..

1.1

1.1.1

x(t)
Z
|x(t)|2 dt <

Z
hx(t), y(t)i = hx, yi =

x(t)y (t) dt

. ()
.
:

hx1 + x2 , yi = hx1 , yi + hx2 , yi

hx, y1 + y2 i = hx, y1 i + hx, y2 i

hx, yi = hy, xi

hx, xi 0
, ,
hx, yi . ()
p
kxk2 = hx, xi , kxk = hx, xi
. -

d(x, y) = kx yk

kx yk kxk + kyk
.

1.1.2

1.1 ( -)

| hx, yi | kxkkyk

y = x.

y
x

ky xk2 = hy, yi hy, xi hx, yi + hx, xi

(1)

opt = hy, xi / hx, xi, y = y x
x
hy, xi
hy x, xi = hy, xi hx, xi = hy, xi
hx, xi = 0
hx, xi
opt (1),

ky xk2 = hy, yi 2

| hx, yi |2
| hx, yi |2
+
hx, xi 0,
hx, xi
hx, xi2

N
.

(e1 , e2 , . . . , en ); hei , ei i = 1, hei , ek i = 0

.
P
() y yk =
i ei .
y = yyk
y

hy , ei i = 0, i = 1, . . . , n

yk =

hy, ei i ei

y , , ,
y . ,
hx, ei i y .

.
.

.

1.2

1.2.1

x(t)

Z
Z
2if t
X(f ) = x(t)e
dt = x(t)ef t dt.

Z
x(t) =

+2if t

X(f )e

Z
df =

X(f )e+f t df

ef t

2i

e2i f t ,

cos f t

cos 2 f t.

x(t) X(f )
.
, x(t), - X(f ).
,

x(t) X(f )
.
1


rectX (x) =

1
0

x (X/2, X/2)

. ,

sin T f

1
rectT (t)
T
= T sinc (T f ),
T f
T
sin F t

1
F sinc (F t) = F
rectF (f ),
F t
F

FT = 1

1.2.2

.
.

x (t) X (f )

x (t) X (f )
.

(x = x),

X(f ) = X (f ).
3

, (x = x)

X(f ) = X (f ).
X(f )

X(f ) = Xs (f ) + Xa (f ) =

X(f ) + X (f ) X(f ) X (f )
+
2
2

x(t) = xi (t) +
ixq (t)

xi (t) Xs (f ),

ixq (t) Xa (f ).

x(t) = xs (t) + xa (t) =

x(t) + x (t) x(t) x (t)

+
2
2

X(f ) = Xi + iXq

xs (t) Xi (f ),

xa (t) iXq (f )

. C
. C - .
. ,
1. x(t) , X(f ) .
2. x(t) , X(f ) .
3. x(t) , X(f ) .
4. x(t) , X(f ) .

(1) (3),
.
(1) (4),
.
(2) (3),
.
(2) (4),
.

1.2.3

(xs cosf t ixa sinf t)dt

(xs + xa )(cosf t isinf t)dt = 2

X(f ) =

x(t) =

(Xs + Xa )(cosf t + isinf t)df = 2

(Xs cosf t + iXa sinf t)dt

0

, () -
Z +
x(t)cosf t dt,
X(f ) = 2
0

X(f )cosf t dt,

x(t) = 2
0

() -
Z +
x(t)sinf t dt,
X(f ) = 2
0

X(f )sinf t dt.

x(t) = 2
0

1.2.4

,
.

x(t t0 ) X(f )ef t0

x(t)e+f0 t X(f f0 )
2

( )

M (t) = rectT /2 (t T /4) rectT /2 (t + T /4)

.

1.2.5

x(t) y(t)
Z
(x y)(t) =
x(u)y(t u) du

(2)

(x y)(t) = (y x)(t).

 1.2

(x y)(t) X(f )Y (f )
x(t)y(t) (X Y )(f )
.

(2) x(t)

(Z
)
Z Z
Z
Z
fu
f (tu)
ft
(xy) =
X(f )e y(tu) dudf = X(f )
y(tu)e
du e df = X(f )Y (f )ef t df H
, t = 0
Z
Z
x(t)y(t) dt = X(f )Y (f ) df,
(3)
.
3 ,
1.

 (

p(t) = rectT (t) cos (F t),

2.

FT = 1

p(t) = rectT (t) {1 + cos (2F t)} ,

FT = 1

-
.
h(t) -
(t).
H(f ).
h(t) H(f ) x(t) X(f ).
y(t) Y (f )

Z
y(t) = (x h)(f ) =

x(u)h(t u) du,

Y (f ) = H(f )X(f ).
1.2.6

x(t) y(t) -
x(t) y(t).
Z
Rxy (t) = hx, y(t)i = hx(u), y(u t)i =
x(u)y (u t) du
(4)

 , x(t) y(t) - , Rx (t) = hx, x(t)i

x(t).

hx, y(t)i = hy, x(t)i

,

hx, x(t)i = hx, x(t)i .

.
,
hx, y(t)i x(t)
y (t).


hx, y(t)i = x(t) y (t) .
,
. ,
y (t) Y (f ). ,
.

hx, y(t)i X(f )Y (f ),

Z
Rxy (t) = hx, y(t)i =

x(u)y (u t) du =

X(f )Y (f ) =

X(f )Y (f )e+f t df

(5)

Rxy (t)ef t dt

X(f )Y (f ) x, y .
,

Rx (t) = hx, x(t)i |X(f )|2

.
t = 0 (5)
Z
Z

x(u)y (u) du = X(f )Y (f ) df,

(6)

,
- hx(t), y(t)i = hX(f ), Y (f )i.
,
.

hx(t), x(t)i = hX(f ), X(f )i

.
7

rectT (t).

sinc(F t) =

sin(F t)
.
F t

6
3.

1.2.7

Z
Z
x(t)y(t) dt = X(f )Y (f ) df,
.
g(t) - , G(f ) - .
x(t),

Z

x(t)g(t)dt,
X(f ),
Z
Z
x(t)g(t)dt =
X(f )G(f ) df.

-
x(t) = 1(t) = 1 - .
Z
Z
1 g(t)dt = G(0) =
X(f )G(f )df.

, X(f ) = (f ). ,

1(t) (f ),
(t) 1(f ).
,

e+f0 t (f f0 ),
(t ) ef0 .
,

e+f0 t + ef0 t
1
1
(f f0 ) + (f + f0 ),
2
2
2
+f0 t
f0 t
e
e
1
1
sin(f0 t) =

(f f0 ) (f + f0 ),
2i
2i
2i
cos(f0 t) =

7 , (x(t) (t )) = x(t ).
.
,

1 t > 0
0 t = 0
sign (t) =

1 t < 0

Z
Z
i
f t
sign (t)e df = lim
sign (t)e|t| ef t df =
.
0
f
9

   - 1/x.

sign (f ).

sign (t)

i
,
f

i
sign (f ).
t
8

sign (t + T /2) sign (t T /2).

9 ,


(t) =

1
0

1
t>0
= {1 + sign(t)}
t0
2

1
1
(t) ((f ) i ),
2
f
1
1
(f ) ((t) + i ).
2
t
10

((t) (t))( )
1
((t) )( )
t
1
1
( )
t t

=
=
=

( )
1
t
(t)

, -
() T (F )

(t) =

(t nT ).

n=

g(t) - g(nT )

g(t) = g(t)

(t nT ) =

n=

g(nT )(t nT )

n=

g(t)
g(t) = g(t)

X


(t nT ) =
g(t nT )

n=

n=

, ,
.
10

 1.3 ( ) T

(F T

(t nT ) F

= 1).

(f mF ).

Z X
X


(t nT ) enf t dt =
enT f .
n

F
(F/2, F/2)
ekT f
X
X
(f mF ) =
ck ekT f
m

ck

T /2

(t)ekT f df = 1

F ck =
T /2

1/F , H.
,
. , ,
, - . ,
:

x(t) T
X(f ) F , F T = 1
x(t) T
X(f ) F , F T = 1

x(t) - X(f ), (F/2, F/2).

T .
X
x(nT )(t nT )
n

X(f ) c F = 1/T
X
X(f mF ).
m

, X(f ), F
. , X(f )
. , x(t)
x(nT ).

11

 1.4 ( ) ,

(F/2, F/2),

T 1/F

x(nT ),
Fd F ).

Fh = F/2.

Fd = 2Fh .

11 x(t) (F/2, F/2).

xd (t) =

x(nT )(t nT ), T 1/F.

xd (t)

y(t),

H(f ) = rectF (f ).

