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ImY YF FZ FFFE FFZ IY Fe FiF} ImY FSX
FSX We QZJF FFF FFdWE BFImY AFFFF
FF ImY dFIYFF IY FF FFFFZ WE IYB
FFFEa VFY IYe FB W` dFdFF dFFFF
FSXF FaFFdFF IYe FFe W`
=BF dQVFF FZ QZVF IZY FFFdSIY IY

FidFVFF FeMXZ FadFF FFIZY AF`S AVFF

FFFZ IZY dFE AFFadMXF IYSFZ IYF Fe
FiFFFFF WX`

FFdFIY WXFFZF

FF CXFIYFZ FZdFF FSZ IYFF FZ FFFFF WX`

FFZ CXF dFFFZFF IYFZ FeF FFF IZY
IYFSFFFF AF`S FFFZ IYe FF WXFZ FIYFe
WX` FWXFSFMX AF`S IYFFMXIY FZ BF
FiFFFFF IYF FFFZ FiFFFe PXaF FZ CXFFFZF
IYSFZ WXE EZFZ IYB FFZFFZ IYFZ QadOXF dIYFF
WX` FZ AF EMX FZ FF dFIYFFZ FZ FOXe
FaFF FZ EZFZ FFFZ IYFZ FWXFFFF FWXaFFFZ
IZY FFF FFFFF dIYFF FFF WX`
FFFF FQSXe EMX, 1948 :
FFe IYFFFdSFFZ IZY dFE FFFF FQSXe
IYF FiFFFFF dIYFF FFF WX` FFF FF FZ
FOXFZ FZ FZWXQ FiFFFe FFFF FFF WX`
dFVFIY AF`S AdFFFF dVFFF FFFZ
IYF AdFIYFS EMX, 2009 : 6-14
FFF IZY FFe FFFZ IYFZ dFVFIY AF`S
AdFFFF dVFFF IYF FiFFFFF dIYFF FFF
WX` BFFZ FiFZIY FiFBFZMX IYF FZ 25

EFFe FZWXFF IZYF (1996) :

FFieF IYFZMX FZ IZYi AF`S SFF
FSIYFSFZ IYFZ dFQZVF QZFZ WXE
FZdFF FSZ IYFFFZ AF`S
FdFdFdFFFZ FZ IYFF IYSFZ FFFZ
FFFZ IYe FWXFFF IYSFZ WXE CXFIYFZ
EZFZ IYFFFZ FZ FF IYSFFZ WXE
FFFFFFSIY dVFFF CXFFF IYSFFZ IZY
dFQZVF dQE FZ IYFZMX FZ FFF FF EMX IYF
CXFaFF IYSFZ FFFZ dFFFZFFAFZ IZY
AaVFQFF FZ CXFIZY dFE FFFFF FZ
FaFadFF IYFFFIYFSXe RaYOX FFFFZ IYF Fe
dFQZVF dQFF FF
CXFeIYFF FFFF AFaFi FiQZVF SFF
(1993) : FFieF IYFZMX FZ FFFF Qe
dIY 14 FFF FIY IZY FFe FFFZ IYFZ
dFVFIY dVFFF FFFZ IYF AdFIYFS WX`
FadFFFF FZ VFFdFF dIYFF FFF AFLXZQ
21(E) FZ FWX FFFFF FFIYFe WX`

FWXF
BF FFS IZY VFeFIYFFeF FF FZ dQFaFS,
2012 FZ FadFF FFF FF (FidFFZF EFa
dFFFF) FaVFFZFF (FeEFFeAFSE) dFF
FZVF dIYFF FEFF BF dFF FZ FWXFe FFS
14 FFF IYe AFF FIY IZY FFFZ IZY dIYFe
Fe FiIYFS IZY dFFFZF FS FFFaQe FFFB
FB WX` dFVFIY EFa AdFFFF FFFZ IYF

