- Ethernet
4.0.0-1, 2014
c , 20062013
,
, ,
.
-ET
, .
11
4
13
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5
6
6.1 . . . . .
6.2 . . . .
6.3 . . . . . .
6.4
6.5 .
15
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17
17
20
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7 .
7.1 RFC 2544 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 . . . . . . .
7.2.1 . . . . . . . . .
7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5 RFC 2544. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5.2 () . . .
7.5.3 RFC 2544. MPLS . . . . . . . . .
7.5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.6 RFC 2544. . . . . . .
7.6.1
7.6.2 . . . . . . . .
7.6.3 . . . . .
7.6.4 .
7.6.5 . . . . . . . . . .
7.7 RFC 2544. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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25
25
29
29
31
32
33
33
35
37
37
38
39
39
40
41
41
42
43
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-ET.
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7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.15
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19
7.20
7.21
7.7.1 . . .
7.7.2 .
7.7.3 . . . .
7.7.4 . . . . .
Y.1564 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8.2 RFC 2544 ITU-T Y.1564 . . . . . . .
7.8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8.8 M- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8.9 FTD . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8.10 FDV . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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7.9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.10.1 . MPLS . . . . . . .
(Loopback) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.11.1 . . . . . . . .
7.11.2 . . . . . . . .
OAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ET- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TCP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.14.1 - (Ping) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.14.2 (Traceroute) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.14.3 DNS (DNS lookup) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.14.4 ARP- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.14.5 TCP- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.17.1 BERT. MPLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.17.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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7.19.1 . MPLS . . . . . . . . .
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7.20.1 . . . . . . . .
7.20.2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.20.3 . . . . . . . . . .
7.20.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.20.5 : . . . . . . . . . . . .
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43
44
45
46
48
48
49
50
50
53
54
57
58
58
59
61
62
67
72
73
75
77
79
82
84
84
88
90
91
93
96
97
100
105
106
108
111
113
114
114
115
115
116
116
117
-ET.
7.22 . . . . . . . . .
7.23 . . . .
7.24 . . . . . . .
7.24.1 . . .
7.24.2 . . .
7.24.3 . . . . . . .
7.24.4 SFP . . .
7.24.5 . . . . . . .
7.24.6 .
7.24.7 . .
7.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.26 . . .
5
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119
120
123
123
123
124
125
126
127
129
130
131
8
133
8.1 0.0.1 . . . . 133
8.2 0.0.7 . . . . 135
8.3 0.0.10 137
9
9.1 . . . . . . . . .
9.1.1 . . .
9.2 TELNET . .
9.3 WWW- .
9.3.1
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139
139
139
143
144
145
10
10.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3 . . .
10.4 . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.7.2
10.8 . . . . . . . .
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147
147
147
147
148
148
148
148
148
149
150
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151
B Ethernet-
155
157
161
179
-ET.
181
183
191
-ET.
1.
7.1.
-ET.
-ET.
2.
2.1.
- Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet
-
- Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet
-.
-
1
1
USB
Ethernet
-ET.
10
-ET.
11
3.
-ET.
12
-ET.
13
4.
1. -ET , , .
2. ,
, .
3. ,
.
4. .
5. :
90260 , 50 , ,
;
(NiMh, 4,8 4300 ).
6.
.
12 . .
-. 500 -. 6 1 .
:
( 30 ).
1 .
40 %; 50 %; . 5 .
-ET.
14
: 220 , 50 , .
4.1
20010144 ;
714039 ;
0,640 ;
0,1 .
-ET.
15
5.
1.
2.1.
2. 2 (
, , ).
3. ( 90260 ,
50 ).
4. / (. 6.1).
-ET.
16
-ET.
17
6.
6.1
-ET 6.1.
Link Tx Rx Test
Link Tx Rx Test
1
4
. 6.1.
1 .
.
-ET.
18
Link :
;
.
Tx :
( ) ;
.
Rx :
( ) ;
.
Test :
;
() .
:
;
() ;
() .
2 .
6.3.
3 .
.
4 .
/ (On/Off )
/ 12 .
(Main menu)
.
-ET.
6.1
19
, ,
;
. ,
,
/
, .
; .
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, .
, , , 6.1.
6.1. ,
---
abc
---
def
---
ghi
---
jkl
---
mno
---
pqrs
---
tuv
---
wxyz
---
---
-----ET.
@ /
: ;
*
20
6.2
6.2 6.3.
. 6.2.
. 6.3.
1 6.3 .
6.2.
6.2.
A, B1
RJ-45 - Ethernet
Ethernet/Gigabit
Ethernet
(
10/100/1000 /)
SFP-
SFP-
1 (A B) 2 RJ-45 SFP. 1 .
-ET.
6.2
21
6.2. :
LAN
USB
12 V (12 )
- Ethernet
USB
USB
-ET.
22
6.3
( ):
;
A (, A:100 ,
100 /);
: SFP- .
A (F , H );
, A ( , );
B;
: SFP- .
B (F , H );
, B ( , );
.
, (),
:
THR (throughput) .
LAT (latency) .
BTB (back-to-back) .
FRL (frame loss) .
LB1 (loopback layer 1) () .
LB2 (loopback layer 2) () .
LB3 (loopback layer 3) () .
LB4 (loopback layer 4) () .
BER (bit error rate test) .
PJ (packet jitter) .
GEN (generate) .
J+G (jitter + generate) .
PTH (pass through) .
CTR (complex traffic) / .
REM (remote) .
Y (Y.1564) Y.1564.
-ET.
6.4
6.4
23
-ET (
),
(-ET ),
(-ET ),
(-ET ).
A.
1. -ET .
. 6.4. -ET
2. -ET .
. 6.5. -ET
-ET.
24
3. -ET .
. 6.6. -ET
6.5
(), .
. 6.7.
.
.
( .
(, ).
, .
.
(
).
.
-ET.
25
7. .
7.1
RFC 2544
, .
.
3
/. . 7.2.
2
-ET.
26
..
.
.
. 7.1.
2. (Latency).
, , . ,
.
DUT .
.
120 ( 1 2886 ).
.
Ta , .
Tb . (Latency) (Tb Ta).
20 ( 1 30).
.
Ta
= Tb - Ta
Tb
. 7.2.
-ET.
27
-X %
1
90%
NUT/DUT
-X%
..
..
X %, X %
1
. 7.3.
4. (Back-to-back). , .
DUT DUT. DUT, ,
-ET.
28
.
, (
). DUT
, .
1
...
.
. 7.4.
-ET.
