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X 1685 b++ + e+{s u$+#e#T.
H\sT beTsT yd w eT<sY kVu 1880 H{
qT+& eTkH uuy] d$d, uuysT d~ b+~q s
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eTVeT\T *jTeq$.
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e uuysT \Te & +& n& & # &q, | <>sZ
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o q\eTkHuu ~e\\T

o uuy] deT]+H&T. sTT+{H uuysT, jTq w\T

=+\+ eHsT. |{ uuy] <sZ sTT+{ qT+&
|PC<y\T qysTTr |s+ rdTH y sT.
uu>sT n<j. ysT |&T= e+&> mes
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<e<q+H e+&ysT. mq& q&TeTT y* |&T<T.
eTkHuuysT >T+sT eq =*~H yT&
<>sZ eTTq> #T +< e+&ysT. H&T ysT #T+<
LsTq|&T sTeTT\, yTsT|\ +ue w sek+~.
n\+ <sq eq y] yT yq T nsTd e+~.
+ || < qT\ |&T >T |& yT #bsTT+~. +=+#+
<s+ eTw L& #bsTTH&T. uuysT LsTq#
yq <T , jTq &e q <T . jTq @ $<y T q u< \T>< T .
<X+ #dq y] jTq j>< eqT> q&sT .
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k$T y]| qTH |& b e+ >eT+ Xs|&sT .
de~ qT+& q eTkHu uysT eT yT # |&e +&&+
>eT+ < dMT|+ < #+ Ls= +&T eTdT=
u> e <q+ #d < #T eT&T ksT ] < d+ s
nHsT. <qT+& yTqT> yT +{ MT<
<T\T|= uuy] d+<Tq <]+~. n& eTq ys+<s
n<T+ #d uuy] <e X =j&, jTq eTVeTqT
}s+ #{HsT. |&T >TbT #bsTTq e * e uuy]
b<\| |& @& q |_ |e\dq~> b]++~.
sT DdeTT<TH eTkH uuysT Xe+ e< bsTT <e <q+
#d Xs eT ~eVk\ >H H&T. n&
#]q e+<\=~ q+ n<T+ #d eTkHu uy] dT +
kc+>|& sT .

eTkHuuy] dsXeT <VsD

H&T uy nH yT uuy] & <=+*+
e+&Te{ e+d| eTT<q T q e+{+{ |T q~.
4

u+> eq|{ \\T

o q\eTkHuu ~e\\T

jT y[q eTkHuuysT ] eT {s ]
eHsT. & q|&b eT ~e<w |{HsT.
<j deTT<Tq eTkH uuysT d <] +# \+|
yT sTT+{ bsTT e+d| eTT< y| #d u! u! n
|\HsT. n~ jT<|Ps <] + bD+ eTkHu uy]
<>sZ e+~. jTq & mT = &\T eTTsTT+f
# q u y eTT# eT\T bd q $. u j X s\
eTkHu uy] b<\| |& e _ j++~. H{qT+&
yT e+kVs+ eyd eTkHu uy] u s y] d$+
]++~.

eTkHe>sT K+&j> $< bMD+ \ysT.

H&T q\b&T >eT dMT|eTT yX b\+
eTkH uuy] \, yTT+&+, , #T \T |& eq$.
yX &T <X+ #d |sT > T y[ >eT+ y] #|
=+<] y+uT= eH&T. nqT ] e#d] eTkH
uuysT dX s+ m|{e eHsT. >eTdT\
T n~ #
yX > * #dH sT. eTkHu uysT n uj
T |&y! n+
sTqe +~+#sT. q\b&T qT+ eq q+ uuy] eT
>e V+HsT. ysT >T+sT ] y[bsTTHsT.
~ eTkHu uysT |<] +q K+&j >+. ]& ksTTuu,
eTq k$T, y&s e \*q+< dsd r k$T, Ns\ ne< ,
&| ne< +<T\T, >T+sT s+>quT>sT yTT<q ysT
K+&j >+ k~+qT y] #]\ eq~. eTkH uuy]
K+&j > |<s q += <s q+ L&e+~.
H&T uuysT |q+ <] + es =T eTT+<s
~>+s+>, $s #w\
LsTHsT. sTT+ e<Tq sT |
yc\T, | #w
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jTe s+&T, eT&TksT >~+ beTH&T. nsTTH
eTkHuuysT \<T, |\<T. n&qT+& <\<T.
es & y ] | + \ +~. n q T q # s
5

u+> eq|{ \\T

o q\eTkHuu ~e\\T

eTkHu uy] ={H &T. < y+H uu>] \, ,

#T \T $] XseT+ #~]bsTT Xs n+>\T ##< T sT>
|&b sTTq$. n~ # es &T uj
T u+T&H &T. qeT+
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Xs u>\qT b>T#d y{ Kqq+ #jT { rdT [HsT.
XXqy{ #s d] uuy] Xs u>\ nT= jTq
|Pss|+ LsTHsT. n<T #dq qT\T,
XeyV\T bdTdwH |sT>T[ ysqT #|HsT.
bdT\T e uuy] eTVeTqT =j& es & $&
|{sT.

