+ k 2 R = 0.
d
d

(C.1.7a)

R() ()Z(z) = R(0 ) = 0,

(C.1.7)

| R() |< ,
k 2 = k32
k 2 > 0. (C.1.7a) n. - Jn (k) Nn (k), .. (.1.7)
:

Rn () = Cn Jn (k) + Dn Nn (k).
.. Nn (k) 0,
Dn 0, ..
0 0 :

Rn () = Jn (k).

48

(C.1.7), (C.1.7) ( .. ..):

(n)
Rnm () = Jn m ,
0

(n)
km
=

(n)
m
,
0

(n)
m - n,

Jn ((n)
m ) = 0,

m = 1, 2, 3...

p
(n)
unmp (, , z, t) = Jn m [An cos n + Bn sin n] sin z
0
l
exp[nmp a2 t].
:

(n)
p

u(, , z, t) =
Jn m [Anmp cos n+Bnmp sin n] sin
z
0
l
n=0,m=1,p=1

exp[a2 nmp t].

(C.1.8)

u |t=0 = (, , z),
Anmp Bnmp :

(n)

(, , z) =
[Anmp cos n + Bnmp sin n] Jn m
0
n=o,m=1,p=1

p
z.
(C.1.9)
l
(, , z)
, . . sin n, cos n, sin p
l z
sin

, Jn

(n)

m
0

49

, -
z . ,
, ,
.
II. Jv ( 0 ) J0 ( 0 )
( ),

1 d dJ 0 )

+
d
d
0
!

!2

1 d
dJ

( ) +
d
d 0
0

2 Jv ( ) = 0,

!2

2 J
= 0,

.
0

J (

).
0

, (0, 0 ), :

2 2 Z 0

20

0
0
0

d =

d dJ ( 0 )
d dJ ( 0 )

{J ( ) [
] J ( ) [
]}d =
0 d
d
0 d
d

Z0
0

Z0
0

dJ ( 0 )
dJ ( 0 )
d{[J ( )
J ( )
]} =
0
d
0
d

dJ ( 0 ) 0
dJ ( 0 )
J ( ) 0 ] | =
= 0 [J ( ) 0
0
0 d( 0 )
d
)

0

= J ()J0 () J ()J0 ()

Z0

J
0

20

J
d = 2
[J ()J0 ()
2
0
0

J ()J0 ()].

(C.2.1)

50

J ( 0 ) ,
, ..:

J (

J (

) = J m
0
0

) | = J () = 0,
0 0

.. = ()

, = ()
m -
m1 ,
!

()

m1
0

= ()
m2 , .. J

()

m2
0

, :
Z0
0

()
()
20
m1
m2

J
J
d = ()

()
0
0
(m1 )2 (m2 )2

()
0
()
()
()
0
()
[()
m2 J (m1 ) J (m2 ) m1 J (m2 ) J (m1 )] = 0,
()
.. J (()
m1 ) = 0; J (m2 ) = 0;
()

()
()
m1 6= m2

J ( m0 ):
Z0
0

()
()
m1
m2

J
J
d = 0,
0
0

(C.2.2)

()
m1 =
6 m2 , .. ()
m1 6= m2 .
= = ()
, ..
m -
()
(.2.1) J m0 ,
(C.2.1) ( = ) , .. J () =
()
J (()
m ) = 0 J () = J (m ) = 0,
0
()
0 , , = m ,
, :

()
m 2

||
|| J
0

)0
Z
0

()
20 0 () 2
2 m
d = [J (m )] .
J
0
2

(C.2.3)

(.2.2) (.2.3), :
Z0
0

()
20 0 () 2
()
m1
m

J
d =
[J ( )] mm1 .
J
0
0
2 m

(C.2.4)

51

II. ,
,

V-28. 0 ,
- . .
- , , z c z
.
u t, u = u(, t).
():

u
1

= 2 ut ,

u(0 , t) = 0,

(C.2.5)

u (, 0) = U0 (1
0 0 ;

0 t;

2
),
20

| u(, t) |< .

u(, t) = R() T (t).

(C.2.6)

c (C.2.6) (C.2.5)
R T :

1 d
R d

dR
1 T0

= 2
= k 2 ,
d
a T

.. R() T (t). R():

dR
1 d
(
) + k 2 R = 0,
d
d

(C.2.7)

u (0 t) = R (0 ) T (t) = 0 R (0 ) = 0,
0 0 ,

| R() |< .

T 0 + a2 k 2 T = 0.

