Name

CHAPTER 3

Class

Date

Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

2 Compounds

SECTION

National Science
Education Standards

BEFORE YOU READ

After you read this section, you should be able to answer
these questions:

PS 1a, 1c

What are compounds?

What is a chemical reaction?
How are compounds used in everyday life?

What Are Compounds?

Look around the classroom. Most of the things you see
are not made of just one element. Instead, they are made
of elements combined with other elements. A compound
is a pure substance composed of two or more elements
that are joined by chemical bonds. The figure below
shows some compounds that you might find in your
kitchen and what elements make up the compounds.

STUDY TIP
Asking Questions Read
this section silently. In your
notebook, write down
questions that you have about
this section. Discuss your
questions in a small group.
READING CHECK

Familiar Compounds
Compound

Elements in the compound

Table salt

sodium and chlorine

Water

hydrogen and oxygen

Sugar

hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen

Carbon dioxide

carbon and oxygen

Baking soda

sodium, hydrogen, carbon, and

oxygen

1. Describe What is a
compound?

RATIO OF ELEMENTS IN A COMPOUND

Elements join in a specific ratio according to their

masses to form a compound. For example, in 18 g of
water, there are 2 g of hydrogen and 16 g of oxygen. The
2g
1 . The mass
mass ratio of oxygen to hydrogen is ____ or __
16 g
8
ratio is written as 1 to 8 or 1:8. Every sample of water has
a 1:8 mass ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. What happens
if a compound has a different mass ratio of hydrogen to
water? The compound cannot be water.
Sometimes the same two elements can join in different
ratios. However, two different compounds are formed.
For example, carbon and oxygen can join to form carbon
monoxide, CO, and can also form carbon dioxide, CO2.
Carbon dioxide forms when there is lots of oxygen present.

Math Focus

2. Determine A compound
has 40 g of calcium and 160 g
of bromine. What is the mass
ratio of calcium to bromine
in the compound?

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Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

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SECTION 2

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Date

Compounds continued

What Properties Do Compounds Have?

Critical Thinking

3. Analyze Data How can

you tell from the table that all
of the compounds listed are
liquids at room temperature?

Compounds, just like elements, have physical and

chemical properties. Some physical properties of
compounds are melting point, boiling point, density,
and color. The table below shows some of the physical
properties of three colorless liquids. These properties
can be used to tell them apart, even though the three
compounds look alike in a container.
Physical Properties
Melting
point (C)

Odor

Density (g/mL)

61

strong

1.48

114

75

mild

0.79

100

none

1.00

Chloroform
Ethanol

64

Water

Boiling
point (C)

Chemical properties can also be used to identify

compounds. Compounds may change when they are
exposed to other chemicals or to heat or light. These
are chemical properties. The table below shows how the
chemical properties of three common white solids differ.

TAKE A LOOK

4. Identify What element

is part of both of the
compounds on the table
that are not ammable?

READING CHECK

Chemical Properties
Reacts with acid

Flammable

Sodium chloride (salt)

no

no

Sucrose (sugar)

no

yes

Sodium bicarbonate
(baking soda)

yes

no

The properties of a compound differ from those of its

elements. Sodium chloride is made of two very reactive
and toxic elementssodium and chlorine. Sodium is a
metal that reacts violently with water and can cause
damage if it touches skin. Chlorine is a poisonous gas.
The combination of the two elements makes sodium
chloride. Sodium chloride, or table salt, is safe to eat.

5. Identify How do the

properties of a compound
compare to the properties of
its elements?

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Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

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Compounds continued

How Can Compounds Be Broken Down?

Some compounds can be broken down into their elements
by applying heat or using electricity. In the figure below,
mercury oxide breaks down to form mercury and oxygen.

When mercury oxide is

heated, it undergoes a
chemical change in which it
separates into the elements
mercury and oxygen.

TAKE A LOOK

6. Identify What is used to

break down the mercury oxide
into mercury and oxygen?

What Are Some Important Compounds?

