Chapter 10: The High Middle Ages, 10001300

Chapter Outline

I.

Church Reform and Spiritual Renewal

A. Reform From Within
1. A Desire to Change
a. In 10th century, inspired by Cluny, some church leaders advocated for
reforms.
b. In 11th century, Clunys monks helped direct church and papal policy,
prescribing a stricter adherence to celibacy, a minimal level of literacy,
and a ban on the purchase of ecclesiastical office.
2. Not for Sale
a. Simony was condemned.
b. By the end of 11th century, the Cluniac Order collapsed because of its own
success.
3. The Cistercians
a. New reformers sought to revive the standards
b. Saint Bernard of Clairveaux one of the most famous preachers of the
Middle Ages
B. The Church and Secular Authority
1. The Reform Begins
a. Pope Leo deposed the bishops and priests who got their positions by
simony and attacked clerical marriage.
b. Pope Gregory VII decreed that only the Pope had the authority to appoint
clergy to offices.
c. The ceremony of investiture; Gregory being removed from office and
Henry IV being excommunicated by the Gregory.
2. Canossa
a. Henry met the Pope at Canossa in 1077, the end of Investiture
Controversy.
b. In 1122, Gregorys and Henrys successors reached a compromise in the
Concordat of Worms
C. Innocent III and the Fourth Lateran Council
1. Marriages had to be publicly acknowledged and were forbidden between
closely related kin.
2. Jews and Muslims in a Christian World
a. They must wear distinguishing clothing.
b. Jews werent allowed to hold public office.
c. Jews werent allowed to return to their original religion once converting to
Christianity.

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D. Lay Leaders and Friars wandering monks carrying the spirit of reform
throughout Western Europe: the heretical sects of the Waldensians and the
Cathars, the success of Francis, and the Dominicans combating the Cathars.
The Crusades
A. A War to Renew the Church: Pope Urban II preached a just war in 1095
B. Crusading Armies and Crusader States
1. The Poor Peoples Crusade attacked on Jews
2. In 1099, the professional army led by nobles from France, Germany, and
southern Italy captured Jerusalem and massacred almost the entire population.
3. Military Orders: Knights Hospitaller & Knights Templar.
C. Crusades in the East and in Europe
1. A second Crusade was organized to support the gains of the First.
2. Saladin crushed the crusaders at Hattin and recaptured Jerusalem in 1187.
3. Richard I, king of England, and Philip II Augustus of France led the Third
Crusade to recapture Jerusalem, but only seizing the port of Acre on the coast
of Palestine in 1191.
4. Pope Innocent III called for a Fourth Crusade to the Holy Land and seized
Constantinople.
5. European crusades: Reconquista, Albigensian Crusade.
D. The Impact of the Crusades
1. A tremendous loss of life.
2. Merchants of western Europe benefited from contact with the markets of
Palestine and Syria.
The Growth of Royal Authority
A. From Weak Kings to Strong Monarchs
1. The royal domain in France was formed.
2. The consolidation of royal authority in England occurred more swiftly than in
France.
B. The Holy Roman Empire and Frederick II
1. The Holy Roman Empire was formed in 12th century.
2. Fredericks kingdom consisted of the Holy Roman Empire in the north and
Sicily and southern Italy in the south.
C. The Instruments of Rule
1. Chancellor The chief secretary of a kings or popes records.
2. Merchants looked to the Body of Civil Law to supply legal formulas that
would protect the interests of both parties to contracts.
3. Universities began to specialize in teaching law.
4. Englands common law was made applicable everywhere in the kingdom.
The Growth of Towns and Trade
A. Expansion in Agriculture: A combination factors including changing methods of
field management and improvements in agricultural technology led to the increase
in agricultural production.
B. Revival of Trade and Town

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1. Travel on trade routes increased, some towns provided rest and refreshment to
traders.
2. Italian seaports benefited from their proximity to the markets of the eastern
Mediterranean, towns grew fastest in the cities of Flanders.
3. Guilds associations of merchants or craftworkers for mutual protection and
regulation of their field of business.
C. The Interests of Business
1. Merchants and craftworkers in western Europe formed companies.
2. Insurance Merchants developed a variety of contracts that allowed investors
different degrees of involvement and profit.
3. Credit was essential to the economic expansion in 13th century.
D. The Trade in Slaves
1. Christian merchants found the sale of slaves to both Muslims and at home a
good way to make a profit.
2. After the Fourth Crusade in 1204, Greeks, Turks, Tatars, Bulgars, Abkhazians,
Georgians, Russians, Circassians, and many others became sources of slavery.
The Building of Cathedrals and the Spread of Learning
A. The Great Cathedrals
1. The Romanesque style and the Gothic style emerged.
2. Construction of Notre Dame de Paris (Gothic) began in 1163.
B. From Cathedral Schools to Universities
1. Cathedrals established schools where young men could prepare to become
clergy in the late 11th century.
2. Universities replaced cathedral schools because of the large number of
students seeking higher education by 1200.
C. New Learning, New Thinking
1. A new generation of clerical scholars began to pay greater attention to
reasoning in 10th century; Scholasticism.
2. The career of one of the most brilliant scholars of the Middle Ages
exemplifies the intensity of debate.