1.

Khi nim v bao b

a) nh ngha
Vi mt hnh dng v kch c ng, bao b cha ng v bo v sn phm an ton t lc vn
chuyn n khi phn phi n tay ngi tiu dng. Ngoi ra, bao b phi cung cp thng tin cn
thit v nh sn xut, m t v gii thch cch dng sn phm cha ng bn trong. y l phn
tip th v c nh hng to ln n kha cnh kinh t. Bao b c tnh ng v thng xuyn thay
i vt liu mi, phng php thit k gia cng mi, i hi phi thay i bao b. Do vy, qu
trnh bin i ny din ra thng xuyn nhm t c cht lng cao nht.
b). Chc nng cng ngh v tiu dng:
Trong qu trnh sn xut cng nghip v phn phi lu thng hng ha, bao b c nhng tnh
nng sau:
Bo v:

Kch thc ca bao b v sc bn chng li lc t pha chu lc tc dng.

Sc bn chu ng khi ri, kh nng chng ma st mi mn.
Chng li kh nng b xuyn thng nhm bo v sn phm nm bn trong. Bo v sn
phm trong mi trng kn, s tng hp ca bao gi v sn phm cha ng bn trong.

Khuych trng sn phm:

n tng v kiu dng v kch c.

Biu hin v cht lng.
Gi tr trng by.
C ng, khuych trng nhn hiu.
Trang tr mu sc, cht lng in n.
Kh nng nhn thy sn phm bn trong.

Thng tin v sn phm:

Kh nng thc hin in n.

Thng tin ca nh sn xut.
Ch dn s dng v bo qun.
Hiu qu trong s dng.
C ch dn khc cn thit v s dng vi qui trnh ng gi.

Mt s tnh nng khc

An ton s dng cho tr em

Tin li trong s dng
C kh nng tin m v ng kn tr li
C th kim tra c khi lng bn trong khi s dng, d dng khui m cho ngi gi.

Bao b cn c n nh, cn c c s chp nhn v mi sinh, c kh nng phn hy

sau khi s dng. Nguyn liu bao b c th ti sinh.
Tin li trong qu trnh lu tr.

c. Phn loi: 3 loi theo cch ng dng

Bao b cp 1: L loi bao b tip xc trc tip vi sn phm: lon, chai nha, bao..

Hnh 1: Bao b cp 1 ca McDonald l hp giy

Bao b cp 2: l nhng bao b ng gi cc bao b cp 1: thng carton, hp giy

Hnh 2: Thng carton l dng bao b cp 2 ph bin nht

Bao b cp 3: l nhng container v nhng kin ln cha bao b cp 2 : container..

.Ngoi ra ngi ta cn phn ra lm 2 loi theo mc ch s dng: Bao b vn chuyn & Bao b
tiu th.
d) Tn vit tt ca vt liu bao b

Mt vi tn vit tt gm mt vi k t theo quy nh c dng rng ri thay th cc tn

phc tp ca cc loi cht do khc nhau:
PE
LDPE
MDPE
HDPE
PET
PP
OPP
PS
OPS
EPS
SAN
ABS
PA
PVC
PVDC
PVA
PVAL
CMC
CA
EVA
PX
CAB
EC

= Polyethylen
= Low Density Polyethylen
= Medium Density Polyethylen
= High Density Polyethylen
= Polyethylen Terephthalate (Polyester)
= Polypropylen
= Oriented Polypropylen
= Polystyrene
= Oriented Polystyrene
= Expanded Polystyrene hoc Foamed Polystyrene
= Styrene Acrylo Nitrile copolymer
= Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene copolymer
= Polyamide (nylon)
= Polyvinyl Chloride
= Polyvinylidene Chloride ( Saran)
= Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAC)
= Polyvinyl Alcohol
= Carboxymethyl Cellulose
= Cellulose Acetate
= Ethylene Vinyl AcetateT
= Polymethyl Pentene
= Cellulose Asetate Butyrate
= Ethyl Cellulose

2. Phng php biu din b dy ca mng nha

Mng mng l vt liu c b dy khng vt qu 0.025mm hay 0.001in. Nu gi tr b dy ln
hn 0.025mm th gi l dng tm.
mm
0.0064
0.0127
0.0254
0.0508
Vi

1mm
1mil
1gause

inch
0.00025
0.00050
0.00100
0.00200

gauge
25
50
100
200

mil
1/4
1/2
1
2

microns
6.4
12.7
25.4
50.8

= 0.039 in
= 0.001 in
= 0.00001 in

nh lng: mng nha cng c th c ch nh bng nh lng nh giy: g/m2.Mt :

trng lng trn mt n v th tch g/cm3 hoc g/cc.