FF IYSFF FFdWE?
8FFFZ FWFZ F FFFdSXIY IY AFFF
QFdFF FFFFF WFF FFe IY FiF IYSXFF
WFF dIY WF FFF AdFIYFSX IYF WFF FF
WFZ QZFZ FF We JQ IYSXZFZ AdFIYFSX
FFFF FZ dWFF FSX ImY AQSX We WFe W`
FFFZ FFFZ, dSXVFZQFSX We FF IYF VFFF
IYSXFZ W` FF IY FdYFF FSX FSX FiF}
IYSXFF FFdWE FF IY FFF FF, FFFF
FIYSXe, FF ImY FidF AFSXFF QZJIYSX FF
FWe SXWFF FFdWE IYF, FSX, dSXVFZQFSXe,
AFFFF, FdFF MXZVFF FZ EZFF FFWF
FFFFF FFdWE dIY FFZ OSXZ, FWFZ FWe

AdFIYFS EMX, 2009 IZY FFF FFFFZF

dFNXFFZ IZY dFE BF dFF IYFZ FZVF dIYFF
FEFF BF dFF FZ 14-18 FFF IZY
dIYVFFZSFZ IZY FZdFF FSZ dFFFZF FS
FFFaQe IYF Fe FiFFFFF dIYFF FFF WX` FWX
dFF dIYVFFZSFZ IZY IYFF IYSFZ IYe QVFFAFZ
AF`S AFdOXFFZ dFAF BaMXSMXZFFZMX CXFZF
FZ IYFF IYSFZ FFFZ FFFZ IYe QVFFAFZ IYF
dFFFF IYSZFF

AaFSSFMXeF IYFFF
AaFSSFMXeF FF FaFNXF (AFBEFAFZ) FZ
FFF FF IZY dFFFRY FiFF YF FZ QFZ
IaYFZVFF (FFFF`FZ)dFIYdFF dIYE WX`
QdFFF IZY AdFIYFVF QZVFFZ FZ CXF FS
WXFFFS Fe dIYE WX` :
SFZFFS IZY dFE FFFF AFF, 1973
(IaYFZVFF FaFS 138) :
BF IaYFZVFF IYFZ AaFeIYFS IYSFZ FFFZ QZVFFZ
FZ FFF FF IYFZ SFZIYFZ IYF IYFFFe FFQF
dIYFF WX` AF`S FdFdVFF dIYFF WX` dIY
kFFFF AFFl FZ IYF CXFi IZY FFFZ IYFZ
dFFFZdF FWXe dIYFF FEFF 2010 IZY
AaF FIY BF IaYFZVFF FS AFBEFAFZ IZY
183 FQFFZ FZ FZ 156 FZ WXFFFS dIYE
FFF FF IYF FFFZ FSFF FYF,
1999 (IaYFZVFF FaFS 182) :
BFFZ FFF FF IZY FFFZ FSFF YF FZ
FSFF IZY FFFZ IYFZ AFFFF IYe dFdF FZ
SFFZ WXE FIYFF AF`S FiFFFe CXFFF
CXNXFFZ IZY dFE IYWXF FFF WX` 2010 IZY
AaF FIY BF IaYFZVFF IYFZ 173 QZVFFZ FZ
AaFeIYFS dIYFF WX`

