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Kelvin Darden (Leader)

Ore Afolayan (Rapporteur)


Sultan Alomran (Certifier)

Mini Project II
Abstract
Digital circuits operate on a binary number system of ones and zeroes. Analog
circuits have continuous valued signals. This report will show examples of both
types of circuits as well as the design concepts and critical thinking processes we
implemented.

Introduction
We built three circuits to gain experience with and highlight the differences
between analog and digital circuits. The two analog circuits we built were a 7805
Voltage Regulator and a Super Sensitive Audio Amplifier. The digital circuit we
built was a 4013 Dual Flip Flop.

Objectives:
First clearly identify relations between the three circuits, and learned how to
design more complex simulations on Multisim. We gain the ability to differentiate
between analog and digital circuits. In addition, we learned how to manage our
time efficiently by working as a group. We learned new integrated circuits and
how they function.

Lessons Learned:
As we came across errors in our circuits, we applied Metacognition, or thinking
about thinking to figure out the problems. This could be as simple as going
through step by step and reviewing our work or as complicated as rebuilding the
entire circuit to gain more practice in addition to finding the solution to the
problem. In addition to this, we also utilize concepts maps to outline the
similarities and differences of our circuits in order to become better acquainted
with them. Time management also played a huge role in the project. We had to
ensure that we had enough time to work through all of our circuits in a thorough
and meticulous manner to maximize efficiency and learning.

Team Work Plan:

We study the digital and analog workbooks and selected the circuits we want to
build. Then make the projects challenge us to learn how to make adjustments on
circuits. after that, writing the report and prepare the presentation and submit it
via blackboard. Finally, we practice an oral presentation with correlation with the
report.

Analysis
Voltage Regulator
Of the three circuits we built, the voltage regulator was the first (diagram in
FIGURE 3).

Figure 1. Voltage Regulator diagram

Basics:
The voltage regulator consists of
One 10K resistor
2 0.1-microfarad capacitors
7805 voltage regulator IC.
The 9 volts is the input to the
circuit. The voltage regulator
takes any voltage from around 7.5
volts and 35 volts and regulates it
to a steady 5 volts.

FIGURE 2 shows a picture of the finished product. The circuit is turned on and
the output is connected to the milliammeter, which displays about .5 milliampere.

Figure 3. Multisim 7V input

In addition to building the physical circuit, we also replicated it on MultiSim. This


allowed us to gain more practice with building analog circuits as well as further
becoming acquainted with computer simulation. As you can see in FIGURE 3,
the input is 7 volts and the multimeter displays about 5.001 volts, which supports
our previous claim about the voltage regulator. However, we did not stop there.

Figure 4. Multisim 5V

Figure 5. Multisim 3V

Figure 6. Multisim 20V

We decided to see what would happen if the voltage was under 7 volts. As
shown in FIGURES 4 and 5, an input voltage of 5 volts would yield a 3.519-volt
output, and a 3-volt input would produce a 1.561-volt output. In addition to this,
FIGURE 6 shows that a 20-volt input would yield a 5.004 output. These figures
illustrate that as the input voltage decreases from 7 volts, the output produced by
the voltage regulator diminishes. Furthermore, as the input gets closer to 35
volts, the output is still about 5 volts, but its apparent that its harder for the
voltage regulator to contain the voltage, as shown by the increase from 5.001
volts to 5.004 volts as the input was changed from 7 volts to 20 volts.

4013 dual flip-flop:


The second circuit deals with a 4013 dual flip-flop. It is a digital circuit with
digital components. This circuit stores a bit at the data when triggered by a clock
pulse.

Figure 7. Diagram of Dual Flip Flop

(a diagram of Dual Flip-Flop)


Basic Components:
4013 IC: Dual Flip-Flop
Three 4.7k resistors.
There are two cases in this experiment, when the data is zero or one. When the
data switch DPDT is down, pressing S1 (clock) will store the D-type Flip-Flop in
LED 3 and light will turn on (sold light). Switching the data DPDT up, pressing S1
(clock) will store the D-type Flip-Flop to make LED 2 turn on (sold light) and LED
3 turn off. LED 1 will be flashing each time the clock S1 is storing.

Figure 8. DPDT is up
Figure 9. DPDT is down

Audio Amplifier
Basic Components:

272 Integrated Circuit


386 Integrated Circuit
10k Resistor
100 OHM Resistor
0.001 uF Capacitor
470 uF Capacitor
Ceramic Earpiece (Microphone)

Figure 10. Audio Amplifier Diagram

Figure 11. Audio Amplifier Multisim

The super sensitive audio amplifier utilizes a ceramic earpiece as a microphone that is so
powerful that it can pick up the sounds at a very low decibel level. In our amplifier, the
amount of sound that we heard was a direct result of the varying amount of current
passing through the circuit. The sound would move through the microphone-earpiece at
which point the microphone would then translate the sound waves into an electrical
signal. Capacitors also played a key role in our amplifier since capacitors accentuate the
9V input signals that the amplifier receives without ruining the amplifier itself. The same
reasoning can be applied to the output as well. In our case, we had to put an extra
capacitor on our amplifier during our testing in order for us to hear anything properly.

Figure 12. Amplifier Picture

Figure 13. Amplifier Picture

Testing
When we tested the voltage regulator, the most important thing we had to keep in
mind was the ordering of the pins. The fact that the pins were numbered 1,3 and
2 could create confusion and complication.
During the testing of the dual flip-flop, we had to ensure that all the wiring was in
securely. Because there were many wires near each other, it was difficult to push
the wire all the way into the breadboard. Many time when the experiment failed, it
was because a wire was loose.
As we went through the testing of the audio amplifier, we ran into the issue of the
wires of resistors touching and causing problems because they were so close
together. We had to make sure the wires were a safe distance away from each
other so everything would work properly. In addition, the were a period of time
where the circuit wasn't working and we went through step by step and reviewed
the steps and even rebuilt the circuit. We had a two wires connected to an IC
because we were afraid only one would not be long enough. When we rebuilt the
circuit, we connected it directly instead of using another wire and the circuit
worked, so we concluded that it wasn't working due to a faulty wire.

Cost
We estimated that the cost for all of the components for the circuits would cost
about $43.07.

Conclusion
This project taught us first-hand the importance of time management and gave
us practice with using concept maps. We were able to further refine our
teamwork abilities and gained more familiarity with MultiSim and the RadioShack
Learning Kit. In addition, we became more acquainted with the similarities and
differences of digital and analog circuits and applied them to three different
circuits.

References
[1] Mims III, F. M., Electronic Sensorlab Workbook, RadioShack, Fort Worth, TX.
[2] Mims III, F. M., Basic Electronics Workbook I, RadioShack, Fort Worth, TX.

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