SNEHA GIRISH PUROHIT

IE 673 Fall 2014

11/22/2014
eLearning Pack ID: - IE673-FALL-2014-63-18
midterm

Contents
10 Human Errors Detection

Statement
This entire midterm has been written by Sneha purohit

1)

Human Error Case cover:

I just recently brought the IPHONE 5C Along with it, I

needed a case that not only protected the outside of
the phone but also a case that was durable and lasts
for a long time and adhered to the dimensions of
quality. I had brought the case at a mall where they sell
a variety of cases, for different phones and all types.
The salesperson was highly marketing his products
which encouraged me to buy the case even though it
was expensive. I was going for a low cost product,
high quality. After just a couple of days of getting this
case, I was at work and rushing to get something done
and I was holding the phone when it had dropped. The
case snapped open and luckily nothing happened to
the phone itself but the case was in question. Was the
case of good quality? It surely had the design features
in terms of looks but when I brought this product, as per

my (customer) requirement and expectations, it was

suppose to not fall or snap off easily. How much of
quality was designed and built into this product?
Obviously, there were quality issues with the case. With
consideration from all aspects of the quality
management system, quality should have been
networked into every aspect of the design of the case.
The human detection error is they should be smart
when it comes to quality and committed to the multiple
dimensions of quality, features and excitement factors
and they should keep in mind customer satisfaction but
making sure their products have zero defects.
Picture:

Prevention:
I believe Quality Control and thus, Quality Engineering
should have performed tests on this product. In other
words, the establishment and execution of tests to
measure product and process quality and adherence
to acceptance criteria specified in the standards is
highly critical. In addition, implement strategies to
ensure that there were no errors and moreover,
evaluate the dimensions of quality into their product.
The main function of a case is to protect the exterior
and to some extent, the interior of the phone and thus,
so that every part and component of the phone does
not damage due to a fall because it is very easy and
likely to drop a phone. Otherwise we come to wonder
what else could be the function of a case? Yes, it is our

job, the customers job to not get water into the phone
or coffee or any other liquid but the rest of the
protection is the case. I ended up getting another case
which performs as it is intended to perform and of
better quality. To prevent this, they could have control
of the finished product which mean overall process
control; some verification that the finished product
meets expected quality by using adequate tests and
criteria. They should have also set quantifiable,
measurable and trackable objectives to continuously
measure various key performance indicators. In terms
of methods to be used, I believe the CORA method
could have been helpful. The CORA method is a
method to help in customer focus by understanding
customer needs, requirements, and monitoring
feedback related to customer satisfaction. I was not
satisfied with this product and as a result, they lost a
customer. In relation to the dimensions of quality, the
aesthetics was there and it surely looked attractive and
cool but how about the performance, reliability and
durability of the product? I could not say much.

2) Human Error Case:

In todays world, there have been many advances in
technology. The innovation and creativity put into
technology is beyond fascinating. In contrast to the
time consuming long paper maps before, the GPS,
global positioning system, a device that shows maps,
guides you to different places through satellites. It is
one of those fascinating and helpful devices out there.
The GPS, from my experience, has not only helped me
in directing me to places I am not familiar with but it
helps in finding the fastest and easiest route. In
addition, when you are lost, it helps you to find your
way. But beyond the positive aspects of this new
technology, there are flaws. In other words, technology
errors. I have come across it many times. For example,
I have driven into lakes and other hazards because the
GPS device told me to. Moreover, I have experienced
some wonky directions from my own GPS. For example,
routing me the wrong way on the highway or down a
closed road. Moreover, I also had a few issues with the
software of the GPS, its brain. The human detection is
that even though this device can helpful in many ways
there are errors with the device. The system design of
the GPS should be reliable, and a way to automatically
update the GPS. The current GPS devices are not all
updated unless you buy one but how often will
customers keep buying these devices? They expect
durability with all products they purchase. That is why it
is one of the dimensions of quality.
Picture:

Prevention:
GPS should have better connection to the satellite
signals. There should be more accurate tests performed
because no matter how expensive a GPS device is,
when it comes to getting where you want to go, it's
really only as good as the satellite network and its map
data. The quality to every aspect of this GPS including
the system (hardware and software) is the main
component.
-The second strike is that maps quickly go out of date.
The directions your GPS device compiles are based on
digital maps provided by a mapping and navigation
company that has partnered with the device
manufacturer. They should have a feature where you
can update often because GPS should last for a long
time and how would we, as the customers, know when
roads, highways, exits, etc get changed? There are
techniques to improve accuracy. The accuracy of GPS
can be improved several ways. For example,

