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cng mn: CNG NGH MI TRNG

Ging vin: PGS.TS. ng Kim Loan Lp K54 Cng ngh Mi trng
Cu 1 Cc phng php x l bi
-

Nguyn l (nh ngha)

Kch thc ht
Hiu sut/ hiu qu x l
Phm vi ng dng/ i tng
(u, nhc im ca mi pp)

Cu 2 Cc phng php x l kh
-

Nguyn l (nh ngha)

Hiu sut x l
Phm vi, i tng p dng

Ring i vi pp hp ph v hp th tr li thm cc sau:

-

u, nhc im ca mi pp
Cc loi cht hp ph v hp th no hay c s dng trong x l mi trng,
vit phn ng v gii thch.

Cu 3 X l nc thi bng pp ha l
1. Lc
- Lc bng vt liu lc
- Lc bng mng (trong pp ny trng tm l Lc p lc !)
mi pp cn trnh by cc ni dung sau:
-

Nguyn l
Gii hn p dng
Hiu qu/ hiu sut x l

i vi lc p lc cn trnh by cc ni dung:
Nguyn l thm thu ngc
So snh gii hn p dng: lc nano, siu lc, vi lc,.. (kch thc, phm vi p
dng.)
2. Keo t
- Nguyn l: Khi nim, nguyn l..
- Cht keo t, to bng: khi nim, phn bit.(ch ti cc mui KL (III)
gii thch ti sao li sd cc mui ny? ) - Cc phn ng c bn
- Phm vi p dng
3. Trung ha
- Nguyn l
- Gii hn p dng
-

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Cc phn ng c bn (nu c)
Hiu qu/ hiu sut x l

Cu 4 X l nc bng phng php Sinh hc

1. K tn cc nhm pp sinh hc x l cht nhim trong nc, nc thi v
t.
2. Trnh by cc vn sau v vic s dng vi sinh vt trong x l nc thi
- Nguyn l, nguyn tc chung ca vic s dng cc vi sinh vt x l nc
thi.
- Phn loi v iu kin cho vic x l ca tng pp. Vit cc phn ng c bn
ca tng loi.
- K tn cc thit b x l v phm vi ng dng ca tng loi.
Cu 5 Cht thi rn (phn ny xem cu hi m thy Ym t ra nh)
1. La chn bi chn lp
2. Biogas

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 cng mn: CNG NGH MI TRNG

THI MN: CNG NGH MI TRNG

(dnh cho K54 KHMT); thi gian thi 90 pht
1
Cu 1
-

X l hi v kh hu c c th dng nhng phng php no?

Th no l hp ph v hp th? u, nhc im ca mi phng php?
Cc loi cht hp ph v hp th no hay c s dng trong x l mi trng,
vit phn ng v gii thch.

Cu 2
X l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc:
a. K tn cc nhm pp sinh hc x l cht nhim trong nc, nc thi v
t.
b. Trnh by cc vn sau v vic s dng vi sinh vt trong x l nc thi:
- Nguyn l, nguyn tc chung ca vic s dng cc vi sinh vt x l nc
thi.
- Phn loi v iu kin cho vic x l ca tng pp. Vit cc phn ng c bn
ca tng loi.
- K tn cc thit b x l v phm vi ng dng ca tng loi.
Cu 3
Trnh by cc yu cu (tiu ch) la chn bi chn lp hp v sinh. V s
bi chn lp.

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Cu 1 Cc phng php x l bi
-

Nguyn l (nh ngha)

Kch thc ht
Hiu sut/ hiu qu x l
Phm vi ng dng/ i tng
(u, nhc im ca mi pp)

TR LI
Cc pp x l bi bao gm:
1.
-

X l bi bng bung lng bi

X l bi bng cyclon
X l bi bng lc ti, lc mng
X l bi bng cc pp t
X l bi bng lc tnh in
PP X L BI BNG BUNG LNG
Nguyn l: S lng bi bng bung lng l to ra iu kin trng lc tc
dng ln ht bi thng lc y ngang ca dng kh. Trn c s , ngi ta to
ra s gim t ngt mt ct ca dng kh chuyn ng, khi cc ht bi s
lng xung. lng c hiu qu hn, ngi ta cn a vo bung lng cc tm
chn l lng. Cc ht bi chuyn ng theo qun tnh s p vo vt chn v
ri nhanh xung y.
Cc lc tc dng: trng lc, lc qun tnh.
Kch thc ht: bung lng bi c p dng lng cc ht bi th c kch
thc ht t 60 70 m tr ln. Tuy vy cc ht bi nh hn vn c th b gi
li trong bung lng.
Hiu qu x l: 40-70% ????
Phm vi ng dng/ i tng: p dng cho dng thi c lu lng ln v kch
thc ht ln nh khoan, p..
u im:
Chi ph u t ba u, vn hnh thp
Kt cu n gin
Nhc im:
Phi lm sch th cng nh k
Thit b cng knh
Ch c th thu c nhng ht bi kch thc tng i ln.
Khng th thu c bi c bm dnh v dnh t

2. PP X L BI DA VO LC LI TM (CYCLON)
- Nguyn l: Khi dng kh v bi chuyn ng theo 1 qu o trn (dng xoy)
th cc ht bi c m ln hn nhiu so vi cc phn t kh s chu tc dng ca
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lc ly tm vng ra pha xa trc hn, phn gn trc xoy lng bi s rt nh.

