Structure diagram for stainless steel weld metal

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References
/1/ Schaeffler A.L. 1949. Metal
progress, 56 (11) p.680-680B
/2/ DeLong W.T. 1974. Welding
Journal, 53 (8) p. 273s-286s
/3/ Siewert T.A., McCowan C.N.,
Olson D.L. 1988. Welding
Journal 12 (1988) p. 289s-
298s
/4/ Kotecki D.J., Siewert T.A.
1992. Welding Journal 5
(1992) p. 171s-178s
/5/ Kotecki D.J. 1982. Welding
Journal Nov. (1982) p.352s-
361s
/6/ Schafmeister P., Ergang R.
1939. Arch. Eisenhttenwesen
12 (1939) p. 459-464
/7/ Farrar J.C.M. 2004.
IIW DOC II-1531-04
Ferrite determination
Optical scanning Accuracy depends on etching and
equipment. Related standard: ASTM E 562 - 99
Magnet tearing-off force Standards for Ferrite Number
(FN) determination: ISO 8249 and AWS A4.2 - 97. Cover
range of FN 0-85. Torsion balance (e.g. Magne Gage)
calibrated with coating thickness standards (NIST).
Other devices, to be calibrated on secondary standards.
Magnetic Induction Devices as Fisher Ferritoscope,
to be calibrated on secondary standards.
The measurement of Ferrit Number (FN) in Real
Weldments. Final Report of IIW Round Robin /7/
Chemical composition, position in structure diagrams
- Schaeffler Diagram /1/ - WRC 1988 Diagram /3/
- DeLong Diagram /2/ - WRC 1992 Diagram /4/
Lincoln Electric Europe combined the latest and most accura-
te WRC 1992 diagram with the basis, the Schaeffler Diagram
for optimal estimation of structure and ferrite content.
A most complete range of consumables for welding CrNi-steel grades
Weld Metal structure Classification
1
) Position in Welding processes:
Applocation Diagram SMAW FCAW GTAW/GMAW SAW
Austenitic 19 9 L A Vertarosta 304L Cor-A-Rosta 304L LNT/LNM 304LSi LNS 304L / P2000
General corrosion Arosta/Limarosta 304L
Limarosta 304L-130 Cor-A-Rosta P304L
Jungo 304L
19 9 Nb A Arosta 347/Jungo 347 Cor-A-Rosta 347 LNT/LNM 347Si LNS 347 / P2000
19 12 3 L B Vertarosta 316L Cor-A-Rosta 316L LNT/LNM 316LSi LNS 316L / P2000
Arosta/Limarosta 316L
Limarosta 316L-130 Cor-A-Rosta P316L
Jungo 316L
19 12 3 Nb B Arosta 318/Jungo 318 LNT/LNM 318Si LNS 318 / P2000
Ferritic- Austenitic 22 9 3 N L C Arosta 4462 Cor-A-Rosta 4462 LNT/LNM 4462 LNS 4462 / P2000
(duplex/super-duplex) Jungo 4462 Cor-A-Rosta P4462
Stress corrosion
Z 25 7 4 N L EM LNT/LNM Zeron 100M LNS Zeron 100M / P2000
25 9 4 N L EX Jungo Zeron 100X LNT/LNM Zeron 100X LNS Zeron 100X / P2000
Fully Austenitic 18 16 5 N L F Arosta 4439/Jungo 4439 Cor-A-Rosta 317L LNT/LNM 4439Mn LNS 4439Mn / P2000
Special corrosion
19 13 4 N L G Jungo 4455 LNT/LNM 4455 LNS 4455 / P2000
20 25 5 Cu H Jungo 4500 LNT/LNM 4500 LNS 4500 / P2000
25 22 2 N L I Jungo 4465 LNT/LNM 4465 LNS 4465 / P2000
27 31 4 Cu L J NiCro 31/27 LNT/LNM 31/27 LNS 31/27 / P2000
Austenitic-Ferritic 18 8 Mn K Arosta 307/Jungo 307 LNT/LNM 307Mn LNS 307 / P2000
Dissimilar joints /
20 10 3 L Nichroma
Buffer layers
23 12 L M Arosta/Limarosta 309S Cor-A-Rosta 309L LNT/LNM 309LSi LNS 309L / P2000
Limarosta 309S-130 Cor-A-Rosta P309L
23 12 Nb M Arosta 309Nb
23 12 2 L N Arosta 309Mo Cor-A-Rosta 309MoL
Nichroma 160 Cor-A-Rosta P309MoL
29 4 O Arosta 329 LNS 329 / P2000
29 9 P Limarosta 312
Austenitic 19 9 H Q Arosta 304H LNT/LNM 304H LNS 304H / MIL 800H
High temperature
22 12 R Arosta 309H
25 20 S Intherma 310 LNT/LNM 310 LNS 310 / P2000
60 70 80 %Fe
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
1,7
Correlation % Ferrite &
Ferrite Number
Volumetric % Ferrite (estimated NFN)
correlates with Ferrite Number: NFN =
FN
f
Factor f, depends on iron content (%Fe) in
weld metal /5/
T
e
m
p
e
ra
tu
re
in
C
S+
S++
S+
+
+ +
+

S
S+
S
S++
S+
+
+ +
++
Constitution
Diagrams
Solidification
structure
schematic
in binary
constitution
diagrams /6/
Fe-Cr
for
70% Fe
Fe-Cr
for
60% Fe
Solidification mode
A: Fully austenitic () at room temperature
AF: Primary austenite (), interdendritic ferrite ()
FA: Peritectic solidification (+), transformation
on cooling to austenite; remaining ferrite in
network
F: primary ferrite (), formation of austenite ()
in ferrite () matrix
Arosta 4439
FN=0 Solidification mode: A
Arosta 309H
FN=3 Solidification mode: AF
Arosta 316L
FN=7 Solidification mode: FA
Limarosta 309S
FN=15 Solidification mode: FA
Arosta 4462
FN=35 Solidification mode: F
20 m 20 m 20 m 20 m 20 m
Ferrite in the weld metal structure
1) Alloy symbols as used in EN standards (viz. EN 1600, EN 12072 and EN 12073
Schaeffler diagram: Cr-equiv.=Cr+Mo+1.5Si+0.5Nb
S
c
h
a
e
ffle
r

d
ia
g
r
a
m
:

N
i-
e
q
u
iv
.
=
N
i+
3
0
C
+
0
.
5
M
n