EEE3233

POWER SYSTEMS

Chapter 1
An Overview of Power System
Nur Diyana Kamarudin
Introduction

Support Components

Main Components
Power System Components

Generation
Step-up transformer (↑ voltage,↓current)

Grid System (500kV, 275kV, 132kV, 66kV) Transmission

TNB SESCO
SESB

Reduce the voltage

33kV,11kV
Distribution

Loads

3 phase - 415 V, single phase - 240 V

Power System Components
At power generating station (generating
voltage)  11 – 20kV and frequency of
50 Hz
Transform to higher voltage (transmission
voltage)  132kV, 275kV and 500kV
Transform to lower voltage (distribution
voltage)  33kV or 11kV
 Power System Components
AROUND TOWN &
RESIDENTIAL AREA -
Underground distribution to
individual premises is at HOUSE - Overhead distribution
415V and 240 V to individual houses is at 240V.

SMALL INDUSTRY - Most

small factories receive their
electricity at 11kV

HEAVY INDUSTRY - Some have direct

connections to the transmission at 132kV

POWER STATION- Generator output at

11kV/20kV is stepped up by transformer to
132kV 275kV and 500kV for transmission.

TRANSMISSION - Transmission is mainly at

132kV, 275kV and 500kV
• Power System Components
• (Generation)

High voltages of 500kV, 275kV, 132kV are used for

transmitting electricity over the grid system
 Power System Components
(Generation)
• Generation Plant Mix
 Power System in Malaysia

Main Power Producer in Malaysia

 Power System in Malaysia
• Generation capacity of major power producer
Penisular Malaysia

KAPASITI
IPP LOKASI TARIKH LESEN DIISU
(MW)

Paka, Terengganu & 808

YTL Power Generation 7 April 1993
Pasir Gudang, Johor 404

Segari Energy Ventures Sdn. Bhd. Lumut, Perak 1,303 15 Julai 1993

Powertek Sdn Bhd. Alor Gajah, Melaka 440 1 Disember 1993

Port Dickson Sdn. Bhd. Tanjung Gemuk, Port Dickson 440 1 Disember 1993

Pahlawan Power Sdn. Bhd Tanjung Keling, Melaka 334 26 Mei 1999

Genting Sanyen Power Sdn Bhd Kuala Langat, Selangor 720 1 Julai 1993
 Sabah

IPP LOKASI KAPASITI (MW) TARIKH LESEN DIISU

ARL Tenaga Sdn. Bhd. Melawa 50 14 June 1994

Serudong Power Sdn. Bhd. Tawau 36 31 Mac 1995

Powertron Resources Sdn. Bhd. Karambunai 120 6 Februari 1997

Stratavest Sdn. Bhd. Sandakan 64.4 1 Oktober 1996

Sandakan Power corporation Sdn. Bhd. Sandakan 34 29 November 1997

 Sarawak

SYARIKAT LOKASI KAPASITI (MW) JENIS PENJANAAN

Sabah Forest Industries
Sipitang, Sabah 57.7 Awam
Sdn. Bhd.
Tanjung Berhala,
Perwaja Steel Sdn. Bhd. Kemaman, 9.5 Persendirian
Terengganu
Pasir Gudang
Co-Generators Titan Petrochemicals
Industrial Estate, 56 Persendirian
(M) Sdn. Bhd.
Co-generators adalah pengeluaran elektrik Johor
dan tenaga haba daripada satu sumber Lembaga Padi dan Beras
Sekinchan, Selangor 0.2 Persendirian
bahanapi sahaja. Kecekapan termal Negara
sehingga 90% adalah mungkin berbanding Gas District Cooling
40% sahaja dengan penjanaan termal secara Sepang, Selangor 60 Awam
(KLIA)
konvensional manakala kira-kira 60% di loji
penjanaan gabungan kitaran. Sehingga kini,
terdapat kira-kira 30 co-generators yang
telah mendapat lesen daripada Suruhanjaya
Tenaga. Berikut adalah antara co-generators
yang utama :
Gas District Cooling Kuala Lumpur City
12 Persendirian
(KLCC) Centre
Power Generations
Steam turbines
-the combustion of coal, gas or oil in boilers produces
steam, at high temperatures and pressures, which is
passed to steam turbines.
Energy conversion using water (Hydro)

