Chng 1 - Nhu cu s dng phn bn trong sn xut nng nghip

1.Vai tr ca phn bn trong sn xut nng nghip (1,5 tit)

Vic bn phn hp l cho cy trng mang li nhiu li ch nh: tng nng sut, phm
cht nng sn; n nh v tng ph ca t; tng thu nhp cho ngi sn xut bo v mi
trng...

1.1. Vai tr ca phn bn i vi nng sut cy trng

1.1.1. Phn bn vi nng sut v sn lng cy trng
Qua iu tra, tng kt v vai tr ca phn bn vi cy trng trn th gii cng nh
Vit Nam cho thy: Trong s cc bin php k thut trng trt lin hon (lm t,
ging, mt gieo trng, BVTV...) , bn phn lun l bin php k thut c nh

hng ln nht, quyt nh nht i vi nng sut v sn lng cy trng.

Ging mi cng ch pht huy c tim nng ca mnh, cho nng sut cao
khi c bn phn v bn hp l.
T thc tin sn xut cc nc ny cng cho thy: Khng c phn ho
hc th khng c nng sut cao. cc nc c h thng nng nghip pht trin trong hn
100 nm tr li y (t khi bt u s dng phn bn ho hc), vic s dng phn
khong lm tng hn 60% nng sut cy trng.

Cch mng xanh n : Nm 1950, khi nng dn n cha bit dng

phn bn ch sn xut c 50 triu tn lng thc/nm, b thiu i trm trng. Nm
1984 nh s dng 7,8 triu tn phn bn/nm a sn lng lng thc ln 140 triu
tn, khc phc nn i trin min cho n .

Kt qu iu tra ca FAO trong thp nin 70 80 ca th k 20 trn phm

vi ton th gii cho thy: tnh trung bnh phn bn quyt nh 50% tng sn lng nng
sn tng ln hng nm v bn 1 tn cht dinh dng nguyn cht th thu c 10 tn ht
ng cc.

cc nc chu , Thi bnh dng (1979 1989) phn bn lm tng

75% nng sut la.
Tng kt v vai tr ca cc yu t k thut trong nng nghip hin i
M: Nng sut quyt nh bi 41% do phn khong, 15-20% do thuc bo v thc vt,
15% do hon thin cc bin php k thut, 8% do chn ging v ti nc, 11-18% do
cc yu t khc.

Nm 1997, kt qu iu tra Vit Nam tnh trung bnh phn bn lm tng

38-40% tng sn lng, d bo s ln hn c th ti 75% nng sut la v bn 1
tn dinh dng nguyn cht thu c 13 tn ng cc.
1.1.2. nh hng gin tip ca phn bn ti cc bin php k thut trng trt
lm tng nng sut cy trng
S dng phn bn hp l lun l c s quan trng cho vic pht huy hiu qu ca
cc bin php k thut khc (lm t, ging, mt gieo trng, ti tiu, bo v thc
vt...).

- Lm t: vic cy su trong lm t t hiu qu cn quan tm

bn phn ph hp vi s phn b dinh dng trong cc tng t. Trn t bc
mu, s chnh lch v ph gia tng canh tc v cc tng di rt ln, cy su
m bn t phn v khng bn vi, khng nhng khng lm tng nng sut m cn
lm gim nng sut kh r so vi cy nng.
- Ging cy trng: Cc ging cy trng khc nhau c nhu cu dinh dng
khc nhau do vy cn phi bn phn cn i theo yu cu mi pht huy ht tim
nng nng sut ca ging.
Bng 1.1. Nhu cu dinh dng ca cc ging la
c tim nng nng sut khc nhau
Ging la
La thng
La lai

Nng sut
(tn/ha)
5,0-5,5
6,5-7,0

Lng ht cc cht dinh dng chnh (kg/ha)

N
P2O5
K2O
100-120
40-50
100-120
150-180
70-80
180-200
Ngun: Vin Th nhngNng ho 2003

- Mt gieo trng v ch bn phn c quan h rt mt thit v phc

tp, phi c xy dng mt cch thch hp i vi mi cy.
- Ti tiu: t c ti tiu ch ng lm tng hiu qu phn bn, c
kh nng bn nhiu phn t hiu qu sn xut cao hn. Yu cu v phn bn
cc vng c ti v khng ti khc nhau. ng thi, phn bn lm gim lng
nc cn thit to nn mt n v cht kh nn tit kim c lng nc cn
ti.
vd: Kt qu nghin cu Lin X c cho thy hiu lc ca phn trn t c
ti tng gp 2-4 ln trn t khng c ti.
2

- Trong cng tc bo v thc vt: bn phn cn i v hp l l c s quan

trng cho vic qun l dch hi tng hp (IPM) t hiu qu tt to cho cy trng
kho mnh t su bnh hi, gim chi ph thuc bo v thc vt, em li thu nhp
cao cho ngi trng trt. Cc loi phn ln v kali cn c tc dng lm tng tnh
chng chu (vd: chu hn, chu rt) cho cy.
Vy: c th dng ch bn phn tt khc phc nhng nhc im ca
k thut trng trt. Ngc li, cc bin php k thut khc cng nh hng n
hiu lc ca phn bn. Theo tng kt ca FAO c 10 nguyn nhn lm gim hiu
lc ca phn bn.
Bng 1.2. Cc nguyn nhn lm gim hiu lc ca phn bn
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Nguyn nhn lm gim hiu lc phn bn

Mc gim (%)
K thut lm t km
10-25
Ging cy trng khng thch hp
5-20
K thut gieo cy km
20-40
Thi v gieo cy khng thch hp
20-40
Mt gieo cy khng thch hp
10-25
V tr v cch bn phn khng thch hp
5-10
Ch nc khng thch hp
10-20
Tr c di khng kp thi
5-10
Phng tr su bnh khng tt
5-50
Bn phn khng cn i
20-50
Ngun: Nguyn Vn B, 2003

1.2. Vai tr ca phn bn i vi cht lng sn phm

1.2.1. Vai tr tch cc ca phn bn ti cht lng sn phm
Nh b r cy trng ht cc cht dinh dng c trong t v phn bn cung
cp cc nguyn t cn thit cho mi hot ng sng, to nn nng sut v cht lng sn
phm. Phm cht nng sn do nhiu loi hp cht hu c chi phi, v s hnh

thnh nhng hp cht hu c l kt qu ca nhng qu trnh sinh ho do

nhiu loi men iu khin. Phn bn (nht l phn kali v vi lng) tc ng
mnh nn tnh cht v hm lng ca cc loi men nn cng c kh nng to
phm cht tt.
3

- Phn Kali: c nhiu nh hng ti cht lng sn phm ca cy trng,

c bit c nh hng ti hm lng ng, bt v cht lng si.
- Vi lng: C vai tr ch yu l hnh thnh v kch thch hot ng ca
cc h thng men trong cy. Cho nn vi lng xc tin, iu tit ton b cc hot
ng sng trong cy: Quang hp, h hp, ht khong, hnh thnh, chuyn ho v
vn chuyn cc hp cht hu c trong cy.
- Phn ln: lm tng phm cht cc loi rau, c lm thc n gia sc v cht
lng ht ging.
- Phn m lm tng r hm lng protein v caroten trong sn phm, v
lm hm lng xenlulo gim xung.
Vy: bn phn cn i v hp l cho cy trng khng ch lm tng nng
sut m cn lm tng cht lng sn phm v hm lng cc cht khong, protein,
ng v vitamin.
1.2.2. Bn phn gy nh hng xu ti cht lng sn phm
Thc t sn xut cho thy rng: vic bn thiu, tha hay bn phn khng cn i u
lm gim cht lng nng sn. iu ny thy r nht vi yu t N.
- Nu bn qu nhiu m: c th dn n nhiu bt li cho cy trng v nh hng xu
ti cht lng nng sn: lm tng t l nc trong cy, tng hm lng NO 3- trong rau gy tc hi
cho ngi s dng, lm gim t l Cu trong cht kh ca c c th gy v sinh cho b; cy trng
d b su bnh, ko di thi gian sinh trng, gy nhim mi trng...
- Bn thiu m: Cy trng rt ngn thi gian sinh trng, nng sut phm cht gim vd:
t l vitamin B2 trong rau gim.
- Bn tha kali: lm gim hm lng magi trong c lm thc n gia sc, lm ng vt
nhai li d mc bnh co c ng c.
Vy: Bn phn khng cn i cho cy trng to ra thc n khng cn i, thiu cc
vitamin, thiu nguyn t vi lng khin ngi v ng vt d n nhiu vn khng tng trng c
v vn mc cc bnh suy dinh dng, thiu mu, v sinh

1.3. Vai tr ca phn bn i vi t v mi trng

1.3.1. nh hng tch cc ca phn bn ti mi trng:
Vic bn phn hp l cho cy trng va nhm t nng sut cy trng cao
tho ng vi cht lng tt, hiu qu sn xut cao, ng thi n nh v bo
v c t trng trt. Bn cnh bn phn cn c th lm mi trng tt hn,
cn i hn.
- Phn hu c v vi l cc phng tin ci to mi trng t ton
din v hiu qu:
+ Phn hu c v lu di c tc dng lm cho t c iu kin tch lu
nhiu mn, dinh dng, nng cao ph ca t, ci thin tnh cht l, ho sinh
ca t trn c s c th tng lng phn ho hc thm canh t hiu qu
cao.
+ Bn vi c tc dng ci to ho tnh, l tnh, sinh tnh, gip cy c th ht
c nhiu dinh dng t t, to mi trng pH thch hp cho cy trng ht thc
n cng nh sinh trng v pht trin...
- Bn phn ho hc: vi liu lng thch ng lm tng cng hot ng
ca vi sinh vt c ch, do lm tng cng s khong ho cht hu c c
sn trong t, chuyn ph t nhin ca t thnh ph thc t.
+ Bn ln lm tng cng ph mt cch r rt, ng thi li m bo
gi cho t khi b ho chua, v hu ht cc loi phn ln thng thng u c
cha mt lng canxi cao.
+ Bn kali c tc dng ci to hm lng kali cho t v tng cng
hiu qu ca phn kali bn v sau.
Vy: Bn phn ho hc cn i v hp l kt hp bn phn hu c va to c nng
sut v cht lng nng sn tt, va lm t tr nn tt hn.
1.3.2. Kh nng gy nh hng xu ca phn bn ti mi trng
Cc loi phn bn c th to ra cc cht gy nhim mi trng nu chng
ta bn phn khng hp l v ng k thut
- Kh nng gy nhim mi trng t phn hu c c khi cn cao hn c
phn ho hc. Vic s dng khng hp l cng vi kh nng chuyn ho ca phn
cc iu kin khc cc loi phn hu c c th to ra nhiu cht kh CH4, CO2,
5

H2S cc ion khong NO3 vd: Vit Nam do s dng phn bc ti trong trng
rau gy nhim mi trng ng thi nh hng ti sc kho ca ngi s dng.
- Cc loi phn ho hc (c bit l phn m) c th lm nhim nitrat
ngun nc ngm, hin tng phn m ho dn n mt m, gy nhim
khng kh, lm t ho chua, hin tng tch ng kim loi nng Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd
... trong nc v t, hin tng ph dng ngun nc mt, lin quan n qu
trnh tch lu ln v m.Vic s dng cc loi phn bn chua vi lng ln v
lin tc c th lm t b chua, nh hng trc tip n cy trng v cn lm cho
t tng tch lu cc yu t c hi nh st, nhm, mangan di ng.
- Ngoi ra vic bn phn khng tr li lng cht dinh dng m cy
trng ly i theo sn phm thu hoch, lm suy thoi t trng ang l vn mi
trng khng nh Vit Nam cng nh nhiu ni trn th gii.
1.4. Phn bn vi thu nhp ca ngi sn xut
Phn bn l yu t c nh hng quyt nh n nng sut, phm cht cy trng,
ng thi c nh hng quan trng n hiu lc ca cc bin php k thut lm tng nng
sut cy trng khc nn ngi sn xut rt quan tm n yu t ny.
Vic s dng phn bn hp l v hiu qu lm tng nhiu thu nhp cho ngi sn
sut. Trong s dng phn bn, tn ti mt nh lut m da vo ngi trng trt c th
bn phn t li nhun ti a t mt n v din tch trng trt thng qua vic xc nh
c lng phn bn v nng sut ti thch kinh t.
Vy: Phn bn c vai tr rt quan trng v khng th thiu c i vi sn xut nng
nghip, l c s cho vic sn xut nng nghip thm canh t hiu qu cao v bn vng. s
dng phn bn t hiu qu cao ngi s dng cn c nhng hi bit cn thit v phn bn v
mi quan h gia phn bn vi t v cy trng.

2. Nhu cu dinh dng ca cy (3 tit)

3. Kh nng cung cp dinh dng cho cy ca t (2 tit)
4. Nhu cu s dng phn bn trong sn xut nng nghip (0,5 tit)
4.1. Qu trnh pht trin cc kin thc v dinh dng cy trng v s dng
phn bn
Phn bn c loi ngi s dng t rt lu i (khong 3000 nm
trc). Loi phn m loi ngi s dng khi l cc phn hu c ng vt (phn
chung) ri sau m rng cc loi phn hu c khc (phn xanh v tn tch hu c)
vd: Trong s thi ca Odixe ca Homes (900 7000 TCN) nu vic bn phn
cho rung nho.
n khong 400 nm trc cng nguyn loi ngi bit cy vi tn th
thc vt lm tt t. Xnphn nu bin php cy vi tn th thc vt lm
tt t.
Thophrast (372 287 TCN) nu bin php n chung gi v
nng cao cht lng phn chung. Thophrast sp xp phn chung theo
th t cht lng gim dn nh sau: Ngi - Ln - D - Cu B c - Nga.
Gia th k XVI, Bernard Palissy nu vai tr ca cht khong trong
t, tro ca cy c ngun gc t t.
n u th k XIX, loi ngi vn lm tng rng cy trng ht thc
n trc tip bng mn, do chu nh hng ca thuyt dinh dng mn ca
Aristot.
Nm 1840, Liebig (nh bc hc ngi c) a ra thuyt dinh dng
khong ca thc vt, thuyt ny cho rng: Ton b gii thc vt u c
nui dng bng cc nguyn t v c hay nguyn t khong. Phn hu c
khng tc ng trc tip n cy qua cc cht hu c trong phn bn m
gin tip qua sn phm phn gii ca cht hu c. Liebig cn a ra L
thuyt bn phn xy dng trn c s tr li cc nguyn t dinh dng cho t sau
ny cn c gi l Lut tr li.
Nga, D. I. Mendeleev hng dn lm nhng th nghim u tin i
vi phn ho hc nhng vng khc nhau, t nn mng cho vic xy dng mng
li phn bn sau ny.
7

Nhng kt qu nghin cu v lun im dinh dng cy trng ni trn

kch thch s pht trin mnh m cc cng trnh nghin cu v lnh vc
phn bn. Na u th k XX Nng ho hc em li nhng thnh tu to ln
cho sn xut nng nghip. chu u nh s dng phn ho hc a sn lng
tng gp 3 ln so vi trc khi c phn ho hc. Song do qu lm dng phn
ho hc cng li nhng hu qu nghim trng (cht lng sn phm km,
gy nhim mi trng v nh hng n sc kho con ngi). Ngi ta nghi
ng vai tr ca phn ho hc, mun loi ngi quay tr li nn nng nghip hu
c. Nhng nng nghip hu c khng th p ng yu cu ca x hi v ngi
nng dn. Buc loi ngi phi tm n nn nng nghip sinh thi bn vng hay
thm canh bn vng tng hp, thng qua vic s dng hp l phn hu c v phn
ho hc trong h thng dinh dng cy trng tng hp (Integrated Plant Nutrition
System - IPNS) hay qun l dinh dng tng hp cho cy trng (Integrated Plant
Nutrition Management - IPNM).
4.2. Tnh hnh s dng phn bn
4.2.1. Khi nim v cc cht dinh dng v cc loi phn bn cho cy trng
Cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc ch ra rng: 92 nguyn t ho hc
ca bng tun hon Mendeleep c trong thnh phn ca cy, trong c 15
nguyn t c coi l quan trng nht, c chia ra thnh cc nhm nguyn t
dinh dng theo t l tch lu trong cy gim dn, gm:
Bng. 1. 3. Cc cht dinh dng thit yu v c ch cho cy trng
Cht
dinh K
Dng cy ht
TT dng
hiu
1
Carbon
C
CO2

TT
11

Cht
dinh K
dng
hiu
Mangan
Mn

Hydro

H2O

12

Bo

H3BO4, BO3--

Oxy

O2, H2O

13

Km

Zn

Zn++

Nit

NH4+, NO3-

14

ng

Cu

Cu++

Ln

H2PO4, HPO4--

15

Molipden

Mo

MoO42-

Kali

K+

16

Clo

Cl

Cl-

Canxi

Ca

Ca++

17

Natri

Na

Na+

Magi

Mg

Mg++

18

Silic

Si

SiO3-

Lu hunh

SO42---, SO2

19

Coban

Co

Co+

10

St

Fe

Fe++, Fe+++

20

Nhm

Al

Al+++

Dng cy ht
Mn++

Ngun:IFA

Trong :
- Cacbon (C), hyro (H), oxy (O): l cc nguyn t dinh dng thuc
nhm cy tch lu nhiu nht, chim 92% trng lng cht kh ca cy. Cc
nguyn t ny c sn trong thin nhin, cy hp th chng thng qua nc ti v
kh quyn.
- Nit (N), ln (P), kali (K), magi (Mg), canxi (Ca), lu hunh (S) l cc
nguyn t dinh dng chim 7,4% trng lng cht kh ca cy. y l cc
nguyn t thng khng c nhiu trong t nhin nn phi quan tm cung cp
nhiu cho cy trng bng phn bn. Trong :
+ N, P, K: l nhng nguyn t thng tch lu trong cy vi t l vi % m
trong t thng b thiu nn cy trng cn c cung cp thm nhiu bng phn
bn. V vy, cc nguyn t dinh dng ny l nhng nguyn t dinh dng a
lng, cc phn cha cc nguyn t ny gi l phn bn a lng.
+ Mg, Ca, S: l nhng nguyn t chim t l t hn trong cy (khong 1%
TLCK), trong t thng cng khng cho cy trng. Chng l nhng nguyn t
dinh dng trung lng, cc phn cha nhng nguyn t ny gi l phn trung
lng.
+ Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, B, Zn (Cl): l nhng nguyn t chim t l rt t trong
cy (0,6 % TLCK) nhng c vai tr xc nh khng th thay th, t cng thng
thiu. Chng l nhng nguyn t dinh dng vi lng, phn cha nhng nguyn
t ny gi l phn vi lng.
+ Na, Si, Co, Al: l nhng nguyn t c ch cho mt s cy.Vd: Si cn
nhiu cho la, Na: Cn nhiu cho nhm cy c c.
4.2.2. Tnh hnh s dng phn bn
Nh nhng li ch m phn bn mang li trong vic tng nng sut,
phm cht nng sn, tng thu nhp cho ngi nng dn m trong 1 th k va qua
trn th gii, sn xut v s dng phn bn ho hc tng rt mnh. Nm
1906, ton th gii ch s dng tng lng phn bn (N + P 2O5 + K2O) l 1,9 triu
tn th n nm 1999 s dng 138,22 triu tn.
Tuy nhin vic s dng phn bn khng hp l (v liu lng, t l, thi
gian bn...) gy ra nhng hu qu nghim trng nh: cht lng cy trng
9

gim, nhim ngun nc, t, khng kh...Chnh v vy trong nhng nm gn

y nhng nc pht trin c xu hng gim s dng phn bn, cn nhng nc
ang pht trin li c xu hng tng vic s dng phn bn.
- Vit Nam, phn bn (phn hu c) cng c ngi nng dn s
dng t rt lu i v c xu hng tng dn.
Trc nm 1955 vic s dng phn bn nc ta vn cn rt t ch yu l
phn chung vi lng bn phn bn: 2,7-5,0 tn/ha.
Thp k 60: phong tro nghin cu v s dng phn hu c (bo du, in
thanh, than bn, phn chung) vn l ch yu. Phn ho hrc s dng vi lng t
m ch yu l phn N,
Thp k 70: phn ho hc chim hn 40% tng lng bn, ln dn tr thnh
yu t hn ch nng sut la.
Thp k 80: phn ho hc chim 60-70% tng lng bn, phn kali dn dn
tr thnh yu t hn ch nng sut la. Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu v thc
nghim v phn vi lng xut hin, chng t n lc yu cu cung cp cht
dinh dng ton din cho cy phi c t ra.
Thp k 90: phn ho hc s dng chim 70-80% tng lng bn. K tr
thnh yu t hn ch nng sut.
4.3. Xu hng pht trin nng nghip v s dng phn bn
Lch s pht trin nng nghip th gii tri qua cc hnh thc pht trin
nng nghip l:
+ Nng nghip hu c (nn nng nghip sinh hc): khng dng phn ho
hc v thuc bo v thc vt m thay bng phn chung, phn xanh, tn d thc
vt, lun canh cho t ngh ti to ph ca t ng thi da vo vi sinh vt
t v to iu kin pht trin chng nhm cung cp thc n cho cy.
Nn nng nghip ny kh c th t nng sut cy trng cao, v lng phn
c hn, li c nhiu hn ch v kh nng cung cp dinh dng d tiu. Kinh
nghim Vit Nam cho thy, t nng sut la 5 tn/ha phi cung cp 100 - 120
kg N/ha. Nu ch bn bng phn chung th phi cn hn 30 tn/ha mi cung cp
m tng s (trong khi chng ta ch c th bn trung bnh 8-10 tn
PC/ha/nm). Theo Bi Huy p nu da vo chn nui th lng thc sn xut
c trn 1 ha (5 tn) va nui n ln c 30 tn PC. Chnh v vy nn
10

nng nghip hu c khng th p ng nhu cu lng thc, thc phm ngy mt

tng vi yu cu ngy cng cao ca con ngi.
+ Nng nghip thm canh cao: l hnh thc pht trin nng nghip din
ra mnh cc nc c nng nghip pht trin trong thi gian 1950-1974 vi vic
ho hc ho cao (s dng ti a phn ho hc v ho cht bo v thc vt)
nhm t nng sut cy trng cao vi thu nhp ln nht dn n hin tng suy
thoi mi trng v cht lng sn phm nng nghip b gim st nghim trng.
ng trc nhng hn ch ca nn nng nghip hu c v nn nng nghip
thm canh cao t ra mt vn cho chng ta l phi dng phn ho hc
nh th no va thm canh cy trng t nng sut cao, phm cht tt, t hiu
qu sn xut cao m khng lm nguy hi ti mi trng.
+ Nng nghip thm canh bn vng tng hp: (nn nng nghip sinh
thi) Trong nn Nng nghip ny cng vi ging mi v cc bin php k thut
tin tin, s dng phn bn (c ho hc ln hu c) cao, hp l v lng, cn i
v t l trong h thng qun l dinh dng tng hp (IPNM-IPNS), s dng thuc
bo v thc vt trong h thng qun l dch hi (IPM), vn t nng sut cy
trng cao vi phm cht tt ng thi gim ti mc ti a nhng cht ph thi v
mt cht dinh dng khng lm nhim mi trng.
ng trc sc p ca s tng dn s (t cht, ngi ng) nn m
bo an ton lng thc theo U ban dn s & K hoch ho gia nh nng sut la
bnh qun ca nc ta ngy cng phi tng mnh.
Nm
1995
2000
2010
2025
Dn s (Triu ngi)
75,0
82,6
95,0
116,0
NS la cn t (t/ha)
36,5
40,8
50,0
57,5
Vy xu hng pht trin nng nghip ca Vit Nam ch c mt con ng
duy nht l pht trin mt nn nng nghip thm canh bn vng tng hp - nn
nng nghip sinh thi

11

Chng 2 - Cc loi phn v c v k thut s dng

1. Phn m v k thut s dng (3 tit)
1.1. Cc dng phn m, thnh phn, tnh cht, chuyn ha v c im s
dng (2 tit)
1.1.1. Phn m amn
c im chung ca nhm phn m amn: N c trong phn m dng
amn (NH4+) hay c chuyn ho thnh NH 4+ cy c th s dng d dng,
mang in tch dng (+) nn c th c keo t hp ph, t b ra tri phn khi
c bn nhiu vo t. Ngoi ra sau khi bn vo t cc phn amn c th b
nitrat ho ( nhit , pH v m thch hp).
* Amoniac khan
- CTHH: NH3 .
- Thnh phn: 82% N (l loi phn m c t l m cao nht).
- Tnh cht: Dng cht lng linh ng, khng mu, si 34 0C, nhanh
chuyn sang th hi v tng th tch nn phi c bo qun v vn chuyn
trong cc bnh thp c bit trnh chy, n gy nguy him, gi thnh rt r
(bng 40% ca phn amn nitrat).
- c im s dng: cn c my chuyn dng a trc tip cht lng
vo tng t su (10-14cm) nhm trnh mt m (v ngoi khng kh amoniac
khan nhanh chng chuyn t th lng sang th kh) v phn ht m trong t to
thnh NH4OH ri phn ly thnh NH4+ cung cp m cho cy hoc c keo
t hp ph, ri dn cung cp cho cy.
* Nc amoniac
- CTHH: NH4OH.
- Thnh phn: 16,5% N (nu l ph phm ca k ngh luyn cc) - 20,5% N
(nu c tng hp trc tip).

- Tnh cht:
+ Phn dng th lng, r tin nht, d bo qun v s dng hn
amoniac khan, nhng do c tc dng n mn kim loi nn cng cn bo qun
v vn chuyn nc amoniac trong cc thit b bng snh s, nha.

12

+ Khi nc amniac c trn thm NH4NO3 to thnh mt dng phn

m lng hn hp c tn gi amnicat (30-50%N) nn tng hiu qu s dng
ca phn.
+ Trong nc amoniac, m nm di dng NH 3 t do v NH4OH.
Trong NH3 c t l cao do vy cn ch trong qu trnh bo qun v vn
chuyn khi bay mt NH3.
- c im s dng:
+ Thng dng cc ng ng bng nha dn trc tip nc amniac
t ni sn xut n ni s dng.
+ Phi bn su vo t trnh mt m. Phn cng c keo t gi
di dng NH4+, ngoi ra cng c th tham gia cc qu trnh chuyn ho nh
cc dng phn amn khc trong t.
* Amn sunfat
Phn m Amn Sulfat cn c gi tt l phn S.A, phn m mt l do
ch cha mt dng m (NH4+) cy s dng thun li.
- CTHH: (NH4)2SO4
- Thnh phn: 20,8-21,0% N; 23-24% S; <0,2% axit H2SO4 t do. Phn
thnh phm thng c m 0,2 0,3%.
- Tnh cht:
+ Phn c dng tinh th mu trng hay xm trng, xm xanh lc, t ht
m, t ng tng trong bo qun, d bn phn bng my.
+ Nu bo qun phn lu iu kin nhit , m cao ( 300C) S.A
d b mt m dng NH3. Kt qu va b mt N (to mi khai ni lu gi) va lm
tng chua t do ca phn.

- NH3
(NH4)2 SO4

NH4 HSO4
300C.

+ SA c th b mt m mt phn th kh do sau khi phn ly thnh NH4+

13

c th chuyn thnh NH4OH, ri chuyn tip thnh NH3

NH4OH

NH3 + H2O

+ Phn S.A va gy chua ho hc do trong thnh phn ca phn c cha axit

H2 SO4 t do, va gy chua sinh l do phn c cha gc axit.
( NH4 )2SO4

<--------> 2NH4+ + SO4 2 -

V vy: Lin tc bn phn Amn sunft (SA) trong trng trt lm mt vi, gim tnh m
v ho chua t.

+ SA cn c th tham gia vo qu trnh nitrat ho:

(NH4)2SO4 + 4 O2 = 2 HNO3 + H2SO4 + 2H2O
Kt qu va lm chua t, va to kh nng cung cp m cho cy v mt
m di dng NO3-.
+ Bn SA trn t chua cn c kh nng to ra cc mui st, nhm ho tan,
tng kh nng nh hng xu ca chua n cy.
- c im s dng:
+ Phn S.A c th s dng cho nhiu loi cy trng khc nhau, nhng c
bit tt i vi cc loi cy a chua hay c nhu cu v lu hunh cao nh cy
h thp t (rau ci, ci bp, su ho) cc cy ly c (khoai lang, khoai ty) v cc
cy ly du (u tng, lc, c ph, ch).
+ Phn S.A s dng thch hp trn cc loi t kim, t ngho lu hunh
(t xm bc mu, t vng, t s dng lu i) do phn c tc dng lm gim
tnh kim v b sung lu hunh cho t.
+ Bn lin tc phn S.A, nht l trn t chua rt cn bn vi trung ho
chua do phn gy ra, cn c k hoch bn vi theo t l 1,3 bt vi : 1
phn SA.
+ Phi hp s dng SA cng vi phn chung, phn ln t nhin c tc
dng trc tip cung cp N ng thi li c tc dng gin tip cung cp ln tt hn
cho cy trng.
+ Khng nn bn tp trung phn vi s lng ln m cn chia ra bn lm
14

nhiu ln, cn ch ri phn cho u khi s dng.

+ trnh tc dng xu m phn c th gy ra, khng nn s dng phn S.A
trn t trng, ly tht, t phn, t mn v trong iu kin ym kh, giu cht
hu c, S c trong thnh phn ca phn d b kh thnh H 2S c th gy c cho
cy.
+ Hn ch s dng phn ny trn t mn s lm tng nng SO42 trong
t, tng mn ca t.
+ Cn bn phn cho u v: Phn S.A c kh nng ho tan nhanh trong nc,
nn sau khi c bn vo t phn nhanh chng cung cp NH4+ cho cy trng,
mt phn NH4+ c hp ph kh cht trn b mt keo t ngay v tr bn.
* Amn clorua
- Cng thc ho hc: NH4Cl
- Thnh phn: 24 25% N; 66,6% Cl
- Tnh cht:
+ Dng tinh th mu trng, d ht m, chy nc, d ho tan trong
nc, l phn chua sinh l.
+ Bn vo t phn Clorua cng tan nhanh, c hp thu trn keo
t di dng NH 4 +.
+ Bn lin tc phn Clorua amn cng lm chua t, t mt vi
dn, gim tnh m ca t v ho chua.
+ NH 4Cl c th mt mt phn th kh
+ NH 4Cl cng c th tham gia vo qu trnh nitrat ho
NH 4Cl + 2O 2 = HNO 3 + HCl + H 2 O
Kt qu va lm chua t va to kh nng cung cp m cho cy v
mt m di dng NO 3 - nh phn SA nu trn.
So vi sulfat m phn Clorua m c my iu bt li l:
- Tc Nitrat ho chm hn sulfat m
- Bn lin tc d gy thiu lu hunh i vi cy trng c nhu cu lu hunh cao.
15

- Ion Clo nh hng xu ti cht lng nng sn ca nhiu loi cy trng nh: thuc l, nho,
cam qut v c i vi vi sinh vt.
Tuy vy, ion Clo khng b keo t gi nn c th b nc ma ra tri, do vy nu bn
Clorua amn sm th cc tc hi ca ion Clo cng gim.
- c im s dng:
+ y l loi phn r tin, c hiu lc vi nhiu loi cy trng (ma, ng, cy ly si, c
du, da) nht l vi cy la.
+ S dng trong thi gian di cn phi trung ha chua vi t l 1 NH4Cl : 1,4
CaCO3 hay bn kt hp vi phn chung v cc loi phn ln thin nhin khc.
+ Do phn cha Cl- nn khng bn phn cho nhng cy mn cm vi Cl-, nu bn
phi bn lt sm.
1.1.2. Phn m nitrat
c im chung ca nhm phn ny: ho tan mnh trong nc, cha N dng NO3-,
mng in tch m nn khng c t gi, d c cy ht, d b ra tri v tham gia vo qu trnh
phn m ho dn n mt m c th kh. Thch hp cho cy trng trong iu kin kh khn,
phn pht huy hiu lc cao t cn. u l cc phn kim sinh l...
* Canxi nitrat
- Cng thc ho hc: Ca(NO3)2
- Thnh phn: 13,0 15,5 % N; 25 -36% CaO. Ph bin nht l loi phn
cha 15 15,5% N v 25% CaO.
- Tnh cht:
+ Phn c dng tinh th hnh vin trn, mu trng c, ho tan nhanh
trong nc cha m dng NO3-.
+ Phn c tnh kim sinh l, d ht m chy nc, ng thnh tng kh
bo qun. y l hn ch kh nng s dng phn ny trong iu kin nhit i m
ca Vit Nam.
+ NO3- khng b t hp ph nn d c cy ht, ngay c trong iu
kin khng thun li cho vic ht dinh dng ca cy (kh hn, lnh, t chua,
16

mn...) nhng cng d b ra tri.

+ Khng b mt m th kh nh phn m amn, nhng NO3- nu
khng c cy trng s dng ht, li d b ra tri hoc tham gia vo qu
trnh phn nitrat ho.
NO3-

NO2-

N2

- c im s dng:
+ Phn Caxi nitrat rt thch hp vi cc cy trng cn c bit cho cc
cy gp iu kin kh khn (kh hn, t mn, chua, cy trng v ng, cy trng
trn t c thnh phn c gii nng...).

