Nuclear chemistry is the only time elements

change their identity. To form new

substances, elements bond together.
Consider a molecule of water. How many
atoms are bonded together?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4

5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6

Compounds
Ionic Compounds
Metallic Compounds
Covalent Compounds
Lewis Structures
Intermolecular Force

 Essential

Question: How can we combine

elements to make any substance?

can determine the number of elements and

atoms in a compound.

Cl

Na

NaCl

A compound is composed
of 2 or more elements.
A chemical bond is the attraction between atoms that allow the
formation of compounds.

A chemical formula shows the atoms making up a

compound.
Chemical formula:
NaCl
Chemical name:
sodium chloride

Botulinum toxin
C6760H10447N1743O2010S32
20,992 atoms in total

A)
B)
C)

D)

1
2
3
4

A)
B)
C)

D)

1
2
3
4

A)
B)
C)

D)

1
2
4
6

A)
B)
C)

D)

4
6
8
10

A)
B)
C)

D)

3
4
5
6

A)
B)
C)

D)

3
13
16
11

Essential Question: How can we combine elements to

make any substance?

I can write the formula and name ionic compounds.

An ionic compound forms when a metal transfers an

electron to a nonmetal. Although they are composed of
ions, ionic compounds are electrically neutral.

The electrostatic forces that hold ions together in ionic

compounds are called ionic bonds.
Ex. flourite
CaF2
SrCl2

Ex. strontium chloride

Each ion in an ionic bond is left with a complete

outer shell. The new charge on each ion is referred
to as the oxidation number.

Write the formula for calcium fluoride.

Ionic compounds want to be
neutral. The positive charge
from Ca must equal the negative
charge of F. We can use the
Criss-Cross method.

1 calcium atom makes an

ionic bond with 2 fluorine
atoms.

1. Identify oxidation numbers.

2. Criss-cross the numbers.
3. Write the formula with those
numbers as subscripts.

Treat polyatomic ions on

Table E as one unit.

A)
B)
C)

D)

-2
-1
0
2

A)
B)
C)

D)

-2
-1
0
2

A)
B)
C)

D)

KO
K2O
KO2
2KO

A)
B)
C)

D)

BaO
Ba2O
BaO2
BaO3

A)
B)
C)

D)

MgOH
MgOH2
Mg(OH)2
Mg2(OH)

A)
B)
C)

D)

NaSO4
Na(SO4)2
Na2SO4
Na2SO2

A)
B)
C)

D)

CaNO3
Ca2NO3
Ca(NO)2
Ca(NO3)2

Steps to naming ionic compounds:

1.

Metal comes first.

2.

Nonmetal ends with ide. (fluorine becomes fluoride)

3.

Do not capitalize unless starting a sentence.

Ex. calcium chloride CaCl2

Special Cases!!!!!
1. If the metal is a transition metal, use roman numerals to
show oxidation state.
Ex. CuO

copper (II) oxide

2. If theres a polyatomic, dont change the name!

Ex. Na2SO4 sodium sulfate

A)
B)
C)

D)

potassium
potasside
potassiide
potoxide

A)
B)
C)

D)

nitrogen
nitride
nitrogenate
nitrogide

A)
B)
C)

D)

sodium fluorine
sodide fluorine
sodium fluoride
sodium flide

A)
B)
C)

D)

francium sulfide
francium sulfate
francium (I) sulfide
Francium (I) sulfate

A)
B)
C)

D)

copper sulfate
copper (I) sulfate
copper (II) sulfate
copper (III) sulfate

A)
B)
C)

D)

gold chloride
gold (I) chloride
gold (II) chloride
gold (III) chloride

Essential Question: How can we combine elements to

make any substance?

I can identify and describe metallic bonding.

Metallic bonding is between metals only.

Metals share a sea of electrons

Free electrons make metals great

Conductors of electricity!

Alloys are mixtures of two or more elements, at least one of which is metal.
Alloys are important because their properties are often superior to those of their
component elements.

Essential Question: How can we combine elements to

make any substance?

I can write the formula and name covalent compounds.

A molecular compound is a compound composed of

nonmetals that share electrons.

Shared electrons between two nonmetals is called a

covalent bond.

