MIT OpenCourseWare Electromagnetics and Applications

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6.013/ESD.013J Electromagnetics and Applications, Fall 2005
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6.013, Electromagnetics and Applications
Prof. Markus Zahn
September 27 and 29, 2005
Lectures 6 and 7: Polarization, Conduction, and Magnetization

I. Experimental Observation: Dielectric Media
A. Fixed Voltage - Switch Closed ( v = Vo )
As an insulating material enters a free-space capacitor at constant voltage

more charge flows onto the electrodes; i.e., as x increases, i increases.
B. Fixed Charge - Switch open (i=0)
As an insulating material enters a free space capacitor at constant charge,
the voltage decreases; i.e., as x increases, v decreases.
II. Dipole Model of Polarization
A. Polarization Vector P = N p = N q d
N dipoles/Volume ( P is dipole density)
( p = q d dipole moment)
d
+q
6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 1 of 40
Courtesy of Krieger Publishing. Used with permission.

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 2 of 40
Q inside V =
q N d i da =
S
dV
paired charge or
equivalently
polarization
charge density
Qinside V = P i da = i P dV =
S
dV
(Divergence Theorem)
P = q N d = Np
i P = P
B. Gauss Law
i
( E) =
o
total
= u + P = u i P
Unpaired charge
density; also
called free charge
density
E + P = u
D = o E + P
Displacement Flux Density
i D = u
C. Boundary Conditions

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 3 of 40
D i da =
i D = u
i P = P
dV n i D a Db = su
P i da =
S
i o E = u + P
dV n i P a P b = sp
E i da =
(
V
+ P ) dV n i o Ea Eb = su + sp
D. Polarization Current Density
Q = q N dV = q N d i da = P i da
[Amount of Charge passing through

surface area element da ]
d ip =
Q
P
=
i da
t
t
[Current passing through surface

area element da ]
= Jp i da
polarization current density
Jp =
Amperes law:
x H = Ju + Jp +
= Ju +
P
+
t
= Ju +
o
E + P
t
= Ju +
; D = 0E + P
t

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 4 of 40
III. Equipotential Sphere in a Uniform Electric Field
lim (r, ) = E or cos

r
= Eo z = E or cos
(r = R, ) = 0
R3
(r, ) = Eo r 2 cos
r
This solution is composed of the superposition of a uniform electric field

plus the field due to a point electric dipole at the center of the sphere:
dipole =
p cos
4 or 2
with p = 4 oE oR 3
This dipole is due to the surface charge distribution on the sphere.
s (r = R, ) =
oEr (r = R, ) = o
=
r =R
oEo 1 +
2R 3
r3
cos
r =R
= 3oEo cos

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 5 of 40
IV. Artificial Dielectric
E =
v
,
d
s =
q = s A =
C =
A
d
E =
v
d
q
A
=
v
d
Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.
For spherical array of non-interacting spheres (s >> R)

_
P = 4 o R 3 E o i z Pz = N p z = 4 o R 3 E o N
N= 1
s3
R
o 4 E = e o E
R
e = 4
P=
e (electric susceptibility)
D=
o E + P = o 1 + e E = E
r (relative dielectric constant)
R
= r o = o 1 + e = o 1
+ 4

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 6 of 40
V. Demonstration: Artificial Dielectric

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 7 of 40
E=
v
v
s = E =
d
d
q = s A =
i = C
C =
v C=
V =
( o ) A
d
q
A
=
v
d
v
o
Rs
3
R A
= 4 o
s d
R=1.87 cm, s=8 cm, A= (0.4)2 m2, d=0.15m
=2(250 Hz), Rs=100 k , V=566 volts peak
C=1.5 pf

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 8 of 40
v 0 = C R s V
=(2) (250) (1.5 x 10-12) (105) 566 = 0.135 volts

VI. Plasma Conduction Model (Classical)
m+
p +
dv +
= q + E m + + v +
dt
n+
p
dv
= q E m v
dt
n
p + = n + kT , p = n kT
k=1.38 x 10-23 joules/oK Boltzmann Constant

