Chapter 10

Exploring Geometric Figures

and Relationships
Presented by: Andrea Boyd and Marie Ramirez

The van Hiele Levels and Geometric

(Plane) Figures
A Dutch couple, Pierre and Dina
van Hiele in the late 1950s
introduced a model of 5 stages
through which children progress in
their acquisition of spatial or
geometric ideas.

The van Hiele Levels

Level 0- Visualization (pre-k-Grade 1) Children use the appearance of a figure
or object to classify or identify the figure or object.
Level 1- Analysis (Grades 1-3) Children begin to consider properties of a
figure or object other than their immediate appearance.
Level 2- Informal Deduction (Grades 2-6) Children can see the
interrelationships between figures. They are also capable of following and
conceiving intuitive proofs.
Level 3- Deduction (Grades 4-adult) Students can understand and write
logical proof arguments.
Level 4- Rigor (adult) Students are capable of making abstract deductions and
working in an axiomatic system. This is the level of a college geometry course.

Points and Lines

Points
A point has no shape or dimension but
they are usually drawn as dots and
labeled with uppercase letters.
Lines
A line is a straight path that is endless in
both directions. Given any two points,
there is a unique line that contains two
points.

P
A

Rays and Segments

Rays
A ray is a subset of a line that includes
one point called an endpoint of the ray
and also includes all points of the line
lying to one side of that endpoint.

Segments
A line segment is a part of a line that
has two endpoints.

Planes
If three points do not all lie on
the same line they are noncollinear. Those three points
will determine three lines,
which also determines a
plane.
A plane is two dimensional.

Parallel Lines & Intersecting Lines

Parallel Lines
Always the same distance apart
and never touching

Intersecting Lines
When lines intersect, they form
an angle.
http://www.mathlearningcenter.org/web-apps/geoboard/

Angles

Perpendicular Lines
If 2 intersecting lines form 4 equal
angles of 90 degrees, also known as
right angles, the lines are
perpendicular.

Rectangular Coordinate System

To understand the rectangular coordinate system we
need to understand the terms rows and columns.

This is a row of stars

This is a column
of apples

Cartesian Coordinate System

(also known as the
rectangular coordinate
system) is made up of 2
number lines called axes.
The horizontal number
line is called the x-axis
and the vertical number
line is called the y-axis.

Closed, Open, and Simple Curves

Closed curve- its
beginning and end
coincide

Simple curve- does

not intersect itself

Polygons
A Polygon is a simple
closed curve made up
of line segments
joined at their
endpoints. The
segments are called
sides and the
endpoints where the
sides meet up are
called vertices.

http://www.mathlearningcenter.org/webapps/geoboard/

Lets Make
Some
Polygons!

Space Figures
3 Dimensional
Length, Width, Height and Volume
Can be hollow or solid
Types of Space Figures
1. Spheres
2. Cones and Pyramids
3. Cylinders and Prisms

Spheres
All set of points at constant distance from
center points.

Cones and Pyramids

Base that is any region of a plane bounded by
a simple closed curve; the side of the cone is
generated by line segments from the closed
curve of the base to a point called the apex.
Face
Edge
Vertex

Cone vs. Pyramid?

Cylinders and Prisms

Two congruent bases on parallel planes with all
line segments joined together.
Cylinder vs. Prism?

Nets of Common Space Figures

Congruence and Similarity

Two Definitions of Congruent
1. Same shape, same size
2. Two plane figures if one can
be moved so the figures coincide
Triangles
o

AAA or SSA?

Similarity - same shape but not the same size

Motions - Transformations
Three Types
1. Translations - slide in one direction
2. Rotations - turns rotated around a point
3. Reflections - flips across a reflection line

Smart Exchange - Transformations

Symmetry
Three Types
1. Line - when reflected across a line
2. Turn/Rotational - when rotated to n-degree
3. Slide - when slid across to create pattern