eTkHuu>] ds <VsD
eTkH uuysT >T+sT e+&> b\sT b|sE nH
Cqj >] w\T o qe q+<jT eT >TsTe>]
<XqTks+ eTkHu uy] <]+#& eHsT. deTjq
eTkHu uysT eT]#T +< <qeTT< eHsT. y]
m<T sT|< eTTd*s u<|&T eTkHuuy]
nqT>V + d+ #T= eH&T. q+<jT >sT n& #]q
ns>+ eTkHu uysT s
eTTd*s nqT>V +
os~+#sT. nT s q+<jTqT # <>Zs eq
H\T>D\T |<y sTTe n <+#sT. q+<jT <>sZ
n|&T eq$ d]>Z 4 nD. uuy] ds nTs|& T
q <>sZ eq 4 nD\T eTTdjTq sTTH&T. eTkHe
uuys T d + w + qT b| s E>s T | + | H s? n
|+HsT. q+<jT Xs+ s {+ | nsTTq~. q <>sZ 4 nD\
$wjT + #& +& #| yT, qqT mesT |+|q $wjT +
qT+& #| q eTkHu uy] ds X Xs|& < + >
#dTq q+<jT eTkHu uysT b|sE>sT # eT+ysT,
V+<Te\ | s+H&T u\
T qeTT+<T _#+
L& |sT . b|sE>sT q +& _+ H&T u\
T
nq+ qeTT+< H nq+ |{H sT nHsT. >TsT#] 5e
6

u+> eq|{ \\T

o q\eTkHuu ~e\\T

n<jT+ |s |s+ydT\T dTeT, n|\sE <+|T \T eT

+ X<+ H&T u\
+f eTT+<T> dHd _ sTT
o b<e\uT \qT d+q+> b+~q d+|T qqT >TsT #dT + ~
~. <jTT\ nqT>V bTq n|sE eH
b|sE m+ |D |sTw& <!

eTkHuu>] ds eT]jTT <VsD

>T+sT qT+& j&T obsTT >+> kq+ #d
$XH<T D d$+ q>s+ sT>T n& $Xc\T #dT+ &>
|< eTd<T eTT+<Tq U d\
+ e<T& T q|&&T .
e<T& T sT jD # d>\
T#d |\ ~ >T+sT
<! nH&T. qqT m]qy&T u\T nqT= j&T
WqT nH&T. >T+sT e $TT&T u>TH& n s +&ek]
|+#sT. MT $TT&T mesT n j&T n&>&T. n|&T
e< T & T j Tq eTk H e>s T, jT qqT # 200
d+es\T nsTTq~, jTq H u\ $TT&T nHsT. j&T
$dTb sTTH&T. eTkH uuy] e T ys jTq #| H&T.
e<T , eTkH uuy] 200 d+es\ |]#jT + nsTT
M ejTdT m+ <! n ujT, Xs\ e<T
qeTd]+ q }] jT\T<]H&T. HsT > e qqT
>T+sTyd> >T]+qTe+{ 200 d+es\ |DTD
<]+q+<T m+ d+w+ >T+sT ] eq y+H
eTkH uuy] <s H y&T. eTkHu uysT <q de~
eHsT. n& m+<s y] <sH #T= eHsT.
j&T L& y]bT eTkHuuy] e{&&
m<TsT#d eH&T. >+ s de~ d qT+& q
eTkHu uysT qqT #]q |\
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j& #d e H dVT& # eHy! H
X\eT&q H o $TT&T u>TH& n+ X\|X \T ydH sT.
j&T eTkHu uysT ds E\T, ] $T+qysT sT ,
s +&T e+<\ d+es\qT+N MTsT dVT? MTs< keqyTq
7

u+> eq|{ \\T

o q\eTkHuu ~e\\T

j nqTHqT, sTT+{ eTVqTue\ *jT<T. H nCH

eT+#+& n y&T H&T.

eTkHuuysT >=| >V due+ \ysT.

eTTd+ jTTe&T uuy] |y& y+&+ > *
#dy&T. *dq |<\
T n y]+H, nqT eTs+ > eTkH
|y&, |y&, |y& n+ >{> nsek>&T. 3 sE\T
]seT+> eTkHe |y& nsN nsN es nH
|y&b sTTH&T. n *< + &T\T sD+ \TdT= jTTe&
eTkHu uy] d~ rdT= y[ MT< |&y d $T&sT.
e>sT sT D deTT<T\T qT jTTe& H{| eT ~eVd+
e+HsT. jTTe& | L\T bsTTq$. n&T u>H &T.
y+H uj
T u \
uuy] k\ |&, uuy] b<\| |&
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eTkHuu s+&T >+\ eT y[ e#sT

H&T eTkHu uysT $jTy& =+<sT eTTd+ |<\
T
# Ls= e{&T +T+&> e |\]+ eT #
eq T n& |{ eTT eT bsTT ekeT, n+< eT
TqT #dT+ &e\d+< #| y[bjsT. m& eT, m&
$jTy& M&e& |y&qTHsT |<\
T. y #d|
_ sej T D+ e{ & T Hs T . s +& T > + \ s
eTkHu uysT ] e eT TqT rdTHsT. |<\
T jTq
ejT&, |y& nqT= eT y[ e#y? n&
$Xc$T{ n |]Vk&HsT. uuysT y] de<q+> qT
eT y[ e#q, n& >=| e+ sT>T+< y&T \T
#&& m+<s eTVT\T eHs $es+> e]+ #| HsT.
uuysT n+ $es+> #| H =+<] $Xd+ \T>< T . =+<sT
|<\
T H{ deTjT+, ~ >TsT |T= eT eT *dqy]
ys |+| eTkHu uysT e]++<+ yde yTq y
eq eTVT >T+sT eTkHu uysT s sT>Tys e+~.
n~ *dq $jTy& eTTd+ \+<s eTkHu uy] eTVeT<
|e y] neseT u , X<\
}s+#sT. deTq eTVj
8

u+> eq|{ \\T

o q\eTkHuu ~e\\T

dq |* |s J eTV] 1829`1885 y] +{ eTkHu u ysT

n|&| &T deTj e uq+ #d bjTys eTV] J$
#] eq~. eTkH uuy] eTj, |sJ eTV]
dV + uq+ y] eT>eTq s<q X \
<s q+.