A. London Model of Superconductivity [ T 0 , 0 ]
m+
dv +
= q+ E
dt
J+ = q+ n + v +
dv
= q E
dt
J = q n v
q+ E
q 2n
dJ +
d
dv +
q + n + v + = q+ n +
= q+ n +
= + + E
=
dt
dt
dt
m+
m+
p2 +
q E
q 2n
dJ
d
dv
=
q n v = q n
= q n
= E
dt
dt
dt
m
m
p2
p2 + =
q + 2 n +
,
m+
p2 =
q 2 n
m
( p = plasma frequency)
For electrons: q-=1.6 x 10-19 Coulombs, m-=9.1 x 10-31 kg

n-=1020/m3 , = o 8.854 x 10 12 farads/m
p =
q2 n
5.6 x 1011 rad/s
m

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 9 of 40
fp =
p
2
9 x 1010 Hz
B. Drift-Diffusion Conduction [Neglect inertia]

0
(n + k T )
q+
dv +
kT
m+
= q+ E m + + v +
v+ =
E
n +
dt
n+
m+ +
m + +n+
(n k T )
q
dv
kT
= q E m v
v =
E
n
dt
n
m
m n
J+ = q + n + v + =
q + 2n +
qkT
n
+
E +
m+ +
m + +
J = q n v =
+ = q+ n + ,
q 2n
qkT
n
E+
m
m
= q n
J+ = + + E D + +
J = E D
+ =
q+
m+ +
q
m
charge molulities
D+ =
D =
kT
m + +
kT
Molecular
Diffusion
Coefficients
D+
D
kT
= thermal voltage (25 mV@ T 300o K)
= =
q
+
Einsteins Relation

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 10 of 40
C. Drift-Diffusion Conduction Equilibrium J+ = J = 0
J+ = 0 = + + E D + + = + + D + +
J = 0 = E D = D
D+
k T
+ =
(ln + )
q
+ +
D
kT
=
(ln )

q
+ = o e q / kT
Boltzmann Distributions
= o e + q / kT
+ ( = 0 ) = ( = 0 ) = o
2 =
( +
+ )
[Potential is zero when system is charge neutral]
q / kT
Small Potential Approximation:
sinh
e+ q / kT =
2o
q
kT
(Poisson - Boltzmann Equation)
sinh
q
<< 1
kT
q q
kT
kT
20q
=0
k T
=0 ;
L d2
Ld =
k T
2 o q

Prof. Markus Zahn
Debye Length
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 11 of 40
D. Case Studies
1. Planar Sheet
d2
2 =0
2
dx
Ld
B.C. ( x ) = 0
= A1 ex / L d + A2 ex / L d
(x) =
( x = 0 ) = Vo

Prof. Markus Zahn
Vo ex / L d
x>0
Vo e+x / Ld
x<0
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 12 of 40
Vo x / L d
e
Ld
Ex =
d
=
dx
x>0
dEx
=
dx
Vo x / Ld
e
Ld
Vo
L d2
V
o
L
2
d
x<0
ex / Ld
x>0
e+x / Ld
x<0
2
Vo
s ( x = 0 ) = Ex ( x = 0+ ) Ex ( x = 0 ) =
L d
2. Point Charge (Debye Shielding)
=0
L d2
r = A1er / Ld + A2 e+r / L d
1 2
r
r2 r r
=
d2
r
(r ) 2 = 0 0
dr 2
Ld
(r ) =
Q
er / L d
4 r
1 2
(r )
r r2
E. Ohmic Conduction
J+ = + + E D + +
J = E D
If charge density gradients small, then negligible + = = o

J = J+ + J = ( + + ) E = o ( + + ) E = E
= ohmic conductivity
J = E (Ohms Law)

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 13 of 40
F. pn Junction Diode
Transition region
Charge density
Electric field
V0
Potential V
An open-circuited pn diode
Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.