).

12 .

xn , .
x(t), x(nT ) = xn ,

X(f )

(F/2, F/2), F 1/T .

- .

x(t) - T .
rectT (t)  xT (t) = x(t)rectT (t) XT (f ) .
x(t) xT (t)
X


x(t) = xT (t)
(t nT )
- XT (f ). ,
x(t)
X
X(f ) = F
XT (mF )(f mF ), F T = 1.
,  -
XT (mF ),
. F = 1/T .

12

2
2.1

1(f ) = 1
. h(t) = (t).
)
sign(f
.
i
sign(f )

,
i
.
sign (f )

h(t) =

1
.
t

,
Z

1
1
x(u)
x
e(t) = x(t)
=
du
t

tu
.

e ) = X(f ) sign(f )
X(f
i

sign(f ) sign(f )
ee
= X(f ),
X(f
) = X(f )
i
i

e
x
e(t) = x(t)

x(t) .
.
2.1 ,
- .

hx, yi = he
x, yei .
.

 sign(f ) 
 sign(f ) 
he
x, yei X(f )
Y (f )
= X(f )Y (f ) hx, yi H
i
i
2.2

he
x, yi = hx, yei .
.

he
x, yi [X(f )

sign(f )
sign(f )
]Y (f ) = X(f )[Y (f )(
) ] hx, yei H
i
i

1 x(t) x
e(t) .

he
x, xi = hx, x
ei = 0.

13

, he
x, xi = hx, x
ei. , ,
, he
x, xi = hx, x
ei.

2.3 ( ) ,

cos(f
f t) = sin(f t)
f t) = cos(f t)
sin(f
.

cos(f
f 0 t)

1
sign(f )
1
((f f0 ) + (f + f0 ))
=
((f f0 ) (f + f0 )) sin(f0 t)
2
i
2i

2.4 x(t) - , f0 , f0 .

^ 0 t)) = x(t)sin(f0 t)
(x(t)cos(f
^ 0 t)) = x(t)cos(f0 t)
(x(t)sin(f
,

.
.

^ 0 t) 1 (X(f f0 ) + X(f + f0 )) sign(f ) =

x(t)cos(f
2
i
x(t)sin(f0 t)

1
(X(f f0 ) X(f + f0 ))
2i
1
(X(f f0 ) X(f + f0 ))
2i

.
H
2.5 ( ) x(t), y(t) - ,

x(t)cos(f0 t)

x(t)sin(f0 t)

y(t)sin(f0 t)

x(t) = y(t),

(f0 , f0 ).

- .

x(t)cos(f0 t).

hx(t)cos(f0 t), y(t)sin(f0 t)i

Z
ih
1 h
sinc(f ) i

X(f f0 ) + X(f + f0 ) (Y (f f0 ) + Y (f + f0 ))
df
4
i
.

, , (X(f f0 )) (Y (f + f0 ))
,
Z
i sinc(f )
1 h
X(f f0 )Y (f f0 ) + X(f + f0 )Y (f + f0 )
df,
4
i
14

 H
, .

-

x(t)sin f0 t.

x(t)cos f0 t

,
. ,
.
2.2

)
-
x(t) X(f ) - , x
e(t) X(f ) sign(f
i
.
x+ (t)

x+ (t) = x(t) + i x
e(t)

X + (f ) = X(f ) + i X(f )

sign(f )
= X(f )(1 + sign(f )) = 2X(f )(f )
i

,
,
. , ,
.

x (t) = x(t) ie
x(t) = (x+ )
.
x(t) , ,

x(t) = x+ (t) + x (t)

.
, - .
1 x(t) = cos(f t).

x+ (t) = cos(f t) + isin(f t) = e+f t

x (t) = cos(f t) isin(f t) = ef t

, .
.

13 x(t) = sin(f t). , x+ (t) = i e+f t , x (t) = i ef t .

15

x+ (t) = |x+ (t)]ei arg(x

+ (t))

A(t) = |x+ (t)| =

p
x
e2 (t) + x2 (t)

(t) = arg(x+ (t)) = arctg(e

x(t)/x(t))

d
.
dt
x(t) .
$(t) =

2.3

(Passband signal) xp (t),

(2f0 , 0) (0, 2f0 ).
P- (P-, Passband space ).
.
f0 - .
P- f0 ,
. ,

x+
ep (t)
p (t) = xp (t) + i x

f0

1
f0 t
x(t) = x+
p (t)e
2

(7)

, (Baseband signal)
xp (t). x(t)
(f0 , f0 ).
- (B, Baseband Space ). -
.
(7) PB- xp (t)
x(t). - P B-.

x(t) = xi (t) + i xq (t)

(7) x(t) xp (t), BP

xp (t) = 2Re x(t)e+f0 t = 2 xi (t)cos f0 t xq (t)sin f0 t
(8)
16

 (8) P-
- (inphase) xi (t) cos f0 t (quadratue) xq (t) sin, f0 t. P-. B-
x(t).
. P-
- .
.

.
. -.
(7) (8) - P-
B- .
14 ,

xp (t) = A cos (f0 t) + B cos (f0 + 4f )t

f0

x(t) = A + Be4f t .

xp (t) = A cos (f0 + F )t + B cos (f0 F )t

B P

x0p (t) = 2 xi (t )cos f0 (t ) xq (t ) sin f0 (t )

x
e0p (t) = 2 xi (t )sin f0 (t ) + xq (t )cos f0 (t ) ,

x0+
p (t) =

2 xi (t )ef0 (t ) + ixq (t )ef0 (t ) ,

1
f0 t
x0 (t) = x0+
= xi (t ) + ixq (t ) ef0 ,
p (t)e
2

x0 (t) = x(t )ei ,

= 2f0 .

, P- B-

= 2f0 ,
.
,
ei , .
-
.
17

.
.
,
.
().
.
,
.
2.4

BP/PB

BP/PB
.
.

PB- (7). , ,
, BP-
(8).
.
,

PB/BP-.
x(t) = xi (t) + i xq (t)
, . 1.

. 1: .
. ,
BP- (8).

.
.
x(t)
-
.
18

 . ef0 t
.

x(t)ef0 t = {xi (t)cos f0 t xq (t)sin f0 t}

= i {xi (t)sin f0 t + xq (t)cos f0 t}
 ,
. , ,
. ,
.
. .
, .
.
(7)
, . 2.
,
. xp (t) x
ep (t)
. ,
ef0 t ,
. .

. 2: .
- . ,
, ,
.
P- B-. ,
. 3.

LPF f0 .
()

xp (t) = xi (t)cos f0 t xi (t)sin f0 t.

xp (t)cos f0 t = xi (t)cos2 f0 t xq (t)sin f0 t cos f0 t

1
=
xi (t) + xi (t)cos 2f0 t xq (t)sin 2f0 t .
2
19

. 3: .

,
.
.
15

16

2.6 .
:


rectf0 (f ) =

1, f (f0 , f0 )
0, f
/ (f0 , f0 )

rectf0 (f ) =

1
(sign(f + f0 ) sing(f f0 ))
2

- xp (t)
+ .

X(f ) =

1
{(Xp (f + f0 ) + Xp (f f0 ) ( sign(f + f0 ) sing(f f0 ) )}
4

Xp (f ) (2f0 , 0), (0, +2f0 ),

Xp (f + f0 )sing(f f0 ) = +Xp (f + f0 ),
Xp (f f0 )sing(f + f0 ) = +Xp (f f0 ),
ep (f + f0 ),
Xp (f + f0 )sing(f + f0 ) = iX
ep (f f0 ).
Xp (f f0 )sing(f f0 ) = iX
20

X(f ) =

1
ep )(f + f0 ) + (Xp iX
ep )(f f0 )}
{(Xp + iX
4

1
1
1 +
+f0 t
f0 t
{xp (t)ef0 t + x
} =
Re(x+
) = xi (t)
p (t)e
p (t)e
4
2
2

x(t) =

, , 1/ 2
H
17

. ,
2.5

1/ 2 xq (t).

P B

/ P B .
.
1 ( ) a(t), b(t) -
. -

a(t)ef t , b(t) = b(t)ef t .

a
(t) =

a
(t) b(t) = ef t a(t) b(t) ,
D
E
a
(t), b(t) ) = ef t ha(t), b(t)i .
- ()
().