52

(C.2.7) - (
- ), :

R() = J0 (k).
(.2.7), :

J0 (k0 ) = 0 km 0 =

(0)
km = m ,
0

(0)
m ,

(0)
m - :

J0 ((0)
m ) = 0, m = 1, 2, 3...
(0)
, .3 km
.. -
(.2.7):

(0)
Rm () = J0 m .
0
T (t) :
2
Tm0 (t) + a2 km
Tm = 0,

(0)
Tm (t) = exp[a ( m )2 t].
0
:
2

u(, t) =

m=1

Tm (t) Rm () =

X
m=1

(0)

Am J0 m
0

(0)
am

exp
t .
0

(C.2.8)

(.2.5),
Am :

X
2
(0)

U0 1 2 =
Am J0 m .
0
0
m=1

(C.2.9)

Am
(0)
J0 ( m0 ), (0)

, J0 ( 0 ), - ( ) - ,

53

,
0 0 :

U0

Z0
1
0

J0
20

(0)

Z0

d = [
Am J0
0
m=1
0

(0)

m ]

J0

(0)

d =

, :

(0)

Am

m=1

Z0

J0

J0

(0)

d =

(.2.4):

(0)
=
Am || Jo m ||2 m = A || J0
0
m=1
X

(0) 2

|| ,
0

..
R0

Am = U0

2
20

J0

|| J0

(0)

m
0

(0)

m
0

d
.

||2

(C.2.10)

, (.2.10) , (.2.9)
.
(.2.10) :

d
[x J (x)] = x J1 (x).
dx

=1:

d
[xJ1 (x)],
dx
x2 J1 (x)dx = d[x2 J2 (x)],

x J0 (x) =

=2:

Z0
1
0

(0)
| m = x;
0

0
(0)
m

(0)
2
2 J0 m d =
0
0
=

2 (0)

Zm

1
0

0
(0)
m

x d =

x2
(0)
(m )2

0
(0)

dx |

J (x)xdx
0

54

x2

=| u = 1
20
(0)
(m )2

=2

(0)
(m )2

[| 1

20

(0)
(m )4

du =

(0)
(m )2

x J2 (x)

(0)

(0)
(m )2

v = xJ1 (x) dv = J0 (x)xdx | .

x2

|0 m

2xdx

=2

(0)
m

J1 (x) |0

(0)

Zm

(0)
(m )2 0

x2 J1 (x)dx] =

20

J ((0) ).
(0) 2 2 m
(m )

(C.2.11)

J+1 (x) + J1 (x) =

= 1 :

J2 (x) + J0 (x) =
..

J2 ((0)
m )=

J
(0) 1
m

2
J (x).
x

2
J1 (x),
x

((0)
m ).

(C.2.12)

( , J0 ((0)
m ) = 0).
(.2.11) (.2.12) (.2.10) (.2.3) :

Am =

8U0
.
(0) 3
(0)
(m ) J1 (m )

(C.2.13)

(0)
a(0)
m
m exp[
u(, t) = 8U0
J
t]. (C.2.14)
(0) 3
(0) 0

0
0
m=1 (m ) J1 (m )

III. ,
,

N 302. 0 , ,

.
(u ):

55

a2 u = ut ,
u
(C.3.1)
~n |s = 0,
u |t=0 = (p)
| u(~r, t) |< .
s - , p - .
,
, , z , z .
- , , z ,

= 0, z = 0.

, .. ~
n .

:

1
u
1
= a2 ut ,
u
|0 =

0,
u(, 0) = ()
| u(, t) |< ,
0 0 ;
0 t.
:

(C.3.2)

u(, t) = R()T (t).

:

dR
1 d

+ k2R = 0
d
d
R0 (0 ) = 0

T 0 + a2 k 2 T = 0,
0 0

(C.3.3)

| R() |< .

(C.3.3) - , , :

R() = J0 (k).
(C.3.3), - (.3.3), ( C.):

Rm () = J0 (km ),
(0)
J00 (km 0 ) = 0 km 0 = m
,

(0)
J00 (m
) = 0.

56
(0)
m
-
(m = 1, 2, ... ),
(0)
m
km =
.
0

.3. (.3.3.)
T (t):
2
Tm0 + a2 km
Tm = 0

a (0)
Tm (t) = Am exp[ m t].
0
N 302:
u(, t) =

X
m=1

(0)
(0)
X
m
m

Tm (t) J0
=
Am J0

0
0
2

(0)
am
t].

exp[
(C.3.4)
0
Am :

() =

(0)
m

.
Am J0
0

(C.3.5)

Am
(0)
J0 ( m0 ).