7.2
7.2
29
7.2.1
MAC 1
MAC 2
B)
A(B)
DUT
2-
. 7.5. 1
MAC 1
IP 1
MAC 2
IP 2
IP s = IP 1 IP d =IP 2
MAC d = MAC R MAC s = MAC 1
A(B)
IP s = IP 1 IP d = IP 2
NUT/DUT
IP s = IP 2 IP d =IP 1
MAC d = MAC 1 MAC s = MAC R
MAC R
A(B)
router
IP s = IP 2 IP d = IP 1
MAC d = MAC R MAC s = MAC 2
MAC d
IP d
. 7.6. 2
MAC 1
MAC 2
IP 1
IP 2
IP s = IP 1 IP d = IP 2
MAC d = MAC R MAC s = MAC 1
NUT/DUT
router
MAC R
IP s = IP 1 IP d = IP 2
MAC d = MAC 2 MAC s = MAC R
. 7.7. 3
-ET.
MAC s
IP s
30
.
MAC 1 MAC 2
IP 1
IP 2
IP s = IP 1 IP d = IP 2
MAC d = MAC 2 MAC s = MAC 1
DUT
B
IP s = IP 1 IP d = IP 2
MAC d = MAC 2 MAC s = MAC 1
. 7.8. 4
. 7.5 ( ) , ,
, , , , (switch).
(loopback).
MAC-
, .
:
MAC s MAC- ;
MAC d MAC- ;
MAC R MAC- ;
IP s IP- ;
IP d IP- .
. 7.6 , , , , , , (switch), (router).
, MAC-
IP- , c .
/ IP- (. 7.7).
.
-ET ,
. 7.8.
-ET.
7.3
7.3
31
-ET 4 .
,
RFC-2544 BERT :
BERT BERT;
RFC-2544 RFC-2544;
BERT RFC-2544;
RFC-2544 BERT.
7.9 4 : A B RFC-2544,
B A BERT.
NUT
B
RFC-2544 (A B)
BERT (B A)
. 7.9.
.
.
. 7.10.
4
. .
-ET.
32
7.4
-ET :
0.3.7-15
BERT/RFC-2544
0.3.7-15
BERT
Y.1564/RFC-2544/
1 , , 2. ,
FPGA. .
, BERT/RFC-2544,
,
.
2.1 ( 9xxx) 3 .
2.1 40 ,
:
. 7.11.
-ET.
7.5
33
RFC 2544.
. 7.13.
MAC . MAC- . MAC- MAC- .
MAC . MAC- :
-ET.
34
.
, , MAC- MAC- ;
, MAC- .
IP . IP- .
IP . IP- .
MAC- IP:
(
) MAC-
MAC- A (B), ;
(
) IP- IP- A (B),
;
( MAC .)
ARP-. MAC MAC-,
IP- .
, (.).
-ET.
35
()
. 7.14. (.)
Auto-ARP , ARP-.
MAC- MAC-,
IP- , .
VLAN VLAN,
VLAN-:
:
/
(A/B)
VLAN , VLAN A(B).
. 7.15. VLAN
ID 12- VLAN,
0 4095. VLAN,
. VLAN ID ,
-ET.
36
.
VLAN, . VLAN ID 1, VLAN ID
VLAN ID .
, . 8 ([1]), C.1.
MPLS .
/
(A/B)
:
MPLS , MPLS A(B).
-ET.
37
RFC 2544
: RFC 2544
MPLS.
. 7.16.
- ( 1 3).
.
MPLS COS .
TTL .
7.5.4
. 7.17.
. (, Loopback).
/ (. 7.9).
-ET.
38
7.5.5
. 7.18.
:
1.
RFC 2544 (
( )): 64, 128,
256, 512, 1024, 1280, 1518 . ( 64 9600
).
2. .
64 9600 .
-ET.
7.6
7.6.1
39
RFC 2544.
. 7.19.
/ .
(L1) (L1)
(
), / (
) /c (
).
, ,
(12886 ).
, % , . : 10 (
), 1 (
),
), 0,01 (
).
0,1 (
.
, % (010 %).
, .
-ET.
40
7.6.2
. 7.20.
/
.
-
.
, ,
(12886 c).
(L1) (L1).
. 7.21. (L1)
. . (
)
, . (
) , .
-ET.
41
. 7.22.
/ .
, ,
(12886 ).
- .
(L1) (L1) ,
. (L1)
(
), / (
) /c (
).
7.6.4
. 7.23.
/ .
-
.
-ET.
42
, ,
(22886 ).
(L1) (L1) (. . 7.21).
7.6.5
. 7.24.
,
5 .
, ,
.
RFC 2544, 7000 (2000
, 5000 ), 2000 .
100 10000 ,
100 10000 .
5
-ET.
7.7
7.7.1
43
RFC 2544.
.
. 7.25. :
: ( ), ( %),
.
(/ L2, / L3, / L4 /c):
(/ L2): Ethernet ( CRC);
(/ L3): Ethernet-
CRC, Ethernet-, VLAN- MPLS-;
(/ L4): Ethernet CRC, Ethernet- IP-, VLAN- MPLS-.
. 7.26. :
-ET.
44
() :
1. Y . .
2. Y .
X , .
/c .
7.7.2
. 7.27. :
( )
( %),
.
-ET.
45
. 7.28. :
, ( ).
7.7.3
. 7.29. :
( ) ( %) .
(/ L2, /
L3, / L4 /c):
(/ L2): Ethernet ( CRC);
(/ L3): Ethernet-
CRC, Ethernet-, VLAN- MPLS-;
(/ L4): Ethernet CRC, Ethernet- IP-, VLAN- MPLS-.
-ET.
46
. 7.30. :
( %) ( %).
7.7.4
. 7.31. :
, . , ,
, ,
, .
() ,
,
, .
-ET.
47
. 7.32. :
, ,
.
, .
-ET.
48
7.8
Y.1564
Ethernet- (, , , , - ..) ,
(SLA Service
Level Agreement) .
(QoS Quality of Service), (. 7.8.1).
RFC 2544[5] (. 7.1)
ITU-T Y.15646 [10].
. 7.33. Y.1564
7.8.1
7 (SAC
Service Acceptance Criteria) :
1. FTD (Frame Transfer Delay) .
2. FDV (Frame Delay Variation) .
3. FLR (Frame Loss Ratio) .
4. CIR (Committed Information Rate) .
5. EIR (Excess Information Rate) CIR.
6. M- CIR+EIR.
6 Y.1564
0.3.7-15.
7 ,
-ET.
7.8 Y.1564
7.8.2
49
RFC 2544
.
, ,
.
ITU-T Y.1564 ,
SLA.
FTD
FDV8
FLR
RFC 2544
SLA
. .
ITU-T Y.1564
6 .
.
, Y.1564 , SLA,
.
8 FDV VoIP/IPTV
.
-ET.
50
7.8.3
:
1. (. 7.22)
(. 7.23).
2. (. 7.8.4).
3.
(. 7.8.4.1 7.8.4.2).
4. (. 7.8.5).
7.8.4
. 7.34. Y.1564.
( 1 10).
:
. ;
. ;
. + .
.
(. 7.5.4).
(. 7.8.4.1).
