Беркут-УЕ Тестер-анализатор сетей Ethernet

-ET
- Ethernet

4.0.0-1, 2014
c , 20062013

,
, ,
.

-ET
, .
11
4
13
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
5
6
6.1 . . . . .
6.2 . . . .
6.3 . . . . . .
6.4
6.5 .
15
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17
17
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23
24
7 .
7.1 RFC 2544 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.2 . . . . . . .
7.2.1 . . . . . . . . .
7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5 RFC 2544. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5.2 () . . .
7.5.3 RFC 2544. MPLS . . . . . . . . .
7.5.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.6 RFC 2544. . . . . . .
7.6.1
7.6.2 . . . . . . . .
7.6.3 . . . . .
7.6.4 .
7.6.5 . . . . . . . . . .
7.7 RFC 2544. . . . . . . . . . . . .
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25
25
29
29
31
32
33
33
35
37
37
38
39
39
40
41
41
42
43
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-ET.
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7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
7.13
7.14
7.15
7.16
7.17
7.18
7.19
7.20
7.21
7.7.1 . . .
7.7.2 .
7.7.3 . . . .
7.7.4 . . . . .
Y.1564 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8.2 RFC 2544 ITU-T Y.1564 . . . . . . .
7.8.3 . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8.8 M- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8.9 FTD . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.8.10 FDV . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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7.9.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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7.10.1 . MPLS . . . . . . .
(Loopback) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.11.1 . . . . . . . .
7.11.2 . . . . . . . .
OAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ET- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TCP/IP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.14.1 - (Ping) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.14.2 (Traceroute) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.14.3 DNS (DNS lookup) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.14.4 ARP- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.14.5 TCP- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.17.1 BERT. MPLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.17.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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7.19.1 . MPLS . . . . . . . . .
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7.20.1 . . . . . . . .
7.20.2 . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.20.3 . . . . . . . . . .
7.20.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.20.5 : . . . . . . . . . . . .
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43
44
45
46
48
48
49
50
50
53
54
57
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59
61
62
67
72
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75
77
79
82
84
84
88
90
91
93
96
97
100
105
106
108
111
113
114
114
115
115
116
116
117
-ET.

7.22 . . . . . . . . .
7.23 . . . .
7.24 . . . . . . .
7.24.1 . . .
7.24.2 . . .
7.24.3 . . . . . . .
7.24.4 SFP . . .
7.24.5 . . . . . . .
7.24.6 .
7.24.7 . .
7.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.26 . . .
5
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119
120
123
123
123
124
125
126
127
129
130
131
8
133
8.1 0.0.1 . . . . 133
8.2 0.0.7 . . . . 135
8.3 0.0.10 137
9
9.1 . . . . . . . . .
9.1.1 . . .
9.2 TELNET . .
9.3 WWW- .
9.3.1
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139
139
139
143
144
145
10
10.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.3 . . .
10.4 . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.7.2
10.8 . . . . . . . .
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147
147
147
147
148
148
148
148
148
149
150
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151
B Ethernet-
155
157
161
179
-ET.
181
183
191
-ET.
1.
- Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet -ET ( , )

RFC 2544 [5], , . ,
.
-ET :
/ (MAC), (IP)
;
,
;
RFC-25441 : Throughput ( ), Latency ( ), Frame Loss
( ), Back-to-Back ( );
;
(Loopback) , , ;

OAM;
(BERT);
.
7.1.
-ET.
-ET.
2.
2.1.
- Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet
-
- Ethernet/Gigabit Ethernet
-.
-
1
1
USB
Ethernet
-ET.
10
-ET.
11
3.
1. Ethernet -ET 51350-99.

2.
III, II
51350-99.
3. , ,
, 12.3.019.
4.
.
5.
12.1.005.
:
.
.
-ET.
12
-ET.
13
4.
1. -ET , , .
2. ,
, .
3. ,

.
4. .
5. :
90260 , 50 , ,
;
(NiMh, 4,8 4300 ).
6.
.

12 . .

-. 500 -. 6 1 .
:
( 30 ).
1 .
40 %; 50 %; . 5 .
-ET.
14

: 220 , 50 , .
4.1

20010144 ;
714039 ;
0,640 ;
0,1 .
-ET.
15
5.
1.
2.1.
2. 2 (
, , ).
3. ( 90260 ,
50 ).
4. / (. 6.1).
-ET.
16
-ET.
17
6.
6.1
-ET 6.1.
Link Tx Rx Test
Link Tx Rx Test
1
4
. 6.1.
1 .
.
-ET.
18

Link :
;
.
Tx :
( ) ;
.
Rx :
( ) ;
.
Test :
;
() .

:
;
() ;
() .
2 .
6.3.
3 .
.
4 .
/ (On/Off )
/ 12 .
(Main menu)
.
-ET.
6.1
19

, ,

;
. ,
,

/
, .

; .
,
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, .
, , , 6.1.
6.1. ,
---
abc
---
def
---
ghi
---
jkl
---
mno
---
pqrs
---
tuv
---
wxyz
---
---
-----ET.
@ /
: ;
*
20
6.2
6.2 6.3.
. 6.2.
. 6.3.
1 6.3 .

6.2.
6.2.
A, B1

RJ-45 - Ethernet

Ethernet/Gigabit
Ethernet
(
10/100/1000 /)
SFP-
SFP-
1 (A B) 2 RJ-45 SFP. 1 .
-ET.
6.2
21
6.2. :
LAN
USB
12 V (12 )
- Ethernet

USB
USB
-ET.
22
6.3
( ):
;
A (, A:100 ,
100 /);
: SFP- .
A (F , H );
, A ( , );
B;
: SFP- .
B (F , H );
, B ( , );
.
, (),
:
THR (throughput) .
LAT (latency) .
BTB (back-to-back) .
FRL (frame loss) .
LB1 (loopback layer 1) () .
BER (bit error rate test) .
PJ (packet jitter) .
GEN (generate) .
J+G (jitter + generate) .
PTH (pass through) .
CTR (complex traffic) / .
REM (remote) .
Y (Y.1564) Y.1564.
-ET.
6.4
6.4
23
-ET (
),
(-ET ),
(-ET ),
(-ET ).
A.

1. -ET .
. 6.4. -ET
2. -ET .
. 6.5. -ET
-ET.
24

3. -ET .
. 6.6. -ET
6.5

(), .
. 6.7.
.
.
( .
(, ).
, .
.
(
).
.
-ET.
25
7. .

7.1
RFC 2544
-ET RFC 2544

4 , :
1. (Throughput). , Ethernet.
, 1 , DUT, , .

DUT2
(. 7.1 3 ). ,
DUT. ,
.
: , .
1
, .

.
3
/. . 7.2.
2
-ET.
26
..
.
.

. 7.1.
2. (Latency).
, , . ,
.
DUT .
.
120 ( 1 2886 ).
.
Ta , .
Tb . (Latency) (Tb Ta).
20 ( 1 30).
.
Ta
= Tb - Ta
Tb
. 7.2.
-ET.
7.1 RFC 2544
27
3. (Frame Loss Rate). ,

( ),
.
,
- .
DUT (input count)
, DUT (output count).
:
100 (input count output count)
(input count)
, . , 90 % ,
, 80 % . , 10 % ( ), , .
100%
1
-X %
1
90%
NUT/DUT
-X%
..
..
X %, X %
1
. 7.3.
4. (Back-to-back). , .
DUT DUT. DUT, ,
-ET.
28
.
, (
). DUT
, .

1
...
.

. 7.4.
-ET.
7.2
7.2
29
7.2.1
MAC 1
MAC 2
B)
A(B)
DUT
2-
. 7.5. 1
MAC 1
IP 1
MAC 2
IP 2
IP s = IP 1 IP d =IP 2
MAC d = MAC R MAC s = MAC 1
A(B)
IP s = IP 1 IP d = IP 2
NUT/DUT
MAC d = MAC 2 MAC s = MAC R
IP s = IP 2 IP d =IP 1
MAC R
A(B)
router
MAC d
IP d
. 7.6. 2
MAC 1
MAC 2
IP 1
IP 2
NUT/DUT
router
MAC R
. 7.7. 3
-ET.
MAC s
IP s
30
.
MAC 1 MAC 2
IP 1
IP 2
MAC d = MAC 2 MAC s = MAC 1
DUT
B
. 7.8. 4
. 7.5 ( ) , ,
, , , , (switch).
(loopback).
MAC-
, .
:
MAC s MAC- ;
MAC d MAC- ;
MAC R MAC- ;
IP s IP- ;
IP d IP- .
. 7.6 , , , , , , (switch), (router).
, MAC-
IP- , c .
/ IP- (. 7.7).
.
-ET ,
. 7.8.
-ET.
7.3
7.3
31
-ET 4 .
,
RFC-2544 BERT :
BERT BERT;
RFC-2544 RFC-2544;
BERT RFC-2544;
RFC-2544 BERT.
7.9 4 : A B RFC-2544,
B A BERT.
NUT
B
RFC-2544 (A B)
BERT (B A)
. 7.9.