eTeT&+ sT&T>{q eTTdb U<sY >su+>+

C+ swy d qsY eTTdb U<sY nH eT >TsTe <Xe T+{
sT>T k+ eT |#s+ #dT + &y&T. k] nqT >T+sT
eHsT. n& eTTd+ \T eTkH> ] eTVeT\T e]+ #| HsT.
jTq >=|e n, $Tu w n, <s H e# u \
{,
s+&T e& d< <q+ +{s, n<j>T\,
d<| sTw\, ds E\ y] os<+ d+ V+<, eTVeTBjT
u \
T sE\T, ys\ s & |&> |\T |& +{s #| HsT.
eTeT& + sT &T >{q U<s,Y n&T e <, n&T #d$
dH #w\, \ <Tsw&T, q b+&+
|{
+ H&T. nqT yTq eTTd+ nsTT <s Xd $wj \T
q y~+#{ se\d+~> dy #dH &T. eTkH> ] u \
T
jTq jTT >=|q+ eT]+ eT+~ *jT#j \ U<sY
kVu>] deTTU &= eHsT. U<s>Y sT KTsH
jTT\T #~$ eTkHe >] y{ ns+ $e]+#eTH&T.
eTk H > s T $qj T + e T y{ ns + * j T < ,
*jTqs<, H $wjTyT y~+#q nHsT. U<sY
kVu>sT |+ e eTTdeTTyjTT+& KTsH ns+
*jTqeds+ <+ {y? e |s $Y n HH <Tsw
&HsT.
eTkHe>] eTVeT]q n& eTTd+\T, eTkHe>sT
|+&T &T be#T> eTVT&T, eTVqTue&T, $s,
eTVj, sT DdeTT<T&+ jTq >TD>D\qT e]+HsT.
U<sY kVu + s bsTTHsT. yTq eTTd+ KTsH e*d
|<\
e\q n+<T <s \T \TdT+, #]d, <Xd + #s+
#d , k+ eT |#s+ #d eT y| #j *, n< eTVeT<T
|e <X+ n+ y~+HsT. n&Tq V+<Te,
eTkHe>] u&T u>e+T @+, <s+, dseT
9

u+> eq|{ \\T

o q\eTkHuu ~e\\T

deq+ >T]+ e{& U<skY Vu |s T \ <s + q

|< d&+ #TH&T. eTkH |<] +# eTVeT\T \T,
>s& $<\HsT. qT |+ s|+#\H&T. nsTT eTT
|f |
eTkH> ] @yTH |e<+ d+u$ d q~ u< <T,
u< jTqqT b& w\<HsT. d\d\ > qHqT e>]
Hq bsTT+H&T U<skY Vu. n+<Te\ eTkHe >] de~ d
#<s
< T d]<, jTq m{ V sT>< T . U<sY uj
T u+T&H &T.
eTkHe >sT de~ d qT+& uVdV e#< yjTT+&
e _ j+ w& C+ sC ]bsTT eTkH> ] eTVeT
#{H&T.
uu D\ m<T\+& dV H* #]+#sT

uuy] w\ sT H* | e+<, y[ kjT++

e#<q uuy] #bsT. n|&T uuysT HqT L& y+
e#< nHsT. w XseTT *+~. m|& ~ uuysT
|\e+& H y+ ekqHs d+<V + e+~. m<T\
+& rdT=,
uuy] y+rdT= jT\T<s&T. eseZ T< eTTq qT+&
|< es+ |&T , TbqT> e]+~. >*yq m<T\
T q&e,
\Te nsT#T# u~]bk>sTT. uuy] w&T uuy]
m<T\
T nsT#T#Tq$, TbqT |&T #Tq~ H uj
T +> eq~ n
#| # u<| & T #TH&T. uuysT y+H <e <q+ #d =qT#
eTdT=]. D
\ MT< M] m<T\
T +& bT H* y[HsT.
B { q w s>u e |<q T eTT+<T>H >V + q
w& |e<eTTqT+& b&T=qT w yjTTy>+ >>q
eseZ TT D
\eTTq H* rdT y[HsT. ~ n+ #q
w&T qqT b&T uu>sT H y+ eHs >V+
uuy] b<_e+<qeTT #d dVT\+<] uu>] n<T
eTVeTqT #fqT.

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1. ns+& | 17 e q T CeTV <>sZ q+&] dT+<se T,
dTuse nH e< <+|T \T e+&ysT. k] dTuse>] dTd
#d y< |jT \T $|\
yTH sTT. y< T \T #b& #bsT. n|&T
10

