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This document discusses the principles of openness and scalability in distributed systems. Openness refers to systems that use standard interfaces and rules to allow components from different developers to work together. This allows for interoperability and portability. Scalability means a system can easily grow in size, with more users and resources added, and remain manageable even if spanning multiple organizations. Some challenges to scalability include limitations of centralized services and single servers, as communication with these can prohibit growth as the system increases in size.
This document discusses the principles of openness and scalability in distributed systems. Openness refers to systems that use standard interfaces and rules to allow components from different developers to work together. This allows for interoperability and portability. Scalability means a system can easily grow in size, with more users and resources added, and remain manageable even if spanning multiple organizations. Some challenges to scalability include limitations of centralized services and single servers, as communication with these can prohibit growth as the system increases in size.
This document discusses the principles of openness and scalability in distributed systems. Openness refers to systems that use standard interfaces and rules to allow components from different developers to work together. This allows for interoperability and portability. Scalability means a system can easily grow in size, with more users and resources added, and remain manageable even if spanning multiple organizations. Some challenges to scalability include limitations of centralized services and single servers, as communication with these can prohibit growth as the system increases in size.
Services according to standard rules that describe the
syntax and semantics of those services Example: network protocols Services are specified through interfaces and for this Interface Definition Language is used. Completeness and neutrality are important for interoperability and portability Interoperability: the extent by which two components from different manufacturers can co-exist and work together by merely relying on each other's services as specified by a common standard. 1 Openness 2 Portability characterizes to what extent an application developed for a distributed system A can be executed without modification, on a different distributed system B that implements the same interfaces as A. Easy to configure the system out of different components (possibly from different developers). Easy to add new components or replace existing ones without affecting those components that stay in place. Openness 3 Example: consider caching in the World Wide Web. Browsers generally allow users to adapt their caching policy by specifying the size of the cache, and whether a cached document should always be checked for consistency, or perhaps only once per session. However, the user cannot influence other caching parameters, such as how long a document may remain in the cache, or which document should be removed when the cache fills up. Also, it is impossible to make caching decisions based on the content of a document. For instance, a user may want to cache railroad timetables, knowing that these hardly change, but never information on current traffic conditions on the highways. Separation of policy and mechanism. Scalability Scalable with respect to its size, meaning that we can easily add more users and resources to the system. A geographically scalable system is one in which the users and resources may lie far apart. Administratively scalable, that it can still be easy to manage even if it spans many independent administrative organizations. Some loss of performance as the system scales up. 4 Scalability- problems 5 Scalable with respect to size Limitation of centralized services Many services are centralized in the sense that they are implemented by means of only a single server running on a specific machine in the distributed system. Problem? Although we have virtually unlimited processing and storage capacity but communication with server eventually prohibit the growth. Scalability- problems 6 Single server sometimes unavoidable. Examples, bank accounts server, medical records,