.
.
. 7.10.
4
. .
-ET.
32
7.4
-ET :

0.3.7-15
BERT/RFC-2544
0.3.7-15
BERT
Y.1564/RFC-2544/
1 , , 2. ,
FPGA. .
, BERT/RFC-2544,
,
.
2.1 ( 9xxx) 3 .
2.1 40 ,
:
. 7.11.
-ET.
7.5 RFC 2544.
7.5
33
RFC 2544.
. 7.12. RFC 2544.

:
1. RFC 2544
(
( )).
, . 7.12,
.
2. (. 7.5.17.5.5, 7.6.17.6.5).
7.5.1
. 7.13.
MAC . MAC- . MAC- MAC- .
MAC . MAC- :
-ET.
34
.
, , MAC- MAC- ;

, MAC- .
IP . IP- .
IP . IP- .
MAC- IP:
(
) MAC-

MAC- A (B), ;

(
) IP- IP- A (B),
;

( MAC .)
ARP-. MAC MAC-,
IP- .
, (.).
-ET.
7.5 RFC 2544.

7.5.2
35
()
. 7.14. (.)
Auto-ARP , ARP-.
MAC- MAC-,
IP- , .
VLAN VLAN,
VLAN-:
:
/
(A/B)
VLAN , VLAN A(B).
. 7.15. VLAN
ID 12- VLAN,
0 4095. VLAN,
. VLAN ID ,
-ET.
36
.
VLAN, . VLAN ID 1, VLAN ID
VLAN ID .
, . 8 ([1]), C.1.
MPLS .
/
(A/B)
:
MPLS , MPLS A(B).
IP DiffServ Precedence ToS

(PREC+TOS) DSCP
:
Precedence , .
RFC 791 [2].
C.2.
ToS , IP- (Type
of Service). C.3, RFC 1349 [4].
4- .
DSCP DSCP 8 , Precedence
ToS. 6 . C.4.
2 TCP
. C.5.
UDP src UDP- .
UDP dst UDP- .
-ET.
7.5 RFC 2544.

7.5.3
37
RFC 2544. MPLS
RFC 2544
: RFC 2544
MPLS.
. 7.16.
- ( 1 3).
.
MPLS COS .
TTL .
7.5.4
. 7.17.
. (, Loopback).

/ (. 7.9).
-ET.
38
7.5.5
. 7.18.

:
1.
RFC 2544 (
( )): 64, 128,
256, 512, 1024, 1280, 1518 . ( 64 9600
).
2. .
64 9600 .
-ET.
7.6 RFC 2544.
7.6
7.6.1
39
RFC 2544.

. 7.19.
/ .
(L1) (L1)
(
), / (
) /c (
).
, ,
(12886 ).
, % , . : 10 (
), 1 (
),
), 0,01 (
).
0,1 (
.
, % (010 %).
, .
-ET.
40
7.6.2
. 7.20.
/
.
-
.
, ,
(12886 c).
(L1) (L1).
. 7.21. (L1)
. . (
)
, . (
) , .
-ET.
7.6 RFC 2544.

7.6.3
41
. 7.22.
/ .
, ,
(12886 ).
- .
(L1) (L1) ,
. (L1)
(
), / (
) /c (
).
7.6.4
. 7.23.
/ .
-
.
-ET.
42
, ,
(22886 ).
(L1) (L1) (. . 7.21).
7.6.5
. 7.24.
,
5 .
, ,
.
RFC 2544, 7000 (2000
, 5000 ), 2000 .

100 10000 ,
100 10000 .
5
-ET.
7.7 RFC 2544.
7.7
7.7.1
43
RFC 2544.
.
. 7.25. :
: ( ), ( %),
.
(/ L2, / L3, / L4 /c):
(/ L2): Ethernet ( CRC);
(/ L3): Ethernet-
CRC, Ethernet-, VLAN- MPLS-;
(/ L4): Ethernet CRC, Ethernet- IP-, VLAN- MPLS-.
. 7.26. :
-ET.
44

() :
1. Y . .
2. Y .
X , .
/c .
7.7.2
. 7.27. :
( )

( %),
.
-ET.
7.7 RFC 2544.
45
. 7.28. :
, ( ).
7.7.3
. 7.29. :
( ) ( %) .

(/ L2, /
L3, / L4 /c):
(/ L2): Ethernet ( CRC);
(/ L3): Ethernet-
CRC, Ethernet-, VLAN- MPLS-;
(/ L4): Ethernet CRC, Ethernet- IP-, VLAN- MPLS-.
-ET.
46
. 7.30. :
( %) ( %).
7.7.4
. 7.31. :
, . , ,
, ,
, .
() ,

,
, .
-ET.
7.7 RFC 2544.
47
. 7.32. :
, ,
.
, .
-ET.
48
7.8
Y.1564
Ethernet- (, , , , - ..) ,
(SLA Service
Level Agreement) .
(QoS Quality of Service), (. 7.8.1).
RFC 2544[5] (. 7.1)
ITU-T Y.15646 [10].
. 7.33. Y.1564
7.8.1
7 (SAC
Service Acceptance Criteria) :
1. FTD (Frame Transfer Delay) .
2. FDV (Frame Delay Variation) .
3. FLR (Frame Loss Ratio) .
4. CIR (Committed Information Rate) .
5. EIR (Excess Information Rate) CIR.
6. M- CIR+EIR.
6 Y.1564
0.3.7-15.
7 ,
-ET.
7.8 Y.1564
7.8.2
49
RFC 2544 ITU-T Y.1564
RFC 2544

.
, ,
.
ITU-T Y.1564 ,
SLA.
FTD
FDV8
FLR

RFC 2544
SLA
. .
ITU-T Y.1564

6 .
.
, Y.1564 , SLA,

.
8 FDV VoIP/IPTV
.
-ET.
50
7.8.3
:
1. (. 7.22)
(. 7.23).
2. (. 7.8.4).
3.
(. 7.8.4.1 7.8.4.2).
4. (. 7.8.5).
7.8.4
. 7.34. Y.1564.
( 1 10).
:
. ;
. ;
. + .
.
(. 7.5.4).
(. 7.8.4.1).
(. 7.8.5).
-ET.
7.8 Y.1564
7.8.4.1
51
,
(CIR EIR), Traffic Policing.
. 7.35. Y.1564.
CIR (L2)
EIR (L2)
Traf. Pol. (L2)

SAC
.
CIR.
Traffic Policing.
CIR (L2)+EIR (L2) (. 7.8.6.3).
.
SAC (. 7.8.4.2).
(. 7.5.1).
, , . (. 7.8.4)
,

/
/
.
/
-ET.
52
7.8.4.2
.
SAC
SAC
(SLA).
. 7.36. Y.1564. SAC

FTD,
FDV,
M, /c
.
.
.
- (. 7.8.8).
, , . (. 7.8.4)
,

/
/
.
/
-ET.
7.8 Y.1564
7.8.5
53

( , ) (), ,
.
:
(.
7.8.4) .
. 7.37. Y.1564.
. ,
CIR
-
EIR
Traf. Policing
, .
/ CIR.
(. 7.8.6.1).
/ EIR.
/ Traffic Policing.
.
-ET.
54
7.8.6
, SAC (. 7.8.4.2), ,
. ,

. -,
(. 7.8.7).
CIR, EIR Traffic
Policing. , , ,
(. 7.8.5).
7.8.6.1
CIR
CIR ,
CIR ,
SLA.
(FTD, FDV, FLR),
, SAC (. 7.8.4.2).
- : 1 CIR 100 % ; 2 : 50
100 % ; 3 : 50,
75 100 % ; 4
: 25, 50, 75 100 % .
CIR
0.75 x CIR
0.5 x CIR
0.25 x CIR
-ET.
7.8 Y.1564
7.8.6.2
55
EIR
EIR , CIR+EIR

CIR ( ) CIR+EIR:
CIR(1-FLR)IRCIR+EIR. (FLR) SAC (. 7.8.4.2).
: colour-aware ( ) .
CIR+EIR
CIR
CIR x (1-FLR)
CIR
1
7.8.6.3
CIR
2
CIR
3
CIR
4
Traffic Policing
Traffic Policing ,
, ,
. Traf. Pol. (L2)
(. 7.8.4.1) CIR+EIR .
Traf. Pol. (L2)

CIR+EIR+M
CIR+EIR
CIR
CIR x (1-FLR)
CIR
1
CIR
2
CIR
3
CIR
4
EIR
-ET.
56
7.8.6.4
. 7.38.
IR, /c
FTD,
FDV,
FLR, %
( ).
( . 7.8.9).

( . 7.8.10).
.
(
6.5).
, ().
,
6.5.
CIR
, SLA.

, SLA.
EIR

CIR (
)
CIR+EIR: CIR(1FLR)IRCIR+EIR
Traffic Policing
CIR (
CIR+EIR+M: CIR(1FLR)IRCIR+EIR+M
-
-
CIR(1-FLR) CIR(1 CIR+EIR FLR)
CIR+EIR+M
-ET.
7.8 Y.1564
57
/

.
7.8.7
.
CIR
. ,
4- .
7.8.7.1
. 7.39.
IR, /c
FTD,
FDV,
FLR, %
-
IR
(
).
( . 7.8.9).