Nu ta gii hn dng xoy trong 1 v hnh tr th bi s va vo thnh v v ri
xung y,khi ta t tm dng xoy 1 ng dn kh ra , ta s thu c kh ko c
bi hoc lng bi gim i rt nhiu.
Cc lc tc dng: lc xoy (lc li tm), trng lc, lc hng tm, lc trt
(lc ma st vo 2 thnh thit b)
Kch thc ht:
Cyclon n: thu c bi > 5m, nhng ht c kch thc >100 m
c loi b 1 cch hiu qu.
H cyclon: x l c bi c kch thc nh hn
Hiu qu x l: Cyclon hnh nn: 45-85%
Cyclon t hp: 65-95%

- Phm vi ng dng/ i tng: tch cc ht bi tng i ln.????

- u im:

C th lm vic p sut, nhit cao (n 5000C)

X l c bi kh v c bi t
Nhc im:
Hiu qu x l km i vi cc ht bi < 5m
Khng th thu c bi c tnh kt dnh
Thnh thit b b mi mn nhanh
Nng lng thu c lc ln

3. PP X L BI BNG LC MNG, LC TI
- Nguyn l: Dng kh v bi c chn li bi mng hoc ti lc, ti (mng)
ny c cc khe (l) nh cho cc phn t kh i qua d dng nhng gi li cc
ht bi. Khi lp bi dy ngn cn lng kh i qua th ngi ta tin hnh
rung hoc thi ngc thu hi bi v lm sch mng.
- Kch thc ht: 2-10micromet???
- Hiu qu x l: cao 85-99.9%
- Phm vi ng dng/ i tng: pp ny khng p dng cho dng thi lu
lng ln v nng cao.
- u im:
Tnh nng x l bi cao nht
C th loi c cc ht bi nh n hng 0.01m
.
Chi ph u t thp
C ngha v mt x l mi trng, ngoi ra cn thu hi li nguyn
liu
- Nhc im:
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Ph vn hnh cao do tn hao (theo vt liu lc)

Nguy c chy n cao, nht l vi cc bi d chy.
i vi dng thi c lu lng ln p lc ln rch mng
khng bn. Nng bi ln nhanh chng lp y mng.
4. X L BI BNG CC PP T
- Nguyn tc chung: dng khng kh cha bi phi c i qua mt mi trng
lng hoc mng hi nc tng kh nng lng xung ca ht bi.
- Kch thc ht: 0.1-100micromet???
- Hiu qu x l: 85-99% ???
- u im:
Hiu qu x l bi cao hn
C th ng dng thu hi bi c kch thc nh 0,1m
C th s dng khi nhit v m cao
X l c hi v kh
- Nhc im:
Cc cht kh nh SO2, NO2,vo nc b ha tan nc b nhim
phi x l
Cc git lng c kh nng b cun theo kh cng vi bi lng trong ng
dn v qut ht
- Phm vi ng dng/ i tng: c s dng cho nhng ni bi mang m
cao hoc khi ti ni lm vic khng ng u v nhit v m.
Cc pp c th (t ngh phn ny ch cn tp trung vo h ra venturi ! - Thy)
4.1. pp dp bi bng mng cht lng
- Nguyn l: Dng kh c cha bi i qua mng cht lng (thng l nc). Cc
ht bi gp nc s b dm xung hoc cun bm theo mng nc, cn dng
kh i qua. Nc thng c i t trn xung, cn dng kh i t di ln.
4.2.
pp sc kh qua cht lng (nc) - pp si bt
- Nguyn l: Kh cha bi i qua mng c l ri qua lp cht lng di dng
cc bt kh. Bi trong cc bt kh b thm t v b ko vo pha nc to thnh
cc huyn ph ri c th ra bn ngoi.
4.3. pp ra kh ly tm
- Nguyn l: Nc c phun t trn xung theo thnh hnh tr ca thit b,
ng thi kh c thi theo dng xoy t di i ln. Bi vng ra pha thnh
b nc cun theo i xung ca thot di y.
4.4.
pp ra kh kiu Venturi
- Nguyn l: Dng kh c dn qua 1 ng tht, ti y tc dng kh tng ln
cao (50-150m/s). Khi vt qua u cp cht lng ng s ko theo dng sol.