(0)
(0)
(C.2.1). = m
; = m
,
1
2
m1 6= m2 , :
Z0
0

()
m
m
2
1

J
d = 0;
J
0
0

m1 6= m2 .
()

J ( m0 ). = =

()
m
(.2.1) 00 ,
()

= m
, ,
()
J m0 :
Z0
0

()
2 m
J
d
0

20
2
()
= [1 () ] J2 (m
) k J
2
(m )2

()
m k2 (C.3.6)
0

57

Z0
0

()
()
m
m
20
2
()
1

J
J
d = [1 () ] J2 (m
)mm1 .
0
0
2
(m )2

(.3.5) J0

(0)

(C.3.7)

( - ,

) 0 0 , :
R0

Am =

()J0

k J0

(0)

m
0

(0)

m
0

k2

(.3.6) :

2
(0)
(0)
k J0 m k2 = 0 J02 m
.
0
2

IV.
0 .
V-28:

a2
u

= ut ,
r
u(0 , t) = 0,
u(, 0) = U0
q 0 ,

(C.4.1)

2
2 ,
0

0 t,

| u(, t) |< .

(0)

u(, t) =
Tm (t)J0 m ,
0
n=1
X

(C.4.2)

(0)

m
0

.. J0

58

( .2.7).
(
), (.4.2) - .
,
- ,
.
, (.4.2) -
(.4.1), :

1 d
[a2 Tm
d
m=1

(0)

m
dJ0 ( 0

(0)
T 0 J m ] = 0.
0

m
0

(C.4.3)
(0)

, J0 ( m0 )
:

(0)

(0) 2
dJ0 ( m0 )

1 d
(0)

= m J m .
0

d
d
0
0

(.4.3), :

(0)
(0)
0
2 m

[Tm + a
Tm ] J0 m = 0.
0
0
m=1
X

J0
:

Tm0

(0) 2
2 m

+a

(0)

m
0

Tm = 0,

.. . :

a(0)
m

t].
Tm (t) = Am exp[
0
:

(0)
a(0)
u(, t) =
Am J0 m exp[ m t],
0
0
m=1

59

.. , V-28.
Am ,
[c. (C.2.10) - (C.2.12)].

,
, :

(0)
m

J0
,
0
(0)
J00 (m
) = 0.

V. .
0 c
.

1.

V-27. 0 ,
, U0 = const.
, , z c z ,
. , t, u = u(, t).
():

u
1
1

= 2 ut ,

a
u(0 , t) = U0 ,

(C.5.1)

u(, 0) = 0,
0 0

0t

| u(, t) |< .

- v(, t), . ,
:

u(, t) = v(, t) + U0 .

60

u(0 , t) = U0 = v(0 , t) + U0 v(0 , t) = 0.

v(, t) - :

1
v
1

= 2 vt ,

a

(C.5.2)

v(0 , t) = 0,
v(, t) = U0 ,
0 0 ,

0 t,

(v(, t) < .

a(0)
(0)
Am J0 m exp[ m t],
v(, t) =
0
0
m=1
X

Am :

(0)
U0 =
Am J0 m .
0
m=1
X

R0

Am = 2 U0

J0
0

(0)

Z0

d =|

(0)
m
0

J0

(0)

m
0

d
(0)

20 J12 (m )

,
(0)

= x |=

20 Zm
2U0 (0)
(m )2 0

J0 (x)xdx =

= | ( ) |:
Z(0)

d[J1 (x)x] = 2U0

0

20
(0)
(m )2

(0)
(0)
m J1 (m )

u(, t) = U0 [12

(0)
a(0)
m
m

t].
J
exp[
(0)
(0) 0
0
0
m J1 (m )
1

(C.5.3)

, (.5.1),
, v(, t)
( ).

61

2.

V- 29.
0 , uo =
const, t = 0 q = const.
:

1
u
1

= 2 ut ,

a

(C.5.4)

u
| = q,
0
u(, 0) = u0 ,
0 0 ;

0 t;

| u(, t) |< .

- v(, t), .
, :

u = v

q.
0

(C.5.5)

v(, t). ,

u |0 = q = v |0 q v |0 = 0.
, :

u = v q
v(, t).
-
= 0 1 .
v ,
(.5.5) :

u(, t) = v(, t)

2
q + c(t),
20

(C.5.6)

c(t) - , - .

