PREFACE

First of all, I would like to say a lot of thanks to the Allah SWT, who has given us healthy
until finishing a paper under the title introduction to linguistic. Which in content has a history,
definitions, classification of linguistic.
We hope this paper have a function for us specially for a reader to add this knowledge
about linguistic in life every day.
I expect tips of reader, that I can perfect this paper. The end word, we pass on gratitude to
all party already get role in this Paper collation from start to finish. Hopefully Allah SWT
everlastingly meridhai all our effort. Amin.

Muara Bungo, December 2014

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Subject matter
In some ways, it is surprising that languages change. After all, they are passed down through the
generations reliably enough for parents and children to communicate with each other. Yet
linguists find that all languages change over timealbeit at different rates. For example, while
Japanese has changed relatively little over 1,000 years, English evolved rapidly in just a few
centuries. Many present-day speakers find Shakespeares sixteenth century texts difficult and
Chaucers fourteenth century Canterbury Tales nearly impossible to read.
Languages change for a variety of reasons. Large-scale shifts often occur in response to social,
economic and political pressures. History records many examples of language change fueled by
invasions, colonization and migration. Even without these kinds of influences, a language can
change dramatically if enough users alter the way they speak it.
Frequently, the needs of speakers drive language change. New technologies, industries, products
and experiences simply require new words. Plastic, cell phones and the Internet didnt exist in
Shakespeares time, for example. By using new and emerging terms, we all drive language
change. But the unique way that individuals speak also fuels language change. Thats because no
two individuals use a language in exactly the same way. The vocabulary and phrases people use
depend on where they live, their age, education level, social status and other factors. Through our
interactions, we pick up new words and sayings and integrate them into our speech. Teens and
young adults for example, often use different words and phrases from their parents. Some of
them spread through the population and slowly change the language.
Three main aspects of language change over time: vocabulary, sentence structure and
pronunciations. Vocabulary can change quickly as new words are borrowed from other
languages, or as words get combined or shortened. Some words are even created by mistake. As
noted in the Linguistic Society of America's publication Is English Changing?, pea is one such
example. Up until about 400 years ago, pease referred to either a single pea or many peas. At
some point, people mistakenly assumed that the word pease was the plural form of pea, and a
new word was born. While vocabulary can change quickly, sentence structurethe order of
words in a sentencechanges more slowly. Yet its clear that todays English speakers construct
sentences very differently from Chaucer and Shakespeares contemporaries (see illustration
above). Changes in sound are somewhat harder to document, but at least as interesting. For
example, during the so-called Great Vowel Shift 500 years ago, English speakers modified
their vowel pronunciation dramatically. This shift represents the biggest difference between the
pronunciations of so called Middle and Modern English (see audio clips in "Paths of Change")
1.2 Set of problem
a. what is linguistic?
b. why must study linguistic?
c. what are theory linguistic?

CHAPTER II
CONTENT
2.1 Linguistic
Every human knows at least one language, spoken or signed. Linguistics is the science of
language, including the sounds, words, and grammar rules. Words in languages are finite, but
sentences are not. It is this creative aspect of human language that sets it apart from animal
languages, which are essentially responses to stimuli.
Linguistics is the science of language(s). It is generally a descriptive discipline rather than a
prescriptive one, which means that linguists do not lay down hard and fast rules about how to use
a certain language, but rather concentrate on describing the rules which (especially native)
speakers seem to have internalised. Apart from this, there are various different ways of doing
linguistics. For example, we can concentrate on language as used at a certain point of time e.g. in
1989; this is called synchronic linguistics. Alternatively, we can look at language from a
diachronic point of view, which involves analysing the development of a language during a
certain period of time e.g. during Middle English, or in the 1950s etc. Linguistics is a science
which can either be studied in a theoretical or a more applied way. For example, someone may
be interested in finding out exactly how questions are formed in English (= theoretical). Once
this is known the knowledge could be applied e.g. to language teaching, thereby (hopefully)
enabling teachers and pupils to learn the language more effectively.
The rules of a language, also called grammar, are learned as one acquires a language. These rules
include phonology, the sound system, morphology, the structure of words, syntax, the
combination of words into sentences, semantics, the ways in which sounds and meanings are
related, and the lexicon, or mental dictionary of words. When you know a language, you know
words in that language, i.e. sound units that are related to specific meanings. However, the
sounds and meanings of words are arbitrary. For the most part, there is no relationship between
the way a word is pronounced (or signed) and its meaning.
Knowing a language encompasses this entire system, but this knowledge (called competence) is
different from behavior (called performance.) You may know a language, but you may also
choose to not speak it. Although you are not speaking the language, you still have the knowledge
of it. However, if you don't know a language, you cannot speak it at all.
There are two types of grammars: descriptive and prescriptive. Descriptive grammars represent
the unconscious knowledge of a language. English speakers, for example, know that "me likes
apples" is incorrect and "I like apples" is correct, although the speaker may not be able to explain
why. Descriptive grammars do not teach the rules of a language, but rather describe rules that are
already known. In contrast, prescriptive grammars dictate what a speaker's grammar should be
and they include teaching grammars, which are written to help teach a foreign language.
There are about 5,000 languages in the world right now (give or take a few thousand), and
linguists have discovered that these languages are more alike than different from each other.

