.. , .. , ..

2008

 22.12
621.395

.., .., ..
63

: -. . .: ,
2008. 72 .: .

ISBN-5-256-01801-9
- GSM

.

.
, .
, .

.., .., .., 2008

, , 2008

.., .., .., 2008


...................................................................................... 4
..................................................................................... 7
1. ...................................... 9
1.1.

..................................................... 11

1.2.

............................................... 16

1.3.

....................................................... 21

1.4.

......................... 29

2. GSM ................................... 35
2.1.

......................... 42

2.2.

..................... 49

2.3.

......................................... 53

2.4.

......................................... 59

2.5.

.......................... 62

1............................................................................................... 64
2............................................................................................... 70
....................................................................... 72

.., .., .., 2008


AGCH
AMPS

AuC
BCCH
BSC
BSS
BTS
CCITT

CEPT

EIR
ETSI
FACCH
FCCH
FDMA

Access Grant Channel

Advanced Mobile Phone Service

Authentication Center

Broadcast Control Channel

Base Station Controller

Base Station Subsystem

Base Transceiver Station

The International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative
Committee

(, 1993 - -)
Conference of European Posts and Telegraphs

Equipment Identity Register

European Telecommunications Standards Institute

Fast Associated Control Channel

Frequency Correction Channel
()
Frequency-Division Multiple Access

.., .., .., 2008

FIFO
GMSC
GSM
HLR
IMEI

IMSI

ISDN
ITU

MTP
MAP
ME
MS
MSC
MSISDN
NS
PCH
PIN

First In First Out

-
Gateway Mobile service Switching Center

Global System for Mobile Communications

Home Location Register

International Mobile Equipment Identity

.
International Mobile Station/Subscriber Identity

/
Integrated Services Digital Network
()
The (United Nations) International Telecommunication
Union
(, 1993. )
Message Transfer Part

Mobile Application Part

Mobile Equipment

Mobile Station

Mobile services Switching Center

Mobile Subscriber ISDN

Network Subsystem

Paging Channel

Personal Identification Number

.., .., .., 2008

PLMN
PSTN

RACH
SACCH
SCH
SDCCH
SIM
SMS

SS7
TACS
TCAP
TDMA
VLR

Public Land Mobile Network

Public Switched Telephone Network

()
Random Access Channel

Slow Associated Control Channel

Synchronization Channel

Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel

Subscriber Identity Module

Short Message Service
(
)
Signalling System #7
7 ( 7)
Total Access Communication System

Transaction Capabilities Application Part

Time-Division Multiple Access

Visitor Location Register

,


7

.., .., .., 2008

,
-

BO

BH

PH

.., .., .., 2008

X (t )

X ( t )

pn

X ( t ) ,
nX

1-

2-

.., .., .., 2008

 1.

1980-
,
, , .
,
,

. ,
.
1982
(Conference of European Posts and
Telegraphs CEPT)

,
GSM (Groupe Special Mobile).

().

.
.., .., .., 2008

 1989 GSM
(European Telecommunication
Standards Institute ETSI), 1990
GSM. 1991
GSM, 1993
36 GSM 22 , 25
GSM .
, GSM ,
.
GSM 60
, , ,
. GSM GSM
. GSM
- Global System for Mobile communications.
GSM
,
, AMPS
(Advanced Mobile Phone Service) TACS (Total Access
Communication System) . ,


,
/.
GSM

. ,

B-,
64 /.

(-),
(teleservices),
(bearer services)
(supplementary services).
GSM ,
. GSM
.., .., .., 2008

10

 ,
.

,
(, 911 112)
.
,
. GSM
, ,
,
, , X.25 X.32.
,
-.
GSM,
,
SMS (Short Message Service),
. -,
SMS, ,
-
. SMS-

, .
GSM
.
(,

),

/ (, ).
,
, , .

1.1.

