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TA'BLE -3.4 Physlcil Propertles ofSome Unbranched Alkanes
Condensed
Structural mp bp Density of Liquid*
Name Formula CC) rC) (g/mL at OC)
mcthane CHq - 182 - 164 (a gas)
ethane CH3CH3
-183 - 88 (a gas)
pro pan e CH3CH2CH3
-190 - '12 (a gas)
butane CH3(CH2)2CH3 -138 O (a gas)
pentane CH3(CB2l3CH3
- 130 36 0.626
hexane CH3(CH2)4CH3 - 95 69 0.659
heptane CH3(CH2)sCH3
-90 98 0.684
octane CH3(CH2)6CH3 - 57 126 0.703
nonane CH3(CH2l7CH3
- 51 151 0.718
decane CH3(CH2)sCH3
-30 174 0.730
"' For comparison, lhe densilY uf H~O is I g/mL al 4(:.
-------
TABLE 8.1 Boiling Points and Solubilities in Water of Five Groups of
Alcohols and Hydrocarbons ofSimilar Molecular Weight
Molecular bp Solubility
Structural Formula Name Weight CC) in Water
CH30H methanol 32 65 infinite
CH3CH3 cthane 30 -89 insoluble
CH3CH2OH cthanol 46 78 infinite
CH3CH2CH, propane 44 -42 insoluble
CH3CH2CH2OH 1-propanol 60 97 infinite
CH3CH2CH2CH3 blltane 58 O insoluble
CH3CH2CH2CH2OH -butanol 74 117 8g/IDO g
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 penlane 72 36 insoluble
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH20H l-pentanol 88 138 2.3g/lOO g
HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH 1,4-blltanediol 90 230 infinite
CH3CH2CH2CH 2CH 2CH3 hexane 86 69 insoluble
---_ .. ---~- - -- ----
TABLE 11.3 Physical Properties of Selected Aldehydes and I(etones
IUPAC Cornmon Structural bp Solubility
Name Name Formula CC) (g/lOO gwater)
methanal formaldehyde HCHO -21 infinite
ethanal acetaldehyde CH3CHO 20 infinite
propanal- propionaldehyde CH3CH2CHO - 49 16
butanal butyraldehyde CH3CH2CH2CI-10 76 7
hexanal caproaldehyde CH3(CH2)4CHO 129 slight
propanone - acetone CH3COCH3 - 56 infinite
2-butanone ethyl methyl ketone CH3COCH2C1--I3 80 26
3-pentanone diethyl ketone CH3CH2COCH2CH~ 101 :' >
TABLE 10.1 Physical Properties of Selected Amines
Structural mp bp Solubility
Name Formula (oC) (OC)
in Water
ammona NHg -78 -33 very soluble
Primary Amines
methylamine CHg H~ -95 -6 very soluble
ethylamine CHgCH~NH2 - 81 17 very soluble
propylamine CHgCI-l~CI-r2NH2 -83 48 very soluble
isopropylamine (CHg)~CHNH2 -95 32 very soluble
butylamine CHg(CI-l
2
)gNH
2
-49 78 very soluble
benzylamine C
6
H
5
CH
2
NH
2
185 very soluble
cyclohexylamine C;H
11
NH
2
-17 135 slightly soluble
Secondary Amines
elimethylamine (CHg)2NH -93 7 very soluble
diethylamine (CHgCT-1
2
) ~NH -48 56 very soluble
Tertiary Amines
trimethylamine (CHghN -117 , 3 very soluble
triethylamine (CHgCH
2
)gN -114 89 slightly soluble
Aromatic Amines
anline CfiH
5
Nl1
2
-6 184 slightly soluble
Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines
pyridine C
s
H
s
1'\ -42 116 very soluble
------_._-------------- --------------------
TA B LE 12.2 Boiling Points and Solubilities in Water ofSelected
Carboxylic Acids, Alcohols, and Aldehydes of Comparable
Molecular Weight
Molecular Boiling Solubility
Structure Name Weight Point (oC) (g/lOO mLH
2
O)
CH
3
C0
2
H acetic acid 605 118 infinite
CH
3
CI-l
2
CH
2
OH 1-propanol 60.1 97 infinite
CHgCH
2
CHO propanal 581 48 16
CI-lg(CH
2
hC0
2
H butanoic aciel 88.1 163 infinite
CHg(CH
2
)gCH
2
OH' 1-pentanol 88.1 137 2.3
CHg(CH
2
)gCHO pentanal 'b.l 10:) slight
CH3(CH2)4C02H hexanoic acid 11(;.2 20.)