( . 7.8.10).
.
.
.
.
, ().
,
6.5.
-ET.
58
, SLA.
, SLA.
/
.
7.8.8
M-
Traffic Policing
,
. , . , ITU-T Y.1564
- CIR+EIR
(. ITU-T Y.1564 . C.2 . 8.1.2).
7.8.9
FTD
(FTD) :
1. (Ta).
2.
(Tb).
3. , : T b T a.
:
, PTP (.
7.24.6).
4. (F T D_min), (F T D_avg) (F T D_max).

, .
.
.
-ET.
7.8 Y.1564
7.8.10
59
FDV
(FDV)
ITU-T Y.1563[14] :
F DV = F T D F T D_min.
, : F T D_min = 1.5, F T D_avg = 2.5, F T D_max = 5.5,
FDV : F DV _min = 0, F DV _avg = 1.0,
F DV _max = 4.0.

.
.
-ET.
60
-ET.
7.9
7.9
61
9
, ( , ..) ,
(. . 7.40).

Tx = 500 Mbps
Tx = 500 Mbps
NUT
Rx = 100 Mbps
Rx = 100 Mbps
. 7.40.
-
.

, ,
, .
2 -ET: , , , . .
, :
1. RFC 2544: , , , .
2. BERT.
3. Y.1564.
: RFC 2544,

Y.1564 PTP- (. 7.24.6).
9
. .
-ET.
62
7.9.1
Y.1564 ( BERT
RFC 2544 ).
. 7.41 A. B
.
...
02
-ET
-ET
IP
IP
. 7.41.
:
MAC 1 MAC- A ;
IP 1 IP- ;
MAC R1 MAC- , ;
MAC RN MAC- , ;
MAC 2 MAC- A ;
IP 2 IP- .

:
1. , : -ET.

ETAT.
2. -ET , . 7.41.
3.
-ET. . :
A
-ET.
7.9
63
IP- (IP 1) IP- (IP 2):

IP- ( DHCP );
IP- DHCP,
():
DHCP
, IP-
1-2 .
4.
-ET.
A PTP- (. 7.24.6).
: BERT RFC 2544 ( , , ) .
5. Y.1564
(. . 7.42). :
A

. IP IP 2
. 7.42.
6. -ET.
Y.1564
(. . 7.43). :
MAC . MAC 1
MAC . MAC R1
IP . IP 1
IP . IP 2
-ET.
64
.
: MAC- ARP-:
.
MAC .
. 7.43.
7. 7.8 Y.1564.
-ET. Y.1564
().
: :
. ...
.
,
.
,
.
, (. 7.4).
, - .
. BERT 1-
BERT .
: .
-ET.
7.9
65
:
1. , : -ET.

ETAT.
2. -ET -ET
, . 7.41.
3.
-ET. . :
A
IP- (IP 1) IP- (IP 2):
IP- ( DHCP );
IP- DHCP,
():
DHCP
, IP-
1-2 .
4.
-ET.
A PTP- (. 7.24.6).
: BERT RFC 2544 ( , , ) .
5. Y.1564
(. . 7.44). :

A
. IP IP 2
-ET.
66
. 7.44.
6. -ET.
Y.1564
(. . 7.45). :
MAC . MAC 2
MAC . MAC RN
IP . IP 2
IP . IP 1
. 7.45.
7. 7.8 Y.1564.
-ET. Y.1564
().
: , . 64.
-ET.
7.10
7.10
67

: 0.3.7-15
,
Y.1564
(. 7.8).
10
10 .
, , .
. 7.46.
: (
, ).
. 7.47. :

(),
.
10
. .
-ET.
68
;
(L2) ;
, ;
, .

()
, .
. 7.48. ()
, .
(./.)
(. 7.21).

: .
. 7.49. :
-ET.
7.10
69
Cur .
Min .
Avg .
Max .

: .
. 7.50. :

(Tx) (Rx) .
.
. 7.51.
(110 ).
(12886 ).
.
-ET.
70
. 7.52.
.

(, Loopback).
/ (. 7.9).
.
. 7.53.

.
7.5.1 7.5.2.
-ET.
7.10
71
. 7.54.

64 9600 .
(L2) (L2).
. 7.55. (L2)
(L2) (
/ (
) / (
).
-ET.
),
72
7.10.1
.
. MPLS
: MPLS.
. 7.56.
- ( 1 3),
.
.
MPLS COS .
TTL .
-ET.
7.11 (Loopback)
7.11
73
(Loopback)
RFC 2544,
Loopback. Loopback
.
OSI.
(L1) , .
(L2)
, MAC- . , , MAC- ( 0.3.8-0 ). .
: (L2) (L3)
MAC Dst MAC Src,
M (OAMPDU) ARP-, , .
(L3) , IP- .
, ,
IP- ( 0.3.7-15 ).
.
: MPLS ,
.
(L4) ( ), ,
- IP-, TCP/UDP
.
: MPLS ,
.
-ET.
74
. 7.57.
(A B), Loopback.
,
:
;
1 ;
2 (MAC);
3 (IP);
4 (TCP/UDP).
ET- ET-.
OAM OAM.
-ET.
7.11 (Loopback)
7.11.1
75
. 7.58. 2
: 0.3.8-0 .
MAC / , MAC .
MAC -:
MAC- ;
Source MAC Address (MAC-
), . . 7.60;
Destination MAC Address (MAC ), . . 7.59;
Source MAC Address Destination MAC
Address, . . 7.61.
MAC-, Source MAC Address Ethernet-.
MAC-, Destination MAC Address Ethernet-.
VLAN VLAN-:
VLAN- ;
ID VLAN ID ( VLAN);
VLAN priority ( );
ID+ VLAN ID VLAN priority.
-ET.
76
ID ,
VLAN ID Ethernet-.
,
VLAN priority Ethernet-.
. 7.59. .
MAC d = MAC 1
MAC s = MAC 2
A(B)
MAC d = MAC 2 MAC s = Src MAC
. 7.60. .
B)
MAC d = Dst MAC MAC s = Src MAC
. 7.61.
-ET.
7.11 (Loopback)
7.11.2
77
. 7.62. 3
: 0.3.7-15 .
IP IP-:
IP- ;
Source IP address (IP- ), . . 7.63;
Destination IP address (IP- ), . . 7.64;
Source IP address Destination IP address,
. . 7.65.
IP-, Source IP address Ethernet-.
IP-,
Destination IP address Ethernet-.
ToS:
Type of Service ( )
Precedence () ;
ToS Type of Service;
Prec Precedence;
ToS+Prec Type of Service Precedence.
ToS ,
Type of Service Ethernet-.
-ET.
78
Precedence ,
Precedence Ethernet-.
P-
. 7.63. .
IP s = IP 2
IP d = IP 1
IP s = IP 2
IP d = Dst IP
B)
Dst IP - IP- , .
. 7.64. .
IP s = IP 2
IP d = IP 1
B)
IP s = Src IP
IP d = Dst IP
PP-
. 7.65.
-ET.
7.12 OAM
7.12
79
OAM
Ethernet. IEEE 802.3ah[8] ( Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM) OAM Ethernet OAM
).
OAM (Operations, Administration, and Maintenance ,
)
, OSI.
Ethernet-
OAMPDU.
OAM
.
-ET OAM
:
1. -ET 11 , .

. 7.66.
2. OAM .
:
3. OAM (. . 7.67).
4. , .
5. OAM.
6. Send any.
11
. 7.66 -ET .
-ET.
80
.
7. . .
(LB up). 8.
(L2) (
MAC-).

(LB down).
. 7.67. OAM
OAM.
OAM:
;

,
Ethernet OAM ;
; ,
Ethernet OAM ;
OAM .
. :
Fault ,
;
Send local OAMPDU
;
Passive wait OAMPDU , ;
-ET.
7.12 OAM
81
Send loc/rem OAMPDU ,

;
Send loc/rem ok OAMPDU ,
;
Send any 12 .
,
.
. 7.68.
MAC MAC- .
Vendor OUI , MAC-.
OAM .
Unidirectional .
Rem. loopback .
Link events .
Var. retrieval ,
.
LB status .
12 , Remote loopback ( ).
Send loc/rem ok.
-ET.
82
7.13
ET-
ET-
(L2), (L3) (L4) - -ET
-ETL.
.
.
.
NUT
. 7.69.
-ET / - ETL, , .
. 7.70. ET-
:
-ET.
7.13 ET-
83
1. .
2. ,
(A/B/). , :
A B (. .
IP-, ,
), A;
A B ,
, ,
;
A, B , A.
3. IP- IP- .
4.
().
IP-, MAC- (. . 7.71).
.
. 7.71. ET-
:
/ ;
;
;
.
: UDP.
32 792. 32 793.
-ET.
84
7.14
TCP/IP
, , , , . TCP/IP ,
, ,
,
.
7.14.1
- (Ping)
- .