+ Phn cng rt thch hp bn lt trn t chua, t mn, t phn

do tc ng lm gim chua ca t.
+ Thch hp phun ln l cho cy trng.
+ Dng phn m ny c s dng nhiu trong trng cy khng dng
t (trng cy trong dung dch, trong ct, trn gi th) va cung cp m, va cung
cp Ca cho cy.
+ S dng cho la c hiu qu khng cao do NO 3- d b ra tri, nhng
dng lng va phi bn thc thi k lm ng n tr bng cho la trn
t chua phn li c hiu qu cao.
* Nitrat natri
- Cng thc ho hc: NaNO3
- Thnh phn : 15 - 16% N, 25 26 % Na v mt s yu t vi lng
- Tnh cht: D ho tan trong nc, d ht m, chy nc, c tnh kim. Do c nhiu
Na nn d lm keo t phn tn, t chai li, khng ti xp.
- c im s dng: Thch hp cho cy c nhu cu Na cao (c ci ng), cy ly r v
thch hp bn cho t chua.
1.1.3. Phn m amn nitrat (m hai l)
L phn va c tnh cht ca phn Amn li va c tnh cht ca phn Nitrat.
- CTHH: NH4NO3
17

- Thnh phn: amn nitrat nguyn cht cha 35% N

Do Amn nitrat d ht nc v chy ra, nn cc nh sn xut thng a
thm cht b tr d bo qun. Cht b tr c th l CaCO 3, St, hoc Kisengua.
Do vy, c nhiu loi phn m Amn nitrat.
Phn amn nitrat t l m thp 22%N.
Phn amn nitrat t l m trung bnh 26 27,5%N.
Phn amn nitrat t l m cao 33 34,5%N.
- Tnh cht:
+ Dng tinh th th, mu trng
+ L phn chua sinh l yu do cy ht NH4+ mnh hn li NO3-, to kh
nng gy chua t nhng tc dng gy chua khng cao.
+ Phn khng c ion tha
+ Phn kh bo qun do ht m mnh, chy ra.
- c im s dng:
+ Bn cho nhiu loi cy trng khc nhau, thch hp vi cy trng cn, v ng, hiu
qu km vi la nc (v NO3- linh ng, d b ra tri v b kh thnh N2).
+ L phn khng ph bin Vit Nam.
1.1.4. Phn m amit
y l nhm phn m cha m dng amit - NH 2 hay c chuyn ho
thnh NH2. Phn m amit thng c xp vo phn amn, v sau khi bn vo
t cc loi phn m amit u c chuyn thnh amn cacbonat, ri mi
chuyn ho tip v cung cp m cho cy.
* Phn Ur
Phn m Ur hay Cacbomit l dng phn m tiu biu ca nhm phn
m amit v l dng phn m ph bin nht trong thc t sn xut nng nghip
Vit Nam hin nay.
- CTHH: CO(NH2)2
- Thnh phn: Cha 46% N v khng qu 2% biur (nu >2% s gy c
cho hu ht cc loi cy trng, gim hiu qu ca phn).
18

- Tnh cht:
+ Phn ur c dng tinh th, vin trn nh trng c, kch thc ht 1
3mm, mu trng c hay trng ng, khng mi, ho tan nhanh trong nc,
rt linh ng.
+ Phn ur c th coi l c phn ng trung tnh sinh l, do sau khi bn
vo t ur chuyn ho thnh cacbonat amon tuy tm thi lm cho t kim nh
phn ng sau y:
(NH4)2CO3 + H2O NH4HCO3 + NH4OH
Ion NH4+ c to thnh c th c cy, vi sinh vt s dng, hoc keo t
hp ph, ngoi ra c th b nitrat ho thnh HNO 3 m tm thi lm cho t chua.
Nhng sau 1 thi gian cy ht m hai dng NH 4+ v NO3-, gc axit v gc kim
u bin mt, nn pH trong t thay i khng ng k.
+ nhit > 200C phn ht m chy nc, tr nn nht v lnh, c
th vn cc v ng tng gy nh hng xu n trng thi vt l v s dng
ca phn.
+ Phn ur cn c gi l phn amn hiu qu chm, do s chuyn ho
ca ur trong t thnh amn cn thit cho vic cung cp dinh dng thun li cho
cy li tu thuc nhit , m , cht hu c, pH t, vi sinh vt Trong quan
trng nht l nhit . Nhit mi trng 300C qu trnh xy ra nhanh (3 ngy)
nhit thp 100C qu trnh xy ra chm hn nhiu (10 ngy).
VSV
CO(NH2)2 + H2O
(NH4)2CO3
10 300C
(10 3 ngy)
+ Phn ur c th b mt NH3 khi bn vi phn trc tip trn mt t
(khng vi phn vo t sau khi bn) do phn sau khi c chuyn ho thnh
cacbonat amn, cht ny khng bn vng, d b phn hu thnh amoniac v
bicacbonat amon m dn n mt m di dng NH 3. Qu trnh ny xy ra mnh
trong mi trng t trung tnh n kim.
19

pH kim

(NH4)2CO3

NH3 + NH4HCO3

Khi t c m, NH3 c th to thnh NH4OH m hn ch vic mt NH3.

NH3 + H2O = NH4OH
+ Phn ur cn c th b mt m trong iu kin nhit cao v sau
khi chuyn thnh cacbonat amn, cht ny c th hp vi nc v CO 2 chuyn
thnh bicacbonat amn.
(NH4)2CO3 + H2O + CO2 NH4OH + NH4HCO3
Bicacbonat amn c to thnh trong cc phn ng chuyn ho trn d b phn
hu trong iu kin nhit cao to kh nng mt m dng NH3.
NH4HCO3

> 30 C

NH3 + H2O + CO2

- c im S dng:
+ Phn s dng tt cho nhiu loi cy trng (do thnh phn ca phn
khng c ion gy hi).
+ Phn c th s dng tt trn cc loi t khc nhau c bit thch hp
trn t chua, t bc mu, t ra tri mnh.
+ Phn c th s dng di nhiu hnh thc: Bn lt, bn thc, bn vo
t hoc phun trn l, (nn s dng phn c hm lng biur thp tt nht l <
0,25%; ch ti nng dinh dng phun).
V d:

1 2%: cy ho tho
0.5 1.0%: cy n qu

0.5 1.5%: cy rau

Nng c th cn tu thuc vo thi k sinh trng ca cy.

+ Ur cn c th s dng cho vo khu phn thc n chn nui, c
nhiu ng dng khc trong cng nghip.
+ trnh qu trnh amn ho phn ur trn mt t, dn n mt
m cn bn phn su 10 14cm vo t (bn cho cy trng cn cn vi phn
su vo t hay dng nc ti ho phn a phn thm xung su, bn cho la
20

cn bn vo tng kh ca t).
+ Khng c bn phn trc tip di tri nng gt, tri ma s lm
mt m.
+ Do hm lng dinh dng c trong phn cao, nn trn phn thm vi
t bt, phn chung mc tng khi lng cho d bn.
* Phn Canxi xianamit
- Cng thc ho hc: CaCN2 c to thnh do phn ng ca carbua canxi
CaC2 vi m c 21 22%.
- Thnh phn: 20 23% N; 20 54% CaO
- Tnh cht: Phn nguyn cht c dng bt mu trng. Phn ln tp cht
c dng bt mu en. Phn khng tan trong nc, d gy bng v tnh st
trng cao (dit nm, bnh u r bp ci, su b hung, b ci, tuyn trng, k sinh trng
gia sc), c phn ng kim.

Bn vo t CaCN2 thu phn dn dn qua nhiu bc cui cng thnh ur

nh sau:
2CaCN2 + 2H2O Ca(HCN2)2 + Ca(OH)2
(t hi chua)
2Ca(HCN2)2 + 2H2O ------------> (CaOH)2CN2 + 3 H2CN2
(t hi kim)
6Ca(HCN2)2 + 2H2O ------------> Ca(OH)2 + ( H2CN2)2
H2CN2 + H2O CO(NH2)2
- c im s dng:
+ Bn phi trn u vi t v bn trc khi gieo cy t nht 2 3 tun
V cc cht trung gian hnh thnh c th gy c cho vi sinh vt trong t
+ Ngoi tc dng lm phn bn xianamit canxi cn c tc dng dit trng,
dit nm bnh do phn cha 20 54% CaO dng rt hot ng ng thi thch
hp ci to cc loi t st v t mt nhiu vi.
21

+ C tc dng lm rng l bng c th thu hoch bng my

+ C th dng lm phn bn thc, nhng phi trc vi t.
1.1.5. Phn m hiu qu chm
- Khi nim: Phn m tc dng chm l cc dng phn m c lp
mng bc hay cc cht b tr phn khng tan nhanh m c gii phng
dn cung cp cho cy.
T l dinh dng trong phn ny thng thp hn so vi phn thng
thng cng loi vd: ure bc lu hunh cha 38% N. Hiu qu phn tng ln
nhng gi thnh phn cng tng cao nn cha c s dng ph bin.
Cc loi phn m tc dng chm c s dng nc ngoi:
Urefocmoldehit, ure bc lu hunh, ure vin to, oxamit

22

1.2. K thut bn phn m (1tit)

m bo bn phn m cho cy trng t hiu qu cao, trnh nh hng
xu m phn c th gy ra cho cy trng v mi trng, khi s dng phn m
cn ch nhng im sau:
1.2.1. Trong bn phn cho cy trng khng th thiu vic bn phn m, bn
phn m l c s cho vic bn cc loi phn khc cho cy, bn phn m l
then cht ca vic bn phn cho cy trng.
+ Bn phn m cho hiu qu cao, c nh hng quyt nh n hiu lc
chung ca vic bn phn v hiu lc ca tng loi phn bn khc cho cy trng.
+ Khi cc iu kin cy sinh trng tt c tho mn (ging cy, c
im k thut canh tc, bn phn cn i, iu kin sinh thi.) th chnh mc
bn phn N cho php khai thc n mc i a tim nng nng sut cy trng.
1.2.2. Khi bn phn m cn xc nh cn thn khng ch v lng phn bn
m c phng php bn phn m bo bn phn t hiu qu cao, ng thi
trnh c nhng nh hng xu c th xy ra i vi cy trng v mi
trng.
+ Nu bn thiu m so vi yu cu nng sut ca cy trng, cy sinh
trng pht trin km, nng sut, phm cht thp ng thi vic cy phi khc
thc nhiu m t t dn n suy kit t v khng th sinh trng pht trin
bn vng.
+ Nu bn tha m so vi yu cu nng sut ca cy trng th cy pht
trin qu mnh cc c quan sinh trng, ko di thi gian sinh trng, to iu
kin cho su bnh hi tn cng, gy hin tng lp, cy ho tho, gim
nng sut v phm cht, nh hng xu ti mi trng.
+ Khi xc nh phng php bn m (thi k bn, v tr bn v phi hp
dng phn m vi cc dng phn khc nhau) khng ph hp iu kin cy
trng, t trng cng c kh nng lm cho cy b thiu hay tha m cc b
v cng c th gy nh hng xu ti cy v mi trng.
23

Vd: Vic bn phn m khng ng v tr, bn phn vo tng oxy ho ca

t la cng lm phn ln phn m b mt do phn m ho v ra tri b mt.
Vic trn phn m amn vi cc phn c phn ng kim (ln nung chy, tro bp)
khi bn s lm mt m mt cch v ch.
1.2.3.Nhng c s xc nh lng phn m bn hp l cho cy trng:
+ c im sinh l v mc tiu nng sut ca cy trng cn t: Mi
loi cy trng v ng vi mi mc nng sut ca n, c c im sinh l v nhu
cu N khc nhau.
Bng 2.1. Nhu cu bn m ca cc loi rau (kg N/ha)
Rt cao

Cao

Trung bnh

Thp

200 240
150 180
80 100
40 - 80
Sp l, ci bp Ci tha, b , c Ci bao, da chut, u trng, u
,

ci

bp rt mun, ti ty, ti, su ho, mi, H Lan, hnh ta

(sm)

ci Bixen, ci bp

u rau, c rt sm,
c chua, hnh

Ngun: Nguyn Nh H, 2006

V d: t nng sut la 5 tn thc/ha/v trn t PSSH cn hn 80
120 kg N/ha.
+ Yu t t ai: Mi loi t trng c kh nng cung cp m cho cy
khc nhau, th hin thng qua cc ch tiu: Hm lng m tng s; hm lng
m thu phn; t l C/N ca t; thnh phn c gii t, iu kin sinh thi t.
Do vy, nu trng cy trn t c kh nng cung cp nhiu m th
gim lng phn bn m vn t nng sut cao v ngc li. Thnh phn c
gii t nh hoc nm v tr thong kh (chn vn, vn cao) c iu kin thun
qu trnh chuyn ho t N tng s n N d tiu.
+ c im v tnh hnh pht trin ca cy trng trc, cho bit kh
nng li hay ly i nhiu m t t v t phn bn cho cy trng sau trong
h thng lun canh.
24

V d: Cy trng c kh nng li m cho t: cy h u

Cy ly i nhiu N t t: Ng
Ngoi ra, cn c th do cy trng trc pht trin km v dch hi, thin
tai m lng m bn cho n cha c s dng ht c th li N cho v sau.
+ c im kh hu thi tit v tnh lng phn bn: C lin qua ti
kh nng chuyn ho v cung cp N ca t nhiu hay t hn. V ang trng
c thi tit thun li c th gim lng bn v ngc li.
V d: Lng bn cho la ma thng thp hn la xun, do kh nng cung
cp m ca t trong iu kin v ma thng cao hn v xun.
1.2.4. Nhng c s cho vic xc nh thi k bn phn N hp l cho cy trng.
+ c im sinh l ca cy trng v nhu cu m trong qu trnh sinh
trng:
thi k u sinh trng sinh dng, cy c nhu cu m cao pht
trin cc c quan sinh trng.
giai on sinh trng sinh thc, nhu cu N ca cy t i, nu bn tha
N giai on ny c nhiu kh nng nh hng xu ti cy v khng cn kh
nng khc phc nh giai on trc.
+ c im thnh phn c gii t.
t c thnh phn c gii nh (c kh nng hp ph km, gi phn km):
Nu bn tp trung 1 lng phn m ln s d dng mt m do ra tri. hn
ch mt m trn t ny phi chia tng lng phn m cn bn ra lm nhiu
ln bn, theo st nhu cu ca cy tng thi k sinh trng.
i vi t c thnh phn c gii nng, do t c kh nng gi phn
tt, li c th bn tp trung mt lng phn m ln nhm cung cp dinh
dng cho cy trong sut qu trnh sinh trng m khng s b mt, gim
c cng bn phn.
1.2.5. Nhng c s cho vic xc nh v tr bn phn N hp l cho cy trng l:
25

+ Cn trnh bn vi phn trc tip trn mt t: do phn N u l

nhng dng phn rt linh ng, d b mt do ra tri hay bay hi.
+ Cn ch n s chuyn ho cc loi phn N trong cc iu kin khc
nhau khi bn phn hn ch mt N.
+ Cc dng phn m Nitrat d c cy s dng ngay c trong iu kin
bt thun, nhng khng c t hp ph nn d b ra tri v tham gia vo qu
trnh phn nitrat ho. V vy, nn bn cc phn nitrat cho cy trng cn, nu bn
cho la ch nn bn thc nng v bn tng t mt theo st yu cu ca cy.
+ Phn m Amn d b mt trong mi trng kim, kh hn v nhit
cao v vy khi bn cc phn ny cho cy trng cn cn bn su v trn u vo t
hoc dng nc ti a phn xung su. Bn phn m amn v ur cho la cn
bn su vo tng kh ca t la.
Cc phn m amit cn bn su hn vo trong t so vi cc loi phn khc
cho ph hp vi yu cu ca cy trng.
1.2.6. Cn ch khc phc nhc im c th c ca phn m
Mt s loi phn m c cc nhc im nh: gy chua t (S.A), c cc
ion i km (ion Cl-, ion S) do vy:
+ Khi bn lin tc cc loi phn m gy chua (chua ho hc v sinh l)
cn c k hoch, bn vi ci to t, hay cng c th kt hp s dng cc dng
m gy chua vi cc loi phn hu c, phn ln thin nhin, phn ln nung chy
cng hn ch c tc dng gy chua ca phn.
+ Cn ch ti cc ion i km c cha trong phn m va tng
cng hiu qu phn bn va hn ch tc hi m chng c th gy ra cho cy
trng v t.
V d: Khng nn bn phn m c cha gc SO 42- trn t ym kh ngho
st v cc dng phn ny c th gy c cho cy do to thnh H 2S trong qu trnh
chuyn ho, trong khi li bn rt tt phn ny cho t trng cy trn cn thiu S
26

v cho cc cy c nhu cu S cao.

1.2.7. Cc bin php nng cao hiu qu s dng phn m trong trng trt
+ Bn phn m u cho din tch trng cy: Trn phn m vi ct, t
bt, phn chung mc tng khi lng cho d bn, khng nn trn phn m
amn vi vi, tro bp, hay vi cc loi phn c phn ng kim v s lm mt m
do bay hi.
+ Trnh thi tit nh hng xu ti vic bn phn: khng bn phn
m vo lc tri nng to, sp ma v c th lm mt m do bay hi hoc ra tri.
+ p dng cc bin php k thut trng trt tin tin (lm t, ging tt,
thi v v mt gieo trng, ti nc, lun canh, bn phn cn i) v hp l
khi bn phn cng lm tng hiu qu s dng phn r.
+ Vic chn dng phn m bn ph hp vi i tng s dng (cy
trng, t trng v iu kin sinh trng) s pht huy u th ca phn trong iu
kin c th m lm tng hiu lc ca phn.
2. Phn ln v k thut s dng (2 tit)
2.1. Cc dng phn ln, thnh phn, tnh cht, chuyn ha v c im s
dng
2.1.1. Khi nim v cc nhm phn ln
* Phn loi theo kh nng ho tan ca phn v kh nng ng ho ln ca
cy chia thnh 2 nhm:
- Phn ln d tiu:
+ Cha ln dng H2PO4- ho tan trong nc, d c cy trng s dng
vd: Supe ln n, supe ln giu v supe ln kp.
+ Phn ln dng HPO42- t ho tan trong nc nhng ho tan trong axit yu
nn cng d tiu vi cy nh: ln nung chy, phn x l Tomas, phn ln
prexipilat.

27

- Phn ln kh tiu: l cc dng phn ln c cha ln dng PO 43- khng

ho tan trong nc v axit yu nn rt kh tiu i vi cy trng nh apatit,
photphorit, phn ln, bt xng.
* Phn loi theo dng s dng v phng php ch bin chia thnh 2 nhm:
- Phn ln t nhin: l cc loi phn ln c khai thc t cc ngun c
sn trong t nhin apatit, photphorit, phn ln, bt xng.
- Phn ln ch bin: l cc loi phn ln ch bin theo cng ngh, do c
quy trnh sn xut khc nhau nn phn bit: phn ln ch bin bng axit (supe ln
v phn ln kt ta) v phn ln ch bin bng nhit (phn nung chy, phn x l
tomas).
2.1.2. Phn ln t nhin
Khi nim: Phn ln thin nhin l cc loi phn ln c khai thc t cc
ngun c sn trong t nhin nh apatit, photphorit, phn ln, bt xng.
* Apatit
L mt loi khong phosphas, c ngun gc phn xut, cu trc tinh th
hnh lc gic, thnh phn ho hc n nh.
- Cng thc ho hc: Ca10(PO4)6.X2 hay [Ca3(PO4)2] 3.CaX2.
X- biu th mt anion ho tr I c th l OH, F, CO3 - Thnh phn: Cha 18 -42% P2O5 thng > 30%; 22 - 47% CaO, thng
khong 40%; 7,7% SiO2; F2 < 3%; R2O3 3%.
- Tnh cht: L mt loi khong phosphat c ngun gc phn xut, c cu
trc tinh th hay vi tinh th, rn chc, mu xm hay xm trng, c t l P 2O5
tan trong axit yu rt thp (2,5 3,5%) nn khng dng bn trc tip cho
cy m ch dng ch bin phn ho hc.
Bn phn ny vo t nh chua c trong t m mt phn phosphat
kh tiu c th chuyn thnh phosphat ho tan trong axit yu.
H+
H+

Ca2+
28

[K] Mg2+ + Ca3 (PO4)2 [K] Mg2+

+ 2 CaHPO4
+
+
H
H
+
H
H+
Cc axit yu c to ra do hot ng ca vi sinh vt v r cy cng c
th chuyn ho mt phn phosphat kh tiu thnh phosphat ho tan trong axit yu
cho cy trng s dng.
Ca3(PO4) + H2CO3

CaHPO4 + Ca(HCO3)2

- c im s dng:
+ T l P2O5 tan trong axit yu rt thp (2,5 3,5%) nn hu ht khng
dng bn trc tip cho cy m ch dng ch bin phn ho hc.
+ Thnh phn ca apatit c lng CaO kh ln nn n c tc dng trung
ho chua tt.
* Photphorit
L sn phm ca qu trnh kt ta lng, ng phosphat qua nhiu th k to
nn photphorit. Vit Nam cc m photphorit ln c hnh thnh Vnh Thnh
(Lng Sn), Yn Sn (Tuyn Quang), Hm Rng (Thanh Ho).
- Cng thc ho hc: Ca10(PO4)6.X2 hay [Ca3(PO4)2]3.CaX2;
X c th l F, OH, hay Cl.
- Thnh phn: 4 37%P2O5 thng <30%; 15 38%R2O3; 8 22% CaO
; 15 21% SiO2; OM < 10%; F2 = 0,1%.
- Tnh cht:
+ dng v nh hnh, mu nu hay xm nu, ln nhiu t v cht
hu c nn d nghin nh, c thnh phn thay i tu thuc vo iu kin
hnh thnh.
+ Khi bn phn ny vo t cng ging nh i vi apatit nh chua c
trong t v cc axit c to ra do hot ng ca vi sinh vt v r cy m ho tan
c ln cho cy trng s dng.
H+
H+

Ca2+
29

[K] Mg2+ + Ca3 (PO4)2

Mg2+ + 2CaHPO4

[K]
+

H+
H+

H
H+

- Gia photphorit v apatit c nhng c im khc bit cn lu sau y:

+ T l P2O5 trong photphorit bin i rt ln ngay trong mt m.
+ T l ln d tiu tan trong axit yu ca photphorit cng cao hn so vi
apatit.
+ T l Secquioxit trong photphorit cao hn trong apatit.
+ Trong photphorit c t l cht hu c cn trong apatit khng c.
+ T l SiO2 v Flo trong photphorit thp hn trong apatit nhiu.
+ T l CaO trong photphorit thng cao hn trong apatit. Nhng do apatit
Lao Cai ca Vit Nam l loi apatit c bit nn t l CaO trong apatit Lo Cai
cao hn trong photphorit.
Do nhng c im trn m photphorit khng dng lm nguyn liu sn
xut phn ln m thng c s dng trc tip lm phn bn.
- c im s dng:
+ C th s dng trc tip lm phn bn
+ Trong thnh phn ca phn cn c lng CaO kh ln nn c tc dng
trung ho chua tt.
* Cc phn ln thin nhin khc.
- Phn ln:
+ Khi nim l loi phn ln t nhin do xc ng vt cht lu ngy tch t
li trong cc hang nh H Giang, Qung Bnh.
+ Thnh phn: Phn thng ln vi cht hu c (5,6 39,5%), t bt cho
nn c t l ln rt thay i 3- 30%, ch yu dng Ca3(PO4)2, t l ln ha tan
trong axit yu 2 %; 5,6 39,5% OM; CaO c th t ti 37%.
+ Tnh cht: Nh phosphorit dng bt, tn ti di dng nh t bt, ri rc
30

mu trng hoc xm, d khai thc, khng ng tng nh photphorit thng.

- Xng ng vt:
+ Thnh phn: Cha 58 62% Ca 3(PO4)2; 1 2% Mg3(PO4)2; 6 -7 %
CaCO3; 1,8 - 2,0% CaF2; 25 30% cht hu c; 4 5% N.
+ c im s dng. Dng lm thc n cho gia sc (cho g cng nghip,
vt) c li hn.
Bt xng nghin cn dng trong k ngh lc ng
* c im s dng cc dng phn ln thin nhin
- Cc dng phn ln thin nhin ch c dng bn lt cho cy trng v
nn bn lt sm vo t trong qu trnh lm t, nhm to iu kin cho qu trnh
chuyn ho t ln kh tiu thnh ln d tiu
- Nn bn theo hng, theo hc, cng gn r cy cng tt.
- Nn bn cho t c pH < 5, rt ngo ln (P2O5 < 0,06 %) v bn vi
liu lng cao m bo cho hiu qu nhanh v r.
- Hiu lc ca phn ln thin nhin ph thuc vo mn ca phn v
ko di qua nhiu v. y l dng phn ln c hiu lc tn ti lu nht.
- Phn ny ch pht huy c hiu qu khi c bn m.
- Nn bn cc dng phn ny kt hp vi cc loi phn chung, phn
xanh, phn chua sinh l, supe ln lm tng hiu lc ca phn bn
- Nn bn cc phn ln thin nhin cho cy phn xanh, cy b u
vn dng kh nng ng ho kh tiu cao ca cy phn xanh
- y l cc dng phn ln rt thch hp cho vic bn phn ci to t.
2.1.3. Phn ln ch bin bng axt
Supe ln (supe photphat) l dng phn ln thuc nhm phn ln ch bin
bng axit (tc ng H2SO4 c vi qung apatit chuyn apatit thnh photphat 1
Canxi). C 3 loi supe ln khc nhau trn th gii: n, giu v kp. Vit Nam
hin ang ch sn xut phn ln supe n.
- Cng thc ho hc: Ca(H2PO4)2. H2O + CaSO4
31

- Thnh phn: 16 18% P2O5 (dao ng 14 21%); 8 - 12% S; khong

23% CaOv 5% H3PO4; CaSO4 chim 40% trng lng ca phn.
- Tnh cht:
+ C mi hc, m kh, mu xm trng hay xm sm (tu theo nguyn liu
ch bin), dng bt hay dng vin.
+ Cha ln dng H2PO4- ho tan trong nc, rt d c cy s dng.
y l loi phn bn va cha ln va cha lu hunh u dng rt d tiu
i vi cy.
+ Phn c chua ho hc do lng axit d trong thnh phn ca phn,
nhng cng cha lng kh ln CaO nn t c tc dng kh chua.
+ dng vin phn thng c hm lng ln cao hn, lng axit thp hn
v c thm cc nguyn t vi lng hay c cc cht khc (mn) trn thm vo
thun li cho cy trng cn, hn ch H 2PO4- tip xc vi t nn nng cao
hiu lc ca phn, tin li hn cho vn chuyn bo qun, to ra hiu qu kinh
t cao. Tuy nhin trong iu kin m cao ca Vit Nam, nht l khi bn cho
cy la nc phn vin d b t thnh bt v c hiu qu khng hn supe dng bt.
+ Khi bn trn t rt chua, ngho cht hu c, giu st nhm di ng
photphat ho tr I ca phn c th to thnh cc phosphat st nhm kh tiu i vi
cy lm gim hiu lc ca phn bn ny. ng thi cng to kh nng kh c
nhm ca supe ln t qu chua giu nhm di ng.
Ca(H2PO4)2 + 2Al(OH)3

2AlPO4

+ Ca(OH)2 + 4HO

+ t chua H2PO4- khng ch phn ng vi Fe3+, Al3+ ho tan m cn phn

ng vi cc oxit ngm nc: gilesit (Al2O3.3H2O), goethit (Fe2O3. 3H2O) to thnh cc
cht khng tan nn H2PO4- cng lm gim hiu lc ca phn
Al2O3.3H2O + H2PO4-

AlPO4 . 2H2O

+ Khi bn trn t kim, phophat ho tr I ca supe ln c th to thnh cc

photphat kh tiu vi Canxi lm cy trng khng s dng c.
32

Ca( H2PO4)2 + 2Ca(HCO3)2

Ca3(PO4)2 + 4H2O + 4CO2

Qu trnh hp thu ho hc trn dn n vic chuyn ln ho tan trong supe ln

thnh kh tiu do mi trng t chua hay kim, c th gim i nhiu nu trong t c
t l mn cao.
- c im s dng :
+ Supe ln s dng tt nht trn t trung tnh, nu bn cho t qu chua
th phi bn vi trc trung ho chua ca t ti khong pH = 6,5 th phn
mi pht huy c hiu qu. V trong mi trng chua hay kim dng dinh dng
ln H2PO4- ho tan trong nc ca supe ln s b st, nhm hay Ca c nh cht
(thnh dng kh tiu vi cy) lm mt u th rt d tiu i vi cy trng ca loi
phn ny.
+ Supe ln c th dng bn lt, bn thc cho cc loi cy trng, nhng
bn lt vn cho hiu qu cao nht. Do phn c cha ln dng ho tan trong
nc nn Supe ln l loi phn ln duy nht c th dng bn thc.
+ i vi t trng mu nn dng supe ln vin hn ch vic tip xc
gia Ca(H2PO4)2 v t, xy ra qu trnh hp thu ho hc (hn ch vic c nh ln
trong t). i vi t trng la th supe ln vin v bt c hiu qu nh nhau.
+ nng cao hiu qu s dng ca supe ln, nn trn supe ln vi
phn ln t nhin (apatit, photphorit) phn chung, nc gii trc khi bn
cho cy trng.
+ Bn supe ln cho cc loi cy mn cm vi lu hunh nh: Cy h
u, cy h thp t, cc loi rau, cy thuc.
+ Phn supe ln ch c hiu qu khi bn cho t c m hoc c
kt hp cn i vi phn m
2.1.4. Phn ln ch bin bng nhit
L dng phn ln ch bin bng cch dng nhit cao (Apatit 1400 1500oC
phn ln nung chy) nn cn c tn l phn ln nhit luyn hay Tecmophosphat.
Vit Nam dng phn ny do 2 cng ty phn ln nung chy Vn in v Ninh Bnh
33

sn xut nn cn thng c gi l phn ln Vn in hay Ninh Bnh.

- Cng thc ho hc: Phc tp, ln tn ti di dng tetra canxi phosphat
Ca4P2O9 v mui kp tetra canxi phosphat v canxi silicat: Ca4P2O9. CaSiO3.
- Thnh phn: Cha 15 - 20% P2O5; 24 - 30% CaO, 18 - 20% MgO; 28 30% SiO2; 4,5 - 8,0% R2O3 v mt s nguyn t vi lng.
- Tnh cht:
+ Phn c phn ng kim, pH = 8 - 10, dng bt, vin hay ht c cnh
sc, kh ( m <1%), khng ht m, bo qun d, c mu xm en, ng nh
nh thu tinh (nn cn c gi l phn thu tinh).
+ Phn cha ln di dng HPO2-4, ho tan trong axit yu nn cng d
tiu vi cy trng, d bo qun. Do phn c t l CaO v MgO kh cao, li c
phn ng kim nn rt thch hp vi chn t bc mu pH chua, Ca, Mg
(nht l Mg) b ra tri nhiu.
+ Khi bn phn nung chy vo t, phn tuy khng ho tan trong nc,
nhng di tc ng ca chua t, cc axit yu do r cy v vi sinh vt c
trong t tit ra lm cho dng phn ny tr thnh d tiu vi cy. Dng phn ny
c nhiu u im khi s dng trong iu kin t la ngp nc, t ngho
Si, Ca, Mg hay cho cc cy c nhu cu v cc cht trn cao.
+ Hiu lc ca phn ln nung chy ph thuc vo mn ca phn, tuy
nhin mn 0,175mm ang c sn xut c xc nh l hp l v nh hn s
gy bi.
- c im s dng:
+ y l cc dng phn ln thch hp nht cho cy trng trn t chua
hay cy trng c phn ng xu vi chua do tnh kim v kh nng ci to
chua t ca phn.
+ Phn cng rt thch hp cho cc loi t bc mu, t trng, t i
chua c pH <5,0 thng thiu cc cht dinh dng Si, Mg, Ca l cc cht dinh
34

dng i km c trong phn ln nung chy.