There are universal concepts and properties that are shared by all languages, and these principles
are contained in the Universal Grammar, which forms the basis of all possible human languages
According to Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia, Linguistics is the scientific study of language.
Such study has, broadly speaking, three aspects: language form, language meaning, and language
in context. The earliest known activities in the description of language have been attributed to
Pini (fl. 4th century BCE), with his analysis of Sanskrit in Ashtadhyayi.
Linguistics analyzes human language as a system for relating sounds (or signed gestures) and
meaning. Phonetics studies acoustic and articulatory properties of the production and perception
of speech sounds and non-speech sounds. The study of language meaning, on the other hand,
deals with how languages encode relations between entities, properties, and other aspects of the
world to convey, process, and assign meaning, as well as to manage and resolve ambiguity.
While the study of semantics typically concerns itself with truth conditions, pragmatics deals
with how context influences meanings.
Grammar comprises the system of rules which governs the form of the utterances in a given
language. It encompasses both sound and meaning, and includes phonology (how sounds
function and pattern together), morphology (the formation and composition of words), and
syntax (the formation and composition of phrases and sentences from these words).
In the early 20th century Ferdinand de Saussure distinguished between the notions of langue and
parole in his formulation of structural linguistics. According to him, parole is the specific
utterance of speech, whereas langue refers to an abstract phenomenon that theoretically defines
the principles and system of rules that govern a language. This distinction resembles the one
made by Noam Chomsky between competence and performance, where competence is
individual's ideal knowledge of a language, while performance is the specific way in which it is
used.
The formal study of language has led to the growth of fields like psycholinguistics, which
explores the representation and function of language in the mind; neurolinguistics, which studies
language processing in the brain; and language acquisition, which investigates how children and
adults acquire a particular language.
Linguistics also includes nonformal approaches to the study of other aspects of human language,
such as social, cultural, historical and political factors. The study of cultural discourses and
dialects is the domain of sociolinguistics, which looks at the relation between linguistic variation
and social structures, as well as that of discourse analysis, which examines the structure of texts
and conversations. Research on language through historical and evolutionary linguistics focuses
on how languages change, and on the origin and growth of languages, particularly over an
extended period of time.
Corpus linguistics takes naturally occurring texts as its primary object of analysis, and studies the
variation of grammatical and other features based on such corpora. Stylistics involves the study
of patterns of style: within written as well as within spoken discourse. Language documentation
combines anthropological inquiry with linguistic inquiry to describe languages and their

grammars. Lexicography covers the study and construction of dictionaries. Computational

linguistics applies computer technology to address questions in theoretical linguistics, as well as
to create applications for use in parsing, data retrieval, machine translation, and other areas.
People can apply actual knowledge of a language in translation and interpreting, as well as in
language education - the teaching of a second or foreign language. Policy makers work with
governments to implement new plans in education and teaching which are based on linguistic
research.
Areas of study related to linguistics include semiotics (the study of signs and symbols both
within language and without), literary criticism, translation, and speech-language pathology.