, GSM,
. 400
50 . ,
.
.., .., .., 2008

11



- .
GSM
ETSI. :
(Mobile Station MS),
(Base Station Subsystem BSS) (Network
Subsystem NS).

1.1.1.

,
(Subscriber Identity Module SIM). SIM-
,
. SIM GSM,
,
,
.

(
), (
,
).


(International Mobile Equipment Identity IMEI). SIM-,
,
(International Mobile Station Identity IMSI),
,
. IMEI
IMSI , , ,
. SIM-
PIN-
(Personal Identification Number).
.., .., .., 2008

12

BSC

HLR

VLR

SIM
ME

BSC
BTS

Um

PSTN
ISDN, PSPDN,
CSPDN

MSC

BTS

EIR

Abis

AuC

. 1.1. GSM
. 1.1. :
SIM - ;
ME (Mobile Equipment) ;
BTS (Base Transceiver Station) ;
BSC (Base Station Controller) ;
HLR (Home Location Register)
;
VLR (Visitor Location Register) -
;
MSC (Mobile services Switching Center) -
;
EIR (Equipment Identity Register)
;
AuC (Authentication Center) ;
Um,
Abis,
A

1.1.2.

:
( - )
. Abis,
, ,
.
.., .., .., 2008

13

.

,
, ,
(-)

.

1.1.3.

,
,
(
) ,
.

()
,
, , ,

, .

GSM, ,
GSM.
,

.
.


7 - 7 (Signalling System #7 SS7),
.
(HLR)
(VLR),
,
.., .., .., 2008

14

 ,
GSM.
,
,
GSM,
.
GSM,
.


,

, ,
.
, ,
, ..

.

. ,


.

.
(EIR) ,
.
IMEI. IMEI EIR
,

. (AuC)
, ,
SIM-
.., .., .., 2008

15

1.2.

,

, 890-915 MHz
( ),
935-960 MHz (
) .
80- XX

CEPT

,
10 GSM,
.

1.2.1.

, ,

. ,
GSM,
(Time-Division
Multiple Access - TDMA)
(Frequency-Division Multiple Access - FDMA).
FDMA 25 124
200 .
.
TDMA.
3 28 53 760 .
TDMA 15/26
( 0,577 ). TDMA
(120/26 - 4,615 ). GSM
.
0 7

.., .., .., 2008

16

TDMA-.
, .
: ,
, ,
.

26 TDMA (. 1.2).
120 ( ).
24 , 1
. , 26

, :
(Fast
Associated Control Channel FACCH);
(Slow
Associated Control Channel SACCH).

.
SACCH 12 TDMA,
FACCH
TDMA. SACCH
, FACCH "" (
)
,
""
,
.
, ,
, , 156,25 :
57 (data bits), 26-
(training sequence),
(stealing bit), FACCH,
(tail bits) 8,25 (guard bits).
156,25 0,577 ,
270,833 /.
.., .., .., 2008

17

. 1.2. TDMA

, .

,
. , ,
,
.

(
) .

, 51 ,
120/51 .
.
(Broadcast Control
Channel BCCH).
.., .., .., 2008

18

,
,
.
(Frequency Correction Channel
FCCH) (Synchronization Channel
SCH).

. GSM
FCCH SCH,
0 ( TDMA ).
(Random Access Channel
RACH) - Aloha,
.
(Paging Channel PCH)

.
(Stand-alone
Dedicated Control Channels SDCCH)
.
(Access Grant Channel AGCH)
,
SDCCH RACH.
GSM
.
, ..
.

1.2.2.

, ,
. GSM
(convolutional encoding) (block
interleaving).
.
.., .., .., 2008

19

 (
) 260
20- .
,
, .
, :
1 - 50 - ;
1 - 132 -
;
2 - 78 -
.
1 3-
(Cyclic Redundancy Code),
.
.

. 53 , 132 1
(tail sequence) - 189
.
,
. ,
, 378 , 78
2. , 20-
456 , ..
22,8 /.
,
,
. 456 ,
, 8 57 ,
.
57- ,
.
,
270,833 /.
.., .., .., 2008

20

 ,
200 ,
.