(. 7.8.5).
-ET.
7.8 Y.1564
7.8.4.1
51
,
(CIR EIR), Traffic Policing.
. 7.35. Y.1564.
CIR (L2)
EIR (L2)
Traf. Pol. (L2)
SAC
.
CIR.
Traffic Policing.
CIR (L2)+EIR (L2) (. 7.8.6.3).
.
SAC (. 7.8.4.2).
(. 7.5.1).
, , . (. 7.8.4)
,
/
/
.
/
-ET.
52
7.8.4.2
.
SAC
SAC
(SLA).
FTD,
FDV,
M, /c
.
.
.
- (. 7.8.8).
, , . (. 7.8.4)
,
/
/
.
/
-ET.
7.8 Y.1564
7.8.5
53
( , ) (), ,
.
:
(.
7.8.4) .
. 7.37. Y.1564.
. ,
CIR
-
EIR
Traf. Policing
, .
/ CIR.
(. 7.8.6.1).
/ EIR.
/ Traffic Policing.
.
-ET.
54
7.8.6
, SAC (. 7.8.4.2), ,
. ,
. -,
(. 7.8.7).
CIR, EIR Traffic
Policing. , , ,
(. 7.8.5).
7.8.6.1
CIR
CIR ,
CIR ,
SLA.
(FTD, FDV, FLR),
, SAC (. 7.8.4.2).
- : 1 CIR 100 % ; 2 : 50
100 % ; 3 : 50,
75 100 % ; 4
: 25, 50, 75 100 % .
CIR
0.75 x CIR
0.5 x CIR
0.25 x CIR
-ET.
7.8 Y.1564
7.8.6.2
55
EIR
EIR , CIR+EIR
CIR ( ) CIR+EIR:
CIR(1-FLR)IRCIR+EIR. (FLR) SAC (. 7.8.4.2).
: colour-aware ( ) .
CIR+EIR
CIR
CIR x (1-FLR)
CIR
1
7.8.6.3
CIR
2
CIR
3
CIR
4
Traffic Policing
Traffic Policing ,
, ,
. Traf. Pol. (L2)
(. 7.8.4.1) CIR+EIR .
CIR+EIR+M
CIR+EIR
CIR
CIR x (1-FLR)
CIR
1
CIR
2
CIR
3
CIR
4
EIR
-ET.
56
7.8.6.4
. 7.38.
IR, /c
FTD,
FDV,
FLR, %
( ).
( . 7.8.9).
( . 7.8.10).
.
(
6.5).
, ().
,
6.5.
CIR
, SLA.
, SLA.
EIR
CIR (
)
CIR+EIR: CIR(1FLR)IRCIR+EIR
Traffic Policing
CIR (
CIR+EIR+M: CIR(1FLR)IRCIR+EIR+M
-
-
CIR(1-FLR) CIR(1 CIR+EIR FLR)
CIR+EIR+M
-ET.
7.8 Y.1564
57
/
.
7.8.7
.
CIR
. ,
4- .
7.8.7.1
. 7.39.
IR, /c
FTD,
FDV,
FLR, %
-
IR
(
).
( . 7.8.9).
( . 7.8.10).
.
.
.
.
, ().
,
6.5.
-ET.
58
, SLA.
, SLA.
/
.
7.8.8
M-
Traffic Policing
,
. , . , ITU-T Y.1564
- CIR+EIR
(. ITU-T Y.1564 . C.2 . 8.1.2).
7.8.9
FTD
(FTD) :
1. (Ta).
2.
(Tb).
3. , : T b T a.
:
, PTP (.
7.24.6).
-ET.
7.8 Y.1564
7.8.10
59
FDV
(FDV)
ITU-T Y.1563[14] :
F DV = F T D F T D_min.
, : F T D_min = 1.5, F T D_avg = 2.5, F T D_max = 5.5,
FDV : F DV _min = 0, F DV _avg = 1.0,
F DV _max = 4.0.
.
.
-ET.
60
-ET.
7.9
7.9
61
9
, ( , ..) ,
(. . 7.40).
Tx = 500 Mbps
Tx = 500 Mbps
NUT
Rx = 100 Mbps
Rx = 100 Mbps
. 7.40.
-
.
, ,
, .
2 -ET: , , , . .
, :
1. RFC 2544: , , , .
2. BERT.
3. Y.1564.
: RFC 2544,
Y.1564 PTP- (. 7.24.6).
9
. .
-ET.
62
7.9.1
Y.1564 ( BERT
RFC 2544 ).
. 7.41 A. B
.
...
02
-ET
-ET
IP
IP
. 7.41.
:
MAC 1 MAC- A ;
IP 1 IP- ;
MAC R1 MAC- , ;
MAC RN MAC- , ;
MAC 2 MAC- A ;
IP 2 IP- .
:
1. , : -ET.
ETAT.
2. -ET , . 7.41.
3.
-ET. . :
A
-ET.
7.9
63
. 7.42.
6. -ET.
Y.1564
(. . 7.43). :
MAC . MAC 1
MAC . MAC R1
IP . IP 1
IP . IP 2
-ET.
64
.
: MAC- ARP-:
.
MAC .
. 7.43.
7. 7.8 Y.1564.
-ET. Y.1564
().
: :
. ...
.
,
.
,
.
, (. 7.4).
, - .
. BERT 1-
BERT .
: .
-ET.
7.9
65
:
1. , : -ET.
ETAT.
2. -ET -ET
, . 7.41.
3.
-ET. . :
A
IP- (IP 1) IP- (IP 2):
IP- ( DHCP );
IP- DHCP,
():
DHCP
, IP-
1-2 .
4.
-ET.
A PTP- (. 7.24.6).
: BERT RFC 2544 ( , , ) .
5. Y.1564
(. . 7.44). :
A
. IP IP 2
-ET.
66
. 7.44.
6. -ET.
Y.1564
(. . 7.45). :
MAC . MAC 2
MAC . MAC RN
IP . IP 2
IP . IP 1
. 7.45.
7. 7.8 Y.1564.
-ET. Y.1564
().
: , . 64.
-ET.
7.10
7.10
67
: 0.3.7-15
,
Y.1564
(. 7.8).
10
10 .
, , .
. 7.46.
: (
, ).
. 7.47. :
(),
.
10
. .
-ET.
68
;
(L2) ;
, ;
, .
()
, .
. 7.48. ()
, .
(./.)
(. 7.21).
: .
. 7.49. :
-ET.
7.10
69
Cur .
Min .
Avg .
Max .
: .
. 7.50. :
(Tx) (Rx) .
.
. 7.51.
(110 ).
(12886 ).
.
-ET.
70
. 7.52.
.
(, Loopback).
/ (. 7.9).
.
. 7.53.
.
7.5.1 7.5.2.
-ET.
7.10
71
. 7.54.
64 9600 .
(L2) (L2).