FFFF IYFFF AS FFFIY IZY FFFQ QdFFF FZ FFF

FF IYe CFdFdF AFQdFFF IZY FFF FS dIYFe
IYFaIY FZ IYF FWe W` WFFFadIY BF FFFFdIY
IYFaIY FZ CFSFS dIaYF FeFF FFFS FSe W SWF W`,
FZdIYF IYB IYFSIY IYF F FIY OX JFFF FWe
WFF, BF FS FdSF FFFF FFFFF AFaFF W`
FSeFe AS FZSFFSe IYF CF FS: FSeF FdSFFS
WFFFF IY FFFSFZ IZY dFE FF IY IYF FZFZ
IYe FFF IYFF FS FXZFZ IY FSeFFF QZFZ W` FZ FFZ
CFIYe FF YSF IY FSF IYSFZ IYF FFFF FF FFZ
W` QdFFF IZY EIY FFFB FF AdF FSeFe IZY dVFIYFS
W` ARiYeIYF, EdVFFF, F`dMXF AFZdSIYF IZY dWF FZ
FFF AdF FSeFe IZY FFFZ FWFa IZY AdFIYFS FOXIZY
Se-SMXe IZY FFOX FZ FFF FQS FF FFZ W`
AdFFFF AS dFVFIY dVFFF IYF QFFSF FedFF:
2006 FZ IYSeF 7.5 IYSOX FFZ IYF FFZ FZ
FWYF FZ 2009 FZ FaFF SFMX IYe EIY dSFMX IZY
FFFdFIY dFVF IZY FFe FF IY FFFFdFIY dVFFF
FW`FF IYSFFZ IYe FFFF 10-30 ASF OXFGFS W` QZJFZ
FZ FFZ We FW FFSe-FSIYF SFdVF FFFe W, FZdIYF
FFFF FFFFFF F`dVFIY dFdFMXe JF IYF FW 0.72.0 RYeFQ We W`

FQF IYFFF IYF CFaFF:

FFF FQSe
IZY dJFFRY
FFZ We FFFF
dFFF, IYFFF
AS FadWFFEa
FQ W,
FZdIYF BFIYF
JFF CFaFF FSZAFF QZJF F FIYFF W` CQFWSF
IZY dFE F`FR`YFdSaF AS dFFFF CFFQ IZY CFFQF
AS AFCMXFdFF FZ IYB FSF VFFdFF WFZ W` BFIZY
FFFZ FW FFF IYSFF FdVIYF W FFF W` dIY FSe
FidIiYFF FZ IYWFa FS I`YFF FF IYFF IYS SWF W` BFFZ
OXZ IYL dWFZ IYF IYFF NZIZYQFS FZ IYSFE FFZ W`
BSFQFF FF F`SBSFQFF FFF FF IZY BFZFFF IY
LFFFZ W`

IYFFF IYF AFF AFFFF:

dFVF FZ FFF FQSe IY JF IYSFZ IZY dFE dFFZ
IYFFF IYFFQZ W` FF F CWZ PaF FZ FFF FWe dIYFF
FFF W` FF dRYS FZ QYF FWe W` BFIZY FFFZ We
IYdF, FSZF IYFF `FZ FZF FZ FFF FQSe FQ W`
IYB QZVF FZ FF IYFFF F W` FZdIYF CFIZY FF
dFFFF AS FF dFSeFF IYFFFFF IZY FFF FFFF
FaFFFF FWe CFFF WFZ W` FWFa IYe AQFFFZa CF
IYFFF IY FFF IYSFFZ FZ dFRYF SWFe W`

FFS IYFFF:
IYB QZVF EZFZ IYFFF FFF QZFZ W` dFFZ QdFF IZY FF
dFIYFFZ IYe FSe FaFFVF WFe W`
FZFFF: FWFa AdFIYFaVF IYFF IZY dFE FFFF 14
FFF AFF FeFF dFFFdSF W` FFSFF AS BaMX FXZ
IY FFF FF FZ FF SJF FFF W`
IZYFF: AdFIY IYFF IZY dFE 16 FFF FZ IYF
AFF IZY FF FS FidFFaF W` FZdIYF IYdF IY BFFZ
FF SJF FFF W`
FFaFFQZVF: dIYFe Fe IYFF IZY dFE EIY dFFFdSF
AFFFeFF W` FZdIYF FSZF IYFF AS JZFe-FFOXe FZ
OXZ IYFF FS FW FFF FWe WFe W`
AF IYFSIY: FWSFMXeF IaYFdFFFa QdFFF IZY IYB
QZVF FZ AFFF dFFFS IYSFe W` dFWFF SFFS,
dFFZVF AS CF IZY dFE QZVF FZ FidFFFF FFe
SWFe W` AaFSSFMXeF FFFIY IY FFFZ IZY dFE IYB
FFS FSIYFS AS IaYFdFF FSF IYF FFFF FFFZ FF
IY FPFFF dQE FFZ IZY IiYF FZ FFF FF FFFS IYe
FdF FaQ FOX FFe W`