1.0
CHg(CH
2
hCH
2
OH 1-heptanol 110.2 176 0.2
CH:1(CH
2
hCHO heptanal 11-l.1 IS3 0.1
------
4.17 Insoluble >300 185 3-Naphlhoic acid 2-Naphthoic acid
f'
f-~bOXY liC A c i d s
Water Solubi li ty
~L~
:ro: ~
~r
(9100 mL -1 H
2
O),
:.1 Struc ture Sys temati c Name Gommon Name mp (oC) bp (oC) 25G pK.
B ; ; ' - - -
. HC0
2
H Methanoic acid Formic acid 8 1005
00
3.75
:J CH
3
C02H
Ethanoic acid Acetic acid 16.6 118
00
476
:r
Propanoic acid Propionic acid -21 141
00
4.87
.' CH
3
CH
2
C02H
CH
3
(CH
2
hC02H Bulanoic acid Bulyric acid -6 164
00
4.81
CH3(CH2hC02H
Penlanoic acid Valeric acid -34 187 4.97 4.82
CH3(CH2)4C02H Hexanoic acid Caproic acid -3 205 1.08 4.84
. CH3(CH2)6C02H
Oclanoic acid Caprylic acid 16 239 0.07 4.89
_ CH3(CH2)8C02H Decanoic acid Capric acid 31 269 0.015 4.84
CH3(CH2)lOC02H Dodecanoic acid Lauric acid 44 179
18
0.006 5.30
:CH3(CH2)12C02H Telradecanoic acid Myrislic acid 59 200
20
0.002
CH3(CH2)14C02H Hexadecanoic acid Palmilic acid 63 219
17
0.0007 646
';CH3(CH2)16C02H Ocladecanoic acid Slearic acid 70 383 0.0003
.CH
2
CIC0
2
H Chloroelhanoic acid Chloroacelic acid 63 189 Very soluble 2.86
CHCI
2
C0
2
H Dichloroelhanoic acid Dichloroacelic acid 10.8 192 Very soluble 148
CI
3
C0
2
H Trichloroelhanoic acid Trichloroacetic acid 56.3 198 Very soluble 0.70
H
3
CHCIC0
2
H 2-Chloropropanoic acid a-Chloropropionic acid 186 Soluble 2.83
H
2
CICH
2
C0
2
H 3-Chloropropanoic acid 3-Chloropropionic acid 61 204 Soluble 3.98
6
H
S
C0
2
H Benzoic acid Benzoic acid 122 250 0.34 419
CH
3
C
6
H
4
C0
2
H 4-Melhylbenzoic acid p - Toluic acid 180 275 0.03 4.36
, CIC
6
H
4
C0
2
H 4-Chlorobenzoic acid p-Chlorobenzoic acid 242 0.009 3.98
N0
2
C
6
H
4
C0
2
H 4-Nilrobenzoic acid p-Nitrobenzoic acid 242 0.03 341
1-Naphthoic acid a-Naphthoic acid 160 300 Insoluble 3.70
. : D i c arbox yli c A c i d s
Struc ture Gommon Name
mp (oC)
H0
2
C-C0
2
H Oxalic acid 189 dec 1.2
H0
2
CCH
2
C0
2
H Malonic acid 136 2.9
H0
2
C(CH
2
hC0
2
H Succinic acid 187 4.2
H0
2
C(CH
2
hC0
2
H Glutaric acid 98 4.3
H02C(CH2)4C02H Adipic acid 153 44
cis-H0
2
C-CH =CH - C0
2
H Maleic acid 131 1.9
trans-H0
2
C-CH=CH -C.o
2
H Fumaric acid 287 3.0
V e o, H
Phlhalic acid 206-208 dec 2.9
C0
2
H
v e O' H
Isophthalic acd 345-348 3.5
C0
2
H
Q "
Terephthalic acid Sublimes 3.5
C0
2
H
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>-
oC
c..