. 7.55. (L2)
(L2) (
/ (
) / (
).
-ET.
),
72
7.10.1
.
. MPLS
: MPLS.
. 7.56.
- ( 1 3),
.
.
MPLS COS .
TTL .
-ET.
7.11 (Loopback)
7.11
73
(Loopback)
RFC 2544,
Loopback. Loopback
.
OSI.
(L1) , .
(L2)
, MAC- . , , MAC- ( 0.3.8-0 ). .
: (L2) (L3)
MAC Dst MAC Src,
M (OAMPDU) ARP-, , .
(L3) , IP- .
, ,
IP- ( 0.3.7-15 ).
.
: MPLS ,
.
(L4) ( ), ,
- IP-, TCP/UDP
.
: MPLS ,
.
-ET.
74
. 7.57.
(A B), Loopback.
,
:
;
1 ;
2 (MAC);
3 (IP);
4 (TCP/UDP).
ET- ET-.
OAM OAM.
-ET.
7.11 (Loopback)
7.11.1
75
. 7.58. 2
: 0.3.8-0 .
MAC / , MAC .
MAC -:
MAC- ;
Source MAC Address (MAC-
), . . 7.60;
Destination MAC Address (MAC ), . . 7.59;
Source MAC Address Destination MAC
Address, . . 7.61.
MAC-, Source MAC Address Ethernet-.
MAC-, Destination MAC Address Ethernet-.
VLAN VLAN-:
VLAN- ;
ID VLAN ID ( VLAN);
VLAN priority ( );
ID+ VLAN ID VLAN priority.
-ET.
76
ID ,
VLAN ID Ethernet-.
,
VLAN priority Ethernet-.
. 7.59. .
MAC d = MAC 1
MAC s = MAC 2
A(B)
MAC d = MAC 2 MAC s = Src MAC
. 7.60. .
B)
MAC d = Dst MAC MAC s = Src MAC
. 7.61.
-ET.
7.11 (Loopback)
7.11.2
77
. 7.62. 3
: 0.3.7-15 .
IP IP-:
IP- ;
Source IP address (IP- ), . . 7.63;
Destination IP address (IP- ), . . 7.64;
Source IP address Destination IP address,
. . 7.65.
IP-, Source IP address Ethernet-.
IP-,
Destination IP address Ethernet-.
ToS:
Type of Service ( )
Precedence () ;
ToS Type of Service;
Prec Precedence;
ToS+Prec Type of Service Precedence.
ToS ,
Type of Service Ethernet-.
-ET.
78
Precedence ,
Precedence Ethernet-.
P-
. 7.63. .
IP s = IP 2
IP d = IP 1
IP s = IP 2
IP d = Dst IP
B)
Dst IP - IP- , .
. 7.64. .
IP s = IP 2
IP d = IP 1
B)
IP s = Src IP
IP d = Dst IP
PP-
. 7.65.
-ET.
7.12 OAM
7.12
79
OAM
Ethernet. IEEE 802.3ah[8] ( Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM) OAM Ethernet OAM
).
OAM (Operations, Administration, and Maintenance ,
)
, OSI.
Ethernet-
OAMPDU.
OAM
.
-ET OAM
:
1. -ET 11 , .
. 7.66.
2. OAM .
:
3. OAM (. . 7.67).
4. , .
5. OAM.
6. Send any.
11
. 7.66 -ET .
-ET.
80
.
7. . .
(LB up). 8.
(L2) (
MAC-).
(LB down).
. 7.67. OAM
OAM.
OAM:
;
,
Ethernet OAM ;
; ,
Ethernet OAM ;
OAM .
. :
Fault ,
;
Send local OAMPDU
;
Passive wait OAMPDU , ;
-ET.
7.12 OAM
81
. 7.68.
MAC MAC- .
Vendor OUI , MAC-.
OAM .
Unidirectional .
Rem. loopback .
Link events .
Var. retrieval ,
.
LB status .
12 , Remote loopback ( ).
Send loc/rem ok.
-ET.
82
7.13
ET-
ET-
(L2), (L3) (L4) - -ET
-ETL.
.
.
.
NUT
. 7.69.
-ET / - ETL, , .
. 7.70. ET-
:
-ET.
7.13 ET-
83
1. .
2. ,
(A/B/). , :
A B (. .
IP-, ,
), A;
A B ,
, ,
;
A, B , A.
3. IP- IP- .
4.
().
IP-, MAC- (. . 7.71).
.
. 7.71. ET-
:
/ ;
;
;
.
: UDP.
32 792. 32 793.
-ET.
84
7.14
TCP/IP
, , , , . TCP/IP ,
, ,
,
.
7.14.1
- (Ping)
- .
. IP-
ICMP- .
:
1.
, :
A(B)
NUT
. 7.72. 1
:
(. . 7.73). .
-ET.
7.14 TCP/IP
85
NUT
B
. 7.73. 2
2. - (. . 7.74).
().
. 7.74. -
:
() .
() .
() .
(./.) .
3. -.
-ET.
86
. 7.75. -
,
(A/B/).
, :
A B (. .
IP-, ,
), - A;
A B , -
, ,
;
A, B , - A.
IP IP- , .
ICMP- .
( 0 9999).
,
().
,
- ( ).
( ).
4.
(). ,
,
( ):
ICMP-;
IP- , -;
;
.
-ET.
7.14 TCP/IP
87
7.76.
. 7.76. -
(. . 7.77).
, ,
,
, ,
( ) . ,
- .
. 7.77. -
-ET.
88
7.14.2
(Traceroute)
13
TCP/IP.
,
,
. ,
.
:
1. ,
. 7.72.
2. (. . 7.78).
. 7.78.
3. .
. 7.79.
13
. .
-ET.
7.14 TCP/IP
89
,
(A/B/).
, :
A B (. .
IP-, ,
), A;
A B ,
, ,
;
A, B , A.
IP IP- .
. , .
.
,
( , ).
4.
(). ,
,
( ):
;
IP- ;
.
, .
. 7.80
. 7.80.
-ET.
90
7.14.3
. 7.81. DNS
.
, IP- .
IP IP- ,
.
14
. .
-ET.
7.14 TCP/IP
7.14.4
91
ARP-
. 7.82. ARP
:
() .
(B/A) IP- MAC-
B(A).
3.
(A B).
4. ARP-
IP- MAC- .
. 7.83.
-ET.
92
. 7.83. ARP
- ,
.
5.
().
-ET.
7.14 TCP/IP
7.14.5
93
TCP-
TCP-15 TCP-
,
. TELNET.
:
1. ,
. 7.72.
2. ( TCP-
)):
(
;
IP- ;
( C.6).
. 7.84. TCP-
.
IP- .
.
,
HTTP GET-.
().
3. TCP-,
(. . 7.85)
, -.
.
7.12.
15
. .
-ET.
94
.
