MN: C NG DNG

BO CO TH NGHIM NN VT LIU

Ca3, nhm 4, bi nn
H V TN THNH VIN:
TRN QUC DOANH
HONG AN
HONG BI VIT BO
NGUYN NG H
1. Mc ch th nghim
-Th nghim nn l mt phng php rt quan trng trong cng cc nghnh cng nghip c kh
cng nh trong cc hot ng hc tp ca sinh vin. L phng php gip xc nh nhng bin i
c hc ca vt liu khi chu ti trng nm, t gip cc k s c kh la chn loi vt liu hoc
thit k hnh dng ca chng sao cho ph hp, hiu qu nht i vi yu cu s
dng ca cc cng trnh.
-i vi sinh vin lm th nghim:
+ V c biu ng sut bin dng: xc nh cc giai on bin i c trng ca vt liu.
+ Bit c cc c trng c hc ca vt liu khi chu nn.
+ Hiu c tnh nng s dng cng nh lm quen vi thit b th nghim nn.
2. C s l thuyt
-Mu th tiu chun trong TN nn c phn ra lm 2 loi: mu hnh tr trn (solid
circular cylindricaspecimen) v mu hnh lp phng (rectangular or sheet-type specimen).
-i vi vt liu do, biu quan h khi nn c dng nh Hnh 1 (a). Ta ch xc nh c gii
hn n hi v gii hn chy m khng xc nh c gii hn bn ca kim loi do s phnh ngang
ca mu lm cho tit din ngang lin tc tng. Sau TN mu c dng hnh trng
Hnh 1 (b).

1a
1b
-i vi vt liu gin, biu quan h khi nn nh hnh 2 (a) cng l ng cong tng t biu
ko vt liu dn. Ta ch xc nh c gii hn bn tng ng vi ng sut nn ph hy b . Mu b
v t ngt. Do tc dng ca ng sut tip ln nht, mu b ph hy bi cc vt nt xin gc 45o so
vi trc nn mu (Hnh 2 (b)). Nu mu b tng th dng ph hng nh Hnh 2(c). Nu cc mt nn
c bi trn tt th mu b ph hy c dng nh Hnh 2 (d).

a
b
c
d
-Nghin cu cc TN ko v nn cc vt liu do v gin, ngi ta nhn thy rng gii hn chy
ca vt liu do khi ko v nn nh nhau, cn i vi vt liu gin gii hn bn khi ko b hn
nhiu so vi gii hn bn khi nn. V d vi gang xm, gii hn bn khi ko l 2,5 kN/cm2 cn gii
hn bn khi nn c th t n 10 kN/cm2.
3. Kt qu th nghim
1.1 Biu
Biu ng sut-bin dng ca nhm(hnh tr):

Biu ng sut-bin dng ca thp(hnh tr)

1.2 s liu
Aluminium

Steel

Diameter (mm)

12.79

12.78

Length (mm)

25.41

25.41

Original

128.31

128.28

Final cross-section area (mm2)

634.36

411.15

Youngs modulus (GPa)

70

193

Load at yield point (N)

22200

73900

Strain at yield point (%)

7%

10%

Yield strength (MPa)

414

690

Maximum load (N)

301000

298000

Strain at maximum load (%)

86%

77%

Ultimate
(MPa)

455

760

cross-sectional area

(mm2)

Yield point elongation (MPa)

compressive strength

1.3. Vt liu gin v do khc nhau th no cc giai on chu nn?

-Vt liu do :
+ th nn gm cc gia on: n hi, chy v bin cng. Ta ch xc nh c gii hn n
hi v gii hn chy m khng xc nh c gii hn bn ca kim loi do s phnh ngang ca mu
lm cho tit din ngang lin tc tng nn mu c kh nng chu nn mi mi.
-Vt liu gin:
+ th l ng cong tng t biu ko vt liu gin, min n hi tuyn tnh tng i ln
v qu trnh t khng xy ra khi ng sut t n gi tr ln nht. Ta ch xc nh c gii hn bn
tng ng vi ng sut nn ph hy mu b v t ngt.
1.4. Ti sao i vi vt liu gi n, gii hn bn chu nn li cao hn gii hn chu ko?
-i vi hu ht vt liu gin, bn chy trong kim tra nn l ln hn nhiu bn ti hn ca
kim tra ko. Do s hin din ca cc vt nt nh l cc vt nt t vi hoc khe hng m c xu hng
lm mm vt liu trong qu trnh ko trong khi khng nh hng i vi vic chng li ph hy nn.
1.5 . Gia 1 mu nh v v mt mu ln cng mt vt liu, mu no s chu nn tt hn?
-Xt tit din ngang: mu ln s chu lc nn tt hn. V ng sut chu lc s nh hn do din tch

mt ct ca vt liu ln hn so vi mu nh.
-Xt chiu di: vt di hn s chu lc nn km hn. Do vt di hn s d gy ra hin tng un
hn so vi vt nh hn.
1.6 . i vi mu trn, cn phi gi t l L/D nh th no trnh hin tng un dc v phnh trng
n?
-Hin tng un dc l do khi t l L/D>5.Vy trnh hin tng trn ta nn thit k mu c t l
L/D<5 v theo tiu chun quc t vi mu Medium th L/D gn bng 3.
-Hin tng phnh trng n xy ra khi L/D<2 v c lc ma st hng tm tc ng ln cc b mt
tip xc ca mu v e , trnh hin tng trn ta thit k mu c t l L/D gn bng 2.