. , .

f u

a(u)e

f u

a(u)e

f u

b(u)e

a(u)ef u b(t u)ef (tu) = ef t (a b)

a(u)ef u b (t u)e+f (ut) = ef t ha, b(t)i

(t) =

f (ut)

, b(u t)e

, ,
.
2.7 ( )

( ).

xp (t) hp (t) yp (t) = (xp hp )

m
m
m
BP/P B
1
x(t) h(t) y(t) = 2 (x h)

21

xp (t) - , hp (t) -
, yp (t) = (xp hp ) - .

2x(t) = (xp + ie
xp )ef0 t

2h(t) = (hp + ie
hp )ef0 t

2y(t) = (yp + ie
yp )ef0 t



2(x*h) = (xp + ie
xp )ef0 t (hp + ie
hp )ef0 t
1,
f0 t


e
(xp + ie
xp ) (hp + ihp ) =

2(x*h) = e


xp e
hp ) + i(xp e
hp ) + i(e
xp hp )
= ef0 t (xp hp ) (e

sign(f ) 2
(e
xp e
hp ) Xp (f )Yp (f )[
] (xp hp )
i
sign(f )
(e
xp hp ) = (xp e
hp ) Xp (f )Yp (f )
(x^
p hp )
i
,

2(x*h) = 2ef0 t (yp + ie

yp ) = 2y

h 
x
= y.
H
2

. , .
, hp (t) xp (t) ,
yp (t) ,
xp (t),


h(t)

PB-

hp (t),

1 .
2

,
.
18 ,

Hp (f ) =

1
0
1 + i2Q f f
f0

( )

H(f ) =

1
,
1 + i f

22

2Q
f0

 2.8 ( ) P B
:

hx, y(t)i =

(9)

f0 t
hxp , yp (t)i + i hx^
p , yp (t)i e

, ,


2 hx, y(t)i = xp (u) + ie
xp (u) ef0 u , yp (u t) + ie
yp (u t) ef0 (ut)

1,

2 hx, y(t)i = ef0 t hxp + ie

xp , xp (t) + ie
yp (t)i =

= ef0 t [hxp , yp (t)i + he

xp , yep (t)i + i he
xp , yp (t)i i hxp , yep (t)i]

he
xp , yep (t)i

he
xp , yp (t)i

hxp , yep (t)i

sign(f ) 2
|
i
sign(f )
yp (f )
xp (f )
i
sign(f )
xp (f )yp (f )
i
xp (f )yp (f )|

hxp , yp (t)i

hx^
p , yp (t)i

hx^
p , yp (t)i

2 hx, y(t)i = 2ef0 t [hxp , yp (t)i + 2ihx^

p , yp (t)i],
H
, P
B . ,
(9),

hxp , yp (t)i = Re hx, y(t)i cosf0 t Im hx, y(t)i sinf0 t

t = 0,

^
hx, yi = hxp , yp i + ihx
p , yp i
P B ,
. .
.

hxp , yp i = Re hx, yi .

-
. ,
P B .

Re hx, yi = 0
23

hx, yi = 0
.


Re x, yei = Re hx, yi cos Im hx, yi sin
( )
.

. .
, .
, .
. ,
- .
.
, .
() .
2.9 ( )

kxk2 = hx, xi = hxp , xp i = kxp k2

.

P-
. , , ,
, 0 . ,

hx, xi = hxp , xp i + ihxp^

, xp (0)i = hxp , xp i ,
H
. BP/PB - -
, (),
.

24

3
3.1

-
.

.
,
, .
.
- .

- . ,
.
.

. .
, s(t).
:
|s(t)| 1.
, - ().
.
- x(t) = s(t). c f0 -

xp (t) = s(t) cos f0 t.

. s(t)
.
.
1.
. , s(t) ,
. |s(t)| s(t).
- , .
. ,
(AM)

x(t) = 1 + ms(t),

xp (t) = (1 + ms(t))cos f0 t,

0 m 1

().
- ,
P-. ,
.
2. . ,
s(t) F , (f0 F, f0 + F )
2F . ,
.
,
.
25

 se(t) s(t)
s+ (t) = s(t) + ie
s(t). . :

xp (t) = s(t) cos f0 t se(t) sin f0 t

(SSB-single side band). ,
, . SSB
.
1. ()
. x(t) = es(t) ,
- .

xp (t) = cos (f0 t + s(t))

.
- (). , .
, , f (t) = Ds(t). D ( ) .
[D, D] -1
+1.

x(t) = e(t) = eD

Rt
0

s(t)dt

, Ds(t).

.
- . 4.
(). - VCO,
0
, e (t)
e(t) . se(t),
. FD
(t) = (t) 0 (t). K
VCO.

d
= D(s(t) se(t)),
dt
, , se(t) = K(t). se(t)

de
s(t)
+ se(t) = s(t); = 1/KD
dt

, ,
s(t) .
, se(t)
s(t) c .
K 1/KD
, . LPF
,
.
26

. 4:

3.2

.
.

cn C, C ()
M.

p(t) - . hp, pi
. B-
, T

x(t) =

+
X

(10)

cn p(t nT )

n=

.
. 1/T
log2 M/T .
xp (t)
.
x(t) .
1 , (10)

-
c(t) =

+
X

cn (t nT )

n=

h = p(t).



. , - .
,
- .

27

 .
R(t) = hx, p(t)i
t = mT .
, T

hp(t), p(t mT )i = m,0 .

t = mT
cm , m- ,
.
.
(T /2, T /2),
, .

p(t)
C.
-
.
cn p(t) .
.
cn p(t) hcn p, cn pi = |cn |2 hp, pi = |cn |2 .

M
1 X
|cn |2
Es =
M n=1

Eb = Es /log2 M .
cn p(t), cm p(t)

dn,m = ||cn p(t) cm p(t)|| = |cn cm |.

.
M ,
.

-
.

minn6=m d2n,m
=
Es
.
PSK (Pahse Shift Keying), . 5, QAM
(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), . 6.
-
PSK-2, .
. BPSK (Binary Phse
Shift Keying), PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation).
28

. 5: PSK

. 6: QAM

.
r
2X
rect(t nT ) cn cos f0 t, cn = 1
xp (t) =
T n
BPSK ,
.
BPSK ,
cn = 1.
r
2X
rect(t nT ) (cn cos f0 t cn sinf0 t)
xp (t) =
T
QPSK (Quadrature Phase
Shift Keying). QPSK QAM-4 PSK-4
/4. , ,
.
QPSK BPSK
, . QPSK
,
BPSK-.
, , ,
, cn , cn , - . P-
.
. , - .
29

 , ,
,
.
QPSK .
QPSK .
,
.
3.2.1

, ,
. F
T B = F T .
()
s = 1/B = 1/T
F
. ()
.

log2 M , M-

S

log2 M 1

T
F

. ,

,
.
P (f ) p(t). F T = 1.

sin F t
F
F t

1
rectF (f )
F

1
rectT (t)
T

sin T f
T
T f

1
{rectT /2 (t T /2) rectT /2 (t + T /2)}
T

sin2 T f
2
i T
T
2f

2 2T cos T f
1 (2T f )2

 t
2
rectT (t)
cos
T
T

2 
t 
1 + cos(2 ) rectT (t)
3T
T
30

2T sin T f
1
3 T f 1 (T f )2

 ,
P (f ), 2F, F = 1/T , B = 2F T = 2,
s = 1/2 . ,
B F T ,
- .

.
3.1 ( )

p(t)

P (f )

m=+
X

|P (f mF )|2 T,

(11)

F T = 1.

m=

: R(nT ) = hp, p(nT )i = n,0 .

X
X
R(t)
(t mT ) =
R(mT )(t mT ) = (t)

X
F
|P (f mF )|2
, , - - H
f = 0 (11),
2

P (f )

p(t)

m=+
X

|P (mF )|2 = T,

F T = 1.

(12)

m=

,
,

F = 1/T
.
mF T .
|P (f )|2 0
. mF, m 6= 0
.
F  .
T ,
(12), .
, .
, ,

mF, m 6= 0,



31

 ,
.
,
. ,
.
()
.

, 1/2.
, - 1/f .
,   .
1/9.
- 1/f 2 . 
 - 1/f 3 , -
- 1/4. ,
1/2,
.

. .
. ,
,
nT .
.
1/t. ,
, ,
P nT ,
1/nT .
1/nT - .
,
, 1/t2 . .

32

3.3

c = ci + icq
- , .

xp (t) = 2{ci p(t)cos f0 t cq p(t)sin f0 t}

ci p(t) ,
cq p(t)-.

T .

xp (t) = 2{ci p(t)cos f0 t cq p(t T /2)sin f0 t}

,
- nT nT + T /2.
. T /2 .
T /2-.

