Cu 1 / Nguyn l o v tr v dch chuyn theo in tr ?

1. Nguyn l o
1.1. Phng php 1: b cm bin cung cp tn hiu l hm ph thuc vo v tr ca mt trong
cc phn t ca cm bin, ng thi phn t ny c lin quan n vt cn xc nh v tr hoc
dch chuyn.
2.2. Phng php 2: ng vi mt dch chuyn c bn, cm bin pht ra mt xung. Vic xc
nh v tr hoc dch chuyn c tin hnh bng cch m s xung pht ra.
Cu 2: in th k dng con chy c hc
a) Cu to v nguyn l lm vic: gm mt in tr c nh (Rm) v mt tip xc in
(con chy) lin kt vi vt kho st. Khi vt di chuyn, con chy di chuyn theo, in
tr o ph thuc vo v tr con chy. o in tr v tr.

in tr dng dy cun: c ch to t cc hp kim Ni - Cr, Ni - Cu , Ni - Cr - Fe, Ag Pd qun thnh vng xon dng l xo trn li cch in (bng thu tinh, gm hoc
nha), gia cc vng dy cch in bng emay hoc lp oxyt b mt.
in tr dng bng dn: c ch to bng cht do trn bt dn in l cacbon hoc
kim loi c ht ~10-2m.
b) c im:
Cu to n gin.
o c dch chuyn ln.
Khong chy c ch nh hn chiu di in tr (L m).
phn gii ca in tr dng dy ~10m, dng bng dn ~ 0,1 m.
Thi gian sng thp: dng dy ~106 ln, dng bng dn 5.107 - 108 ln.
Chu nh hng ln ca bi v m.
Cu 3: in th k con chy quang
a) Cu to v nguyn l lm vic:

b) c im:
Khng c tip xc c hc trnh mn, trnh gy ting n.

Tui th cao.
Thi gian hi p ngn (~20s).
Cu 4: in th k dng con tr t
a) Cu to v nguyn l lm vic:

in th k dng con tr t
Nguyn l:

Nam chm quay. Chiu di t in tr nm trong t trng thay i in tr thay

i.
Tn hiu ra:

R1
R
ES 1 ES
R1 R2
R
o Vm v tr gc.
Cu 5/ Nguyn l o v tr & dch chuyn bng cc cm bin in cm?
Cm bin in cm l nhm cc cm bin lm vic da trn nguyn l cm ng in t. Vt
cn o v tr hoc dch chuyn c gn vo mt phn t ca mch t gy nn s bin thin
t thng qua cun o.
Cm bin in cm c chia ra: cm bin t cm v h cm.
Cm bin t cm (CBTC)
Cu 6: CBTC n c khe t bin thin:
Cu to v nguyn l lm vic:
Vm

W 2 W 2 0s

H s t cm:
W- s vng dy.
R:t tr ca khe h khng kh.,:chiu di khe h khng kh.,s:tit din thc ca khe h
khng kh.

Khi , s thay i L v Z thay i. o L hoc Z v tr hoc dch chuyn.

c im:
L

W 2 0
W 2 0s0
s

0
0 2

ds
d =>
L = f() phi tuyn cn L= f(s) tuyn tnh dL
s

L0
L
nhy khi thay i:
S

0 1
0

nhy khi s thay i:

L W 2 0 L 0
Ss

s
0
s0
Z ph thuc , s v : s = f() phi tuyn :s = f(s) tuyn tnh; s tng khi tng.
CBTC cu 7: kp c khe t bin thin (CBTC vi sai)
a) Cu to:

b) c im:
- nhy ln.
- tuyn tnh cao hn.
CBTC c li t di ng
a) Cu to v nguyn l lm vic

b) c im:
L = f(lf) phi tuyn, nhy v tuyn tnh ca CB kp cao hn CB n.
o c dch chuyn ln hn so vi CBTC c khe t bin thin.
Cu 8: Cm bin h cm (CBHC)
CBHC c khe t bin thin
a) Cu to v nguyn l lm vic:
Khi cp dng xoay chiu ( i I m sin t) vo cun s cp, sinh ra bin thin trong
W2W1 0 s
I m cos t

W2W1 0 s
s
I k E = f(s, )
Gi tr hiu dng ca sut in ng E

cun th cp sinh ra sc in ng cm ng: e

b) c im:

E = f(s, ) tuyn tnh theo (s) v phi tuyn theo ().