Differential GPS (DGPS) can improve the normal GPS

accuracy of 4-20 meters (13-65 ft) to 1-3 meters (3-10
ft). DGPS uses a network of stationary GPS receivers to
calculate the difference between their actual known
position and the position as calculated by their
received GPS signal. Relative Kinematic Positioning
(RKP) is another approach for a precise GPS-based
positioning system. In this approach, accurate
determination of range signal can be resolved to an
accuracy of less than 10 centimeters (4 in). This is done
by resolving the number of cycles in which the signal is
transmitted and received by the receiver. This can be
accomplished by using a combination of differential
GPS (DGPS) correction data, transmitting GPS signal
phase information and ambiguity resolution techniques
via statistical testspossibly with processing in realtime (real-time kinematic positioning, RTK) and many
automobiles that use the GPS combine the GPS unit
with a gyroscope and speedometer pickup, allowing
the computer to maintain a continuous navigation
solution by dead reckoning when buildings, terrain, or
tunnels block the satellite signals. This is similar in
principle to the combination of GPS and inertial
navigation used in ships and aircraft, but less accurate
and less expensive because it only fills in for short
periods.
3) Prescription Usage :

Detection: Prescribing errors are common, with

systematic reviews suggesting that as many as 50% of
hospital admissions and 7% of medication orders are
affected. In recent studies, prescribing errors have
been found to affect approximately 915% of
medication orders for hospital inpatients in the UK. Over
one-third of 651 patients were found to have a
prescribing error occurring at hospital admission in the
USA. Prescribing errors are also prevalent in primary

care, affecting 37% of 9385 prescriptions in the USA,

and one in eight patients (1 in 20 prescription items) in
the UK. A study in the Netherlands evaluating
medication omission errors in elderly patients admitted
to hospital reported adverse consequences in 21% of
100 patients.
Human error in healthcare may be considered in the
context of individuals or health systems. While personal
factors such as forgetfulness, inattention, poor
motivation, carelessness, negligence and recklessness
are important, a health systems approach more
comprehensively addresses recurrent errors and
organisation factors and processes which may give rise
to that error. The person, the team, the task, the
workplace and the institution as a whole are
considered,8 which identify weaknesses in the system's
defences.
Prevention: Acquisition of information through errorreporting systems is a prerequisite for preventing
prescribing faults and prescription errors, as is the
adoption of shared criteria for the appropriateness of
procedures. Error-reporting systems, both internal and
external to healthcare institutions, have been widely
used. Reporting is usually voluntary and confidential,
but must be timely and evaluated by experts, in order
to identify critical conditions and allow systems analysis.
Prescribers should be informed and become aware of
errors that have been made in their environment and
of the conclusions of the analysis.
Spontaneous reporting is about 10 times less effective in
detecting errors and potential adverse effects than
active interventions, such as chart review and patient

monitoring. Active, systems-oriented interventions

aimed at improving processes, rather than individual
performance, should therefore be advocated.
There are three major intervention strategies can be
adopted:
Reduction of complexity in the act of prescribing by
the introduction of automation;
Improved prescribers' knowledge by education and
the use of on-line aids;
Feedback control systems and monitoring of the
effects of interventions.
Computerized systems: The use of automated
prescribing systems is recommended as an effective
tool to reduce medication errors. They can reduce the
risk of harm that arises from prescribing faults and
improve the quality of medical care by reducing errors
in drug dispensing and administration. Computerized
advice can give significant benefits by guiding the
prescription of optimal dosages. This should translate
into reduced time to therapeutic stabilization, reduced
risks of adverse effects, and eventually reduced lengths
of hospital stay.
Prescription charts : Nevertheless, electronic systems
are not yet widely available, are expensive, and
require training. Comprehensive interventions aimed at
improving patient safety using a systematic approach
are progressing in different institutions, with the use of
uniform medication charts, on which all the relevant
clinical information is shown along with the
prescriptions, so that transcription is abolished. This

approach has been validated as a relatively simple

alternative to electronic drug prescribing and
dispensing systems [24]. Furthermore, the use of
electronic systems in addition to a single uniform
medication chart forces staff to develop
interdisciplinary collaboration and procedures that
allow immediate feedback control both among
prescribers and between prescribers and other staff.
4)Battery Life of Smartphones.

Detection: Today, Smartphones have become part of

everyone's life. Gone are those days where we used to
charge our mobile once and use to for days or
probably for a long time. Its Smartphone time where we
made our life's totally depended on phones
connecting to our family and friends, for entertainment
purpose, or even our professional work. Multi tasking all
these stuff continuously suck the battery in our phones
and make it unavailable when we really need it.
Prevention: To have a long lasting battery life in your
smartphone, there are few simple methods to follow

than can actually make your battery last a bit longer.

Methods are as follows.

Switch off the Wi-fi when not needed.