+ y l dng phn ln thch hp cho nhiu loi cy trng, c bit l
cc cy c nhu cu Mg, Si, Ca cao. Bn dng phn ny cho cy la trng trong
iu kin ngp nc phn tr nn d tiu hn li t ra tri, ngoi ra la l cy yu
cu Si cao, nht l trong iu kin thm canh.
+ m bo hiu qu dng phn ny cng ch nn dng bn lt cho
cy (do cha dinh dng khng ho tan trong nc). Khi bn cho cy trng cn
cn bn theo hng, theo hc, bn cng gn r cng tt nhm to iu kin cho
cy ht ln c tt hn.
+ Do phn c phn ng kim, cn trnh trn phn ln nung chy vi
phn m amn v c th lm mt m dng NH 3. Cng khng nn dng
phn ln nung chy vi phn hu c v c th lm mt m v c trong
qu trnh phn gii.
2.2. K thut s dng phn ln
2.2.1. Chn dng phn bn:
pht huy ht hiu qu ca phn ln i vi cy trng, trc khi s dng
phn ln chng ta cn la chn loi phn ln ph hp da trn cc c s sau:
- Cn c vo pH t:
+ Supe ln nn bn trn t trung tnh, khi bn supe ln trn t chua, trc
phi bn vi trung ho chua n pH = 6,5 th phn ny mi pht huy ht
hiu qu.
+ Phn ln thin nhin, phn ln nung chy bn cho t chua, t bc mu,
t trng, t ly tht.
- Cn c cc yu t dinh dng i km trong phn ln: cng c vai tr
quan trng nng cao hiu qu ca phn bn. Nhiu trng hp dng phn bn
ny t ra tt hn dng phn bn kia l do yu t dinh dng i km.
+ Supe ln do c cha S nn th hin tnh u vit vi cc cy c nhu cu S cao.
+ Phn ln nung chy nh c cha Mg, SiO2 nn th hin tnh u vit rt r
35

trn t thoi ho ra tri mnh hay khi bn cho cc cy trng c nhu cu v cc

cht ny cao.
Tuy nhin, s phi hp nhiu loi phn ln trong s dng thng cho hiu
qu cao hn. Do mi dng phn ln u c nhng u im v nhc im nht
nh s phi hp chng trong s dng s pht huy c nhng u im, khc phc
c nhc im ca tng dng phn, to nn hiu qu s dng phn bn chung
tt hn.
2.2.2.Vai tr ca m i vi hiu qu ca vic bn ln
Phn ln ch pht huy tc dng khi t c m hay c bn cn i vi
phn m theo yu cu ca cy. Trong trng trt nu cha c kh nng tng c
lng phn N bn th cha nn tng lng ln bn v s khng em li hiu qu.
2.2.3. Thi k bn phn ln
i vi hu ht tt c cc loi cy trng thi k u sinh trng (thi
k cy con) rt cn ln ra r v nu thiu ln thi k ny s dn n tnh trng
khng hong ln. Hn na ln c tch lu vo trong cy giai on sinh
trng trc c th chuyn ho ti s dng cho giai on sau khi trong t
thiu. V vy, cn ch bn phn ln cho cy trng ngay t u i vi tt c
cc loi cy trng. Bt c loi phn ln no, cng ly bn lt l chnh.
Vic bn thc phn ln c th cn thit khi cy trng c biu hin thiu ln,
hay v l do no cha bn lt ton b lng phn ln cn bn. Ring trong sn
xut ht ging, rt cn bn thc phn ln trc thi k hnh thnh ht nhm lm
tng t l ln trong ht ging, lm tng sc ny mm v cc cht lng khc cho
ht ging. Vic bn thc phn ln ch t hiu qu khi bn bng phn supe ln.
2.2.4. Cc bin php nng cao hiu qu s dng phn ln
nhm nng cao hiu qu s dng phn ln khi s dng chng ta cn ch
nhng im sau:
+ Bn phn ln vo thi k cy c nhu cu ln cao (vn m, rung
36

m, lc mi trng cy trng).
+ Bn phn ln cng gn r cy cng tt, bn cho cy trng cn thng
bn theo hng theo hc.
+ Bn phn ln kt hp vi phn chung, theo t l so vi phn chung,
2% i vi supe ln, 3 - 5% i vi photphorit.
+ Phi hp supe ln vi cc loi ln khc trong s dng.
+ Bn phn ln theo t: t chua ngho ln dng phn ln thin nhin;
t bc mu, t nh ngho Mg dng phn ln nung chy. t kim, trung tnh
dng phn supe ln.
+ Bn phn ln theo cy: u tin bn phn ln cho cc cy c nhu cu ln
cao, cy trng cn c bit l cc cy ngn ngy nn bn supe ln, la nn bn
phn ln nung chy hay phn ln thin nhin, cy b u v phn xanh nn dng
phn ln thin nhin.
+ Ch supe ln mi c th c dng bn thc cn cc loi phn ln khc
ch dng bn lt.
2.2.5. C th bn phn ln ci to v bn ln duy tr
- Bn phn ci to: L bn lng ln ln hn nhiu so vi nhu cu ca cy
nhm lm tng hm lng ln c trong t n mt mc tho ng to kh nng
t cung cp ln tt cho cy v thng lm i vi t ngho ln.
- Bn phn duy tr: L bn lng phn va b p lng ln m cy
trng ly i hng nm, n nh lng ln (P2O5) c trong t.
Trong thc t ngi ta c th bn tp trung lng phn ln ln ca mt s
v cy trng vo mt ln bn cho cy trng no c nhu cu ln cao nht trong h
thng lun canh gim chi ph vn chuyn v bn phn (tin cho vic c gii
ho) (bn ci to).
Tuy nhin bn mt lng phn ln ci to ln c th dn n vic cn tr ht cc
nguyn t vi lng c bit l Zn cy (do b c nh). Ngoi ra khi trong t c
nhiu st, nhm dng ho tan v khong st nu bn lng phn ln qu ln vo
37

t chng d chuyn thnh dng kh tiu hiu lc cn li rt thp gy lng ph,

nh hng n s pht trin bnh thng ca cy. V vy cn bn phn ng lc v
lin tc tng hm lng ln d tiu trong t. khc.
3. Phn kali v k thut s dng (2 tit)
3.1. Cc dng phn kali, thnh phn, tnh cht, chuyn ha v c im s
dng
Tnh cht chung ca nhm phn kali: d ho tan trong nc, u l phn
chua sinh l, h s s dng dinh dng cao (60 70%)...
3.1.1. Nhm phn kali thin nhin v ph phm cng nghip
* Silvinit
- Cng thc ho hc: KCl. NaCl
- Thnh phn: Cha 12 -15 % K2O; 35 -40% Na2O.
- Tnh cht: Dng tinh th mu hng xm cng vi cc ht tinh th mu
xanh. Phn ho tan nhanh trong nc, l phn chua sinh l.
- c im s dng: Thng dng bn lt sm cho cy trng Clo b
ra tri xung lp t su.
* Kainit
- Cng thc ho hc: KCl.MgSO4. 3H2O, ln vi NaCl.
- Thnh phn: Cha 10- 20% K2O; 8%MgO; v lng ng k Cl v Na.
- Tnh cht: Dng tinh th th, mu xm hng, ho tan trong nc, chua sinh
l.
- c im s dng: S dng tt cho cc cy c ci ng, cy n c, bp
ci v t c thnh phn c gii nh.
* Bi xi mng
- Cng thc ho hc: Kali c trong bi xi mng nm di dng cacbonat
(K2CO3), bicabonat (KHCO3) v Sunphat kali (K2SO4 ) u l cc dng ho tan
trong nc v kh nhiu CaO.
- Thnh phn: Cha 14-38% K2O v kh nhiu CaO.
38

- c im s dng: Bn tt trn t chua, bn cho cc loi cy mn cm

xu vi Clo c hiu qu khng km Kalisulfat.
* Clouruakali in phn
L ph phm ca qu trnh sn xut magi (t karnalit).
- Cng thc ho hc: l hn hp cc mui KCl vi NaCl v MgCl2.
- Tnh cht: Dng bt mn mu vng cha 32 45 % K 2O, ngoi ra cn
cha 8% MgO v 8% Na2O v di 50% clo.
3.1.2. Phn kali ch bin
* Kali clorua (KCl)
Kali clorua c ch bin t qung silvinit (KCl. NaCl) da vo tan khc
nhau ca hai loi mui ny khi tng nhit . L loi phn ph bin nht trn th
gii cng nh Vit Nam.
- Cng thc ho hc: KCl
- Thnh phn: Cha 58 - 62% K2O, c th gp dng sn phm ch cha 50 55 % K2O, do ln NaCl.
- Tnh cht:
+ Dng tinh th nh, khi tinh khit c mu xm trng, nhng thng cn ln
nhiu silvinit nn c mu hn hp trng, , hng. C v mn, tan trong nc d
dng, lu ht m v ng cc.
+ Khi bn vo t, K+ b keo t hp thu rt mnh v c th y cc cation
khc (Ca2+, Mg2+, H+, Al3+, Mn2+...) vo dung dch t lm t mt vi, ho chua c
kh nng nh hng xu trc tip n s sinh trng ca cy v hot ng ca vi
sinh vt c ch trong t.
+ KCl cn l phn chua sinh l, nn Cl - c trong thnh phn ca phn cn
c th lm t chua i hn na. V vy trn t chua vic bn phn kali lin tc
cn km theo vic trung ho chua gy ra nhm trnh nh hng xu ti cy
trng v t tng hiu lc ca phn bn.
- c im s dng:
39

+ L loi phn kali c th dng bn lt cho nhiu loi cy trng.

+ Ion Cl- gy nh hng xu n cht lng v c th c nng sut ca
nhiu loi cy trng (nho, thuc l, cam qut, hnh ti...). Nhng do ion Cl - khng
c keo t gi nn khi bt buc phi s dng cc loi phn ny cho nhm cy
trng mn cm th chng ta phi tin hnh bn lt sm.
H,n89y7jui* Kali sulphat
Sunphat kali c th ch bin bng phng php to phn ng trao i gia
KCl v MgSO4.
Cng thc ho hc: K2SO4.
- Thnh phn: Cha 45 -52 % K2O v 18% S.
- Tnh cht:
+ C dng kt tinh mu trng tinh, ht m, khng dnh, t chy nc, c v
ng, ho tan trong nc d dng.
+ Khi bn vo t, K+ b keo t hp thu rt mnh v c th y cc cation
khc (Ca2+, Mg2+, H+, Al3+, Mn2+...) vo dung dch t lm cho phn ng ca t tr
thnh chua t ngt, c kh nng nh hng xu trc tip n s sinh trng cy
cy v hot ng ca vi sinh vt c ch trong t. Kt qu t b chua khng ch do
H+ m cn do c Al3+.
+ L phn chua sinh l nn SO42 c trong thnh phn ca phn cn c th
lm chua t i hn na. V vy lin tc bn cho cy c bit cho cc cy c nhu
cu kali cao v trn nhng t c bo ho baz thp lm t c xu hng chua
i.
- c im s dng:
+ S dng tt cho mi loi cy trng v nhiu loi t, c bit l cc t
ngho S tr t trng, t mn.
+ c bit qu cho cc cy cn c bn nhiu kali m mn cm xu vi
clo nh thuc l, khoai ty, cam, chanh hay cc cy trng c nhu cu cao v S
nh cc cy h thp t, h u.
* Mui Kali 40%
40

L hn hp ca KCl vi silvinit
- Cng thc ho hc: gm hn hp ca NaCl + KCl
- Thnh phn: 38 42% K2O
- c im s dng: S dng tt cho cc loi ci c, khoai lang nhng c
nh hng xu n nhng cy mn cm vi clo.
* Patent kali (hay kalimag)
L hn hp ca 2 loi mui: Sulphas kali v sunphas magi
Cng thc ho hc: K2SO4.MgSO4.6H2O
- Thnh phn: cha 29% K2SO v 9% MgO
- Tnh cht: Dng bt hay vin khng r hnh, c mu xm hng, ho tan
trong nc d dng, l phn chua sinh l.
- c im s dng: Dng phn kali ny s dng tt cho mi loi cy, nht
l cy trng mn cm xu vi clo v cy trng trn t c thnh phn c gii nh
ngho K, Mg.
* Cacbonat kali, phn ny c tn l b tt hay bt xt.
- Cng thc ho hc: K2CO3
- Thnh phn: cha 50% K2O, nu nguyn cht th cha 56,5% K2O.
- Tnh cht: rt d chy nc, nn cn c ch bo qun.
- c im s dng: Thch hp i vi t chua, s dng bn lt tt cho
nhng loi cy khng chu c Clo.
* Ngoi ra cn c cc loi phn kali khc nh:
- Emgekali (magi kali): thng c sn xut c
- Reform kali: Thng c sn xut Lin X v c.
3.1.3. Tro bp
Tro l sn phm ca qu trnh t g, rm r m c. T xa xa ngi nng
dn Vit Nam c tp qun s dng Tro bp lm phn bn do trong tro bp cha
nhu cht dinh dng d tiu vi cy trng (kali, ln, vi v nhiu nguyn t vi
lng), c bit l yu t kali.
Vd: Trong ch canh tc ca nhiu dn tc min ni trc y, khng bn
41

phn v ch t nng, ry trc khi gieo trng. Trn thc t, trong nhng trng
hp trn s dng Tro lm phn bn.
- Thnh phn ho hc: Tro bp cha kali, canxi, ln v cc nguyn t vi
lng. Trong nhiu nht l K ri n Ca v P. V thnh phn dinh dng ca
tro bp, c th coi n l mt loi phn a yu t. Tu nguyn liu em t m
c Tro vi t l cc nguyn t dinh dng khc nhau.
Bng 2.2. Thnh phn chnh ca cc loi Tro bp
Cc loi Tro
Tro ng cc
Tro cy l rng
Tro g l kim
Tro cy Hng dng
Tro phn chung
Tro than bn
Tro than

K2O (%)
16,2 35,3
10
6,0
36,3
11,0
1
2

P2O5 (%)
2,5 4,7
3,5
2,5
2,5
5,0
1,2
1

CaO (%)
15,0
30
35,0
18,5
9,0
29
0

Hm lng kali trong tro bp thay i t 2 - 36% K 2O cho nn s dng lm

phn bn thay th mt phn phn kali.
- Tnh cht: Kali tn ti di dng K 2CO3 rt d tan trong nc. Tro bp c
phn ng kim, do c nhiu CaO v cc cht kim khc.
- c im s dng:
+ C th dng tro bn cho tt c cc loi t v cc loi cy, c bit l
cy mn cm vi clo. Trong thnh phn ca tro c vi nn rt hiu qu trn cc
loi t chua, t ct v t than bn ngho kali.
+ Tro phi ni kh ro, nu b t s ra tri mt ht kali, cht lng
tro bn s gim.
+ Tro c th dng lm phn bt lt (bn lt trc khi cy trn t nng v
trc khi gieo trn t nh), bn thc cho cy chm sc gia hng u c .
+ Khng nn trn tro g (t Si) vi phn bc, nc gii v s lm mt nhiu
N ca cc ngun phn ny. C th trn tro rm r vi phn bc v tro ny c kh
42

nng kim ho thp do c nhiu SiO 2 nn t kh nng lm mt N li nhanh chng

kh mi hi thi thi ca phn.

43

3.2. K thut s dng phn kali

3.2.1. Nhu cu bn phn kali ph thuc vo nhiu yu t
- t ai: t c thnh phn c gii, hm lng kali trao i, chua,
m khc nhau c nhu cu bn phn kali khc nhau.
- Loi cy trng: cc loi cy trng khc nhau, mc nng sut k hoch
ca cy (do cc mc nng sut khc nhau cy c nhu cu kali khc nhau) v cht lng
sn phm khc nhau th cng c nhu cu v kali l khng ging nhau.
Bng 2.3. Nhu cu kali ca cy ph thuc vo mc nng sut
Nng sut (t/ha)
25
40
55
70

Lng K2O cy ht (kg/ha)

78,7
126,5
173,2
220,5

- S i khng gia Ca2+ v K+: nn bn tng kali cho cy trng khi bn

vi hay trng cy trn t c phn ng gn trung tnh.
- Rm r ng cc, phn chung, tro bp u giu kali v u cha kali
di dng d tiu i vi cy trng khng km phn kali ha hc, nn khi s
dng cc phn trn cn gim tng ng lng phn kali ho hc cn bn cho cy
trng.
3.2.2. Cc yu t nh hng ti hiu lc ca phn kali bn cho cy trng
- Hiu lc phn kali ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: Loi t v thnh phn
c gii t, hm lng kali trao i c trong t, nhu cu kali ca cy v c
mc thm canh tng v, lng ma, nhit , mc s dng phn m
v ln, dng phn kali s dng v phng php bn.
- Hiu lc phn kali thng th hin r trn cy trng trong iu kin
kh hn, nhit thp, trnh thm canh tng v cao, t ngho kali ( t
ct, t xm bc mu...)

- Hiu lc phn K t cao nht khi phn c s dng cn i vi N v P.

Nu t qu chua, m khng c bn vi, th bn n thun phn kali c th
44

li lm gim nng sut so vi i chng khng bn.

Bn phn K n l ch trong nhng trng hp c bit (chng rt, chng
lp , chng su bnh hi...) hay bn cho cy trng trn t giu m v ln

3.2.3. C th bn kali ci to v bn duy tr

- Bn ci to: Khi t ngho kali c th bn phn ci to vi lng gp
2 ln lng bn duy tr v K+ c t hp thu mnh v c th tch lu trong t cho
cc v sau.

Khi bn phn kali ci to nn chn cy trng c nhu cu kali cao trong

lun canh bn phn.
Tuy nhin: cy trng c hin tng tiu th hoang ph K v tnh i khng
mnh gia K+ v nhiu cht dinh dng khc, do vy khng nn bn lng phn

kali qu ln ci to t m cn chia ra lm nhiu v. Trn t c bo

ho baz thp v thiu Mg, khng nn bn phn kali ci to.
- Bn duy tr: Trn t c hm lng kali trao i t trung bnh n
giu, hng nm cn bn mt lng phn kali duy tr bng hoc ln hn lng
kali m cy ly i theo sn phm thu hoch v cn m bo cho t c d tr K d
huy ng.

3.2.4. Phng php bn phn kali

- Bn lt: y l phng php bn phn ch yu i vi cc loi phn
kali do kali t b ra tri nn nu bn thc, kali ch tp trung trn lp t mt. Tuy
nhin chng ta nn bn lt sm (c bit vi KCl nn bn trc 3 4 tun) kt
hp vi qu trnh lm t, phn cn c vi su v trn u vo t.
- Bn thc: phn kali ch nn bn thc khi cy trng c r n nng; cy c
thi gian sinh trng di; cy trng trn t c thnh phn c gii nh; cy c nhu
cu kali cao.
V vy, t nh nn bn kali nhiu ln (do kali d b ra tri), t bc mu
nn kt hp bn lt v bn thc phn kali.
3.2.5. Cc i tng cn u tin bn phn kali
- Cy c nhu cu K cao nh: Khoai ty, ma, thuc l, hng dng, c
45

ci ng, cc loi rau, da chut, u , chui, cy trng ly c, ly bt,

ng, si...cy trng thm canh cao.
- Cn quan tm bn phn kali cho cy khi c yu cu cao v cht lng,
cho nhng cy trng mn cm vi bnh vi khun, nm, cy trng c iu kin
kh hn, rt, thiu nh sng.
3.2.6. Chn dng phn kali bn ph hp vi cy trng
- Tu theo c im ca cy trng m chng ta cn phi cn nhc
trng hp no c th bn KCl, trng hp no nht thit phi bn K 2SO4
khng nh hng n nng sut phm cht nng sn. Cn trnh bn KCl cho
cc cy mn cm xu vi clo (thuc l, cy ly tinh du, cam, qut, nho nhiu loi rau)
khng nh hng n nng sut v phm cht nng sn.
Bng 2.4. nh hng ca vic bn phn v dng phn kali bn
n nng sut v cht lng cy khoai ty
Ch tiu theo di
Nng sut (t/ha)
T l tinh bt (%)
Nng sut tinh bt (t/ha)

KCl
188
16,7
31,4

K2SO4 KHCO3 K2CO3 KNO3

191
198
203
203
17,3
17,3
17,0
17,3
33,0
33,2
33,5
35,7

NP
120
16,7
20,0

- Kt qu nghin cu v s dng phn kali c cha clo cho cy trng

cho thy, c th chia cy trng thnh 5 nhm:
+ Nhm cy trng rt mn cm v phn ng xu vi clo nh: thuc l, cy
ly tinh du, cam qut, nho...nhm cy ny cn bn nhng loi phn kali khng c
clo.
+ Nhm cy mn cm xu vi clo nng cao nh: Khoai ty, cy h
u...nn bn nhng loi phn khng c clo hay s dng hn ch nhng loi phn
c cha clo.
+ Nhm chu ng c clo nng trung bnh nh tt c cc loa cy n
ht v ng c
+ Nhm cy c th bn nhng lng KCl cao nh: Bng, ay, lanh, da
chut...
46

+ Nhm cy thch hp nht vi clo v c cha mt t Na nh: c ci ng,

c ci rau, cc loi cy ly c lm thc n gia sc
- Nhiu loi cy phn ng tt vi Na + v Cl- (nht l cc loi rau c), cho nn
trong trng hp , bn phn kali km theo mt t Na+ v Cl- l c li.
- Trong hon cnh buc phi s dng phn c cha clo cho cy trng
mn cm xu, c th khc phc bng phng php: bn hn ch phn c cha
clo, ch dng phn ny bt lt sm, phi vi phn kali khng cha clo
bn thc.
- Bn phn kali ch c hiu lc y khi no t c y nhng
yu t dinh dng khc (ch yu l m, ln v vi).
3.2.7. Cn quan tm bn vi v cc cht dinh dng i khng vi kali khi s
dng phn kali
t chua, vic bn phn kali gy nh hng xu trc tip n cy v vi
sinh vt c ch trong t, bn phn kali nhiu v lin tc lm t mt vi, ho
chua, rt cn phi bn vi trc cho t, ri bn phn kali.
Gia K v Bo, Mg c tnh i khng cho nn khi bn nhiu v bn lin
tc phn K cn ch bn b sung phn c cha Mg v Bo cho cy trng v
t.

47

4. Phn trung lng (1 tit)

4.1. Cc phn c cha canxi v c im s dng
4.1.1. Cc phn thng dng c cha canxi
Cc loi phn thng dng c cha canxi l:
- Canxi nitrat - Ca(NO3)2: y l mt dng phn m nitrat quan trng
Trong thnh phn ca phn ngoi N cn c cha 25-36% CaO.
- Supe ln: Trong thnh phn ca phn ny c cha 23% CaO.
- Phtphorit v apatit: Trong thnh phn ca cc phn ny c cha 8-47 % CaO
- Phn chung: l phn hu c rt thng dng c cha 0,2-0,4% CaO, bn
nhiu cung cung cp lng Ca ng k.
- Cc ngun phn canxi khc ng thi cng l cc nguyn liu ci to t s trnh
by phn sau

4.1.2. c im s dng phn canxi

Do nhu cu Ca ca cy khng cao v khi bn vi ci to chua ca
t th nhu cu Ca ca cy cng c p ng nn vic bn phn canxi cho cy
trng cha c quan tm tho ng. Vn bn canxi nh l phn bn c
t ra trong hai trng hp:
- i vi cy chu chua v cy a chua: cn gi chua thch hp, ng
thi cn cung cp canxi vi mt lng ph hp m bo nhu cu dinh
dng ca cy, c bit khi cy cn non. Trong trng hp ny canxi nn bn bng
phn chung, phn supe ln, CaO hoc CaCO 3 vi lng nh trc lc gieo
trng.
- i vi cy a kim, trng trn t kim: do c natri nn bn canxi
cho cy bng phn chung, phn kim cha Ca, CaO hoc CaCO 3 vi lng
nh trc lc gieo trng.
4.2. Cc phn c cha lu hunh v c im s dng
4.2.1. Cc loi phn thng dng c cha S
Cc loi phn thng dng c cha S gm:

48

- Sulpht amn - (NH4)2SO4: l dng phn m ho hc, cha m dng

amn va c 23-24% S dng SO42-. Hai dng dinh dng u ho tan trong
nc, rt d tiu vi cy trng .
- Kali sunpht - K2SO4: l mt dng phn kali chnh, cha 18% S dng
SO42- d tiu vi cy trng.
- Supe ln n - Ca(H 2PO4)2.H2O + CaSO4: l mt loi phn ln rt thng
dng cha 8-12% S.
- Phn chung l loi phn hu c ph bin ch cha khong 0,05% S,
nhng thng c bn vi 1 lng ln nn cng c th l ngun cung cp S ng
k.
4.1.2. c im s dng phn c cha S
- Cc i tng cn ch bn thng xuyn hng v cc phn c S:
+ Cy trng trn cc loi t ct, t c thnh phn c gii nh, t bc
mu, t vng i ni b xi mn ra tri mnh.
+ Cho cc loi cy c nhu cu v S cao nh: cc cy h thp t, h u,
hnh, ti, ng, ch.
+ Phi hp hp l gia phn m c (ur, DAP) vi cc ngun phn
ho hc thng thng c cha lu hunh (supe ln, amn sunfat, kali sunfat)
c mt cng thc s dng phn bn cn i v kinh t.
- i vi cc i tng khc (cy trng khc, t khc)
+ Thnh thong bn cc loi phn c cha S thay cho cc loi phn
thng ang s dng vd: S dng ln nung chy bn cho 1 loi cy trng (cy khng c
nhu cu S cao) sau 2-3 v thu hoch cn thay phn ln nung chy bng supe ln cung cp S cho
cy, nu khng cy s b thiu S . Bn phi hp 2 dng phn ln supe v nung chy

cng l bin php hiu qu p ng khng ch nhu cu P v S m c Mg

cho cc cy trng.
+ Khi cy biu hin thiu S, c th dng dung dch amn sulphat phun
ln l khc phc.
4.3. Cc phn c cha magi v c im s dng
4.3.1. Cc dng phn thng dng c cha Mg
Trong thc t ngi trng trt c th p ng tt nhu cu Mg ca cy trng
bng vic s dng cc loi phn thng dng (a lng) c cha Mg nh:
49

- Phn ln nung chy l dng phn ln ph bin cha 18- 20% MgO
- Kalimag - paten kali - K2SO4. MgSO4: l loi phn kali c cha 9% MgO.
- Phn chung: l ngun phn hu c chnh, tuy c hm lng Mg thp
(0,05- 0,45% MgO), nhng thng dng vi lng ln.
- olomit - CaCO3.MgCO3 (18 - 20% MgO; 30,4% CaO) l loi nguyn liu
t nhin chuyn dng ci to t chua ngho Mg.
lmit tuy khng tan trong nc, nhng sau khi bn vo t di tc ng ca nc
v CO2 nn chuyn dn CaCO3.MgCO3 thnh Ca(HCO3)2 v Mg(HCO3)2 l cc cht ho tan
trong nc cung cp dinh dng cho cy v ci to t.
lmit c th bn trn mi loi t, song thch hp nht trn t chua, t phn, t
ngho canxi v magi nh t ct, t xm, t bc mu. Phn cng thch hp cho tt c cc loi
cy trng c bit l cy h u, cy n qu c mi, cy cng nghip...Khi s dng bn trong
qu trnh lm t, bn lt cng phn hu c v cc loi phn ho hc khc.

4.3.2. c im s dng cc phn Mg

- Nhng i tng cn bn thng xuyn phn Mg gm:
+ Cy trng trn t ct hoc t pht trin trn ct, t chua.
+ Cy ly du (bc h, hng nhu, bch n, ch, ca cao, thuc l, cao su,
thng, sn) l cc cy c nhu cu Mg cao.

Khng nn ch n lc xut hin triu chng thiu Mg mi bn v

gim nng sut v cht lng sn phm.
- i vi cc i tng t khc, cy trng khc:
+ Thnh thong bn cc loi phn c cha Mg thay cho cc loi phn
khng c cha Mg ang s dng cho cy.
+ Bn phi hp 2 dng supe ln v phn ln nung chy l bin php
hiu qu p ng nhu cu ln, Mg, S cho cy.
+ Tt c cc loi phn c cha Mg nn bn lt. Bn phn cha Mg di
dng olonmit cho hiu qu cao hn c MgSO4.
+ S dng phng php chun on l (phn tch Mg trong l) cho ch
50

dn r nht v nhu cu bn phn Mg cho cy trng.

+ Khi cy biu hin thiu Mg thnh bnh nn s dng MgSO 4 phun ln
l (nng 1 -2%) cung cp Mg cho cy.
+ Magi c th s dng trn cng vi cc vi lng v cht iu ho sinh
trng phun cho cy.

51

5. Phn vi lng (1 tit)

5.1. Khi nim v phn vi lng
Trong cy, cc nguyn t dinh dng vi lng thng chim mt t l rt thp
(10 -105- trng lng cht kh), nhng mi nguyn t u c vai tr xc nh v khng
th thay th trong i sng ca cy. Cc nguyn t dinh dng vi lng thit yu i
vi cc loi cy l: Bo(B), Mangan (Mn), ng (Cu), km (Zn), st (Fe), mlipden (Mo).
Cc phn vi lng ph bin thng l cc dng cc mui ho tan: borax, sunpht ng ,
sunpht km, molipat amn.
4-

- Khi nim: Phn vi lng l cc loi phn c cha cc cht dinh

dng vi lng ho tan trong nc hay cc phc cht v cc qung v c
t tan hn. Thng s dng phn vi lng di dng cc mui ho tan
nh: borac-Na2B4O7.10H2O, sunpht ng-CuSO 4, sunpht km-ZnSO4,
molipat amn- (NH4)2MoO 4.
5.2. Cc loi phn vi lng chnh
* Phn st
Mui st v c l ngun phn bn thng dng v r tin, trong st 2
sulfat FeSO4.7H2O (20,5%Fe) v st 3 sulfat Fe 2(SO4)3.4H2O(20%Fe) c s
dng rng ri.
Phc st c hiu lc cao, song gi cao nn vic s dng cha rng ri.
* Phn mangan
Mangan sulfat MnSO4.2H2O (26-28%) l ngun phn mangan c s
dng ph bin, tan trong nc, nn c th bn vo t hoc phun qua l.
Mangan oxit MnO (63%Mn), mangan cacbonat MnCO3 (31%) t tan
trong nc ch nn dng bn vo t.
Phc mangan l ngun phn rt tt, c th phun qua l hay bn vo t u
c hiu qu nhng phun qua l c hiu qu cao hn.
* Phn ng
ng sulfat ngm 1 nc (CuSO4.H2O )v 5 nc (CuSO4.5H2O) l 2
dng phn ng ph bin, c th s dng di nhiu hnh thc: dng bn
vo t, phun qua l hay dng tm ht ging. Tuy nhin cc dng phc ng c
tc dng nhanh, hiu lc cao, gi thnh cng cao nn cn ch ti hiu qu kinh
t.
52

* Phn km
Km sulpht tan trong nc nn dng bn vo t v phun trn l.
Km oxit, cc mui km (ZnCO3; Zn3(PO4)2; ZnCl2; Zn(NH4)PO4) t tan
trong nc nhng tan tt trong t chua, c th dng bn vo t hay sn
xut phn a a yu t.
Phc km, ph bin nht l Na 2-Zn EDTA thng c hiu qu cao
nhng cn tnh ti hiu qu kinh t do gi cao.
* Phn Bo
Thng dng cc mui cha Bo v axit boric lm phn bn cho cy,
trong Borax - borat natri Na2B4O7.10H2O (11%B) v natri tetraborat
Na2B4O7.5H2O (14%B) l cc dng phn Bo c dng ph bin nht.
Axit boric c th s dng cho bn gc v bn qua l.
Lin X c, thng sn xut Supe ln tm Bo cha 0,17 1,3% Bo .
* Phn molipden
Molipdap amn (54%Mo) v molipdap natri (39%Mo) l cc dng
phn molipden c hm lng cao, tan trong nc nn c dng rng ri
bn vo t, phun qua l hoc trn vi ht ging.
C th dng x l cao cha molipden lm phn bn. Lin X c
dng supe ln vin c cha 0,2% Mo lm phn bn.

53

5.3. K thut s dng phn vi lng

5.3.1. c im s dng phn vi lng
- Phn vi lng l ngun bn b sung v khng th thay th cho phn
a lng. Nu dinh dng a lng b thiu hay mt cn i, phn vi lng
s khng c tc dng. V vy phn vi lng thng th hin hiu qu r trong
iu kin thm canh
- Khi bn nhiu phn hu c, c th gim nhu cu bn phn vi lng
cho cy trng (v trong phn chung v cc loi phn hu c, thng c cha cc loi
vi lng).