= n p =
k T N A ND
ln
q
ni2
(X = 0 ) = p +
= n p =
q NA xp2
2
= n
q ND x n2
2
q NA xp2
q ND x n2
+
2
2
q ND x n
( xn + xp )
2

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 14 of 40

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 15 of 40
VII. Relationship Between Resistance and Capacitance In Uniform Media Described

by and .
C=
D i da
qu
=
v
E i ds
E i ds
v
R= =
i
E i ds
L
J i da
E i ds
RC =
E i ds
E i da
E i da
S
E i da
E i da
E i ds
Check:
Parallel Plate Electrodes: R =

Prof. Markus Zahn
l
,
A
C=
A
l
RC =
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 16 of 40
Coaxial
R=
ln b
a ,
2 l
C=
2 l
ln b
RC =
Concentric Spherical
1
1
R1 R 2
R=
,
4
C=
4
1
1
R1 R 2
RC =

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 17 of 40
VIII. Charge Relaxation in Uniform Conductors
i Ju +
u
=0
t
iE =
Ju = E
i E
u
t
=0
u = 0
e =
u
t
u
t
u
e
= dielectric relaxation time
=0
u = 0
(r, t = 0 ) e t
e
IX. Demonstration 7.7.1 Relaxation of Charge on Particle in Ohmic Conductor

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 18 of 40
J i da = E i da =
qu
dq
dt
dq
q
+
= 0 q = q ( t = 0 ) e t e
e
dt
Partially Uniformly Charged Sphere

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 19 of 40
r < R1
u ( t = 0 ) =
QT =
0
u ( t ) =
r > R1
0 e t e
( e
r < R1
Er (r, t ) =
4
R 13 0
3
= )
r > R1
0 r e t e
Q r e t e
=
3
4 R 13
Q e t e
4 r2
Q
4 0 r2
0 < r < R1
R1 < r < R 2
r > R2
su (r = R 2 ) = 0 Er (r = R 2 + ) Er (r = R 2 )
=
Q
1 e t e
4 R 22
X. Self-Excited Water Dynamos

A. DC High Voltage Generation (Self-Excited)
Courtesy of Herbert Woodson and James Melcher. Used with permission.

Woodson, Herbert H., and James R. Melcher. Electromechanical Dynamics,
Part 2: Fields, Forces, and Motion. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Company,
1968. ISBN: 9780894644597.
Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 20 of 40
From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987.
Used with permission.
Courtesy of Herbert Woodson and James Melcher. Used with permission.

Woodson, Herbert H., and James R. Melcher. Electromechanical Dynamics,
Part 2: Fields, Forces, and Motion. Malabar, FL: Krieger Publishing Company,
1968. ISBN: 9780894644597.
Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 21 of 40
n C i v1 = C
dv 2
dt
v1 = V 1 e st
n C i v 2 = C
dv1
dt
n Ci V 1 = C s V 2
v 2 = V 2 e st
n Ci V 2 = C s V 1
n Ci
Cs
1 V1

=0
n Ci

Cs V2
Det = 0
n Ci
n Ci
=1 s =
C
Cs
root blows up
n Ci
eC
Any perturbation grows exponentially with time
B. AC High Voltage Self Excited Generation
From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.
dv 2
dt
dv 3
n C i v 2 = C
dt
dv1
n C i v 3 = C
dt
n C i v1 = C
n Ci
Cs
Cs
n Ci
0
v1 = V 1 e st
v 2 = V 2 e st
v 3 = V 3 e st
Cs
n Ci
V1

V2 = 0

V3

det = 0
Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 22 of 40
(n Ci )
1
n Ci
3
3
+ ( Cs ) = 0 s =
( 1)
C
s1 = n Ci C (exponentially decaying solution)
( 1)
13
s2, 3 =
= 1,
1 3j
2
n Ci
1 3 j (blows up exponentially because sreal >0 ; but also
2C
oscillates at frequency simag 0)
XI. Conservation of Charge Boundary Condition
i Ju +
u
=0
t
i da +
d
u dV = 0
dt V
n i Ja Jb +
d
su = 0
dt