. 7: .
PSK-4 c , . 7(a).

( ). , T ,
, .
0, +/2, /2, .
T /2- 4- ,
. T -
. . T /2-
, . ,
/2.
, ,
BPSK.
T /2 .
, - .
33

 ,

.

(Minimal Shift Keying).
, 

t
),
t (T /2, T /2).
p(t) = cos(
2 T /2
- p(t) , T /2
. , T -
, . 7(b).
. , ,
.
- . T /2
.
.
T /2-
. T /2
- .

x(t) = ei 2 T /2 , t [0, T /2]

(13)

,
. .
/

2f =

/2
; f = 1/2T = F/2; F T = 1
T /2

, 1/2T - ,
T .
- .
19 (13)
3.4

. T -,
. , ,
. , .
.
, - {s S, |S| = S},

{b B, |B| = B} {c C, |C| = C}.

n. n
sn , bn ,
sn+1 = Fs (sn , bn ) cn+1 = Fc (sn , bn ).
34

 Fs : S B 7 S Fb : S B 7 C
.

cn C. .
, ,
.
, .
(trellis)
, . 8. - -.
.
, - .

. 8: .

S = {s0 , s1 , s2 , s3 } B = [0, 1].
.
(b = 1) (b = 0) . ,
. ()
- /. Fc : S C 7 B
. 8 ().
.
, , 8- .
. ,

,
. , ,
, .
,
PSK-8. , PSK-2.
.
,
, ,
35

 - .
, , .
.

.
. , ,
{c0 , ..., c7 } PSK-8.
ci p(t).
y(t) = ci p(t)+n(t). .

yb = hy(t), p(t)i = ci + hn(t), b(t)i .

yb, , .
, , , ,
8- - di = |b
y
bi |. . , ,
,
.
,
. .
.
,
.
- .

. 9: .
A C, . 9.
, , , .

. , . .
, , A C, .
.

.
.

,
N .
N .
36

. 10: .

.10 s1 , N ,
. . ,
s0 6, s1 - 5, ..
-
. ,
N + 1. :
N + 1 .
.
. ,
, .
. . N
.
. , N + 1.
.
, s2 , s0 s2 .
, s0 6+6=12. s2
9+2=11. 11.
. .
N
, , s0 .
s0 ,
. , s0 .
, .
.
. ,
, .
20 .

{s}, sn+1

{b}
= sn bn cn+1 = sn bn .

bn = cn cn1 ,

{c}.
37

, ,
.
- 0 1 ,
.

21 MSK- ,
. 7.

. . 11.
, bn
(c0n , c1n ).
. , (c0n , c1n )
QPSK.

. 11: .

22
. 11

.
-
,
, .

38

3.5

, ,

.
. ,
.

. .
3.5.1

,
(F/2, F/2).

1
k (f ) = rectF (f )eikT f ,
F

T F = 1,

k [, +]

,
X(f)
+
X

X(f ) =

(14)

xk k (f ),

k=

xk .
. k (f )
rectF (f )

k (t) =

sin F (t kT )
= F sinc F (t kT ),
F
F (t kT )

F T = 1,

k [, +],

. (14)

+
X
xk sinc F (t kT )
x(t) = F
k=

, sinc(F
mT ) = m,0 . x(t) t =

F xm .
mT , : x(mT ) =

x(t) =

+
X

x(kT ) sinc F (t kT )

(15)

k=

x(t) F
x(kT ), T = 1/F .

xp (t) =

+
X

xi (kT )sinc F (t kT ) cos f0 t xq (kT )sinc F (t kT ) sin f0 t,

k=

xi (nT ), (xq (nT )) - ()

.
,
.
39

 3.2 ( )

T = 1/F .
F 2F

,
{k (t)},
(15). .
, N k = [0, N 1]

1
X
N
sin F (t kT )
.
x(t) = F
xk
F (t kT )
k=0

(F/2, F/2).
, ,
sinc F t . ,
,

(N 1)T + 2T (N + 1)T ' N T = Ts .

(N 1) N sinc- 2 T . :
3.3 ( )

B = F Ts ,

Ts .
2F Ts .

, B = F Ts
- .

N = B . .
,
, .
(T /2, T /2)

1
k (t) = rectT (t)ekF t ,
T

T F = 1,

k [, +]

-
X(kF )

X(f ) =

+
X

X(kF ) sincT (f kF )

k=

sinc-, F .
- B = T Fs .
23 .

40

 ekF t F
(T /2, T /2) ,
.
3.4

k (t) = (i)k ek 2 t ,

.

FT = 1

(T /2, T /2).

hj , k i. n = j k . ,

T /2

in en 2 t = in T

hj , k i =
T /2

sin n F2 T
n F2 T

n = 2m .
() . n = 2m + 1
. , P- H
,
xn .
X
X
X
1
x(t) =
xn n =
x2m emF t + i
x2m+1 e(m+ 2 )F t ,
(16)
n

x2m = (1)m x
2m , x2m+1 = (1)m x2m+1 .
(T /2, T /2)- x(t)
xn F/2 . x(t)

Re(x(t)) =

x2m cos mF t

Im(x(t)) =

X
m

x2m sin mF t +

24

1
x2m+1 sin(m + )F t,
2

X
m

1
x2m+1 cos(m + )F t.
2

(16) .

, Ts N
F = 1/Ts ,
2N F/2. ,

B = 2Fs Ts , Fs = N F .
3.5.2

c B
e1 , ..., eN N = B ,
. .
.

41

 , . .

||ei ek || = 2.
log2 B . C
log2 B/B
.
,
. - ,
.
,
. - N -
. N -
. ,

.
25 ei , i

= [1, N ]

PN

k=1 ek

si = ei

1 1/N .

.
OTDM (Orthogonal Time Division Modulation) OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Modulation). sinc- ,
. - , .
-
N - .
, .
26 ( ) k 0

2m 1

m-

k = (k0 , k1 , ..., km1 )

(j, k) =

m1
X

ji k i

j (k) = ei(j,k) , j = [0, 2m 1]

,
m 1
2X

i (k)j (k) = 2m i,j

k=0

42

k.

 xj (t)
k (t)

xj (t) =

2X
m 1

j (k)k (t), j = [0, 2m 1]

k=0

k (t) OTDM

k (t) =
OTFM

3.5.3

sin F (t kT )
F
F (t kT )

1
k (f ) = rectT (t)e+ikF t
T

. -
.

.
,
N =
Fs Ts . -
N .
, ,
.
OTDM OTFM
. OTDM .
,
. OTDMA (Orthogonal Time Division Multiple Access).
OFDM OFDMA
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access).
.
.
. , ,
,
. OCDMA (Orthogonal Code Division Multiple Access).
3.6

x(t) =

cn p(t nT )

n=

, , .
, .
-
.
43

  x(t)

xW (t) =

n=N
X1

cn p(t nT ),

(17)

W = NT

n=0

.
RW (t) = hxW , xW (t)i |XW (f )|2 ,
.
: W
. ,
W .
1.

RW (t)
W

(18)

|XW (f )|2
W

(19)

R(t) = limW
2.

X(f ) = limW

. - ,
. .
1.

t
[T ] = 1/[F ]
f
[F ] = 1/[T ]
x(t)
[V ]
X(f )
[V ][T ] = [V ]/[F ]
x2 (t)
[V ]2
hx, yi
[V ]2 [T ]
2
|X(f )|
[V ]2 [T ]/[F ]
R( )
[V ]2
X(f )
[V ]2 [T ] = [V ]2 /[F ]

(, ...)

.
(17) ,

2

N
1 N
1
X
X

|XW (f )| = |P (f )|

j=0

e(jk)T f cj ck ,

k=0

|P (f )|2 - p(t),
N N -. n = j k .
+(N 1)
2

|XW (f )| =

enT f

n=(N 1)

n X

cn+k ck

(20)

[0,N 1]

P
, [0,N 1] ,
, , (k, n + k)
44

 [0, N 1]. ,
[c0 , c1 , ..., cN 1 ]
.
.

RcW (n) =

1
N

cn+k ck .

[0,N 1]

cn

1 X
(21)
cn+k ck .
Rc (n) = limN
N
k=

N (20),

|P (f )|2
X(f ) =
T

(22)

Rc (n)enT f

n=

T
.
27

1
R(t) =
T

Rp (t) = hp, p(t)i

x(t)

Rp (t nT )Rc (n)

(23)

n=

- .

28 ,
. ( ).

(23) .

3.5 (21)
,

(22) (23) x(t)

(22) . ,
Rc (n), n,
Rc (t).
Rc (n)
=
Rc (nT ). Xc (f )
Rc (t).