2.2 Why must study linguistic?

Have you ever wondered why we say "feet" rather than "foots"? Or what we do with our mouths
to make a b sound different from a p? Or why we rarely say what we actually mean? It's
questions like these that intrigue the linguist!
Many people think that a linguist is someone who speaks many languages and works as a
language teacher or as an interpreter at the United Nations. In fact, these people are more
accurately called "Polyglots". While many linguists are polyglots, the focus of linguistics is
about the structure, use and psychology of language in general.
Linguistics is concerned with the nature of language and communication. It deals both with the
study of particular languages, and the search for general properties common to all languages or
large groups of languages. It includes the following subareas :

phonetics (the study of the production, acoustics and hearing of speech sounds)
phonology (the patterning of sounds)
morphology (the structure of words)
syntax (the structure of sentences)
semantics (meaning)
pragmatics (language in context)

It also includes explorations into the nature of language variation (i. e., dialects), language
change over time, how language is processed and stored in the brain, and how it is acquired by
young children. All of these topics are examined in the coursework offered by the University of
Arizona's Department of Linguistics.
Although linguistics is still largely unfamiliar to the educated public, it is a growing and exciting
field, with an increasingly important impact on other fields as diverse as psychology, philosophy,
education, language teaching, sociology, anthropology, computer science, and artificial
intelligence.
2.3 Theory linguistic

Traditional Grammar is a term used to summarize the range of methods found in the prelinguistic era of grammatical study. The whole approach of this method emphasizes on
correctness, linguistic purism, literary excellence, the priority of the written mode of language
and the use of Latin models.Traditional grammarians considered Latin as their model because
English is a part of their Indo-European family of languages and to which Latin and Greek also
belong. It did had the same grammatical elements. Studying the form of traditional grammar, the
rules of classical languages were followed considering that English did not have grammar of its
own.And English grammar followed Latin grammar. Besides the parts of speech, traditional
grammar analysis also make use of numerous other categories, just like 'number','gender',
'person', 'tense', and voice.Traditional grammar also known as school grammar, is based on the
principles of Latin grammar. These are the collection of prescriptive rules and concepts about the
structure of language commonly taught in schools.It is prescriptive because it focuses on the
distinction on what people do and ought to do with the language. Therefore, the prescribe rules
on how sentences were formed is the emphasis of Traditional Grammar. It is structure focus
rather than meaning.
Traditional grammar
A traditional grammar is a framework for the description of the structure of a language.
Traditional grammars are commonly used in language education. They may be contrasted with
theories of grammar in theoretical linguistics, which grew out of traditional descriptions of
grammar.[1] While grammar frameworks in contemporary linguistics often seek to explain the
nature of language knowledge and ability, traditional grammars seek to describe how particular
languages are used, or to teach people to speak or read them.
The formal study of grammar, based on the work of classical Greek and Latin philologists,
became popular during the Renaissance. The use of traditional grammars has gone in and out of
fashion in language teaching over the ensuing centuries.
Traditional grammars generally classify words into parts of speech. They describe the patterns
for word inflection, and the rules of syntax by which those words are combined into
sentences.This guide is designed mainly for students who haven't been taught formal grammar at
school, and find that the study of medieval literature at University level requires basic language
skills that they don't have. It is deliberately conservative, keeping as far as possible to the
terminology of 'traditional grammar', which is found in most of the dictionaries, glossaries and
grammars you are likely to use. Since this terminology is mainly derived from Latin and Greek
grammar, it isn't an ideal way of describing English, which in some respects has a very different
structure. If your main interest is in modern English language rather than medieval literature, you
should consult a reference work using a more recent analytical model; two approachable
examples are the Collins Pocket English Grammar (London: HarperCollins, 1992), and David
Crystal'sRediscoverGrammar(London:Longman,rev.ed.1996).
You should also note that the guide is descriptive rather than prescriptive; it introduces you to