S

Vi E0

ks

02 1
0

E0

0 1
0

SS

E k E 0

s 0 s0

ks0
(khi XV = 0)
0

tng nhy v tuyn tnh CBHC kp lp vi sai.

Cu 9:

CBHC c li t di ng(Bin th vi sai)

a) Cu to v nguyn l lm vic:

Cu 10/ Nguyn l o v tr & dch chuyn bng cc cm bin in dung?

Nguyn l: da trn s thay i in dung ca cm bin khi phn t gn vi vt kho st di
ng thay i kch thc hnh hc ca cm bin (CB th ng).
Cu 11: Cm bin t in n
a) Cu to v nguyn l lm vic:

b) c im:
nhy:

Cu 12: Cm bin t kp vi sai

a) Cu to v nguyn l lm vic:

b) c im:
nhy (S) cao hn CB n
tuyn tnh cao hn CB n
Cu to phc tp hn
- Cu 13 : Nguyn l o v tr & dch chuyn bng cc cm bin xung?
Cu 14:
5. Cm bin quang
5.1. Nguyn l cu to: theo nguyn tc ca cm bin xung.
Gm 3 b phn:
+ B pht quang.
+ Thc o.
+ B thu quang.
5.2. Cm bin quang phn x
a) Cu to v nguyn l ln vic:

b) c im:
Ngun pht, b thu b tr mt pha D b tr.
C li cm nhn b.
Chu nh hng ca nhiu t ngun sng khc.
5.3. Cm bin quang soi thu
a) Cu to v nguyn l lm vic:

b) c im:
C ly cm nhn ln.
C kh nng thu c tn hiu mnh v t s tng phn sng ti ln.
t nh hng nhiu ca ngun sng khc.
Kh b tr v chnh thng hng ngun pht v u thu.
Cu 15/ Nguyn l o bin dng bng CB in tr?
Phng php o bin dng Bng Cm bin in tr: da vo s thay i in tr ca vt liu khi c
bin dng. Kch thc cm bin nh t vi mm n vi cm, khi o chng c dn trc tip ln cu trc
bin dng dng ph bin.
.
16.V s cu to, trnh by nguyn l lm vic,nu c im ca u o bin dng
in tr kim loi? Cng thc xc nh h s u o v ngha ca n?
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng:
Dy in tr tit din trn d20m hoc ch nht.
S nhnh n = 10 20 nhnh.
cch in: giy (~ 0,1 mm), cht do (~ 0,03 mm).

c im:
Vt liu ch to in tr cn c ln.
H s u o nh: thng thng K = 2 3, (isoelastic c K = 3,5 v platin-vonfram K =
4,1). Trong gii hn n hi K=const, Ngoi gii hn n hi (khi l/l > 0,5% - 20%
ty vt liu) K 2.
nh hng ca T: trong khong - 100oC 300oC:
(K0 ng vi T = 25oC, constantan K = +0,01%/oC, isoelastic kh ln).

nh hng ca bin dng ngangsai s (khng ng k c th b qua).

in tr ca cm bin:

17.Trnh by nguyn l o bin dng bng cm bin p tr?

Di tc dng ca lc do p sut sinh ra, in tr ca p tr bin thin:

Vi 4 p tr R1, R2, R3, R4 mc theo mch cu, in p ra:

Vm

I
R1 R 2 R 3 R 4 IR .I.R 0 .
4

JT - u o nhit .

in tr: cc mu ct t n tinh th silic pha tp P hoc N, kch thc: di ~ 0,1 2

mm v chiu dy ~ 0,01mm.
cch in: nha.
tng tn hiu c th ghp ni tip, song song nhiu mnh ct.

b) Loi khuch tn:

in tr: silic pha tp

P (hoc N).
: silic pha tp loi N
(hoc P).

loi

Lp tip gip P N phn cc

ngc

in tr ca cm bin:

c im:
a) in tr (R):
Ph thuc pha tp:
Ph thuc nhit :
tng khi T <120oC (R>0),
gim khi T>120oC (R<0),

H s u o (K):
Ln: K = 100 200.
Ph thuc vo pha tp: pha tp tng K gim.
Ph thuc vo nhit : nhit tng K gim, pha tp ln (Nd>1020/cm3) K t ph thuc.
18.V s cu to, trnh by nguyn l lm vic,nu c im ca u o bin dng
p tr silic?Cng thc xc nh h s u o v nhn xt?
Cu to v nguyn l hot ng:
a) Loi dng mu ct

in tr: cc mu ct t n tinh th silic pha tp P hoc N, kch thc: di ~ 0,1 2

mm v chiu dy ~ 0,01mm.
cch in: nha.
tng tn hiu c th ghp ni tip, song song nhiu mnh ct.
b) Loi khuch tn:

10

in tr: silic pha tp loi P (hoc N).