X
X
X
Rc (nT )(t nT )
Rc (n)enT f = F
Xc (f mF )
, (22)

|P (f )|2
X(f ) =
T2

X
n=

45

Xc (f mF )

(24)


.

X(f )
- Xc (f ). .
,
.
.
29 c(t) - , cd (t) -
.

cd (t) = c(t)

(t nT ) =

c(nT )(t nT ).

hcd , cd ( )i =

XX
n

X

cn cn+k (nT ) =
Rc (n)(nT )
n

30 Rc (t)
,

Xc (f )

. ? : ,

F.

31 , (22) (24) .

(21) .
, ,
-
( ). ,
, .
,
.
.
.
. ck , ck+n
Qn (ck , ck+n ),
n ( ).
X
ec (n) =
R
Qn (c0 , cn )c0 cn
c0 ,cn

.

ec (n) Rc (21).
R
(22) (24)
.

.
, ,
,
. ,
.
46

 32 ci
,

(Q(1) = Q(1) = 1/2)

x(t),

Q(ck , ck+n ) = Q(ck )Q(ck+n ).

,

ec (n) = n,0 .
R

(22),

X(f ) =

P (f )

|P (f )|2
,
T

47

p(t)

4.0.1

x p(x)
F (x) (
)

Z
E(F (x)) =

F (x)p(x) dx.

,

m = E(x)
n
E (x m) n.
. ,

. ,

x =x+m

p(x m).

.
- 2 = E(x2 ).

p - ,
() = E(x2 ) - , 2 - .
x

p(x) =

x2
1
e 22
2

(25)

. x 2
.
4.0.2

x = (x1 , x2 , . . . xn ).
n xj n2 E(xj xk ).

n
o
C = E(xT x) = E(xj xk ) .
xT - - - x. (
).

, .
, x y

n
o
Cxy = E(xT y) = E(xj yk ) .
,

Cyx = CTxy

X
y=
aj xj = xaT
(26)
48

(27)

E(yy) = hy|yi = aCaT

aCaT 0,

a 6= 0

1 x ,

(26) (27).

,
.

.
4.1 x - , A - .

y = xA

Cy = AT xT xA = AT Cx A
,
.
4.2

p(x) = p

exC

(2)n detC

1 xT

. (26)
.
33 ,

p(x) = p(x1 )p(x2 ) . . . p(xn ).

4.0.3

x y,
z = x + iy.

Cz = E(z+ z) = E(xT x) + E(yT y) + i E(xT y) i E(yT x),

z+ - ,

e z = E(zT z) = E(xT x) E(yT y) + i E(xT y) + i E(yT x).

C
2 z
.

49

E(xT x) = E(yT y),

E(xT y) = E(yT x),

Cz = 2Ciz + 2i Cqz ;

Ciz = E(xT x) = E(yT y),

34 ,

Cqz = E(xT y) = E(yT x)

E(xT x),

E(yT y),

E(yT x)

z0 = zei
x0 = x cos y sin,
35 ,

y0 = x sin + y cos.

z = zA

.
(),
- , -

C+
z = Cz ,

(Ciz )T = Ciz , (Cqz )T = Cqz

, -
z = x + i y ,

E(xx) = E(yy) = 2 , E(xy) = E(yx) = 0,

E(zz ) = 2 2
,

1 |z|22
e 2
p(z) =
2 2

2 . z = |z|ei

|z|.
|z| |z|2
p(|z|) = 2 e 22 .

X
y=
aj zj = zaT
z
y c
E(y y) = hy|yi = aCz a+
(28)
.
50

 3 z ,

(28).

4.3

p(z) =
36 ,

1
n detC

ezC

1 z+

(z1 , z2 ) = (x1 + i y1 , x2 + i y2 )


12
%2 + i 2
Cz =
%2 i 2
22

12 = E(x1 x1 ) = E(y1 y1 ),

22 = E(x2 x2 ) = E(y2 y2 )

%2 = E(x1 x2 ) = E(y1 y1 ),
2 = E(x1 y2 ) = E(x2 y1 ).
4.0.4

x(t) () - ,
. ,
.
, n
(t1 , t2 , . . . , tn )
. n = 2.
, (t1 , t2 )
p(x(t1 ), x(t2 )) = p(x1 , x2 ),
Z
Z
p(x) = p(x1 , x2 ) dx1 = p(x1 , x2 ) dx2 .
, p
, = t2 t1 ,

p(x(t1 ), x(t2 ))) = p (x1 , x2 ) = p (x2 , x1 )

2 2-
(x1 , x2 ).
x(t)
Z Z

x1 x2 p (x1 , x2 ) dx1 dx2

Rx ( ) = hx1 |x2 ( )i = E(x1 x2 ) =

X(f ) () x(t). ,

Rx (t) X(f ).
51

 .
.

Rx ( ) = Rx ( ).
, X(f ) ( .
).
, ,
, . .
,
. -.
Rx (t) = Ri (t) + i Rq (t),
, . ,
,

Ri (t) = Ri (t),

Rq (t) = Rq (t).

X(f )

X(f ) + X(f ) X(f ) X(f )

+
2
2
- ,
- ,
X(f ) = Xs (f ) + Xa (f ) =

Ri (t) Xs (f ),

Rq (t) Xa (f ).

.
.

Z
2
= Rx (0) = |X(f )|2 df

Rxy ( ) = hx|y ( )i = E(xy ).

t1 -
t2 , t2 t1 = .
p(x(t1 ), y(t2 )). .
,

Rxy ( ) = Ryx
( ).
-

Rxy ( ) Xxy (f )

Xxy
(f ) = Xyx (f )

, Rxy ( ) = 0.
( = 0)
.
, -
.
.

52

 4 x(t) ,

(t1 , t2 , . . . , tn )

x(t1 ), x(t2 ), . . . , x(tn )

.
.
, Rx (0)
- 2 . ,
, ,
.

, .
. n-


x(t1 ), x(t2 ), . . . , x(tn ) = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ).
E(xi xk )
tk ti

E(xi xk ) = Rx (tk ti ).
,
.
.
- .
,
.
,
.
, .
,
.
, .

w(t) = rectT (t) 

xT (t) = w(t)x(t).
Rw ( ) = hxw , xw ( )i
|Xw (f )|2 . ,

R( ) = lim

Rw ( )
T

|Xw |2 (f )
T
T

X(f ) = lim

5
(

),

, .

53

 ,
R( ), ,
R( ).
.
2 .
, , ,

n(t), , - a+n(t).
1/2 0 + 1/2 a = a/2.
0 a c
.
.
.

4.0.5

, -

h(t), . 12. y(t),
y(t) = (h x) .
H(f ).
3 ,

(). .

. 12:

4.4 ( .)

y(t)

x(t)



hy, y( )i = hh, h( )i hx, x( )i
. .
. .

|Y (f )|2 = hh, h( )i (f ) hx, x( )i (f ).

54

 .
,
Y (f )Y (f ) = |H(f )|2 |X(f )|2 = (H(f )X(f ))(H (f )X (f )),
, Y(f)=H(f)X(f) H
. , , xw (t) - ,
T . ,



hy, y( )i = hh, h( )i hxw , xw ( )i
T ,


Ry ( ) = hh, h( )i Rx ( )
, ,

( ). .
4.5 ( -)
.



Ry ( ) = hh, h( )i Rx ( ) .

(29)

(30)

Y (f ) = |H(f )|2 X(f ).

4.6 ( )

h2 (t) H2 (f )
x1 (t) x2 (t) Rx1 x2 ( ) (
Xx1 x2 (f )). y1 (t) = (h1 x1 )(t)
y2 (t) = (h2 x2 )(t):
h1 (t) H1 (f )



Ry1 y2 ( ) = hh1 , h2 ( )i Rx1 x2 ( ) ,

(31)

(32)

Xy1 y2 (f ) = H1 (f )H2 (f ) Xx1 x2 (f ).

55

 37
-.

,
. , ,
.

.
, - .
38 , ,
.

?

4.0.6

.
.
6 N0 /2
, , ,

X(f ) = N0 /2 |H(f )|2 ,

, ,
Z
R( ) = N0 /2 |H(f )|2 e+f t df,
()

= N0 /2
2

|H(f )|2 df

(30) ,
N0 /2 . ,
-
N0
N0
( )
1(f )
2
2
.
- ,
.
, 
. ().
- .
N0 ,
.
F 2 = N0 F , 
. 2 = N20 2F .
.
.
56

 -
.

