WELCOME

BASICS OF VIBRATION

A.K.SINHA
AGM (TURBINE)
PSTS(HQ), NOIDA

WHAT IS VIBRATION ?

VIBRATION
Vibration act as a heart beat for any rotating machinery.

All the rotating equipments inherently have some

imperfection given to limitation of design or manufacturing
process. These imperfections show up in the form of
vibrations. Hence, no rotating machine can operate in this
world without vibration, however small it may be.
Vibrations beyond a certain level alarm engineers as it
endangers the life of man and machine.

VIBRATION
When a machine operates and reflects a particular
vibration behaviour, it is a sum total of Quality of
Design
Manufacturing
Erection
Commissioning
Servicing
Operation and Maintenance practices
Vibration is a manifestation of combination of various
excitation forces generated internally or externally in the
system.

CHARACTERISTICS OF VIBRATION
AMPLITUDE
FREQUENCY
PHASE
GAP VOLTAGE

UNITS OF VIBRATION
(A) DISPLACEMENT
MICRONS, PEAK TO PEAK
MICRONS, 0 TO PEAK
MICRONS, RMS
(B) VELOCITY
MM/SEC, PEAK
MM/SEC, RMS
(C)ACCELERATION
M/SEC2, PEAK
M/SEC2, RMS
G, PEAK
G, RMS

UNITS OF VIBRATION

Average

RMS

0 - Peak

Peak - Peak

RMS
= 0.707 x (0-Peak)
Average
= 0.637 x (0-Peak)
Peak to Peak = 2 x (0-Peak)

FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
DEMO
1 CYCLE/SEC.

UPPER LIMIT

MEAN POSITION

LOWER LIMIT

TIME IN SECONDS

1 Hz

FREQUENCY IN Hz

WHAT IS PHASE ANGLE

360 0

DEFLECTION MODE OF THE SHAFT

B1

B2

B3

B4

TYPES OF VIBRATION PICK UP

PROXIMITY PROBE
VELOCITY PICK UP
ACCELEROMETER

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF VARIOUS

TYPES OF VIBRATION PICK UP
PROXIMITY PROBE
SHAFT VIBRATION MEASUREMENT
KEY PHASER MARKER
SHAFT CENTRE LINE POSITION
BEST SUITED FOR 1 TO 500 HZ

RECOMMENDED LOCATIONS OF SHAFT

VIBRATION MEASUREMENTS
Measuring
Amplifier

Measuring
Amplifier

PROXIMITY
PICK-UP
45O

45O

SHAFT

VERTICAL

ORL

SHAFT

R
HORIZONTAL

PROXIMITY PROBE
(NON CONTACT TYPE PICK UP)

SHAFT VIBRATION PICK UPS MOUNTED IN TWO

ORTHOGONAL DIRECTION ON BEARING PEDESTAL COVER

GAP VOLTAGE OF SHAFT VIBRATION PROBE

IT INDICATES AIR GAP BETWEEN PROXIMITY PROBE TIP AND
ROTOR SURFACE
IT IS MEASURED IN DC VOLTS
IT IS SET IN COLD CONDITION AT ZERO RPM WITHOUT OIL
SUPPLY (LUBE OIL / JACKING OIL)

IT IS NORMALLY SET IN THE MID POINT OF LINEAR RANGE

ANY CHANGE IN GAP VOLTAGE INDICATES CHANGE IN THE
POSITION OF THE SHAFT PROVIDED THERE IS NO LOOSENESS
IN PROXIMITY PROBE FIXATION
IT CAN BE USED TO DETERMINE THE LIFT OF THE ROTOR

IT CAN BE INDICATIVE OF BEARING BABBIT WEAR

CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF VARIOUS

TYPES OF VIBRATION PICK UP
VELOCITY PICK UP
FOR BEARING AND STRUCTURAL VIBRATION

BEST SUITED FOR 10 TO 1000 HZ

ACCELEROMETER
FOR HIGH FREQUENCY RANGE
BEST SUITED FOR 1000 HZ ONWARDS

RECOMMENDED LOCATIONS OF VIBRATION

MEASUREMENTS ON BEARINGS

BEARING PEDESTAL VIBRATION PICK UPS

REASONS OF VIBRATION
UNBALANCE
MISALIGNMENT
LOOSENESS
PIPE PULLS
SHAFT CATENARY / BEARING LOADING
RESONANCE
UNEQUAL FLOW PATH CLEARANCES
RUBBING

REASONS OF VIBRATION
SHAFT BOW
OIL / STEAM WHIRL
DEVIATED OPERATING PARAMETERS
DEFECTIVE BEARING / ASSEMBLY OF BEARING
VIBRATION TRANSMITTION FROM OTHER SOURCE
GEAR INACCURACIES
CASING DISTORSTION

CAVITATION

VIBRATION MONITORING SYSTEM

On Line Vibration Monitoring System :In on-line vibration monitoring techniques, vibrations
are measured at pre-determined locations in the
critical rotating machines on continuous basis.

Off Line Vibration Monitoring System :When the problems lies in the machine and support
interface system, On-line Monitoring System has

limitation for complete diagnostics due to number of

sensors and measuring locations. In such cases,
vibrations are measured at various locations to identify

the cause of the problem.

SCHEMATICS DIAGRAM OF 210 / 250 / 500 MW, KWU TG SET

THRUST
BRG.

IP
TURBINE

HP
TURBINE

1
HP
Front

2
HP
Rear

GENERATOR

LP TURBINE

3
IP
Rear

EXCITER

4
LP
Rear

5
Gen
Front

6
Gen
Rear

7
Exciter

Location of Bearing vibration pick up:45 Degrees Left and Right at all bearings from 1 to 7
Location of Shaft vibration pick up:45 Degrees Left and Right at all bearings from 1 to 7
Presently, All bearing / shaft vibrations are measured in microns, pk-pk

INSTRUMENTS FOR VIBRATION

MEASUREMENT
VIBROMETER

VIBRATION ANALYSER
FFT ANALYSER

TWO CHANNEL AND SINGLE REFERENCE

FFT VIBRATION ANALYSER

MULTI CHANNEL DUAL REFERENCE WITH

LAPTOP FACILITY

CONCLUSION
UNDERSTANDING OF BASICS OF VIBRATION IS THE FIRST
STEP IN ACQUIRING THE SKILL OF DIAGNOSITCS AND
TROUBLESHOOTING
QUALITY OF VIBRATION MEASUREMENT IS THE SECOND STEP
UNDERSTANDING THE VIBRATION MONITORING SYSTEM AND

ROTATING MACHINE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS

THANK YOU