- Khi bn vi nhiu ( trung ho chua ca t) c th xy ra hin

tng thiu cc nguyn t vi lng Cu, B, Zn, Fe, Mn (v nhng nguyn t vi
lng Cu, B, Zn, Fe, Mn b chuyn thnh nhng dng kh tiu i vi cy trng),

nhng li lm molipen chuyn thnh dng d tiu nhiu hn, t cn bn

molipen.
- Trong thc t sn xut, ngi ta thng dng hn hp cc phn vi
lng, hoc trn vi phn a lng bn vo t.
5.3.2. Cc hnh thc s dng phn vi lng
- Ngm tm ht ging: l phng php rt c hiu qu i vi cc loi
ht c t l nguyn t vi lng thp. Trong phng php ny dng cc mui vi
lng ho tan thnh dung dch ngm hoc tm ht ging trc khi gieo. u
im ca phng php l tit kim phn bn do lng phn dng x ht
ging thng rt t.
- Bn vo t: l phng php s dng phn vi lng tn nhiu hn v
phi dng lng ln. Tuy nhin c u im l: n gin trong s dng, t tn
cng lao ng hn so vi phng php bn phn qua l.
- Phun ln l: l phng php s dng phn vi lng cho hiu qu
nhanh, tit kim phn bn, thng dng khc phc cc triu chng thiu
vi lng biu hin thnh bnh. Khi s dng phng php cn ch chn nng
dung dch v thi im phun phn dung dch bm c nhiu v lu trn
l cy. To iu kin cho cy hp thu t hiu qu cao, khng lm hi l cy do
nng qu cao. Nng thng c dng 0,1-0,2%, phun ng giai on
cy c nhu cu cao, vo lc chiu mt, lng gi.
VD: i vi cy n qu l lc cy ra hoa, u qu.
54

6. Phn a yu t (2 tit)
6.1. Vai tr ca phn a yu t trong sn xut nng nghip
T by lu nay ngi nng dn thng s dng cc loi phn n cung
cp cc nguyn t dinh dng cho cy trng sinh trng, pht trin. Do khng c
nhng hiu bit y v nhu cu cn i ca cy trng h khng nhng
khng p ng c yu cu dinh dng cn i ca cy trng t nng sut
cao phm cht tt, m cn c th gy nh hng xu ti hiu qu sn xut v mi
trng.
Nhm gip ngi nng dn khc phc tnh trng trn, cc cng ty phn bn
v ang sn xut nhng loi phn bn cha nhiu cht dinh dng theo mt t
l xc nh - Phn a yu t. Cc loi phn a yu t ny c nhng vai tr
trong sn xut nng nghip nh:
- Vic bn phn, m bo cng mt lc cung cp v chng loi v
lng (cn i) cc cht dinh dng, ng theo yu cu ca cy trng, khng
ch c tc dng lm cy trng sinh trng pht trin kho mnh, cho nng sut v
cht lng sn phm cao hn, m cn lm tng hiu qu ca vic s dng phn
bn.
- Cc loi phn bn ny, c th p ng cng mt lc nhu cu v cc cht
dinh dng ca cy v gip cho ngi nng dn khng hiu bit tng tn v
bn phn cn i, vn c th bn phn cn i cho cy trng.
- Nh vy, sn xut v s dng phn a yu t, cn l phng tin quan
trng m x hi to ra, nhm gip tt c nng dn c th pht trin sn
xut nng nghip bn vng (V bt k ngi nng dn no cng c th bn phn
cn i). ph hp vi thc t ny, cc Nh sn xut v kinh doanh phn bn
ang rt quan tm sn xut v cung ng cc loi phn bn chuyn dng cho
tng i tng s dng (tng thi k bn ca mi loi cy trng trn cc loi t
khc nhau).
6.2. Nhng khi nim chung v phn a yu t
6.2.1. nh ngha v phn a yu t
Phn a yu t (YT) l loi phn bn m trong thnh phn ca n c cha
t nht 2 yu t dinh dng chnh (a lng). Ngoi ra trong phn cn c th c
55

cc nguyn t dinh dng trung lng, vi lng, thuc tr c, cht kch thch sinh
trng ... nng cao hiu qu s dng phn bn.
Phn a yu t, cn c th gi l phn phc tp.
6.2.2. Cch gi tn phn a yu t
Tn phn ca phn a yu t c ghp tn ca cc nguyn t a lng
c trong phn thnh mt tn chung.
Tn phn cn c th cho bit dng nguyn t dinh dng c trong phn,
c bit cn thit i vi yu t N. Th d: Nitrophos gm 2 nguyn t N v P
m N dng nitrat, cn Diamophos - DAP cng gm 2 nguyn t N v P, trong
N- dng amn NH4 .
Tn ca phn a yu t cn th hin thnh phn v t l (%) ca cc
nguyn t dinh dng c trong phn, c biu th bng v tr ca cc ch s,
theo quy c th t v tr s th nht l N, v tr th hai l P 2O5 v v tr th
ba l K2O.
Nu trong thnh phn ca phn c cha cc nguyn t khc (S, Mg...)
th vit s biu th t l ca nguyn t tip theo v phi ghi thm k hiu
nguyn t ngay sau ch s . Th d: Phn phc tp 20.10.10 cn hiu l loi
phn phc tp c 20%N, 10%P2O5, 10%K2O, cn 20-10-10-5(Mg) l loi phn c
t l N,P,K nh trn nhng c thm 5% Mg.
6.2.3. Hm lng v t l cc yu t dinh dng ca phn a yu t
Hm lng dinh dng ca phn a yu t l tng s cc n v N,
P2O5 , K2O c trong 100 kg phn bn, vd: loi phn 5.10.3 c tng hm lng
dinh dng l 18%.
Hm lng dinh dung trong phn bn c nh hng ln n hiu qu,
c bit l hiu qu kinh t ca phn bn. Xu hng hin nay trn th gii
ngi ta sn xut nhng loi phn c hm lng dinh dng cao.
Trong phn a yu t cn c hm lng ca tng loi yu t dinh
dng a lng (l phn cu thnh hm lng dinh dng ca phn) ng thi
to nn t l cc cht dinh dung c trong phn bn. V vy, hm lng ca
tng yu t dinh dng v t l gia cc cht dinh dng c nh hng ln
ti gi tr, i tng v k thut s dng ca phn a yu t.
56

6.2.4. Phn loi phn a yu t

Vic phn loi phn a yu t c th theo 2 cch:
- Phn loi theo dng s dng: dng lng v dng rn.
- Phn loi theo quy trnh sn xut: phn hn hp (phn trn) v phn ho
hp (phn phc hp).
* Phn hn hp (phn trn):
- Khi nim: phn hn hp l loi phn a yu t c to thnh do s
trn c gii cc loi phn n vi nhau ( dng rn cng nh dng lng),
khng thng qua bt k mt phn ng ho hc no. Th d: c 100 kg phn
hn hp cha 30% cht dinh dng c t l NPK 8-12-10 ngi ta trn cc loi
phn n nh sau:
(NH4)2SO4 - 40 kg;
Apatit nghin (34%P2O5) -28 kg; supe ln (17% P2O5) -15 kg;
KCl (60% K2O)-17kg.
Cc phn hn hp, theo quy trnh sn xut c th chia ra: phn hn
hp mt ht v phn hn hp ba ht hay "ba mu" (loi phn ny sn xut
n gin m khng tt bng loi phn mt ht).
- Nguyn tc trn phn hn hp: trnh trn cc phn m sau khi trn
lm nh hng xu n thnh phn v tnh cht phn, do vy cn lu :
+ Khng trn cc phn m sau khi trn lm cho c tnh vt l ca hn
hp phn xu i: chy nc ra ra hay rn chc li khng ti xp kh vi phn
khi bn.
Tuy nhin c th khc phc hin tng ny bng cch em bn ngay sau khi
trn.
+ Khng trn cc phn m sau khi trn lm gim cht lng ca hn
hp phn: mt cht dinh dng hay chuyn dng dinh dng thnh dng kh tan
hn.
thun li cho ngi sn xut ngi ta xy dng bng hng dn trn
phn
- u im phn hn hp: Sn xut kh n gin, khng i hi cng
ngh v thit b c bit, d dng thay i t l dinh dng c trong phn
theo yu cu, v vy loi phn ny ang rt ph bin Vit Nam.
57

- Nhc im phn: cht lng khng ng u do c nhiu yu t c

th nh hng, k c vic Nh sn xut c th khng trung thc. V vy trong
thc t c nhng c quan kim tra cht lng phn bn m bo quyn li ca
ngi tiu dng.
* Phn phc hp
- Khi nim: phn phc hp l loi phn a yu t m trong , cc
cht dinh dng c tc ng vi nhau theo nhng phn ng ho hc c
th, to thnh mt sn phm mi.
Th d: dng NH3 trung ho axit photphoric to thnh amophos
NH3 + H3PO4
NH4H2PO4 (AM - Amophos)
- u im: l cht lng m bo ng u, thng c v vin nn
c tnh cht vt l tt, hm lng dinh dng cao v n nh (hm lng dinh
dng thng t trn 50%).
- Nhc im: chng loi sn phm khng a dng, gi thnh phn
cng cao hn, sn xut i hi thit b v cng ngh phc tp hn.
6.3. Tnh cht ca phn a yu t
Tnh cht ca phn a yu t c th tp hp thnh u nhc im ca
phn nh sau:
6.3.1. u im ca phn a yu t
- Cc yu t dinh dng tc ng ln cy trng v tc ng ln nhau
mt cch tt nht (do trong thnh phn ca cng mt ht phn c tp trung nhiu
yu t dinh dng). Kt qu lm tng nng sut v cht lng sn phm cy
trng tt hn bn tng phn n vi lng tng ng.
- Trnh c s thiu ht qu mc mt nguyn t dinh dng no ,
iu ny c bit c li khi ngi nng dn cha tht hiu v bn phn cn i m
vn c th bn phn cn i cho cy trng, thm canh t hiu qu cao m khng
s nh hng xu ti mi trng.
- Tit kim chi ph vn chuyn, tit kim cng bn, chi ph bo qun
thao tc li n gin nhanh. Do vy nng cao c hiu qu kinh t trong s
dng phn bn.

58

- Phn a yu t c hm lng dinh dng cao, t cht ph gia nn

phn cng c bit thch hp cho s dng trn t mn.
- Phn trn c ng nht hn, trnh c sai st c th dn n vic
lm mt cht dinh dng.
6.3.2. Hn ch ca phn a yu t
- T l cc cht dinh dng c trong phn c nh, nn khng th tho
mn y yu cu dinh dng cc thi k khc nhau ca 1 cy trng,
cng khng th p ng yu cu dinh dng cu cc cy trng khc nhau
trn cc loi t khc nhau. khc phc nhc im ny nh sn xut phi
c nhiu loi phn bn chuyn dng cho tng i tng c th vd: cng ty
phn bn Bnh in sn xut ra nhiu loi phn chuyn dng cho cc cy trng
khc nhau, cc tri k sinh trng khc nhau.
- Khng p ng c yu cu ca k thut bn: P v K thch hp
cho vic bn lt cn N thng thch hp cho vic bn thc, trong khi chng
c s dng cng 1 lc. V vy s c yu t dinh dng km pht huy hiu
qu
- Do hm lng dinh dng chnh c trong phn cao, nn khng c
nhng yu t ph (vi lng, cht kch thch sinh trng...) l nhng cht cng
cn thit cho cy trng. Ngoi ra gi thnh phn bn cao nn c phn hn ch
nhng ngi nng dn c t vn s dng.

59

6.4. K thut s dng phn a yu t

6.4.1. iu kin s dng phn a yu t
hn ch nhc im ca phn YT, gip phn YT pht huy ht hiu
qu v u im ca n, khi s dng phn ny i hi phi p ng nhng iu
kin s dng, c th nh sau:
- Phi s dng phn YT cho ng cy, ng t v ng lc - thi k
bn (do phn c ch bin nhm phc v cho tng i tng s dng c th: t
trng, cy trng, thm ch cho tng thi k bn ca mt cy trn mt loi t no
).
- Vic sn xut v s dng phn a yu t phi da trn c s nhng
nghin cu y v t trng, c im dinh dng ca cy, k thut bn
phn, sau khi c quy hoch vng sn xut.
- Cy trng khng ch ht cc cht dinh dng t phn bn, m cn
ht 1 phn kh ln dinh dng t t. V vy sau 1 thi gian s dng mt
loi phn c xc nh l ph hp, do kh nng cung cp cht dinh dng
ca t b thay i cn phi ch bin li phn mi.
6.4.2. K thut s dng
- Cn ch ti dinh dng c cha trong phn: V s lng, t l gia
cc cht v c im ca cc cht dinh dng s dng v nh gi gi tr
ca phn. Phn c tng hm lng dinh dung cao s c gi tr cao hn v k
thut s dng khc vd: Loi phn NPK vi tng t l dinh dng l 30% c th
c t l dinh dng khc nhau: 8 - 12 - 10, 12 - 8 - 10 hay 15 - 5 - 10..., dng ln
c trong thnh phn ca phn c th l apatit nghin, supe ln hay PLNC s c gi
tr v cch s dng khc nhau.
+ i vi cc phn a yu t ch c 2 nguyn t P, K: c iu kin s
dng ging nhau thng dng bn lt v nn bn sm, khng s bn tha. Trong
thc t, c th gp cc phn NPK, nhng c hm lng m thp, cng c iu kin s dng
nh phn PK, thch hp cho vic bn lt l chnh. Cc loi phn c cha PK dng bn v

sau trong qu trnh sinh trng ca cy phi cha cc dng ln v kali d tiu vi
cy trng.
+ i vi cc phn YT c cha N: phi lu n c tnh linh ng ca
N v kh nng gy hu qu xu khi bn tha, cho nn khi s dng cc loi phn
60

ny cn cn thn. Phi chn loi phn c t l N thch hp vi tng loi cy trng

ng thi nh lng N cht ch theo nhu cu ca cy v cn i gia N-P, N-K, v
NPK theo yu cu ca cy v kh nng cung cp dinh dng ca t.
- Cn trnh bn phn qu sm v tha i vi yu t m hay bn qu
mun i vi P v K. Khi bn phn YT c cha m cn bn vo thi k ti
thch i vi yu t m.
- Khi cha c cc loi phn a yu t ph hp vi i tng s dng,
trong trng hp cn thit vn phi bn phn n b sung cho phn a yu
t, theo nhu cu ca cy, cung cp v kp thi dinh dng cho cy
trng, mi c th t nng sut cao, phm cht tt.
Vy: Vic s dng phn YT ch em li li ch thc s khi c nhng iu kin s dng
(c phn ph hp vi i tng), vic s dng phn YT nh mt tin b k thut s tu
thuc vo iu kin c th ca ngi sn xut v c s sn xut.

61

Chng 3 Cc loi phn bn khc v k thut s dng

1. i cng phn hu c (2 tit)
1.1. Khi nim v phn hu c
Phn hu c l loi phn bn c loi ngi s dng u tin t gn 3000 nm trc
y, v u c s dng ph bin cc nc trn th gii. Hin nay phn hu c vn ang
c s dng nh ngun phn chnh cc khu vc chm pht trin. Cn cc nc pht trin,
d c thi gian t coi trng s dng phn hu c nhng nay cng quan tm tr li vic dng
phn hu c (nm 1950 - 1970: cc nc Ty u c hin tng khng s dng do tn cng
ch bin, vn chuyn v bn phn, trong khi phn ho hc li rt r. T nm 1973, do gi
phn ho hc tng ln v cng thy c nhng hu qu xu ca vic s dng phn ho hc
nh: suy thoi kt cu t, nh hng xu ti mi trng, ti cht lng sn phm...cc nc
ny quan tm tr li vic dng phn hu c).

Phn hu c l cc loi cht hu c khi vi vo t sau khi phn gii c

kh nng cung cp cht dinh dng cho cy v quan trng hn c tc dng
ci to t ln.
Phn hu c bao gm: phn chung (phn gia sc), than bn, phn bc,
nc gii, phn gia cm, rc th sau khi , phn xanh, cc ph phm ca cng
nghip thc phm v cc tn th thc vt vi trc tip vo t. Do thnh phn,
tnh cht ca cc loi phn hu c rt khc nhau nn phn hu c c th c chia thnh 2
nhm:
+ Nhm cht ci to t l cc cht hu c c t l C/N cao, c vi vo
t khng thng qua ch bin vi chc nng ch yu ci to t.
+ Nhm phn hu c l cc cht hu c c t l C/N thp, thng qua hay
khng thng qua ch bin, bn vo t c kh nng cung cp dinh dng cho cy
trng.
1.2. Tc dng ca phn hu c
1.2.1. Vai tr ci to tnh cht t ca phn hu c
* Tc dng ci to ho tnh t ca phn hu c
- Sau khi phn hu c c bn vo t v khong ho cung cp dinh dng
cho cy, do tc dng chm (h s s dng phn bn thp), m li t mt t l ng k
cc nguyn t dinh dng (so vi tng lng dinh dng c cha trong phn) c bit l
m tng s, nn c tc dng lm tng dn hm lng cc cht dinh dng cho

t (c bit l m).
62

- Phn hu c l ngun b sung mn khng th thay th cho t (bn

phn khong khng c kh nng n nh hm lng mn ca t).
Vai tr ca mn:
+ Mn c nh hng ton din n tnh cht ho hc t c bit l kh
nng trao i, hp thu v kh nng iu tit dinh dng cho cy.
+ Ngoi ra mn l kho d tr thc n cho cy, v mn s khong ho dn
dn (vi tc 1 - 3% nm) gii phng m v cc cht dinh dng d tiu cho
cy.
+ Mn c tc dng lm tng cng hiu lc ca s dng phn khong
do to thun li cho vic ht thc n qua t bo r, cy ht c nhiu dinh dng
hn t phn bn v cng chu c lng phn khong cao.
+ Cht mn cn c th kt hp vi ln thnh phc h ln mn, c tc
dng gi ln trng thi cy c th hp thu c (mc d t giu Ca2+, Al3+,
Fe3+...).V nu khng c mn th ln s b hp thu ho hc bi Ca 2+, Fe3+ thnh cc pht
pht kh tiu i vi cy.

Bng 3.1. nh hng ca cc loi phn khong v phn hu c

ti hm lng mn trong t
(Th nghim bn lin tc trong 30 nm)
Cng thc th nghim

T l mn trong cc tng t
0 - 20 cm
20 - 40 cm
3,75
3,45
4,04
3,74
3,92
3,70
3,87
3,65
4,45
4,12

Khng bn phn
N200P100K240
N120P90K90
N60P45K45
N60P45K45 + 20 tn phn chung/ha

Ngun V. D. Panicov, 1977

Bng 3.2. nh hng ca bn phn chung v phn khong lu di

ti hm lng mn trong t
- Phn hu c cn c tc dng: Ci to hm lng cht hu c cho t
(do c qu trnh mn ho ca phn hu c v cc tn d do cy trng).

63

- Trong qu trnh phn gii ca phn hu c trong t, gii phng ra

nhiu axit H2CO3, c kh nng ho tan c cc cht dinh dng kh tan
trong t, cung cp cho cy vd: Phn ln nung chy, x l Tomax
- Cht hu c do phn hu c phn gii ra cn c kh nng kt hp vi
cc cht dinh dng khong ho tan thnh cc phc h hu c - v c, c tc
dng lm gim kh nng ra tri cc cht dinh dng ny. ng thi hn ch vic
hp th cc nguyn t kim loi nng vo cy, nn c tc dng hn ch sn phm
nng nghip b "nhim bn kim loi nng". y cng l mt trong nhng c s
cho vic khuyn co bn nhiu phn hu c trong sn xut rau an ton.
Vy: sau khi bn phn hu c chua t gim; kh nng m, dung tch
hp thu t c ci thin.
* Tc dng ci to l tnh t ca phn hu c
Do mn m phn hu c to ra c tc dng nh cht xi mng gn kt cc
ht t thnh cc on lp v kt cu t, ng thi lm gim kh nng thm t,
khin cho kt cu t bn vng hn trong nc. Bn phn hu c s lm tng
n nh ca kt cu t, bo v c cu trc t, chng li s xi mn t.
ng thi c nh hng tt ti cc tnh cht vt l khc ca t nh:
- Ch m: Bn phn hu c c nh hng tt n ch m ca t ,
do cht hu c m phn hu c cung cp cho t, c tc dng lm cho nc ma hay
nc ti thm vo t c thun li hn v gi c nhiu nc hn cho t, gim
c s bc hi nc t t v tit kim c nc ti.

- Ch nhit: Bn phn hu c c nh hng tt n ch nhit ca

t, do to ra cht mn c mu thm lm tng kh nng hp thu v iu tit nhit cho
t. Nh m nhit trong t t b thay i so vi nhit khng kh.

- Ch kh: Bn phn hu c c tc dng ci to ch kh ca t ,

do cung cp cht hu c v mn l nhng cht c tc dng ci thin kt cu v ch
kh ca t. Cc cht ny lm cho t c TPCG nng vn ym kh tr nn cht hn v
gim bt khng kh c trong t.

64

* Vai tr ci to sinh tnh t ca phn hu c

- Bn phn hu c vo t, to iu kin cho tp on VSV t pht
trin mnh, do tc dng cung cp thc n cho VSV th khong v ngun cht
nng lng l cc cht hu c.
- Mt s phn hu c nh: phn bc, phn chung, phn gia cm c cha
ngun VSV rt a dng v phong ph, nn khi bn cc phn ny vo t cn c
tc dng lm tng nhanh s lng VSV, c bit l cc VSV c ch cho t.
- Mt s hot cht sinh hc c hnh thnh trong phn hu c (cht
kch thch sinh trng, khng sinh....) cng tc ng ti sinh trng v trao i
cht ca cy.
1.2.2. Vai tr cung cp dinh dng cho cy ca phn hu c
* Vai tr cung cp cc cht dinh dng khong cho cy trng ca phn
hu c
Trong thnh phn ca phn hu c c cha a dng v chng loi cc cht
dinh dng: t a lng, trung lng n vi lng. Nhng phn hu c cng c
mt lot nhc im trong cung cp dinh dng cho cy, l:
+ Hm lng cc cht dinh dng c cha trong phn hu c rt thp
(<1%) i vi mi yu t dinh dng, k c cc cht a lng.
+ H s s dng cc cht dinh dng c trong phn hu c ca cy
trng v u thng khng cao, thp hn nhiu so vi phn ho hc, c bit i
vi yu t dinh dng N.

+ Vic cung cp dinh dng di dng d tiu ca phn hu c cho cy

trng thng khng kp thi v bp bnh, do ph thuc nhiu vo s phn gii ca
VSV, m iu kin chng hot ng khng phi lc no cng thun li.

Tuy nhin trong cc loi phn hu c cng c mt s loi phn m kh

nng cung cp dinh dng cho cy trng ngay v u tt hn nh: phn bc,
phn gia cm, phn xanh (do cc dng phn ny c t l dinh dng kh cao
ng thi c kh nng nhanh chng phn gii cc cht dinh dng cung cp
cho cy trng).

65

* Vai tr cung cp kh CO2 cho cy ca phn hu c

Cy trng trong qu trnh quang hp, ngoi cc cht dinh dng khong cn hp
th mt lng kh CO2 rt ln vd: t nng sut 40 - 50 tn/ha khoai ty v rau cn
200 - 300 kg kh CO2/ha/mgy.

Bn phn hu c c tc dng cung cp CO 2 cho cy trng, cng bn

nhiu cng to ra nhiu ngun CO2 cho cy (v di tc ng ca VSV cc loi
phn hu c c phn gii v to ra nhiu kh CO 2, lm giu ngun kh ny cho phn
kh ca t v lp khng kh st mt t), kt qu ci thin ngun dinh dng kh

cho cy c bit l i vi nhng cy trng cn nhiu CO2.

Vd: Nghin cu Lin X c cho thy khi bn 30 - 40 tn phn chung /ha,
thi k phn gii mnh ca phn, hng ngy c th to ra 100 - 200kg kh
CO2/ha.
1.2.3. Vai tr trong vng tun hon vt cht t nhin v bo v mi trng ca
phn hu c
- Bn phn hu c l hnh thc can thip tch cc ca con ngi vo vng
tun hon trong t nhin. V phn ln cc cht dinh dng c cy trng ht t t,
phn bn v kh quyn (thng qua cy b u). Nhng sn phm ca cc cy trng y
c s dng lm thc n cho chn nui v ngi. Sau li b thi mt phn kh ln ra
ngoi theo phn chung, phn bc, phn gia cm... V vy cng vi vic bn phn

khong, bn cc loi phn hu c cho cy trng l tr li ng k cc cht m

cy trng ly i t t, gim vic s dng phn khong v kh nng hu hoi
t.
- Cc loi phn hu c (phn chung, phn gia cm, phn bc, phn rc...) cn l
cc cht ph thi ca cc hot ng sng ca con ngi. Nu cc loi phn ny khng
c x l mt cch khoa hc v hp l s gy nhim mi trng. Vic s dng

chng (phn hu c) lm phn bn trong nng nghip, cn l bin php x l

ngun gy nhim mi trng rt hp l, hiu qu i vi ton x hi.
1.3. Thnh phn ca phn hu c
Trong phn hu c thng cha hu ht cc nguyn t dinh dng
thit yu i vi cy, t a lng, trung n vi lng, nhng vi hm lng
rt thp v thng di dng hu c. Cc cht hu c ny rt phc tp v
a dng gm: hemixenlulo, xenlulo, lignin, cht bo, cht sp... v chng c
66

th xp thnh cc nhm hp cht: m hu c, hydratcacbon, lu hunh hu

c, ln hu c...
- Ngoi ra trong thnh phn ca mt s phn hu c nh: phn bc,
phn gia sc, nc phn, nc gii gia sc c lng ng k ure, axit ureic,
cc mui (axetat, ccbonat, oxalat, phosphat, sulphat), mt s cht kch thch
sinh trng, cc cht khng sinh v nhiu loi vi sinh vt. Do vy cc nhm
phn ny cn c gi l phn hu c c hot tnh sinh hc cao.
1.4. Tnh cht ca phn hu c
1.4.1. Tnh cht chung ca phn hu c
- Phn hu c c c im chung, l hn hp ca nhng hp cht hu c
khng tan trong nc, thng c phn ng trung tnh hay kim yu.
- C tc dng ci to t kh ton din, bn v ko di qua nhiu v
nhng cn phi bn vi lng ln mi c tc dng r (vi tn n vi chc tn).
- Nu xt v mt dinh dng c th coi phn hu c l cc phn a yu
t, nhng c t l rt thp v kh tiu i vi cy trng ( tr nguyn t kali
thng c t l tng i cao hn so vi cc nguyn t khc, li dng d tiu i vi
cy).

- m bo cung cp lng dinh dng cho cy trng tu thuc vo loi phn

hu c, m lng bn thng phi cao gp nhiu ln so vi phn ho hc. V
vy s dng phn hu c c chi ph vn chuyn, bo qun v bn rt ln.
- Khi bn phn hu c cn c bn phi hp vi phn ho hc
m bo cung cp dinh dng kp thi cho cy trng t nng sut cao,
phm cht tt. V Cc cht dinh dng c trong phn hu c tr thnh d tiu i vi
cy trng nhanh hay chm l tu thuc vo mc khong ho ca phn. Nu ch bn
phn hu c kh c th p ng nhu cu dinh dng ca cy trng, c bit l thi k
u sinh trng v cc thi k cy c nhu cu dinh dng cao.

1.4.2. S chuyn ha ca cc cht c trong phn hu c

* Qu trnh khong ho
- Cc hp cht hu c cha trong phn hu c c mc phn gii
khc nhau, xp theo tc phn gii c chia thnh 5 nhm:
1- ng, tinh bt, protein n gin
2- Protein phc tp
67

3- Hemixenlulo
4- Xenlulo
5- Licnin, cht bo, cht sp.
+ Cc cht thuc nhm 1 v 2 s c phn gii nhanh cung cp
nng lng cho VSV sinh sn v tng hp cht c N mi.
+ Cc cht hemixenlulo v xenlulo c phn gii dn v mt i.
+ Lignin rt kh phn gii tn ti trong nhn mn.
Trong qu trnh phn gii phn hu c, cc cht hu c c N mi c hnh
thnh, cc cht khong c gii phng v lignin tng ln mt cch tng i do
phn hu c b mt dn khi lng so vi lc mi bn phn vo t.
- Qu trnh khong ho ca tng loi hp cht c trong phn hu c
+ Cc hp cht m hu c c trong phn hu c chuyn ho theo s
chung sau:
H2O

H2O

H2CO3

O2

O2

Protein axit amin NH3 (NH4)2CO3 NO2 + H2O +Q NO3

+Q
+ Cc hp cht hydratcacbon:
Trong iu kin ym kh chng chuyn ho thnh cc kh metan v
cacbonic:
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O n(3CH4 + 3CO2)
Trong iu kin ho kh chng phn gii v gii phng CO2, H2O v nng
lng:
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O + nO2 n(6CO2 + 6 H2O) + Q
+ Cc hp cht lu hunh hu c:
Trong iu kin ho kh to thnh sulphat (SO 42-) cung cp dinh dng cho
cy, cn trong iu kin ym kh th to thnh H2S gy mi kh chu.
+ Cc hp cht ln hu c:
Trong iu kin ho kh to thnh photphat l ngun dinh dng cho cy,
cn trong iu kin ym kh th to thnh cht kh H3P.
68

* Qu trnh mn ha v h s mn ha ca phn hu c
- Qu trnh mn ho ca phn hu c: l qu trnh phn gii, chuyn
ho phn hu c thnh mn. u tin cc phn hu c c chuyn dn
thnh mn th (cc cht hu c n gin), sau vi nm hnh thnh mn n
nh v mt dn khi lng so vi ban u (ch cn mt phn nh l mn). Vic
mt dn khi lng trong qu trnh mn ho ny c tc dng ci to tnh
cht vt l t. Trong s cc phn hu c ph bin th phn chung c kh nng
to mn tt nht.
- H s mn ho: l lng mn hnh thnh c khi vi 1 tn nguyn
liu hu c kh. H s mn ho ph thuc vo thnh phn v bn cht ca
cht hu c m khng ph thuc vo iu kin sinh thi, n mang tnh kinh
nghim v tng i nn cc kt qu cn cha thng nht. Trong thc t
ngi ta cn tnh h s mn ho ca nguyn liu hu c quy ra ti. Vd:
phn chung c h s mn ho l 0,1.
Bng 3.3. H s mn ho
H s mn ho cc nguyn liu hu c ph bin
- Phn chung hoai mc
0,3 - 0,5
- Phn chung nhiu rm rc
- Phn th
- R cy ng cc
- Phn xanh
- Ph ph phm cng nghip thc phm

0,1 - 0,4
0,25
0,15
0,2 - 0,3
0,15 - 0,2

1.5. K thut s dng phn hu c

1.5.1. C s cho vic s dng phn hu c hp l
- Trc khi s dng chng ta cn bit thnh phn v nhng c tnh
ca phn (thng qua phn tch v nghin cu) quyt nh cch bn, ch bin
v i tng dng. Trong thc t khi s dng phn hu c thng s dng kt qu
phn tch trung bnh v hm lng dinh dng ca phn v nhng c im chung v
phn c tng kt.

- Trong thm canh phi bn kt hp phn hu c vi phn ho hc mi

c th cung cp v kp thi dinh dng cho cy t nng sut cao v to
cho t c kh nng chu c mc bn phn ho hc v thm canh cao
69

hn(s dng phn hu c ch yu nhm cung cp mn, n nh hm lng mn

cho t to nn thm canh).
1.5.2. Lng bn phn hu c
Lng bn phn hu c tu thuc vo: loi phn, mc hoai mc ca
phn, c im sinh hc ca cy trng c bn phn, iu kin t ai - kh
hu, mc ch ca vic bn phn hu c. Nhn chung lng bn phn hu c
cho mt ha canh tc ln hn nhiu so vi lng bn phn khong, c th dao ng
t vi tn n vi chc tn (trong iu kin Vit Nam thng dao ng t 5 30
tn/ha).
- Thng bn t phn hu c khi:
+ Bn phn hoai mc hay phn c hm lng dinh dng cao (phn bc,
phn gia cm).
+ Bn phn trong iu kin bt thun (kh hn, ngp nc);
+ Bn phn nhm duy tr hm lng mn cho t v cho cc cy trng c
nhu cu khng cao.
- Thng bn nhiu phn hu c khi:
+ Bn phn cha hoi mc.
+ Bn phn trong iu kin thun li (v nhit , m ), cho t ngho
mn, cy trng c phn ng tt vi phn hu c (rau, khoai ty), cy trng chnh
trong h thng lun canh (la, khoai ty, ng...), bn phn nhm t hiu qu r...
1.5.3. i tng, v tr bn phn hu c trong h thng lun canh cy trng
Trong qun l dinh dng tng hp cho cy trng, bn phn hu c cn tnh cho
c h thng lun canh. Vic xc nh v tr bn phn hu c cng c nh hng ln n
tc dng ca phn hu c trong h thng lun canh y.

Do ngun phn hu c thng c hn nn:

- u tin bn phn hu c cho t ngho mn, ngho cht dinh dng
d tiu.
- u tin cho cc cy cn chm sc gia hng vd:... , cy mn cm vi
nng mui cao vd:..., cc cy mn cm vi dinh dng CO2 vd: da chut,
khoai ty, ci bp...

70

- Cc cy trng sau v cy trng c bn nhiu phn hu c, c th

khng cn bn phn hu c m vn c tha hng tc dng ca phn hu c
bn t v trc li.
1.5.4. Yu cu v mc hoai mc ca phn hu c
Mi i tng dng phn hu c cn mc hoai mc ca phn khc nhau,
tu thuc vo iu kin kh hu t ai, c im sinh hc ca cy trng v mc
ch s dng nn c yu cu ch bin phn khc nhau:
- iu kin kh hu:
+ Trong iu kin nhit cao, c th dng cc loi phn cha hoai mc.
+ Trong iu kin lnh th tt nht l s dng cc loi phn hu c c
hoai (lin quan n s hot ng v phn gii ca h VSV t).
- Mc ch s dng:
+ ci to t c th dng cc loi phn cha hoai mc, thm ch cy
vi trc tip tn th thc vt vo t, vn c tc dng tt.
+ cung cp dinh dng cho cy trng phi s dng cc phn hu c
c t bn hoai n hoai hon ton mi m bo cung cp dinh dng tt.
- c im sinh hc:
+ Cc cy trng ngn ngy cn s dng nhng loi phn hoai mc, cy di
ngy c th s dng nhng loi phn km hoai mc hn.
+ Trong cc loi rau, da chut l cy c phn ng tt vi phn chung
ti, cn c rt v hnh th cn bn phn tht hoai mc.
1.5.5. Phng php bn phn hu c
- Phn hu c ch nn dng bn lt cho cy, thng bn vo thi k
lm t hay trc khi trng cy (do phn hu c cn c phn gii, chuyn ho
pht huy tc dng).

- Phi vi phn ngay vo tng t m v ch o trn u phn

vi t, nhm to iu kin thun li cho vic phn gii ca phn, trnh gy ra hin
tng kh mnh cc b v ng nc y lung lm gley pha di tng canh tc . su vi
phn hu c tu thuc vo tnh hnh c th ca iu kin kh hu t ai,
lng phn bn. Trong iu kin kh hn, nhit
- Mun dng phn hu c bn thc cho cy, phi dng loi phn
tht hoai mc hay nc phn.
71

1.5.6. Hiu lc ca phn hu c

Cc loi phn hu c u c hiu lc trc tip v hiu lc tn ti.
- Hi lc trc tip ca phn hu c thng thp v ph thuc vo: lng
phn bn, c im phn bn, c im kh hu t ai, c im sinh hc ca cy
trng c bn phn.
- Hiu lc tn ti ko di qua nhiu nm v thng cao hn hiu lc trc
tip.
1.5.7. La chn phng php bo qun ch bin phn hu c ph hp
Trong thc t, c 3 phng php ch bin hay cn gi l phng php
phn thng gp l:
- Phng php nng ( xp): phn c phn gii trong iu kin
thong kh, to iu kin cho tp on vi sinh vt c trong phn hot ng rt
mnh, lm nhit ca ng phn tng cao (60 70 oC), phn nhanh hoai mc,
dit c mm bnh, mt sc ny mm ca ht c di nhng cng d b mt nhiu
m v dinh dng, nc phn chy ra. Cc i tng cn phi theo phng
pho ny l: phn c ngun bnh, ht c di, ngun gy nhim mi trng,
phn c nhiu cht n vi t l C/N cao kh phn gii v trng hp cn c phn
nhanh hoai mc s dng.
- Phng php ngui ( cht): Phn c phn gii trong iu kin ym
kh, hot ng ca VSV b c ch nn lm phn b phn gii chm. Tuy nhin
phng php ny c u im l: t lm mt m ca phn (thng mt khng
qu 11%). Cc i tng cn phn theo phng php ny l: Khi c iu kin
ct tr phn lu, cc phn hu c khng c mm bnh v ht c di.
- Phng php hn hp ( nng trc, ngui sau): Phn c phn
gii trong iu kin va ym kh va thong kh nn phn c phn gii kh
nhanh, c th c s dng sm hn so vi ngui, li dit c mm bnh, lm
mt sc ny mm ca ht c, hn ch mt m tt hn so vi nng. Trong iu
kin thng thng nn p dng phng php ny.