TDMA ,
. GSM
TDMA
.

1.3.

GSM
, . .

(),

().
GSM

,
,
,
..

GSM. ,

GSM 7.

GSM

() , . 1.3.

.., .., .., 2008

21

. 1.3. GSM
1 ,
.
2 . Um
,
LAPD, ,
LAPDm. A
(Message Transfer Part -MTP) 2 7. 3
( ) GSM 3
.
(Radio Resources
Management)
- ,
.
(Mobility Management)

,
.
(Connection Management)
,
SMS.

(, ,
)
,

.., .., .., 2008

22

 (Mobile Application Part MAP).

MAP
(Transaction Capabilities Application
Part TCAP). , MAP -
GSM.

1.3.1.

, -,
,
.
, ,
, ,

(radio resources
session), ,
,
.

( ,
).
,
(
, )
.
,
GSM,
.
().

. GSM
:

(. 1.4.);

.., .., .., 2008

23

. 1.4..

,
(. 1.4.);

. 1.4..

(. 1.4.).

.., .., .., 2008

24

. 1.4..


,
,
.

.

1.3.2.

(Mobility
Management MM)
,
,
, .
,


.

, PAGCH
. ,

,
.., .., .., 2008

25


. ,

.

,
. ,
GSM, .

,

.

,
.

,
.

,
,
.

.
,
,
,

.
GSM
.
.., .., .., 2008

26


,

.
.

.

,
.
,
IMSI .
,

.
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
.
,

.
: SIM-
.

. , GSM
IMEI.

. IMEI

:
.., .., .., 2008

27

. .
.

.
.
,
GSM.
.

1.3.3.
(Communication
Management CM) (Call Control
CC), SMS.

.

,
( )
, , ,
GSM.
,
, GSM
, ..
.
, ,
(Mobile
Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network MSISDN).
,
. ,

.

.., .., .., 2008

28

1.4.
1.4.1.

, ,
.

,
,
.
,
.

.
.
,
, ..
,
. ,
(,
).
,
.



. ,
.
, .. .
,
.

, .. .

.
.., .., .., 2008

29

.
.
,
.
.

, ,
,

,
.


,
, ,
,
.
.
.

( ,

) ,


. .
,

.

.

.
( 0,1 ).

.., .., .., 2008

30

 .
,


, .

,
.

,
.
, AMPS, TACS
NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone).
, ,
, 100-200 .
GSM
1 .

.., .., .., 2008

31

1.4.2.

T1
T2
T3

T4

T5

BS1

MS

A B C

BS2

. 1.5.

. 1.5 ,
( BS1 ), ,
( BS2 ).
.
,
.

.

.
.

. . 1.5
A .

.., .., .., 2008

32

 , ,
,
.

,
(
), .

,
.
(, T1 . 1.5),
, ,
A .
(, T3 . 1.5),
,
( B ). ,
T5 ,
D, ,

.
,
. ,
.
, ..

.
.
,


( h . 1.5).
C .
-,

.., .., .., 2008

33


. ,
, ,
.

.
.
,
,

.
, . 1.5 D ,
T5 , T3 C.

.., .., .., 2008

34

 2.
GSM


, , ,
,

.
(Quality of Service QoS), ,
.
,
,
.
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
, .

.

,

,
.

,

.
,
.., .., .., 2008

35

 ,
,
, -.

,

( . 2.1):
1.
2.
3.
4.

,
;
,
;
-,
;
-,

.

. 2.1. ,

-,
,

( (1) (3)),

( (2) (4)).

(. 2.2),
.., .., .., 2008

36

 ,
.

. 2.2.


.
, ,
, .

.
,
,
,
. :
)

;
)


;
)
(forced call
termination) -
, ,

(,
).
.., .., .., 2008

37


( -)
(QoS-),
-. QoS-
-
( ). (4)
(. 2.1)
,
, ..

k - , k 1 .