7.11. TCP/IP
()
21 (FTP)
22 (SSH)
23 (TELNET)
25 (SMTP)
, -
-
80 (HTTP(WWW))
161 (SNMP)
. 7.85.
7.12.
network is unreachable
network dropped connection
on reset
software caused connection
abort
-ET.
7.14 TCP/IP
95
7.12. ()
connection refused
host is down
no route to host
-ET.
96
7.15
. , A(B) B(A), . 7.87.
NUT
NUT
. 7.87.
. .
.
A B ,
.
,
.
. 7.88.
-ET.
7.16
7.16
97
-ET
,
.
:
1. (. .7.89).
2. / / RJ-4517 .
3.
(), ,
, .
(A)
(B) .
:
1. .
2. A(B) ,
B(A).
3.
().
4. , . A B, , 7.13.
. 7.89.
17 RJ-45. SFP- .
-ET.
98
.
:
;
. ;
;
.. ;
.
. .
. .
. :
<+> ( );
<> (
).
. (MDI/MDI-X); ,
. .
-ET.
7.16
99
7.13.
18
10/100
1000
1-2
3-6
4-5
7-8
1-2
3-6
4-5
7-8
1-2
3-6
4-5
7-8
1-2
3-6
4-5
7-8
1-2
3-6
4-5
7-8
1-2
3-6
4-5
7-8
1-2
3-6
4-5
7-8
1-2
3-6
4-5
7-8
.
A
MDI
MDI
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI
MDI
MDI
MDI
MDI
MDI
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI
MDI
MDI
MDI
-
.
B
MDI
MDI
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI
MDI
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI
MDI
MDI
MDI
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI
MDI
MDI
MDI
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
18 A B ( /) .
-ET.
100
7.17
BERT
.
IFG
. 7.90.
Ethernet-,
,
, OSI (,
(switch)).
. 7.102, 7.103, 7.104.
M
. 7.91.
IP-,
Ethernet-. , , (, , (router)).
. 7.102, 7.103,
7.104.
-ET.
7.17 BERT
101
MACIP
. 7.92.
Ethernet-,
IP- UDP-, .
. 7.102, 7.103, 7.104.
MAC-
UDP-
.
. 7.93.
. 7.94. BERT
ET , .
RT , .
BITs .
EBITs .
BER .
LSS ,
.
%LSS ,
, ,
( ).
LOS , .
%LOS , ,
, ( ).
-ET.
102
.
BERT.
: LSS , BER. :
(, 2e15, 2e23);
, , BER (
0,01).
(./.) , ), (
),
(
(
) (
) .
7.21.
. 7.95. BERT
OSI,
:
1
2
3
4
;
;
;
.
. .
-ET.
7.17 BERT
103
. .
(L2) (L2) ), / (
) / (
).
(
.
:
,
( . ,
. );
, , .
.
.
. 7.96.
.
(, Loopback).
/ (. 7.9).
(. 7.5.1).
, ,
ITU-T O.150 [7].
-ET.
104
.
7.14.
2e9-1
2e11-1
2e15-1
2e20-1
2e23-1
2e29-1
2e31-1
(.)
( 14,4 /).
( 64 /
64N /, N ).
(
1544, 2048, 6312,
8448, 32 064 44 736 /).
(
71 /).
(
34 368 139 264
/).
(
( 139 264 /c)).
-ET.
7.17 BERT
7.17.1
105
BERT. MPLS
MPLS:
BERT MPLS.
. 7.97. MPLS
.
.
MPLS.
. 7.98.
- ( 1 3),
.
.
MPLS COS .
TTL .
-ET.
106
. 7.99.
- .
1, 2, 3 .
7.17.2
. 7.100. ( 1)
. 7.101. ( 2)
-ET.
7.17 BERT
107
Ethernet-
switch/
router
TDM-
. 7.102. / ( 1)
A(B)
Ethernet-
switch/
router
. 7.103. / ( 2)
A(B)
-
. 7.104. / ( 3)
-ET.
108
7.18
. 7.105. .
ET , .
RT , .
PKTs .
OOOPs , ,
.
%OOOPs , , ,
.
INOPs , , . %INOPs ,
, ,
.
< ms %PKTs ( ), .
>= ms %PKTs ( ), .
. .
19
. .
-ET.
7.18
109
()
, ,
. .
.
, . 7.109 . 7.110, (. 7.19).
()
, .
. 7.106. ()
() , .
. 7.107. .
:
, ( ), . . -ET.
110
, .
;
, .
(./.)
, (
), (
),
(
) (
)
.
.
7.21.
. 7.108. .
, .
, .
.
.
-ET.
7.19
7.19
111
.
(. . 7.109),
(. . 7.110),
, . . 7.111.
.
. 7.109. . 1
B(A)
NUT
A(B)
. 7.110. . 2
-ET.
112
A(B)
NUT
A(B)
. 7.111. . 3
. 7.112.
/ .
, .
, .
(L2) (L2) (
), / (
) / (
).
:
,
( . ,
. );
, , .
( 64 9600 ).
.
ET , .
RT , .
-ET.
7.19
7.19.1
113
. MPLS
:
MPLS.
. 7.113.
- ( 1 3),
.
.
MPLS COS .
TTL .
-ET.
114
7.20
() -
, , (A, B).
7.20.1
. 7.114.
Rx .
Tx .
Rx .
Tx .
Rx /
.
-ET.
7.20
7.20.2
. 7.115.
Broadcast .
Multicast .
Unicast .
Pause .
Rx .
Tx .
7.20.3
. 7.116.
( ).
Rx .
Tx .
-ET.
115
116
7.20.4
. 7.117.
. 2 (Rx) (Tx)
.
. 3 (Rx) (Tx)
.
7.20.5
. 7.118. :
CRC , .
Runt 64
.
Jabber 1518
, .
-ET.
7.21
7.21
117
), ( (
) (
(
), (
) .
:
. , //
- (-).
. 7.119.
.
. 7.120.
:
, ;
-ET.
118
;
;
;
().
:
;
().
:
, ;
().
().
-ET.
7.22
7.22
119
. 7.121.
(A, B LAN) .
DHCP IP- , , IP- IP- , DNS,
DHCP .
IP- IP- .
, IP-,
, ,
.
IP- .
DNS IP- , DNS.
MPLS /
A B ( LAN MPLS ).
MPLS (
) .
: IP- IP- , DNS,
.
-ET.
120
7.23
. 7.122.
.
/ ( ).
.
.,
.
.
:
, parallel detection function[9].
, , .
(. . 6.3).
.
MAC MAC- (A, B LAN), 20 .
VLAN VLAN (. . 7.15).
MPLS MPLS. A (MPLS. B).
: SFP-
1 /.
20
() MAC- MAC- , .
-ET.
7.23
121
. 7.123. MPLS. A
.
.
MPLS,
.
. 7.124.
LSR IP- , , .
/
, .
IP IP- .
