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6.013/ESD.013J Electromagnetics and Applications, Fall 2005

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6.013 - Electromagnetics and Applications

Fall 2005

Lecture 10 - Transmission Lines

Prof. Markus Zahn

October 13, 2005

I. Transmission Line Equations

A. Parallel Plate Transmission Line
must be perpendicular to the electrodes and H
must be tangential, so
E
= Ex (z, t)ix
E
= Hy (z, t)iy
H

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

= H Ex = Hy
E
t
z
t

H
E
E
y
x
=

H
=
t
z
t

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach,

by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.
1

v(z, t) =

dl = Ex (z, t)d
E

1
z = constant

i(z, t) = Kz (z, t)w = Hy (z, t)w

v
i
= L
z
t
i
v
= C
z
t

d
henries / meter Inductance per unit length
w
w
C=
farads / meter Capacitance per unit length
d
d
w
1
LC =
= = 2
w d
c

L=

B. Transmission Line Structures

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

C. Distributed Circuit Representation with Losses

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

v(z, t)
+ Gz v(z, t)
t
i(z + z, t)
+ i(z + z, t)Rz
v(z, t) v(z + z, t) = Lz
t
i(z + z, t) i(z, t)
i
v
Gv
lim
=
= C
z 0
z
z
t
v(z + z, t) v(z, t)
v
i
lim
=
= L iR
z 0
z
z
t
i(z, t) i(z + z, t) = Cz

R is the series resistance per unit length, measured in ohms/meter, and G is the shunt
conductance per unit length, measured in siemens/meter.

If the line is lossless (R = G = 0), we have the Telegraphers equations:

i
v
= C
z
t
v
i
= L
z
t
Including loss, Poyntings theorem for the circuit equivalent form is:

i
v

v
= C
Gv

v
i

= L iR

1
2 1
2
i
v
(vi)

Add: v
+ i
=

=
Cv + Li Gv 2 i2 R
z
z
z

t 2

D. Wave Equation (Lossless, R = 0, G = 0)

i
v

= C

v
i

= L

t
2v
1 2v

=
C

L
z 2
t2

2i
2 v

= C 2
zt
t
2i
1 2 v

=
zt
L z 2
2v
2v
1 2v
=
LC
=

2
2
t
c2 t2
z

Wave equation

II. Sinusoidal Steady State

A. Complex Amplitude Notation

v(z, t) = Re
v(z)ejt

i(z, t) = Re i(z)ejt
Substitute into the wave equation:
2v
1 2v
d2 v
2

v(z), let k =
2
2
2
2
2
z
c t
c
dz
c
d2 v
+ k 2 v = 0 v(z) = V+ ejkz + V e+jkz
dz 2

dv
1

= Lji i(z) =

jk V+ ejkz + jk V e+jkz
dz

Lj

k
LC
C

=
= LC

= Y0 is the Line Admittance

L
L

1
L
Z0 =
=
is the Line Impedance
Y0
C

i(z) = Y0 V+ ejkz V e+jkz

4

v(z) = V+ ejkz + V e+jkz

v(z, t) = Re V+ ej(tkz) + V ej(t+kz)

j(tkz)
j(t+kz)

i(z, t) = Re Y0 V+ e
V e

k = = LC =
c
B. Short Circuited Line (v(z = 0, t) = 0, v(z = l, t) = V0 cos(t))

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

v(z) = V+ ejkz + V e+jkz v(z = 0) = 0 = V+ + V V+ = V

v(z = l) = V0 = V+ e+jkl + V ejkl = V+ ejkl ejkl

5

= 2j sin(kl)V+
V0
V+ = V =
2j sin(kl)

V (2j) sin(kz)
V0
0
ejkz e+jkz =
2j sin(kl)
2j sin(kl)
V0 sin(kz)
=
sin(kl)

Y
0 V0
i(z) = Y0 V+ ejkz V ejkz =
ejkz + e+jkz
2j sin(kl)
2Y0 V0 cos(kz)
=
2j sin(kl)
jY0 V0 cos(kz)
=
sin(kl)

V0 sin(kz) jt
V0 sin(kz) cos(t)
v(z, t) = Re v(z)ejt = Re
e
=
sin(kl)
sin(kl)

Y0 V0 cos(kz) sin(t)
jY0 V0 cos(kz) jt
i(z, t) = Re i(z)ejt = Re
e
=
sin(kl)
sin(kl)
v(z) =

We have resonance when sin(kl) = 0 kl = n =

Complex impedance: Z(z) =

v(z)
i(z)

l
c

= n

nc
l ,n

= 1, 2, 3, . . .

= jZ0 tan(kz)

Z(z = l) = +jZ0 tan(kl)

In the following, take n = 1, 2, 3, . . .:
kl = n

kl = (2n 1)
2

(n 1) < kl < (2n 1)

2
1
(n ) < kl < n
2
kl 1

|kz| 1

Z(z = l) = 0

short circuit

Z(z = l) =

open circuit

Z(z = l) = +jX, X > 0

(positive reactance, inductive)

Z(z = l) = jX, X > 0

(negative reactance, capacitive)

Z(z) = jZ0 k

L
= j
L
C
C

= jLZ
Z(z = l) = j(Ll) inductive
V0 z
v(z, t) =
cos(t) v(z = l, t) = V0 cos(t)
l
di
= (Ll) (z = l, t)
dt
V0 Y0
V0 sin(t)
i(z, t) =
sin(t)
i(z = l, t) =
kl
(Ll)
6

C. Open Circuited Line (i(z = 0, t) = 0)

v(z = l, t) = V0 sin(t)

i(z) = Y0 V+ ejkz V e+jkz i(z = 0) = 0 = Y0 V+ V V+ = V

v(z = l) = jV0 = V+ e+jkl + V ejkl = V+ ejkl + ejkl = 2V+ cos(kl)

jV0
2 cos(kl)

jV0 jkz
v(z) =
e
+ e+jkz
2 cos(kl)
jV0 2 cos(kz)
=
2 cos(kl)
jV0 cos(kz)
=
cos(kl)

i(z) = jY0 V0 ejkz e+jkz

2 cos(kl)
(jY0 V0 )(2j) sin(kz)
=
2 cos(kl)
Y0 V0 sin(kz)
=
cos(kl)

V+ = V =

V0 cos(kz)
v(z, t) = Re v(z)ejt =
sin(t)
cos(kl)

V0 Y0
i(z, t) = Re i(z)ejt =
sin(kz) cos(t)
cos(kl)

Resonance: cos(kl) = 0 (kl) = (2n 1) , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .

2
(2n 1) 2
n =
2l
Complex Impedance
v(z)
= Z0 j cot(kz)
i(z)
Z(z = l) = jZ0 cot(kl)
Z(z) =

kl 1 v(z, t) = V0 sin(t)
i(z, t) = V0 Y0 kz cos(t)
i(z = l, t) = (Cl)V0 cos(t) = (Cl)

dv
(z = l, t)
dt

Open circuited line

From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.

Impedance for short and open circuited wires