-will be discuss further after this

Gas turbines

-gas turbines exhaust will raise steam in a

conventional boiler to drive steam turbined coupled
to another electricity generator (combined-cycle-gas-
turbine)-ccgt
Power Generations
Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) generation
- fuel used- coal, oil or nuclear
- production of steam which drives the turbines
- gases at 2500c are passed through a chamber
in which a strong magnetic field created
 An emf induced is collected at suitable
electrodes
Nuclear Power
Renewable Energy Sources
Hydroelectric power generation-bakun,
balui river, sarawak
Solar Energy-thermal conversion
-direct conversion to
electricity
Wind Generators – windmill
Bio-fuels
Geothermal Energy
Power System Components
(Transmission)

A transformer in a large sub-station

reduces the voltage to 33kV, 22kV,11kV
Power System Components
(Transmission)
Lines/transformers operating at voltages
above 100 kV are usually called the
transmission system.
Consists of Transmission Line and Sub-
stations
Transmission network of 500kV, 275kV
and 132kV known as National Grid.
Power System Components
(Transmission)
Transmission Line
◦ Overhead Lines
◦ Cable
 Underground Cables
 Submarine Cables
Sub-stations
 Power System Components
(Transmission)
OVERHEAD
Transmission LINE
Parameters(17,258)
Le ng th 500kV 890
(c irc uit-km ) 275kV 6,199
132kV 9,998
66kV 171

CABLE (723)
Le ng th 275kV 49
(c irc uit-km ) 132kV 674
66kV -

TRANSFORMERS (69,381)
Tra nsfo rm a tio n 500kV 4,500
Ca p a c ity 275kV 26,213
(MVA) 132kV 38,258
66kV 410

SUBSTATIONS (375)
Num b e r o f 500kV 4
Sub sta tio ns 275kV 67
(TNB) 132kV 299
66kV 5
 Power System Components
(Transmission)
Transmission tower

                           

                                              
                           

Waist-Type
Double Circuit
Tower Guyed-V-Tower
Tower
 Power System Components
(Transmission)
Transmission tower
Power System Components
(Transmission)
 Power System Components
(Distribution)
Supplies to rural
communities are often
reduced from 11kV to
domestic voltages
(415/240V) by pole
mounted
transformers.
 Power System Components
(Distribution)
Lines/transformers operating at voltages
below 100 kV are usually called the
distribution system.
Part of the electric utility system between the
bulk power source and the customer service
entrances (loads). 
33kV, 22kV, 11kV, 6.6kV, 415V and 240V
 Power System Components
(Distribution)
Distribution Intake
Substation
 A step-up transmission substation receives electric power from a nearby
generating facility and uses a large power transformer to increase the
voltage for transmission to distant locations. A transmission bus is used to
distribute electric power to one or more transmission lines. There can also
be a tap on the incoming power feed from the generation plant to provide
electric power to operate equipment in the generation plant.

 Step-down transmission substations are located at switching points in an

electrical grid. They connect different parts of a grid and are a source for
subtransmission lines or distribution lines. The step-down substation can
change the transmission voltage to a subtransmission voltage.

 Distribution substations are located near to the end-users. Distribution

substation transformers change the transmission or subtransmission voltage
to lower levels for use by end-users.
Air circuit breakers are used to interrupt
circuits while current flows through them.
Compressed air is used to quench the arc when
the connection is broken.

Bus support insulators are porcelain or

fiberglass insulators that serve to isolate the bus
bar switches and other support structures and to
prevent leakage current from flowing through
the structure or to ground. These insulators are
similar in function to other insulators used in
substations and transmission poles and towers.
 The substation control house contains
switchboard panels, batteries, battery chargers,
supervisory control, power-line carrier, meters,
and relays. The control house provides all
weather protection and security for the control
equipment. It is also called a doghouse.

Control panels contain meters, control switches

and recorders located in the control building,
also called a doghouse. These are used to
control the substation equipment, to send
power from one circuit to another or to open or
to to shut down circuits when needed.
Circuit switchers provide equipment protection
for transformers, lines, cables, and capacitor
banks. They also are used to energize and
deenergize capacitor banks and other circuits.

A lightning arrester is a device used on

electrical power systems to protect the
insulation on the system from the damaging
effect of lightning. The typical lightning
arrester also known as surge arrester has a high
voltage terminal and a ground terminal.
 Power System in Malaysia
National Grid System
 primary electricity transmission network linking the electricity generation,
transmission, distribution and consumption in Malaysia
 operated and owned by TNB
 more than 420 substation in Peninsular Malaysia are linked together by the
extensive network of transmission lines operating at 132kV, 275kV and
500kV
 Power generated by TNB and IPP is carried by the National Grid towards
customers connected to the various distribution networks
 electrically interconnected to the transmission network of the Electricity
Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) -132kV with capacity 80MW
and 300kV with capacity 300MW and also to Singapore Power- Sdn Bhd
230kV with capacity 200MW.