N0 ( ) N0 1(f ),
,
.
39 ,
.
, .
.
,
.

-
. - .
7 H(f )
,

|H(f )|2
R

|H(f )|2 df
Fn =
maxf |H(f )|2
,
() .
.
40 H(f ) =

f0

( -

f0
).
2

41 H(f ) =

4.0.7

f0

1
1+i(f /f0 )

1+i2Q(f f0 /f0 )

( - 2 Q0 ).

,
, ,
, . ,
 n(t),
Xn (f ), Rn ( ) .
 , .
, , ,
.
- , ,
- . ,
.
, .
57

.
.
. - n(t),
() - n2 (f ), n2 (t).
, . t, f
, - . ,
.
, ,
Z
2
n = n2 (f )df = n2 (0)
,
n2 (f ),
n2 (t).
.
- hei | ek i(t), hei | ek i (f ).
.

, , LRC -,
e(t) .
n(t) .
.
.
, ,
, .
-
X
n=
Hj (f )ej
(33)
Hi (f ).
.
(33)
X
n(t) =
(hj (t) ej (t),
hj ,
Hj . (
).

n(t).

X
X
n2 (t) =< n, n(t) >=
h(hi ei ), (hk ek )(t)i =
hhi , hk (t)i hei , ek (t)i
j,k

j,k

,
.
. ,
, ,


X
n2 (t) =
hhj , hk )i (t) hej | ek i (t)
j,k

58


X
n2 (f ) =
Hj (f )Hk (f ) hej | ek i (f )

(34)

j,k

, .
.
.
. , ,
. (34)

X
n2 (f ) =
|hj (f )|2 e2j (f ),
(35)
j

,
.
. -
.
(33) (35)
.
.
2 .

e(t) = e1 (t) + e2 (t).

(33) . (35),

e2 (f ) = e21 (f ) + e22 (f ).
.

(34)

e2 (f ) = e21 (f ) + e22 (f ) + he1 | e2 i (f ) + he2 | e1 i (f ) =

= e21 (f ) + e22 (f ) + 2Re{he1 | e2 i (f )}

.

R1 , R2 .

e(t) = h1 e1 (t) + h2 e2 (t)

h1 = R2 /(R1 + R2 ), h2 = R1 /(R1 + R2 ).

e2 (f ) = h21 e21 (f ) + h22 e22 (f )

59

i(t).

e(t) = Ri(t)

(33), .

e2 (f ) = R2 i2 (f ).
C
.

42 LC ,

e2 (f ) = (1/2f C)2 i2 (f )
e2 (f ) = (2f L)2 i2 (f )
4.0.8

C,
L.

, .
R


e2 (f ) = N0 = 4kT R [V ]2 /[F ] ,
k = 1.38 1023 - , T - .

,
.


2
2
i (f ) = N0 = 2qI [I] /[F ] ,
q = 1.6 1019 - , I - .

e2 (f ) =

N
,
f

N - .
() -
(F, 2F ) , (2F, 4F ).
5

R()

F ()

' 1.27 104 RF

60

e2 = 2kT RF . P = e2 /R = 2kT F
E = 2kT F t t. F t
N = 2F t.
E/N = kT (kT -

).

7 , R(),

F ()

e2 (f ) = 2qIR2 .

I ()

' 1.8 105 R IF

43 ,

4kT (R1 + R2 ).

R1 , R2 ,

R2
).
4kT ( RR11+R
2

44 Rc
Ic .
,
. ,
,

Ic Rc = kT /q '50

45 ,

R,

kT /C .

46

RLC -.

K ,
es R, . 13

. 13:
, . es = 0 R
.
. U 2 (f ) -
.
. ,
,
61

 u(t), R.

- u2 (f ) = U 2 (f )/K 2 .
, - ,
.

u2 (f ) = 4kTn (f )R.

Tn (f ) =

U 2 (f )
u2 (f )
=
.
4kR
4kRK 2

. ,
, .
R .
T eR (t)
e2R (t) = 4kT R. , -
.

4kT R + u2 (f ) = 4k(T + Tn )R.

, .


Tn (f ) 
4kT R + u2 (f )
= 10 lg 1 +
Kn () = 10 lg
4kT R
T
. ,
,
. ,
, 3 . .
, .

es (t) + eR (t) + u(t),
.
. ,
- , - .
- es (t) .
. , ,

, .
,
, .
, e2s (t).

. .
, ,

e2s (f ) + e2R (f ) + u2 (f )
62

/ (SNR - Signal to Noise

Ratio).
,
, .
, F ,
,

Z
Z
Z
2
2
u2 (f )df
eR (f )df +
es (f )df +
F

.
s2 . - F . ,

s2 + e2R (f )F + u2 (f )F
/
F .
, SNR
. SNR
,
F . SNR
s2 F .
47

/. ( , - ).

SNR
SN Rs = 10 lg

s2
s2
=
10
lg
.
e2R (f )F
4kT RF

SNR
s2
s2
SN Ru = 10 lg 2
= 10 lg
.
eR (f )F + u2 (f )F
4kT RF + u2 (f )F
,
K .
,

SN Rs = 10 lg

s2
s2
e2R (f )F + u2 (f )F
=
10
lg
= SN Ru + Kn .
e2R (f )F
e2R (f )F + u2 (f )F
e2R (f )F

. ,
/ /
.

SN Ru = SN Rs Kn .
63

/
. ,
-
.
, - ,
- ()
.
. ,
. .
- . ,
, . , - .
.

p(t) . ,
, p (t). ,
. - ().
- .
.
c , p(t)
- . cp(t).

Z
2
2
Es = hcp, cpi = |c| hp, pi = |c|
p(t)p (t) dt = |c|2 T.
T
. |c|2 = Es /T
.
h(t) = p (t)/T .
. cp(t)
h(t) = 0 .

(h cp) = c (h p) =

c
c
c
(p(t) p(t)) = hp, pi = T = c
T
T
T

H(f ) h(t), ,
.
Z
Z
1
1
2
hH(f ), H(f )i = |H(f )| df = |h(t)|2 dt = hh, hi = 2 hp, pi =
T
T
cp(t)
n2 (f ). |H(f )|2 n2 (f ).
/ (SNR)
,

SN R = 10 lg R

|c|2
.
|H(f )|2 n2 (f )

. ,
F ,
H(f ).
64

 .
(),
. ,
,
T .
SNR T .

SN R = 10 lg R

Es
|c|2 T
= 10 lg R
2
2
T |H(f )| n (f )
T |H(f )|2 n2 (f )

(36)

- Es = |c|2 T .
. , ,
.
T .

.

]) =
H(f

T H(f ),

e )|2 df =
|H(f

SNR

SN R = 10 lg R

|e
h(t)|2 dt = 1.

Es
.
e
|H(f )|2 n2 (f )

(37)

(38)

. .
|H(f )|2 .
e2 (f ) ( ) ,
. , , - .
, , H(f )
n2 (f0 ) = N0 . /
, .
/
/
.

SN R = 10 lg

Es
N0

(39)

/ .
,
.

.
4.7
/ .

65

h(t).

hh(t), h(t)i = hH(f ), H(f )i = 1.

/

SN R =

c hp(t), h (t)i
N0

.
-

hp(t), h (t)i kp(t)kkh (t)k,

( ), h (t) = p(t).
, /
H.

, .
4 ,
, . ,
. Es =
R
p2 (t)dt. .

Z
Z
2
2
2
= e (f )|H(f )| df = N0 |H(f )|2 df = N0 Es



Es2 /N0 Es = Es /N0

/.

.
. .
, : " ,
hp, pi = 1". , .
, ,
.
.
. - ,
. .
, , ,
.
, ,
.

.

/ (39),
.
66

4.0.9

P B

np (t)
B-.

1
n(t) = (np (t) + ie
np (t))ef0 t ,
2
n
ep (t) - np (t)
)
1
t
sign(f
.
i
P B ,


f0 t
hx, y(t)i = hxp , yp (t)i + i hx^
(40)
p , yp (t)i e

. (40)

hn|n(t)i =

f0 t
hnp |np (t)i + i hn^
.
p |np (t)i e

Rp (t) =
ep (t) = hn^
hnp |np (t)i, R
p |np (t)i
R(t) = hn|n(t)i .

R(t) =

ep (t) ef0 t ,
Rp (t) + i R

(41)

Z
1
Rp (u)
e
du.
Rp (t) =

ut
, N,

e p (f + f0 ),
N(f ) = Np (f + f0 ) + i N
(42)

e p = N sign(f ) .
N
i
.
Rp (t) .
Np (f ) Rp (t) .
R(t) , - R(t) = R (t).
N(f ) R(t) .