. IP-
ICMP- .
:
1.
, :
A(B)
NUT
. 7.72. 1
:
(. . 7.73). .
-ET.
7.14 TCP/IP
85
NUT
B
. 7.73. 2
2. - (. . 7.74).
().
. 7.74. -
:
() .
() .
() .
(./.) .
3. -.
-ET.
86
. 7.75. -
,
(A/B/).
, :
A B (. .
IP-, ,
), - A;
A B , -
, ,
;
A, B , - A.
IP IP- , .
ICMP- .
( 0 9999).
,
().
,
- ( ).

( ).
4.
(). ,
,
( ):
ICMP-;
IP- , -;
;
.
-ET.
7.14 TCP/IP
87
7.76.
. 7.76. -
(. . 7.77).
, ,
,
, ,
( ) . ,
- .
. 7.77. -
-ET.
88
7.14.2
(Traceroute)
13
TCP/IP.
,
,
. ,
.
:
1. ,
. 7.72.
2. (. . 7.78).
. 7.78.
3. .
. 7.79.
13
. .
-ET.
7.14 TCP/IP
89
,
(A/B/).
, :
A B (. .
IP-, ,
), A;
A B ,
, ,
;
A, B , A.
IP IP- .
. , .
.
,
( , ).
4.
(). ,
,
( ):
;
IP- ;
.

, .
. 7.80
. 7.80.
-ET.
90
7.14.3
DNS (DNS lookup)
DNS (Domain Name System ) , , ,

IP-. DNS lookup ( )14
NS-.
:
1. ,
. 7.72.
2. DNS (. . 7.81).
3. .
4. .
(). IP 5.
IP- .
IP- , IP IP- (0.0.0.0).
. 7.81.
. 7.81. DNS
.
, IP- .
IP IP- ,
.
14
. .
-ET.
7.14 TCP/IP
7.14.4
91
ARP-
ARP ARP-, , IP- MAC . (. . 7.83).

:
1. ,
. 7.72 . 7.73.
2. ARP (. . 7.82).
. 7.82. ARP
:
() .
(B/A) IP- MAC-
B(A).
3.
(A B).
4. ARP-
IP- MAC- .
. 7.83.
-ET.
92
. 7.83. ARP
- ,
.
5.
().
-ET.
7.14 TCP/IP
7.14.5
93
TCP-
TCP-15 TCP-
,
. TELNET.
:
1. ,
. 7.72.
2. ( TCP-
)):
(
;
IP- ;
( C.6).
. 7.84. TCP-
.
IP- .
.
,
HTTP GET-.
().
3. TCP-,
(. . 7.85)
, -.
.
7.12.
15
. .
-ET.
94
.
7.11. TCP/IP
()
21 (FTP)
22 (SSH)
23 (TELNET)
25 (SMTP)

, -
-

80 (HTTP(WWW))
161 (SNMP)
. 7.85.
7.12.
protocol not supported
cant assign requested address

network is down
network is unreachable
network dropped connection
on reset
software caused connection
abort
connection reset by peer
-ET.
7.14 TCP/IP
95
7.12. ()
connection timed out
connection refused
host is down
no route to host
- HTTP. HTTP GET-16 . , HTTP- .

:
1. (. . 7.84)
.
2. .
3. TCP
(HTTPGET). . 7.86.
. 7.86. HTTP GET-

16
-ET.
96
7.15

. , A(B) B(A), . 7.87.
NUT
NUT
. 7.87.
. .
.
A B ,
.
,
.
. 7.88.
-ET.
7.16
7.16
97
-ET
,
.
:
1. (. .7.89).
2. / / RJ-4517 .
3.
(), ,
, .

(A)
(B) .
:
1. .
2. A(B) ,
B(A).
3.
().
4. , . A B, , 7.13.
. 7.89.
17 RJ-45. SFP- .
-ET.
98
.
:
;
. ;
;
.. ;
.
. .
. .
. :
<+> ( );
<> (
).
. (MDI/MDI-X); ,
. .
-ET.
7.16
99
7.13.
18
10/100
1000
1-2
3-6
4-5
7-8
1-2
3-6
4-5
7-8
1-2
3-6
4-5
7-8
1-2
3-6
4-5
7-8
1-2
3-6
4-5
7-8
1-2
3-6
4-5
7-8
1-2
3-6
4-5
7-8
1-2
3-6
4-5
7-8
.
A
MDI
MDI
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI
MDI
MDI
MDI
MDI
MDI
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI
MDI
MDI
MDI

-
.
B
MDI
MDI
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI
MDI
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI
MDI
MDI
MDI
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI
MDI
MDI
MDI
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
MDI-X
18 A B ( /) .
-ET.
100
7.17
BERT
BERT (Bit Error Rate Test) , bit error rate (

), . . .
Ethernet-, .
, .
TDM- , (Ethernet)
, TDM-.
OSI.
(IFG Interframe Gap).
A (B) B (A) (. . 7.100)
(. . 7.101).
.
IFG
. 7.90.
Ethernet-,
,
, OSI (,
(switch)).
. 7.102, 7.103, 7.104.
M
. 7.91.
IP-,
Ethernet-. , , (, , (router)).
. 7.102, 7.103,
7.104.
-ET.
7.17 BERT
101

MACIP
. 7.92.
Ethernet-,
IP- UDP-, .
. 7.102, 7.103, 7.104.
MAC-
UDP-

.

. 7.93.
. 7.94. BERT
ET , .
RT , .
BITs .
EBITs .
BER .
LSS ,
.
%LSS ,
, ,
( ).
LOS , .
%LOS , ,
, ( ).
-ET.
102
.
BERT.
: LSS , BER. :
(, 2e15, 2e23);
, , BER (
0,01).

(./.) , ), (
),
(
(
) (
) .
7.21.
. 7.95. BERT
OSI,
:
1
2
3
4
;
;
;
.
. .
-ET.
7.17 BERT
103
. .
(L2) (L2) ), / (
) / (
).
(
.
:
,
( . ,
. );
, , .
.
.
. 7.96.
.

(, Loopback).
/ (. 7.9).
(. 7.5.1).
, ,
ITU-T O.150 [7].
-ET.
104
.
7.14.

2e9-1
2e11-1
2e15-1
2e20-1
2e23-1
2e29-1
2e31-1
(.)
( 14,4 /).
( 64 /
64N /, N ).
(
1544, 2048, 6312,
8448, 32 064 44 736 /).
(
71 /).
(
34 368 139 264
/).
(
( 139 264 /c)).
-ET.
7.17 BERT
7.17.1
105
BERT. MPLS
MPLS:
BERT MPLS.
. 7.97. MPLS
.
.
MPLS.
. 7.98.
- ( 1 3),
.
.
MPLS COS .
TTL .
-ET.
106
. 7.99.
- .
1, 2, 3 .
7.17.2
. 7.100. ( 1)
. 7.101. ( 2)
-ET.
7.17 BERT
107
Ethernet-
switch/
router
TDM-
. 7.102. / ( 1)

A(B)
Ethernet-
switch/
router
. 7.103. / ( 2)

A(B)
-
. 7.104. / ( 3)
-ET.
108
7.18
Ethernet- . RFC 4689 [6],

,
. , , .
19 .
. 7.105. .
ET , .
RT , .
PKTs .
OOOPs , ,
.
%OOOPs , , ,
.
INOPs , , . %INOPs ,
, ,
.
< ms %PKTs ( ), .
>= ms %PKTs ( ), .
. .
19
. .
-ET.
7.18
109

()
, ,
. .
.
, . 7.109 . 7.110, (. 7.19).

()
, .
. 7.106. ()

() , .
. 7.107. .
:
, ( ), . . -ET.
110
, .
;
, .
(./.)

, (
), (
),
(
) (
)
.
.
7.21.
. 7.108. .
, .
, .
.
.
-ET.
7.19
7.19
111
.
(. . 7.109),
(. . 7.110),
, . . 7.111.
.

. 7.109. . 1
B(A)
NUT
A(B)
. 7.110. . 2
-ET.
112
A(B)
NUT
A(B)
. 7.111. . 3
. 7.112.
/ .
, .
, .
(L2) (L2) (
), / (
) / (
).
:
,
( . ,
. );
, , .
( 64 9600 ).
.
ET , .
RT , .
-ET.
7.19
7.19.1
113
. MPLS
:
MPLS.
. 7.113.
- ( 1 3),
.
.
MPLS COS .
TTL .
-ET.
114
7.20
() -
, , (A, B).
7.20.1
. 7.114.
Rx .
Tx .
Rx .
Tx .
Rx /
.
-ET.
7.20
7.20.2
. 7.115.
Broadcast .
Multicast .
Unicast .
Pause .
Rx .
Tx .
7.20.3
. 7.116.
( ).
Rx .
Tx .
-ET.
115
116
7.20.4
. 7.117.
. 2 (Rx) (Tx)
.
. 3 (Rx) (Tx)
.
7.20.5
. 7.118. :
CRC , .
Runt 64
.
Jabber 1518
, .
-ET.
7.21
7.21
117
), ( (
) (
(
), (
) .
:
. , //
- (-).
. 7.119.

.
. 7.120.
:
, ;
-ET.
118

;
;
;

().
:
;

().
:
, ;

().