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 23 of 40
XII. Maxwell Capacitor
A. General Equations
_
Ea ( t ) i x
0<x<a
E=
_
Eb ( t ) i x
b < x < 0
dx = v ( t ) = Eb ( t ) b + Ea ( t ) a
n i Ja Jb +
Eb ( t ) =
v (t)
b
dsu
d
aEa ( t ) bEb ( t ) = 0
= 0 a Ea ( t ) b Eb ( t ) +
dt
dt
Ea ( t )
a
b
v (t)
d
v (t)
a Ea ( t ) b
Ea ( t ) a +
Ea ( t ) a = 0
aEa ( t ) b
b
dt
b

v ( t ) b dv
b a dEa
a
+ a + b Ea ( t ) = b
+
a +
b dt
b
b
b dt

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 24 of 40
B. Step Voltage: v ( t ) = V u ( t )
Then
dv
= V ( t ) (an impulse)
dt
At t=0
b a dEa b dv b
=
=
V ( t )
a +
b dt
b dt
b
Integrate from t=0- to t=0+
b a dEa
a
dt = a + b Ea
a +
b dt
b
t = 0
t = 0+
t = 0+
t = 0
0+
t = 0
b
b
V ( t ) dt =
b
b
Ea ( t = 0 ) = 0
b a
b
b V
V Ea ( t = 0 + ) =
a +
Ea ( t = 0 + ) =
b b + b a
b
b
For t > 0,
dv
=0
dt
b a dEa
a
+ a + b Ea ( t ) = b V
a +
b
dt
b
b
Ea ( t ) =
b V
b + b a
+ A e t
; = a
ab + b a
ab + b a
Ea ( t = 0 ) =
b V
+A =
ab + b a
b V
b
b
A=V
ab + b a
ab + b a ab + b a
Ea ( t ) =
b V
b V
1 et +
et
ab + b a
ab + b a
Eb ( t ) =
V
a
Ea ( t )
b
b

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 25 of 40
V a
su ( t ) = a Ea ( t ) b Eb ( t ) = a E a ( t ) b E a ( t )
b b
a
V
= Ea ( t ) a + b b
b
b
V ( b a a b )
( ab + b a)
(1 e )
t
C. Sinusoidal Steady State: v ( t ) = R e V e j t
Ea ( t ) = Re Ea e jt
Eb ( t ) = Re Eb e jt
Conservation of Charge Interfacial Boundary Condition

a E a ( t ) b Eb ( t ) +
d
a E a ( t ) b Eb ( t ) = 0
dt
Ea
a + j a Eb
b + j b = 0
Eb b + Ea a = V
Eb =
V Ea a
b
b
V Ea a
Ea =
a + j a b b b + j b = 0
a
V
E a = a + j a + ( b + j b ) = b + j b = 0
b
b
Ea
Eb
V
=
=
j b + b
j a + a
b
( a + j a ) + a ( b + j b )
su =
=
a Ea b Eb
b ( a +
( a b b a )
j a ) + a ( b +
j b )

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 26 of 40
D. Equivalent Circuit (Electrode Area A)

I = ( a + j a ) Ea A = ( b + j b ) Eb A
V
Ra
Rb
+
R a C a j + 1 R b Cb j + 1
R a =
Ca =
a
b
, R b =
a A
b A
a A
a
, Cb =
b A
b

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 27 of 40
XIII.
Magnetic Dipoles

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 28 of 40
Diamagnetism
I=
e
2
e
2
m = I R 2 iz =
e
2
R2 i z =
e R 2 _
iz
2
_
_
_ _
Angular Momentum L = meR i r v = me R ( R ) i r i = me R 2 i z
2me
r p
=
m
e
linear momentum
L is quantized in units of
h
,
2
h = 6.62 x 1034 joule sec
(Plancks constant)
m =
e L
2 me
eh
eh
9.3 x 1024 amp m2
=
2 (2 ) me
4 me
Bohr magneton mB
(smallest unit of
magnetic moment)
Imagine all Bohr magnetons in sphere of radius R aligned. Net magnetic moment is
m = mB R 3
Total mass
of sphere
A0
M0
Avogadros number = 6.023 x 1026 molecules per kilogrammole
molecular weight
For iron: =7.86 x 103 kg/m3, M0=56

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 29 of 40
For a current loop
m = i R 2 = mB
A
A
4
4
R 3 0 i = mB R 0
3
M0
3
M0
6.023 1026
4
For R = 10 cm i = 9.3 10-24 (.1) 7.86 103
56
3
= 1.05 x 105 Amperes

