tnh ti lng nhim t cc ngun

tnh ti lng nhim t cc

ngun
Bi:
Phan Tun Triu
K THUT X L NHIM KHNG KH - M THANH
TNH TI LNG NHIM T CC NGUN
Vic tnh ti lng nhim t cc ngun trong sn xut rt kh khn v cc loi ngun
rt a dng v ph thuc vo rt nhiu yu t khch quan nh loi my, cng sut s
dng
TNH TI LNG CHT NHIM T L T NHIN LIU
Nhin liu nh : than , du DO, FO, gaz LPGl mt hn hp cc cht cc bon; nit;
hy-dr; -xi; lu hunh nc v phn khng chy (tro). C th tnh lng sn phm
chy ca nhin liu bng l thuyt khi bit thnh phn cc cht trong nhin liu:
Cp hm lng cc bon tham gia vo s chy trong nhin liu.
Hp hm lng hydr tham gia vo s chy trong nhin liu.
Np hm lng Nit trong nhin liu.
Op hm lng xi trong nhin liu.
Sp hm lng lu hunh tham gia vo s chy trong nhin liu.
Ap hm lng tro trong nhin liu.
Wp hm lng nc trong nhin liu.
Khi chy trong khng kh s xy ra cc phn ng ha hc sau:
C + O2 = CO2 + 94,3 kcal.

1/12

tnh ti lng nhim t cc ngun

C + O2 = CO + 26,1 kcal.
2H2 + O2 = 2H2O
S + O2 = SO2
N2 + O2 = NO2
T cc phn ng ta thy: Mi mol kh (hay phn t gam) xi tham gia vao phn ng
vi mt mol N2 ; S ; C.. to ra mt mol kh chy (hay vi 2 mol hydro to ra 2 mol hi
nc). iu kin tiu chun, mi mol kh bt k u c th tch l 22,4 lt. Nu xem
rng phn ng chy nhin liu l hon ton (oxi va chy ht nhin liu) ta c th
tnh c th tch sn phm chy khi t 1 kg nhin liu. Lng khng kh kh l thuyt
t hon tn 1 kg nhin liu tnh theo phn ng ha hc nh sau:

208 lng xi (lt) trong 1 m3 khng kh iu kin tiu chun (O2 chim 20,8 % th
tch).
22,4 th tch 1 mol kh iu kin tiu chun.
Lng kh chy sinh ra iu kin tiu chun

Lng nit v kh khc trong khng kh cp vo:

Vn = Vkk x 0,792 (m3/kgNL).
Vkhoi = Vspc + Vn + (k-1)Vkk
k H s tha khng kh ca bung t. k = 1,05 1,3. sau y l bng thng k h s
tha khng kh cho cc loi bung t.

2/12

tnh ti lng nhim t cc ngun

C th tnh th tch sn phm chy theo cng thc sau:

Vspc = [8,865Cp + 32,0 Hp + 0,8 Np + 0,878Sp + 1,24Wp-2,63(Op-Sp)] x 10-2 (m3/
kgNL).
(Trn ngc Chn)
C th tham kho lng kh khi ta ra khi t mt vi loi nhin liu thng thng
trong bng sau:

Nng SO2 sinh ra trong kh chy c th tnh theo l thuyt:

Vi cc cht gy nhim khc, nng ca chng thay i ty theo ch chy, loi

nhin liu nn khng th tnh c bng l thuyt. Phi tnh thi lng ca chng
theo gi tr trung bnh thng k (h s pht thi).

3/12

tnh ti lng nhim t cc ngun

5.1.1.2. TNH LNG KH R R VO KHNG KH T BN CHA, NG NG

C P
Trong thc t sn xut, rt thng gp cc thit b, ng ng cha gaz, kh cng ngh
co p sut cao. Kh cc mi ni khng tt s lm r r kh gas vo khng kh. Cng thc
tnh lng kh gaz r r nh sau :

Trong :
- H s tit lu, ph thuc vo bn cht cht kh gas, mc chnh p trong v ngoi
thit b Gn ng c th ly = 0,54.
v - Tc dng kh gaz r r qua khe (m/s). Tnh theo cng thc :

g Gia tc trng trng. g = 9.81.