().
-ET.
7.22
7.22
119
. 7.121.
(A, B LAN) .
DHCP IP- , , IP- IP- , DNS,
DHCP .
IP- IP- .
, IP-,
, ,
.
IP- .
DNS IP- , DNS.
MPLS /
A B ( LAN MPLS ).
MPLS (
) .
: IP- IP- , DNS,
.
-ET.
120
7.23
. 7.122.
.
/ ( ).
.
.,
.
.
:
, parallel detection function[9].
, , .
(. . 6.3).
.
MAC MAC- (A, B LAN), 20 .
VLAN VLAN (. . 7.15).
MPLS MPLS. A (MPLS. B).
: SFP-
1 /.
20
() MAC- MAC- , .
-ET.
7.23
121
. 7.123. MPLS. A
.
.
MPLS,
.
. 7.124.
LSR IP- , , .
/
, .
IP IP- .
.
.
-ET.
122
. 7.125.
- ( 1 3),
.
.
MPLS COS .
TTL .
. 7.126.
- .
1, 2, 3 .
-ET.
7.24
7.24
7.24.1
123
. 7.127. .
. .
.
.
.
/ .
LCD . : , 20 , 40 , 60 ;
.

: , 1, 5, 10 .
7.24.2
. 7.128.
-ET.
124
.
.
.
/
(. 7.26).
7.24.3
. 7.129.
MCU MCU.
SYS FPGA system FPGA.
EXP FPGA expansion FPGA.
BOOT .
FILES .
HW .
S/N .
MAC A MAC A.
MAC B MAC B.
MAC LAN MAC LAN.
()

.
-ET.
7.24
125
. 7.130.
.

.
7.24.4
SFP
. 7.131. SFP-
, SFP-. ( A)
( B).

-ET.
126
7.24.5
. 7.132.
: ( C), (), (), / (), , (c).
-ET.
7.24
7.24.6
127
21 -ET PTPv2, IEEE 1588.

RFC 2544, Y.1564 (. 7.9).
. 7.133.
PTP-: A B .
: , 100 %
,
, , ..
.
: UDP Ethernet.
IP IP- .
PTPv2: E2E P2P.
.
.

,
, .

(Master) (Grandmaster).
21 ,
.
-ET.
128
. 7.134.
-ET.
7.24
7.24.7
129
-ET, . ,
,
ats (. D).
7.15.
ETIP
TCP/IP (,
, DNS)
ETWEB
HTTP- ( ETIP)
ETJT

TELNET
WWW-
ETRC
ETMM
Y.1564
ETMPLS
MPLS
ETAT
ET2P
ETPTP
-ET.
130
7.25
-ET .
. 7.135.
:
,
RFC 2544, Y.1564, BERT, , , .
.
IP-: -, , TCP-.
,
().

D.
-ET.
7.26
7.26
131

-ET. ,
USB TELNET.
:
/ ;
/ ;
;
;
/ ;
.

/ :
<> <> <> <>
, 2- B
:
. 7.136.
USB- TELNET . /
log on/off.
-ET.
132
. 7.137.
() -
.
()
.
.
-ET.
133
8.
-ET , . BOOT
( ). ,
.
8.1
0.0.1
1. :
b3et-2ndbootldr_0.0.10.bin;
b3et-files_0.X.Y-Z.bin;
b3et-mcu_0.X.Y-Z.bin;
b3et-sys_0.A.B-C.bin.
2. .
3. USB (. 9.1).
4. .
, .
.
5. 1 MCU.
6.
MCU b3et-2ndbootldr_0.0.10.bin.
7. Xmodem. .
HyperTerminal
.
8. :
Secondary bootloader 0.0.10
Upgrade via XMODEM: FS image
9.
-ET.
134
b3et-files_0.X.Y-Z.bin.
10. Xmodem. .
HyperTerminal
.
11. .
.
12. 2 system FPGA. 2
12 ,
HyperTerminal
boot>2. 2 system FPGA.
13.
14. Xmodem. .
HyperTerminal
.
15. .
.
16. 1 MCU. 1
12 ,
HyperTerminal
boot>1. 1 system FPGA.
17.
b3et-mcu_0.X.Y-Z.bin.
18. Xmodem. .
HyperTerminal
.

FS Image: Reconfiguring.... 1 .
, . - - ,
.
-ET.
8.2 0.0.7
8.2
135
0.0.7
0.0.7
MCU, FPGA (system FPGA)
(FS Image).
MCU :
1.
2.
3.
4.
b3et-mcu_0.X.Y-Z.bin.
.
USB (. 9.1).
.
, .
5. 1 MCU.
6.
MCU b3et-mcu_0.X.Y-Z.bin.
7. Xmodem. .
1 . . -
- ,
.
MCU
system FPGA FS Image,
.
.
FPGA (system FPGA) :
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
USB (. 9.1).
.
, .
5. 2 system FPGA.
6.
MCU b3et-sys_0.A.B-C.bin.
7. Xmodem. .
1 . . -
- ,
.
-ET.
136

(FS Image) :
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
USB (. 9.1).
.
, .
5. 4 FS image.
6.
MCU b3et-files_0.X.Y-Z.bin.
7. Xmodem. .
5 .
. -
- , .
-ET.
8.3 0.0.10
137
8.3
0.0.10

.
1.
2.
3.
4.
.
USB (. 9.1).
.
, .
5. 4 FS image.
6.
MCU b3et-files_0.X.Y-Z.bin.
7. Xmodem. .
, 3-4 . , HyperTerminal:
Reflashing...done
Upgrade expansion FPGA #1...
Erasing epcs...done.
Reflashing...done
Upgrade expansion FPGA #2...
Reflashing...done
Upgrade system FPGA...
Reflashing...done
OK
-ET.
138
-ET.
139
9.
-ET
() USB 1.1/2.0 LAN.
USB-
Virtual COM Port.
! .

FTDI Chip:
(http://www.ftdichip.com/Drivers/VCP.htm).
9.1

Windows 95/98/XP/2000/2003 HyperTerminal,
.
X-modem.
9.1.1
1. , .
2. -ET USB- , .
3. HyperTerminal .
( ).
.
-ET.
140
. 9.1.
, COM- -ET,
(
).
. 9.2.
-ET.
9.1
141
, .
. 9.3. COM-
.
. 9.4.
OK HyperTerminal -ET. AT, OK.
: AT
.
-ET.
142
. 9.5.

, , D.
-ET.
9.2 TELNET
9.2
143
TELNET
TELNET (Telecommunication Network) .

, . , D, ,
.
TELNET 1 .
-ET TELNET
A(B) LAN,
telnet IP-_.
( ) admin.
1
. .
-ET.
144
9.3
WWW-
2
-.
:
1. A(B) LAN .
2. - IP-
.
:
1. (. . 9.6):
(comma);
(semicolon).
2. Download report.
.csv.
. 9.6. RFC 2544

2
. .
-ET.
9.3 WWW-
9.3.1
:
1. A(B) LAN .
2. - :
http://IP-__A(B)/sshot.
. 9.7.
-ET.
145
146
-ET.
147
10.
- Ethernet -ET.
10.1
, 10.1.
10.1.

10.7.1

1G Ethernet
10.7.2
10.2
:
Tektronix TDS 2022;
Pendulum CNT-69.
,
.
10.3
, -ET, -ET.
148
,
.
10.4
12.3.019, , 3 .
10.5
-ET
:
0-35 ;
40-90 %, ;
12 .
10.6

.
, .
10.7
10.7.1

-ET , . , .
-ET.
10.7
10.7.2
149
1G Ethernet , . 10.1.

TX+
1G (RJ-45)
-ET
100
TX-
. 10.1.
-ET :
1. .
2. *+F2. 2. .
3. , . 10.1.
4. , .
-ET IEEE 802.3 . 40.6.1.1.1
( 2)

62,5 6250 (100 ppm).
-ET.
150
10.8
, , .

.
-ET.
151
A.
. A.1. -ET
. A.2. -ET
. A.3. -ET
-ET.
152
. A.4. RFC-2544 (-ET

RFC-2544)
. A.5. (-ET )
-ET.
153
. A.6. BERT (-ET

BERT)
. A.7. (-ET )
-ET.
154
. A.8. (-ET )
-ET.
155
B. Ethernet-
Destination MAC Address

Source MAC Address
Length/Type
DATA
Pad
Frame Check Sequence
. B.1. Ethernet-
Destination MAC Address MAC- .
6 , , .
Source MAC Address MAC- .
6 , .
Length/Type /. 16-
:
, , 1500, Length ()
;
, , 1536,
Type () .
Data , 46 42 ( ,
VLAN-) 1500 .
Pad Padding ( ).
46 ,
64 .
Frame Check Sequence .
4 , .
-ET.
156
Ethernet-
Destination MAC Address

Source MAC Address
Tag Protocol Identifier
Tag Control Information
Priority
CFI
VLAN ID
Length/Type
DATA
Pad
Frame Check Sequence
. B.2. Ethernet-, VLAN-

Tag Protocol Identifier . 16 ,
802.1Q [1].
Tag Control Information .
TCI .
Priority User (VLAN) Priority. , ( ([1])).
CFI Canonical Format Indicator ( ). ,
Ethernet.
VLAN ID VLAN Identifier (VID). 12-
VLAN, 802.1Q [1]. VLAN, .
-ET.
157
C.
C.1.
Background
0 (Default)
Best Effort
Excellent Effort
Critical Applications
Video
Voice
Internetwork Control
Network Control
Network Control Internetwork Control . 4 5 , ,

. 3 1 FTP-,
. 0 , .
C.2. Precedence
Routine
Priority
Immediate
Flash
Flash Override
CRITIC/ECP
Internetwork Control
Network Control
-ET.
158

C.3. ToS
1000
Minimize delay
0100
Maximize throughput
0010
Maximize reliability
0001
Minimize monetary cost
0000
All normal
. ,
( ) .
. ,
.
. , , .
. , .
. .
C.4. DSCP

DSCP
Default
000 000
AF11
001 010
AF12
001 100
AF13
001 110
AF21
010 010
AF22
010 100
AF23
010 110
AF31
011 010
AF32
011 100
AF33
011 110
AF41
100 010
AF42
100 100
AF43
100 110
EF
101 110
DSCP. RFC 2597 [11] RFC 2598 [12].