Din lng (Yield): din tch mng c c ca mt n v trng lng khi dy ca mng l
1 mil (in2/lb/0.001 in) hoc m2/kg/0.0254mm.
3. Tnh chT v cc yu cU chung i vi mng
a. Lc bn ko cng:L lc b gy vt liu trn mt n v din tch.Mng PP nh hng
hoc polyeste c gi tr lc bn ko cao ( 400kp/cm2), cello-phane c th t ti 600kp/cm2
nhng LDPE th ch t 100 200.
b. Lc bn x rch:Rt quan trng v c nh hng n mc tiu s dng cui cng ca mt s
mu vt liu lm bao b. Gi tr ny l 1 hng dn cho bit kh nng chu cc ng dng ca
mng mng khi vn hnh mt vi thit b. i vi 1 vi loi bao b, tnh chu x thp tr nn c
li (v d nh ti khoai ty chin). PE c lc bn x cao trong khi mng Cellophane v mng
polyeste c gi tr ny thp.
c. Tr lc va p:L tnh cht c li c bit khi ng gi sn phm nng trong mng plastic
hoc trong nhng vt cha ln m chng phi chu va p trong sut qu trnh vn chuyn.
Phng php kim tra tnh cht ny ri mt khi lng ln vt liu v o lc tng i cn
lt vo hoc b gy vt liu.
d. cng :Trong mt vi thit b ng gi dng mng nha, tnh cht ny c th l quan trng.
Nhng n cng quan trng i vi chai v cc vt cha khc m bao b rn i hi gi tr b
dy thnh ti thiu v lc bn ti a. Gi tr cng cng c th o c bng cch o v tnh
sai lch vt liu khi b ko cng.
e. chu nhit:Bao gm mt s tnh cht sau

im mm: im mm Vicat: Nhit khi mt cy kim lt vo 1 mm mu th.

Ch s chy: l tc chy ca nha nhit do nhit cho sn di p sut c bit v
qua khe c kch thc c bit trong khong thi gian cho sn. Ch s chy biu din
lng nha chy qua mng tnh bng gam trong 10 pht.
Lc bn hn nhit: biu din lc cn tch 2 b mt hn bng nhit ra khi nhau theo
hng vung gc. PE c lu hn nhit rt cao v Cellophane th cho gi tr thp hn
nhiu. i khi mi lin kt hn nhit mnh th khng cn thit chng hn nh ti ng
ko v khoai ty chin.

1 yu t khc c xt n l mng nhit c tr nn gin khi chu nhit thp hay khng. iu
ny rt quan trng i vi bao b ca thc phm ng lnh. V mt ny PE tt hn Cellophane.
Vt liu cng nn c tnh n nh no c kh nng chu c nhit kh cao. iu ny
rt cn thit i vi loi ti un si. n nh ny c th c m t nh l kh nng chu
c s thay i mi trng m khng mt i nhng tnh cht ch yu.
f. Tnh chu c m:L yu t rt quan trng khi cn xc nh tnh thch hp ca mng
nha khi ng gi nhiu loi sn phm. Mt vi sn phm cn c bo v khng kh m t pha
ngoi, 1 vi sn phm khc th i hi pha bn trong khng c php bc hi xuyn qua bao
b. C mt vi phng php xc nh gi tr ny, phng php n gin nht l ko cng mt

mu mng trn mt vt c cha nc, ri t trong phng kho c cha cht ht m cht ny
hp thu hi nc truyn xuyn qua lp mng. Lng nc c trong vt cha c trc v sau
thi gian kim nghim v gi tr tc truyn hi nc (WVTR: Water Vapor Transmission
Rate) hoc tc truyn hi m (MVTR: Moisture Vapor Transmission Rate) c din t bng
lng nc tnh bng gam khuch tn qua 1m2 (hoc 100in2) mng trong 24 gi (g/m2/24h hoc
g/100 in2/24h).

Hnh 3: Tnh chu c m l c tnh cc k quan trng i vi bao b thc phm

g. Tnh ngn cn kh:Khng ging vi tnh thm hi nc. Trong trng hp ny, tc truyn
cc loi kh c bit nh N2, CO2 v nht l O2 c xc nh. C ph sng thng sinh ra kh
CO2 m kh ny c php thot khi vt cha, mt khc kh ny c th gy bc v do p sut
ni. Mt khc O2 lm c ph c i v trong trng hp ny kh cn gi bn ngoi. V vy cn
chn vt liu c tnh thm O2 thp nhng thm CO2 cao. Mt v d khc cn tc truyn cao
l trng hp ng gi tht ti v tht cn O2 gi c mu ti hp dn khch
hng.Phng php xc nh tnh thm thu kh l phi xc nh c bao nhiu lng kh
khuch tn xuyn qua vt liu trong khong thi gian cho sn, v nguyn tc phng php ny
ging vi phng php dng xc nh WVTR ni trn. n v ca gi tr ny l
cm3/m2/24h hoc cc/100 in2/24h.
h. Kh nng hn nhit (Sealability)Kh nng hn nhit ca cc nha do nhit ph thuc vo
mt s iu kin sau:

Nhit lm mm; nhit v p sut ti mi hn; thi gian hn nhit

Cu trc ca mng hoc bn thn polymer.
T l tao tinh th trn t l to cu trc v nh hnh ca polymer
Lng cht ph gia

i. X l b mt (x l Corona)Cc loi mng c phn cc thp (PE, PP) thng rt kh dnh

bm mc in v keo. S thm t b mt ca vt liu ph thuc vo nng lng b mt ca
chng. Do vy, tng c tnh in ca cc vt liu ny ngi ta thng phi x l Corona.Mt
vi tnh cht b sung ca cht do c th c lit k v gii thch sau y:

S ko gin: l phn vt liu nha s gin di trc khi b t. Vt liu cng ko gin th
n cng chu c ti trng va p tt hn, t b t hn. iu ny rt quan trng nht l
i vi nhng bao nha ng hng nng. S ko gin c din t bng phn trm so vi
chiu di ban u. co gin c din t bng phn trm so vi chiu di ban u. PP
v PVC c gi tr ny kh cao, ln n 450 %, polyester v PS c gi tr ko gin rt thp.
cng: ca vt liu plastic c xc nh theo phng php Rockwell. Dng vin bi
bng thp c ng knh c bit v c cn vi nhng ti trng khc nhau tc ng ln
vt liu. su ca vt lm khi ti trng c ly i c o. Gi tr Rockwell cng cao
th vt liu cng cng.
n hi: L yu t quan trng lin quan n bao b nha do. N din t kh nng tr
li hnh dng v kch thc ban u ca vt liu sau khi b bin dng.

Ngi ta m t n nh l tr nh. Tuy nhin nu vt qua gii hn tr nh th vt liu vn

trng thi gin di v khng th tr li trng thi ban u c na. l gii hn n hi. Mt
vi vt liu nh PVC do c gi tr m un n hi thp v ko gin tt, trong khi nhng loi
khc nh PS c gi tr m un n hi cao v ko dn c t.

n nh v kch thc: trong mt vi trng hp c th b nh hng nng n bi s

thay i m tng i bao quanh bao b. Mt vi loi vt liu th dn ra, mt vi loi
khc th co li, trong khi c 1 vi loi khng b nh hng.
trt: l tnh ma st xut hin khi mng nha tip xc b mt vi loi mng khc hoc
vi 1 b phn thit b no Gi tr ny c th c o bng cch dng bn nghing,
ghi nhn li gc nghing m vi gi tr ny mu th vt qua c ma st b mt.
trt c th iu chnh c bng cc ph gia ca mng. Th d, mng PS c 3 loi
trt :
- trt cao,
- trt trung bnh,
- trt thp,

h s = 0,1 0,3
h s = 0.3 0.5
h s > 0.5

Tnh thm du v m: Rt quan trng khi sn phm cn ng gi cha cht bo. B mt

bao b c th b lm hng nu nh cht bo thm qua mng bao b ra ngoi.
xc nh tnh thm bo ngi ta t mt ng ct mn c bo ha bng mt lng
xc nh du hoc du thng, t mu th ln trn v trn cng t mt ming giy thm.
Ghi li thi gian cn du thm qua v li du vt trn giy.
bng v m: L nhng tnh cht quan trng i vi bao b nha do v rt nhiu
khch hng i hi vt liu trong sut phi c b mt bng v sng. m xut hin
di dng mu c sa s lm h thp trong sut ca mng. Cc gi tr so snh l o
h s xuyn thu v phn x i vi mu th.
Kh nng bc chy: Mt vi loi mng d chy nh cellophan chng hn, PE chy chm
v chy thnh git. PVDC t dp tt nhng PVC cng rt kh chy.

4. Mt s loi mng thng dng

a. Polyethylen (PE)
Hin nay PE tr thnh quan trng nht trong tt c cc loi vt liu nha. PE c phn loi
thnh cc nhm chnh sau:

LDPE PE mt thp, t trng = 0.91- 0.925 g/cm3

MDPE (LLDPE: Linear) PE mt trung bnh, t trng = 0.926 0.940 g/cm3
HDPE PE mt cao, t trng = 0.941- 0.965 g/cm3
LDPE: Quan trng nht v thng dng nht. N c s dng nhiu nht to mng
mng lm ti. LDPE d hn nhit v l loi r nht. Trong cc loi LDPE khc nhau
bao gm cc loi c tc nhn trt v ng cc, chng hn nh ng gi s lng ln th
cn h s trt thp c kh nng xp ng tt. Hoc khi ng gi hng ha mm vo
bao b dng ti th cn h s trt cao. LDPE th mm v dai.
MDPE: c dng to mng mng hoc dng khi c yu cu cn cng cao hn hoc
nhit lm mm cao hn LDPE. MDPE th hi mc hn LDPE.
HDPE: Cng hn hai loi trn. HDPE c th chu c nhit ln ti 120oC v v vy
HDPE c dng lm bao b thanh trng bng hi nc. HDPE cng c th c ct
thnh nhng dy hp dt thnh bao dt. Tuy nhin, dt thnh bao ngi ta thng
dng PP hn.