 Least

electronegative atom is first

Use prefixes (mono, di, tri, tetra, penta,
hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca)
If the there is only 1 of the first atom, omit
mono
Ex. carbon tetrafluoride
o CF4

Ex.

dinitrogen trioxide

o N2O3

A)
B)
C)

D)

Sulfur dioxygen
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur oxide
monosulfur dioxide

A)
B)
C)

D)

monophosphorus pentoxide
phosphorus pentoxide
phosphorus oxide
phosphorus heptoxide

A)
B)
C)

D)

monocarbon monoxide
carbon monoxide
carbon oxide
monocarbon oxide

A)
B)
C)

D)

disodium oxide
sodium oxide
sodium (II) oxide
sodium (I) oxide

A)
B)
C)

D)

barium chloride
barium (II) chloride
barium dichloride
barium (I) chloride

A)
B)
C)

D)

oxygen fluoride
oxygen difluoride
oxygen (II) fluoride
monoxygen difluoride

A)
B)
C)

D)

chromium oxide
chromium dioxide
chromium (I) oxide
Chromium (IV) oxide

Essential Question: How can we combine elements to

make any substance?

I can draw the Lewis Structure for compounds when

given their formula.

A molecular compound has covalent bonds

between nonmetals. Electrons are shared.

An ionic compound has ionic bonds between a

metal and nonmetal. Electrons are transferred
from metal to nonmetal.

Draw dot structures

Share electrons to complete

octets.

Create the bond. A bond is

Made of 2 electrons.

Draw dot structures

Make one bond.

Make another!

 I2

Br2
Cl2
F2
O2
N2
H2 (hydrogen only needs 2 electrons)

BrINClHOF !

H2O

Lewis Dot Structure for H2O

 We can write bonded pairs as a dash. This gives us the

structural formula.
Lone Pair

Lewis Dot Structure for H2O

Structural Formula for H2O

KCl

Isomers are compounds that have the same molecular

formula but different molecular structures.
Ex. C4H8

Essential Question: How can we combine elements to

make any substance?

I can compare the IMF of different compounds.

Electrons are shared equally between atoms in nonpolar

covalent bonds.
Electrons are shared unequally between atoms in polar
covalent bonds.

The type of bond is based on the difference in

electronegativity.

Difference in Electronegativity

Type of Bond

Less than 0.5

Nonpolar Covalent

Between 0.5 and 1.7

Polar Covalent

Greater than 1.7

Ionic

A)
B)
C)

D)

Share electrons equally

Share electron unequally
Transfer electrons from metal to nonmetal
Transfer electrons from nonmetal to metal

A)
B)
C)

D)

Attraction for another atoms protons

Attraction for another atoms electrons
Repulsion of another atoms protons
Repulsion of another atoms electrons

A)
B)
C)

D)

H-Br
H-Cl
N-F
H-H

A)
B)
C)

D)

H-Br
H-H
H-C
C-C

A)
B)
C)

D)

H2
HBr
HF
HCl

A)
B)
C)

D)

H 2O
HBr
HF
HCl

A)
B)
C)

D)

CH3I
CH2F2
CHI3
CCl4

A)
B)
C)

D)

SO3
PO4
HF
CFCl3

Polar molecules have polar bonds and are asymmetrical.

(Overall pull in one direction)
The overall direction electrons are pulled is called a
dipole.

The O H bond is polar and electrons are pulled

towards oxygen.
Both O H bond polarity combines to make an overall
dipole.

Non-polar molecules are perfectly symmetrical. (Even if

the bonds are polar)
Ex. CF4
o Has polar bonds, but does not have an overall dipole.

A)
B)
C)

D)

F-F
CH4
CF4
CH3F

A)
B)
C)

D)

H 2S
Br2
H-Cl
CH3F

Intermolecular force is the attraction between separate

molecules.
o

much weaker compared to actual bonds in the molecule.

Dispersion Forces
Dipole-dipole
H-bonding

Special forces

o Network covalent
o Metallic

***All interactions are electrostatic: the attraction between

positive and negative charge.

Stickiness between all molecules.

o Weak molecular interaction.
o Can add up to a lot of force if molecule is big.

Interaction between polar molecules.

o Molecules line up like magnets.

The more electronegative

atom will be partial negative
and the other will be partial
positive.

Very strong dipole-dipole interaction. Between molecules

that have H-N, H-O, or H-F bonds.

Between
compounds!

Surface tension allows water

skimmers to run on water!

Atoms are bonded to each other in a continuous

network.

Diamond

Graphite

Buckyball

Interaction between the nuclei of metal atoms and a sea

of electrons.

Network Covalent

Strength

Metallic
H-Bonding

Dipole-dipole
Dispersion Forces

LIKE DISOLVES
LIKE!
Oils will mix with other oils (non-polar

Viscosity- Resistance of a fluid to flow.

o Stronger IMF More viscous

Boiling Point
o Stronger IMF Higher boiling temp.

Capillary Action- Ability of a liquid to flow against

gravity in a narrow tube.
o Stronger IMF Higher capillary ac

Surface Tension- Tension of a surface caused by

particles in the surface layer.
o Stronger IMF High Surface Tension

Why does a white bear melt in water? Because its polar.