R(t) = Ri (t) + iRq (t), -

N = Ns + Na =
,

N(f ) + N(f ) N(f ) N(f )

+
,
2
2

Ri (f ) Ns (f ),
67

Rq (f ) Na (f )

. 14:

, ,
Ri (t) = Ri (t),

Rq (t) = Rq (t).

, Rq (0) = 0

4.8 .
.

n(t) = ni (t) + nq (t)

,

hni |ni i (t) = hnq |nq i (t),

hni |nq i (t) = hnq |ni i (t).

H.
5
, ,
-

n(t) n(t)e .

68

 (42)
. 14. . (a)
Np (f ), f0 .
, . , .
(b),
.
. signf
i
e p (f ).
N
e p (f ), . Np (f ) + i N
e p (f )
iN
-
, . (c). . ef0 t .
.
, , , ,
.
.
, ,
, .
4.9 ( )

N0 .

N0 /2

P-:
B-:

N0
2
N0

N0
(t),
2
N0 (t).

. . 14(a)
- N0 /2 H.
,
.

4.10 ,
, .
.

.
.
.
.
P- H.

(41) P
B . ,
.

.
n(t)- n2 ( ) = hn, n( )i
n2 (f ).
69

 .
,


n(t)ef0 t , n(t )ef0 (t ) = ef0 hn, ni = ef0 n2 ( ).
,
,
e2 (f ) f0 .

.

2n(t) cos f0 t = n(t)e+f0 t + n(t)ef0 t = n+ (t) + n (t).

-
hn+ , n+ i , hn , n i, - hn+ , n i , hn , n+ i.
.
hn, ni ,
f0 . hn+ , n i = hn , n+ i = 0, N (f )

N (f ) =

1 2
n (f f0 ) + n2 (f + f0 ) .
4

n(t) - N0 /2,

N (f ) =

1
N0 /2,
2

N0 /2 - ,
1/2
- cos2 f0 t.
.
:
Z

+ 
f0
n ,n = e
n(t)n (t )e2f0 t dt.
.
.
- cos(f0 t + ).
. , .
.
Z

+ 
2i f0
n(t)n (t )e2f0 t dt.
(43)
n ,n = e
e

.
. .
. p(u(t))
u(t) = n(t)cos f0 t t, ,
.
- p(u(t + mT )) = p(u(t)), T f0 = 1.
70

 .
, ,
.

 .

.
,
.
, , ,
= 2 (43) ,
- . ,
.
,
, .
, (43) .
,  . ,
- , .
48
.

cosf0 t + i sinf0 t.

.
P-.
n(t) = ni (t) + i nq (t). ,

.
P- f0


(44)
np (t) = 2 ni (t)cos f0 t nq (t)sinf0 t .
.
ni , nq , .
(41)

R(t)
Rp (t) = Re{R(t)ef0 t } = Ri (t)cos f0 t Rq (t)sin f0 t
(45)

Ri (t) = 2 hni , ni i (t) = 2 hnq , nq i (t),

49

Rq (t) = 2 hnq , ni i (t) = 2 hni , nq i (t).

(44) (46).
71

(46)
(45)


(46) , ,
. , ,
.
.
.
.
,
. , ,
.
50 (45). (
).

2 = hni , ni i (t) = hnq , nq i (t).

hni , ni i = Rq (0) = 0.

- ,

2.

hni , ni i (t) = hnq , nq i (t) = Ri (t)/2

.

hnq , ni i (t) = hni , nq i (t) = Rq (t)/2

.

f0 ,

- .
.

72

5
5.1

p(t),
hp, pi = 1 C = {cj , j = 1 . . . M }, .15(a). x(t) = cj p(t)
y(t) = cj p(t) + n(t) .

y = cj hp, pi + hn, pi = cj + hn, pi .

p(y/cj )
y .

X
(c) = {(c1 ), . . . , (cM )},
(cj ) = 1.
j

. 15:
.
M {cj , j = 1 . . . M }.
(cj ) p(y/cj ), j = 1 . . . M . y
,
.
p(c, y) = (c)p(y/c)

p(c/y) =

p(c, y)
(c)p(y/c)
=P
.
p(y)
c (c)p(y/c)

, y c
(
c/y).
,
c, y c

p(c, y, c) = (c)p(y/c)(
c/y) = p(y)p(c/y)(
c/y).
73

(47)

 y ,
XZ
XZ
Pe =
p(c, y, c) dy = 1
p(c, y, c) dy =
c6=c

c=
c

Z
1

p(y)

(48)

p(c/y)(c/y) dy

p(y) , Pe

X
p(c/y)(c/y)
(49)
c

y . .
2 ( ) i wi 0
.
M
X

{1 , . . . , M },

i = 1

i=1

W =

M
X

wi i

i=1


i =

1 i = arg maxj wj
0

, , .

51 .

, (49) ,
y 1 c,
p(c/y)
c = arg max p(c/y)
(50)
c

,
,
.
y M , .15(b)


c = y : arg max p(c/y) = c
c

c c.
c (48)

Z
XZ
X
Pe = 1
p(y)p(c/y) dy = 1
(c)
p(y/c) dy.
c

74

Z
Pc(c ) =

p(y/
c)dy
c

c , p(y/
c).

X
X
X
X
Pe = 1
(c)Pc (c ) =
(c)Pc (c ) =
(c)
Pc (c)
(51)
c

c =

c6=c

c.

c6=c

(50)

(c)p(y/c)
= arg max (c)p(y/c).
c = arg max p(c/y) = arg max
c
c
c
p(y)

- (c) = 1/M .

c = arg max p(y/c),

c

(52)

,
.
. c y
(50)
( ) (52)
( ).
y
c . y c
c. .
(51) .

.
Pc (c ) c
p(y/c) c .
. Pc (c )
c p(y/c)
c c .

.
.
5.2

cj ck , . 16(a).

- j/k cj , k/j .
.
75

. 16: cj

52

p(y/c),

cl , . 16(b),
j/l , l/j . cj
T , y
j/k j/l . , ,

cj
\
j/k .
j =
k6=j

cj
p(y/cj ). ,
cj
\
[
[
Pe,j = 1 Pj ( j/k ) = Pj ( j/k ) = Pj ( k/j ).
k6=j

k6=j

k6=j

,
Z
X
Pe,j
Pj (k/j ) =
p(y/sj )dy.
(53)
k/j

k6=j

cj .
6 (51), Pe,j

k .
Pe,j

Pj (k )

k6=j

(53) k
k/j .

76

 (53) (51),

Pe

M
X

(cj )

j=1

Pj (k/j ) =

M
X

(cj )

j=1

k6=j

XZ
k6=j

p(y/sj ).

k/j

.
, Q(C) - C,

Q(C) = max Pj (k/j ).

j6=k

Pe (M 1)Q(C)
M - .
5.3

. 17.
,
2 2 .

. 17:
y cj

1 |yc2j |2
p(y/cj ) =
e 2 .
2 2
,
.
.

,
, , .17.
.
.
77

 k/j , j/k .
cj ,
y

(cj )p(y/cj ) (ck )p(y/ck )

L(y) = ln

(cj )p(y/cj )
(ck )p(y/ck )

- L(y) > 0.

|y cj |2 |y ck |2 2 ln

(cj )
.
(ck )

y ,
. ,
.
.

(ck )
2
ln
,
2d
(cj )

d = |ck cj |.

cj , ck




j/k = y : Re(y) ,
k/j = y : Re(y) < .
,
y . , yk .
, , cj .
Z
Z
|ycj |2
1

2 2
e
Pe,j =
p(y/cj )dy =
dyk dy .
2
2
k/j
k/j
p(y/cj ), y = yk + iy
2

|yk cj |
|y |2
1 |yc2j |2
1
1

2
2
2 2
2

p(y/cj ) =
e
=
e
e
2 2
2
2

-
2 . dy .

Z
|yk cj |2
1
Pe,j =
e 22 dyk
(54)
2
.

1
Q(x) =
2

78

x2

e 2 dx

Q(0) = 1/2.

1 x2
Q(x) e 2 ,
2

(x, ).

x 0.

x2

Q(x) e 2 ,

ln Q(x)
=1
x
x2 /2
lim

Q(x) (54)

d
2
(cj )

Pe,j = Q
1 + 2 ln
,
2
d
(ck )
d = |ck cj | .
d
.
. ,
.
.

- (cj ) = (ck ).