Thus, an ordinary piece of iron can have the same magnetic moment as a
current loop of radius 10 cm of 105 Amperes current.
B. Magnetic Dipole Field
H=
0 m
4 r3 0
_
_
2 cos i r + sin i (multiply top & bottom by 0 )
Electric Dipole Field
E=
_
_
2 cos i r
+ sin i
4 0 r
Analogy
p 0 m
P = Np M = Nm ,
Polarization
N = # of magnetic dipoles / volume
Magnetization

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 30 of 40
XIV. Maxwells EQS Equations with Magnetization

A.
Analogy to Maxwells EQS Equations with Polarization
EQS
MQS
i 0 E = u i P
i 0 H = i 0 M
p = i P (Polarization or paired
m = i 0 M (magnetic charge
charge density)
n i 0 E E
) = n i P
b
P + su
a
b
sp = n i P P
density)
b
a
b
n i 0 H H = n i 0 M M
a
b
sm = n i 0 M M
H = J
E =

Prof. Markus Zahn
0 H + M
t
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 31 of 40
B.
MQS Equations
B = 0 H + M Magnetic flux density B has units of Teslas
(1 Tesla = 10,000 Gauss)
iB = 0
a
a
n i B B = 0
E =
H = J
v=
d
,
dt
= B i da (total flux)
XV. Magnetic Field Intensity along Axis of a Uniformly Magnetized Cylinder
From Electromagnetic Fields and Energy by Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.
sm = n i 0 M M
) (z = d 2 ) =
sm
sm z = d
M0
) =
M0
x H = J = 0 H =
Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 6 & 7
Page 32 of 40
i 0 H = 0 2 = m = i 0 M
2 =
(z) =
r'=0
r'=0
()
r =

sm z = d
V'
M
(z) = 0
2
M
= 0
2
( )
m r ' dV '
4 0
r r '
) 2 r ' dr ' +
4 0 r r '
sm z = d
r'=0
0 Mo 2 r ' dr '
4 0 r '2 + z
2
0 Mo 2 r ' dr '
r'=0
2
2
d
4 0 r ' + z +
2
r ' dr '
r '2 + ( z + a)2
1 R
2 2
d
2
r ' + z
2

r '= 0
2
2
d
d
2
R + z
z
2
2 r ' dr '
2
4 0 r r '
2
= r '2 + ( z + a)
2
d
r ' + z +
2
1
2
r '=0
R 2 + z +
2
d
+ z+
2

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 6 & 7
Page 33 of 40
d
z
M0
2
1
2
2
2
2
d
R 2 + z
R
2

Hz =
1
2
2
d
+ z +
2
z + 2
z >
d
2

=
z
d
z
M0
2
1
2
2
2
2
d
R 2 + z
R
2
z + 2
2
d
+ z +
2
+ 2
d
d
<z<
2
2
XVI. Toroidal Coil

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 6 & 7
Page 34 of 40
H i dl = H
2 r = N1i H =
N1i
N1i
2 r 2 R
w2
4
= N 2 = N2 B
w2
4
VH = i1 R1 = R1
v2 =
H 2 R
N1
( VH =Horizontal voltage to oscilloscope )
d2
dVv
= i2 R 2 + Vv = Vv + R 2 C2
dt
dt
If R 2 >>
d2
dVv
1
R 2 C2
2 = R 2 C2 Vv
C2
dt
dt
Vv =
( Vv = Vertical voltage to oscilloscope )
w2
N2 B
4
1
w2
N2 B
R 2 C2 4

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 6 & 7
Page 35 of 40

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 6 & 7
Page 36 of 40
XVII.
Magnetic Circuits
In iron core:
H=0
lim B = H
B finite
H i dl = Hs = Ni H =
= 0 H Dd =
Ni
s
0 Dd N
i
s
B i da = 0
S
= N =
0 Dd 2
Dd 2
N i L= = 0
N
s
i
s