72

2. Phn chung (2 tit)

2.1. Khi nim v phn chung
Phn chung l hn hp phn v nc gii do gia sc bi tit ra (phn
chung khng n) cng vi cht n chung v thc n tha ca gia sc.
y l loi phn hu c kh ph bin khp mi ni trn th gii,
mang y tc dng ca phn hu c, khc nhau v thnh phn v t l cc
cht dinh dng c cha trong phn.
S dng phn chung tt cn l 1 bin php x l ngun ph thi gy
nhim mi trng t chn nui rt hiu qu. V trung bnh lng phn do gia sc
thi ra trong sut qu trnh sinh trng thng gp 20 ln trng lng ca n. Khi
lng cc cht thi rt ln ny l ngun gy nhim mi trng rt ln nu khng c
x l tt. ng thi phn chung sau khi c x l bn cho cy trng li to ra

sn phm phc v cho con ngi.

2.2. Thnh phn ca phn chung
2.2.1. Thnh phn
Thnh phn ca phn chung khng n nh, ph thuc vo thnh phn ca
cc phn cu thnh, trong phn c nh hng ln nht l phn v nc gii do
gia sc bi tit ra.
Thnh phn cc cht c trong phn gia sc (phn chung khng n) cng
khng n nh do ph thuc vo: loi gia sc, tnh trng sc kho, tui gia sc,
ch cho n, hnh thc chn nui.
Vy: Thnh phn chnh ca phn gm khong 65-68% nc ; 15-28%
cc hp cht hu c ca thc n m gia sc tiu ho cha trit .
- Nc phn chim t l ln nht ca phn gia sc.Trong nc phn gia
sc c a dng cc cht hu c d phn hu: ur, axit uric, axit huppuric, axit
benzoic; cc mui ho tan: axetat, cacbonat, oxalat, photphat, sulfat v 1 s cht
kch thch s pht trin ca b r. Trong nc phn, nc gii gia sc thng c
0,2-0,25% N, 0,01% P2O5, 0,4-0,5% K2O.
Phn gia sc lun cha nhiu cc hp cht hu c nh: cc hp cht
xenlul, gluxit, hmixenlulo, linhin, cht bo, cht sp, cc hp cht m hu c,
ln hu c, lu hunh hu c v nhiu chng loi axit hu c. Cc cht dinh
73

dng thit yu i vi cy ny lun kh y v chng loi nhng c t l rt

thp i vi mi yu t.
Ngoi ra trong phn gia sc cn c rt nhiu chng loi v s lng cc
vi sinh vt, trong VSV phn gii xenlul chim a s v kh nhiu chng
VSV phn nitrat ho.
Cc cht n chung thng dng l cc cht c kh nng ht nc cao,
thnh phn dinh dng thp vd: rm r, than bn, l song t dip, mt ca
Bng 3. 4. Thnh phn mt s loi phn chung
Cc loi phn chung (c n rm r)
Tru b
La, nga
Ln
Cu, d
Nc
77,30
71,30
72,40
64,60
Cht hu c
20,30
25,40
25,00
31,80
N tng s
0,45
0,58
0,65
0,83
N protit
0,28
0,35
N amoniac
0,14
0,19
0,20
P2O5
0,23
0,28
0,19
0,23
K2O
0,50
0,63
0,60
0,67
CaO
0,40
0,21
0,18
0,33
MgO
0,11
0,14
0,09
0,18
SO3
0,06
0,07
0,08
0,15
Cl
0,10
0,04
0,17
0,17
SiO2
0,85
1,77
1,08
1,47
R2O3
0,05
0,11
0,07
0,24
Ngun: V. D. Panicv, 1977; L Vn Cn, 1978; V. G. Minev,1990
Cc cht

Qua bng trn chng ta thy rng: phn cht kh ch yu c trong l cc cht hu c.
Hm lng cc cht khong c trong cc phn cu thnh phn chung u rt thp, t l nc
rt cao, t l cc cht dinh dng thit yu i vi cy c trong phn u rt thp.

Trung bnh trong phn chung (bao gm cc phn cu thnh) c cha

0,35%N; 0,22%P2O5; O,6% K2O; 0,2-0,4%CaO; 0,05-0,45%MgO; 0,05%S.
Ngoi ra, trong 1 tn phn chung cn c trung bnh: 2g Cu, 4g B, 30-50g
MnO, 82-96g Zn.
2.2.2. Cc yu t c th nh hng ti thnh phn v cht lng ca phn
chung
- Gia sc: Mi loi gia sc c c im dinh dng khc nhau nn
thnh phn phn do chng bi tit ra cng khc nhau. Tnh trng sc kho,
74

tui gia sc v cch nui dng gia sc cng nh hng n thnh phn, cht
lng phn. Trong s cc loi phn gia sc th phn tru b thng ngho dinh dng
hn c.

- Cht n chung: c tc dng lm tng khi lng v cht lng ca

phn chung do khi lng v kh nng hp th ca cht n lm gim vic mt
m v cc cht dinh dng khc. Cht n cn lm cho chung tri c v
sinh hn, to cho ng phn ti xp, m hot ng phn gii ca VSV
c thun li.
Lng cht n chung cng nhiu, cng lm tng khi lng phn chung
v gim vic mt m, nhng nu qu nhiu li lm cho phn tr nn kh phn
gii. Lng cht n chung hp l cho mi u gia sc trong 1 ngy m i vi:
ln: 1 - 2kg; b: 4 - 5 kg; tru: 5 - 7 kg.
Bng 3. 5. nh hng ca vic n chung n
lng v cht lng phn chung
Lng cht n
kh cho 1 u gia
sc (kg/ngy)

n rm r
Lng phn
c sau 200
ngy (tn)
7,2
8,6
10,2

n than bn

Mt N sau
105 ngy
(%)
43,9
31,2
13,3

Lng phn c Mt N sau

sau 200 ngy
105 ngy
(tn)
(%)
2
7,7
25,2
4
9,2
13,7
6
10,4
3,4
Ngun: V Hu Ym, 1995
- Phng php ch bin, bo qun phn: Phng php bo qun ch bin
cng nh hng r n thnh phn, cht lng ca phn chung. Cc phng
php ch bin phn nhanh c phn chung s dng thng dn n mt nhiu
cht hu c v m hn.
Bng 3. 6. nh hng ca phng php ti cht lng phn chung
Phng php

xp
hn hp

n bng rm r
Mt cht hu
Mt N (%)
c (%)
32,6
31,4
24,6
21,6
75

n bng than bn
Mt cht hu
Mt N (%)
c (%)
40,0
25,2
32,9
17,0

 cht

12,2

10,7

7,0

1,0

2.3. Tnh cht ca phn chung

Phn chung l loi phn hu c in hnh, rt ph bin, c y nht tc
dng ca phn hu c (ci to tnh cht t, cung cp dinh dng, tham gia vo
vng tun hon vt cht t nhin v bo v mi trng).
- V mt dinh dng phn chung c cc c im sau:
L loi phn hn hp, c cha hu ht cc nguyn t dinh dng t a
lng, n trung lng, vi lng v c cc cht kch thch sinh trng. Trong
ba nguyn t dinh dng a lng th: kali chim t l cao nht v ch yu
dng d tiu i vi cy, ln c h s s dng kh, m ch yu dng hu
c nhng cng c mt phn d tiu m cy trng c th s dng ngay (NH 4+,
NO3-). Do vy, bn phn chung vi liu lng thch ng s cung cp t t dinh dng cho
cy trng , bn nhiu cng khng s gy nh hng xu ti cy nh trng hp bn nhiu phn
khong cho cc cy trng mn cm vi nng mui cao.

- Tuy nhin phn chung cng c nhiu nhc im, c th nh sau:

+ T l cc nguyn t dinh dng (k c a lng) c trong phn chung
u mc rt thp (< 1%), hiu qu chm hn nhiu so vi phn ho hc. Do vy
p ng tt yu cu dinh dng ca cy trng, khi bn phn chung rt
cn phi kt hp bn vi phn ho hc.
+ S dng phn chung c chi ph vn chuyn, bo qun v bn phn
ln so vi phn ho hc.
- Phn chung l loi phn hu c cn thit phi bo qun, ch bin do
cc l do sau:

Phn thi ra khng c bn ngay v sn xut nng nghip theo ma v,

cht lng phn s b gim i nhiu nu khng c bo qun tt.
Trong phn chung cn c th c: mm mng bnh, ht c di cn c x
l trc khi dng.
- Trong qu trnh ch bin phn chung, khi lng phn v t l cht hu
c gim i ng k so vi ban u nhng t l N, P2O5, K2O tng ln.
76

Tu theo mc phn gii ca phn ngi ta phn bit: phn chung

ti t bin i, phn na hoai mc, phn hoai mc v mn
- Phn chung phn nh kh trung thc thnh phn ho hc ca t
a phng, do t ngho hay giu cht dinh dng no th trong phn chung
cng s ngho hay giu cht dinh dng .
- Nc gii gia sc, nc phn chung c th coi l loi phn hn hp
NPK (c 0,2-0,25%N, 0,01%P2O5, 0,4-0,5%K2O) dng ho tan m cy trng
c th s dng c ngay, nhng cng rt d mt N di dng NH3.
2.4. Cc phng php bo qun v ch bin phn chung
2.4.1. Phng php nng ( xp)
Cch lm: Ly phn t chung ra, nh thnh ng, khng nn trong lp
phn c nhiu khng kh (cho phn c phn gii trong iu kin ho kh), nhit
trong ng phn tng nhanh v t 60 - 70 oC, sau khong 4-6 ngy do ng
phn c phn hu mnh nn xp xung th li xp tip mt lp phn khc khc
ln trn v lp li nh trn cho n khi ly ht phn t trong chung ra. Trong
phng php ny, to iu kin thong kh cho qu trnh phn gii, khng che
ph trc tip bt c vt g nn trn ng phn v phn trong nh c mi che.
2.4.2. Phng php ngui ( cht)
Phng php ny c th thc hin theo 2 cch:
- Cch th nht (p dng trong nh cha phn): u tin phn c
ly t chung ra, ri thnh lp dy 0,3 -0,4 m cn chiu rng ca ng phn th
tu theo khi lng phn chung c nhiu hay t, dao ng t 1,5 3,0 m. Bc
tip theo tin hnh nn cht v ti nc vo lp phn nhm y ht khng kh ra
khi lp phn. Tip tc xp tip lp phn khc ln v lp li nh trn n khi ng
phn t chiu cao khong 1,5 m th dng bn, t hay rm r ph kn ng phn.
- Cch th hai (p dng ngay ti chung gia sc): Gia sc b nht i li t
do trn lp phn c tc dng nn cht lp phn. Cht n c gi nguyn nu s
dng mt lng ln cht n ngay t u, hay n thm hng ngy. Mi nm ly
phn ra s dng 1-2 ln.
2.4.3. Phng php hn hp ( nng trc, ngui sau)
Cch lm: u tin phn c ly t chung ra, xp thnh lp dy 0,8-1,0
m khng nn cht, to iu kin phn gii trong iu kin ho kh, lm nhit
77

ln cao. Sau 3 - 4 ngy nhit trong dng phn t 60-70 oC, cht hu c bt u
phn gii mnh th bt u nn cn thn lp phn v ti nc y ht khng
kh ra khi ng phn (Nhit trong ng phn h xung ch cn khong 3035oC). Bc tip theo, xp tip lp phn khc ln trn lp phn nu trn v lm li
nh trn cho n khi ng phn cao chng 2,0 m th dng t, bn hay rm r
ph kn. Thnh thong ti nc (nu l nc phn hay nc tiu th cng tt) gi
cho m t 60 70% phn chung phn gii thun li. Phn chung m,
thong, sau mt thi gian s xut hin nhng si mc trng l c th s
dng.
2.4.4. Cc bin php nng cao cht lng phn chung khi
Trong qu trnh bo qun, ch bin phi m bo gi c cht lng v t l cc
cht dinh dng c trong phn, trong vic gi cho m khi b mt l ch yu. C
mt s bin php k thut nng cao cht lng phn chung khi nh sau:

- Trn thm phn ln khi phn chung (nht l phn chung c nhiu
cht n) c tc dng tng hot ng ca VSV, lm cho phn chung chng hoai,
phn ln tr thnh d tiu hn, kh bt c, kh mi hi, tng cht dinh dng v
gim mt m. Cn ch trn u phn ln vi phn chung, c th s dng supe
ln n (2%), phosphorit (3 4%) trn.
Bng 3.7. nh hng ca vic trn phn ln n v phosphorit n vic
mt cht hu c v m trong qu trnh phn
Cng thc th nghim
Khng trn
Trn vi phosphorit 3%
Trn vi supe ln n 2%

Mt sau khi 4 thng (%)

Cht hu c
m
58,1
19,6
42,6
5,4
41,4
3,3

- Trn thm t bt vi phn chung khi cng c tc dng tt do kh

nng hp thu trao i ca t gi cho NH3 v nc phn khi b mt. t c TPCG
nng cng c gi c nhiu m v ngc li. Bin php ny khng nn p dng
khi PC c nhiu cht n.
- Lm mi che nng, che ma: cho ng phn phn b kh v trnh
hin tng b nc ma xi trc tip vo, lm mt dinh dng (c bit cn thit
khi p dng phng php xp).
78

- phn chung trn sn cng (ximng hay lt gch, ) chng mt

nc phn. Nn tn thu nc phn ti vo ng phn , bo m phm cht
phn chung cao hn, hay c th dng nc phn lm phn chung nhn to.
2.4.5. Phng php bo qun phn chung ly kh t
L phng php bo qun, ch bin phn chung trong iu kin ym
kh hon ton m bo khng mt m, ng thi thu c hn hp kh
bc ra (CH4 chim 60%) v hn hp kh ny c th s dng lm cht t. Bng
phng php ny 1 tn phn chung, c th sn xut c 200 lt kh t, v 1 u
tru b ln trong mt nm c th sn xut t 1800 - 2000 lt. Qu trnh ny xy ra
hon ton do s tc ng ca VSV ym kh Metanobacterium omelianski. V
vy loi kh t c to thnh t phng php phn chung ny gi l kh sinh
hc (biogas).
Mt s iu kin ca phng php bo qun phn chung theo phng
php ny l: Phi m bo hon ton ym kh, nhit lun lun n nh
khong 30oC, dinh dng khong cho VSV hot ng, mi trng phi trung
ho hoc hi kim.
Phn chung c bo qun theo phng php ny s b mt rt t m, 25
30% m trong phn chung chuyn qua m d tiu, t l m amniac c
khi ln ti 45% tng s m. Khi a phn ra s dng cn ch vi phn
trnh mt m.
2.5. K thut s dng phn chung
- Phn chung sau khi c phi vn chuyn sm ra ngoi ng v
vi ngay vo trong t trnh mt m dng d tiu (35 40%).
- Nn dng phn chung na hoai mc trong trng trt va c li v
mt cung cp dinh dng cho cy va c li v mt ci to t. Do loi phn
ny cha nhiu m hn v tc ng n vic hnh thnh kt cu, ci to t tt
hn mn.
- Ch dng phn chung c hoai mc hon ton khi bn cho rung
m, vm m cy con, v cc loi rau ngn ngy.
- Khng nn bn phn chung ti, nht l khi phn c n nhiu rm
r v qu trnh phn gii rm r trong t lm hm lng m, ln d tiu trong
t gim i d l tm thi cng lm cho cy gp kh khn.
79

- Hiu lc ca phn chung ko di qua nhiu nm, do h s s dng

cc cht dinh dng N, P, K ca phn chung ko di qua nhiu nm.
Bng 3.8. H s s dng cc cht dinh dng chnh
ca PC na hoai(%)
Thi gian
Nm u
Nm th 2
Nm th 3

N
20-30
20-25
5-10

P2O5
30-40
10-15
0-5

K2 O
50-70
15-20
5-10

- V mt cung cp dinh dng cho cy trng c th coi bn phn

chung trc ht nhm m bo cung cp dinh dng kali v so vi N, P phn
c hm lng kali thng cao hn c, m hiu lc ca kali trong phn nh kali
trong phn ho hc.
- Hiu lc ca phn chung ph thuc nhiu vo s lng v cht lng
ca phn em dng, iu kin kh hu thi tit v t ai ni bn phn, c
tnh sinh hc ca cy c bn phn.
Bng 3. 9. nh hng ca bn lin tc trong 30 nm
nhng lng phn chung ln ti hm lng mn trong t
Cng thc bn phn
Khng bn phn
Bn 20 tn phn chung/ha
Bn 40 tn phn chung/ha
Bn 80 tn phn chung/ha

T l mn trong cc tng t (%)

0-20 cm
20-40 cm
3,75
3,45
4,58
4,39
4,97
4,54
5,25
4,72

- Nn phi hp bn phn chung ng thi vi phn ho hc do tc

ng tng h m lm tng hiu lc chung ca vic bn phn.
- Phn chung ch nn bn lt, bn xong cn c vi ngay vo t
trnh mt N. Bn phn chung vng t c thnh phn c gii nh, kh hu
kh cn vi phn su hn. Khi buc phi bn thc bng phn chung th phi
dng loi phn c hoai mc hay nc phn.
- Phn chung c hm lng dinh dng thp li hn ch v N, phn nh
trung thc tnh cht ho hc t a phng. V vy trong thm canh cy trng
80

khng th ch da vo phn chung, m phi cn c vo nng sut k hoch

b sung thm phn ho hc mi c th t nng sut cy trng cao, phm
cht tt. Cng khng th ch da vo phn chung m ci to hiu qu tnh
cht ho hc t v p ng yu cu dinh dng vi lng cho cy trng.

81

3. Phn xanh (1 tit)

3.1. Khi nim chung v phn xanh
3.1.1 Khi nim v phn xanh
Phn xanh l bin php trng cc cy c kh nng c nh m (ch
yu l cy b u) ri vi cht xanh vo t nhm cung cp dinh dng cho
cy trng, ng thi lm giu cc cht dinh dng m ch yu l N v cht
hu c cho lp t canh tc.
y l bin php sn xut phn hu c ti ch, c bit c ngha i
vi cc vng t i ni, t bc mu v vng canh tc xa khu dn c l
nhng ni c nh cu s dng phn hu c cao li gp kh khn v vn
chuyn.
Phn xanh cn l bin php sn xut N sinh hc nh cy b u (c cc
VSV cng sinh r nn c kh nng c nh N kh quyn) vi vic s dng 40-60
kg P2O5 v K2O cho 1 ha sn xut ra lng N cung cp cho chnh bn
thn cy b u, ng thi cn li t 60-200 kg N/ha cho cy trng khc.
Trong iu kin phn ln c nhiu, gi li r cn phn m c t gi
thnh cao, trng cy phn xanh cn l bin php bin phn ln thnh phn
N.
3.1.2 c im cy phn xanh
cy phn xanh c th p ng c nhng yu cu nu trn, cc cy
phn xanh c la chn theo mt s tiu chun sau:
- Cy c kh nng pht trin mnh: do vy cn c b r pht trin mnh,
tn l pht trin nhanh, c kh nng cho nng sut cht xanh cao trong mt thi
gian ngn.
- C kh nng thch ng rng: Khng mn cm vi pH, khng i hi
nhiu cht dinh dng, c kh nng ng ho ln kh tiu cao, pht trin c c
trn t c tng canh tc mng, chu hn hay tha m tt.
- t b su bnh: do su bnh hi c kh nng lan truyn t loi cy ny sang
loi cy khc, v trng ny sang v trng khc. m bo khng ly su bnh
hi cho cy trng chnh cy phn xanh cn t b su bnh.
- C h s nhn ging cao: cc cy phn xanh thng l cc cy d trng,
c th trng di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau (c th trng bng cnh, ht, hom...).
82

Tuy nhin hnh thc trng bng ht l hnh thc c bn v thun tin nn cc cy
phn xanh thng c nhiu ht, ht c kch thc nh, d ny mm v pht tn.
- C hm lng N, P, K cao: nht l N, ng thi c t l C/N khng qu
cao chng hoai mc.
- C nhiu tc dng: C th s dng lm phn bn, lm thc n cho chn
nui, l cy che ph t chng xi mn ra tri, thn cnh c th dng lm ci
un...
3.1.3. Phn loi cy phn xanh
Cn c vo c im thc vt hc v tc dng ca cy phn xanh ngi ta
chia chng thnh 2 nhm ln:
* Nhm cy phn xanh vng i ni
Nhm cy phn xanh vng i ni c 2 nhim v ch yu l: lm phn
bn v che ph t chng xi mn. ng thi chng phi m bo c th chu
chua v hn cao, mc tt trn t c tng canh tc mng, c tn l che ph
t cng nhanh cng tt vd: ct kh, keo du, c Stylo, chm, u mo, u
triu ....
* Nhm cy phn xanh vng ng bng
Cy phn xanh thuc nhm ny tu thuc vo c tnh v a bn s
dng c th chia ra: cc cy phn xanh trn t bc mu, cy phn xanh trn t
mn, cy phn xanh trn t la.
- Cy phn xanh trn t bc mu: l cc cy phn xanh c kh nng chu
chua, chu hn, chu ngho cht dinh dng vd: cc loi mung (l di, l trn, l
i, mi mc, mung si)....; cc loi u; in thanh hoa vng.
- Cy phn xanh trn t mn: l cc cy c th pht trin bnh thng
trong iu kin t c tng s mui tan t ti 0,4% vd: in thanh Ai Cp, in
thanh ht trn-in thanh lu nin.
- Cc cy phn xanh ph hp cho rung la: l cc cy sng c trong
iu kin tha m. Phn xanh ph bin vng t la l in thanh hoa vng, bo
du.

83

3.2. Vai tr ca phn xanh

3.2.1. Tc dng cung cp dinh dng cho cy trng ngay v t u
Hm lng m tng s trong phn xanh thng cao hn phn chung
(in thanh ti c hm lng m 0,5%; ln 0,07%; kali 0,15%), ng thi
phn xanh c hm lng m d tiu cng nh h s s dng cht dinh
dng cao gp 2 ln phn chung.
V vy: khi vi cy phn xanh ng lc thn l non c t l dinh dng
cao, t l C/N thp, nhiu nc phn s nhanh chng c phn gii cung
cp thc n cho cy trng, lm tng nng sut cy trng r, c th gp 2 ln
so vi bn cng lng phn chung ngay v u. Tc dng ca cy phn
xanh t cng xu cng r.
Bng 3.10. nh hng ca mung l di n nng
sut v phm cht go
Cng thc
i chng
Mung l di 10 t/ha
Mung l di 20 t/ha
Mung l di 30 t/ha

Lng m tng
ng (kg/ha)
0
44
88
132

Nng sut la
(t/ha)
27,7
38,4
47,0
47,3

Hm lng prtin
trong go (%)
7,1
7,7
9,8
10,9

3.2.2. Phn xanh l bin php tng hp ci to t nhanh v hiu qu

- S dng phn xanh c th ci to nhanh v tng hp ho tnh t do:
+ Lng cht xanh ln vi t l N cao khi c vi vo t c tc dng lm

tng nhanh hm lng hu c v N cho lp t canh tc.

+ B r cy phn xanh pht trin mnh li c kh nng s dng dng dinh
dng kh tiu cao nn ht c nhiu thc n c d tiu v kh tiu t cc tng
t su tch lu vo trong cy ri lm lp t mt ngy cng tr nn giu dinh
dng.

84

Bng 3. 11. nh hng ca vic trng v vi in thanh

ti hm lng N, P2O5 v cht hu c trong t
Cht hu c %
Sau 3 v
Trc gi
gi in
v
thanh
1,100
1,463

Ln tng s %
Sau 3 v
Trc gi
gi in
v
thanh
0,114
0,157
Ngun: L Vn Cn 1978
- S dng phn xanh cn c kh nng ci to nhanh v tng hp tnh
cht vt l ca t do:
+ Tc dng ca lng cht xanh sau khi cy vi lm tng cht hu c, mn,
lm cho t c kt cu, ch nc, ch kh, ch nhit tt hn cho t.
+ Tc dng ca r cy phn xanh trong vic nn p v phn ct t lm cho
lp t canh tc su thm v ti xp c kt cu hn nn ph nhiu hn.
Bng 3. 12. nh hng ca vic trng v vi in thanh lm phn bn
n dung trong, t trng, xp ca t
Cng thc
i chng
Phn xanh

m tng s %
Sau 3 v
Trc gi
gi in
v
thanh
0,100
0,125

Dung trng
1,28
1,11

T trng
2,61
2,56

xp (%)
50
56

- Phn xanh cn to iu kin tt cho vi sinh vt hot ng v pht

trin rt nhanh
Hot ng sng ca cc vi sinh vt t bt u tng t khi cy bt u sinh
trng pht trin, c bit vo thi im khi cy hnh thnh nt sn. Hot ng
ca VSV t cng mnh sau khi cy vi cy phn xanh vo t.

Bng 3. 13. nh hng ca vi phn xanh n s pht trin

cc loi vi sinh vt (triu con/g t kh)

85

Vi sinh vt
Chuyn ho amn
Vi sinh vt ym kh
Azotobacter

Khng phn xanh

54
55
39

C phn xanh
92
95
69

Vy: Cy phn xanh l bin php ci to t rt hiu qu, c bit i

vi cc vng t mi khai hoang, t bc mu, t ct, t mn ven bin.
3.2.3. Tc dng ci to t mn ca cy phn xanh
Trong t mn c tng s mui tan cao (0,4%) v c nhiu Na + gy nh
hng xu n cy v t. Chnh v vy vic trng cy phn xanh chu mn c
nhng tc dng sau:
- Che ph t nhanh nn gim c lng nc bc hi t mt t,
gim c vic tng nng mn v bc mn t nc ngm.
- Nh phn gii cht hu c khi vi cy phn xanh vo t m lm
gim tc hi phn tn keo t ca Na+.
Bng .3.14. nh hng ca vic trng cy phn xanh n mn ca t
su (cm)
Thi gian
Hm lng
Trc khi
trng
mui trong Nm th nht
t %
Nm th hai
Nm th ba
T l mui Nm th nht
b ra %
Nm th hai
Nm th ba

0 5

5 20

20 40

Bnh qun
0 40

0,21
0,06
0,03
0,03

0,19
0,10
0,06
0,03

0,16
0,10
0,08
0,04

0,19
0,09
0,06
0,03

71,42
85,72
85,72

47,36
68,42
84,14

37,50
50,00
75,00

52,63
68,42
84,21

3.2.4. Tc dng bo v t chng xi mn, ra tri cht dinh dng v gi

nc cho t, chng c di pht trin

86

- Tc dng chng xi mn, ra tri: Khi mt t c cy phn xanh che

ph trnh c ma xi trc tip ph v kt cu t v chy trn trn mt t
thnh dng cun tri t v cc cht ho tan, ng thi cn c gi nn c tc
dng chng xi mn ra tri do nc v gi gy nn.
Bng 3.15. Tc dng ca vic trng cy phn xanh
trong hn ch xi mn t
Lng t b xi mn
Cng thc v thi gian trng
Tn/ha
%
1. Lc trng thun
35,4
100
2. Trng Lc c bng phn xanh
11,7
33
3. Sn trng thun
106,1
100
4. Trng sn c bng phn xanh
32,5
42,3
- Tc dng gi nc cho t: Do cy che ph mt t khng cho nh nng
chiu trc tip vo t, nn gim c s tiu hao cht hu c v bc hi nc
ca t, ng thi nc li d dng theo cc r cy phn xanh thm c nhiu
vo t nn gi c nc cho t.
- Tc dng chng c di pht trin: Cy phn xanh pht trin mnh thnh
thm thc vt c ch (nht l khi trng cc cy phn xanh thn b) c tc dng ln
t khng cho c di pht trin.
Bng. 3. 16. Tc dng ln t c di ca vic trng u Mo
C di
C tranh (cy/m2)
C khc (kg/m2)

Di u Mo
3
0,11

t trng
11
0,34

3.2.5. Tc dng cung cp thc n cho gia sc v gii quyt cht t

- Tc dng lm ngun thc n cho chn nui: Do cc cy phn xanh c
cha t l alcaloit thp (bo du, u mo, keo du, c Stylo) nn khng c cht
gy c, ng khi gia sc n, li c hm lng dinh dng cao v vy ngoi vai tr
lm phn bn cc cy phn xanh cn c tc dng lm ngun thc n cho chn nui
rt tt vd: bo du, u mo, cy keo du, cy stylo...
- Tc dng lm cht t: Nhiu cy phn xanh c c im thc vt hc l
nhng cy thn bi, thn g nn vic trng cc cy ny va c kh nng ly l
87

xanh bn rung va c th ly thn cnh lm cht t rt tt vd: keo du, ct kh,

in thanh...
3.3. K thut s dng phn xanh
3.3.1. V tr cy phn xanh trong h thng canh tc
Vic b tr trng cy phn xanh trong h thng lun canh da vo cc c
im ch yu sau: tp qun canh tc ca ngi dn, tnh hnh t ai, nhn
lc, li ch v mt kinh t v gi tr ngy cng lao ng a phng trn c
s phc v cy trng chnh...
- Cy phn xanh trng xen: l hnh thc trng cy phn xanh cng vi
cy trng chnh, thng pht trin mnh vng trng cc cy di ngy trc
khi cy trng chnh khp tn. Vd: trng xen mung, ct kh hay u vi ma,
c ph, cao su, cy n qu...hay th bo du vo rung la. Trong thc t cn
trng xen cy phn xanh thnh cc bng ngang theo chiu dc hay mp cc
bc thang trng cy lu nm nhm bo v t chng xi mn v cung cp phn
bn ti ch.
- Cy phn xanh trng gi: l hnh thc gieo, trng cy phn xanh vo
cui v ca cy trng chnh v trc, sau khi thu hoch cy trng chnh v
trc, phn xanh pht trin tip thm 1 thi gian, ri vi lm phn bn
cho cy trng chnh v sau. Nhng vng trng la, mu gieo phn xanh theo
hnh thc gi l chnh. VD: ng bng, thi gian t ngh gia 2 v la xun v la ma
l t thng 6 n thng 7; vy c th gieo thm 1 v phn xanh theo hnh thc trng gi. Trc
khi gt la xun 15 - 16 ngy, rt kh nc, gieo ht cy cy in thanh trong rung la. Khi gt
la in thanh cao khong 10 cm, sau 45 ngy cy ph kn mt t. Trc khi cy v ma th
cy vi in thanh lm phn bn.

- Phn xanh trng thun: l hnh thc trng ring cy phn xanh mt
ni, ct l i bn cho cy trng chnh mt ni khc. Thng l phng thc
trng cy phn xanh tn dng t ai. Vd: nhng chn rung thiu nc v xun
thng khng cy c la, vo thng 3 c th gieo in thanh, sau gieo 2 - 3 thng c
th cy vi in thanh lm phn bn cho la ma. cc vng ng bng thng tn
dng b ro, b mng, ven ng i... gieo in thanh, ct kh...va ly l xanh bn
cho rung, va ly ci.

88

3.3.2. K thut vi phn xanh

Thi gian vi hoc ct cy phn xanh thch hp nht l lc cy c nng
sut cht kh cao nht, tng sn lng N tch lu trong l cao nht, t l C/N
thp, d b phn gii vd: i vi cy b u l thi k cy bt u ra hoa. Khi vi
cy phn xanh cn ch mt s im sau:
- Bn thm ln khi cy vi cy phn xanh va xc tin nhanh vic phn
gii cht hu c v lm cn i hn vic cung cp dinh dng cho cy trng.
- i vi t trng mu, t c thnh phn c gii nh cn vi phn
xanh su vo tng c m n nh. Vi phn xanh trn t chua cn bn
thm vi hay photphorit, ln nung chy to thun li cho hot ng phn
gii cht hu c. Nn vi phn xanh trong v h thun li cho qu trnh
phn gii cht hu c.
- Khi vi phn xanh trn t trng la cn ch trnh phn xanh
phn gii trong iu kin ym kh ca rung la ngp nc c th dn n
vic kh cc hp cht S cha trong phn thnh H 2S gy c ch vic ht nc v
dinh dng ca cy la. khc phc hin tng ny cn cy vi cy phn xanh
vo t sm, tt nht trc khi a nc vo rung, sau khi a nc vo ri th
li tin hnh ba k nhiu ln, trn t chua phi tin hnh bn vi. an ton
nn cy vi trc khi cy khong 20 ngy.

