Allison Bowden (904137897)

IPM Progressive Paper

4/26/12
Installment 1
I have decided to do my Progressive Paper on Grape Pest Management. Im excited
for
an excuse to explore Viticulture in greater depth. I also found a fascinating book
that
seems to be full of amazing information very relevant to this project. It specifically
speaks in regards to the grape growing industry in California.
Grapes, scientifically referred to as Vitis vinifera, belong to the sub genus Euvitis and
the
family Vitaceae (Creasy, pg 2-4). This is the most commonly grown grape used for
wine
and table consumption. It is native to Europe. I have chosen to focus on these three
major pests for the purpose of this project.
1) Branch and Twig Borer (Flaherty, pg. 121)
Family: wood-boring beetles
Melalqus confertus (LeConte)
Coleoptera: Bostrichidae
2) Grape Bud Beetle (Flaherty, pg 129)
Glyptoscelis squamulata Crotch
Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae
3) Grape Leaffolder (Flaherty, pg 133)
Desmia funeralis (Hubner)
Lepidoptera: Pyralidae
Installment 2 and 3
Branch and Twig Borer (Melalqus confertus)
Melaqus confertus is found throughout California and Oregon, it is associated with
many species of cultivated and native trees and shrubs (pg 121). As Larvae,
Branch and Twig Borers can be a problem as they mine into the dead wood of trees
and shrubs. This seems to particularly pertain to agricultural grapes where they
mine into poorly pruned vines, poorly disposed of woody debris in the vineyards,
and wooded land close by. These can all provide good hosts, harboring potential
outbreaks of the Branch and Twig Borer as a pest.
As Larvae, the most direct damage seems to come from extreme cases where they
mine into scars from previous pruning to such a degree that strong winds can twist
or break the vines. As a pest, the Branch and Twig Borer does its greatest damage as

an adult. Adults will burrow into the crotch or bud axils, weakening the twig and
ruining the bud, both of which can have great consequences in grape yield.
Branch and Twig Borer is in general a sporadic pest. Once it develops a strong
establishment it can become present. There is no control action threshold for this
pest. This seems to be directly related to how the vineyard is managed. A proactive
system that eliminates host either within the cultivated area or nearby wooded
hosts will prevent damaging infestation- keep the scene clean. Chemical control
is normally not necessary if good cultural controls are practiced (pg 123). Branch
and Twig Borers are monitored by observing the visible adults walking around on
the vines. They are active around the month of March, April, and May. When
pruning, it is a good time to look for larvae damage in the wood.
Grape Bud Beetle (Glyptoscelis squamulata)
The Grape Bud Beetle has been found on poplar trees, willow, tamarisk, mesquite,
desert mallow, cheesewood, beans, corn, alfalfa, roses, peach and wild grapes. As a
pest, V. vinifera is its only known commercial host. While the Grape Bud Beetle will
feed on buds and leaves, its feeding on opening bud centers, causing their sterility,
is where they cause their greatest crop damage.
Grape Bud Beetles are long lived, emerging as early as January and living through
March. Observance of the Beetles needs to continue over time, as the population
will always slowly increase. The economic thresholds have been studied on
different cultivars of V. vinifera. Thompson Seedless Grapes require control
measures when 1-3 Beetles are found per vine. Beauty and Perlette Flame Seedless
and Cardinal vineyards require control intervention when 1 to 2 adult beetles are
found per vine (pg 132).
It is important to note that activity of these Beetles is at night and will continue with
the same patterns like clockwork, regardless of difficult weather. Monitoring is of
particular importance during bud break. Once the new growth is over 1 1 inch
long, economic thresholds can be disregarded, as they are no longer a threat to the
plants. Conveniently, most plants will reach this stage before peak Beetle
emergence. Treatment may be wise for management of next years yield if the
Beetles are present in large numbers.
Glyptoscelis squamulata are very immobile in their life habits. Nearly 300 beetles
emerged in some traps and only a few beetles in other traps in the same vineyard
(pg 132). This is another important characteristic when monitoring and applying
treatment to these pests. These seem to be sporadic pests that occur in very
pocketed areas of the field. The book, Grape Pest Management suggests this as a
reason for keeping a good log of these pests year after year.
Grape Leaffolder (Desmia Funeralis)
The Grape Leaffolder causes its greatest damage during its larval stage. By literally
rolling the leaves, it will inhibit photosynthetic function of the vines and cause sun
damage to the grapes. This is of particular concern to the aesthetic dependence of
the table grape. Because of the style of damage, the Leaffolder is easy to monitor
and control, resulting in economic damage only in extreme cases. It is a sporadic
pest. The Grape Leaffolder has also been found on wild grapes, evening primrose,