Cll
E
III
Z
~ (l)
Cll (l) Q) (l) e (l)
~E - E ~ e e .~ (l) .~ (l)
Q) Q) E .- E E tU e - e
~ .S ( l ) .S t U ( l ) E t U t U ~- ( l ) 0 e =
E S E ~.~ tU ~ - x E ~6 f8e
2 :' ~ E tU o. E >- : 5 ~ 1!~ (l) ~U5 o~
III >, tU >- O tU : 5 en ro o >, e : : J .- - ~
E5~Q.o..>-' .o 1 ,u~~oc..c.-<:::::
.: (l) ..co o :5 o ~ ~ >. < J ) c J -= - < { U Z
a. . : 2: wcLl Qcol Q" , . muco<cQ. Q. Q. Q.
24.2 Amino Acids 1169
II
llJJ!EII L -Amino Acids Found in Proteins
C0
2
H H
H2N+H
R-C-C0
2
H
/
R
NH
2
'1 :
'j
pK., pK.
2
pK.
3
:1 '
Structure 01R
Name Abbreviations a'-C0
2
H a-NH
3
+ R group pI
; 1
,
Neutral Amino Acids II
96 6.0
11
-H Glycine G or Gly 23
1,
!I
-CH
3 Alanine A or Ala 2.3 9.7 6.0 ; 1
-CH(CH
3
h Valine
b
Vor Val 23 9.6 6.0
l!
-CH
2
CH(CH
3
h Leucine
b
L or Leu 2.4 96 60
1
1
-CHCH
2
CH
3 Isoleucine
b
Ior Ile 2.4 9.7 6,1
I
:1
CH
3
-CH
2
-Q Phenylalanine
b
F or Phe 1,8 9.1 5.5
-CH
2
CONH
2 Asparagine Nor Asn 2.0 8.8 5.4
-CH
2
CH
2
CONH
2 Glutamine Qor Gln 2.2 9.1 5.7
-ro
Tryptophan
b
9.4 5.9
N I 4
WorTrp 2.4
1 '
'1
1
H
O
l'
il
II
1"
HOC-CH-CH Proline Por Pro 2.0 10.6 6.3
I I 2
,11
HN CH
2
"-/
CH
2
(complete structure)
-CH
2
OH Serine S or Ser 2.2 9.2 5.7
-CHOH Threonine
b
T or Thr 2.6 10.4 6.5
1
CH
3
-CH
2
-Q-OH Tyrosine Y or Tyr 2.2 9.1 10.1 5.7
I
I
,
O
1I
HOC-CH--CH
Hydroxyproline Hyp 1.9 9.7 6.3
I I 2
HN CH
" -
/
" -
CH
2
OH
(complete structure)
-CH
2
SH Cysteine C or Cys 1.7 10.8 8.3 5.0
, I -CH -s
1.6 7.9
. 1
2 I
Cystine Cys-Cys
5.1 I j i
-CH
2
-S
2.3 9.9

!.
-CH
2
CH
2
SCH
3 Methionine
b
Mor Met 23 9.2 5.8
Uk!5hl:!!i! If '% "
R Contains an Acidic (Carboxyl)Group
-CH
2
C0
2
H Aspartic acid Oor Asp 2.1 9.8 3.9 3.0
-CH
2
CH
2
C0
2
H Glutamic acid E or Glu 2.2 9.7 4.3 3.2
R Contains a Basic Group
-CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 Lysine
b
K or Lys 2.2 9.0 10.S
C
9.8
NH
11
-CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
NH-C-NH
2
Arginine R or Arg 2.2 9.0 12.5
C
10.8
J C:r -CH
2
)
Histidine H or His 1.8 92 6.0
C
7.6
N
I
H