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 6 & 7
Page 37 of 40
XVIII. Reluctance
R=
(length)
Ni
s
=
=
0 Dd (permeability ) ( cross sec tional area)
[Reluctance, analogous to resistance]
A. Reluctances In Series
R1 =
s1
,
1 a1 D
R2 =
s2
2 a2 D
Ni
R1 + R2
H i dl = H
s1 + H2 s2 = Ni

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 6 & 7
Page 38 of 40
= 1 H1 a1 D = 2 H2 a2 D
H1 =
2 a2 Ni
;
1 a1 s2 + 2 a2 s1
H2 =
1 a1 Ni
1 a1 s2 + 2 a2 s1
B. Reluctances In Parallel
H i dl = H
s = H2 s = Ni H1 = H2 =
Ni
= ( 1 H1 a1 + 2 H2 a2 ) D =
P1 =
P=
1
;
R1
P2 =
Ni (R 1 + R2 )
R1 R2
= Ni (P1 + P2 )
1
R2
1
[Permeances, analogous to Conductance]
R
XIX. Transformers
(Ideal)

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 6 & 7
Page 39 of 40
A. Voltage/Current Relationships
N1 i1 N2 i2
;
R
Another way:
R=
l
A
H i dl = Hl = N
i N2 i2
1 1
H=
N1 i1 N2 i2
l
= HA =
N i N i
A
(N1 i1 N2 i2 ) = 1 1 2 2
l
R
1 = N1 =
A
N12 i1 N1 N2 i2 = L1 i1 Mi2
l
2 = N2 =
A
N1 N2 i1 N22 i2 = Mi1 + L 2 i2
L1 = N12 L 0 , L 2 = N22 L 0 , M = N1 N2 L 0 , L 0 =
M = L1 L 2
A 1
=
R
l
v1 =
d1
di
di
= L1 1 M 2 = N1L 0
dt
dt
dt
di2

di1
N1 dt N2 dt
v2 =
d2
di
di
= +M 1 L 2 2 = N2L 0
dt
dt
dt
di1
di2
+N1 dt N2 dt
v1
N
= 1
v2
N2
lim H 0 N1 i1 = N2 i2
i1
N
= 2
i2
N
1
v1 i1
=1
v2 i2
Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher.

Used with permission.

Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 6 & 7
Page 40 of 40

MIT OpenCourseWare Electromagnetics and Applications

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6.013, Electromagnetics and Applications

Prof. Markus Zahn

September 27 and 29, 2005

Lectures 6 and 7: Polarization, Conduction, and Magnetization

As an insulating material enters a free-space capacitor at constant voltage

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

Courtesy of Krieger Publishing. Used with permission.

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

Displacement Flux Density

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

D. Polarization Current Density

[Amount of Charge passing through

[Current passing through surface

polarization current density

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

III. Equipotential Sphere in a Uniform Electric Field

lim (r, ) = E or cos

This solution is composed of the superposition of a uniform electric field

This dipole is due to the surface charge distribution on the sphere.

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

IV. Artificial Dielectric

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

For spherical array of non-interacting spheres (s >> R)

r (relative dielectric constant)

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

V. Demonstration: Artificial Dielectric

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

R=1.87 cm, s=8 cm, A= (0.4)2 m2, d=0.15m

=2(250 Hz), Rs=100 k , V=566 volts peak

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

=(2) (250) (1.5 x 10-12) (105) 566 = 0.135 volts

k=1.38 x 10-23 joules/oK Boltzmann Constant

For electrons: q-=1.6 x 10-19 Coulombs, m-=9.1 x 10-31 kg

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

B. Drift-Diffusion Conduction [Neglect inertia]

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

C. Drift-Diffusion Conduction Equilibrium J+ = J = 0

[Potential is zero when system is charge neutral]

Small Potential Approximation:

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

2. Point Charge (Debye Shielding)

If charge density gradients small, then negligible + = = o

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

VII. Relationship Between Resistance and Capacitance In Uniform Media Described

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

VIII. Charge Relaxation in Uniform Conductors

= dielectric relaxation time

IX. Demonstration 7.7.1 Relaxation of Charge on Particle in Ohmic Conductor

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

Courtesy of Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion

Partially Uniformly Charged Sphere

Courtesy of Krieger Publishing. Used with permission.