u+> eq|{ \\T

o q\eTkHuu ~e\\T

eTkH uu>] >T]+ $ jT <]+#T=+f @eTH

+#Te#T < n >esyT+{ Vd <>sZ # LsTq
q\eTkH uu <>sZ y[+~. yT @$T #| eTT+< uu
ne! n+ nsTTbsTTq s e#y? + |y qyTMT
<T n nHsT. n nq s +&TsE\ s dTuse>sT
#bjsT.
2. uu +{|d |#T$TssTT> es+: q\eTkH
uu #&{ |y&> eH >Tq>T+ b++ jT
# eT+~ <e&> =*#ysT. <s T u \
T qeT+ bsTTH
<e&y nq ujT+ q\eTkH uu <>Zs e Ls=
jTH$T{ |y& <e&T n+THsT H\T n
nqT+T+f y+& q\eTkHu u y] HqT |yDq j
H >T]+ MT+<T? e#sT < y +& n nHsT. <s T
u \
T uu yTyT+<T $TeT* |yD+{eTT =+#+
|k<+ |+& nHsT. uu jTq +{| d y* T&
y] sTT | [ q+& nHsT. y =+#+ ndV +
| y >H |d |#T $TssTT> e]+~. n~ # ys=
uu MT< |& |k<+ HsT.
3. dq |*
|s C nH >TsTe>sT e+&ysT. jTq,
q\eTkH >] eT< nqT+<+ e+&~. k] |s C >]+{
$+<T uq+ n+<s uH LsTq sT y $d]
jTq | q ysTT+ n |<s\T e&+ #eTHsT. me] d+
$d] n+f q\eTkHu u deT #| , n |<s\T e&+ #
jTq >TsTe>] \T#T= n+< uq+ #jT eTHsT. eT]
q\eTkHu u s<T < n+f jTq ek&T n #| uq+
#jT eTHsT. |s C>sT uq+ #dT + f q\eTkHu u $ds
eq = |<s+ ejTeTjsTT. uq+ nsTTq s
|s C>sT q\eTkHu u e uq+ #XsT n #bsT.
4. d+>&> T + q q T eTkHu u Xs+ +&>
<]+#T= yT+&y&T. sE o y<eTqT=
eTkHu u odT\ k$T <>]Z e o y Tq $wjT +
11

u+> eq|{ \\T

o q\eTkHuu ~e\\T

#b&T. n|&T uu e o bTHe < n& dVT&T

+>jTq eH&T. jT HqT n&>q #| nHsT. n|&q T
kMT! o nH~ |<ePsT< |> MT dVT&T +>jTq
m& +{& e m \TdT+ ~ kMT n+f n|&T uu
HjTH nqT yT\q T +>jTq n nHsT. n|&q T ds
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22

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23

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24

eTV de~ nq+s+ \\T

o q\eTkHuu ~e\\T

d +| bqT #dT +f ysTT, s +&T y\ H dsT H

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25

eTV de~ nq+s+ \\T

o q\ eTkHuu ~e\\T

<sZ rdTe+~. n< HqT yTT<{k ] <sZ se+. eT

uT |& jTq |sT |T +{q uu yTT n e
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+ eTT+<T nusH ]q|{ ]bsT\
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u MT< <=+>\T ]$T ]$T =&TTHsT. n|&T HqT @&TdT+ f
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#d mes sT . s H yTT< |\y &T |{&T n

eTkHe n |sT |{eTT. s +&e |\y & eTkH w|t n |sT
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sT . $wjT + u<
|&T uu eTT+<s Ls= $q$+#T= |&T=HqT. uu
jTq s|+ q& @$T{ u<| & e, |\y &T sTq<
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2010 <>+ e+~.
26

eTV de~ nq+s+ \\T

o q\eTkHuu ~e\\T
u\eT>sT, bH H+: 0863`2219 369
1986 ksTTeT+ bsjTD #dq |{ qT+& H
ne< q d\+ esTT neT, s$Ts& eT]jTT #s
ms\ us < ecsY >] <s q u>+ *+~. d +>\T
>T+sT m.{. n>V s+ +HjT k$T >T& #dT =H u>+
*+~. 1990`91 MTskVu (Ns\) >sT #| q< {
q\eTkH >sT >=| eTVjTT\, jTq de~ <>sZ |< D
\T
#dT+f eT+< *d n|&|&T |<D\T #dTe+
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b]bj&T yTT) e\q eTqdT \ #+~+~. m+<T qqT
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s d|+ <s s >] us H jT #|d ne
eTq uu>sT e#sT nq>H q\eTkH> sT e#s dTsD

e qeTks+ #dT + f eTkH uu>sT H d+>+

H msT . C|+ nsTTq~. #d<+ HH n #| @ <s+
+& | mssT.
d | < s q+ s qT+& T+ d e Td \T
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+ L& =qT yTeTT
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27

eTV de~ nq+s+ \\T

o q\ eTkHuu ~e\\T

qT+& eTkHu u <sZ <jT + 5:15 >+. ]ksTT s, <jT

bsq , |< D
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q\eTkH >sT, y+jT k$T ysT, s eTVjTT\+ f
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ds |sD~] n \TdT+ ~.

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1. HqT 1996 >T+sT #<T ee{ eq|&T Ns\
o MTs kVu >] d\V |s+ eTkHu u <sZ s >T\sY>
28

eTV de~ nq+s+ \\T

o q\eTkHuu ~e\\T

y T+&<. H njT &|\

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>s e <T . k] eT>|\
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eT>|\
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T #sTT, e# d+es+ sTdT |\y &
mT= os<+ d+ e#T #sTT n b]+#qT.
eT&T H\\T >&
H @ $wjT + *jT< +<q #+<T
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ybjqT. ssE njT bH #d qT >s e n
#| +~. d\+ |de + nsTT eT>|\
y &T +#&T. e
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uu os<+ b+<eTT.
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e\ yTqT y+{
sY MT< |{sT . ys+ sEH @MT d+<q
s<T. (y+{sY n+f eT XdqT n+~+# jT++.
dV +> Xd rdT y] jT+ dV jT+ keq+>
2,3 sE\ d V Xd q T # L s T k s T ). y T | \ \ T
+sYMT&jT {, &^\T #<T eTHsT. yTeT+ L& e |
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b]+#eTT. eTV<T+> y+{sY MT< ys+ sE\T
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+& eTsD++~. HqT #<Teq dqT |s+
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! n o u> y H
y+jT k$T (>=\>eT&) nuj
T $TqT, d<T sZ T e\T eT
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29