.
.
-ET.
122
. 7.125.
- ( 1 3),
.
.
MPLS COS .
TTL .
. 7.126.
- .
1, 2, 3 .
-ET.
7.24
7.24
7.24.1
123
. 7.127. .
. .
.
.
.
/ .
LCD . : , 20 , 40 , 60 ;
.
: , 1, 5, 10 .
7.24.2
. 7.128.
-ET.
124
.
.
.
/
(. 7.26).
7.24.3
. 7.129.
MCU MCU.
SYS FPGA system FPGA.
EXP FPGA expansion FPGA.
BOOT .
FILES .
HW .
S/N .
MAC A MAC A.
MAC B MAC B.
MAC LAN MAC LAN.
()
.
-ET.
7.24
125
. 7.130.
.
.
7.24.4
SFP
. 7.131. SFP-
, SFP-. ( A)
( B).
-ET.
126
7.24.5
. 7.132.
: ( C), (), (), / (), , (c).
-ET.
7.24
7.24.6
127
. 7.133.
PTP-: A B .
: , 100 %
,
, , ..
.
: UDP Ethernet.
IP IP- .
PTPv2: E2E P2P.
.
.
,
, .
(Master) (Grandmaster).
21 ,
.
-ET.
128
. 7.134.
-ET.
7.24
7.24.7
129
-ET, . ,
,
ats (. D).
7.15.
ETIP
TCP/IP (,
, DNS)
ETWEB
HTTP- ( ETIP)
ETJT
TELNET
WWW-
ETRC
ETMM
Y.1564
ETMPLS
MPLS
ETAT
ET2P
ETPTP
-ET.
130
7.25
-ET .
. 7.135.
:
,
RFC 2544, Y.1564, BERT, , , .
.
IP-: -, , TCP-.
,
().
D.
-ET.
7.26
7.26
131
-ET. ,
USB TELNET.
:
/ ;
/ ;
;
;
/ ;
.
/ :
<> <> <> <>
, 2- B
:
. 7.136.
USB- TELNET . /
log on/off.
-ET.
132
. 7.137.
() -
.
()
.
.
-ET.
133
8.
-ET , . BOOT
( ). ,
.
8.1
0.0.1
1. :
b3et-2ndbootldr_0.0.10.bin;
b3et-files_0.X.Y-Z.bin;
b3et-mcu_0.X.Y-Z.bin;
b3et-sys_0.A.B-C.bin.
2. .
3. USB (. 9.1).
4. .
, .
.
5. 1 MCU.
6.
MCU b3et-2ndbootldr_0.0.10.bin.
7. Xmodem. .
HyperTerminal
.
8. :
Secondary bootloader 0.0.10
Upgrade via XMODEM: FS image
9.
-ET.
134
b3et-files_0.X.Y-Z.bin.
10. Xmodem. .
HyperTerminal
.
11. .
.
12. 2 system FPGA. 2
12 ,
HyperTerminal
boot>2. 2 system FPGA.
13.
b3et-sys_0.A.B-C.bin.
14. Xmodem. .
HyperTerminal
.
15. .
.
16. 1 MCU. 1
12 ,
HyperTerminal
boot>1. 1 system FPGA.
17.
b3et-mcu_0.X.Y-Z.bin.
18. Xmodem. .
HyperTerminal
.
FS Image: Reconfiguring.... 1 .
, . - - ,
.
-ET.
8.2 0.0.7
8.2
135
0.0.7
0.0.7
MCU, FPGA (system FPGA)
(FS Image).
MCU :
1.
2.
3.
4.
b3et-mcu_0.X.Y-Z.bin.
.
USB (. 9.1).
.
, .
5. 1 MCU.
6.
MCU b3et-mcu_0.X.Y-Z.bin.
7. Xmodem. .
1 . . -
- ,
.
MCU
system FPGA FS Image,
.
.
FPGA (system FPGA) :
1.
2.
3.
4.
b3et-sys_0.A.B-C.bin.
.
USB (. 9.1).
.
, .
5. 2 system FPGA.
6.
MCU b3et-sys_0.A.B-C.bin.
7. Xmodem. .
1 . . -
- ,
.
-ET.
136
(FS Image) :
1.
2.
3.
4.
b3et-files_0.X.Y-Z.bin.
.
USB (. 9.1).
.
, .
5. 4 FS image.
6.
MCU b3et-files_0.X.Y-Z.bin.
7. Xmodem. .
5 .
. -
- , .
-ET.
8.3 0.0.10
137
8.3
0.0.10
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
b3et-files_0.X.Y-Z.bin.
.
USB (. 9.1).
.
, .
5. 4 FS image.
6.
MCU b3et-files_0.X.Y-Z.bin.
7. Xmodem. .
, 3-4 . , HyperTerminal:
Reflashing...done
Upgrade expansion FPGA #1...
Erasing epcs...done.
Reflashing...done
Upgrade expansion FPGA #2...
Erasing epcs...done.
Reflashing...done
Upgrade system FPGA...
Erasing epcs...done.
Reflashing...done
OK
-ET.
138
-ET.
139
9.
-ET
() USB 1.1/2.0 LAN.
USB-
Virtual COM Port.
! .
FTDI Chip:
(http://www.ftdichip.com/Drivers/VCP.htm).
9.1
Windows 95/98/XP/2000/2003 HyperTerminal,
.
X-modem.
9.1.1
1. , .
2. -ET USB- , .
3. HyperTerminal .
( ).
.
-ET.
140
. 9.1.
, COM- -ET,
(
).
. 9.2.
-ET.
9.1
141
, .
. 9.3. COM-
.
. 9.4.
OK HyperTerminal -ET. AT, OK.
: AT
.
-ET.
142
. 9.5.
, , D.
-ET.
9.2 TELNET
9.2
143
TELNET
. .
-ET.
144
9.3
WWW-
2
-.
:
1. A(B) LAN .
2. - IP-
.
:
1. (. . 9.6):
(comma);
(semicolon).
2. Download report.
.csv.
. .
-ET.
9.3 WWW-
9.3.1
:
1. A(B) LAN .
2. - :
http://IP-__A(B)/sshot.
. 9.7.
-ET.
145
146
-ET.
147
10.
- Ethernet -ET.
10.1
, 10.1.
10.1.
10.7.1
1G Ethernet
10.7.2
10.2
:
Tektronix TDS 2022;
Pendulum CNT-69.
,
.
10.3
, -ET, -ET.
148
,
.
10.4
12.3.019, , 3 .
10.5
-ET
:
0-35 ;
40-90 %, ;
12 .
10.6
.
, .
10.7
10.7.1
-ET , . , .
-ET.
10.7
10.7.2
149
1G Ethernet , . 10.1.
TX+
1G (RJ-45)
-ET
100
TX-
. 10.1.
-ET :
1. .
2. *+F2. 2. .
3. , . 10.1.