? - Trng lng ring ca kh gaz. (kg/m3).
p p sut tnh trong thit b, ng ng. (kg/m2).
F Tng din tch cc khe h.
Trong trng hp khng tnh c, c th tnh theo cng thc sau:

Trong :
? - h s tnh n trng thi r r tng sau mi ln sa cha. ? = 1,5 ~ 2.
m H s r r, xc nh khi th kn ca h thng thit b. Tra bng.
Pk p sut lm vic bn trong thit b hay h thng. (kPa).
Vo Tng th tch h thng thit b. (m3).

4/12

tnh ti lng nhim t cc ngun

M khi lng phn t ca cht kh gaz .

T Nhit kh gaz. (OK = 273 + OC).
Bng tra h s r r m.

TI LNG BAY HI RA T B MT THONG CA DUNG DCH HAY CHT

LNG
CC CHUN S NG DNG CA QU TRNH TRAO I NHIT V VT
CHT
- Chun s Reinol: L chun s phn nh qu trnh chuyn ng ca cht lng.

Trong : v tc chuyn ng ca khng kh (m/s).

l Kch thc xc nh (m).
- nht ng hc ca khng kh (m2/s).
- Chun s phruda.

- Chun s acsimet.

5/12

tnh ti lng nhim t cc ngun

t chnh lch nhit t im tnh ton ti khng kh xung quanh (txq OC).
- Chun s gracgoph :

Cho cht lng bay hi:

- h s dn n th tch theo nhit kh. = 1/ttb

ttb - Nhit trung bnh ca b mt bay hi v khi kh. (oC).
t chnh lch nhit t mt bay hi ti khng kh xung quanh (oC).
o = ?o / g Mt ring ca khng kh xung quanh.
1 = ?1 / g Mt ring ca cht bay hi trn b mt thng.
- Chun s Phrandt:
Pr = /a = cp/
Chun s Phrandt khuych tn:
P`r = /D

Trong :
a = / cp - H s dn nhit . (m2/s).
- H s dn nhit ca khng kh kh. (W/m OC).
6/12

tnh ti lng nhim t cc ngun

Cp Nhit dung ring ng p ca khng kh. (kJ/kg OC).

= ? / g Mt ring ca khng kh.
D0 H s khuch tn phn t iu kin tiu chun.
m hng s. (tra bng Thit k thng gi cng nghip C3-5 trang 62 Hng Th Hin).
- Chun s Nuxen nhit:

Chun s Nuxen khuch tn:

Vi:
- h s trao i nhit ca dung dch v khng kh (W/m2OC).
c v n h s.
G cng bay hi (g/s).
F din tch bay hi (m2_).
C1 v Co Nng hi trn b mt v trong khng kh (g/m3).
b- BC HI CH KHUCH TN
Cng thc tnh cho ngun c kch thc nh, khng kh khng chuyn ng trn mt
phn chia pha, tch s Pr.Gr < 1 (c bit c th xut hin gi tr gii hn Pr.Gr 40)
nh sau:

7/12

tnh ti lng nhim t cc ngun

Trong :
D h s khuych tn (m2/s).
l kch thc xc nh. (m).
P1 v Po p sut ring phn ca hi trn b mt ngn pha v trong khng kh (kPa).
B p sut kh quyn (kPa).
= ? / g Mt ring ca hi bay vo khng kh.
Hoc theo cng thc:

Vi:
C1 v Co Nng hi bo h trn b mt phn chia pha v nng hi trong khng kh.
Nu dung dch ng trong bnh c su t mp ti mt thong h (m) tnh lng bay
hi theo cng thc:

Vi:
F din tch mt thng (m2).
BC HI TRONG I LU T NHIN
Bc hi trong ch chy tng:
Cng thc dng trong trng hp gi tr 2.102 < Gr.Pr` < (Gr. Pr`)gh.
- Khi bay hi t b mt ng: (Gr. Pr`)gh = 2,3. 108

8/12

tnh ti lng nhim t cc ngun

- Khi bay hi t b ngang v hi nh hn khng kh: (Gr. Pr`)gh = 7,1. 105

- Khi bay hi t b ngang v hi nng hn khng kh: (Gr. Pr`)gh = 1,25. 109

Mh khi lng phn t ca hi (B3-5 trang 62)

Mkk Khi lng phn t ca khng kh.
Bc hi trong ch chy ri:
c trng ca ch ny l lp khng kh trn mt thong ca dung dch chy trong
ch ri. Khi Gr.Pr` > (Gr. Pr`)gh. Phng trnh chun s Nuxen vi cc s m n =
1/3; C = 0,136 khi bay hi t mt ng ; c = 0,18 bay hi t mt nm ngang vi hi nh
hn khng kh v c = 0,09 bay hi t mt nm ngang vi hi nng hn khng kh. Ta c
cng thc tnh:
- Khi bay hi t b mt ng:

- Khi bay hi t b ngang v hi nh hn khng kh:

- Khi bay hi t b ngang v hi nng hn khng kh:

BC HI TRONG CH I LU CNG BC

9/12

tnh ti lng nhim t cc ngun

Vi: v Tc chuyn ng ca gi trn mt thong (m/s).

TA KH DO NP ACQUI
Acqui dng cho lu tr in thng gp l loi acqui ch. Trc khi dng ngi ta phi
np in. Qu trnh ny s sinh ra kh Hydr v axit sulfuaric. Lng kh hydr sinh ra
tnh gn ng theo cng thc:
G = 9,44 . 10-3 . E . n , g/h
Vi: E in dung ca acqui (A.h).
N s acqui cng np.
LNG BAY HI DUNG MI SN V CHT SN
Lng dung mi sn bay ln t mng sn b mt vt liu c sn tnh theo cng thc:

Trong :
A Lng tiu th sn trn 1 m2 b mt vt liu. (g/m2).
m hm lng cht bay hi trong sn. (%).
F Tng din tch b mt c sn. (m2).
Z Thi gian sn kh. ( h).

10/12

tnh ti lng nhim t cc ngun

G tng lng sn dng. (g).

a s cng nhn sn. (ngi)
n nng sut sn trung bnh. (m2/ng.ca).

TNH TON TI LNG CHT GY NHIM QUA H S PHT THI

H s pht thi cht gy nhim l mt s biu th t l gia lng pht thi cht nhim
vi mt n v nhin liu tiu hao hay mt n v sn lng sn phm no (c ly
lm thng s c trng). Nhng s liu ny thng c cc c nhn v c quan theo di
lu ngy v a ra. N c tnh chnh xc cao hn nu xut pht t tnh ton l thuyt nhng
cng khng cao nu ch t thc t sn xut. H s pht thi cht gy nhim thng
c dng cho cng tc d bo, thit k ban u.
Cng thc tnh ti lng cht gy nhim theo h s pht thi nh sau:
G=k.M
Vi: k - H s pht thi cht gy nhim.
M Thng s c trng.
Bng di y l mt s h s pht thi thng dng.
H s pht thi cht gy nhim ca phng tin giao thng.

11/12

tnh ti lng nhim t cc ngun

Ch thch: S: hm lng lu hunh trong du DO ( 500 PPM) v xng (0,1%).

H s pht thi cht gy nhim ca l hi nhit in theo bng sau.

H s pht thi cht gy nhim trong cc phn xng rn, c, hn kim loi.

To nhit, m, CO2 do ngi.

12/12