Tanner Bexson

ID: 001171315
Dr. Saurya Das
Physics 3750
14/12/2014

Physics 3750 - Written Report

Summary of Dr. Locke Spencers Colloquia
&
Summary of Tanner Bexsons Quantum Teleportation Presentation

Dr. Locke Spencer Colloquia

Introduction
A look to the far reaches of our own universe: Seemingly, this is the goal of mainstream science
during our current epoch and Dr. Locke Spencers Colloquium talk gave us greater insight into the
methods used to do such things than we could have ever asked for. As we try to understand one of the
final frontiers (space and the universe), the top scientists and engineers in the world gather to help put
together the Planck Telescope which gave us a clearer, more resolved view of the Cosmic Microwave
Backgrounds (hereinafter referred to as CMB) dipole anisotropy. The data acquisition took
approximately 15 to 30 months after the Planck mission piggy-backed with Herschel which was decided
in 1997-1998 and also signified the early years of Planchs mission. Many techniques and considerations
were made when acquiring this data. I.e. there is an oscillation of the CMB due to our speed in the solar
system & moreover, our speed in the rotation of our galaxy and especially during the plane and antiplane crossings of our solar system in our galaxy.

History of the CMB

As Dr. Spencer pointed out, all the Planck data is available online and is in the form of an
interactive Chromoscope, which is a map of the sky with different optic layers and the interactive
Planckoscope, which is a map of the sky at different EMR frequencies. Data shown in these
acquisitions confirms that the universe has changed. The Hubble flow is no exception. The accurately
resolved Planck data has shown that indeed, the CMB has redshifted by the cosmological expansion
redshift effect and that this expansion has changed rates with respect to time (i.e. we live in an
accelerating universe). Similar inferences could be made with the associated WMAP data which was
launched earlier, in the late 20th Century, which performed the same measurements but with less

resolution and accuracy. The Planck data essentially gave a clearer confirmation of the dipole anisotropy
of the CMB and solidified certain postulations about the nature of our universe and one of the final
frontiers in general.

Quantum Teleportation
Introduction
It has always been a dream of humanity to move objects and possibly even humans from one
place to another at an incredible speed; something that was envisioned in the 1966 TV series Star Trek.
Quantum Teleportation is the manifestation of this science fiction aspiration. With quantum
teleportation, sending a quantum state, |>, to a remote location is completely feasible without
violating General Relativitys impossibility of sending information faster than the speed of light. Thus, it
is completely possible to send information and possibly matter from one location to another at
ridiculously high speeds but still below the speed of light. In effect, youve teleported something.

Quantum Entanglement
One of the most ridiculous predictions quantum mechanics makes is quantum entanglement.
The inextricable connection between two particles in which one affects the other instantaneously after
its respective measurement regardless of the distance has baffled scientists since the 1930s. In effect,
the instantaneous transfer of information means that the information went faster than the speed of
light which flies directly in the face of general relativity. This is a prime example of why quantum
mechanics does not agree with general relativity and why the two theories conflict. However, this
problem is resolved in the case of quantum teleportation as we will see; teleportation requires a

classical channel in which information may pass through. Undoubtedly though, the lesson learned here
is that there is a definite connection between two entangled particles, specifically, in the EinsteinPodolsky-Rosen Singlet State which is given by the following superposition:
|12> = 1/(2)(|d1>|u2> - |d2>|u1>)

(1.1)

In equation 1.1, the quantum state of both particles, 1 & 2, can be written as a superposition of
the tensor products of the quantum states of their spin states (depicted as d = spin down and u = spin
up), of course with a 1/(2) to account for probabilistic unity factors. This equation will be useful in the
next section when we talk about teleportation itself.

Quantum Teleportation
In the case of teleportation now, we see that if we take the two particles, 1 & 2, described by
equation 1.1, separate them and give them to 2 scientists, Jordan 1 and Vince 2. Now say that Jordan
takes his particle 1 and another particle 3 of an unknown quantum state |> and |> is given by:
|> = A|u3>+B|d3> where |A|2+|B|2 = 1

(1.2)

Now, say Jordan performs a Von Neumann measurement on particles 1 & 3. The term
measurement here is a bit of a misnomer as it is more of an interaction than anything else (best to think
of it as a second entanglement between particles 1 & 3). This gives rise to 4 possible mathematical
states the particles 1 & 3 could be in (i.e. 4 superposed quantum states of the particles 1 & 3) given by
|13> = 1/(2)(|d1>|u3> |d1>|u3>)

(1.3)

|13> = 1/(2)(|d1>|d3> |u1>|u3>)

(1.4)

And:

Furthermore, this gives rise to 1 more equation that describe the quantum state of all 3
particles, Jordans 1 & 3 and Vinces 2, in 4 superposed states. This equation is:
|123> = 0.5[|13> (-A|u2> - B|d2>) +

(1.5)

|13>(-A|u2> + B|d2>) +
|13>(A|d2> - B|u2>) +
|13>(A|d2> + B|u2>)]
Given equation 1.5, each possible measurement (shown as a linear superposition in equation
1.5) has an associated 1/4th probability associated with it and when Jordan performs a spin
measurement on his system, Vinces corresponding particle 2 will yield one of the states shown in 1.5.
Now, if we notice, these quantum states (again, shown as a linear superposition) match the one
described by equation 1.2 with slight sign differences. Therefore, if Vince makes the correct unitary
transformation to his particle described as:

( )
( )
-1 0

-|2>

( )
0

|2>

-1

|2>

|2>

(1.6)

In every above case, if the correct transformation is applied, then Vinces particle 2 is an exact
replica of Jordans initial unknown particle 2s unknown quantum state |> , without any trace of |>
on Jordans side after measurement. The state |> has effectively been teleported. Very important to
note however, Jordan needs to tell Vince classically exactly what measurement he found in equation 1.5

in order for Vince to successfully transform his particles state into |>. Therefore, there is no violation
of Einsteins General Theory of Relativity.

In Conclusion
While we can still only apply quantum teleportation to quantum particles such as photons and
electrons, the consequences of it can, however theoretically, be applied to classical objects since the
equations can be generalized to N>2 components if N is a component in a quantum state. In effect,
quantum teleportation provides dramatic insight and implication for society in the future, however, for
now it remains a dream yet to be realized which may not be realized for many decades.

References:
Bennett, Charles. (1993). Teleporting an Unknown Quantum State via Dual Classical and EinsteinPodolsky-Rosen Channels. Retrieved from
http://journals.aps.org/prl/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.1895 on April 10th, 14/12/2014.
Spencer, Locke. (14/12/2014, April 10th). CMB Dipole Anisotropy measurement using Planck Telescope
data. Physics 3750. The University of Lethbridge.