 1 r d2 
d

.
(55)
=Q
Pe,j = Q
2
2 2
53 1,
. ,
,

.

(55)
.

d .
, dmin . ,
,
M
r
 1 d2 
min
.
Pe < (M 1)Q
2
2
BPSK.

- BPSK . (55)
79

 ().
c = d/2,
c

r c 2 
Pe = Q
=Q
.

2
c2 = Es = Eb - ( ), 2
-
. 2 2 N0 .
c

r 2E 
s
Es
Pe = Q
=Q
' e N0 .

N0
BPSK,
/ Es /N0 .
7
QPSK-.
5.4

.

.

().
F
N0 . ,
T .
.
, .
N F T .

n (t),

hn (t), m (t)i = n,m , n, m [1, N ].

x(t) =

N
X

cn n (t)

n=1

c () c = (c1 , . . . , cN ).

X
X
E = hx, xi =
cn cm hn , m i =
cn cn = N Es ,
Es - .

y(t) = x(t) + n(t)

80

 N ,
. j -

yj = hy, j i = cj + hn, j i = cj + nj
cj nj 2 2 = N0 .
.

y = c + n,
N - N Es .
N -
2 2 .
M c Es ,
.
.
3 x - E(x) , x = (x1 , . . . , xN )

1 X
xj
N

 1 X

lim P |
xj E(x)| < = 1.
N
N

n - N
( 2N ).
XX
X
Rn2 =
E(nj nk ) =
E(nj nj ) = N 2 2 .
j

, N Rn
. , N

2N - Rn = N 2 2 .
y.

Ry2 = N (Es + 2 2 ).

, y Ry =
p
N (Es + 2 2 ).
2N - R
N R2N , N - . M 
Rn , 
Ry .
 pN (E + 2 2 ) 2N 
Ry2N
Es N
s

M 2N =
= 1+ 2 .
Rn
2
N 2 2
81


log2 M
Es 
log2 1 +
.
N
N0
, log2 M - ,
M . R = logT2 M . ,
N = F T ,

Es 
.
(56)
R F log2 1 +
N0
.
5.1 ( ) ,

(56) ,
Pe

(N

).

5.2 () , (56)

Pb

. , ,
. ,
, , ,
.

%=

R
log2 M
= .
FT
F

, ,
.
- -
/, -




Es 
= log2 1 + SN R
% log2 1 +
N0
, ,

SN R 2% 1.

/,
. ,
= 2 (QPSK)
SN R 3/2 = 1.76 .

82

 %
, .
.

SN R ln 2.

.

.
.
4 .

.
/ SN Rn = SN R/(2% 1).

SN Rn =

SN R
1 = 0.
2% 1

Pe
.

. 18:
. 18(a).
- 0 .
/ 0 .
Pe = 105 SN Rn 8.
= 8 .
.
-
/, , , - (
).
. .
83

 - .
. N
N Es log2 M .

Es
N Es
=
,
Es = Eb .
Eb =
log2 M

% log2

Eb 
% ,
1+
N0

Eb
2% 1

.
N0
%

% 0 

Eb
ln 2 = 1.57.
N0
Eb ,
, . Eb < N0
.
C
, . 18(b).
, %.

/, Eb /N0 . ,
, , 105 7 .
.
8 -
.

QAM 128

. ,
.

54 QPSK Pb =

106 .

Nb

= 2, Eb = Es , Pb = e

84

, .

().
6.1

, . 19(a), FD,
VCO , ,
Kh(t).

. 19: p-
(t). VCO
- 0 (t). -
(t) 0 (t). .
FD (t) = 0 , ,
(K ) (h(t)),
.
VCO

- VCO.
.
Z t
0
b
(t) = D
(u)du.
0

,
,
1
D
=
.
K(f ) =
if
i f /D
D
. ()
. , D - ,
. D
.
85

 Dt.
.
.
VCO
0 . ,
0
, e ,
.

. 19(a), = 0 .
Z t
Z t
0

(t) = D
(u)du
= KD (h )(u)du,
0

(h )(u)-.

Z t
KD (h )(u)du + (t) = (t).
0

KD .
VCO .
, .
F1 = KD - ,
D VCO,
- .
tp fp ,

t = F1 tp , f = fp /F1 .
KD . ,
, p-.


H(p)
+ 1 (p) = (p).
p

H(p) =

(p)
p
=
.
(p)
p + H(p)

(57)

, 19(b), .
- 1/p .
,
,
H(p),
e . .19(b).
H(p)
6.2

H(p)

-
.
86

 t 0 t .

,
p
Q(p)
H(p) =
,
R(p)
.

( Q(p)) ( R(p)).
,
.

- .
et ,
if - et cos(f t + ).
,
.
,
.
.

.
- , .
-
p2 + 2f0 p + f02 . p f0

p2 + 2p + 1,
.
1
.
Q = 2
( ), > 0.

< 1 - p1,2 = i 1 2 ,
, 0.
> 1 - p1,2 = 2 1.
, 1/2 .
= 1 .

, .
.
 , 1/2 .

. - ' 1, Q '
1/2.
,

87

 6.1 y(t), t > 0 , Y (p) - .

lim y(t) = lim pY (p),

t0

lim y(t) = lim pY (p).

p0

H(p)
1(t) = 1, t > 0 1(p) = 1/p.
- h(t), p-
h(p) = H(p)
.
p
,

lim h(t) = lim H(p),

t0

lim h(t) = lim H(p).

p0

t 0
. H(f ) f ,
t = 0. H(f )
, h(t) .
, - h()
. H(f ) p, .
.
,
1k (t), k - 1(t)

Z
Z
t

11 (u)du = t2 /2, . . . ,

1(u)du = t, 12 (t) =

11 (t) =

hk (t) =

1
pk+1

hk (t)

H(p)
lim hk (t) = lim
,
t0
p pk

H(p)
.
p0 pk

lim hk (t) = lim

h(t) - , h1 (t)
- , h2 (t) -
..
, ,
, f /f0 = v/c.
: 1(t) - ,
11 (t) - , 12 (t) - .

,
88

H(p)
= 0.
p0
p

lim h1 (t) = lim

, p = 0 ,
, .
6.3

H(p) =

p
.
1+p

,
F1 .
, H() = 1. ,
. , H(0) = 0,
() . ,

h(t) = 1(t)et = 1(t)eF1 tp ,

tp - , t = F1 tp - .
11 (t).
h1 (t)

lim

p0

1
H(p)
= lim
=1
p0
p
1+p

, F

F
F
2
.
F1
F1

55

h1 (t)

F1 , , .
,
- .
. ,
- F1 .
, ,
.
VCO, .
.
, , .
, .

89

6.4

H=

1
1
1
1
=
=
=
.
1 + i(fp /Fh )
1 + i(fp /F1 )(F1 /Fh )
1 + i(f /)
1 + p/

Fh - , = Fh /F1 -
.
(57)

H(p) =

p(1 + p/)
.
p2 / + p + 1

, s2 = p2 /. ,

s2 + s
H(s) = 2
.
s + s + 1
,

f=

Fh F1 ,

Fh
fp
, =
F1
Fh F1

. ,
= /2 ' 1 = FFh1 ' 4. ,
4 . . ( 0)
.
.
56 ,

Fh
F t
F1 h p

H(s) =

s2
s2 + 1

c , .

H=

1 + p
,
1 + p
90


, .

1
, 1/ 2 Fh = F1 .
(57) , ,

s2 + s


.
H(s) = 2
s + 1 + s + 1



1

=
+
2

, .

.
, , = 103 .

= FFh1 ' 2 = 106 . Fh

F1 . ,
. ,
.
6.5

- .

. 1/p (57)

H(p) =

p2
1 + p2

.
.

H(p) = + ,
p
= Fh /F1 - ,
F1 . (57), ,

s2
H(s) = 2
.
s + s + 1
.

Fh ' 2
.
,
h1 (t) - 11 (t).
91

 .
.
 
,
1.
, , .
, , . , ,
.
6.6

. .

.
,
, . 20.

.
.

. 20:
.

().

.
.
, 
, .
+ .
.
.
.

.

92

/2, .
.

A .
.
, .
.

.
.
.
. , FD,
. , .
,
.
F 2 F
F1
F > F1 /2.
F1 .
57
(:

F > AF1 /2).

. , , .

.
58

[D, +D],

( ).

.
. VCO-
f0 .
f0 + F
F - .
VCO.
VCO  , .

, ,
. .
, , .
FD , VCO
. .
, .
. ,

93

 F . VCO ,
.
.

94