basic grammatical terms and concepts rather than telling you what you should or shouldn't do in
your written English.
Traditional Grammar is a term used to summarize the range of methods found in the prelinguistic era of grammatical study. The whole approach of this method emphasizes on
correctness, linguistic purism, literary excellence, the priority of the written mode of language
and the use of Latin models.Traditional grammarians considered Latin as their model because
English is a part of their Indo-European family of languages and to which Latin and Greek also
belong. It did had the same grammatical elements. Studying the form of traditional grammar, the
rules of classical languages were followed considering that English did not have grammar of its
own.And English grammar followed Latin grammar. Besides the parts of speech, traditional
grammar analysis also make use of numerous other categories, just like 'number','gender',
'person', 'tense', and voice.Traditional grammar also known as school grammar, is based on the
principles of Latin grammar. These are the collection of prescriptive rules and concepts about the
structure of language commonly taught in schools.It is prescriptive because it focuses on the
distinction on what people do and ought to do with the language. Therefore, the prescribe rules
on how sentences were formed is the emphasis of Traditional Grammar. It is structure focus
rather than meaning.
Descriptive linguistic
In the study of language, description, or descriptive linguistics, is the work of objectively
analyzing and describing how language is spoken (or how it was spoken in the past) by a group
of people in a speech community. All scholarly research in linguistics is descriptive; like all
other sciences, its aim is to observe the linguistic world as it is, without the bias of preconceived
ideas about how it ought to be. Modern descriptive linguistics is based on a structural approach
to language, as exemplified in the work of Leonard Bloomfield and others. Descriptivism is the
belief that description is more significant or important to teach, study, and practice than
prescription.
Linguistic description is often contrasted with linguistic prescription, which is found especially
in education and in publishing. Prescription seeks to define standard language forms and give
advice on effective language use, and can be thought of as a presentation of the fruits of
descriptive research in a learnable form, though it also draws on more subjective aspects of
language aesthetics. Prescription and description are complementary, but have different priorities
and sometimes are seen to be in conflict.
Accurate description of real speech is a difficult problem, and linguists have often been reduced
to approximations. Almost all linguistic theory has its origin in practical problems of descriptive
linguistics. Phonology (and its theoretical developments, such as the phoneme) deals with the
function and interpretation of sound in language. Syntax has developed to describe the rules
concerning how words relate to each other in order to form sentences. Lexicology collects
"words" and their derivations and transformations: it has not given rise to much generalized
theory.

An extreme "mentalist" viewpoint denies that the linguistic description of a language can be
done by anyone but a competent speaker. Such speakers have internalized something called
"linguistic competence", which gives them the ability to extrapolate correctly from their
experience new but correct expressions, and to reject unacceptable expressions.
There are tens of thousands of linguistic descriptions of thousands of languages that were
prepared by people without adequate linguistic training.
Transformational grammar
In linguistics, a transformational grammar or transformational-generative grammar (TGG)
is a generative grammar, especially of a natural language, that has been developed in the
syntactic structures of phrase structure grammars (as opposed to dependency grammars).
Transformational grammar is the tradition of specific transformational grammars. Much current
research in transformational grammar is inspired by Chomsky's Minimalist Program.
The definition of transformational grammar is a theory of grammar that accounts for the
constructions of a language by linguistic transformations and phrase structures.
Transformational grammar, also called Transformational-generative Grammar, a system of
language analysis that recognizes the relationship among the various elements of a sentence and
among the possible sentences of a language and uses processes or rules (some of which are
called transformations) to express these relationships. For example, transformational grammar
relates the active sentence John read the book with its corresponding passive, The book was
read by John. The statement George saw Mary is related to the corresponding questions,
Whom [or who] did George see? and Who saw Mary? Although sets such as these active
and passive sentences appear to be very different on the surface (i.e., in such things as word
order), a transformational grammar tries to show that in the underlying structure (i.e., in their
deeper relations to one another), the sentences are very similar. Transformational grammar
assigns a deep structure and a surface structure to show the relationship of such sentences.
Thus, I know a man who flies planes can be considered the surface form of a deep structure
approximately like I know a man. The man flies airplanes. The notion of deep structure can be
especially helpful in explaining ambiguous utterances; e.g., Flying airplanes can be dangerous
may have a deep structure, or meaning, like Airplanes can be dangerous when they fly or To
fly airplanes can be dangerous.