Cc loi PE khc nhau c mt vi tnh cht quan trng lm chng tr thnh vt liu bao b
thch hp nht. PE c tnh ngn cn nc v m rt tt, tnh ny cng tt khi mt ca PE
cng cao. PE cng c tnh hn nhit rt tt v vn gi c tnh mm do mt rt thp n c
th c s dng iu kin ng lnh 50oC (58oC). Khi thay i nhit th nht ca n
cng thay i u, v vy n d x l v bin i. V mt sinh l hc, khng c s bt li no
lin quan n PE v khi chy n ch sinh ra kh CO2 v nc.

Hnh 4: Mng PE l loi mng thng dng trong bao b

Tuy nhin cng c vi bt li, PE c tnh thm O2 kh cao, tnh ngn cn mi hng b gii hn,
tnh khng m kh thp, nht l i vi LDPE. Khi PE c bin i khng ng, v d nh un
nhit qu cao, s cho mi kh chu. Mt vi thit b ng gi khng hot ng tt vi LDPE
bi n c cng kh thp.PE ch trong sut khi n c lm lnh nhanh sau khi un, tnh trong
sut ny do cu trc dng tinh th. Trong cc trng hp khc PE c mu hi c sa. PE c
dng nhiu trong quy trnh un mng mng ri bin i thnh mng bc, ti v bao ti. N cng
c n ra di dng ph ln lp giy hoc giy ba v n cng l vt liu c bin i nhiu
nht thnh chai, lng dng quan trng nht ca PE l lm cc loi np khc nhau. Tnh tr
ca PE cng c ch n. Mng mng PE nh hng v ko cng s b c dng nhiu
di dng mng co v mng cng.Tnh cht ca PE thay i ty theo nh sn xut. Tuy nhin,
mt vi c tnh c trng c trnh by di y nhm minh ha cc c tnh ny thay i nh
th no khi mt thay i t thp ti cao.
Tc
Loi PE truyn hi
m (1)
LDPE 1.4
MDPE 0.6
HDPE 0.3
Ch thch: (1) g/100 in2/24h/1mil
(2) cm3/100 in2/24h/1mil
(3) 1lbs/ in2/1mil

Tc
truyn kh (2)
O2
CO2
500
1350
225
500
125
350

Lc cng
(3)
1700
2500
4000

1 ounce (OZ) = 28,35g

1 pound (lb) = 16 OZ = 0,454Kg
1 stone (st) = 14 lb = 6,356Kg
1 mil = 0,001 inch

b. Polypropylen (PP):
L mt loi nha olefin khc. N cng hn PE, c chu cng gin tt hn v trong sut hn.
Gi tr ca tnh thm hi m thp. Do kt tinh cao, nhit lm mm khong 150oC nn n
c s dng thnh cng khi tit trng cc sn phm y khoa trong ni hp PP cng c dng
di dng bao b cho thc phm lm sn a vo l i lu hoc un si. N cng thng dng
khi sn sut np y bng phng php p phun.
Do mt ca PP thp (0.90 g/m3) v lc cao bn nn n c th to ra mng mng hn lm cho
n c th cnh tranh vi mng lm t PE trong mt vi ng dng c bit. N cng c th dng
thay cho cellophan, v d nh dng PP bc gi thuc l. PP c khuynh hng tr nn gin
nhit thp, iu ny c th vt qua mt mc no , bng cch ng trng hp vi mt
lng nh ethylene.
PP c s dng nhiu di dng mng mng, tng i cng, c kh nng ng dng ging vi
cellophane nh tnh trong sut ca n. Mng PP c nh hng (OPP), ngha l ko cng theo
1 hoc 2 hng, c lc bn v cng tt hn. Mng OPP c cng va nn d dng x
l n nhiu loi thit b ng gi, n hon ton trong sut v c tnh ngn cn m v mi
hng tt. Tuy nhin, mng PP rt kh hn nhit m iu ny c th vt qua bng cch n kp
vi PE.

PP cng c dng lm np y v tm thy nhiu ng dng thnh cng trong khi PE b gy

mt di nh hng ca mt vi cht hot ng b mt. ng dng thng dng ca PP l dng
dt cc bao ti.

c. Polystyrene (PS) :
c sn xut t du th bng phng php trng hp styrene. PS th hon ton trong sut
nhng tnh ngn cn m v kh thp. PS cng nhng khng va p thp v th ngi ta
thng trn n vi loi cao su tng hp butadien tng thm bn va chm. Tuy nhin, thm
butadien vo s lm mt trong sut v PS chu va p thng c mu trng.
PS rt d cho cc quy trnh dng sn xut bao b. N c th dng thi p phun, n, nhit nh
hnh Do mt khuych tn thp m n t s dng lm bao b ng gi m phn ln n c
dng di dng khay hoc tch c nh hnh bng nhit. ng dng c trng nht ca PS l
cc khay dng ng gi rau ti, v cc tch dng ng gi gia- ua v cc sn phm c
ch bin t sa mng mng PS c dng bao gi tri cy, rau qu nh c chua, rau xanh.
S nh hng 2 chiu s lm mng PS c lc bn v tnh dai cao hn, n c gi l mng PS
c nh hng (OPS)