eTV de~ nq+s+ \\T

o q\ eTkHuu ~e\\T

<>sZ y< + #sTT+#eTT. y< |\

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<>sZ jTT {+ #eTT. Z eTs <s q+ #sTT+#T+{eT
#| HqT. <sZ y[ eq s +&T sE\ &s Y HjTT&eT>sT
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@MT ssD
ef< T . n+<Te\q MT |\ sjTy\sT qsY
dT| rdT eT #bsT. $wjT + $ eysT #
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yT&
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d nesTT s + @MT sTT+~ <T . k|* dt>
e+< f{H nH e sTT y&eTHsT. s +&T|P =
e eyT ykeTT. s qT+& s+ Z eeT\T eTw+~.
q\eTkH <sZ <>Zs y[ jTT {+#H jTq
<jT e\ |
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eTkqjT>sT e <s qTe {s Y =+{e n #bsT.
4 d+\ {s Y =HqT. + eTT+<T \T & e n
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30

eTV de~ nq+s+ \\T

o q\eTkHuu ~e\\T

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yq qZ MTsT &+> nqTL\+> eTT+<T e]bsTT+~.
HqT qT.
e nq<eTT\ eT< d\+ y{\ $wjT+ re+>
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31

eTV de~ nq+s+ \\T

o q\ eTkHuu ~e\\T

e+~ f e e+X+ n+<] jTq |sT |T +{eTT. H

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+ u\T>sT sTT n+THsT. uu >T]+ m+ #| H
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T |&T T+<
n+<s nqTHsT. @$T ne<T . dT =fX sT.
4. yTTq eT< e Hq>sT e ysT. dsTT+{
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nqT #b&T, Xe+ sTT+{ edT+~ nqT= f+{\T,
c$TjH\T d<+ #d e+#sT. e] eTTw+ u>
d+w+ ] +{ #s+. e neT |]d L& nH
]+~. s +&T $]bjsTT. & Vd #|+
<sZ <> sZ e \\T deT]+ <]+#T=+f |&T |P]>
u>sTT+~.

|s UH, >T+sT
& eq s& wsY\T L& eT+> e] bjsT.
eTkqjT>] sTdT n+f n+<] |+&> . V+<Te\T, eTTd+ \T
*d | #ksT . jTq |sT = \\
eT+~ TTHeTT.
nq, eTT&T, dVT\T, d+ +&>, =&TqT> eTq+
qeT{ <T . & k$T q$T mes ydb<T ,
ydbsT. & <sZ 24 >+\T ]# e+T+~. sjT
HjT\T > *# eTT+<T, > *q s & edT+ {sT.
||+#+ 2012 @< nsTTbT+< n+THsT. eqe&T
#| +< sTTb jTq (q\eTkH >sT) m+<T? m&H
bb\T ]H n{+{ |<\
T eksTT. H V nsTTH,
wj
T H <e&H , n nsTTH &.

eT+>eT, Hs&sT (>T+sT 5/` s. #])

yT uu djT+> \ |s wH #XsT. eT+<T*#sT.
| + #bsT. +& y e+& \H s| +#T+{sT.
32

eTV de~ nq+s+ \\T

o q\eTkHuu ~e\\T

yT q ~yqTue + sTT #| +~.

H us eT+#\ udsYse. yTeTT j<e\+. 15 d+
+ H >T+& H=|, \H=|, #$H=|, jT]H bdTH
<>Zs H=| edT+&~. 3d+ bT &sY\ #T ] \
sbjT\T KsT|{+. |H T n #|sT. KsT
#$H=| e+ |s wH #XsT. |s wH 4,000 s. KsT
nsTT+~. n|{qT+& nq+ &T | be+<T , eTw
b&b jqT. uj
T +, >s> e+&~. uHjTq (<sZ) <>sZ
yqT. n& =+#+ nq+ q>*>qT. { e Hq d\V
|s+ d+es+ n& eHqT. u<\
T qZ s +{
ed 3 H\\T u> e+& eT u<\T yTT<HsTT. eT
uHjTq <sZ <>sZ yqT. 3,4 H\\T e+&+ se+
sT>T 8 d+es\T >&
bjsTT. uHjTq q\eTkH
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e#qT. 5 H\\T >&
bjsTT. u<\
T re+ njsTT. >=+T
<>sZ H=| nq+ qb jT<. T MT< X bsTT+~.
nsTTH ds +{ y+& #b & #b<eT
ss TT+#THqT.
sE s eTkH uuysT \ |+ |s wH #XsT.
\y ] |s wH #dq >TsT b| dw+ > |++~ (|{
e+~). e jTq L& \ H |s wH #dq T #bsT.
n+<Te\q e jTq H <>sZ e 10 sE\T+& y[bjsT.
s>+ u>sTTq s 2,3 H\\T+& +{ y[bjqT.
s = u<\
T yTT<H sTT. jT]H bd >&
>
e u< n&b jT<. e &&\TqT rdT= Vd
e#qT. eT+<T* ys+ sE\T+&eTHsT. +{ e#d
eT+<T\T + Xys+ eTkH <sZ < #<eT e#qT.
<sZ es+&H d+ u+ <>sZ |&T HqT. s |~ >+\ <
k$T q s|+ |+ b&T| d |swH #XsT.
d<T\T, eT+<T\T k$TysT dw+ > #|+#sT. =] u+&\T
#|+#sT. yT\e e eu sd+ > e+& eb jqT.
33

