W

W
K
W
W

K J
K J

K J
K J

K J
W
K

W
K

W
K

--

WK
K

Data Data Transmission

Communication

EF

E{F
Terminals

Data Networks

Computer Communication

K?EF?

?
EF

--

Nodes

? K

EF

K
J J

W J

? ?

EF

J F
--

E
K

MUXEF

KATM

(Microprocessor)
WK

K

K

Integrated Service Digital ?

Network (ISDN)
K

--

J J

(End User Modules) J

Data Terminal Host

KEnd SystemEquipment (DTE)

Interface Processing Modules J

K
K

Local Circuits J

K
K

Backbone Channel J

Trunks

--

E JF

W K

K
Interface and
processing unit

backbone communication
channel

Local communication
channel

Host devices

EF

--

KMaster/Slave

K J

K J

K J

K J
K J

K J

K J

K J
K J
K J

--

J J

J J J

W
J

mainframes

KE JF


Host computer center

E JF

--

W J

J JF

EF

KE JFK

Main frame

Mini
Computer

Micro
comp.

Micro
comp.

Main frame

Mini
Computer

Micro
comp.

Mini
Computer

Micro
comp.

Micro
comp.

Mini
Computer

Micro
comp.

Micro
comp.

Micro
comp.

--

W J

JF

KE JFK

PC

PC

PC

PC

PC

PC

J J J

KE J F

WEF

Mesh Topology J

point-to-

point

KE JFK

- -

N
M = N(N-1)/2

WM

Star Topology J

JF

KE JFK

- -

K
W

K
Tree Topology J

KE JF

- -

- -

Bus Topology J

point-to-point

multipoint

KE JF

- -

Ring Topology J

E JFKEF

K
K

- -

WHybrid Topologies J

KE JF?

J J J

E J J J J J J J
Local Area Network (LAN) J

K
K

- -

EF

E JFK

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) J

LANsK
LAN LAN

MAN

K E JFK
- -

Wide Area Networks (WAN) J

LANs

Big MAN Big LAN

Public Switched Data Network (PSDN)

E JF K

- -

X.25

K
W

Leased Line J

- -

Circuit Switching J

EF

KE JF

K

K

- -

Packet Switching J

?? ?? ??

??

KE JF

KDatagramEF

K
K
- -

Virtual Circuit J

Packet Circuit Switching

F Switching

KE JF

J
X.25 J J

X.25

? X.25? W K

KE JF
- -

Frame Relay J J

Frame Relay
X.25

Frame E JFKL

KRelay

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) J J

X.25

Frame Relay

ATM

WFrame Relay

- -

ATM

1.2 L 622 L 155.52

KL

Integrated Service Digital Network J J

W(ISDN)

KISDNK

K E JFK

- -

LK ISDN

B- L K W

D- Channel L K Channels

L K (Basic Rate)

ISDN?K(Primary Rate)
K N-ISDN

EFL { ISDN
B- L K

KE B+DF D-ChannelLK Channels

B-ISDN? ISDN?

- -

WISDN

J

K

K J

K J

Internet J J

K
- -

WTCP/IP

J
K

J
K

( IP Address )

E FE F

K E F

uniform resource locator

W address (URL)
- -

(KSU)KSU.EDU.SA

K(SA) (EDU)

IP

JW URL K

J JE F

http http:// www.microsoft.com W

comwww.microsoft
K

E-mail J

File Transfer J

News Group J

EF

- -

Gopher Lists J

K
Shat J

EF

Web page EF J

- -

W
K J JIBM J

KE F

- -

K
W

Network Model J

EF

Network Protocols J

KEF

Interface J

Network Architecture J

Peer Layers J

K
- -

Network Entity J

nK

K n+1

K Peer Entity

Layer service J

E F

KService Access Point

Layer Data J

W
Header

J J

Open System Interconnection (OSI) J

Organization for

International Standardization (ISO)

- -

OSI

CCITT ISO

KE JFEF

Physical LayerEF J

OSI

EF

K
K

Data Link Layer J

E J JF

FrameK

J JF
- -

J J
KE J J
KSDLCHDLC
Network Layer J

Packets

Routing KIP

K
Transport Layer J

TCP IP TCP/IP W
- -

SPX IPX SPX/IPX W

(software tools)

K(hardware)

Session Layer J

K
Buffer

Full Half Duplex
KDuplex

Presentation Layer J

W K

E
EBCDIC ASCIIF

- -

Application Layer J

OSI

K
File Transfer W

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol Protocol (FTP)