Polystyrene xp (EPS) c sn xut bng cch x l c bit trong cc ht PS. un nng ht

PS bng hi nc lm pentane c trong PS phng ln rt nhanh v hnh thnh cu trc t ong,
EPS thng c dng lt m gim sc cho cc my mc tinh vi trong bao b. EPS cng
c dng nhiu di dng khay ng gi tht c ti, tri cy ti, sn phm nng, trng
d. Polyesters:
Hoc nha ester tuyn tnh c sn xut bng cch ngng t ging nh polyamide. N n ra
dng mng v mng ny c ko cng theo 2 hng. Polyester c lc bn c hc cao v tnh
chu c nhit ln n 3000C. Mang Polyester c tnh thm m v kh thp tr lc i
vi dung mi hu c kh tt. N c tnh hn nhit km v v vy n thng c ghp vi PE.
Mng Polyester c th c ph bng PVDC v tr nn t thm kh v mi hng. Kt hp vi
mng nhm v PE n s tr thnh loi mng rt tt cho vic ng gi c ph xay bng phng
php ng gi chn khng v ng gi sn phm ch bin t tht Thnh thong n c dng
lm bao b di dng ti c th un nng c, ngha l sn phm bn trong c un nng
bng cch un si trc tip trong ti. iu ny c th lm c do tnh chu c nhit cao
ca mng. Mng Polyester c th c nh hnh bng nhit n mt mc gii hn v c loi
Polyester c th co c. Gn y Polyester c mt ng dng kh th v, l Polyethylene
therephthalete (PET) dng lm chai dng nc gii kht c gaz.

e. Polyamide (PA) hoc Nylon :

C lc bn c hc tt v tnh chu nhit rt tt . C nhiu loi PA c nhiu im chy ln n

2500C. PA cng c dng trong cu trc mng ghp v nht l dng trong cc thit b nh
hnh nhit bng bng chn khng ng gi sn phm c ch bin t tht c ct thnh lt
mng, tht ti v ph mt. Mng ghp dng PA c b dy mng. K thut sn xut mng PA
mng th kh v thng nhng mng ny c ghp vp PA c b dy khc nhau ci tin tnh
hn nhit. PA c dng rng ri lm bao b tit trng ng gi cc dng c y khoa.

f. Polyvinyl Chloride:(PVC)
c sn xut thnh 2 loi cng v mm do. Loi PVC cng c tnh ngn cn m v kh tt,
tnh khng m tt. PVC cng c dng nhiu trong bao b nhit nh hnh ng gi b, du
thc vt Nh vo tnh trong sut m PVC c dng di dng chai nc khong, dng trong
m phm, du n v nc ct tri cy. Mt vi loi PVC chu c p sut kh bn trong chai
nn c dng ng bia v nc ung c gaz khc.
Loi PVC mm do di dng mng mng dng ng gi tht c ti, tri cy, rau qu v cc
sn phm ti khc. Mng PVC do c dng bc pallet nhm gi c ton b hng ha
trn pallet bng cch qun cng mng. Cng c vi loi mng PVC dng bao gi chng
lm hng gi.

PVC c n nh nhit kh thp, v th ngi ta phi thm cht n nh vo c th n c

PVC. Mt vi quc gia khng chp nhn tc nhn n nh c cha thic v trong hu ht cc
quc gia u c lut nghim khc v lng ti a ca monomer vinyl d tha trong sn phm
cui cng.
g. Polyvinylidende Cloride (PVDC):
Thng c ng trng hp vi vinyl chloride v c gi l SARAN (tn thng mi). So vi
tt c cc mng nha khc, PVDC c tnh thm hi nc, O2, CO2 thp nht.
N c tr lc i vi cht bo v ho cht tt. Mng PVDC co c sn xut di tn
CRYOVAC (tn thng mi) Quy trnh sn xut mng PVDC bao gm qu trnh n sn phm
dng ng vo b nc, sau thi sn phm bng khng kh n ng knh rt ln, ri nh
hng mng theo 2 chiu. Mng PVDC c p phng ct dc 2 bn hng v qun thnh cun.
PVDC c dng nhiu di dng phn tn (phn tn trong nc) ph ln giy v giy ba.
Cu trc mng nhiu lp cn thit cho kt qu tt.
PVDC c dng cho cc sn phm c yu cu rt kn nh ng gi ph mt v tht gia cm,
thng ng gi chn khng trong mng co PVDC. N c th c hn nhit bng my hn tng
s cao hoc my hn xung lc.