Default . ,
.
-ET.
159
AF (Assured Forwarding) . TCP-
AF-. IP-
(. RFC 2597 [11]).
EF (Expedited Forwarding) .
,
, , (Voice over IP
VoIP).
C.5. ECN
00
01
10
11
Not-ECT (Not-ECN-Capable Transport) , ECN.

ECT (1) (ECN-Capable Transport) , ECN.
ECT (0) (ECN-Capable Transport) , ECN. ,
ECT (1).
CE (Congestion Experienced) .
ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification) .

.
ECN RFC 3168 [13].
C.6. TCP/IP
()
21 (FTP)
22 (SSH)
23 (TELNET)
25 (SMTP)
80 (HTTP(WWW))
161 (SNMP)

, -

-ET.
160
-ET.
161
D.
D.1. ( )
AT
ATR
ATM

, N
(N = 1 .. 10)
ATMN
ATMA
ATMI
ATI
ATH

( ) , ats ( )
, ()
ATS
ATC
D.2. (TELNET)
,
RFC 2544
show rfc2544 header src udp
UDP-
show rfc2544 header src mac
MAC-
show rfc2544 header src ip
IP-
show rfc2544 header dst udp
UDP-
show rfc2544 header dst mac
MAC-
show rfc2544 header dst ip
IP-
show rfc2544 header vlan count
VLAN-
show rfc2544 header vlan [1-3] id
VLAN
show rfc2544 header vlan [1-3] priority

show rfc2544 header mpls count
MPLS-
show rfc2544 header mpls [1-3] label
MPLS-
show rfc2544 header mpls [1-3] cos
show rfc2544 header mpls [1-3] ttl
-ET.
162

D.2. (TELNET) ()
show rfc2544 header autoarp

show rfc2544 header diffserv

ARP-
,
show rfc2544 header dscp
DSCP- IP- (. . C.4)
show rfc2544 header precedence
show rfc2544 header tos
IP-
show rfc2544 topology tx
show rfc2544 topology rx
show rfc2544 topology remote ip
IP-
,

, ( RFC 2544)

show rfc2544 throughput duration

show rfc2544 throughput enabled
show rfc2544 throughput maxrate
show rfc2544 throughput resolution
show rfc2544 throughput threshold
show rfc2544 frames [1-9] size
show rfc2544 frames [1-9] enable
show rfc2544 latency enabled
show rfc2544 latency count
show rfc2544 latency duration
show rfc2544 latency rates src

,
(throughput
, manually )
show rfc2544 latency rates [1-9]
show rfc2544 frameloss enabled
show rfc2544 frameloss duration

show rfc2544 frameloss steps
show rfc2544 frameloss rates start
show rfc2544 frameloss rates stop
show rfc2544 back2back enabled
show rfc2544 back2back count
show rfc2544 back2back duration
-ET.
163
D.2. (TELNET) ()
show rfc2544 back2back rates src
(throughput
, manually )
show rfc2544 back2back rates [1-9]
show rfc2544 advanced wait
show rfc2544 advanced learn
rfc2544 results
RFC 2544
Y.1564
show y15641
Y.1564
show y1564 topology tx
show y1564 topology rx
show y1564 topology remote ip
IP-
show y1564 nservices
show y1564 service
, y1564 service
show y1564 header src mac
MAC-
show y1564 header src ip
IP-
show y1564 header src udp
UDP-
show y1564 header dst mac
MAC-
show y1564 header dst ip
IP-
show y1564 header dst udp
UDP-
show y1564 header vlan count
VLAN-
show y1564 header vlan <1|2|3> id

VLAN
show y1564 header vlan <1|2|3>

priority
show y1564 header mpls count
MPLS-
show y1564 header mpls <1|2|3> label MPLS-

show y1564 header mpls <1|2|3> cos
show y1564 header mpls <1|2|3> ttl
show y1564 header diffserv

show y1564 header dscp
DSCP- IP- (. . C.4)
show y1564 header precedence
show y1564 header tos
IP-
show y1564 serv_setup cir
show y1564 serv_setup eir
CIR
show y1564 sac flr
show y1564 sac ftd
show y1564 sac fdv

show y1564 sac avail
1 , , , , y1564 service <1 10>
-ET.
164

D.2. (TELNET) ()
show y1564 tests cfg duration
show y1564 tests cfg cir
CIR
show y1564 tests cfg steps
CIR
show y1564 tests cfg eir
EIR
show y1564 tests cfg traf_policing
Traffic Policing
show y1564 tests perf enabled
show y1564 tests perf duration
y1564 results
Y.1564

show ctraf nstreams
show ctraf stream
show ctraf topology port tx
show ctraf topology port rx
show ctraf duration
show ctraf header src mac
MAC-
show ctraf header src ip
IP-
show ctraf header src udp
UDP-
show ctraf header dst mac
MAC-
show ctraf header dst ip
IP-
show ctraf header dst udp
UDP-
show ctraf header vlan count
VLAN
show ctraf header vlan [1-3] id
VLAN
show ctraf header vlan [1-3] priority
show ctraf header mpls count
show ctraf header mpls [1-3] label
show ctraf header mpls [1-3] cos
show ctraf header mpls [1-3] ttl

ARP-
IP Precedence Type of Service
DSCP
show ctraf header autoarp

show ctraf header diffserv
show ctraf header dscp
DSCP
show ctraf header precedence
show ctraf header tos
show ctraf rate
show ctraf frame
ctraf results

BERT
show bert header src mac
MAC-
show bert header src ip
IP-
-ET.
165
D.2. (TELNET) ()
show bert header src udp
UDP-
show bert header dst mac
MAC-
show bert header dst ip
IP-
show bert header dst udp
UDP-
show bert header vlan count
VLAN
show bert header vlan [1-3] id
VLAN
show bert header vlan [1-3] priority
show bert header mpls tx count
show bert header mpls tx [1-3] label
show bert header mpls tx [1-3] cos
show bert header mpls tx [1-3] ttl

ARP-
DSCP
show bert header autoarp

show bert header diffserv
show bert header dscp
DSCP
show bert header precedence
show bert header tos
show bert frame random min

show bert frame random max
show bert frame constant
show bert frame type
show bert topology port tx
show bert topology port rx
show bert level
OSI,
show bert pattern
show bert user-pattern
show bert rate
, /
show bert duration
bert results
show jitter txgen
show jitter port
BERT

,
show jitter threshold
show jitter duration
jitter results
show txgen header src mac

MAC-
-ET.
166

D.2. (TELNET) ()
show txgen header src ip
IP-
show txgen header src udp
UDP-
show txgen header dst mac
MAC-
show txgen header dst ip
IP-
show txgen header dst udp
UDP-
show txgen header vlan count
VLAN
show txgen header vlan [1-3] id
VLAN
show txgen header vlan [1-3] priority
show txgen header mpls count
show txgen header mpls [1-3] label
show txgen header mpls [1-3] cos
show txgen header mpls [1-3 ttl

ARP-
DSCP
show txgen header autoarp

show txgen header diffserv
show txgen header dscp
DSCP
show txgen header precedence
show txgen header tos
show txgen port

show txgen frame random min
show txgen frame random max
show txgen frame constant
show txgen frame type
show txgen duration
show txgen rate
, / %
txgen results
show network a dhcp
DHCP A
show network a ip
IP-
show network a subnet
show network b dhcp
DHCP B
show network b ip
IP- B
show network b subnet
show network gateway
IP-
IP- ,
DNS
show network dns
-ET.
167
D.2. (TELNET) ()

show gbe a speed
show gbe a state
A (/)
show gbe b speed
show gbe b state
B (/)
TCP/IP
ping
results save N
results load N
results show
results show N
results show all
results info
log < off | on >

log show
-
/
N (N = 1 .. 10)
, N

, N

show version
exit
reboot
help
configure
username
password
show options
show time
show date
-ET.
168