62

(.5.6) (.5.5), v(, t) :

a2
v
2a2

q = vt + c0 (t).

0
c(t) :
c0 (t) =

2a2
q;
0

c(0) = u0 ,

(C.5.7)

v(, t):

:
a2
v

v
|0 = 0,

= vt ,

(C.5.8)

q.
v(, 0) = 2
0
[ c(0) = u0 -
v . ,
v(, t) .]
(.5.7) c(t) :

2a2
q t + u0 .
c(t) =
0
C(5.8) . :

(0)
(0)
m
am

t],
v(, t) =
Am J0
exp[

0
0
m=1

Am =

Z0

20 k J0

(0)

m
0

k2

(0)
(0)
m
m
2

J0
d =|
= x |=
0
0

q 30
(0)
2(m )4

(C.5.9)

k J0

(0)

m
0

k2

Y.

(0)

Zm

Y =

(0)

x2 J0 (x)x dx = x2 J1 (x)x |0m

0
(0)
Zm

2
0

(0)

x2 J1 (x)dx = 2

Zm
0

d[x2 J2 (x)] =

63
(0) 2
(0)
2 (m
) J2 (m
).

2
2a2
u (, t) =
q
q t + u0
20
0

(0)
(0)
a m
m

t].

2q 0
J0
exp[
(0) 2
(0)

0
0
m=1 (m ) J0 (m )
, :

(0)
(0)
J1 (m
) = J00 (m
) = 0,

:
(0)
(0)
J2 (m
) = J0 (m
).

VI.

) -
.
:
,
:

u
1

+ g = 2 ut .

(C.6.1)

u (0 , t) = 0,
u (, 0) = f (),
0 0 ,

0 t,

| u (, t) |< .

g = const.
:

u (, t) = v (, t) + w ().
v(, t) - :

v
1

= 2 vt ,

(C.6.2)

64

v (0 , t) = 0,
v (, 0) = f () w ().
w () - , :

1 d
d

dw

+ g = 0,
d

(C.6.3)
w (0 ) = 0,

0 0 ,

| w () |< .

(.6.2) - v (, t) , (.6.3) -
w (), g . ,
(.6.1).
(.6.2) w (), (C.6.3).
g =
const.

d
d

dw
= g .
d

dw
1
= g 2 + c1 ,
d
2
dw
1
c1
= g + ,
d
2

1
w () = g 2 + c1 ln + c2 .
4
: c1 0.
:
1 2
1
g0 + c2 ; c2 = g20 .
w (0 ) = 0 =
4
4
:
1
w() = g (20 2 ).
(C.6.4)
4
(C.6.4) (C.6.2) f () v(, t) c . .

65

) .

. , ,
exp(t).
,
. , u(, t) -
.
():

1
a

2

u
+ g ()et = ut ,

(C.6.5)

u (0 , t) = 0,
u (, 0) = f (),
0 0 ,

0 t,

| u (, t) |< .

u (, t) = v (, t) + w (, t).
(.6.5):

1
v
1
w
a [

] + g()et = vt + wt

v (0 , t) + w (0 , t) = 0,

(C.6.6)

v (, 0) + w (, 0) = f ().
, :
v (, t):

1
a

2

= vt ,

v (0 , t) = 0,
v (, 0) = f () w0 ().

(C.6.7)

66

w (, t):

1
a

2

+ g () et = wt ,

(C.6.8)

w (0 , t) = 0,
w (, 0) = w0 ().
(.6.7) w0 (), (.6.8),
(.6.8) - ..
w(, t). :

w (, t) = () et .

(C.6.9)

(.6.8), :

d
d()
+ g () = (),
a2 1 d
d
(0 ) = 0,
0 0 ;
| () |< .

(C.6.10)

() . ,
(.6.8),
.
,
cos wt ( sin wt), :

() cos wt
() .
) .
:

u
1
a

+ f (, t) = ut ,

2

u (0 , t) = 0,
u (, 0) = (),

(C.6.11)

67

o 0 ,

0 t,

| u (, t) |< .

,

(
), .. :

u (, t) =

m=1

(0)

Tm (t) J0 m ,
0

(C.6.12)

Jo ((0)
m ) = 0.
(C.6.11) (C.6.12). (C.6.11) Tn (t).
:

1 d
[Tm a
d

dJ0

(0)

m
0

(0)

m
0
Tm J0
]
0

+ f (, t) = 0.