Virginia creeper and redbud. Its population tends to vary yearly, though reasons are
unknown. Native to the East Coast, it has few natural enemies in California.
Desmia Funeralis produces three broods each season, each of which needs to be
monitored. While there is no official established economic threshold, there have
been tolerance levels established. Thrompson seedless can tolerate 20% leaf loss a
month after fruit set, and more if even later (pg 134). Emperor grapes can tolerate
200 leaf rolls per vine in 2nd or 3rd broods, spanning June-September (pg 134).
Through night monitoring of adult moths, and larvae appearance, action can take
place before damage has accrued. Larvae population will appear 7-10 days before
any actual damage. Treatment can be applied in pocketed areas. In general, each
brood increases one to fivefold over the previous brood (pg 138). In regards to
natural surroundings, the Grape Leaffolder prefers the native North American grape
over the cultivated varieties.
Installment 1 (re-due)
I have decided to do my Progressive Paper on Grape Pest Management. Im excited
for an excuse to explore Viticulture in greater depth.
Grapes, scientifically referred to as Vitis vinifera, belong to the sub genus Euvitis and
the family Vitaceae (Creasy, pg 2-4). This is the most commonly grown grape used
for wine and table consumption. It is native to Europe. I have chosen to focus on
these three major pests for the purpose of this project.
1) Japanese Beetle (Wolf, pg 247)
Popillia japonica (Newman)
Coleoptera: Scarabidae
2) Grape Berry Moth (Wolf, pg 242)
Paralobesia viteana (Clemens)
Lepidoptera: Tortricidae
3) Grape Root Borer (Wolf, pg 258)
Vitacea polistiformis (Harris)
Lepidoptera: Sesiidae
Installment 4 and 5
Grapes, due to their wide area of growth along with wide range of pests; does not
necessarily have a particular spray program that is implemented every year like
clockwork.

Japanese Beetle

Chemical Control apply when beetles are common

-Sevin 50WP Carbamates, central nervous system synaptic poison: acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
Sevin XLR PLUS Carbamate
Surround 95WP
Imidan 70WP Organo Phosphates, central nervous system synaptic poison:
acetlcholinesterase inhibitor
Belay 50 WDG
Actara 25WDG Neonicotinoids, nerve poisons: nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
agonistis/antagonists.
Assail 70WP Neonicotinoid
Avaunt 30DG Nerve poison, sodium channel blocker, bioactivated.
Neemix 4.5
Trilogy
What Biological control options are available?
Tipha wasps: (Pfeiffer pg 248)
-Ectoparasidoids on grubs
-Introduced and or US native?
-Inoculated into the field or conserved?
-Commercially available?
Tachinid fly istocheta Aldrichi Mesnil: ( Pfeifferpg 248)
-Parasitize adult beetles
-US native
-Conserved with beneficial planting. They enjoy carrot flowers, cilantro, dill,
coriander, buckwheat and sweet clover.
-Not commercially available.
Ants:
-Predators of eggs
-Native
-Conserved
Paenibacillus popillaev (Dutky) (Pfeiffer pg248)
-Bacterium used against larvae.
Grape Berry Moth
Chemical Control
-Intrepid 2F (methoxyfenozide) Molt accelerating
-Tourismo
-Entrust 80WP spinosad Insecticide Oral LD50 >5000, Dermal LD50>2000
-Delegate 25WG
-Altacor 35WDG
-Imidan 70WP Organo phosphate
-Belay 50WDG

-SPLAT-GBM: For mating distruption, apply when themperatures are between 6080 degrees and no rain is expected within 1 to two hours.
-Avaunt 30DG Dermal LD50 >5000 Nerve poision (indoxacarb) Sodium channel
blocker, bioactivated.
-Sevin XLR Carbamate
-Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) Gut disrupter.
-Mating Disruption, trap and insecticide program
What Biological control options are available?
Trichogramma minutum (Pfeiffer pg 244)
-Egg parasite
-US native
-Inoculated
-Commercially available
Grape Root Borer
Grape Root Borer is difficult to control. It is most susceptible to control between egg
hatching and larval establishment.
-appply when beetles appear in late June, early July.
-Sevin XLR PLUS Carbamates.
-Lorsban 4E
Organophospate chlorpyrifos (Pfeiffer pg 258)
- Chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion
-Toxicity (LD50)
-Interferes with the neuromuscular junction resulting in paralysis.
- Long half life along with a pH influence. Long term aquatic life degradation from
run-off (at a minimum). (B. Liu)
What Biological control options are available?
Entomoathogenic nematodes: Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and
Steinernema carpocapsea have only shown promise in laboratory studies. (Pfeiffer

Work Cited
Creasy, G L, and Leroy L. Creasy. Grapes. Wallingford, UK: CABI, 2009. Print.
Flaherty, Donald L. Grape Pest Management. Oakland, Calif: University of
California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 1992. Print.
Wolf, Tony K. Editor. Wine Grape Production Guide for Eastern North
America. Ithaca, N.Y: Natural Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Service
(NRAES) Cooperative Extension, 2008. Print.

B. Liu, L.L. McConnell, A. Torrents, Hydrolysis of chlorpyrifos in natural waters of the

Chesapeake Bay, Chemosphere, Volume 44, Issue 6, September 2001, Pages 13151323, ISSN 0045-6535, 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00506-3.
(http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653500005063)
Pfeiffer, D.G. (2008). Major insects and mite pests of grape in Eastern North
America. p 241-261, 307-313. In: T.K. Wolf (ed.). Wine Grape Production Guide for
Eastern North America, Natural Resource, Agriculture, and Engineering Service
(NRAES), Ithaca, NY.
Pfeiffer Douglas G. , Extension Entomologist, Virginia Tech
Anton B. Baudoin, Plant Pathologist, Virginia Tech J. Christopher Bergh, Extension
Entomologist, Alson H. Smith Jr. ARECMizuho Nita, Extension Plant Pathologist,
Alson H. Smith Jr. AREC, 2012 Diseases and Insects in Vineyards
Stuart, John. "Tachinid Flies." Mother Earth News 205 (2004): 109. Academic
Search Complete. Web. 14 Apr. 2012.
2012 Ohio Vegtable Production Guide, Pesticide Information and Safety,
http://ohioline.osu.edu/b672/pdf/Pesticide.pdf