Uninstall Unnecessary apps.
Switch Off GPS
Use Power Saving Mode
Exit all Apps running background.
Dump unnecessary Widgets on Homescreen

5). Human error after snow

Detection:
I clicked this picture after 2 day of snow
fall in last month. The law says that snow must be
removed after 24 hrs of snow fall. In the first picture
walkway is not cleared and its the duty of the land
owner to clear the snow on walk way while in the
second picture snow has not been removed properly
from the road it has covered half of the road.
Prevention:
This type of human error can be
prevented by taking strict steps by local government.
They should inspect the local streets randomly and they
should issue the ticket to land owner who has not
cleared the snow from walkway. In other case, local
government should be strict regarding terms and
conditions of the contract of snow removal from the
road such as If the snow is not removed properly then
contract company has to pay penalty or cancellation
of the contract.

6). Parking error in snow:

Detection:
These cars has been has been parked on
the streets when road is snow covered even
though there is sign that ''NO PARKING WHEN ROAD IS
SNOW COVERED''.
Prevention:
This kind of human error can be prevented
by taking strict steps by local government and police
that they should inspect local streets randomly and
issue the ticket to car owners and government should

arrange pay and park facility in certain season for

township people so, that they should not have to park
their cars too far from the house and on the streets. The
other way is that car owner should purchase the house
with proper parking facility in every season.
8) Credit card number problem

Problem
The credit card is used daily, everywhere in our life. We
face many issues on various occasions and times. Such
as sometimes we face issues on the internet when we
put the data but the result is we cannot use our credit
or debit card. The problem could be in credit or debit
card number as well other information regarding credit
or debit card. This human error relates to a coding error
by someone.
Detection
The detection is not easy for a common person
because human does not know what that reality is. In
fact, human tries many times to put data and think that
it will work but in vain. After several tries, the human
error will detect by his or her common sense and
he/she will complain to company or bank and they will

find out the real problem through decode the credit or

debit card data. The algorithm will detect the real issue
with the card and disclose the message about the
digits of the credit card.
Prevention
After detection the problem, we will get experience
and it also teaches us that how will prevent from credit
or debit card issues in the future. Most of the people
trust on credit or debit cards companies or banks and
never notice the number of credit or debit card.
Consequently, we can prevent from this issue when we
receive the credit or debit card and check the details
and number.
9).

Weather forecasting

problem
Weather forecasting is not an easy task even though
technology helps out a lot. Many unrespectable results
occur even then many predictions may wrongs
because of time and power issues. The problem is that
forecasting team aware us about the next coming

weather problem but cannot assess how it could fast

and its power?
Detection
The detection of this human error is much complicated
because sometimes clouds come and after blowing
they fly another area. When a disaster detect by the
machines some foolish people refuse to accept or
reject the reality of forecasting. In this way human error
detects but they cannot save those lives that reject
forecasting. The detection machine does not able to
exact power of disaster so they cannot save
completely.
Prevention
The detection is possible but control is not possible
every time. Although, the problem has understood as
well we know that the detection is possible but
prevention is much complicated and sometimes it's
unbelievable as well uncontrollable. Natural disaster
can appear anytime, there is no need of a specific
time and specific reasons but some issues arose
immediately and everything change in a few minutes.
So we can conclude that there are not many
possibilities to prevent from disasters.

10) Plastic Surgery

Problem
Most of the people care about their health and feel
that they are not looking good. The problem is that
they suffer with complex especially women those use
plastic surgery. In the realistic manner, they want to
look attractive and beautiful. This kind of error relates
with mode error because when a person tries to do
plastic surgery the purpose is good but the result is bad
due to the wrong mode of operation.
Detection
Its difficult to say that accidents can be detected on
time because there is no timing and never pre-plan.
The detection is possible when we are observing before
it happened. Most of the people like a unique lifestyle
so they make up for the events and look attractive and
beautiful. In fact, the detection is possible after tragedy
because there is not strong theory that supports the

accident or tragedy before the time.

Prevention
Everyone cares about his life and also try to look
beautiful. In this way, they suffer in human error which is
mode error. There is a little possibility to control on this
accident when doctor begin treat be careful using
operation tools. The best way to control this tragedy is
training of doctors and nursing so their skills can
increase more.
Social Networking:

Plug-in Hybrid BMW 3 Series Prototype Revealed

This article tells about the urge of shifting to other sources of energy
like the solar, wind, ocean and many other as the petroleum resources
are going down day by day. The government is really doing its best in
incorporating the other sources of energy to drive the motor vehicles
which are the prime consumers of the petroleum products. The US
army did a real good job in starting its research in other sources of
energy and also encouraging the private sectors in the same areas by
granting them funds and so. Hope this all work out soon and we get the
replacement of the depreciating petroleum resources.