.

(. 1.4.1),
.
,
,
-
,
.
.

. Tup (handoff
threshold level) :

Tup
. ,
,
,

Tlow (receiver threshold level).


.., .., .., 2008

38

 , ..

,

,
( ). 1.4.2
(. . 1.5) Tlow = T5 , Tup = T4 D ,
Tlow = T4 , Tup = T3 C . ,

:
,

Tlow , Tup . 3 4.

1 2
Tlow = Tup = T2 (. 1.5) .
,

,
,
, -
, ,
-.
2 - 4.

,
.
.
(i)

-
() O (original calls) H
(handover calls) . ,
,
,
= O + H .
.., .., .., 2008

39

(ii)

(
, ) 1
2
. ,
,
,
1 ,

, , 2 .
,
()
= 1 + 2 .

(iii)

C .
:

,
-,

=;
O

, ,
O =

, ,
H =

BO

BH

-;

PH

X (t )

;
( ) ;

.., .., .., 2008

40

()
X (t ) ;

pn

X ( t )
X , pn = lim P { X ( t ) = n} , n X .
t

, .
QoS-
, ,
,
-.

.., .., .., 2008

41

2.1.
.
(iv)

(v)

-.

GSM
C- ( )
(),
. 1-,
, O , 2-
(-) - H .

,
.
1-, 2-,
,
.
, .
. 2.3.

...

. 2.3.

1 1-, BO
, 2 2-,
B H -.
.., .., .., 2008

42

 X 1 (t ) t , t 0 .
X1 X 1 (t ) X1 = {0, 1, ..., C} ,
1 C .

{ X 1 (t ),

t 0}

, .. () t
t .
( )
,
. (i)
, ,
, .. ,
, t
t .
(ii) ,
, t ,
, t
( X 1 (t ) >0, ),

t.
, X 1 (t ) ().


X 1 (t ) - , ..

(t,

t + h )

t ,
h .

. t t + h ,
h - . t

n = 0, C .

(t,

t + h )

pnm ( h )

n m h :
pnm ( h ) = P { X 1 ( t + h ) = m

X1 (t ) = n

},

n, m X1 , h 0 .

.., .., .., 2008

43

(2.1.1)


. (i)
h
h . , , h
,

(h)

0!

( 1 )
i =0

(h)
i!

= 1 h + o ( h) .

(2.1.2)

, h
,

(h)

1!

= h + o (h) .

(2.1.3)

, h
, o ( h ) -
.
(ii) ,
, h
,

( h)
0!

= 1 h + o ( h) .

, h
n ,
,

(1 h + o ( h ) )

= 1 n h + o ( h ) , n = 1, C .

(2.1.4)

, h
n , ,
n h + o ( h ) , ,
, o ( h ) .
X 1 (t ) = n ( t n ),
n = 0, C , ,

h .
.., .., .., 2008

44

-, .
n = 1, C 1 , h
, ..
pnn ( h ) = [1 h + o ( h )] [1 n h + o ( h )] =

= 1 ( + n ) h + o ( h ) , n = 1, C 1 .

(2.1.5)

t ( X 1 (t ) = 0 ), t + h
, h
, ..
p00 ( h ) = 1 h + o ( h ) .

(2.1.6)

t C ( X 1 (t ) = C ),
t + h , h
C , ,
.
,
pCC ( h ) = 1 C h + o ( h ) .

(2.1.7)

, h
k k ,
, k > 0
o ( h ) . , k = 1 ,
h

, h + o ( h ) h + o ( h ) = o ( h ) .
-, 0 X 1 (t ) < C ,
n + 1 , h
.
:
pn n +1 ( h ) = h + o ( h ) 1 h + o ( h ) = h + o ( h ) , n = 0, C 1 .

(2.1.8)

-, 0 < X 1 (t ) C ,
n 1 , h
:
.., .., .., 2008

45

pn n 1 ( h ) = n h + o ( h ) 1 h + o ( h ) = n h + o ( h ) , n = 1, C .