PVDC thng c s dng cho nhng yu cu cao v tnh ngn cn do n c tnh ngn cn tt
nht so vi cc loi mng khc. Mt vi th d nh cellophane trng PVDC dng cho bnh
biscuit v cc sn phm nhy vi m. PVDC c dng nhiu trong mng ghp phc tp
ng gi tht, loi mng n kp PE/ PVDC/PE l loi mng n rt quan trng.

h. Cellophane:
L nguyn liu ng u trong nhm nguyn liu cellulosic c s dng ging mng plastic.
Cellophane l loi mng bao b ln u tin c dng rng ri trong lnh vc thng mi v
trong mt thi gian di dn u v s lng Polyolefin, c bit l PP d chim lnh th trng
ca Cellophane nhng Cellophane vn cn l vt liu bao b quan trng trong 1 vi lnh vc.
Cellophane c sn xut bng cch ly cellulose c tinh lc cao v c ha vi dung mi
d c 1 c ging nh xi-r . Hn hp ny c cho qua khe nh v di vo b hon nhit
to thnh mng mng. V vy, n c gi l cellulose hon nguyn. Sau , mng c i qua
nhng dung dch tch tp cht, lc tr thnh mng trong sut. T Cellophane l tn thng
mi vi ngha thng dng. Cellophanec nhiu loi c lm ph hp vi nhiu ng dng khc
nhau t thuc vo h thng m s dng phn bit cc loi Cellophane

Loi Cellophane c dng nhiu nht l MSAT vi tnh chng m, kh nng hn nhit, tnh
dnh v trong sut tt. Cellophane thng c ph vi nitrocellulose hoc PVDC. Lp ph
ny tng thm tnh ngn cn hi m v kh nng hn nhit trong khi bn thn Cellophane c tnh
ngn cn kh v mi hng tt. Nh vo tnh trong sut v cng khin cho mng Cellophane c
th chy rt nhanh trn cc my ng gi nn n c s dng rng ri trong ngnh cng nghip
dt v bnh ko. i khi mng Cellophane c trng mt mt c dng ng gi tht ti hay
sn phm ch bin t tht.
So vi cc loi mng nha ng nht khc, mng Cellophane ph PVDC c khuyt im, l
mi hn nhit khng chc, n b hn ch bi lp kt dnh gia lp ph v b mt Cellophane.
Loi mng ny c tr lc x thp v mi hn d x m, nhng i khi iu ny s tr nn thun
li, th d cho vic m cc ti ko. Mng Cellophane c tnh cht in tt v c th in thnh cng
bng tt c phng php in thch hp. Nh vo lng nc cn cha trong mng Cellophane m
mng c kh nng mm do. Nu mng c sy kh th n tr nn gin v d x. nhit
ng lnh, vic chn ng loi mng Cellophane l rt cn thit, bi v nu chn khng ng
loi mng chu c nhit thp th d dng b tht bi khi dng.
Phn ln Cellophane c dng trong ngnh thc phm, thuc l, dt v ko. gi ko ngi
ta thng dng loi mng ghp cellophane sp cellophane hoc Cellophane keo
Cellophane v trong c 2 loi vic in n c thc hin gia 2 lp. Mt ng dng quan trng
khc l mng ghp dng ng gi chn khng cho tht, ph-mt, c, rau ngm gim
H thng m s ca mng cellophane:

c tnh ca mng cellophane c th hin bng s kt hp gia ch v s. C th l:

A=
Lin kt, dnh (lp ph c kt dnh vi mng mng to thnh tnh khng m)
Adhere
C=

c nhum mu (colored)

D=

Mt na (lp ph chng m ch ph mt pha) (Demi)

L=

Tnh khng m thp hn tiu chun

M=

Chng m (Moisture Nitrocellulose lacquered)

P=

Khng ph, khng chng m, khng th hn nhit (plain unlacquered)

S=

C th hn bng nhit (sealed)

T=

Trong sut khng mu (transparent)

X=

c ph Polymer (PVDC,Saran)

Ch s ng trc ch dng ch b dy ca mng v ch s ng sau ch l m s ch cch s

dng cui cng, th d 250 MSAT 87 c ngha l vt liu c tnh chng m c th hn bng
nhit, tnh dnh v trong sut c dng lm ti cho thc phm ng lnh. Din tch so vi trng
lng l 25.000in2/lbs. Tuy nhin theo h thng n v tnh bng mt, ch s 250 c ngha l
25g/m2.
Do h thng m s ny thay i theo nh sn xut cho nn lun lun i hi nh cung cp
hiu ngha chnh xc ca cc loi mng.
i. Cellulose Acetate: (CA)
C trong, sng v v vy c dng nhiu di dng ca s cho cc ti v hp carton, cng
nh bao gi bn ngoi cc hp qu Cellophane Acetate cng c dng lm bao b dng
m st sn phm v dng phng bng phng php nhit nh hnh. CA rt n nh v kch
thc khi thay i iu kin m v v vy thay th cellophane ghp vi giy dng bc
tp v, sch, hng
j. Al-foil (l nhm mng)
Trong cng nghip ngi ta nh ngha: l kim loi c chiu dy t 4.3-152 m gi l Foil. Do
vy, Al-Foil l cun nhm mng c chiu dy < 152 m
Cc nguyn t thng c trong Al-Foil : Silicon, st, ng thau, Mn, Mg, Cr, Zn, Ti vi hm
lng < 4%.