, J0

1 d
d

dJ0

(0)

m
0

(0)

m
0

(0)
(0)
m

J0 m
=
0
0

f (, t) :

f (, t) =

X
m=1

R0

fm (t) =

(0)
m

fm (t) J0
,
0
(0)

(, t) J0 m0
(0)
k J0 m0

d
.

k2

(0)
a(0)
m
0

Tm (t) fm (t)}J0 m = 0.
{Tm (t) +
0
0

J0
Tm (t):

(0)

m
0

a(0)
Tm0 + m Tm = fm (t).
0

(C.6.13)

68

Tm . (t) = Am e

(0)
am 2
0 ) t

:
Zt

Tm . =

(0)
am 2
0 ) (t )

fm ( ) d.

Tm (t) = Tm . (t) + Tm . (t),

(.6.12), (.6.11),
(.6.11), Am .

VII.

0 .
V-39. 0 ,
, :

u |t=0 = u0

cos ,
0

, - z .
(u(, , t) - ):

u
1 2u
1

+ 2
=
ut ,

2
a2

u (0 , , t) = 0,

cos ,
u (, , 0) = u0
0
0 0 ,
0 t.
| u (, , t) |< .

(C.7.1)

69

, sin n cos n,
,
, .. :

u (, , t) = v (, t) cos .

(C.7.2)

(C.7.2) (C.7.1) v (, t) :

v
1
1

2 v = 2 vt ,

(C.7.3)

v (0 , t) = 0,

v (, 0) = u0 ,
0
0 0 ,
0 t,
| v(, t) |< .
:

v (, t) = R () T (t).

(C.7.4)

(.7.3) R T :

1 1 d
dR
1
1 T0

2= 2
= k 2 .
R d
d

a T

(C.7.5)

R :

1 d
dR
1

+ (k 2 2 ) R = 0.
d
d

(C.7.6)

R (0 ) = 0.
0 0 .
T - :

T 0 + a2 k 2 T = 0.
R () -
. :

R () = J1 (k),

70

J1 (k 0 ) = 0 km 0 = (1)
m ,
J1 ((1)
m ) = 0. .. (.7.6) :

(1)

Rm () = J1 m .
0
(C.7.3) v (, t) :

v (, t) =

(1)
a
(1)
)2 t
m ( m

0
e
.
Am J1
0

(C.7.7)

(.7.3), :

(1)

u0
=
Am J1 m .
0 m=1
0

(C.7.8)

u0

(1)
m

J1 0 ,
Am :

Am =

0
u0 R

0
0

(1)

m
0

J1

k J1

(1)

m
0

k2

(C.7.9)

(C.7.9) :

d
[x J (x)] = x J1 (x).
dx

= 2 :

Z0
0

30
(1)
(m )3

x2 J1 (x) dx = d [x2 J2 (x)]

(1)
(0)
m

d =| m = x |=
J1
0
0
2

(1)

Zm

x2 J1 (x)dx =

30

30

(1)

Zm

(1)
(m )3 0

J ((1) ).
(1) 2 m
m

d [x2 J2 (x)] =

71

, :

(1)
20 0 (1) 2
m 2

k J1
k = [J1 (m )]
0
2

Am = 2u0

J2 ((1)
m )
(1)

(1)

m [J10 (m )]2

(C.7.10)

(.7.1) :

u (, , t) = 2u0 cos

X
m=1

(1)
m
J
1
(1)
(1)
0
m [J10 (m )]2

J2 ((1)
m )
2

a (1)
m

exp [
t ].
0

(C.7.11)

.
) , :

cos + 2 sin 2.
u (, , 0) =
0
0
T :

u(, , t) = u1 (, , t) + u2 (, , t),
:

u1 (, , 0) =

cos ,
0

2
u2 (, , 0) = 2 sin 2.
0
.
) , , :
u (, , 0) = A f () cos2 .
cos2 :

cos2 =

1
(1 + cos 2)
2

72

, :

u (, , t) = u1 (, t) + u2 (, , t).
u1 (, t) - u1 (, 0) =
1
2 f (), u2 (, , t) -
u2 (, , 0) = 12 () cos 2. .

1. .. ., ., , 1974. ` 2. .., .. , ., , 1972.
3. .., .., ..
. ., , 1972.

 , 5 7
, 5
.
1
2) . - - 2 u(x,y).
1
5) .
8) .
2
11)
( ).

11) .
16)
. 2- .
18) .
21) .
26) , .
31) .
34) .
36) f(x,t) .
37) .

.
38) .

.
43) , .
49) , , .
52) , , .
55) .
57) .
57) .
59) .
61) .
66) .