(2.1.9)

h ,
,
,
o (h) .
, h
,

{ X 1 (t ),

t 0}

:
pn n +1 ( h ) = h + o ( h ) ,
n = 0, C 1;

n = 1, C ;
pn n 1 ( h ) = n h + o ( h ) ,

pnn ( h ) = 1 u ( C n ) + n h + o ( h ) , n = 0, C ;

n m 2.
pnm ( h ) = o ( h ) ,

(2.1.10)

u ( x ) - :
1, x > 0;
u ( x) =
0, x 0.

(2.1.11)

pn ( t ) , t
n :
pn ( t ) = P { X 1 ( t ) = n} .

(2.1.12)

.
p0 ( t + h ) = (1 h ) p0 ( t ) + h p1 ( t ) + o ( h ) ;

pn ( t + h ) = 1 ( + n ) h pn ( t ) +

+ h pn 1 ( t ) + ( n + 1) h pn +1 ( t ) + o ( h ) ;

p t + h = 1 Ch p t + h p
) (
) C( )
C 1 ( t ) + o ( h ) .
C(
.., .., .., 2008

46

(2.1.13)

 n = 1, C 1 .
pn ( t ) ,
h h 0 ,
:
p ( t ) = p ( t ) + p ( t ) ;
0
1
0
p ( t ) = ( + n ) p ( t ) +
n
n

+ pn 1 ( t ) + ( n + 1) pn +1 ( t ) ,

pC ( t ) = C pC ( t ) + pC 1 ( t ) .

(2.1.14)

n = 1, C 1;

, C = X 1 (t )
< C , C < X 1 (t )
, 0 < < .

( p n ( t ) pn

{ pn ,

t ),

n X1 }

X 1 (0) .

(2.1.14) ,
():
0 = p0 + p1 ;

0 = ( + n ) pn + pn 1 + (n + 1) pn +1 , n = 1, 1;
0 = C p + p .
C
C 1

(2.1.15)

(2.1.15)
, ,
n , n = 0, C ,
(.
. 2.4).

.., .., .., 2008

47

1 (t )

(n + 1)
. 2.4. 1 (t )

p
n =0

=1.

(2.1.16)

pn 1 = n pn , n = 1, C ,

(2.1.17)

,
pn =

pn 1 =

2
n(n 1)

pn 2 = " =

n
n!

p0 , n = 1, C .

(2.1.18)

(2.1.16), :
pn =

, n = 0, C .
n! n=0 n!

(2.1.19)

1- ,
1-
, .. X 1 ( ) = C . 1 1-

1 = pC .

(2.1.20)

, 2 2-

2 = pC .

(2.1.21)

.., .., .., 2008

48

 1.

BO =

,
C ! n=0 n!

(2.1.22)

- -
BH =

.
C ! n=0 n!

(2.1.23)

2.2.
.
(vi)

:
g
, -,
Cg

-.

(i)-(iv) (vi)
GSM
C- ,
. 1-,
, O , 2-
(-) - H .
1- , C g ,
0 g C , 1-

, 1-
. 2-
, 2-
,
2- . 1-,
2-, ,
.
.., .., .., 2008

49

 . 2.5.
1
1-, BO
, 2 2-,
B H -.
1
O

...

g+1
-

...

. 2.5.
X 2 ( t ) t ,
t 0 . , 2.1,

, { X 2 ( t ) , t 0} - .

X 2 X 2 ( t ) X 2 = {0, 1, ..., C} , 1 C .
. 2.6
X 2 (t ) .

O + H

O + H

( g + 1)

. 2.6. X 2 ( t )
.., .., .., 2008

50

 C < , C = < C
,

{ X (t ) ,
2

t 0} -

pn , n = 0, C { X 2 ( t ) , t 0} .