89

4. Cc loi phn hu c khc (2 tit)

4.1. Than bn
4.1.1. Khi nim v than bn
L mt lp hu c bao gm nhng phn cn li ca thc vt ang b
phn gii d dang, mn mc v cc cht khong c hnh thnh do s tch
lu lu i ca xc thc vt phn gii trong iu kin tha m, ym kh.
4.1.1. Phn loi than bn
- Tu thuc vo loi thc vt v iu kin hnh thnh c th chia than bn
thnh 2 loi:
+ Than bn nng: l loi than bn c hnh thnh trong iu kin a
hnh tng i cao hoc lp trn ni than bn su l ra, t cc loi cy c
nhu cu dinh dng thp v vy loi than bn ny c t l dinh dng thp, phn
ng chua n chua mnh, mc mn ho thp, c kh nng ht nc mnh. Loi
than bn ny thng dng lm nguyn liu n chung tt.
+ Than bn su: c to thnh ni c a hnh thp, t cc cy c t
l m v cc cht tro cao nn c phn hu kh, nhng c kh nng hp
thu km, tng i giu m v cht khong, t chua. Loi than bn ny c th
dng trc tip lm phn bn.
Trong thc t cn gp loi than bn trung gian.
- Tu thuc mc phn gii ca than bn chia chng thnh 3 loi:
+ Than bn phn gii yu: phn ln xc thc vt trong than bn vn cn
nguyn hnh dng t nhin, c nhiu nc v ch c < 20% cht hu c
mn ho.
+ Than bn phn gii trung bnh: kh c th phn bit c hnh dng
xc thc vt c trong than bn, c t nc v 20-40% cht hu c mn
ho.
+ Than bn phn gii mnh: khng cn nhn thy xc hu c c trong
than bn, c rt t nc, do dnh v >40% cht hu c mn ho.
4.1.2. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca than bn
Thnh phn cc cht dinh dng c trong than bn ging nh trong phn
chung, nhng khc v t l. Trong than bn c t l ln v kali t hn, cn N
v cht hu c cao hn nhiu so vi t l cc cht tng ng c trong phn
90

chung. N, P, K ca than bn c tnh cht ging nh trong phn chung, trong

m ch yu dng hu c - cn thng qua qu trnh khong ho cy mi s
dng c. Kali dng d tiu cy c th ng ho c ngay.
Bng. 3. 17. Thnh phn ca than bn
Loi
bn

than

TB nng
TB trung gian
TB su

T l cc cht (% cht kh)

Cc nguyn t
tro
2-5
5-10
8-15

P2O5

K2 O

CaO

0,7-1,5
1,2-2,5
2,5-3,5

0,05-0,15
0,10-0,25
0,20-0,60

0,05-0,10
0,10-0,15
0,15-0,20

0,2-0,4
0,4-2,0
2,0-6,0

Thnh phn ca than bn rt khc nhau, tu thuc vo ni khai thc.

N thng bao gm cc cht sau:
- Cc hp cht hu c (39,5 60,5%) v t l axit humic - c tc dng
nh l mt cht kch thch sinh trng ng k (10,1 24,3%).
- Cc hp cht v c
- Cc nguyn t vi lng (nhng thng ngho hn so vi phn chung
c bit l Cu).
- Mt s cht ho hc: CH4, H2S, Fe3+, Al3+ n
u cc cht ny c t l cao c kh nng gy hi ti cy trng.
- nc ta hu ht cc m than bn c pH < 5, nhng m c hnh
thnh gn khu vc vi th c th pH = 7.
4.1.3. S dng than bn
* Dng than bn lm phn
y l hnh thc dng than bn ph bin. Thng dng than bn su,
than bn nng phn gii mnh vi cc loi phn hu c c hot tnh sinh
hc cao (phn chung, nc gii, phn bc) phi hp thm vi 2-3% bt
photphorit to ra mt loi phn c cht lng v cch s dng nh phn
chung. Tu theo i tng vi than bn m i hi than bn c m
v t l phi hp gia than bn v i tng khc nhau.
Vd: + Khi than bn vi phn chung th cn x l than bn c m t
60 65%; t l 1 phn chung : 2 3 phn than bn
91

+ Khi than bn vi nc gii th tu thuc vo m ca than bn m

c 1 tn than bn s phi hp vi 0,2 1 tn nc gii.
+ Khi trn vi phn bc ta dng than bn c m 40 50% v theo
t l 5 tn than bn vi 1 tn phn bc.
* Dng than bn lm cht n chung
Thng s dng than bn nng lm cht n chung (do kh nng gi
nc v hp th kh cao). m than bn khong 20 30% l thch hp
nht cho vic n. Nu than bn m qu th kh nng gi nc v ht kh c
gim, cn kh qu th bi, c th gy hi cho tui gia sc. Vd: Lng than bn cho 1
ngy i vi tru, b t 5 - 7 kg/con; i vi ln t 3 - 5 kg/con.

Bng 3.18. Tc dng dng than bn lm cht n

TT
1
2
3
4

Cng thc th nghim bn 10t/ha

Khng bn
Phn chung khng n
Than bn
Than bn n chung, t l 1 : 1

Nng sut (t/ha)

37,7
41,5
40,6
46,7

T l tng (%)
100,0
110,0
107,6
123,3

*Dng than bn trc tip cho cy trng

Than bn su, sau khi x l kh ht cc cht c th gy c cho cy
bng cch phi kh ngoi khng kh v c th trn thm vi c pH > 5,5
th c th dng trc tip di cc hnh thc sau:
+ Bn trc tip cho cy: thng s dng i vi cy lu nm, bn vi
lng ln (nh phn chung) v phi hp vi phn khong.
+ Dng lm bu m cho cy con: i vi cc loi cy rau, bng, c ph,
ch... hay lm bu gim chit cnh cc loi cy n qu.
* Dng than bn ph gc
Trong thc t ngi ta thng dng cc loi than bn km phn gii lm
nguyn liu che ph gc cho cc cy cng nghip, cy n qu... vng i.
Hnh thc s dng than bn ny to iu kin cho lp mt ca t c ch
nc, ch kh, ch nhit tt hn. ng thi ngn nga c s xi mn,
ra tri, hn ch s pht trin ca c di. Sau mt thi gian dng than bn
92

che ph t ny c th cy lp lp than bn vo t nhm b sung thm mn,

cc cht dinh dng cho cy v ci to t.
* Cc ng dng khc
- Lm cht mang trong sn xut phn vi sinh vt: Phi kh, p nh than bn ri kh
trng than bn thnh cht mang thanh trng trong sn xut loi phn VSV c cht mang thanh trng
hay khng cn kh trng (vi lng than bn ln) sn xut phn VSV c cht mang khng thanh
trng.

- Ch bin axt humic v cc cht kch thch sinh trng nh: a humic, humat
natri, humat amn...

- Lm phn hn hp hu c - v c: Phi hp than bn sau khi x l cho ht cht

c (phi, p nh) vi t l phn v c nht nh.

4.2. Phn bc
4.2.1. Khi nim
Phn bc nc gii l sn phm bi tit ca con ngi trong qu trnh
tiu ho. Trung bnh 1 ngi trng thnh bi tit trong 1 nm 90 kg phn v 700 lt
nc gii.

S dng phn bc nc gii hng nm c th tit kim c mt khi

lng ln phn ho hc, ng thi cng l hnh thc x l ngun ph thi
gy nhim mi trng rt hiu qu.
4.2.2 Thnh phn v tnh cht phn bc nc gii
Thnh phn hu c v cht dinh dng c trong phn bc, nc gii thay
i rt nhiu tu theo ch n ung, tnh trng sc kho, tui...ca con
ngi.
Bng. 3.19.Thnh phn cc cht trong phn bc nc gii (%)
Nguyn liu phn tch
Phn bc
Nc gii
Phn bc - nc gii

H2 O
>70
> 90

Cht H/C
20
3
5-10

* Phn bc
- Thnh phn:

93

N
1,00
0,5
0,5-0,8

P2O5
0,5
0,13
0,2-0,4

K2O
0,37
0,19
0,2-0,3

+ 75 85% nc, 15 35% cht kh. Trong cht kh c t 8 18% tro,

ch yu l cc mui dng silicat, phosphat, clorua, sulfat, canxi, magie, kali,
natri...c bit c cha nhiu NaCl.
+ C t l N, P cao hn trong phn chung, di dng hu c v d
phn gii hn phn chung nhiu.
+ C t l cht x (xenlulo) thp, lignin hu nh khng c nn phn ny
d phn gii v kh nng ci to t km.
- Tnh cht:
+ Phn bc c phn ng trung tnh, c mu vng (do c cht bilirulin bi
tit ra mt), mi thi do cha cc cht axit caproic, H2S, NH3 ...
+ y l loi phn hu c c hot tnh sinh hc cao do c rt nhiu vi
sinh vt, ng thi cng c nhiu k sinh trng ng rut c kh nng lan
truyn bnh do vy cn c x l trc khi bn cho cy.
* Nc gii
- Thnh phn: C khong 95% nc, 5% cht kh v cc cht ho tan
dng ur, axit uric, NaCl, KCl, K2SO4, cc photphat ho tan, vi lng, cht
kch thch sinh trng.
- Tnh cht:
+ C mi khai (do NH3 to nn). Nc gii mi c phn ng chua hoc
hi chua. lu c phn ng hi kim.
+ Trong nc gii N ch yu tn ti di dng ure nn d ng ho, d
bay mt. T l ure v cc mui khong c trong nc gii l ng k nn dng
trc tip s lm cy b nh hng xu. Nc gii lu hoc s s dng tt
hn v ure s chuyn thnh (NH4)2CO3.
4.2.3 S dng phn bc nc gii
- Bo qun v ch bin phn bc nc gii: nhm dit vi trng gy bnh
v trng giun sn, hn ch s lan truyn bnh v khng lm xt cy khi s
dng th phn bc, nc gii nht thit phi c hoai ri mi s dng.
+ Nc gii nn cha ring do chng c s dng, bo qun cn y
np thit b cha nc gii, thnh thong rc supe ln vo, hay 1 t du
lm thnh lp vng trn mt hn ch rt nhiu vic mt N. Khng tr nc
94

gii bng tro bp v s lm m bay mt nhiu, dng t bt c th gi li c

80% N.
+ Phn bc vi tro: to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh khong ho
nhanh va lm cho nhng cht c mi hi thi trong phn b mt. Dng supe
ln bo qun v phn bc c tc dng lm gim s mt m rt r vi t
l supe ln t 2 3%. Dng t bt vi phn bc c u im l mt m t
hn so vi tro.
- S dng phn bc, nc gii:
+ Phn bc trong h x 2 ngn c dng cht n (tro bp, t bt, than
bn) va v sinh va mt N sau mt thng c th dng bn. Phn bc ly
t h x t hoi c th s dng ngay sau khi kim tra hm lng kim loi
nng.
+ Mc d l phn hu c, nhng khi s dng phn bc vn cn kt hp s
dng thm vi cc loi phn hu c khc m bo tnh cht vt l tt cho
t.
+ Lng phn dng bn lt ch nn 1-4 tn/ha, c th dng phn bc
hoai bn thc hay trn vi 6-7 phn H2O ti cho cy.
4.3. Phn gia cm
- Khi nim: l sn phm bi tit ca cc loi gia cm (g, vt, ngan,
ngng). Lng phn do mi con gia cm thi ra trong mt nn c th dao ng t:
6 15 kg (i vi g); 7 20 kg (i vi vt) v 10 30 kg (i vi ngng). Vic
s dng tt cc loi phn ny cng l hnh thc tn dng ngun phn c sn,
tit kim chi ph phn bn cho ngi nng dn. Gii quyt kh khn ln cho
cc trang tri chn nui gia cm l vic x l ngun ph thi gy nhim
mi trng mnh.
- Thnh phn: L loi phn hu c c tng i nhiu dinh dng bao
gm c cc cht dinh dng a (N, P, K), trung lng (Ca, Mg, S...). T l cc
cht dinh dng ny thay i rt nhiu ph thuc vo s lng, cht lng
thc n v loi gia cm.
Bng. 3. 20. Thnh phn ca phn gia cm (% )
Loi gia
cm

H2O

Hu c

P2O5
95

K2O

CaO

MgO

SO3

G
Vt
Ngng

50-56
57-60
77-80

25,5
26,2
23,4

1,6-2,2
0,8-1,1
0,6

1,5-1,8
1,4 -1,5
0,5

0,9-1,1
0,5-0,6
0,9-1,0

2,4
1,7
0,6

0,7
0,3
0,3

0.4
0,3
1,1

+ Thnh phn phn gia cm m c hn cc loi phn gia sc.

+ Phn gia cm l loi phn hn hp c hm lng cht dinh dng kh
cao, tc dng nhanh. N c trong phn gia cm di dng axit uric, khi s
dng phn ti d gy nh hng xu cho cy (xt). Thng qua qu trnh d
phn gii thnh ure v (NH4)2CO3 cho cy s dng nhng cng d b mt m
di dng NH3. khc phc hin tng ny trong qu trnh bo qun phn
tu theo khi lng phn m nn b xung thm supe ln (7 10%), than bn
(10 40%) hay rm r (25 50%).
+ Phn gia cm ti cn cha m dng amn, nn c th dng bin
php sy kh nhanh nhit cao, to ra sn phm phn gia cm kh c
cha 4 6%N, 2- 3% P2O5, 2 2,5% K2O.

- c im s dng:
+ L loi phn c th bn lt v thc, bn phn ti hay sau khi ch bin
u c. Phn s dng tt nht cho cc loi rau, khoai ty, cy ly c, chn
nui, cy n qu dng qu mng.
+ Lng phn bn lt cho rau v khoai ty: 1 2 tn/ha (i vi
dng phn xy kh); 4 6 tn/ha i vi dng phn ti khng n v 8 10
tn/ha i vi phn c n.
+ Lng phn dng bn thc cho cy trng 0,8 1 tn/ha (phn ti
khng n); bn theo hng, theo hc lng gim cn 0,4 0,6 tn/ha. S dng
phn xy kh bn thc th lng gim tng ng i mt na. Bn phn
gia cm ti di dng lng bng cch ho phn ti vi 6-7 phn H 2O
ti cy.
4.4. Phn rc
Phn rc c hm lng cc cht dinh dng gn ging vi phn
chung, c t l cc cht c th N: 0,6-0,7%; P 2O5 : 0,5-0,6%; K2O: 0,6-0,8%.
96

Kh nng phn gii ca phn trong t ph thuc vo thnh phn cc cht

c trong phn vd: phn rc nh bp d phn gii hn phn rc c nhiu giy, ti
nilon...
Trong sn xut phn rc cn ch : Phn loi nguyn liu , kch thc
nguyn liu, t l C/N, vic b sung cht dinh dng, iu kin VSV hot
ng ( m, thng thong).
Phn rc thng l loi phn kh tiu vi cy trng hn l cc loi
phn hu c khc, cho nn loi phn ny nn c bn lt sm v khi nn
o k. Phn rc thng c s dng trong trng rau.
4. 5. Cc ngun phn hu c khc
- Khi nim: Kh du l b cc loi ht c du sau khi p ly du l
ngun nguyn liu lm thc n cho gia sc v lm phn bn.
- Thnh phn dinh dng ca kh du thay i tu theo nguyn liu p
ly du v phng php p du. Kh du giu N v P, ngho K. N, P dng
hu c nn phi qua ch bin. Do vy hiu qu phn bn ca mi loi kh du
nhanh chm khc nhau. Cc loi kh du c cha ancaloit c, tc phn gii
chm.
Khi s dng kh du cn tn nh vi phn rc, phn chung, nc
gii, than bn.
Ngm kh du trong nc l hoc nc tiu cho thi ra ri pha long
ti l hnh thc s dng t hiu qu cao trong trng hoa, cy cnh.
Nu dng bn lt th khng nn bn st gc cy: v pht sinh nhiu su
b nh hng xu n s pht trin ca cy con.
* Ngoi ra cn dng: ph phm l m, xc mm, phn th, phn tm, ph
sa sng lm phn bn.

97

5. Phn vi sinh vt v s dng (1 tit)

5.1. Nhng khi nim v phn vi sinh vt
5.1.1. Khi nim
Trong t, c bit vng r cy trng thng c rt nhiu VSV hot ng, c
kh nng nh hng tt n cy trng. tng cng s lng v hot ng ca VSV c
li cho cy, c th a vo t cc sn phm cha cc VSV c ch. Cc sn phm ny
cn thng c gi l phn VSV.

Khi nim: Phn vi sinh vt l ch phm c cha mt hoc nhiu chng

vi sinh vt sng c ch c tuyn chn, c hot lc cao, c mt t theo
tiu chun quy nh v khng c kh nng gy hi nhm ci to t v cung
cp cc cht dinh dng d tiu t qu trnh c nh m hay phn hu cc
cht kh tiu thnh d tiu cho cy trng s dng, gp phn nng cao nng
sut, cht lng nng sn.
Bng 3. 21. Mt Vi sinh vt sng c trong phn bn Vi sinh vt

Ch tiu phn tch

Mt vi sinh vt CFU/g hoc ml mu kh

Cht mang c thanh
Cht mang khng c
trng
thanh trng
Khi xut
Cui hn bo Khi xut
Cui hn
xng
hnh
xng
bo hnh

1. Vi sinh vt c ch
1.1.VSV c nh nit
1.2. VSV phn gii hp
cht phospho kh tan
khng nh hn
1.3. VSV phn gii
xenluloza khng nh hn
2. VSV tp tng s khng
ln hn
Thnh phn ca vi sinh vt gm c: vi sinh vt c ch c tuyn chn,
cht mang v cc vi sinh vt tp.
+ Vi sinh vt c tuyn chn: l cc vi sinh vt c nghin cu, nh
gi hot tnh sinh hc v hiu qu i vi t, cy trng dng sn xut
phn vi sinh vt.
98

+ Cht mang: l cht vi sinh vt c cy vo m tn ti pht

trin, to iu kin thun li cho vn chuyn, bo qun, s dng.
Cht mang khng c cha cht c hi cho VSV, ngi, ng, thc vt,
mi trng sinh thi v cht lng nng sn phm. Cc dng cht mang v c (bt
phosphoris, apatit, bt xng, v s), cht mang hu c (Than bn, b nm, ph
thi nng nghip, rc thi...).
+ Vi sinh vt tp: (c th c trong phn) l vi sinh vt nhng khng thuc
loi vi sinh vt c tuyn chn.
5.1.2. Phn loi phn vi sinh vt
* Phn loi theo cht mang v mt vi sinh vt hu ch
Tu thuc vo cht mang v mt VSV hu ch, cc phn VSV c
chia thnh 2 nhm:
+ Nhm phn vi cht mang thanh trng: c mt vi sinh vt hu ch
cao (khng thp hn 109 t bo/gam (ml) phn), c VSV tp nhng thp (khng
ln hn 106 t bo/gam (ml) phn) Vd: phn c nh m cho cy u
(Nitrazin) hay ho tho (azogin), phn gii ln (phtphobacterin), phn gii cht
hu c.
+ Nhm phn vi cht mang khng thanh trng: c mt vi sinh vt
hu ch thp hn (106 107 t bo/ gam phn), vi sinh vt tp kh cao, c phn
hiu qu ca VSV khng nhiu nn thng c xem nh l phn hn hp
hu c - v c c cha VSV. Thng s dng thay th mt phn phn hu c
v ho hc.
* Phn loi phn vi sinh vt theo chc nng s dng
Cn c trn chc nng s dng c th phn cc phn vi sinh vt thnh cc
loi :
+ Phn vi sinh vt c nh nit: l sn phm cha mt hay nhiu chng
VSV sng, c tuyn chn t tiu chun quy nh, c kh nng c nh
nit t khng kh cho tv cy trng s dng.
Cc chng VSV ny c th sng cng sinh vi cy h u, sng t do
hay sng hi sinh vi cy ho tho Vd: Nitrazin - phn VSV c nh nit, cng
sinh vi cy h u, Azotobacterin phn VSV c nh N sng t do.
99

+ Phn VSV phn gii ln kh tiu (phosphobacterin): c kh nng

chuyn ho hp cht phospho kh tan thnh d tiu cho cy trng s dng.
+ Phn VSV phn gii xenlulo: l sn phm cha mt hay nhiu chng
VSV sng c tuyn chn c mt t bo t tiu chun, c kh nng
phn gii xenlul, nng cao nng sut hoc cht lng nng sn, tng mu
m ca t.
5.2. Tnh cht ca phn vi sinh
- Phn vi sinh vt l ch phm ca cc sinh vt sng hu ch, c hot lc v
kh nng cnh tranh cao. Sau khi bn phn VSV, ngi ta thng thy mt
VSV hu ch ny tng ln r rt, ri gim dn v n nh trong qu trnh cy
trng pht trin, n sau thu hoch mt cc chng VSV ny gim mnh
nn phi bn phn VSV vo cc v trng tip theo.
- Thi gian sng ca cc VSV trong ch phm c vai tr rt quan trng,
n ph thuc vo c tnh ca mi chng vi sinh vt, thnh phn v iu kin
ni chng c tr (cht mang). a s phn vi sinh vt Vit Nam c thi gian
bo qun 6-12 thng, trn th gii nhiu loi phn VSV c thi gian BQun
t 12 24 thng.
- Trong cc iu kin thun li ( cht dinh dng, pH thch hp, CO 2,
nhit mi trng ti u) VSV s pht trin cc k nhanh chng vi h s
nhn i c th ch sau 2-3 gi.
- Mi loi phn VSV ch thch hp vi mt i tng cy trng, t ai
c th - chuyn tnh. ng thi gia cc chng VSV cng c mi quan h kh
cht ch vi nhau Vd: B sung vi khun phn gii ln vo ch phm
Azospirillum s lm tng hot tnh c nh nit ca Azospirillum.
Vy: cho phn vi sinh vt c s dng rng ri, ngi ta thng
chn cc chng vi sinh vt c kh nng thch nghi rng hoc dng nhiu
chng trong mt loi phn.
- Ngoi vic cung cp cc cht dinh dng d tiu cho cy trng, ci thin
mi trng t. Phn VSV cn c tc dng cung cp cc hot cht sinh hc vd:
men, cht kch thch sinh trng, khng sinh c nh hng n s chuyn ho vt
cht trong cy.
5.3. K thut s dng phn vi sinh vt
100

5.3.1. Yu cu v cht lng sn phm

- Phn VSV l mt loi sn phm sinh hc cha cc c th sng. Phm cht
ca sn phm c nh gi hai thi im: khi xut xng v cui thi k
bo hnh. Cc loi phn VSV thng rt kh bo qun lu di v vy phi
quy nh thi gian bo qun v phi c ghi r rng.
- Ch tiu nh gi phn VSV thng l mt vi sinh vt v cht
mang. Mt VSV c quy nh, cht mang tu thuc nh sn xut nhng phi
ng k vi c quan c thm quyn. Phn khng c c cc loi vi khun c
th gy bnh v khng c cht c kh nng gy c.
- Cht lng ca phn bn trc ht th hin hiu qu tng nng sut
v phm cht nng sn. Hiu qu ca phn bn thng thay i theo cy v
iu kin th nhng. Mt loi phn c php lu hnh trn th trng cn
c th nghim rng ri, cc kt qu nghin cu c xc nhn cn c trnh
cc hi ng c thm quyn.
- Phn vi sinh phi c nhn ghi vi y cc ni dung: tn c s sn
xut, tn sn phm, vi sinh vt s dng, thnh phn cht mang, m, cng dng,
ngy sn xut v thi hn bo hnh, khi lng tinh, s ng k cht lng, c
hng dn s dng km theo.
5.3.2. Yu cu v k thut s dng
- Cc loi phn vi sinh vt cn c s dng ng cch. Tun th ng
hng dn s dng c ghi trn bao b.
- Khi bo qun phn VSV khng ln vi ho cht bo v thc vt
(thuc tr su bnh, thuc tr c), phn ho hc. Khng ni qu m v qu
nng, di nh sng mt tri gay gt.
- Khi s dng phn VSV thng trn ln vi ht ging gieo hoc bn
theo hng theo hc cng phn hu c.
- i vi phn VSV c cht mang khng thanh trng v mt VSV
hu ch thp, VSV tp kh cao thng s dng thay th mt phn phn
hu c v ho hc vi lng bn t 100 1000 kg/ha.
- i vi phn VSV c cht mang thanh trng v mt VSV hu ch
cao th ngi ta s dng nhm phn VSV ny ch yu l nhim VSV cho
101

t nhm ci thin h VSV cho t. S lng phn c a vo t khng

nhiu (300 3000 g/ha) Vd: Phn VSV c nh nit cng sinh nitragin.

102

6. Bn vi ci to t (2tit)
6.1. Vai tr ca vic bn vi
6.1.1. Tc dng ci to ho tnh t ca bn vi
- Bn vi kh c chua ca t
t chua trn b mt keo t c nhiu H + gy nh hng rt xu ti
tnh cht t. Khi bn vi vo t, nh kh nng Ca 2+ y H+ ra khi b
mt keo t m lm gim chua.
+ Khi bn bng bt vi:
CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO2)2
H+
K H+ + 2Ca(HCO3)2
H+
H+
+ Khi bn vi nung:

Ca++
K
+ 2 H2CO3 (4CO2 + 4H2O)
Ca++

CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2

H+
K H+ + Ca(OH)2
K Ca++ + H2O .
H+
H+
Tu lng vi bn nhiu hay t, m c th to ra cho t mt pH cao
hay thp thch hp nht vi cy trng.
- Bn vi kh c tc hi ca t mn kim hoc mn trung tnh:
t mn c nhiu Na+ trn b mt keo t lm cho vic ht cht dinh dng
ca cy trng b tr ngi, keo t b phn tn v mt kt cu. Trn t ny s
dng nguyn liu vi dng thch cao (CaSO 4) th khng lm tng pH ca
t m li y Na+ ra khi b mt keo t dng mui trung tnh ho tan
(Na2SO4) ri tho i theo nc (ra mn nhiu ln), lm gim c tc hi
tn keo t ca Na.
Na+
K Na+ + Ca(SO4)
Na+

Na+
K Ca++ + Na2SO4 (ra tri)

103

- Bn vi kh c tc hi ca t chua mn: t chua mn va c

nhiu H+, va c nhiu Na+ trn b mt keo t, gy hi cho t v cy trng.
Nn bn CaO cho t chua mn lm gim chua rt nhanh, kh c
tc hi ca Na+ (thay th Na+ trong t bng Ca++) thnh dng kim ho tan
(NaOH).
H+
H+
KNa+ + Ca(OH)2
K Ca++ + 2NaOH
Na+
Trong dung dch t phn cn tn ti nhiu H +, Al3+, Fe3+ v Mn2+ di ng.
Bn bt vi c tc dng kt ta cc ion c di dng hydroxit lm cc
cht ny khng cn gy c cho cy v c nh cht ln trong t.
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2
Al2(SO4)3 + Ca(HCO3)2 2Al(HCO)3 + 3CaSO4
2A(HCO3) 2Al(OH)3 + 6CO2
6.1.2. Tc dng ci to tnh cht vt l t ca bn vi
Vi c tc dng nh mn lm ngng t, gn kt cc ht t nh li
thnh cc vi on lp v cc on lp to ln hn, do kt cu ca t tt
hn lm nc ma khng gy xi mn, ra tri c.
Bng. 3.9. nh hng ca vic bn vi n t l cc on lp trong t
TT

Cng thc

1
2
3

Khng bn vi
Bn 9 tn CaCO3/ha
Bn 22,5 tn CaCO3/ha

T l on lp c ng knh ln hn
0,25 mm so vi trng lng t (%)
14,6
19,8
30,0

V vy bn vi c nh hng ton din n cc tnh cht vt l t: kt

cu t, thm nc, ch kh, ch m...
Ngoi ra:
- Bn vi cho t st: s lin kt mt s ht nh ca t li vi nhau thnh
ht kt to hn, nn c tc dng lm cho t c kt cu hn, thong kh v ti xp
hn, d lm t hn; cy trng khng b b v dinh dng tt hn.

104

- Bn vi cho t ct: c tc dng kt ta cht mn trong t, hn ch c

s phn gii cht hu c, gn kt cc ht t ri rc li, lm cho t c kt cu
hn, do hn, m hn, gi c nhiu dinh dng hn.
6.1.3. Tc dng ci to sinh tnh ca t ca bn vi
Khi bn vi ng mc (a pH v gn trung tnh), to pH thun li cho cc
VSV c ch hot ng v pht trin rt nhanh, ng thi tiu din v hn ch nm
bnh pht trin. Ngoi ra trong nguyn liu vi cn c Mg, c tc dng tt vi
hot ng ca vi khun nt sn.
V vy: bn vi ng mc c tc dng ci to sinh tnh t lm cho hot
ng sinh hc trong t tt hn.
Bng. 3. 22. nh hng ca bn vi n s lng VSV trn cc t trng cy
Yn mch (Tnh trung bnh cho c lun canh, 1000 con/g t kh)
Loi VSV
Amn ho
Phn nitrat ho
Nitrat ho
Phn gii xenlul

t tht nng
Trc bn vi Sau bn vi
14700
62600
2
45
5
28
19
42

t ct pha
Trc bn vi Sau bn vi
8600
74000
2
12
3
25
4
23

6.1.4. Tc dng tng cng cung cp cht dinh dng cho cy ca bn vi

- Sau khi bn vi vo t, cung cp ngun Ca 2+, cht ny c tc dng trao
i v y ng lng cc ion dinh dng (NH 4+, K+) t b mt keo t vo trong
dung dch t cho cy s dng thun li hn.
NH4+
Mg2+
K K+
+ Ca++
K Ca2+
+ NH4+, K+...
H+
H+
Mg2+
- To kh nng huy ng cc cht dinh dng vn dng kh tiu
trong t (c bit l ln v c trong cc hp cht vi st v nhm) v tng
cng s phn gii cht hu c (cha N, P, K) thnh d tiu cho cy s dng.
Nn t c bn vi th cy c cung cp thm nhiu thc n d tiu t t, c
bit l nitrat lm cy tng trng hn r so vi i chng khng bn vi.

105

Vy: dinh dng trong t s b cy trng v trc bn vi khai thc

trit , cht hu c trong t cng b phn gii nhiu. Nu khng kp thi
bn phn hu c cho t th tnh cht ca t li xu i. V vy ng cha ta
thng c cu Bn vi lm giu i cha, ph sn i con; Vi khng phn
lm bn nh nng.
6.1.5. Bn vi to pH thun li cho cy ht thc n v nng cao hiu qu s
dng phn bn
D mi cht dinh dng c cy trng ht thun li nht trong nhng
khong pH khc nhau vd: N, K, S c cy ht thun li trong khong pH 6,25
7; cn Mn c cy ht thun li trong khong pH 4,5 6. Nhng t khong pH
t chua n trung tnh cy trng ht thun li nht. Bn vi l nhm a pH
t v khong t chua n trung tnh s to iu kin thun li cho cy ht tt
c cc yu t dinh dng.
- Bn vi cho t chua to iu kin cho cc loi phn bn (c hu c
v v c) pht huy hiu qu cao y. Bn phn trn t chua thng khng lm
tng nng sut cy trng ng k, c bit l nhng cy trng mn cm xu vi chua
vd: Ng, u , rau.
Khi phi hp s dng phn chung cng vi vi trn t chua to kh nng t
nng sut cy trng cao v bn vng. Do vi tng cng s phn gii phn hu c
cung cp dinh dng cho cy, cn phn chung th li cung cp nhiu CO 2 ho tan vi
m lm tng tc dng ci to t ca voi. V vy cn cho php gim lng phn chung
cn s dng i mt na m khng lm gim hiu lc ca phn bn, nh m c th
dng phn chung bn cho din tch gp i.

106

6.1.6. Bn vi to pH thun li cho cy sinh trng v pht trin

Mi loi cy pht trin thun li trong mt khong pH xc nh nn c yu
cu khc nhau i vi pH t v vic bn vi. Tu thuc vo pH thch hp vi
cy, c th chia cy trng thnh cc nhm c yu cu i vi pH t v vic bn
vi nh sau:
- Nhm cy rt mn cm vi pH cao v vic bn vi: gm cc cy ci
bp, ci c, bng, c ci ng, ma chng thch hp vi pH = 7-8.
- Nhm cy mn cm vi pH cao v vic bn vi gm cc cy: la m,
ng, u tng, lc, hng dng, da chut, c chua, chng thch hp vi pH =
6-7.
- Nhm cy t mn cm vi pH cao v vic bn vi: gm cc cy la, cao
lng, sn, khoai ty, chng thch hp vi pH = 5,5-6,0.
- Nhm cy mn cm vi pH thp, phn ng xu vi vic bn vi: nh
cy ch, thch hp trn t chua vi pH = 4,5-5,5.
V vy: khi bn vi, khng nht thit phi a pH ca t v trung tnh
m phi xem xt n cy g s trng trn t bn vi cho thch hp.
Bng. 3. 23. Phm vi pH thch hp i vi cc loi cy trng
Cy trng
Ci bp
Bng
Ma
C ci ng
u tng
B ng

pH
7,0-7,4
6,5-7,3
6,5-7,5
7,0-7,5
6,5-7,5
5,5-7,5

Cy trng
Lc
Da chut
Ng
Hnh
ay
Thuc l

pH
5,5-7,2
6,4-7,5
6,0-7,5
6,4-7,5
6,5-7,5
6,0-7,5

Cy trng
Chui
Lanh
C chua
C rt
Da hu
Khoai lang

pH
6,0-6,5
5,5-6,5
5,0-8,0
5,6-7,0
5,5-6,5
5,5-6,7

Cy trng
Hng dng
Sn
La
Khoai ty
Da
Ch

pH
6,0-6,8
5,0-6,5
5,0-6,5
4,5-6,3
4,5-6,5
4,0-5,0

6.1.7. Tc dng bo v t ca bn vi
Trn t chua (pH < 5,5) s xy ra qu trnh thoi ho khong st (cc
khong st c dung tch hp thu ln s chuyn thnh cc khong st c dung
tch hp thu nh vd: Montmorillonit, illit chuyn dn thnh khong kaolinit c kh
nng hp ph km. Trong iu kin chua tip din lin tc, khong kaolinit bin dn
thnh hydragilit v thch anh th sinh, v khng cn kh nng hp thu na lm cho t
b bc mu nghim trng (mt kh nng gi nc v cc cht dinh dng).