4. , .
-ET IEEE 802.3 . 40.6.1.1.1
( 2)
62,5 6250 (100 ppm).
-ET.
150
10.8
, , .
.
-ET.
151
A.
. A.1. -ET
. A.2. -ET
. A.3. -ET
-ET.
152
. A.5. (-ET )
-ET.
153
. A.7. (-ET )
-ET.
154
. A.8. (-ET )
-ET.
155
B. Ethernet-
156
Ethernet-
Priority
CFI
VLAN ID
Length/Type
DATA
Pad
Frame Check Sequence
-ET.
157
C.
C.1.
Background
0 (Default)
Best Effort
Excellent Effort
Critical Applications
Video
Voice
Internetwork Control
Network Control
Routine
Priority
Immediate
Flash
Flash Override
CRITIC/ECP
Internetwork Control
Network Control
-ET.
158
C.3. ToS
1000
Minimize delay
0100
Maximize throughput
0010
Maximize reliability
0001
0000
All normal
. ,
( ) .
. ,
.
. , , .
. , .
. .
C.4. DSCP
DSCP
Default
000 000
AF11
001 010
AF12
001 100
AF13
001 110
AF21
010 010
AF22
010 100
AF23
010 110
AF31
011 010
AF32
011 100
AF33
011 110
AF41
100 010
AF42
100 100
AF43
100 110
EF
101 110
159
AF (Assured Forwarding) . TCP-
AF-. IP-
(. RFC 2597 [11]).
EF (Expedited Forwarding) .
,
, , (Voice over IP
VoIP).
C.5. ECN
00
01
10
11
21 (FTP)
22 (SSH)
23 (TELNET)
25 (SMTP)
80 (HTTP(WWW))
161 (SNMP)
, -
-ET.
160
-ET.
161
D.
D.1. ( )
AT
ATR
ATM
, N
(N = 1 .. 10)
ATMN
ATMA
ATMI
ATI
ATH
( ) , ats ( )
, ()
ATS
ATC
D.2. (TELNET)
,
RFC 2544
UDP-
MAC-
IP-
UDP-
MAC-
IP-
VLAN-
VLAN
MPLS-
MPLS-
-ET.
162
D.2. (TELNET) ()
ARP-
,
IP-
IP-
,
, ( RFC 2544)
,
(throughput
, manually )
-ET.
163
D.2. (TELNET) ()
show rfc2544 back2back rates src
(throughput
, manually )
rfc2544 results
RFC 2544
Y.1564
show y15641
Y.1564
IP-
, y1564 service
MAC-
IP-
UDP-
MAC-
IP-
UDP-
VLAN-
MPLS-
IP-
CIR
-ET.
164
D.2. (TELNET) ()
CIR
CIR
EIR
Traffic Policing
y1564 results
Y.1564
MAC-
IP-
UDP-
MAC-
IP-
UDP-
VLAN
VLAN
ARP-
IP Precedence Type of Service
DSCP
DSCP
ctraf results
BERT
MAC-
IP-
-ET.
165
D.2. (TELNET) ()
show bert header src udp
UDP-
MAC-
IP-
UDP-
VLAN
VLAN
ARP-
IP Precedence Type of Service
DSCP
DSCP
OSI,
, /
bert results
show jitter txgen
show jitter port
BERT
,
jitter results
show txgen header src mac
MAC-
-ET.
166
D.2. (TELNET) ()
IP-
UDP-
MAC-
IP-
UDP-
VLAN
VLAN
ARP-
IP Precedence Type of Service
DSCP
DSCP
, / %
txgen results
DHCP A
show network a ip
IP-
DHCP B
show network b ip
IP- B
IP-
IP- ,
DNS
-ET.
167
D.2. (TELNET) ()
show gbe a speed
A (/)
B (/)
TCP/IP
ping
results save N
results load N
results show
results show N
results show all
results info
-
/
N (N = 1 .. 10)
, N
, N
show version
exit
reboot
help
configure
username
password
show options
show time
show date
-ET.
168
D.3. (TELNET).
RFC 2544
UDP-
MAC-
IP-
UDP-
MAC-
IP-
VLAN
VLAN
/
ARP-
IP
Precedence Type of Service
DSCP
DSCP, 8
IP-
-ET.
169
D.3. (TELNET) ()
rfc2544 throughput resolution < 10 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.01 >
rfc2544 frames [1-8] enable <on|off>
rfc2544 frames [1-8] size < XXXX >
/ rfc2544 latency enabled < no | yes >
rfc2544 latency count <int>
rfc2544 latency duration <int>
rfc2544 latency rates src <throughput | manually>
(throughput , manually )
rfc2544 latency rates [1-8] < XXXX > <%|kbps|mbps>
/ rfc2544 frameloss enabled < no | yes >
rfc2544 frameloss duration <int>
rfc2544 frameloss steps < XX >
rfc2544 frameloss rates start < XX > <%|kbps|mbps>
rfc2544 frameloss rates stop < XX > <%|kbps|mbps>
/ rfc2544 back2back enabled < no | yes >
rfc2544 back2back count <int>
rfc2544 back2back duration <int>
rfc2544 back2back rates src <throughput | manually>
(throughput , manually )
rfc2544 back2back rates [1-8] < XXXX > <%|kbps|mbps>
rfc2544 advanced wait <int>
rfc2544 start
RFC 2544
rfc2544 stop
RFC 2544
-ET.
170
D.3. (TELNET) ()
Y.1564
IP-
MAC-
IP-
UDP-
MAC-
IP-
UDP-
VLAN
VLAN
MPLS-
MPLS-
DSCP- IP (. . C.4)
IP
CIR
(
, , 1e-7)
(
)
-ET.
171
D.3. (TELNET) ()
y1564 sac fdv <int>
( )
( , 4- )
(
)
/ CIR
CIR
/ EIR
/ Traffic
tests cfg traf_policing < on | off >
Policing
tests perf enabled < yes | no >
ARP
IP
Precedence Type of Service
DSCP
DSCP, 8
IP-
-ET.
172
D.3. (TELNET) ()
MAC-
IP-
UDP-
MAC-
IP-
UDP-
VLAN
VLAN
( )
(/, /c %)
ctraf start
ctraf stop
BERT
bert header mpls tx count < off | 1 | 2 | 3 >
ARP
IP
Precedence Type of Service
DSCP
-ET.
173
D.3. (TELNET) ()
bert header dscp text
DSCP, 8
MAC-
IP-
UDP-
MAC-
IP-
UDP-
VLAN
VLAN
IP-
bert topology ip <i.i.i.i>
bert rate
bert start
BERT
bert stop
BERT
-ET.
174
D.3. (TELNET) ()
/
,
ARP
IP
Precedence Type of Service
DSCP
DSCP, 8
MAC-
IP-
UDP-
MAC-
IP-
UDP-
VLAN
VLAN
-ET.