You are surrounded by compounds. Compounds make
up the food you eat, the school supplies you use, and the
clothes you wear.
COMPOUNDS IN INDUSTRY

Aluminum is an element used in making cans and

airplanes. However, aluminum is not found in nature.
Aluminum is produced by breaking down the compound
aluminum oxide that is found in nature.
Ammonia is another important compound used in
industry. It is used to make fertilizers. Ammonia is made
by combining nitrogen and hydrogen.
STANDARDS CHECK

COMPOUNDS IN NATURE

Proteins are compounds found in all living things. The

element nitrogen is needed to make proteins. Plants get
the nitrogen they need from the soil. Animals get the
nitrogen they need by eating plants or other animals that
eat plants. The proteins in food are broken down as an
animal digests the food. The simpler compounds formed
are used by the animals cells to make the proteins
needed by the animal.
Another compound that is important for life is carbon
dioxide. You exhale carbon dioxide that was made in
your body. Plants take in carbon dioxide, which is used in
photosynthesis. Plants use photosynthesis to make compounds called carbohydrates. These carbohydrates can
then be broken down for energy by plants and animals.

PS 1c Chemical elements do
not break down during normal
laboratory reactions involving
such treatments as heating,
exposure to electric current, or
reaction with acids. There are
more than 100 known elements
that combine in a multitude of
ways to produce compounds,
which account for the living and
nonliving substances that we
encounter.

7. Identify What are two

types of compounds found
in nature?

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Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

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Section 2 Review

NSES

PS 1a, 1c

SECTION VOCABULARY
compound a substance made up of atoms of
two or more different elements joined by
chemical bonds

1. Explain How do the particles of a compound differ from the particles of

an element?

2. Organize Fill in the knowledge web below with words from this section.
Compounds
have

are made of

can be broken down by

unique properties

types of properties

3. Draw Conclusions A label for a plant is made of copper. When it is first put in a

garden, it is bright and shiny. After a few months, the label has a dull, greenish
color. When you rub your finger over the surface, some soft material rubs off.
What happened to the copper?

4. Identify What are two types of energy used to break down compounds?

5. Determine A compound has 39 g of potassium and 78 g of selenium. What is the

mass ratio of potassium to selenium in the compound?

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Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures

Introduction to Matter Answer Key continued

SECTION 2 COMPOUNDS

15. low temperatures

16. mixing by stirring, heating the solution,

1. a pure substance composed of two or more

2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
7.

crushing the solid

17. a mixture in which the particles of a
material are large enough to settle out
18. by passing it through a filter
19. a mixture in which the particles are
spread throughout but are not large enough
to settle out

elements that are joined by chemical bonds

1:4
Room temperature is about 25C. This value
falls between the melting point and the boiling point of each of the three compounds.
sodium
They are different.
heat
proteins and carbohydrates

Review
1. The solvent is ethanol; the solute is sucrose.
2. Middle box: solution

Review
1. The particles of a compound contain atoms

2.
3.

4.
5.

Bottom boxes, from left to right: solvent,

solute
grams of solute
3. concentration ___________________
milliliters of solvent
25 g
concentration ____ mL 0.0625 g/mL
400
4. The solubility of sugar is lower in cold water
than in hot water, so some of the sugar came
out of solution.

of more than one element. The particles of

an element are the atoms of that element.
physical, chemical, elements, heat or electricity
There was a chemical reaction with something in the air. It formed a new compound
that had properties different from those of
copper.
heat and electricity
1:2

Chapter 4 Introduction to
Atoms

SECTION 3 MIXTURES
1. a physical change
2. The components in the mixtures are not

SECTION 1 DEVELOPMENT OF THE

ATOMIC THEORY

changed.

1. An atom is the smallest particle of an

3. the flame or the burner

4. A pure substance has the same particles
5.
6.

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.

2.
3.

throughout, so it cannot separate into layers.

the water
The ratio of components in a mixture is not
fixed, but a compound always has the same
elements in the same ratio.
the solvent
water
It is not a solution, because the metals are
not spread evenly throughout the coin.
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, alcohol, salt, and
zinc should be circled.
amount of solute and amount of solution
You add more than the solubility of sugar in
water.
160 g/100 mL of water
grams of solute
concentration ___________________
milliliters of solvent
55 g
concentration ____ mL 0.11 g/mL
500

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

9.
10.
11.
12.

element that keeps its properties.

in a regular or repeating pattern
when new information is found that does
not fit the original theory
positive
negative
a beam of small, positively charged particles
Most particles followed a straight path.
In the center of the atom is the nucleus.
Electrons move in mostly empty space outside the nucleus.
about 19 mi
Electrons move around the nucleus in definite areas called energy levels.
The nucleus is the center circle. The nine
smaller circles are electrons.
Electron clouds are regions where electrons
are likely to be found.

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Introduction to Matter