: silic pha tp loi N (hoc P).
Lp tip gip P N phn cc ngc.
in tr ca cm bin:

19.Nguyn l o da trn hiu ng p in ?

20.V s cu to, trnh by nguyn l lm vic,nu c im ca cm bin thch anh
do lc kiu vng m?

Cu to:

Cc vng m: phin ct t n tinh th thch anh, nhy vi lc nn dc theo chiu

trc.
c im:
Ch nhy vi lc nn theo chiu trc o lc nn (c th o lc ko bng cch nn
trc).

11

Gii hn trn ca di o c t vi kN (vi ng knh ~ 1 cm) n 10 3 kN ( vi ng

knh ~ 10 cm).
Nguyn l hot ng: da trn c s hiu ng p in: Di tc dng ca lc c hc,
tm p in b bin dng, lm xut hin trn hai bn cc cc in tch tri du. Hiu
in th xut hin gia hai bn cc (V) t l vi lc tc dng (F).

22.Trnh by nguyn l o da trn hiung t gio?

Hiu ng t gio
Di tc ng ca t trng, mt s vt liu st t thay i hn dng cht hnh hc
hoc tnh cht c hc (m un Young) hiu ng t gio.
Ngc li: Khi c tc dng ca lc c hc gy ra ng lc trong vt liu st t ng
cong t ho ca chng thay i hiu ng t gio nghch.
ng cong t ha:
Khi trong vt liu st t c ng lc, kch thc mng tinh th thay i, cc hng d t ho
thay i dn n lm thay i nh hng ca cc domen ng cong t ha thay i
hiu ng t gio nghch.
Trn hnh biu din nh hng ca ng lc n ng cong t ho ca permalloy 68.
23.V s cu to, trnh by nguyn l lm vic,nu c im ca cm bin t thm
bin thin?

12

Cu to, nguyn l lm vic:

Di tc dng ca lc F, li t b bin dng t thm () thay i t tr mch t
(Rt) thay i t cm (L) ca cun dy thay i.
R L

K .

R
L

S thay i , Rt, L F:
24.V s cu to, trnh by nguyn l lm vic,nu c im ca cm bin t d
bin thin?
Cu to v nguyn l lm vic:
Di tc dng ca lc cn o Br thay i , v d lc nn (d < 0), Br tng ln:

Br thay i bin thin ec..

in p h mch:
2
dBr
9 Wb.m
1,5.10
d
N .m 2

Vm K

dBr
dB d
K r
dt
d dt

25.Trnh by nguyn l o lc da trn php o dch chuyn?V s cu to v trnh

by nguyn l lm vic ca mt cm bin o lc da trn php o dch chuyn
Nguyn l: Trong cm bin loi ny, lc cn o tc dng ln vt trung gian v gy nn s thay

13

i kch thc l ca n. S thay i kch thc c o bng mt cm bin dch chuyn.

Khi tn hiu ra Vm v lc tc dng c biu din bng biu thc:
Vm/l: t s truyn t ca cm bin.
l/F

: mm ca vt trung gian.

Cu to:
Vt trung gian:
Vng o lc;
Cc dm dng console;
L xo.
Cm bin o dch chuyn:
in th k in tr;
Cm bin t tr bin thin;
Cm bin t in.