107

Vy: Vic bn vi khng cho t chua i (pH < 5,5), c tc dng bo

v t chng li s thoi ho khong st, nh m trnh cho t khi b mt
kh nng gi nc v cc cht dinh dng.
6.1.8. Tc dng chng su bnh hi cy trng ca bn vi
- Nhiu loi bnh hi cy trng (nm, o n...) thng pht trin mnh trn
t chua. Khi bn vi trung ho chua ca t c kh nng tiu dit v
ngn nga s pht trin ca su bnh.
- Khi rung la c nhiu rong ru, ngi ta thng tho cn nc ri
tin hnh bn vi v vi rong ru cng vi vo t, va c tc dng dit c
dong ru v ngn nga dong ru pht trin sau ny. Vd: Trong sn xut la cn
dng vi tr bnh o n, bnh tim la, su keo, su cn d...
- Trong cng tc BVTV bn vi l mt bin php kh, st trng ng
rung cn thit v hiu qu sau mt v cy trng b dch hi nng.
6.1.9. B li lng vi b mt cho t ca vic bn vi
Do vi c vai tr rt quan trng i vi t, cy nn vic bn vi cn nhm
b li lng vi b mt t t do cc nguyn nhn chnh: mt do ra tri, mt
do cy ly i theo sn phm thu hoch v mt do s dng cc loi phn gy chua.
- Nc ma c H2CO3 c kh nng ho tan vi, dn n lm mt vi
dn do b ra tri: CaCO3 + H2CO3 Ca(HCO3)2
- Bn phn ho hc chua, ho tan CaCO 3 trong t cng lm t mt
vi dn qua qu trnh ra tri, nht l vng nhit i.
- Cy trng hng nm ly i theo sn phm thu hoch mt lng vi
ng k. TB khong 50 80 kg CaO/ha. Lng CaO ny ph thuc vo loi
cy trng v nng sut. Vd: Ci bp l cy ht nhiu CaO nht 300 500 kg/ha.
6.2. Cc nguyn liu c vi
6.2.1. vi
- CTHH: CaCO3
- Thnh phn: CaO 31,6 56,1% v MgO: 0 17,7%
CaO v MgO l cht ci to t chua, b sung dinh dng trung lng
cho cy. MgO li rt cn thit i vi t ngho Mg, nhng t l MgO cng cao
cng lm cho vi rn v kh nghin nh.
108

- Tnh cht: Khng tan trong nc, tan trong axit yu. Khi s dng phi
nghin, kch c ht cng nh th hiu lc ca vi cng th hin nhanh.
- c im s dng: Bn bt vi c u im khng gy bng cy, v
nu liu lng bn c tha mt t, th cng khng gy hi. Do , khi mun
trung ho chua t do hoc chua sinh l ca cc loi phn ho hc,
ngi ta thng dng bt vi, tt hn l dng vi nung.
Sau khi bn CaCO3 vo t, n c chuyn ho thnh Ca(HCO 3)2 (tan
trong nc).
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2
6.2.2. lmit
- CTHH: CaCO3.MgCO3
- Thnh phn: cha 30,2-31,6% CaO ; 17,6-20% MgO.
- Tnh cht:
+ Bt lmit kh ho tan hn, kh tn bt v tc dng chm hn
vi, nhng c gi tr ci to tt hn cc nguyn liu cha vi khc, c bit i
vi t nh. i vi t ngho Mg lmit c phn tt hn cc nguyn liu
vi khc.
+ Sau khi bn vo t di tc ng ca nc v CO2 lmit chuyn
dn thnh Ca(HCO3)2 v Mg(HCO3)2 ho tan trong nc cung cp dinh
dng cho cy v ci to t.
CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
Ca(HCO3)2
MgCO3 + H2O + CO2
Mg(HCO3)2
- c im s dng:
+ Phi nghin nh thnh bt (nghin mn hn bt vi). Khi s dng
cn nghin cu t l Mg++/Ca++ thch hp cho tng loi t, tng loi cy
trng.
+ lmit c th bn trn mi loi t, song thch hp nht trn t
chua, t phn, t ngho Ca v Mg vd: t xm, t bc mu. Phn
cng thch hp cho tt c cc loi cy trng c bit l cy h u, cy
n qu c mi, cy cng nghip...

109

6.2.3. Vi nung
- CTHH: CaO
- Thnh phn: thng c ln mt t Ca(OH)2 v CaCO3 nn c hm lng
CaO thp hn 100%.
- Tnh cht:
+ Sau khi bn vo t CaO kt hp vi nc cung cp dng Ca ++ cho
cy trng hay ci to t.
+ Vi nung d ho tan, v c tc dng nhanh hn cc loi nguyn liu
vi ci to t khc; thng hiu lc ca vi nung biu hin r ngay trong v
u, gim c cng vn chuyn nhng gi thnh cao do phi thng qua ch
bin.
- c im s dng: Ngi ta ti nc vo vi sau khi nung chuyn
thnh vi bt sau mi dng bn rung. Trn t la c th dng vi nung
cc nm vo rung la, sau mt thi gian cho vi t ra, ri cy ba. Lm nh vy
tn cng, gc d chng phn hu nhng kh m bo ng u trn mt
rung.
6.2.4. Thch cao
Thch cao c th khai thc trong t nhin hay l sn phm ph ca qu trnh
sn xut supe ln kp.
- CTHH: CaSO4.2H2O
- Thnh phn: cha 32 - 56% CaO v 18% S
- Tnh cht: t tan trong nc
- c im s dng: Cn nghin nh thnh bt, l nguyn liu ci to
t mn kim tt.
6.2.5. Cc nguyn liu c vi khc
- Phn ln t nhin: apatit (22-47%CaO), photphorit (8-51% CaO) Cha
> 40% CaO v ln. Va c tc dng ci to chua va cung cp ln cho cy
- V s, c, san h: thnh phn c bn l CaCO3, c cha khong 40%
CaO.
- Ph ph phm cng nghip:
+ Bt nh my ng: CaCO3 75%, cht hu c 10-15%, N: 0,3-0,5%,
P2O5: 0,4-0,7%, K2O: 0,1-0,8%.
110

+ Bi nh my ximng: 46-48% CaO, v 14 38% K2O.

+ Ph thi nh my thuc da, nh my giy cng cha mt lng kh
ln vi v cc cht hu c.
6.3. K thut bn vi
6.3.1. Chn nguyn liu
Vic chn nguyn liu bn vi phi da vo tnh cht ca t, c
bit l thnh phn c gii t, tc v hiu lc mun t, gi ca nguyn
liu.
- Vi nung: c hiu lc nhanh hn, nhng c gi cao, nn u tin dng
bn cho t nng, t chua mn, t c yu cu ci to nhanh.
- Bt vi: nn dng cho t chua, thnh phn c gii nh.
- lmit: nn dng bn trn cc t bc mu, t b xi mn, ra tri
Mg mnh.
- Thch cao: nn dng bn cho t mn khng chua.
Trong thc t cn phi da vo cc loi phn c cha Ca cung cp
vi cho t.
6.4.2. Lng vi bn
* Khi tnh lng vi bn cn ch mt s c im sau:
+ Khng nht thit phi trung ho hon ton chua ca t, v pH =
6-6,5 thch hp vi nhiu loi cy trng.
+ Vic bn vi a pH t ln nhanh v cao s dn n hin tng thiu
Fe, Mn, Cu, ln Mg d tiu; cht hu c b phn hu nhanh, gim tnh m, t ph
ong to cc cht c, nguy him cho cy...gy ri lon dinh dng khong
cy trng.
+ Khi cn ci to nhanh pH v l tnh t (t st) cng nn phi hp
bn vi vi nhiu phn hu c.
+ Ring vi t thun thc cao c th a pH t ti trung tnh, nhng
cn quan tm bn Bo cho cy, nht l cc cy c nhu cu Bo cao.
+ Vi cy a t chua m li cn Ca (khoai ty) cn cung cp Ca cho cy
qua phn chung.
+ Cn phn bit bn vi ci to v bn vi duy tr. Bn vi ci to l
nng ngay pH t ln ti mc cn thit, phi cn c vo tnh m v PH thch
111

hp cho cy. Bn vi duy tr l b li lng vi b mt nhm gi pH ca t tr

s mong mun.
* Cc phng php xc nh lng vi bn:
+ Phng php Jensen: Phng php Jensen l phng php tnh lng
vi bn chnh xc nht, c th p dng trong mi trng hp cn bn vi.
Cch lm:
Bng. 3. 24. Cc bc lm theo phng php Jensen
Bnh tam gic
t bn vi (g)
Ca(OH)2 0,05N (ml)
Nc ct (ml)
Lc (pht)
tc ng (ngy)
Lc ly dch trit
o pH

1
10
2
48
30
3

2
10
4
46
30
3

3
10
6
44
30
3

4
10
8
42
30
3

5
10
10
40
30
3

6
10
15
35
30
3

7
10
20
30
30
3

4,7

5,0

5,2

5,4

5,6

6,0

6,3

Sau chng ta xy dng th phn nh mi tng quan gia pH t v s

ml Ca(OH)2 0,05N. T th chng ta s xc nh c s ml Ca(OH) 2 0,05N
t pH cn bn vi v tnh c lng vi cn bn ci to t.
Q (kg CaO) = 420 x X
Q (kg CaCO3) = 750 x X
X: L s ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,05N cn c ( xc nh c trn th)
+ Phng php da vo chua trao i (pH KCl) v thnh phn c gii
t:
- Thnh phn c gii t c th c xc nh bng phng php n gin
v tay: Ly mt t t cn bn vi nho vi nc cho va c th nn c.
em v trong lng bn tay thnh thi c ng knh 3 4 mm, di 10 mm
Nu khng v c hoc v xong nt ngay l t nh.
Nu v c nhng khi cun trn li th t on th l t trung bnh.
Nu v xong, cun li c m khng t, ch rn nt l t nng.
- pH t c th c xc nh bng hp giy o pH, sau da vo bng
sau tnh lng vi bn.
Bng 3. 25.Tnh lng vi bn theo pHKCl v thnh phn c gii t
112

Lng vi cn bn (tn CaO/ha)

t nh
t TB
t nng
c bit chua
< 3,5
1,2 2,0
2,0 3,0
3,0 4,0
Rt chua
3,5 4,5
0,7 1,0
1,0 1,5
1,5 2,0
Chua
4,5 5,5
0,5 0,7
0,7 0,8
0,8 1,0
t chua
5,5 6,5
0,2 0,3
0,3 0,4
0,4 0,5
Phng php ny n gin hn v thch hp cho t trng la.
6.4.3. Phng php bn vi
- Trong thc t c th bn vi bng my hay th cng.
+ Bn bng my: cn ch ti mn v m ca nguyn liu (khong
3%).
+ Bn bng phng php th cng (bn tay): nu nguyn liu dng
bt cn bn khi tri lng gi trnh nh hng xu ti ngi bn vi.
- Khi bn vi, bn lt l chnh, cn o trn u vi vo tng canh tc
t. Do bn vi l bn cho cho c h thng lun canh cy trng, v vy trong
h thng lun canh cy trng, nn bn vi trc v trng cho cy no nhy
cm vi pH cao v vic bn vi nht.
- Khng nn bn vi ln vi phn chung, phn phn m amn v
phn supe ln. Nn bn vi sm trc khi gieo trng v s dng cc loi phn
bn khc t nht 1 thng vi pht huy tc dng ci to t v trnh kh nng
nh hng xu ti cy trng v phn bn.
6.4.4. Chu k bn vi
Chu k bn vi ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: mc ra tri, hm lng
Al, Fe trong nc ngm, lng vi bn, c im cy trng c bn vi, c
im nguyn liu v tnh cht t. Chu k bn cho cc t nh sau:
+ t chua mn bn 2 nm/ln vi lng bn 4,5-6,0 tn/ha
+ t chua ph sa c bn 5 nm/ln vi lng 1,25-5,0 tn/ha
+ t bc mu bn 3 nm/ln vi lng 0,6-2,35 tn/ha
Mc chua ca t

pHKCl

113

Chng 4. Qun l ph t trong h thng canh tc (3 tit)

1. ph nhiu t v cc bin php qun l (1 tit)
1.1. Nhng khi nim v ph nhiu t
1.1.1. Khi nim ph nhiu t
Nu gii hn trong phm vi nhng iu kin m t c th m bo th ch
yu l nc v cc cht dinh dng th A.V.Petecbuagski v nhiu nh khoa hc
khc cho rng: ph nhiu ca t hiu mt cch vn tt l kh nng ca t
cung cp cho cy trng trong qu trnh sinh trng, mt s lng nc v
cht dinh dng cn thit.
Tuy nhin khi nim v ph nhiu t l khi nim phc tp v ht sc
tng i. V
+ ph thuc vo yu t con ngi: kh nng ca t m bo nhng iu
kin thch hp cho cy trng t nng sut cao ch tr thnh hin thc khi c s
lao ng sng to ca con ngi, thng qua vic bit kt hp tt nhng yu cu
ngoi cnh khc ca cy trng (thi v, mt gieo trng...).
+ Ngoi ra t c kh nng cung cp nc v cc cht dinh dng tt cho
cy, cn c cc yu t khc ph hp nh: kt cu t, ch kh, ch nhit,
phn ng mi trng...m ch thiu mt trong nhng yu t th cy trng kh
c th cho nng sut cao.
+ Loi cy trng: cy trng a dng v loi v yu cu i vi t v pH, v
cht dinh dng nn ch tiu v ph nhiu t i vi mi cy trng c th c
phn khng ging nhau.
1.1.2.Phn loi ph t
Chng ta cn phn bit nhng khi nim khc nhau v ph nhiu t:
- ph t nhin: l ph c trong tt c cc loi t t nhin, n xut
hin trong qu trnh hnh thnh t v hon ton cha chu s tc ng ca
con ngi.

- ph tim tng: l phn ph t nhin m cy trng tm thi cha

s dng c.
- ph hin ti ( ph hiu lc hay ph thc t): l phn ph t
nhin c th tc ng ngay n cy. Nu ngi trng trt nm vng tnh cht ca
114

t v nguyn nhn km hm ph dng tim tng th c th dng cc bin

php k thut canh tc tc ng chuyn ph tim tng thnh thc t.
- ph nhn to: l ph do con ngi ci to nhng tnh cht xu
ca t (bn vi, bn nhiu phn hu c...) lm thay i hn ph t nhin
ca t to cho t c ph mi.
- ph kinh t: th hin mi quan h cht ch gia t vi iu kin
kinh t x hi, c tnh bng nng sut lao ng.
1.1.3. nh gi ph nhiu t
Vic nh gi ph t l phc tp tuy nhin cng c th s dng cc bin
php nh gi nh sau:
- Quan st tnh hnh sinh trng pht trin v nng sut cy trng: Cy
trng phn nh trung thc ph nhiu thc t ca t. t tt cy sinh trng
pht trin kho mnh cho nng sut cao, t xu cy trng pht trin khng
bnh thng, hay b dch bnh nng sut thp. t tha hay thiu yu t
dinh dng no i vi cy, c th cn th hin r nh i vi yu t m...
- Quan st hnh thi t v phu din t: t c a hnh bng phng
thun li cho cy trng pht trin hn t dc, t c mt g gh hay v tr qu
cao hay qu thp. t c mu en hay tt hn t c mu xm hay trng. t
c tng t canh tc v tng mn dy, nhiu mn tt hn t c tng canh tc
v tng mn mng, t mn.
- Phn tch cc ch tiu lin quan ti kh nng cung cp nc v dinh
dng ca t (gm cc c im: vt l, ho hc, sinh hc ca t) l bin
php c bn v chnh xc nht thng qua cc ch tiu phn tch.
1.1.4. Ch tiu dng nh gi ph nhiu t
S dng cc ch tiu phn tch l phng php c bn v chnh xc nh
gi ph nhiu ca t.
Cc ch tiu nh gi ph nhiu t gm: chua; cht hu c;
hm lng m; hm lng ln; hm lng kali; dung tch hp thu (y l
cc ch tiu lin quan n cc tnh cht ho hc t). Vic s dng cc ch tiu
ny phn l phng php c bn v chnh xc nht.
- Hm lng cc cht dinh dng thit yu cho cy (N, ln, kali) l nhng ch tiu
phn tch quan trng nh gi ph nhiu t. Trong hm lng tng s (%) th
115

hin tim nng cn hm lng d tiu (mg/100g t) th hin kh nng thc t t c th

cung cp thc n cho cy. Thng nh gi cc ch tiu ny theo cc thang 3 5 cp (rt
ngho ngho trung bnh kh giu) da trn nhu cu v kh nng cung cp ca t.
- pH t c nh hng n kh nng cung cp cc cht dinh dng d tiu cho cy
v iu kin cy ht dinh dng thun li. a s cc cy trng sinh trng, pht trin
v ht cc cht dinh dng thun li pH t t chua n trung tnh.
- Hm lng cc cht hu c hay mn c trong t th hin ngun dinh dng v
c tng quan rt cht ch vi ph nhiu ca t. Vic nh gi hm lng hu c v
mn trong t theo t l (%) cung theo cc thang t 3 5 cp.
Dung tch hp thu phn nh kh nng cha ng, iu ho dinh dng ca t cho
cy trng v c nh hng ln n phng php bn phn cn p dng trong trng trt.
t c CEC cao, c kh nng gi v cung cp cht dinh dng cao. t bc mu c CEC
thp v tr thnh yu t hn ch nng sut cy trng.

Ngoi ra dy tng canh tc cng l mt ch tiu nh gi ph

nhiu ca t ( dy tng canh tc l su lp t mt, n nh hng n s
sinh trng v pht trin ca cy trng, n th hin kh nng cung cp v tng tr
lng c trong t v l c s to ph nhiu ca t. dy tng t canh tc
c chia thnh 3 mc: dy > 20 cm; mng < 10 cm; trung bnh 10-20 cm).
1.2. Cc bin php qun l ph nhiu t
1.2.1 Cc yu t nh hng ti ph nhiu t
* Cc yu t t nhin nh hng ti ph nhiu t
Di tc ng khng bnh thng ca cc yu t t nhin (lng ma,
m, nhit , cng nh sng) xy ra cc qu trnh gy thoi ho t sau:
- Qu trnh xi mn t: xy ra mnh do lng ma hng nm cao, li
tp trung theo ma cng vi a hnh dc lm ch tiu ho tnh, tnh m,
dung tch hp thu ca ph nhiu t xu i rt r.
- Qu trnh ra tri cc cht dinh dng theo phu din t (ra tri
theo trng lc, ra tri theo chiu su): Qu trnh ra tri ny mang cc cht
ho tan, c bit cc cation kim v kim th xung cc lp t su, lm thay
i c bn v lng v cht ca dung tch hp thu t, nh hng ti hng
lot quan h trong dinh dng ca cy trng.

116

- Qu trnh thoi ho cc khong st trong t: to ra loi khong st

chnh trong cc loi t Vit Nam l kaolinit, c dung tch hp thu

thp nn nh hng xu n ph nhiu t.
- Qu trnh oxi ho kh: lin quan n iu kin ym kh, ho kh,
him kh vd: hin tng phn nitrat ho. Cc hin tng ny cng chi
phi s thay i hm lng cc cht dinh dng v ph nhiu t.
- Qu trnh hnh thnh t khng hon chnh: lm ny sinh yu t
hn ch ph nhiu t ng hng u mt s vng. ng bng Bc B
c nhng vng trng, xa sng nn t c thnh phn c gii nng, rt ngho ln
nhng li tng i giu m. di t min Trung c thnh phn c gii ch yu
l ct v gn nh u cng ngho ln, ngho kali v ngho m.
* Cc yu t nhn to nh hng ti ph nhiu t
+ Phng thc s dng t dc khng hp l: lin quan ti vic ph rng,
t ry, canh tc trn t dc, khng c bin php bo v t, lm xi mn v thoi
ho t rt mnh.
+ Phng thc canh tc la nc khng hp l: Rm r, vn thng
ly i khi rung, nht l cc tnh pha bc . Vic s dng phn chung duy
tr v nng cao ph nhiu t cng tr nn thiu do nhu cu thm canh tng v
v xu hng th ho nng thn . S dng cc loi phn xanh b sung cho phn
chung trong trng la cng dn dn khng tn ti trong thc tin do sn xut
hng ho. V vy cht hu c trong t trng la nc ang gim i r rt, do
cc bin php lam i, sc bn, tho nc phi rung... khng cn pht huy tc
dng nh trc na.
+ Bn phn khng hon tr cho t cc cht dinh dng do nng
sn ly i: Do nng sut cy trng tng nhanh, nng sn v ph phm ly i
ca t kh nhiu dinh dng. Trong khi vic bn phn con ngi mi ch tr li
cho t mt lng dinh dng khng ng k, bn phn khng cn i cn lm
gim hiu qu ca vic u t phn bn, mt khc cn lm cho t kit qu
v mt cn i dinh dng, ng thi to ra hin tng ph dng ngun
nc cc b, d lng tuyt i bn vo t cha nhiu.
iu ny dn n thoi ho ph v nhim mi trng.
117

1.2.2. Cc bin php qun l ph nhiu t

Gieo trng lin tc m khng c bin php qun l ph nhiu t ph hp th
kh nng cung cp cht dinh dng ca t b gim v mt sc sn xut. qun l

ph nhiu t cn hiu bit cc yu t nh hng ti ph nhiu v bn cht

cc loi hnh thoi ho ph nhiu.
Cc bin php qun l ph nhiu t t c th quy v cc nhm
chnh sau: Thu li (l bin php hng u); bn phn (l bin php ci to
ph nhiu t hiu qu nht); lm t (cy, ba, quc); ch canh tc (t thi
v, mt gieo trng, chm sc).
Trong trng trt nu khng bn phn th nng sut cy trng khng cao m li lm
gim ph nhiu ca t. Bn phn cn i s ci to ph nhiu hin ti ca t,
gim ra tri, xi mn t (nh s tng trng mnh sinh khi cy trng to che ph
mt t tt hn).

Trong thc t sn xut cc bin php qun l ph thng c p

dng tng hp theo h thng canh tc.
Kinh nghim thm canh la:
Kinh nghim qun l ph nhiu t dc

118

2. Phn bn vi vic qun l ph nhiu t trong h thng canh tc (2 tit)

2.1. Nguyn l bn phn cho cy trng v vic qun l ph nhiu t
t nng sut cy trng cao, cht lng tt, hiu qu sn xut cao ng thi bo v
c t trng th trong bn phn cho cy trng cn tun th cc nguyn tc bn phn hay nh
lut s dng phn bn.
y cng chnh l nhng cng vic rt cn phi lm qun l ph nhiu t trong
cc h thng canh tc khc nhau. Cc nguyn tc bn phn l:

2.1.1. Bn phn nhm tr li cc cht dinh dng cy trng ly i theo sn

phm t khi b kit qu
y chnh l ni dung ca nh lut tr li nu nguyn tc bn phn
nhm tr li cc cht m cy trng ly i theo sn phm thu hoch t t
trnh lm cho t b kit qu trong qu trnh trng trt. inh lut ny cng c
ngha rt ln i vi trng trt, m ng cho vic ra i, pht trin sn xut v s dng
phn bn ho hc nhm t nng sut ngy cng cao v duy tr ph nhiu ca t
trong trng trt.

ng thi y cng chnh l l thuyt c bn ca vic bn phn cho cy

trng c Liebig pht biu u tin vo nm 1840.
2.1.2. Bn phn nhm khc phc yu t hn ch ca ph nhiu t
nh lut ti thiu- yu t hn ch
Ni dung nh lut
Ban u (1843, Liebic)c pht biu nh sau: " Nng sut cy trng t l
vi nguyn t phn bn c hm lng thp nht so vi yu cu ca cy"
Theo nh lut ny xem nng sut cy trng nh mc nc trong 1 chic thng c cu
to bi nhiu thanh g c chiu cao khc nhau. Mi thanh g i din cho 1 yu t phn bn.
Nng sut cy trng- mc nc cha c trong thng ph thuc vo thanh g c chiu cao
thp nht.

Trong qu trnh p dng thy nh lut cha hon chnh v:

- Nghin cu mi quan h gia t v cy theo phng php c lp tng
yu t m cha trong mi quan h ton cc nn yu t ti thiu c lun phin nhau
xut hin.
- Kh nng cung cp cht dinh dng ca t cho cy ch yu ph thuc
vo hm lng d tiu ca cht trong t.
119

nh lut cn c hon thin:

Nng sut cy trng ph thuc vo cht dinh dng no c hm lng d
tiu thp nht so vi yu cu ca cy trng v c th m rng vi tt c cc yu t
ngoi cnh khc: nc nhit nh sng...
ngha ca nh lut
Xc nh cc yu t dinh dng c lin quan n nhau v tm quan trng
ca yu t dinh dng hn ch i vi cy trng. Tm quan trng ca mi yu t
ca ph t, thiu 1 yu t cn thit s nh hng xu n nng sut cy trng
ngay c khi c y cc yu t khc.
Nhim v ca ngi trng trt phi tm ra yu t hn ch nng sut cy
trng bn phn t hiu qu cao.
Tc dng ca yu t hn ch s dn dn gim khi hm lng ca n trong
t tng dn nn (do bn phn). Khi 1 yu t hn ch ny c gii quyt th s
pht sinh yu t hn ch khc.
2.1.3. Bn phn cn i nhm khc phc tt c s mt cn i trong cung cp
dinh dng cho cy trng ca t
Ni dung ca nh lut bn phn cn i cho cy trng: to cho cy
trng c nng sut cao tho ng vi cht lng sn phm sinh hc cao v n
nh mi trng, bng phn bn con ngi phi khc phc tt c mi s mt
cn i cc nguyn t khong c trong t.
L ny khc phc c nhng nhc im ca L ti thiu (cha pht
huy c ht tim nng, nng sut cy trng).
2.1.4. nh lut- Nng sut khng tng t l thun vi lng phn bn cho cy

Ni dung ca nh lut
Trn c s bn cc yu t dinh dng khc khi tng dn lng phn bn
no (v d N) u lm tng nng sut cy trng, nhng phn nng sut tng ln
khng t l vi nhng lng phn bn tng ln m c xu hng gim dn i. Nu
c tip tc tng lng phn bn nng sut s tng n mt mc nht nh ri
khng tng na thm ch cn b gim. nh lut ny th hin r nht i vi yu t
N.

120

Gii hn nng sut m bn thm phn nng sut khng tng na gi l

nng sut ti a k thut v ng vi mc phn bn ny l mc phn bn ti a k
thut- dng t nng sut trnh din.
Mi quan h gia lng phn bn v nng sut cy trng c biu th bng
ng Parabol c phng trnh tng qut: y = - ax2 + bx + c ( trong y l NS cy
trng, x l lng phn bn)
o hm y' ca phng trnh trn (y' = -2ax+b)l im un ca parabol
biu th hm s ca mc phn bn ti a k thut m vic bn thm phn bt
u lm gim nng sut. im un xut hin khi y ' = 0 nn c th xc nh lng
bn ti a k thut
x = b/2a
Do mc ch ca ngi sn xut bn phn cho cy trng nhm t nng sut
cy trng cao v quan trng hn t li nhun cao nht. Thc t cho thy iu ny
c c khi bn phn t c nng sut cao tho ng- nng sut ti thch kinh t
ng vi lng phn bn ti thch kinh t l lng bn m di mc ny vic bn
phn lun c li ( lng nng sut tng ln b p chi ph tng thm c
nng sut tng ln ).
Nng sut v lng bn ti thch kinh t lun t c trc khi t c
nng sut v lng bn ti a k thut. Lung bn ti thch kinh t ph thuc vo
gi nng sn v gi phn bn
Lng bn ti thch kinh t lun thay i v hiu lc phn bn thay i hng
nm v tu thuc vo t, kh hu v c trnh hon thin k thut canh tc.
Trng trt vi k thut cao gii hn trn ca vic bn phn c li cao hn r rt
ngha ca nh lut
Xc nh lng phn bn c li nhun trong trng trt
Xc nh lng phn bn t li nhun ti a cho ngi sn xut ng thi
cng l gii hn ca vic s dng phn bn.
2.2. Bn phn hp l trong trng trt v qun l ph nhiu t (Khi ni m:
bn phn hp l, iu ki n bn phn hp l, bn phn cn i, bn phn hp
l vi qun l ph nhiu t)
2.2.1. Khi nim v quy trnh bn phn cho cy trng
* Quy trnh bn phn cho cy l ton b nhng quy nh v loi phn,
lng phn, dng phn v phng php bn phn cho 1 cy trng.
- Phng php bn phn: l nhng quy nh v thi k bn, v tr bn v
cch phi hp cc loi phn khi bn ca 1 quy trnh bn phn.

121

+ Thi k bn phn: l nhng quy nh trong quy trnh bn phn v vic

phn chia tng lng phn bn cho cy vo cc thi im khc nhau trong
qu trnh sinh trng ca cy trng nhm nng cao hiu qu s dng phn
bn.s
+ V tr bn phn: l nhng quy nh trong quy trnh bn phn v mc
nng, su khi bn phn, cch bn phn vi u ra ton b din tch cn bn
phn hay bn tp trung theo hng theo hc (hay cn gi l bn phn cc b),
bn vo t hay trn l....
+ Cch phi hp cc loi phn khi bn: c hiu l bn trn phn hu
c vi v c hoc ring tng loi, bn cng 1 lc hay th t bn khc nhau.
* Trong quy trnh bn phn cho cy trng thng chia tng lng phn
bn vo 2 thi k bn chnh l: bn lt v bn thc.
- Bn lt: l bn phn vo thi k trc lc gieo cy gp phn ci to
t, gip cy c th ht thc n ngay t khi bt u c th ht thc n (bt
u c r i vi cy trng t ht hay bn r hi xanh i vi cy trng t cy
con). Tu theo thi im bn phn trong qu trnh lm t, su cn bn
phn, loi v lng phn khi bn m bn lt c th chia ra:
+ Bn lt trc hay sau khi cy: thng c p dng bn cc loi
phn hu c cha hoai, tn th thc vt, phn ln thin nhin nhm a phn
xung su 10 20 cm ci to t v cung cp dinh dng cho cy cc thi
k sau.
+ Bn lt trc ba: thng dng khi bn phn ho hc vi lng ln
nhm a phn xung su 5 10 cm va cung cp dinh dng cho cy, va
ci to t.
- Bn thc: l bn thm phn v sau nhm p ng y yu cu dinh
dng ca cy trng trong qu trnh sinh trng, gii quyt nhng mu
thun gia c im dinh dng ca cy trng, tnh cht t v tnh cht
phn bn, lm tng hiu sut s dng phn bn, tng nng sut, phm cht
nng sn.

122

Loi phn dng bn thc phi d ho tan, nu l phn hu c phi hoai

mc hoc l nc phn. Trong thc t loi phn dng bn thc ph bin nht l
phn m.
Tu theo i tng c bn phn, c th bn thc bng phn kh hay phn
lng, bn vo t hay trn l, bn theo hng, hc hay vi u cho din tch...
* Trong thc t sn xut, cn phn bit 2 nhm quy trnh bn phn cho
cy trng:
+ Quy trnh bn phn cho 1 cy ring bit - l quy trnh bn phn cho 1
cy lu nm trng trn t c canh trong 1 thi k di (cy n qu, cy cng
nghip). Trong quy trnh ny, cn xc nh lng phn bn cho cc nm trong 1
nhim k kinh t ca cy v vic phn phi phn bn trong 1 nm.
+ Quy trnh bn phn cho 1 cy ngn ngy nm trong 1 h thng lun
canh. Loi quy trnh bn phn ny chu nh hng ca c im sinh hc, iu
kin kh hu m cy trng trc tri qua v tnh cht ca h thng nng
nghip (hng ngoi hay tr li tn th ti ch).
- Mt quy trnh bn phn cho cy trng hp l phi t c nhng
yu cu c bn sau:
+ Cy trng c cung cp y v kp thi cht dinh dng cn thit
cho nng sut cao, phm cht nng sn tt.
+ Khng ngng lm tng ph ca t.
+ em li li nhun ti a cho ngi sn xut (trn c s phi hp cc bin
php k thut, nng cao hiu sut phn bn c hiu qu kinh t cao).

+ Ph hp vi iu kin v trnh sn xut hin ti.

2.2.2. ngha ca vic xy dng quy trnh bn phn hp l cho cy trng
Quy trnh bn phn hp l c ngha gip ngi sn xut c th bn
phn mt cch khoa hc (gip ngi trng trt s dng mt cch hp l nht cc
ngun dinh dng hu c v ho hc cho h thng cy trng trong mi quan h vi t,
kh hu, trnh v tp qun canh tc, nng cao hiu qu phn bn nh m tit
kim chi ph phn bn, nng cao hiu qu kinh t cho sn xut ng thi gim ti a kh
nng nh hng xu ca phn bn ti mi trng) , m bo cho cy trng c

cung cp v kp thi cc cht dinh dng cn thit sinh trng, pht

trin kho mnh, cho nng sut cao, phm cht tt, n nh v lm tng
123

ph nhiu ca t, gim chi ph sn xut v em li li nhun ti a cho ngi

sn xut.
2.2.3. Khi nim v h thng qun l dinh dng cy trng tng hp
Vic phi hp xy dng cc quy trnh bn phn cho cc cy trng trong mt h
ch bn phn chung trong h thng lun canh c FAO a ra trong mt khi
nim mi: H thng dinh dng cy trng tng hp (IPNS: Integrated Plant Nutrition
System) hay qun l dinh dng tng hp cho cy trng (IPNM: Integrated Plant
Nutrition Management).