eTV de~ nq+s+ \\T

o q\ eTkHuu ~e\\T

nqTeq+ e b #d eT# dw+ > e+~. eT&esE

H =+#eTT nq+ #|+#sT. n> HqT. 4 e sE
nq+, e+d+ eTT #|+#sT. $<+ >H HqT. u<\
T
|P]> bZ jsTT. n|{ qT+& uu>sT m& y e+&
d| <s q+ sTT |\TdT+ {sT. d+es 10 sE\T e+
sT| < #d seT d|+ #| sT. k$TysT s +&e
|s wH #dq <>sZ q T+& eL & ydT <T . s>+
|P]> u>T+~.

dTu>sT, >T+sT
HqT H\T>T d+es\qT+# eTkHuuy] <>Zs
edTH qT. & , JsY uu\ e< y[ e#qT. | Xys+
eTkHu u y] <>sZ s+& @MT #jT qT. e c| |sT
L& uu |sT e+T+~.
1. 6 H\\ + (2009) e #* |[ ~]+~. |[
y+H #j \ ysT nHsT. H <>sZ &T\T e. uu
e< e yTTHqT. uu |H us+ yd 2,000 sbjT\
|[ sT\
T |+{ #d uu de~ e y] yTT<> sT
b]+#qT. 15 sE\ + &T <T nqysT ys+
ys eTT+<T= n s\T> dVjT+ #XsT. 10 \\T
nqT+& ~] yu e +> |[ ]+~. s +&T y\ eT+~
uH\T |{+. <+ eTkHu u <jT !
2. m\H fy T e neT>sT q eTT| sssY
H$THf& bdt sy\ yTTHqT. yT bdt e+~.
yT VsT |w+T, y|\ q&# z| +& +&~.
uuy] yTTq s s>+ u>T|&+ ~.
3. H| dT +&+ e\q >T+sT H mes |\q T
e{ eTT+<T s<T. H |[ s>< n+<s
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34

eTV de~ nq+s+ \\T

o q\eTkHuu ~e\\T

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u< e+&~. sE 4 Ns\T &d b jT$. uHjTq
<>sZ y[ d+es+ eHeTT. sT y d+es+ |s#s
uu <>sZ y[ eH >TD+ |+#< T . + X e~d
#bT+<qT= @&Td L s= eHqT. #=L& ] e+~.
nT | > 80 d+es\ eTTdjTq HeT~> ed
qqT ;& n&>&T. H eT+&+~. HH= | @&TdT+ f
jTq @+{ n. eTkHu ujT n e#sT. n& >& y+&
H us >&\
T >&\
T> yT\
|&+ ~. eTTdjTq yT
<>sZ > y[ #d e#&T. n+ sT y qT+& yT V ;&+ >
bZ sTT+~. eT] +es deTd <T .
2. HqT >T&T eHd |s#s <sZ |sE <jT + 4
>+\ kq+ #d k+uD < |+ yd >+ d| bsjTD
#dT H qT. eTs | nsTTq s kjT++ <sZ e <s q+
#dT +THqT. eT< e $& H>T H y~ e+~.
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400 sbjT\ KsT nsTT+~. |y
T dT| 10
sE\T, >esyT+T dT| 7 sE\T e+#eTT. |* + <T .
u+ < eTkHu u <sZ rdT e#eTT. eT+<T\T |
yd k$T| us+ sT, k$T de~| |e\T (>T_) +
ny eT+<T\T> \#eTT. |P]> s>e+Ts\sTT+~.
3. e |< sy& T~ ds + <T . n |&T eq
LTsT e+~. n+<Te\q eTkHuuy] <sZ <>Zs @&Td
LsTHeTT. k$TysT \ |+ d++<+ MT sTT+{
edT+ < #bsT. d++<+ ysT 3 sE\ eksq > \
n+<T e s +&e nusTT, nesTT, Vd| >TsT
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35

eTV de~ nq+s+ \\T

o q\ eTkHuu ~e\\T

d| s T \T, nusTT >TDe+T&T. H>sTq jTe]{ |.

|[ u> ] dTK+> eHsT.
$<+ > k$TysT H <TsTD
Z \qT essT. ds +
#sT. e $& y~ b>={sT . eTqTeTs* eT+ |[
#XsT. +$T #| >\eT+{sT o y+se>sT.