Tnh cht:

Bn ha hc: Al-Foil bn vi cc loi acid nh tt hn so vi kim nh. Khi tip xc vi

nc c cha cc mui kim th c th b n mn. bn cao vi hu ht cc cht bo,
du m v cc loi dung mi hu c.
Bn nhit : Khng b nh hng bi s thay i ca nhit v m . D s dng
trong qu trnh tit trng cc bao b c cha cc Al-Foil. Tng cng bn, tnh mm
do nhit thp. Ngn cn c s ph hy ca nh sng.
Bn c hc: Tu thuc vo lng nguyn t kim loi c cha trong thnh phn hp kim
cu Al-Foil v mc x l nhit trong qu trnh sn xut Al-Foil m to cho Al-Foil c
tnh cht c hc rt linh hot.

Ngoi ra Al-Foil cn c cc tnh cht c bn c dng trong bao b m cc vt liu khc khng
c c l : tnh chng kh, m v nh sng rt tt; tnh n nh nhit cao v thp; d nh
hnh.

Cng dng:

Dng bao gi, trang tr.

Ghp vi bao b thuc l.
Kt hp vi cc loi mng lm bao b dc phm, thc phm cao cp.
Dng trong bao b v trng, np t m, kem, sa chua..

k. Mng Metalized
Mng Metalized c m lp kim loi cc mng. Thng thng lp kim loi c m l nhm.
Chiu dy lp kim loi m ty thuc vo tnh cht cn phi c nh tnh chng thm kh, hi m
v nc ca tng loi bao b yu cu. Lp m cng dy th cc tnh chng thm cng cao
nhng gi thnh cng tng theo.
Nguyn l to mng Metalized: kim loi nhm nng chy, bay hi v ngng t trn vt liu
mng (nn) x l mt cch c bit tng kt dnh, trong iu kin chn khng. Lng
nhm m ty thuc vo nhit ca nhm, tc ko mng a vo, s trm m

Cng dng:

Dng thay th Al foil trong vi lnh vc.

Dng ci thin tnh cht chng thm ca cc sn phm sao cho t s cn bng thch
hp ca cc tnh cht chng thm c trng, gi thnh, hnh dng v ph hp vi cc
thit b gia cng.

Tu thuc vo chiu dy ca lp m trn mng m n ci thin thm cc tnh cht t nhin ca

mng nn. V d mng MOPP c tnh chng m cao hn OPP 20 ln.
Cc loi mng Metalize thng dng:

MCPP : CPP Metalized

MOPP : OPP Metalized
MBON :Nylon Metalized
MPET : Polyester Metalized

Bng: Tnh cht ca mt s loi mng n thng dng trong bao b

Kh nng
Kh nng
Polymer
ngn cn
chu nu si
hi nc
LDPE
Homopolymer
+
++
LLDPE Co-polymer
++
++
HDPE Co-polymer
+
++
PP
Homo/Copolymer ++
++
BOPP
Homo/Copolymer /++
+++
PET
Homopolymer

