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CICLOS DE POTENCIA DE
VAPOR Y CICLOS
COMBINADOS
Objetivo General
Realizar anlisis de ciclos de potencia de Vapor y Ciclos
Combinados
Objetivos
Evaluar el desempeo de los ciclos de potencia de gas para el
cual el fluido de trabajo permanece como gas durante todo el
ciclo.
Analizar los ciclos de potencia de vapor en los cuales el fluido de
trabajo se evapora y condensa alternadamente.
Analizar la generacin de energa acoplada con el proceso de
calentamiento llamado cogeneracn.
CONTENIDO
4.1. EL CICLO DE VAPOR DE CARNOT
4.2. CICLO RANKINE: EL CICLO IDEAL PARA LOS CICLOS DE
POTENCIA DE VAPOR
4.3. DESVIACIN DE LOS CICLOS DE POTENCIA DE VAPOR
REALES RESPECTO DE LOS IDEALIZADOS
4.4. CMO INCREMENTAR LA EFICIENCIA DEL CICLO
RANKINE?
4.5. EL CICLO RANKINE IDEAL CON RECALENTAMIENTO
4.6. EL CICLO RANKINE IDEAL REGENERATIVO
4.7. COGENERACIN
EJERCICIO 1
El ciclo Rankine ideal simple
Considere una central elctrica de vapor que opera en el ciclo
Rankine ideal simple. El vapor de agua entra a la turbina a 3 MPa y
350 C y es condensado en el condensador a una presin de 75
kPa. Determine la eficiencia trmica de este ciclo.
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po
Por
tabla
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a) Desviacin del ciclo real de potencia de vapor respecto del ciclo Rankine ideal.
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b) Efecto de las irreversibilidades de la bomba y la turbina en el ciclo Rankine ideal.
EJERCICIO 2
Un ciclo de potencia de vapor real
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EJERCICIO 3
Efecto de la presin y la temperatura de la caldera sobre la
eficiencia
Considere una central elctrica de vapor que opera con el ciclo
Rankine ideal. El vapor entra a la turbina a 3 MPa y 350 C y se
condensa en el condensador a una presin de 10 kPa. Determine a)
la eficiencia trmica de esta central elctrica, b) la eficiencia trmica
si el vapor se sobrecalienta a 600 C en lugar de 350 C, c) la
eficiencia trmica si la presin de la caldera se eleva a 15 MPa
mientras la temperatura de entrada de la turbina se mantiene en
600 C.
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The closed feedwater heaters are more complex because of the internal tubing
network, and thus they are more expensive. Heat transfer in closed feedwater
heaters is less effective since the two streams are not allowed to be in direct contact.
However, closed feedwater heaters do not require a separate pump for each heater
since the extracted steam and the feedwater can be at different pressures.
A steam power plant with one open
and three closed feedwater heaters.
Open feedwater
heaters are simple
and inexpensive
and have good
heat transfer
characteristics. For
each heater,
however, a pump is
required to handle
the feedwater.
Most steam power
plants use a
combination of
open and closed
feedwater heaters.
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COGENERATION
Many industries require energy input in the form of heat, called process
heat. Process heat in these industries is usually supplied by steam at 5 to
7 atm and 150 to 200C. Energy is usually transferred to the steam by
burning coal, oil, natural gas, or another fuel in a furnace.
Industries that use large amounts
of process heat also consume a
large amount of electric power.
It makes sense to use the alreadyexisting work potential to produce
power instead of letting it go to
waste.
The result is a plant that produces
electricity while meeting the
process-heat requirements of
certain industrial processes
(cogeneration plant)
A simple process-heating plant.
Cogeneration: The production of more than one useful form of energy
(such as process heat and electric power) from the same energy source.
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Utilization
factor
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The continued quest for higher thermal efficiencies has resulted in rather
innovative modifications to conventional power plants.
A popular modification involves a gas power cycle topping a vapor power cycle,
which is called the combined gasvapor cycle, or just the combined cycle.
The combined cycle of greatest interest is the gas-turbine (Brayton) cycle topping
a steam-turbine (Rankine) cycle, which has a higher thermal efficiency than
either of the cycles executed individually.
The combined cycle increases the efficiency without increasing the initial cost
greatly. Consequently, many new power plants operate on combined cycles, and
many more existing steam- or gas-turbine plants are being converted to
combined-cycle power plants.
Informacin Clave
Cogeneracin
ACTIVIDADES
Resuelve los siguientes ejercicios:
1. Considere un ciclo Rankine ideal simple. Si la presin del
condensador disminuye manteniendo igual el estado a la entrada de la
turbina,
a) la produccin de trabajo de la turbina disminuir
b) la cantidad de trabajo rechazado disminuir
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1 ml = 1 cm3
1 gl = 3.7854 l
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