175
D.3. (TELNET) ()
,
txgen rate
txgen start
txgen stop
2
/
,
MAC- loopback < a | b > mac swap < off | on >
MAC-
loopback < a | b > mac replace < off | source | destination
( | | |
| src+dst >
)
MAC-, loopback < a | b > mac src <XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX>
Source MAC
Address Ethernet-
MAC-, loopback < a | b > mac dst <XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX>
Destination
MAC Address Ethernet-
loopback < a | b > vlan replace < off | id | priority | id+pr VLAN-
>
( | id | | id+)
loopback < a | b > vlan id <int>
VLAN
loopback < a | b > vlan priority <int>
2
settings apply reboot.
-ET.
176
D.3. (TELNET) ()
IP-
loopback < a | b > ip replace < off | source | destination
( | | |
| src+dst >
)
IP-, Source IP
loopback < a | b > ip src <i.i.i.i>
Address Ethernet-
IP-,
loopback < a | b > ip dst <i.i.i.i>
Destination IP
Address Ethernet-
loopback < a | b > tos replace < off | tos | precedence |
ToS
tos+prec >
,
Type of Service
loopback < a | b > tos flags <bin>
Ethernet-
,
Precedence
loopback < a | b > tos precedence <int>
Ethernet-
3
/
IP- A
A
IP- A
IP- ,
DNS, A
/
DHCP B
IP- B
B
IP- B
IP- ,
DNS, B
/
DHCP LAN
IP- LAN
3
settings apply reboot.
-ET.
177
D.3. (TELNET) ()
LAN
IP- lan gateway <i.i.i.i>
LAN
/ network mpls < off | on >
gbe a speed < automatic | 10 | 100 | 1000 >
A
lan subnet <i.i.i.i>
/ A
MAC- A
B
/ B
MAC- B
MAC- LAN
VLAN
12- VLAN
VLAN
12- VLAN
IP-
,
/
IP-
-ET.
178
D.3. (TELNET) ()
n
n
n
n
n
index, name,
data, status, index , ,
name , data , status ( )
profile list
exit
help
time HH:MM:SS
date DD-MM-YYYY
-ET.
179
E.
E.1. -ET
, 320240
(25 )
USB-
12
1 A
4 NiMH , .
- 4,8 , 4300 .
5 A
Gigabit Ethernet
USB, LAN 10/100 Ethernet
62,5 6250 (100 ppm)
1G Ethernet
20010144
0,640
035
-10...+45
4090 %,
E.2. -ET
: Throughput ( ),
Frame Loss ( ), Back-to-Back ( RFC 2544
), Latency ().
: 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 1280 1518
, .
-ET.
180
E.2. -ET ()
, .
IP-
-ET.
181
F.
F.1.
-
,
12
- -
, , ,
-ET.
182
-ET.
183
G.
10Base-T
10 / Ethernet
.
100Base-T (100Base-TX)
100 / Ethernet
.
1000Base-T
1000 / (1 /)
Ethernet .
Back-to-back
. , ,
.
ARP
Address Resolution Protocol ( ).
, IP- (
) MAC- ( )
TCP/IP. RFC 826 [3].
Auto-negotiation
. , .
CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (
).
, Ethernet.
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( ). , IP- ,
-ET.
184
TCP/IP.
DNS
Domain Name System ( ). ( ),
IP-. DNS TCP/IP.
DUT
Device Under Test. .
EIR
Excess Information Rate. .
Ethernet
.
IEEE 802.3.
Frame loss rate
. , ,
-
.
FTP
File Transfer Protocol ( ). , .
Full-duplex
. ,
.
Gateway
. ,
, .
Half-duplex
. , , , .
ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol ( ). ,
TCP/IP. ,
-ET.
185
.
IEEE 802.1Q
, Ethernet,
VLAN .
IP
Internet Protocol ( Internet).
TCP/IP, , .
IP address
Internet Protocol address. () , TCP/IP. 32- .
Jabber-
1518 , .
Jumbo-
1518 . ,
, , , .
LAN
Local Area Network ( ). , (, Ethernet). ( 10 /
/) .
LD
Latency Deviation. .
LoT
Latency over Time. .
MAC address
Media Access Control address. ,
.
Ethernet 48- MAC-.
-ET.
186
MDI
Medium Dependent Interface (,
). Ethernet-, .
MDI-X
Medium Dependent Interface with Crossover (,
). Ethernet-
RJ-45, .
MPLS
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (
). IP-, .
NUT
Network Under Test. .
OAM
Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (, ). .
OSI
Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model ( ). (ISO) .
,
.
RJ
Registered Jack. , .
RJ-45
Registered Jack,
Ethernet .
Runt-
64 .
-ET.
187
SFP
Small Form-factor Pluggable. , .
, .
SLA
Service Level Agreement. , .
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol ( ). , TCP/IP
.
TDM
Time Division Multiplexing (
). ,
; .
Throughput
. , , ,
DUT, ,
.
ToS
Type of Service ( ).
IP-. ,
, .
Traceroute
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UDP
User Datagram Protocol ( ).
IP,
.
-ET.
188
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Virtual Local Area Network ( ). , ,
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VLAN Identifier (VID). 12- VLAN,
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VLAN Priority
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Data Link layer. ,
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OSI.
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-ET.
189
Network layer. .
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-ET.
190
-ET.
191
[1] IEEE Std 802.1Q, IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area
networks Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks.
[2] RFC 791, Postel, J., Internet Protocol, DARPA, September 1981.
[3] RFC 826, Plummer, D., Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol or
converting network protocol addresses to 48.bit Ethernet address for
transmission on Ethernet hardware, November 1982.
[4] RFC 1349, Almquist, P., Type of Service in the Internet Protocol Suite,
July 1992.
[5] RFC 2544, Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect
Devices, S. Bradner and J. McQuaid, March 1999.
[6] RFC 4689, Terminology for Benchmarking Network-layer Traffic Control
Mechanisms, S. Poretsky, October 2006.
[7] ITU-T O.150 (05/96), General requirements for instrumentation for
performance measurements on digital transmission equipment.
[8] IEEE 802.3ah, Ethernet in the First Mile Task Force.
[9] IEEE 802.3, Part 3: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD) access method and Physical Layer specifications.
[10] ITU-T Y.1564 (03/2011), Ethernet service activation test
methodology.
[11] RFC 2597, Assured Forwarding PHB Group, J. Heinanen, F. Baker,
W. Weiss, J. Wroclawski, June 1999.
[12] RFC 2598, An Expedited Forwarding PHB, V. Jacobson, K. Nichols,
K. Poduri, June 1999.
[13] RFC 3168, The Addition of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to
IP, K. Ramakrishnan, S. Floyd, D. Black, September 2001.
[14] ITU-T Y.1563 (01/2009), Ethernet frame transfer and availability
performance.
-ET.
192
-ET.