Homer

ca. 8th century BC

Homer is best known for the two epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey. The Iliad is generally
considered the oldest work of Western literature. Even the Greeks themselves recognized Homer
for his influence and did not consider themselves educated unless they had read his works. Its
disputed whether Homer actually is a historic person. Absolutely nothing is known about him or
his life and some scholars believe that the Iliad and the Odyssey are the works of multiple
authors rather than just one. No matter who wrote them, both the Iliad and the Odyssey have had
a huge influence on literature. In fact, even Shakespeare based one of his plays on the Iliad.

Sophocles
ca. 496 406 BC

Sophocles was a tragedian who wrote 123 plays during his life. Only seven have survived in
entity, but they include classics such as Antigone, Oedipus the King and Electra. He developed
theater by adding a third actor, reducing the importance of the chorus, and introducing
scenography. Sophocles also abolished the traditional trilogic form of tragedies and made each
play complete in itself this added dramatic value to the plays.

Herodotus
ca. 484 425 BC

Herodotus is considered the father of history in Western culture. He approached history as a

science by collecting his material systematically and testing its accuracy. Herodotus was also a
gifted narrator. The word history itself comes from Herodotus book The Histories, which means
inquiries in Greek. This book is also considered the first work of history in Western literature.

Euripides
ca. 480 406 BC

Euripides was another Greek tragedian. He wrote about 95 plays, 18 of which have survived
completely and many more as fragments. His most known works are Alcestis, Medea and The
Bacchus. His plays were very modern for his time in that they portrayed the characters very
realistically and included strong women and wise slaves which was very unconventional at the
time. Euripides is the Greek tragedian who has had the biggest influence on European tragedy.

Hippocrates
ca. 460 370 BC

Hippocrates was a physician and is the father of medicine. The Hippocratic Corpus is a
collection of 70 works on different medical topics. A large portion of it is made up of case
studies. The most famous work is the Hippocratic Oath which is about doctoral ethics.
Derivatives of this oath are still taken by doctors today. Hippocrates has also made a direct
contribution to medicine as he was the first to describe a number of illnesses. Whether
Hippocrates was actually the author of the Hippocratic Corpus is disputed, and most seem to
agree that at least parts of it were rather written by his students and followers.

Aristophanes
ca. 446 ca. 386 BC

Aristophanes was a playwright who wrote comedies. He wrote 40 plays, 11 of which have
survived as complete manuscripts and some of the others have survived as fragments.
Aristophanes pen was feared as he ridiculed famous Athenians. Plato pointed out his play The
Clouds as a contributing factor to the trial and execution of Socrates. Whether that was really the
case is disputable. Other notable plays from his hand are The Wasps and Lysistrata. His works
have not only had artistic influence on later theater but have also served as historical documents
about life in Athens.

Plato
ca. 424 348 BC

Plato was the student of Socrates. While Socrates never wrote anything of his own, his
philosophy is known through the works of Plato. Plato was very influenced by Socrates thinking
and not least by his execution, which Plato witnessed when he was 29 years old. 35 dialogues
and 13 letters have been attributed to Plato, the most famous being The Republic and
Symposium. Plato is regarded as one the fathers of Western philosophy, and his Theory of Forms
and idea of the ideal state, both put forward in The Republic are still discussed today.

Aristotle
384 322 BC

Aristotle was the student of Plato and the first to criticize him. 47 of his works have survived,
most of which are actually lecture aids. Aristotle is the last of the great Greek philosophers (the
two others are Socrates and Plato) and is considered the first biologist as well. He founded logic
as a science, lay the grounds of scientific method and wrote about several other subjects as well.
Aristotle was also the tutor of Alexander the Great for some time. Aristotle was a large influence
on St Thomas of Aquinas and consequently remains a major influence in Catholic education and
theology.

Euclid
fl. 300 BC

Euclid was a mathematician and the father of geometry. Very little is known of his life, but he
was active at the Library of Alexandria. His main work is The Elements which is still used as a
textbook in mathematics and may only be exceeded by the Bible in terms of copies sold. The
book includes a system of mathematical proofs that remains the basis of mathematics today.

Archimedes
ca. 287 212 BC

Archimedes was a mathematician, engineer, inventor, physicist and astronomer. He is known for
the invention of The Archimedes Screw, a mechanism for moving water that is still in use today.
He also calculated the value of pi very precisely. Archimedes discovered how to define the
volume of irregular objects by submerging them in water. According to legend, this discovery
made him run out on the street naked (he was so excited that he forgot to get dressed) and cry
Eureka! I have found it.