Vm Vm l

.
F
l F

Cm bin xc gic

Khi c lc nn tc dng ln mt phn no ca tm cao su, khong cch gia cc

ht dn in phn ngn li, in tr gim xung, dng in tng ln. To ca
vng c dng in tng ln s xc nh v tr ca lc tc dng v gi tr ca n xc nh
gi tr ca lc.
26.Trnh by nguyn l o vn tc bng cm bin in t?
Nguyn l o vn tc quay:
Phng php 1 (s dng tc k in t): Da trn hin tng cm ng in t.
Cm bin gm c hai phn: phn cm (ngun t thng) v phn ng (phn c t thng
i qua). Khi c chuyn ng tng i gia phn cm v phn ng t thng () i
qua phn ng bin thin trong phn ng xut hin sut in ng cm ng (e) tc
bin thin () tc dch chuyn. o (e) (v).
Cc loi: Tc k mt chiu, tc k xoay chiu
d
Sc in ng cm ng:e(t )
dt
T thng qua phn ng: x 0 F x
F(x) l hm ph thuc v tr ca phn ng.

14

e(t ) 0 .

dF ( x)
dF ( x) dx
0 .
.
dt
dx dt

Phng php 2 (S dng tc k vng loi xung): lm vic theo nguyn tc o tn s

chuyn ng ca phn t chuyn ng quay. Cm bin c mt a c m ho gn
vi trc quay, ng vi mt chuyn dch c bn xung. Tn s xung t l vi tc cn
o.
Cc loi: Tc k t tr bin thin, tc k quang
27.V s cu to, trnh by nguyn l lm vic,nu c im ca tc k dng mt
chiu o vn tc quay?
*Cu to v nguyn l lm vic:

1) Stato 2) Rto 3) C gp 4) Chi qut

Rto: li thp ky thut in ghp t nhiu tm, mt ngoi x rnh v t cc dy dn

chnh.Cc dy dn chnh ca ni vi nhau thnh cp bng dy ph v mc ni tip hai
cm, hai cm mc ngc pha nhau.
Stato: nam chn vnh cu hoc nam chm in.
d i
.r.l.BiN
Khi r to quay, trong dy dn s cm ng: ei
dt

.N . 0 n.N . 0
Trong na s dy bn phi ng trung tnh: E p
2

.N . 0 n.N . 0
Trong na s dy bn tri ng trung tnh: Et
2
28.V s cu to, trnh by nguyn l lm vic,nu c im ca tc k dng
xoay chiu o vn tc quay?
Loi ng b:

1) Stato 2) Rto

Khi rto (phn cm) quay, trong cc cun dy ca stato (phn ng) xut hin s...
cm ng:

e E.sin t
15

K1 v K2 l cc thng s ph thuc cu to ca my pht.

o E hoc .
o E : c sai s do nh hng ca tng tr cun ng v suy gim tn hiu khi
truyn i xa. in p V hai u cun ng:

Khi in tr ti

(tng tr ca cun ng)

o : c th truyn tn hiu i xa khng nh hng n chnh xc.

Loi khng ng b:

Rto lm bng kim loi d t quay cng trc quay.

Stato: c hai cun dy: cun kch v cun o
in p kch thch Vc = Ve.coset.
Khi r to quay, trong cun o xut hin s.. cm ng:

em Em .cos et K ..cos et

Bin s.. cm ng Em = K. (K: h s t l). o Em .

29.Trnh by nguyn l o vn tc bng cm bin xung?

Khi a quay khe h bin thin t tr mch t bin thin qua cun dy
bin thin trong cun dy xut hin s.. cm ng (e) c tn s (f) t l vi tc
quay (n):

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30.V s cu to, trnh by nguyn l lm vic,nu c im ca tc k t tr

bin thin?
a) Cu to v nguyn l lm vi c:
3
Khe t
()

a quay (bnh rng)

Cun dy
Nam chm vnh cu

Khi a quay khe h bin thin t tr mch t bin thin qua cun dy
bin thin trong cun dy xut hin s.. cm ng (e) c tn s (f) t l vi tc
quay (n):

f pn(p s rng
ca a)

Khi a quay khe h bin thin t tr mch t bin thin qua cun dy
bin thin trong cun dy xut hin s.. cm ng (e) c tn s (f) t l vi tc quay (n):
b) c im:

Bin (E) ca s.. cm ng ph thuc: khong cch gia cun dy - a quay v tc

quay (min, n E). Vi nnmin nht nh E qu b khng th o c vng
cht.

Di o ca cm bin ph thuc vo s rng (p) ca a: p ln nmin nh, p nh

nmax ln. V d: p = 60 rng di o n = 50 500 vg/ph, p = 15 rng di o n =
500 10.000 vg/ph.

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