{ pn ,

n 0}

,
:
( O + H ) p0 = p1 ;

( n + O + H ) pn = ( O + H ) pn 1 + ( n + 1) pn +1 ,

( g + H ) pg = ( O + H ) pg 1 + ( g + 1) pg +1 ;

( n + H ) pn = H pn 1 + ( n + 1) pn +1 ,
Cp = p .
C
H C 1

1 n g 1;

(2.2.1)
g + 1 n C 1;

, ,
.
:
( O + H ) pn 1 = n pn ,

H pn 1 = n pn ,

1 n g;

(2.2.2)

g + 1 n C.

(2.2.2) ,
( O + H )n

1 n g;
p0 ,
n
n!
pn =
g
n g
( O + H ) H
p0 , g + 1 n C.

n! n

(2.2.3)

{ X (t ) ,
2

t 0}

n
p0 ,

n!
pn = g n g
H
p0 ,
n !

1 n g;

(2.2.4)
g + 1 n C,

.., .., .., 2008

51

 p0 (2.1.16)
1

C
g n
g Hn g
p0 =
+
.
n = 0 n! n = g +1 n !

(2.2.5)

1- ,
1- , g , ..
X 2 ( ) { g , g + 1, ..., C} . 1 1-

1 = pn .

(2.2.6)

n=g

2-
, 2-
, .. X 2 ( ) = C . 2
2-

2 = pC .

(2.2.7)

2.

1

C
C g Hn g g n
g Hn g
+
BO =

,
n = g n ! n = 0 n! n = g +1 n !

(2.2.8)

- -

BH =

g HC g
C!

n = 0 n!

n = g +1

g Hn g
n!

(2.2.9)

BO BH
-, ,
BH - ,
BO .

.., .., .., 2008

52

2.3.

.
(vii) ,

,
.
(i)-(iii), (vi) (vii)

C- ,
(. 2.7). 1-,
,
O , 2- (-)

H .

1- ,
C g , 0 g C , 1-
,
1- . 2-
, 2-
.
, 2-
.
FIFO.
2-, ,
1 ,
,

-
.
1-, 2-,

.
.., .., .., 2008

53

...

g +1

...

...

. 2.7.

, BO

1-.

BH -

. 3 1 2-,
,

. 3 2-,

, .
2- ,
()
.
2-
,
. ,
, ,
.
)

.., .., .., 2008

54

 . 2-
, .
,
,

( )).
2-



.
(1) (3)
(. 2.1) , ..
1 .
,
, ..
,
( )).
QoS- BH
. (vii)
,
. ,
,
( )) ( )) , .. ,
,
2 .

,

. 2.7,

{ X (t ) ,
3

t 0} ,

t .
X3 = {0, 1, ... } .
(i), (ii), (vi) (vii) ,

X 3 (t )

.
. 2.8 X 3 ( t ) .
.., .., .., 2008

55

 + H

+ H

( g + 1)

C + 1 +

( n C )( 1 + ) +
+C

( n + 1 C )( 1 + ) +
+C

. 2.8. X 3 ( t )

<C

{ X (t ) ,
3

t 0}

{ pn , n 0} { X 3 ( t ) , t 0} .

:
( + ) p = p ;
1
H 0
( + H + n ) pn = ( + H ) pn1 + ( n + 1) pn+1 , 1 n g 1;

( H + g ) pg = ( + H ) pg 1 + ( g + 1) pg +1;

g + 1 n C;
( H + n ) pn = H pn1 + ( n + 1) pn+1 ,

( H + C ) pC = H pC 1 + ( C + 1 + ) pC +1 ;
+ C + ( n C )( + ) p = p +
) n H n1
1
( H

+ ( C + ( n + 1 C )( 1 + ) ) pn+1 ,
n C + 1.

(2.3.1)

p
i =0

=1.