mH.$.cse ecsT (dssY ksTT ), 6e qT, 20e

n&s&T, u&|, >T+sT. bH H+. 94909 13774
1982`83 d+ b++ ||<e T+> H d& + { eTkH
c e*j (q\ eTkHu u) y] sTdT y y[ +~,
|k<+ sTT#ysT. sTy #s o ms\
us < >] *d ||< e T+> <sZqT <]+#T=+{. |eTTK
o seT u \
T o s+>quT>sT | + y] n+ u
q
o Cq\>& uqTeT]>] *d <]+#T=H ys o
uqTeT]>sT H #|ysT. o s+>quT>] \\qT
|+T#jT e\dq~> uqTeT]>sT qqT ] eHsT. $<+ >
eTV u \
d\V o eTkHc e*j y] <]+#Te+
yTT<+ ~. 1988 e d+. ns+& | 4 eq T y\jT+
uu eT+~s+ X+KTk|q e] 10 e q #s o ms\
us < >] $jTy& eTT\+b&T ksTTuu $>V |w
nq+s+ HqT >T+sT sT rdTse+ ]+~.
eTVjTT\ k+>+ o eTkHc e*j eT]jTT
ne< \ MT< u X<\
T *q$. deTjT+H >=\>eT&
u> y H o y+jT k$T y] \\qT #~$ |u e+ b+<+,
|#s+ #jT + ]+~.
1. n< d+es+ EBH uu>] w\T o U<sY uu>sT
($jTq>s+ ) y] w\T o Ns\ MTs kVu>sT eT]jTT
NeT\b&T ne uu>s eTkHu u>] <]+#THqT.
eTsT d+es+ sTdT y Ns\ MTskVu>sT, HqT,
sTeT\, &s Y s|T Ts+ n+<s+ *d <sZ #d| bsq \T
#XeTT. s # sB> e+&+ e\q <sZysT, HqT
$&b$T. y] >T]+ #d| y s 10 >+\ b++
36

eTV de~ nq+s+ \\T

o q\eTkHuu ~e\\T

sTT+{ #sTHqT. eTsTd{sE <jT+ (\ys >)

3>+ 30\ <sZ _w y\ >{> XsTT+#T=
<b. d|+ o eTkH uu>] y+&, +>sT _+<\
>+>, jTeTTq, dsd q<T\ qT+& |Drs\T |{] . =
+>sT _+<\ eb\T, H, e|sT>T, |+#<s, e HsTT
+| eq$. dT>+< <y\T |{ eq$. |qT>T, ns T , y],
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_weTT #jTeT d>#d]. HqT yT\> $qjT+> y]
dMT|+ _w+ #d . n|&T n& ysTT $<TY Bb\T,
e+<\eT+~ dsT\T k] y*q + e+~. eTqdT #
d+w+> e+~. n_w+ ne>H |k<+, #+<q+, $TssTT
+~ #sT. # d+w|& eTkHuu { <+&
|DeTeTT\T n]+#qT. ~ d| ks+XeTT.
s m+ eT+~ s>T\, sTT+~ |&y ] c\T
qc\T m<Ts=Hy] <sZ |< D
\T #jT eT, # u$
sT rs+ deqeT, m+<T+f o eTkH c e*j y]
de~ u$\+ + d]d e+T+~ eq rs+
rdT=+f deTd y<T \T bjT #|yD. n #eT+~
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eTk H u uys T d | + q | & < s Z =]j T ,
eTjT\T, M<T e T #| ]. n > H uu <jT
e\q # s> d+|Ps s>e+Ts\sTT+~.
3. 1994 ~ q>sY ksTTs+ eT+~s $>V #T
$seTT\T ed\T <T . n|&T HqT, o {.$.fX sYse>sT
sTT<s e T <sZ |< D
\T #d $>V |+ @sT #sTT+q
37

eTV de~ nq+s+ \\T

o q\ eTkHuu ~e\\T

#<s Y | eT yTT=+{$T. yTTq ys jT|PsY

$>V n&H |+|>* $T. #s o ms\ us < >]
q~qeTT nsY 30 e Bq o ksTTuu $>V + eq~.
y+H yTT& rsT=+{$T.
4. o |+CsT uuysT sTdT sEq >Ts+ e#
deTj |+ CsT e # eTseTs\T, ysT Xq> || ,
u\+ , m+&T Kss \T, d$t Tdt, |{ u\+ , nT\T, =]
TsTeTT, |# s s+, @\jT\T ={+ *| >Ts y<q
#sTT+#ysT. sT y 2 \ r| +~ deT]+#ysT.
sTdT bjT\T \TdT+ f y\ jTq sTqe\T
+~d e+&ysT. >TseTTq y~+q s n+<s jTq
dVk\ |k<+ |{ { sTT#ysT. k] sTdT <sZ
n_w+ ]q s de~ (b\s) sT +&, &
+& >T&\
T&#eTT. y{ |# >T& q~
(CT sTe\+ dE) H e< e+#THqT. s |+ CsT
k$T e< s>H H CT+ >T& rdT= q >T&e T
e+#THsT.
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<>sZ >\ o\ +q+< jesT\T ]+q o >jT e
(& djT+uT e> y\dq o #eTTq~), o yT< <D
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o < \j\, HqT ]+q o ~q>sY ksTTs+
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| y\jT+ esD >\ < eT+~s+ n# HqT
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<sZ yeT #bsT. y+H jT\T<] ns+&|
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\d eHsT. n+<]+f HqT yq> \& eHqT. <
eT+ |]d T H qT. + o eTkH c e*j ysT qqT
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38