KE-mails(STMP)

(Transmission Control Protocol /Internet Protocol-TCP/IP)

EF

K Internet- Satellite- Packet Radio- ARPA NetK

KE JFOSI

- -

Network Interface Layer

OSI

Token Ring Ethernet

K
E J JF

ATM-Frame Relay-X.25 W

K Gateways Routers

Internet Layer J

OSI

IP
K

F
E

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

IP

Router

Reverse K
- -

Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)

RARPEF IP
KIPEF

Internet

Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

K

Internet Control Message Protocol

Multi Casting K (ICMP)

E F

Internet Group

KManagement Protocol (IGMP)

Transport Layer J

OSI
WK
F TCP

??E
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
K

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) J

- -

K
packets TCP

KEF
K

(ACK)

K
(NACK)

K
Ports J

K TCP

UDPTCP

Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)

KEF

E JF

- -

F
T
P
Application
layer

T
E
L
N
E
T
-23-

Transport
layer

-21-

TCP

S
M
T
P

D
N
S

-25-

-53-

T
F
T
P

-69-

S
N
M
P

165

Port
Number

UDP

HTTPEF

K DNS

H IPW TCP/IP

IP W Socket

{K {W ( Socket ) W
EF

K K K IP HTTP

(Client)K

K EF
UDP TCP (Source Port)
K

Error Detection J

- -

Flow Control J

Packets Numbering J

(Packet Switching)

TCP
K

User Datagram Protocol (UDP) J

TCP
K

? Connectionless?
K

UDP

KEWF

KE JFKUDPTCP
- -

FTP TELNET SMTP HTTP SHTTP DNS SNMP NFS RPC TFTP

TCP

UDP
IP

Ethernet
network

Token ring

network

FDDI
network

PPP
network

X.25
network

E JF

KEHTTPFTCP/IP

- -

Transmitter

Receiver

Service and
application layer

Service and
application layer
Data

TCP Transport
layer
segment

IP layer

TCP Transport
layer

IP layer

Data gram

Layer of reaching
to the network

Layer of reaching
to the network

J
Sever

PC

Router

HTTP

IP

HTTP

TCP

Interface
network

TCP

IP
Interface
network

IP
Ethernet
network

J
- -

PPP
network

Interface
network

Application Layer J

KOSI

KUDPTCP

WWTCP/IP J
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) J

FTP
TCPFTP

TCPFTP

K( Server )

K(Client)

W FTP

J J
( ASCII Code)

FTP (Servers)

K(Clients)

- -

Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP) J

TCP(Explorer)

K (Web Server)

TCP
K

TCP HTTP

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) J

K (E-mail)

SMTP

Post Office Protocol (POP) J

POPK

Domain Name System (DNS) J

DNS K

DNS TCP/IP K

K IP (Hosts)
- -

IP DNS

KTCP/IP

Dynamic Host Configuration J

Protocol (DHCP)
(Workstations)

DHCP KDHCP TCP/IP

IPIP
K

Simple Network Management J

Protocol (SNMP)

K

(Agents)
KSNMP

Telnet J

(Server/Client) L TCP/IP

TelnetKTelnet

K Telnet
Telnet

TCP Telnet K

FDX
KTelnet

- -

Packet Internet Groper (PING) J

K TCP/IP PING

TCP/IP

echo request PING K

Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

K echo reply
ICMP

Trace Route J

PING

E F

UDPICMP K
NETSTAT J

K TCP E F

W J

KInternational Standardization Organization (ISO) J

International Telecommunication union J

K(ITU-T)

American National Standardization Institute J

K(ANSI)

- -

Institute of Electrical & electronic J

KEngineer (IEEE)

KElectronic Industrial Association (EIA) J

KInternet Society J

KATM Forum J

- -

KW
W

KW

KW

KW
KW
ISDNW

KW

K JWW

KOSIW

KTCP/IPW
TCPW

KW
TCP/IPOSI W

K W

K J
K J

K J
KEF J

- -

K J
K J

KEF J
K J

W
KTCP/IPOSI

KManchester J
K J

KIP J

KSegmentation J
KEthernet J
KUDP J

Kports J

KFull Duplex J

KASCII Code J

K J
KTCP J

W
K J
K J

K J

K J

WConnectionlessW
KUDP J
KTCP J

KICMP J

KIGMP J
- -

KIP J

WW
K J
K J

K J

K J

EFW
W

K J
K J

K J

K J

KL W

ATM W

ATM W
KUNI

- -