.
n pn = (O + H ) pn 1 ,
1 n g;

g + 1 n C;
n pn = H pn 1 ,

( C + ( n C )( 1 + ) ) pn = H pn 1 , n C + 1.
.., .., .., 2008

56

(2.3.2)

 ,
pn , n :

( + ) n
H

1 n g;
p0 ,
n! n

g n g
( + H ) H
pn =
p0 ,
g + 1 n C;
n! n

( + ) g
H n g
H

p0 , n C + 1.
C
n C
C !
[C + j ( 1 + )]

j =1

(2.3.3)

{ X 3 ( t ) , t 0}

n
p0 ,
1 n g;
n!
g n g
H
pn =
p0 ,
g + 1 n C;
n!
g HC g
Hn C
p0 , n C + 1;

n C
C ! [C + j ( + )]
1

j =1

(2.3.4)

p0 :

g n

C
g Hn g
g HC g
p0 =
+
+
C!
n = 0 n ! n = g +1 n !
n = C +1

n C

H
.
n C
[C + j ( 1 + )]
j =1

(2.3.5)

.
1- ,
1- , g , ..
X 3 ( ) { g , g + 1, ... } .

1-
.., .., .., 2008

57

1 = pn .

(2.3.6)

n=g

2-, 2- 3,
1 2, .
,
2-, -
. BH

2-, -
,
2-, .

2-

(n C ) p

q=

n = C +1

(2.3.7)

H pn = q + 1 q + C
n =C

n = C +1

pn .

2-,

(2.3.8)

-,

( )), 1 q - ,
,

)).

n = C +1

pn

, X 3 ( t ) C
C .
.., .., .., 2008

58

BH

:
BH =

H pn

(2.3.9)

n =C

3.
-

BO = pn ,

(2.3.10)

n= g

- -

BH =

(n C ) p

n = C +1

H pn

(2.3.11)

n =C

pn (2.3.4)-(2.3.5).

2.4.

,
,
. ,
.


-
.
.
(viii) :
, ,
.., .., .., 2008

59

 ,
2 .
(i)-(iii), (vi)-(viii)

C- r1 r2 , r1 , r2 < ,
(. 2.9). 1-,
,
O , 2- (-)

H .

QO

1-, QH - 2-.
1-
, C g , 0 g C , 1-
,
1- QO .
QO , 1- . 1-, ,
2 ,

. 1-, ,
,
, C g , QH
2- . 2-
, 2-
.
, 2-
QH .
QH , 2- .
2-, ,
1 ,
,

-
.
1-, 2-,

.., .., .., 2008

60

 .
FIFO.
. 2.9.

2
. 2.9.

, r1 r2
, 1 2
1- 2-
. [5], ,
BO B H ,
X 4 ( t ) = ( n1 ( t ) , n2 ( t ) ) ,
n1 ( t ) - 2- t , n2 ( t ) - 1-

QO t .

{ X (t ) ,

X 4 = {( 0, 0 ) ,..., ( C + r2 , r1 )} .

t 0}

.., .., .., 2008

61

2.5.

2.1-2.4

BO BH
( O ,

H , 1 , 2 , ) (
C , g )
,
-.

QoS-,

PH
-, .. ,
.
BH .

, p
, , ,
,
p=

2
1 + 2

(2.5.1)
p BH

, p (1 BH ) -

,

.
P ( k ) , ,
k , ( k + 1) -
( k + 2 ) - , k 0 , :
P ( k ) = p k +1 (1 BH ) k BH .

(2.5.2)

.., .., .., 2008

62

PH

k =0

k =0

PH = P ( k ) = p k +1 (1 BH ) k BH =

pBH
1 p (1 BH )

(2.5.3)

, C
(2.1.22), (2.1.23), (2.2.8), (2.2.9), (2.3.10), (2.3.11)
(2.5.3) ,
.

4 .
BO , BH PH

1.
IDEF 2.

.., .., .., 2008

63

-. ,
2.4, r1 = 0 , r2 = r (. 2.10).

2
. 2.10.