D.3. (TELNET).
RFC 2544
rfc2544 header src udp <int>
UDP-
rfc2544 header src mac <XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX>
MAC-
rfc2544 header src ip <i.i.i.i>
IP-
UDP-
rfc2544 header dst udp <int>

rfc2544 header dst mac <XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX>
MAC-
rfc2544 header dst ip <i.i.i.i>
IP-
rfc2544 header vlan count < off | 1 | 2 | 3 >
VLAN

VLAN

rfc2544 header vlan < 1 | 2 | 3 > id <int>

rfc2544 header vlan < 1 | 2 | 3 > priority <int>
rfc2544 header mpls tx count < off | 1 | 2 | 3 >
rfc2544 header mpls tx [1-3] label <int>
/

ARP-
IP
Precedence Type of Service
DSCP
rfc2544 header mpls tx [1-3] cos <int>

rfc2544 header mpls tx [1-3] ttl <int>
rfc2544 header autoarp < off | on >
rfc2544 header diffserv < prec+tos | dscp >

rfc2544 header dscp text
DSCP, 8

rfc2544 header precedence <int>

rfc2544 header tos <int>
rfc2544 topology tx < a | b | remote >
rfc2544 topology rx < a | b | remote>

IP-
rfc2544 topology ip <i.i.i.i>

rfc2544 throughput duration <int>
rfc2544 throughput enabled < no | yes >
rfc2544 throughput maxrate
rfc2544 throughput threshold <int>
-ET.
169
D.3. (TELNET) ()
rfc2544 throughput resolution < 10 | 1 | 0.1 | 0.01 >
rfc2544 frames [1-8] enable <on|off>
rfc2544 frames [1-8] size < XXXX >

/ rfc2544 latency enabled < no | yes >

rfc2544 latency count <int>

rfc2544 latency duration <int>

rfc2544 latency rates src <throughput | manually>
(throughput , manually )

rfc2544 latency rates [1-8] < XXXX > <%|kbps|mbps>

/ rfc2544 frameloss enabled < no | yes >

rfc2544 frameloss duration <int>

rfc2544 frameloss steps < XX >

rfc2544 frameloss rates start < XX > <%|kbps|mbps>

rfc2544 frameloss rates stop < XX > <%|kbps|mbps>

/ rfc2544 back2back enabled < no | yes >

rfc2544 back2back count <int>

rfc2544 back2back duration <int>

rfc2544 back2back rates src <throughput | manually>
(throughput , manually )

rfc2544 back2back rates [1-8] < XXXX > <%|kbps|mbps>

rfc2544 advanced wait <int>
rfc2544 advanced learn <int>
rfc2544 start
RFC 2544
rfc2544 stop
RFC 2544
-ET.
170

D.3. (TELNET) ()
Y.1564
y1564 topology tx < a | b | remote >
y1564 topology rx < a | b | remote >

IP-
y1564 topology remote ip <i.i.i.i>

y1564 nservices < 1 10 >
y1564 service < 1 10 >
y1564 header src mac <XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX>
MAC-
y1564 header src ip <i.i.i.i>
IP-
UDP-
y1564 header src udp <int>

y1564 header dst mac <XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX>
MAC-
y1564 header dst ip <i.i.i.i>
IP-
UDP-
y1564 header dst udp <int>

y1564 header vlan count < off | 1 | 2 | 3 >
y1564 header vlan < 1 | 2 | 3 > id <int>
y1564 header vlan < 1 | 2 | 3 > priority <int>
VLAN

VLAN

y1564 header mpls count < off | 1 | 2 | 3 >
MPLS-
y1564 header mpls [1-3] label <int>
MPLS-

DSCP- IP (. . C.4)
y1564 header mpls [1-3] cos <int>

y1564 header mpls [1-3] ttl <int>
y1564 header diffserv < prec+tos | dscp >
y1564 header dscp <int>
y1564 header precedence <int>
y1564 header tos <int>
y1564 serv_setup cir <int> <%|kbps|mbps>
y1564 serv_setup eir <int> <%|kbps|mbps>
y1564 sac flr <float>
y1564 sac ftd <int>

IP

CIR
(
, , 1e-7)
(
)
-ET.
171
D.3. (TELNET) ()
y1564 sac fdv <int>
y1564 sac avail <float> <%>
y1564 tests cfg duration <int>

y1564 tests cfg cir < on | off >
y1564 tests cfg steps <int>

( )
( , 4- )
(
)
/ CIR
CIR
y1564 tests cfg eir < on | off >

y1564
y1564
y1564
y1564
y1564
y1564
/ EIR
/ Traffic
tests cfg traf_policing < on | off >
Policing
tests perf enabled < yes | no >
tests perf duration <HH:MM:SS>
copy < 1 10 > < 1 10 >

start
Y.1564
stop
Y.1564

ctraf header mpls tx count < off | 1 | 2 | 3 >
ctraf header mpls tx [1-3] label <int>
ARP
IP
DSCP
ctraf header mpls tx [1-3] cos <int>

ctraf header mpls tx [1-3] ttl <int>
ctraf header autoarp < off | on >
ctraf header diffserv < prec+tos | dscp >

ctraf header dscp text
DSCP, 8
ctraf nstreams <int>
ctraf stream <int>
ctraf topology tx < a | b | remote >
ctraf topology rx < a | b | remote >

IP-
ctraf topology ip <i.i.i.i>
-ET.
172

D.3. (TELNET) ()
ctraf duration <int>
ctraf header src mac <XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX>
MAC-
ctraf header src ip <i.i.i.i>
IP-
UDP-
ctraf header src udp <int>

ctraf header dst mac <XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX>
MAC-
ctraf header dst ip <i.i.i.i>
IP-
UDP-
ctraf header dst udp <int>

ctraf header vlan count < off | 1 | 2 | 3 >
VLAN
VLAN

( )

(/, /c %)
ctraf header vlan [1-3] id <int>

ctarf header vlan [1-3] priority <int>
ctraf header precedence <int>
ctraf header tos text
ctraf rate <int>
ctraf rate <int> <unit>
ctraf frame <int>
ctraf start
ctraf stop
BERT
bert header mpls tx count < off | 1 | 2 | 3 >
bert header mpls tx [1-3] label <int>
bert header mpls tx [1-3] cos <int>

bert header mpls tx [1-3] ttl <int>
bert header mpls rx count < off | 1 | 2 | 3 >
bert header mpls rx [1-3] label <int>
ARP
IP
DSCP
bert header autoarp < off | on >
bert header diffserv < prec+tos | dscp >
-ET.
173
D.3. (TELNET) ()
bert header dscp text
DSCP, 8
bert header src mac <XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX>
MAC-
bert header src ip <i.i.i.i>
IP-
UDP-
bert header src udp <int>

bert header dst mac <XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX>
MAC-
bert header dst ip <i.i.i.i>
IP-
UDP-
bert header dst udp <int>

bert header vlan count < off | 1 | 2 | 3 >
bert header vlan [1-3] id <int>
bert header vlan [1-3] priority <int>
bert header precedence <int>
bert header tos text
bert frame random min <int>
bert frame random max <int>

bert frame constant <int>
bert frame type < constant | random >
bert topology tx < a | b | remote >
VLAN
VLAN

bert topology rx < a | b | remote >

IP-
bert topology ip <i.i.i.i>
OSI, bert level < 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 >

bert pattern < user | crtp | 2e11-1 | 2e15-1 | 2e20-1 | 2e23-1
| 2e29-1 | 2e31-1 >
bert user-pattern hex
bert rate
bert duration <hh.mm.ss>
bert start
BERT
bert stop
BERT
-ET.
174

D.3. (TELNET) ()
jitter txgen < off | on >

jitter port < a | b >
jitter threshold <int>
jitter duration <hh.mm.ss>
jitter start
jitter stop

/
,

txgen header mpls tx count < off | 1 | 2 | 3 >
txgen header mpls tx [1-3] label <int>
ARP
IP
DSCP
txgen header mpls tx [1-3] cos <int>

txgen header mpls tx [1-3] ttl <int>
txgen header autoarp < off | on >
txgen header diffserv < prec+tos | dscp >

txgen header dscp text
DSCP, 8
txgen header src mac <XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX>
MAC-
txgen header src ip <i.i.i.i>
IP-
UDP-
txgen header src udp <int>

txgen header dst mac <XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX>
MAC-
txgen header dst ip <i.i.i.i>
IP-
UDP-
txgen header dst udp <int>

txgen header vlan count < off | 1 | 2 | 3 >
txgen header vlan [1-3] id <int>
txgen header vlan [1-3] priority <int>
txgen header precedence <int>
txgen header tos text
VLAN
VLAN

-ET.
175
D.3. (TELNET) ()
,

txgen port < a | b >

txgen frame random min <int>
txgen frame random max <int>

txgen frame constant <int>
txgen frame type < constant | random >
txgen frame <int>
txgen duration <hh.mm.ss>
txgen rate
txgen start
txgen stop
2
/
,
MAC- loopback < a | b > mac swap < off | on >

MAC-
loopback < a | b > mac replace < off | source | destination
( | | |
| src+dst >
)
MAC-, loopback < a | b > mac src <XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX>
Source MAC
Address Ethernet-
MAC-, loopback < a | b > mac dst <XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX>
Destination
MAC Address Ethernet-
loopback < a | b > vlan replace < off | id | priority | id+pr VLAN-
>
( | id | | id+)

loopback < a | b > vlan id <int>
VLAN
loopback < a | b > vlan priority <int>
loopback < a | b > layer < off | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 >
2
settings apply reboot.
-ET.
176

