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Subject :
Telecommunication and
networks
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
AND NETWORKS
TELECOMMUNICATIONS ?
The telegraphic or telephonic
communication of audio, video, or
digital information over a distance by
means of radio waves, optical
signals, etc.
SYSTEM COMPONENTS
COMPUTERS
TERMINALS: Input / output devices
COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS
PROCESSORS: Modems, multiplexers,
front-end processors
COMMUNICATIONS
SOFTWARE
*
PROTOCOL
RULES & PROCEDURES
TO GOVERN TRANSMISSION
BETWEEN COMPONENTS
IN A NETWORK
*
ANALOG SIGNAL
CONTINUOUS WAVEFORM
PASSES THRU SYSTEM
VOICE COMMUNICATIONS
*
DIGITAL SIGNAL
DISCRETE WAVEFORM
TWO DISCRETE STATES:
1-BIT & 0-BIT
ON / OFF PULSE
DATA COMMUNICATION
USES MODEM TO TRANSLATE ANALOG
TO DIGITAL, DIGITAL TO ANALOG
*
0111010011101001010101110111100100010000101111010110
COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
*
FIBER OPTICS
SUPER CLEAR GLASS STRANDS
FAST, LIGHT, DURABLE
TRILLIONS OF BITS PER SECOND, FULL
DUPLEX
EXPENSIVE, HARDER TO INSTALL
OFTEN USED AS BACKBONE OF
NETWORKS
SIGNAL LASER *
CABLE
PHOTO
SIGNAL
DETECTOR
FIBER OPTICS
BACKBONE: Fiber optics cable carries light
signals to distribution nodes, which use
copper wires to user
DENSE WAVE DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
(DWDM): Next-generation, uses many
colors, (up to 160) each a channel, increases
capacity of a fiber to 6.4 terabits per second
*
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
TECHNOLOGIES
*
ORBITING SATELLITES
MICROWAVE
TRANSMISSION
UPLINK
DOWNLINK
COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS
USER
USER
STAR
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
BUS
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
USER
USER USER
USER
RING
LOCAL NETWORKS
PRIVATE BRANCH EXCHANGE (PBX):
firm’s central switching system
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN): dedicated
channels; limited distance (less than 2000
foot radius); higher capacity than PBX. Can
share expensive hardware & software
*
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
GATEWAY: Connection to other networks
ROUTER: Forwards data to other networks
NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEM (NOS):
Manages file server; routes communications on
network
PEER - TO - PEER: In some small networks all
computers have equal power
*
WIDE - AREA NETWORK (WAN)
Network spans large geographic distances.
Can include cable, satellite, microwave
SWITCHED LINES:
Route determined by current traffic
DEDICATED LINES: Constantly available
for high-volume traffic
*
VALUE-ADDED NETWORK
(VAN)
PRIVATE, MULTIPATH, DATA ONLY
3rd PARTY MANAGED
USED BY SEVERAL ORGANIZATIONS
SUBSCRIPTION BASIS
*
NETWORK SERVICES
PACKET SWITCHING
FRAME RELAY
ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE (ATM)
INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK
(ISDN)
SYMMETRIC DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE
CABLE MODEM
T1 LINE
*
PACKET SWITCHING (X.25)
*
FRAME RELAY
PACKAGES DATA INTO BLOCKS
(FRAMES)
HIGH-SPEED TRANSMISSION
RELIABLE LINES
NO ERROR-CORRECTION ROUTINES
*
ASYNCHRONOUS TRANSFER MODE
(ATM)
*
INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL
NETWORK (ISDN)
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD FOR
TRANSMITTING VOICE, VIDEO, DATA
OVER PUBLIC TELEPHONE LINES
*
OTHER SERVICES:
DIGITAL SUBSCRIBER LINE (DSL):
enhancing capacity over copper
telephone lines
CABLE MODEM: modem for cable TV
for high-speed access to Internet
T1 LINE: dedicated telephone
connection, 24 channels @ 1.544
megabits per second
*
OTHER SERVICES:
BROADBAND: High-speed
transmission, multiple channels
NETWORK CONVERGENCE: Enables
simultaneous transmission of voice,
data, video. Attractive for multimedia
applications: Video collaboration, voice-
data call centers, distance learning,
unified messaging
*