, r =
2.3.
BO , BH PH .
, 1,
.
2. ,
BO BH :
C +r

BO = pn ,

(.1)

n= g

.., .., .., 2008

64


BH =

C +r

(n C ) p

n = C +1
C + r 1

n =C

(.2)

pn

PH (2.5.3).
:
C

100

80

40

1/120

1/180

1/100

C
,
. r 2- ,
2-
BH 2-, .. ,
r 2 (. 2.10)
.
2.11
BO O ,
.

O [ 0, 400] .

H , - 1, 30 80 .

.., .., .., 2008

65

BO

H = 80
H = 30
H = 1
O , .
. 2.11. BO O
. 2.11 ,
BO .

H = 1 ( ) O [ 0, 60]
BO . ,

. BO O > 60 (
) , ,
,
.
O = 100 BO
BO = 1 .

H = 30

( ), ,
O .
H = 80 ( )
.
.., .., .., 2008

66

 . 2.12
BO , BH -

PH

-,
H [ 0, 400] . O = 1 .

H ,

BO
BH
PH

H , .
. 2.12. BO , BH PH H
. 2.12 ,
BO . 2.11, . 2.11,
. ,
BH ( )
H = 100 ,
BO H < 1 . ,

PH ( ) . 2.12
( H = 100

H = 150 ),

.., .., .., 2008

67

BH

),

PH BH (. (2.5.3)).
. 2.13
BO O ,
,

. H = 1 .

BO

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0
600

20
40

500

O , .

400

60

300
80

200
100
0

100

. 2.13. BO O
g
, g

BO O . , g = 100
2.1. H = 1
O 80 BO = 0 ,

O + H

-, . g = 80
.., .., .., 2008

68

 . 2.13 ,
. 2.11. g = 0
. 2.13 BO = 1 . ,
,
, ..
BO = 1 O .
. 2.13 ,
O
BO g
. ,

BO > 0

O = 0

g [ 0, 16]

( O = 0 ). ,
BO . ..

,

.
, ,
, (
, ).
BO .

.., .., .., 2008

69

 2
IDEF
BO , BH PH .

O , H , , 1 , 2 , , C , g , r

P1:= 1 ; P 2 := 1 ; P3 := 1 ; P 4 := 1 ; P5 := 1 ;
S1:= 1 ; S 2 := 0 ; S 3 := 0 ; S 4 := 0 ; S 5 := 0

= 1 + 2 ; := ; 1 := 1 ; 2 := 2 ;
p := 2

( 1 + 2 ) ;

P1:= P1

i < g +1

i := 1

P 2 := P1

i
S1:= S1 + P1
i := i + 1

P 2 := P 2

i < C +1

P3 := P 2

i
S 2 := S 2 + P 2
i := i + 1

1
.., .., .., 2008

70

P3 := P3

i <C+r

C + ( i C ) ( + 1 )

S 3 := S 3 + P3
P5 := P3 ( i C )
S 5 := S 5 + P5
i := i + 1

P 4 := P3

C + ( i C ) ( + 1 )

S 4 := S 3 + P 4
P5 := P3 ( i C )
S 5 := S 5 + P5
P1 + S 2 + S 4
S1 + S 2 + S 4
S5
BH :=
2 ( P 2 + S 3)
BO :=

PH :=

BO , BO , PH

.., .., .., 2008

71

p BH
1 p (1 2 )

1.

.. .
.: - , 2007. 268 .

2.

.. ..
GSM. ., 7, 1996.

3.

., ., ., ., .
UMTS. , , . .:
, 2007. - 464 .

4.

Scourias J. Overview of GSM: The Global System for Mobile

Communications. University of Waterloo, 1996.

5.

Zeng Qing-An, Arawal Dharma P. Handoff of Wireless Networks

and Mobile Computing. - John Wiley & Sons, Inc. , 2002.

6.

.., .., ..
. .: , 1996.

7.

.., .., ..
. .: - , 2007. 191 .: .

8.

.., .., ..
GSM. ,
. .: -, 2004 . - 264 .

.., .., .., 2008

72