eTV de~ nq+s+ \\T

o q\eTkHuu ~e\\T

<sZ yqT. n# 108 |< D

\T #jT >H o sTeT\>sT, o
=+&jT >sT, <s s o s$ syVH>sT eT] sTTs u \
T
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(s$ #T | q) |sq eT+~s bs+ue+ #jT e\dq~>
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=]jT ={, Bbs<q #d, n>sY r\T y*+, s s
Vs o ksTT d#], o ksTT eT+, u>yH o
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6. k] <sZ |< D
\T #d < eT+ |]d T H qT.
+ o eTkH c e*j y] de~ qT+& 17 {\T | +#T
n ~eyD $q|&q ~. HqT nqTq 108 |< D
\T ne>H
17 {\T eeT | H eq { k\T n #bqT. C
<sZ HqT, eTTe *, eTs= nqT eHeTT. eTT>T]Z 17
{\T m+<T H ns+ <T . o eTkH uu>sT #bsT <
n+<T @< ns+ e+& +T+~ n HqT $u ~ qT<T
sdT= <sZ|\ [, bsq #d jT s>H Ns\qT+&
|eTTK ksTT u \
T, VsY EBH uu u+> <s q$T
os~+q Ns\ MTskVu>sT, y] w +<+, o
sTeT\>sT, o =+&jT >sT, yTT<\>T u \
+ 2 s
qT
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e#sTT. n+<s+ { rdTHeTT. yTeT+ *d 17 eT+~$T
njeTT. d< \
{ deT]+q u>eTT H *+~.
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d| <sq$T dq|* o |sJcy] de~ <]+#T
seTHsT. eTsTd{ ~q+ b<Tf
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uqeTT #jT e*dq~> ssT. n~ eTV |k<eTT> u$+
y]+ uqeTT #d . < eTsTe nqTu .
39

eTV de~ nq+s+ \\T

o q\ eTkHuu ~e\\T

8. 1995 | e] 9 e Bq ~q>sY o ksTTs+ eT+~s

sDeTT, $>V |w seTeTTqT o w]& ksTTuuysT
H# #sTT+HsT. >=\>eT& u> y H o y+jT k$Ty] s<q
>dt 24 q 1992 ||<eT+> >T+sT z+ HsjTD
~ HsjTD HeTeTT# yTT<\T |&q~. n|{+ eT+~s
sDeTT sT>< T . nsTTqqT o u> y H y+jT k$T y]
s<q # ~eeTT> ]q~. dTesT 2,3 y\eT+~
nqd+s D #jT &q~. o |d\ dTseTjT>sT ydq
k$T| |d e TT\T (1s$ =y\T) |+ k$T bsjTD
# j T + ]q~. nTe+{ eT+~s e TT $> V | w
seTTq o Ns\ MTskVu >] V+#T Ns\
y[. ysT ys | MT< y[jTT+&T e\q qqT y]+
eT<V uq+ #djTT+&e\dq~> y]+{ ysT ]].
kjT++ y] &= sT >T+sT #sT =qeqT. y]
nesTT m+ XeT ] ss e TTq e+eTT\T e+&q~.
o w]& ksTT, o eTkqjT>sT nq T+eTTq mq
|eT, u , >seeTT\T. nT\H qqT uu n+ u > u$+
Hd+ | eTT> J&|| #dq eTk e+eTT #
sTse TT> eq~. yTT<{ eT&T eTT<\
T o uu>] n]+
qeTd]+#T= |k< HqT d]+#qT. <e eTT< n
d]+#d] o eTkHc e*j (q\ eTkH uu) ysT
H #$ nesTT $yVeTT >d
t sT>Tq d\$].
HqT y+H #{ uqeTT X< u\ |{e !
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uuy] os<eTT e+{e, $yVeTT >dt H\
sT>TT+~ n |*. nH $yV+ >dt H\ ]+~.
<+ o eTkHc e*j y] os<eTT.
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\T #d + &> <sZ
(uu de~) 4 >C\<s+ s&TMT< e+ neT
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T #d s&T
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\T nsTTbsTTHsTT. HqT
40

eTV de~ nq+s+ \\T

o q\eTkHuu ~e\\T

y+H y[ neTqT dMT|+ qeTd]+#THqT. neT

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|+ CsT <e< seTk$Tuu y] <]+#THqT.
ysT n+&X ] e+~. ~ |sX, <TsZ<$ e+~ nHsT.
H y+H e+ neT dT]+ neTH k$T sTT nHs
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seTk$Tuu d~ <s q$Ty* n <D+ |T HqT.
m<TsT> s&TM T< \& H y | #dTq ~. HqT |sT >Tq y[
&, b |{ neTd+ sTTeeT VA jTe
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neT |d + bsjTDd+ rjT> sC $& ~, $& de~
#+~q sE.
10. k] sTdT y Bs qT+& eTTd+ j
e#&T. jTq >=| X d+|qT&T. qqT |\ { sTT|+#eT
n&>&T. { <seT *d >eTT. <D> 2/`s sTTd
rdT=q<T . >TsTe <>sZ y< + s! n qqT |+ CsT
uu <>Zs rdTyeT n&>&T. <sZ qT+& yT$T<s+
seTk$T <>sZ e#eTT. k$T e sTT<s L qT q |
sTT#sT. sTT<s e T HeTT. +< &T*keT+f e<q
e qq& 5/` s rdT=, =+#+d| <+ 5/` s k$T
# |{ b< qeTks+ #dT =H&T. s k$T qqT
jTq y+ y[ seTHsT. <s + *d eT <sZ e#eTT.
<sZ j u+ eT #d #b&T. HqT n> #jT >H
H ~eX eqT n|++~. e+> o ]& ksTT
<s q$T#sT. j qqT os~+ >TsT b<\T n+
X |<e TT\jTT, y{ m\| & eTqdT d]d e+&eT
#b&T.
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q|&q ~ eeTT o eTkH <sZ. eTsTd{s E dTesT 11 >+\
b++ <sZ yqT. n< eT+&T yd$ yT H\ 14 e B
nqT+{ ` <sZ |y +# eTT+<T <s+ e< eT+&Tf+&
41

eTV de~ nq+s+ \\T

o q\ eTkHuu ~e\\T

e LsT nVQ VsY (V esT&T) n y>+>

#] d eH&T. HqT |* y[ eTTe nqT m+&
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H\sT 524 321