BOPET Homopolymer

PA
Homo/Copolymer
BOPA
Homopolymer
Loi
mng

Kh nng
ngn cn
kh
+
++
++

trong
sut

Tnh d in

Kh nng
chu ko

++
++
+++
+++
++
+++

+
+
+
++
+++
+
+++

+
+
++
-

+
+++

+
+++

+++
-

Ch thch: +++: Rt tt; ++: Tt; +: Trung bnh; -: Khng tt

4.5 Mng ghp (phc hp) v cc phng php ghp mng
4.5.1 Mng phc hp
Gii thiu v ng dng
Mng nha phc hp hay cn gi l mng ghp l mt loi vt liu nhiu lp m u im l
nhn c nhng tnh cht tt ca cc loi vt liu thnh phn.
Ngi ta s dng cng lc (ghp) cc loi vt liu khc nhau c c mt loi vt liu
ghp vi cc tnh nng c ci thin nhm p ng cc yu cu bao b. Khi ch mt tm vt
liu vn c th cung cp y tt c cc tnh cht nh: tnh cn kh, hi m, cng, tnh cht
in tt, tnh nng ch to d dng, tnh hn tt nh yu cu t ra.
Tnh cht cui cng ca mt loi vt liu nhiu lp ph thuc nhiu vo nhng tnh cht ca cc
lp thnh phn ring l.
Mng ghp thng c s dng rng ri lm nguyn liu cho bao b thc phm, dc phm
S hnh thnh mng ghp l vic kt hp c chn la gia mng nguyn liu ban u, mc in,
keo dn, nguyn liu ph s dng cc phng php gia cng c nhiu cng on, a dng.
V mt k thut vt liu ghp c ng dng thng xuyn, chng t c cc yu cu k
thut, cc yu cu v tnh kinh t, tnh tin dng thch hp cho tng loi bao b, gi gn cht
lng sn phm bn trong bao b, gi thnh r, v hi .
Cu trc
Cc polymer khc nhau c s dng ty thuc vo vai tr ca chng nh l lp cu trc, lp
lin kt, lp cn, lp hn.
Lp cu trc: m bo cc tnh cht c hc cn thit, tnh cht in d dng v thng c c tnh
chng m. Thng thng l nhng loi nha r tin. Vt liu c dng thng l LDPE,
HDPE, EVA, LLDPE, PP (i vi nhng cu trc mm do) v HDPS hay PD (i vi cu trc
cng).
Cc lp lin kt: l nhng lp keo nhit do ( dng n) c s dng kt hp cc loi vt
liu c bn cht khc nhau.
Cc lp cn: c s dng c c nhng yu cu c bit v kh nng cn kh v gi mi.
Vt liu c s dng thng l PET (trong vic ghp mng), nylon, EVOH v PVDC.
Cc lp vt liu hn: thng dng l LDPE v hn hp LLDPE, EVA, inomer,
Mt s loi mng phc hp:

2 lp: BOPP/PE; PET/PE; BOPP/PP; NY/PE

3 lp: BOPP(PET)/PET (M)/PE; BOPP(PET)/Al/PE;
4 lp: BOPP(PET)/PE/Al/PE; Giy/PE/Al/PE;
5 lp: PET/PE/Al/PE/LLDPE

4.5.2 Cc phng php to mng phc hp

Gii thiu chung cc phng php ghp mng

Mng phc hp c to thnh bng cch:

Ghp hai hay nhiu lp mng bng cht kt dnh
Trng ln mt lp mng vt liu mt lp vt liu khc dng lng (nng chy) sau khi
lp vt liu ny ngui i s ng cng li

C ba phng php trng ghp mng c bn thng c ng dng trong sn xut bao b
mm,trong miphng php bao gm cc dng ring ca chng:
Trng ghp n

n n
n trc v sau
n kp

Ghp kh

Ghp c dung mi
Ghp khng dung mi
Ghp kt hp

Ghp t
Phng php ghp t
phng php ghp t l phng php ghp bng keo, ti thi im ghp hai lp vt liu vi
nhau cht kt dnh (keo) trng thi lng. y l phng php ghp c s dng kh rng ri
c bit ng dng nhiu nht khi ghp mng nhm vi giy.
Keo s dng trong phng php ghp ny l dng keo polimer nhn to gc nc.Trong qu
trnh ghp keo trng thi lng chng s thm thu qua mt lp vt liu v bay hi sau .
Keo c trng ln lp vt liu 1 t c tnh thm nc hn, sau ngay lp tc c ghp vi
lp vt liu th 2. B phn ghp gm cp l trong c mt l c m crom v mt l cao su.
Sau khi ghp nc cha trong keo s bay hn ti n v sy, keo kh to kt dnh gia hai lp
vt liu.
Phng php ghp kh

Ghp kh khng dung mi:

L phng php ghp bng keo, nh tn cng ngh ch ra, k thut ghp mng khng dung
mi khng s dng ti cc loi keo c gc dung mi m s dng loi keo 100% rn. Nh ta
c th gim mt cch ng k vic tiu th nng lng tiu tn cho cc cng on sy kh dung
mi trong keo hoc cho vic thi v thng gi.
Keo c s dng l loi keo 1 hoc 2 thnh phn, loi keo mt thnh phn c dng ch yu
ghp vi giy.
ghp bng keo khng dung mi, i hi phi c b phn trng keo c bit, bng cch dng
trc trng keo phng thay v trc khc, gm cc trc c gia nhit v cc trc cao su.
Sc cng b mt ca mng phi c ch c bit, x l bm dnh, v bm dnh ban
u ca keo rt yu khi cha kh. Lp keo c trng vo khong t: 0.8-1.5g/m2.
Cc u im ca cng ngh ghp mng khng dung mi nh sau:

Gim c ting n do bi khng c h thng thng gi

Khng cn st dung mi trong lp mng ghp, do rt thch hp cho vic dng lm
bao b thc phm, dc phm.
Khng gy nhim khng kh
Chi ph u t thp
Khng cn sy qua nhit
Khng cn bo v s n gy ra dung mi
Yu cu v mt bng t
Chi ph sn xut thp
Tc snxut cao

Cng ngh ghp mng khng dung mi l cng ngh ghp mng tin tin nht hin nay trong
lnh vc ghp mng, cc nh sn xut v bin i bao b trn th gii ang chuyn sang phng
php ghp mng khng dung mi ny.