Qun l dinh dng tng hp (IPNM)cho cy trng l h thng cc

bin php nhm s dng mt cch hp l nht cc ngun dinh dng hu c
v v c cho cy trng trong mi quan h vi t ai, cy trng, thi tit,
trnh canh tc, tp qun nng cao hiu lc phn bn, tng nng sut v
phm cht nng sn v an ton mi trng sinh thi.
Nn tng ca IPNM l s dng phn bn cn i, hp l. Theo FAO trn
phm vi ton th gii, bn phn khng hp l c th lm gim nng sut cy trng
t 20 50%.
Vy, bn phn cn i: l cung cp theo yu cu nng sut ca cy
trng cc cht dinh dng thit yu vi lng v t l thch hp cho tng i
tng cy trng, t, thi k sinh trng, ma v c th m bo nng
sut cao, phm cht nng sn tt v an ton mi trng sinh thi.
Vic bn phn cn i cho cy trng ch c c khi bit kh nng cung cp dinh dng
ca t trng, nhu cu dinh dng ca cy trng ng vi mc nng sut xc nh v iu kin
thi tit cng nh ch canh tc c th. Do vy c cc quy trnh bn phn ngy cng ph
hp vi iu kin a phng cn thit lp mt h thng nghin cu phn bn theo vng sinh
thi n nh vi cc nh chuyn mn.

2.3. Cc vn cn kho st khi xy dng quy trnh bn phn cho cy

c 1 quy trnh bn phn hp l cn quan tm kho st 7 vn lin quan
ti cy trng c bn phn sau y:
2.3.1. c im cy trng
Nhn cy bn phn l vn u tin cn quan tm xy dng quy trnh bn
phn hp l cho cy.

* Nhu cu dinh dng ca cy:

124

 nh gi nhu cu dinh dng ca cy thng da vo cc ch tiu sau:

- Lng cht dinh dng cy ht (tng lng ht): l ton b lng cht
dinh dng c trong cc b phn khc nhau ca cy (r, thn, l, hoa, qu) th
hin tng yu cu cht dinh dng ca cy tng thi k sinh trng ( thi
k thu hoch gi l tng lng ht). Trong xy dng quy trnh bn phn cho cy trng
lng cht dinh dng cy ht thng c dng tham kho khi tnh
lng phn bn (theo nng sut k hoch), xc nh kh nng cung cp dinh
dng t t cho cy v cc thi k cy ht dinh dng nhiu nht bn
thc cho cy vd: la l thi k nhnh r, ma l thi k vn lng
Lng cht dinh dng cy ht ph thuc: loi cy trng, nng sut thu
hoch, yu cu ca ngi trng trt, iu kin sinh thi, k thut canh tc.
- Lng cht dinh dng cy ly i theo sn phm thu hoch: l phn
cc cht dinh dng nm trong sn phm ly (thu hoch) khi ng rung, l
c s u tin cn xt n khi tnh lng phn bn cho cy trng. V vy: bn
phn cho cy trng nm trong h thng nng nghip hng ngoi cn phi bn
nhiu hn h thng nng nghip hng ni.
- Thi k khng hong 1 cht dinh dng no : l thi k cy c nhu
cu cht dinh dng khng ln song nu thiu th nh hng xu n sinh
trng v nng sut cy, khng th b p c sau ny. y l ch dn quan
trng cho vic bn phn cho cy trng t hiu qu cao (khi khng c iu
kin bn c thi k ca cy nn bn ti thiu thi k khng hong).
* H r ca cy trng
H r l c quan ht thc n, do vy bn phn t hiu qu cao chng ta
cn quan tm ti:
- c im h r ca cy trng: cn thit cho vic xc inh v tr bn
phn t hiu qu nht, phn bn cn tp trung vo tng t c nhiu r
nht.
Mi loi cy c h r rt khc nhau v: khi lng, cch phn b, giai
on pht trin, v cn thay i theo tnh cht t ch nc v phn bn
nn yu cu v tr bn phn khc nhau. Tuy nhin h r ca cy c mt s c
im chung v c chia thnh 2 nhm: r chm v r cc.
125

+ Cy c r cc: c kh nng m su ht c nhiu thc n ngay c khi

thiu m v vy khi bn phn cho cc cy c r cc cn bn phn su hn, lc
gieo trng nn bn phn ngay di ht hay cy ging l tt nht.
+ i vi cc cy c r chm: c kh nng n rng ra xung quang gc
nn khi bn phn cho chng cn bn phn quanh gc li tt hn.
- R cy thng tp trung tng t m, nhiu cht dinh dng
(mu) nn:
+ Khi t t m: (ma nhiu) khng nn bn phn su , v s lm cy
s dng phn bn km do r cy lc ny n nng.

+ Khi t kh hn: th phi bn phn su hn cy ht dinh dng t

phn c nhiu hn do lc ny b r cy n su.

Vy: C th da vo c im ny ca h r m dng phn bn iu

khin cho h r cy trng n nng hay n su.
- H thng r ca cng 1 loi cy c c im khng an xen c vo
nhau, khc loi c th an xen vo nhau.
- Kh nng s dng cc loi phn kh tan ca h r c ngha quan
trng trong vic la chn cc dng phn bn cho cc cy trng c th.
Vd: R cy phn xanh v cy b u c kh nng ng ho c phn ln
t nhin cao do chng tit ra nhiu axit hu c.
* Phn ng ca cy trng vi mi trng
- Tnh chu mn ca cy (hay cn gi l phn ng ca cy vi nng
mui tan): lin quan n lng phn c th bn vo 1 thi im v phng
php bn phn cho cy
vd: cc loi rau, nht l rau n l c tnh chu mn km.

Theo kh nng chu mn, cc loi cy trng c chia thnh 3 nhm:

km chu mn, chu mn trung bnh v chu mn.
+ i vi nhng cy trng km chu mn (vd cc loi u, ng, khoai
ty...): cn chia tng lng phn lm nhiu ln bn.
+ i vi nhm cy trng chu mn trung bnh (la m, la go, c chua,
vng...) v chu mn (cc loi cy h bu b, da hu...) th tu theo m c th tp
trung lng phn bn hay chia ra lm nhiu ln bn.
126

- Trong cng 1 loi cy: giai on cn non cy thng rt mn cm vi

lng mui cao, kh nng chu c nng dinh dng tng dn khi cy trng
thnh.
* Phn ng ca cy i vi chua: khng ch lin quan ti vic xc
nh nhu cu bn vi m cn lin quan ti dng phn bn v phng php
bn phn cho cy, v mi loi cy trng c kh nng chu pH khc nhau tu
thuc vo: ging, thi k sinh trng v thi k pht dc.
Cn phn bit:
- Phm vi pH m cy sinh trng v pht trin bnh thng
- Pm vi pH ti thch.
- Phm vi pH cy vn sng c nhng nh hng ti nng sut.
Cc khi nim ny c khi ph hp vi nhau, nhng cng c khi khng ph
hp. C loi cy pH ti thch l trung tnh - t chua, nhng li c th chu c pH kh
chua m khng cht, trong khi , c loi cy vi pH ti thch vo khong hi chua,
nhng li khng c kh nng chu c t qu chua.

* Phn ng ca cy i vi phn bn: l c s chn loi v dng

phn bn ph hp cho cy nhm t hiu qu s dng phn bn cao. Lin
quan ti c im ny ca cy cc nhm cy trng c chia thnh cc nhm sau:
+ Nhm cy phn ng tt vi phn khong nh: la m, ng, la go
i vi nhm cy ny dng phn khong l ch yu do t hiu qu cao, phn hu
c ch yu nhm n nh hm lng mn hay ci to t to iu kin
phn khong pht huy tc dng.

+ Nhm cy phn ng tt vi phn chung nh: khoai ty, c ci ng,

nhiu loi raui vi cc cy trng thuc nhm ny nn u tin bn nhiu
phn chung v t hiu qu s dng cao, b sung phn khong thch hp
nhm khc phc hn ch trong cung cp dinh dng ca phn chung (khng
kp thi).

+ Nhm cy chu chua phn ng tt vi phn c gc NH4+

127

+ Nhm cy phn ng xu vi ion Cl - nh: thuc l, khoai ty, cam qut...

Cn trnh bn cc phn c cha clo cho chng trnh nh hng xu ti
cht lng.
2.3.2. c im t trng
Tnh cht t bao gm (sinh tnh, ho tnh, l tnh) c nh hng n ph
nhiu ca t v chuyn ho ca phn bn trong t. Tnh cht t quyt nh tt
c nhng ni dung lin quan n quy trnh bn phn cho cy trng (do bn phn
phi thng qua t ngoi ra cn l ngun dinh dng cung cp cho cy). V vy rt cn
thit nhn t xy dng quy trnh bn phn cho cy, c bit cc ch tiu
sau:
* Lng cht dinh dng t c th cung cp cho cy trng: th hin
ph (hay mu m ca t) c xc nh bi: hm lng cc dinh dng
tng s ( ph tim tng) v d tiu trong t ( ph thc t) l c s quan trng
xc nh lng phn bn cho cy trng.

Tuy nhin: Cy trng c kh nng s dng cht dinh dng d tiu rt

khc nhau mt cht c th l kh tiu i vi cy ny li l d tiu i vi cy
khc, hoc l kh tiu thi k cy cn non, s d tiu hn thi k cy trng
thnh.
V vy: hm lng cht dinh dng tng s hay d tiu, cng th hin
mt cch tng i kh nng cung cp cht dinh dng ca t cho cy trng so
vi i chng no .
Trng trt trn t c ph nhiu cao, cy c phn ng vi phn bn
thp nn cn bn t phn v ngc li. Tuy nhin cng c nhng trng hp
khng tun theo quy lut trn do: c im ca cy (vd nh khoai ty cho hiu
sut phn bn cao trn t tt), mi trng chua, TPCG t (c nh cht dinh
dng lm cy khng ht c, r cy khng pht trin c).

u t phn bn hp l: ngi ta thng da vo bn Nng ho v

mng li th nghim phn bn.
Bn Nng ho ch tp trung phn nh mt s tnh cht nng ho (ch tiu ho
hc ca ph t) v ch yu ca tng t canh tc nn rt tin cho vic ng dng trong

128

phn bn, ci to t...Tuy nhin y l nhng tnh cht mau thay i, c bit trong iu
kin thm canh nn cc nc tin tin c 5 nm lm li mt ln bn Nng ho.

* thun thc ca t
thun thc ca t l kt qu ca mi quan h cht ch gia cc tnh
cht t vi cc bin php k thut trng trt (lun canh cy trng, bn phn, cy
su, trng cy phn xanh, bn vi ...) trong bn phn l mt bin php nng cao
thun thc ca t rt hiu qu. thun thc ca t nh hng ti vic
chn loi phn v k thut bn phn.
t c thun thc cao c y cc iu kin cho cy trng sinh
trng, pht trin tt (do c tng canh tc dy, nhiu mn, c tnh m cao, nhiu
VSV c ch, kt cu t tt, hm lng cht dinh dng d tiu cao, dung tch hp thu
ln, bo ho baz cao, tng lng mui tan thp) c kh nng chu c nhng

lng phn khong ln v cho hiu sut phn bn cao.

* T l mn trong t (cht hu c)
Lng mn trong t lin quan nhiu n l, ho v sinh tnh ca t
nh: tng lng cht dinh dng c bit l m, hm lng cc cht d tiu,
lng bo ho ti a, dung tch hp thu, ch kh, ch nhit trong t, tnh
m ca t v c im hot ng ca vi sinh vt t.
Do , lng mn trong t quyt nh nhiu mt trong ch bn
nh: trc ht l hng s dng phn hu c v phn v c; lng phn, loi
phn v cch bn.
Cc loi phn hu c trc tin nn bn cho cc loi t c t l mn thp.
Nn bn phi hp phn hu c v v c va ci to t va cung cp kp thi
dinh dng cho cy trng pht trin.
Hm lng mn cao lm: tng kh nng hp thu ca t, cho php s
dng lng phn ho hc cao hn m t gy hin tng xt cy. N cng cho
php bn phn ho hc t ln, hoc ch cn bn lt, khng cn bn thc m
phn vn khng b ra tri.

129

* Thnh phn c gii t

TPCG cng nh hng n tnh m v hp thu ca t nn quyt nh
vic c nh hay di chuyn phn trong t v vy QTBP trn t c TPCG khc
nhau c khc nhau:
t c TPCG nh: cht dinh dng d di chuyn, d lm nng dung
dch t tng cao v b mt, t c tc phn gii cht hu c nhanh, t l mn
thp. Do bn phn cho cy trng trn t nh phi lu cc vn sau:
Chn cc loi phn t b ra tri (nn dng N-NH4+ )
Bn nhiu phn hu c t hoai di cc dng khc nhau (cy PX, tn th
thc vt) tng tnh m v kh nng gi nc gi phn ca t. Phn hu c bn
su vo tng t c m phn gii nhanh hn .
Bn nhiu phn kali. Phn ho hc vi nng (trnh b ko xung su).
Khng bn lt nhiu bng phn ho hc. Nu phi bn lng ln th nn
bn ri lm nhiu ln, mi ln mt t.
Bn kt hp phn ho hc vi phn hu c (VSV trong phn hu c gi N ,
K c gi trong h hp thu ca cht hu c do nng dung dch t khng tng
qu cao v phn khng b ra tri).
t c thnh phn c gii nng
- Bn c cc loi phn d tan t b hp thu (nh N - NO 3-), phn hu c
hoai mc.
- C th bn phn vi s lng nhiu m khng cn phi chia ra lm nhiu
ln .
- p dng cc bin php trnh qu trnh hp ph v gi cht ln trong
t (Bn vi cho t chua, trung ho chua ca cc loi phn em bn, bn ln
+ phn hu c, bn supe ln vin, phn tng bn ln, bn theo hc theo hng gn
ht gieo).
* mn ca t v vic bn phn
t c nng mui cao >0.1 % gi l t mn. Tu theo nng mui
tan trong dung dch t ngi ta phn cp mn nh sau:t mn t (TSMT: 0.1 0.2%), t mn TB (TSMT: 0.2 - 0.3%),t mn nhiu (TSMT: 0.3 - 0.4%) v t
rt mn (TSMT > 0.5%)- nu khng c bin php ci to th khng th trng trt
c .
Ch bn phn cho cy trng trn t mn cn lu :
- S l ht trong dung dch phn bn trc khi gieo thc ht chng ny
mm, cung cp dinh dng cho cy con v luyn tnh chu mn cho cy bng
130

- Lng phn bn ho hc bn lt nn thp hn trn cc loi t khc. Bn

phn c hm lng dinh dng cao t li ion tha trong t nh: Ur, supe ln
kp, phn phc tp: nitrat photphat kali.
- Phn ho hc nn bn su vo tng t su c m cao, khng nn bn
phn cc b (theo hng, hoc theo hc) .
- Bn phi hp phn hu c vi phn ho hc .
- Kt hp bn phn ti nc, gi m sau khi bn hn ch nng dung
dch t tng cao, tm mi bin php duy tr m t h thp nng mui.
- Tn dng bin php bn phn qua l cung cp dinh dng cho cy vo
lc cn thit quyt nh nng sut .
* chua ca t
chua ca t c kh nng nh hng xu n s pht trin ca cy
trng v hot ng ht thc n ca h r. Ngoi ra cng nh hng n s
chuyn ho cc cht dinh dng trong t v hot ng phn gii cc cht hu
c ca vi sinh vt t. V vy, khi xy dng quy trnh bn phn cho cy trng
trn t chua cn ch khc phc nhng c im trn.
2.3.3. c im kh hu thi tit
Kh hu thi tit nh hng n kh nng cung cp dinh dng t t,
phn bn v hiu lc ca phn bao gm cc yu t sau:
- Tng lng ma hng nm v vic phn phi lng ma trong nm:
nh hng n m khng kh v m trong t, do nh hng n kh
nng hp thu dinh dng ca cy, s chuyn ho ca cc cht dinh dng
trong t.
- Nhit : nh hng n n sinh trng, pht trin ca cy, hot ng
ca vi sinh vt t, kh nng cung cp v chuyn ho cc cht dinh dng
trong t.
- Cng nh sng: nh hng ti quang hp v vic ht dinh dng,
sinh trng ca cy nn nh hng ti quy trnh bn phn.
2.3 4. Lun canh cy trng
Lun canh cy trng l th t trng cc cy trong mt nm hoc chu k nhiu
nm trn mt mnh t. Ch lun canh cy trng hp l cho php s dng

hp l ph nhiu ca t v phn bn, nng cao hiu sut phn bn.

131

Khi xc nh ch bn phn cho cy trng nm trong h thng lun canh

phi quan tm ti kh nng nh hng ca cy trng trc thng qua cc
c im sau: lng cht dinh dng b ly i theo sn phm thu hoch ca
cy trng trc, c im pht trin h r cy trng trc v cy trng sau;
Hiu lc tn ti do cc loi phn bn s dng cho cy trng trc li
2.3.5. Cc bin php k thut trng trt
Cc bin php k thut trng trt (lm t, k thut gieo trng, mt , thi v,
chm sc...) nh hng n sinh trng - pht trin v kh nng hp thu dinh dng
ca ca cy nn nh hng ln n vic xc nh quy trnh bn phn cho cy . K

thut trng trt cng cao, hiu qu phn bn cng cao. Cy su, ba k, lm t
i, vun xi, tr c ng lc, ph t gi m tt...lm cho cy li dng c phn bn tt
hn. Do , bin php k thut trng trt v c im k thut trng trt ca

cy trng c bn phn nh hng ln n vic xy dng quy trnh bn

phn.
Tuy nhin: Cn lu , mi k thut vn dng vo mi cy mt khc, thm
tr trong cng mt loi cy m cc ging khc nhau c quy trnh bn phn khc nhau.
Mi quan h gia mt gieo trng v ch bn phn rt mt thit v phc tp,
n lin quan ti c tnh ca cy, c khi cn rt khc nhau gia ging v iu kin ngoi
cnh vd:
Mi quan h gia cy su v phn bn, quan h gia ging cy trng v phn
bn....

Trong iu kin k thut trng trt tt vi mt lng phn bn nh

cng c kh nng lm tng nng sut cao hn l s dng lng phn bn cao
m k thut trng trt khng tt. Ngc li, c th dng ch bn tt
khc phc nhng nhc im ca k thut trng trt. V vy trong thc t sn
xut tng ti 2 xu hng s dng phn bn trong sn xut nng nghip: Trong iu kin
c phn ho hc vi gi r, thng gim bt khi lng cc bin php k thut canh tc,
tng s lng phn bn; ngc li trong iu kin phn ho hc c gi cao, gi cng lao
ng r, c xu hng tng chi ph cho cc bin php k thut canh tc nng cao hiu
lc phn bn v hiu qu kinh t.

2.3.6. Ch ti
132

Ti tiu ch ng lm cho trng trt khng cn qu ph thuc vo m t

nhin.

Trng trt trong iu kin c ti tiu ch ng th hiu lc phn bn

cao hn v phn hu c phn gii tt khi c m, phn ho hc d ho tan
nn cung cp c tt hn cho cy (h s s dng phn bn cao). Mt khc,
phn bn lm tng hiu qu ca ti nc, lm gim s lng nc cn thit
to nn mt n v cht kh nn tit kim c lng nc cn ti.
2.3.7. c im ca cc loi phn bn s dng cho cy trng
- Phn ng ca phn bn: Phn bn c th chia thnh ba nhm theo
phn ng m chng c th to ra: cc loi phn chua (chua sinh l v chua ho
hc) kim (Ca(NO3)2, NaNO3, phn ln nung chy) hay trung tnh (ur, NH4NO3).
i vi cc loi phn gy chua, cn ch bn vi kh chua, bn trn vi cc
loi phn hu c v khng nn s dng cho cc loi t chua. Khi s dng bn
theo hng, theo hc, bn trn vi ht ging cn ch trnh tc hi do chua gy nn.
Cc loi phn kim nn s dng trn t chua v ngc li.

- ho tan ca phn: lin quan n tnh d tiu, d di ng, hiu lc

cn li ca phn trong t v xc nh v tr bn phn, cc loi phn kh tiu
ch yu dng bn lt, cn cc loi phn d tiu c th dng bn lt v bn
thc...Phn hu c, phn ln t nhin, phn ln nung chy c nh hng lu di
n tnh cht t.
- Cc thnh phn ph trong phn v cc ion tha trong phn: Thnh
phn ph c khi cng c yu t dinh dng, c tc dng ci to, nhng c khi
gy hi cho cy v nh hng xu n tnh cht t, khi bn qu nhiu vd:
Cl-, SO4-2, Ca2+, Mg2+...
- S chuyn ho ca phn trong t: c th c li hay hi cho vic cung
cp dinh dng cho cy do chuyn thnh dng d tiu hn hoc ngc li vd:
Cc mui sulfat trong iu kin ngp nc chuyn thnh H2S c th gy c.

2.4. c im ca quy trnh bn phn cho cc h canh tc c ph khc

nhau
2.4.1. c im quy trnh bn phn cho h canh tc c ph chu nh hng
ca thnh phn c gii t
133

Thnh phn c gii t khc nhau c kh nng nh hng rt khc nhau ti nhiu
ch tiu ca ph t nn c ngha quan trng trong vic qun l ph v xc nh
quy trnh bn phn hp l cho cy trng trn cc t ny.

- Trn t c TPCG nh (vd: t bc mu, t ct...): cht dinh dng d

di chuyn, t c hp thu, hm lng dinh dng d tiu thng thp do
qun l tt ph v m bo bn phn t hiu qu cao cn lu mt s im sau:

+ Cn chn cc loi phn t b ra tri bn (vd: phn m nn chn

dng phn amn hay ur m khng chn dng nitrat)

+ Cn bn nhiu phn hu c cha hoai mc di cc dng khc nhau

(cy phn xanh, tn th thc vt) tng tnh m, kh nng gi nc, gi phn
v ci to tnh cht vt l ca t. Do s dng phn hu c cha hoai nn khi bn
phn hu c cn bn su vo tng t c m to iu kin cho phn gii
thun li.
+ t ngho kali nn cn bn nhiu phn kali.
+ Khi bn phn ho hc cn vi nng trnh kh nng phn b ko xung
su ra khi tm hot ng ca r cy trng.
+ Phng php bn phn trn t ny cn trnh bn lt mt lng ln phn

ho hc cng mt lc. V vy khi phi bn lng ln (nhm t nng sut cy

trng cao) th nn chia lm nhiu ln, mi ln mt t theo st yu cu ca cy.
Rt nn bn kt hp phn ho hc vi phn hu c.
- Trn t c thnh phn c gii nng: cht dinh dng trong t kh
di chuyn v b mt, t c tc phn gii cht hu c chm... Do vy qun
l tt ph v m bo bn phn t hiu qu cao cn lu mt s im sau:

+ Chn cc dng phn d tan, t b hp thu nh phn m nitrat, phn supe

ln.
+ Bn phn hu c cho cy trng trn t ny cn c hoai mc.

+ Cn p dng cc bin php trnh qu trnh hp ph v gi cht

ln trong t nh: bn vi cho t chua, trung ho chua ca cc loi phn em
bn, bn phn ln trn vi phn hu c, bn supe ln vin, phn tng bn phn
ln, bn theo hc theo hng gn ht ging, cy ging khi gieo trng.
+ Phng php bn phn: c th bn phn vi s lng ln m khng
cn phi chia ra lm nhiu ln, tit kim cng bn phn.
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2.4.2. c im QTBP cho h canh tc c ph b nh hng ca mn cao

trong t
trn t mn cy pht trin km, kh nng ht thc n b hn ch li
khng bn c nhiu phn ho hc trong mt ln bn. Do vy qun l tt
ph v m bo bn phn t hiu qu cao cn lu mt s im sau:
- Nn x l ht ging cy trng trong dung dch phn bn trc khi
gieo thc ht chng ny mm, cung cp dinh dng cho cy con v luyn tnh
chu mn cho cy.
- Nn s dng cc dng phn bn c hm lng dinh dng cao t li
ion tha trong t nh: Ur, supe ln kp, DAP...
- Lng phn bn ho hc dng bn lt nn thp hn trn cc loi t
khc. Khi bn cn bn su vo tng t c m cao, khng nn bn phn cc
b theo hng, theo hc.
- Bn phi hp phn hu c vi phn ho hc hn ch lm tng nng
mui do phn ho hc c th gy ra.

- Kt hp bn phn vi ti nc, gi m sau khi bn hn ch nng

dung dch t tng cao, tm mi bin php duy tr m t h thp
nng mui.
- Tn dng bin php bn phn qua l cung cp dinh dng cho cy
vo lc cn thit quyt nh nng sut (vd: i vi cy n qu nn bn vo thi k
cy ra hoa n u qu non). Phng php ny khng lm nh hng n mn
ca t nhng li tn nhiu cng bn phn.
2.4.3. c im QTBP cho h canh tc c ph chu nh hng ca chua
t
Trong quy trnh bn phn cho cc h canh tc trn t chua cn ch :
- Hn ch s dng cc loi phn gy chua v cng lm tng chua ca
t gy bt li hn cho cy trng (vd: supe ln). Trong trng hp cn thit
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phi s dng cc loi phn gy chua ny th chng ta nn bn vi kh

chua cho t.
- Quan tm ti cc bin php chng hin tng c nh v gi cht ln
trong t khi s dng supe ln (bn vi kh chua cho t, bn apatit trc lc bn
supe ln, dng supe ln vin, trn supe ln vi phn hu c...).

- Phn chung chm phn gii trn t chua nn bn kt hp vi phn ho

hc cung cp dinh dng kp thi cho cy trng.
2.4.4. c im QTBP cho h canh tc chu nh hng ca m t nhin
trong t
Cc h thng canh tc c ph chu nh hng ca m t nhin (da
vo nc tri) c th chia ra lm 2 loi: b thiu m (kh hn) v tha m.
- Bn phn cho h canh tc trong iu kin kh hn: cn quan tm khc
phc s thiu ht nc. Trong hon cnh ny, nc tr thnh yu t hn ch
nng sut cy trng v hiu lc ca phn bn, lm ph nhiu t khng pht
huy c.
Cy ch ht c thc n khi trong t c nc nn khi t thiu m cy khng
th ht c nhiu dinh dng v sinh trng km, cho nng sut thp. V vy trong
iu kin kh hn cy yu cu tng i t cht dinh dng hn (so vi bnh thng v
nng sut thp) nhng to c mt n v sn phm cy li tiu tn nhiu cht dinh
dng hn.

+ Trong iu kin kh hn bn phn phi phi hp vi cc bin php

k thut trng trt khc lm cho b r pht trin tt nht, t lp t mt
(tng i kh) xung lp t di (tng i nhiu m) khc phc s thiu
nc, s dng ph t v phn bn hiu qu hn.
+ Cn bn nhiu phn ln v kali tng tnh chu hn cho cy. ng
thi ch bn N hp l to kh nng s dng nc tit kim v m bo cung cp
dinh dng cn i t nng sut cy trng tho ng. Ngoi ra nn bn phn hu
c hoai mc, phn ho hc d tan, d hp thu (m nitrat, supe ln...).
+ Phng php bn: Do hiu qu ca bn phn lt su cao, cn bn nhiu
phn lt v bn phn su. Bn lt phn ln, theo hng hay theo hc, c tc dng lm
tng s pht trin ca h r, gip r cy n su, tm c nc. Hn ch bn thc (do
hiu qu ca vic bn thc km), nu c phi vi phn su v nn kt hp vi cy,
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xi, lm c ( vi phn su n tng t m) , nn bn thc phn dng lng

cho hiu qu hn bn thc phn dng kh.
- Trong iu kin tha m: cn ch trnh phn khi b ra tri v
kh nng chuyn ho lm mt cht dinh dng trong iu kin ym kh . Do
vy quy trnh bn phn trn t ny cn ch :

+ Nn chn cc loi phn t ho tan (ln nung chy tt hn supe ln), c kh

nng di ng km (m dng amn tt hn nitrat), v dng phn kh bn thc.
+ Khng nn bn lt qu nhiu (nht l phn ha hc), tng s ln bn
thc v lng phn bn thc (nht l khi t c thnh phn c gii nh). Bn phn
vi nng (k c phn hu c, lp t mt t 8 15cm).
+ Nn bn phi hp phn hu c vi phn ho hc gim ra tri.
- Trong iu kin h canh tc c th ti ch ng:
+ Cy trng c kh nng s dng phn bn t hiu qu cao hn, i
hi c bn nhiu phn hn (do cy sinh trng tt hn nn c nhu cu dinh
dng nhiu hn).

+ Phng php bn phn cng n gin hn "bn vi nng" ngn

nga dinh dng thm qua vng r cy m mt phn.

+ Khng ti qu m cho t trng cn m dn n phn nitrat ho m mt

m v tng cng bn phi hp phn khong vi phn hu c ci thin
kt cu t.
2.4.5. c im QTBP cho h canh tc chu nh hng ca nhit
- Nhit thp: nh hng xu n sinh trng, pht trin ca cy
trng m c bit l h r cy (lm kh nng hp thu cht dinh dng ca r cy b
hn ch). ng thi nh hng xu ti hot ng ca VSV t nn hn ch
kh nng cung cp dinh dng t t v phn hu c. V vy qun l ph
tt v bn phn t hiu qu cao trong trng hp ny cn lu :

+ Bn lng phn ln hn so vi iu kin nhit bnh thng nht

l vi phn P v K (nhm gip cho cy chng rt v c dinh dng t nng
sut k hoch).

+ Phn ho hc c hiu qu cao, phn hu c c hiu qu thp trong iu

kin ny v vy nn bn nhiu phn ho hc, bn phn hu c phi c
hoai mc hoc l loi phn d hoai mc.
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+ Trong v ng xun phn ho hc c hiu qu cao hn, hiu qu ca

phn hu c thp hn.
- Nhit cao: cy trng sinh trng pht trin thun li, c kh nng
hp thu dinh dng cao, cht hu c phn gii nhanh cung cp dinh dng
cho cy c nhiu hn. Tuy vy nhit cao cng c th lm mt cht dinh
dng t t v phn bn sau qu trnh chuyn ho. V vy trong iu kin nhit
cao, quy trnh bn phn cho h canh tc cn ch :

+ Lng phn bn c th t hn do t c kh nng cung cp dinh dng tt

hn.

+ Nn bn tng i nhiu phn hu c trong tng lng phn bn cho

cy trng do c hiu lc cao hn, bn phn ho hc c hiu qu km hn so vi iu
kin nhit thp.

+ Trong v ma v v thu c th bn lng phn t hn v ng xun,

s dng phn hu c t hoai, cy vn r vo u v, coi trng bn thc vo
giai on cui do thi im ny cy huy ng hu ht dinh dng d tiu caut t.
2.4.6. c im QTBP cho cc h canh tc trong lun canh

138

 qun l ph nhiu t trong lun canh cy trng tt, m bo bn phn t hiu

qu cao, khi xc nh quy trnh bn phn cho cy trng nm trong lun canh cn quan tm iu
chnh cho ph hp vi:

* Lng cht dinh dng v kh nng ci to ph t do cy trng

trc to ra.
- Sau mt v trng cc cy u , ci thin cc tnh cht t, c bit lm
t giu thm N, nhng ln li b ly i kh nhiu. Ngc li sau mt v trng ng,
sn, ma... chng ly i nhiu cht dinh dng khin t tr nn ngho cht d tiu.
- Sau mt v thu hoch t nng sut cao, ph ca t b huy ng mnh,
lm t b ngho kit cc cht dinh dng d tiu, v sau mun t c nng sut
nh v trc, cn bn thm nhiu phn. Tri li sau mt v tht thu, hoc b ho
do dinh dng tn li t t v phn bn m cy trng trc khng s dng ht , nhu cu
phn bn v sau li khng cn nhiu lm.
- Khi thi v thu hoch v trc mun, khong thi gian gia v trc v sau
st nhau lm nhu cu bn phn cho cy trng cho v sau cn cao hn. Tri li, khi
khong cch gia 2 v trc v sau di, to iu kin cho t c thi gian hi
phc dinh dng d tiu, nn nhu cu bn phn cho cy trng v sau s gim i.
Nhng bin php k thut p dng cho cy trng trc, c nh hng
ca n ph nhiu ca t : ch nc, cch lm t, xi xo, mc cy su...
c kh nng nh hng ln n quy trnh bn phn cho cy trng sau.
* c im h r ca cy trng trc v sau
Nu h r cu cy trng trc pht trin trn cng 1 tng t hay su

hn cy trng sau th nhu cu bn phn cho cy sau s cao hn.

Ngc li, r ca cy trng trc pht trin tng t nng hn cy trng
sau, tn dng ph cu t trit hn th nhu cu phn bn cho cy v sau c

thp hn .
* Hiu lc tn ti ca phn bn do cy trng trc li
S lng phn bn, loi phn v dng phn bn s dng vi hiu lc
tn ti ca cc loi phn c s dng.

139

Cc loi phn chung, phn ln c hiu lc tn ti cc v sau khng km

v bn trc tip khi bn nhiu cc loi phn trn cho cy trng trc cy trng v
sau c th gim nhiu lng hay khng cn bn.

140