D.3. (TELNET) ()
IP-
loopback < a | b > ip replace < off | source | destination
( | | |
| src+dst >
)
IP-, Source IP
loopback < a | b > ip src <i.i.i.i>
Address Ethernet-
IP-,
loopback < a | b > ip dst <i.i.i.i>
Destination IP
Address Ethernet-
loopback < a | b > tos replace < off | tos | precedence |
ToS
tos+prec >
,
Type of Service
loopback < a | b > tos flags <bin>
Ethernet-
,
Precedence
loopback < a | b > tos precedence <int>
Ethernet-
passthrough < off | on >
3
/
network a dhcp < off | on >

DHCP A
network a ip <i.i.i.i>
network a subnet <i.i.i.i>
network a gateway <i.i.i.i>
network a dns <i.i.i.i>
network b dhcp < off | on >
network b ip <i.i.i.i>
network b subnet <i.i.i.i>
network b gateway <i.i.i.i>
network b dns <i.i.i.i>
lan dhcp < off | on >
lan ip <i.i.i.i>
IP- A

A
IP- A
IP- ,
DNS, A
/
DHCP B
IP- B

B
IP- B
IP- ,
DNS, B
/
DHCP LAN
IP- LAN
3
settings apply reboot.
-ET.
177
D.3. (TELNET) ()

LAN
IP- lan gateway <i.i.i.i>
LAN
/ network mpls < off | on >

gbe a speed < automatic | 10 | 100 | 1000 >
A
lan subnet <i.i.i.i>
gbe a state <off|on>
/ A
gbe a mac <XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX>
MAC- A

B
gbe b speed < automatic | 10 | 100 | 1000 >

gbe b state <off|on>
/ B
gbe b mac <XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX>
MAC- B
lan mac <XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX>
MAC- LAN
lan vlan count < off | 1 | 2 | 3 >
VLAN
12- VLAN

lan vlan < 1 | 2 | 3 > id < int >

lan vlan < 1 | 2 | 3 > priority < int >
gbe < a | b > vlan count < off | 1 | 2 | 3 >
gbe < a | b > vlan < 1 | 2 | 3 > id < int >
gbe < a | b > vlan < 1 | 2 | 3 > priority < int >
gbe <a | b > mpls tx lsr <i.i.i.i>
gbe <a | b > mpls tx rule < off | on >
VLAN
12- VLAN

IP-
,

/

gbe <a | b > mpls tx subnet <i.i.i.i>
IP-
gbe <a | b > mpls tx mask <i.i.i.i>
gbe <a | b > mpls tx stack count < off | 1 | 2 | 3 >
gbe <a | b > mpls tx stack [1-3] label <int>
gbe <a | b > mpls tx stack [1-3] cos <int>

gbe <a | b > mpls tx stack [1-3] ttl <int>
gbe <a | b > mpls rx count < off | 1 | 2 | 3 >
gbe <a | b > mpls rx [1-3] label <int>
-ET.
178

D.3. (TELNET) ()
profile rename [n] [name]

n

n

n
n
n

index, name,
data, status, index , ,
name , data , status ( )
profile save [n]

profile lock [n]
profile unlock [n]
profile load [n]
profile delete [n]
profile list
profile show [n]
exit
help
time HH:MM:SS
date DD-MM-YYYY
-ET.
179
E.

E.1. -ET
, 320240
(25 )

USB-
12

1 A
4 NiMH , .
- 4,8 , 4300 .
5 A
Gigabit Ethernet
210/100/1000 Base-T SFP

USB, LAN 10/100 Ethernet
62,5 6250 (100 ppm)
1G Ethernet
20010144

0,640

035
-10...+45

4090 %,
E.2. -ET
: Throughput ( ),

Frame Loss ( ), Back-to-Back ( RFC 2544
), Latency ().
: 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024, 1280 1518
, .
-ET.
180

E.2. -ET ()
Ping (-), Traceroute (), DNS lookup

( ), TCP-.
(PHY), (MAC) (loopback) (IP) VLAN .
, ,

.
BERT
bit error rate (
).
, .
.
,
.
, TELNET, WWW-.

, ,
.

, .

, .
IP-
-ET.
181
F.
F.1.
-

,

12
- -
, , ,
-ET.
182
-ET.
183
G.
10Base-T
10 / Ethernet
.
100Base-T (100Base-TX)
100 / Ethernet
.
1000Base-T
1000 / (1 /)
Ethernet .
Back-to-back
. , ,
.
ARP
Address Resolution Protocol ( ).
, IP- (
) MAC- ( )
TCP/IP. RFC 826 [3].
Auto-negotiation
. , .
CSMA/CD
Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (
).

, Ethernet.
DHCP
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol ( ). , IP- ,
-ET.
184
TCP/IP.
DNS
Domain Name System ( ). ( ),
IP-. DNS TCP/IP.
DUT
Device Under Test. .
EIR
Excess Information Rate. .
Ethernet
.
IEEE 802.3.
Frame loss rate
. , ,
-
.
FTP
File Transfer Protocol ( ). , .
Full-duplex
. ,
.
Gateway
. ,
, .
Half-duplex
. , , , .
ICMP
Internet Control Message Protocol ( ). ,
TCP/IP. ,
-ET.
185
.
IEEE 802.1Q
, Ethernet,
VLAN .
IP
Internet Protocol ( Internet).
TCP/IP, , .
IP address
Internet Protocol address. () , TCP/IP. 32- .
Jabber-
1518 , .
Jumbo-
1518 . ,
, , , .
LAN
Local Area Network ( ). , (, Ethernet). ( 10 /
/) .
LD
Latency Deviation. .
LoT
Latency over Time. .
MAC address
Media Access Control address. ,
.
Ethernet 48- MAC-.
-ET.
186
MDI
Medium Dependent Interface (,
). Ethernet-, .
MDI-X
Medium Dependent Interface with Crossover (,
). Ethernet-
RJ-45, .
MPLS
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (
). IP-, .
NUT
Network Under Test. .
OAM
Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (, ). .
OSI
Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model ( ). (ISO) .
,
.
RJ
Registered Jack. , .
RJ-45
Registered Jack,
Ethernet .
Runt-
64 .
-ET.
187
SFP
Small Form-factor Pluggable. , .

, .
SLA
Service Level Agreement. , .
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol ( ). , TCP/IP
.
TDM
Time Division Multiplexing (
). ,
; .
Throughput
. , , ,
DUT, ,
.
ToS
Type of Service ( ).
IP-. ,
, .
Traceroute
, TCP/IP, ICMP.
UDP
User Datagram Protocol ( ).
IP,
.
-ET.
188
VLAN
Virtual Local Area Network ( ). , ,
.
VLAN ID
VLAN Identifier (VID). 12- VLAN,
802.1Q [1]. VLAN, .
VLAN Priority
, . ([1]).

.

, .

Data Link layer. ,
.
, .

, MAC- . ,
, .. . MAC- ,
.

, . .
OSI.

, . , , .
-ET.
189

Network layer. .
,
, ,
.

Transport layer.
. ,
,
.

Physical layer.
. .

,
, .
-ET.
190
-ET.
191
[1] IEEE Std 802.1Q, IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area
networks Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks.
[2] RFC 791, Postel, J., Internet Protocol, DARPA, September 1981.
[3] RFC 826, Plummer, D., Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol or
converting network protocol addresses to 48.bit Ethernet address for
transmission on Ethernet hardware, November 1982.
[4] RFC 1349, Almquist, P., Type of Service in the Internet Protocol Suite,
July 1992.
[5] RFC 2544, Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect
Devices, S. Bradner and J. McQuaid, March 1999.
[6] RFC 4689, Terminology for Benchmarking Network-layer Traffic Control
Mechanisms, S. Poretsky, October 2006.
[7] ITU-T O.150 (05/96), General requirements for instrumentation for
performance measurements on digital transmission equipment.
[8] IEEE 802.3ah, Ethernet in the First Mile Task Force.
[9] IEEE 802.3, Part 3: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD) access method and Physical Layer specifications.
[10] ITU-T Y.1564 (03/2011), Ethernet service activation test
methodology.
[11] RFC 2597, Assured Forwarding PHB Group, J. Heinanen, F. Baker,
W. Weiss, J. Wroclawski, June 1999.
[12] RFC 2598, An Expedited Forwarding PHB, V. Jacobson, K. Nichols,
K. Poduri, June 1999.
[13] RFC 3168, The Addition of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to
IP, K. Ramakrishnan, S. Floyd, D. Black, September 2001.
[14] ITU-T Y.1563 (01/2009), Ethernet frame transfer and availability
performance.
-ET.
192
-ET.

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show rfc2544 header src udp

show rfc2544 header src mac

show rfc2544 header src ip

show rfc2544 header dst udp

show rfc2544 header dst mac

show rfc2544 header dst ip

show rfc2544 header vlan count

show rfc2544 header vlan [1-3] id