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Nhng ht cht lng nh b s lm t bi cun theo v ngng li thnh

dng bn i ra theo ca di v dng kh ra s l kh sch.
- u im:
Thit b kiu venturi t hiu qu thu bi cao nht trong nhm pp t
X l hiu qu cc ht bi c kch thc trung bnh ~ 0,5 m
- Nhc im:
S dng 1 lng nc ln
Tiu hao kh nhiu nng lng (do phn tn pha lng ng ni)
Khng p ng vi kh x nhiu bi
Cc cht nhim gi trong pha lng cn c x l
4.5.
Ra kh kiu dng xoy
- Nguyn l: Dng kh c tc ln thi trc tip vo b mt cht lng theo mt
gc xin, di p lc ca dng kh, cht lng s b tung ln, kh v cht lng
tip xc vi nhau, bi b thm t s gi li trong cht lng v kh sch i ra
ngoi.
4.6. Ra kh kiu a quay
- Nguyn l: Bi trong dng kh i qua h thng kh bi gm nhiu tm c l
hay li kim loi.Nhng tm li ny lun lun c thm t bng 1 cht lng
thch hp v quay trn u trong 1 khng gian hnh tr. Nhng ht bi trong
dng kh gp b mt cht lng s b t v b gi li ri tri theo nhng git nc
ri xung y.
5. PP KH BI TNH IN
- Nguyn l: Trong 1 in trng u, c s phng in ca cc in t t cc
m sang cc dng. Trn ng i, n c th va phi cc phn t kh v ion
ha chng hoc c th gp phi cc ht bi lm cho chng tch in m v
chng s chuyn ng v pha c dng. Ti y chng c trung ha v in
tch v nm li . Li dng nguyn l ny, ngi ta s thu c bi t cc
tm in cc dng v kh i ra l kh sch bi.
- Cc lc tc dng: lc in trng, lc trng trng, lc y
- Kch thc ht: 0.005-10 m ???
- Hiu qu x l: 85-99%
- Phm vi ng dng/ i tng:
Lc tm: lm sch kh kh,lm sch bi kh thm t.
Lc ng: loi cc ht lng ra khi m v m bo c sch lm
sch kh cao.
Thit b loc ng
-

u im:
in trng c hiu sut cao hn

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S phn phi kh tt hn do lm tng hiu sut lc

Nhc im:
Lp rp phc tp, kh lm chn ng cc in cc m do phi m bo c
nh tm ca chng 1 cch chnh xc
Tn nhiu nng lng trn 1 n v chiu di ca dy dn.

Thit b lc tm
-

u im : d lp rp, d lm chn ng cc in cc m hn
Nhc im: in trng hiu sut thp hn,s phn phi kh km hn

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cu 2 Cc phng php x l hi v kh c

-

Nguyn l (nh ngha)

Hiu sut x l
Phm vi, i tng p dng

Ring i vi pp hp ph v hp th tr li thm cc sau:

-

u, nhc im ca mi pp

Cc loi cht hp ph v hp th no hay c s dng trong x l mi trng, vit

phn ng v gii thch
TR LI
X l hi hoc kh thi c hi c th tin hnh bng 4 pp: thiu hy, ngng
t, hp ph hoc hp th
1. Phng php thiu hy
S dng nhit chuyn cc cht nhim thnh dng khng c hoc t c hn
(CO2 + H2O..)
Thiu hy bng nhit
- Phng php ny ph hp vi kh thi cha cc hp cht hu c (nh dung
mi, hi l cc ha than, l t..)
- Cc cht hu c s b phn hy thnh than, kh v hi nc trong iu kin
nhit phn hy cao v tc phn ng thng chm
Thiu hy bng phng php ha hc
- L phng php s dng kh ph bin i vi cc kh c hi (thuc tr dch
hi...)
- Thng s dng cc phn ng oxi ha kh hoc thy phn trong mi trng
thch hp thay i cu trc phn t hay dng tn ti ca chng tr thnh cc
sp khng hoc t c hi i vi con ngi v ng - thc vt
Thiu hy bng phng php t

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t l pp hay c dng khi m sn phm ca n khng th ti sinh hoc thu

hi
- Qu trnh t thc cht l qu trnh tiu hy bng nhit nhng lun c mt oxi.
Sn phm ca qu trnh ny thng l CO2, hi nc v cc kh khng hoc t
c
- Nhit i hi cho vic t kh v hi thng phi t 800 1100 oC
2. Phng php ngng t
- Nguyn tc: da trn s h thp nhit mt xung mt gi tr nht nh th hu
nh cc cht th hi s ngng t li v sau c thu hi hoc x l tiu
hy
- Phng php ny ch ph hp vi nhng trng hp kh thi c nng hi
tng i cao (>>20g/mL)
3. Phng php hp ph
- Hp ph l mt hin tng gy ra s tng nng ca mt cht hoc hn hp
cht trn b mt tip xc gia hai pha (rn-kh, rn-lng, lng-kh)
- Hp ph c th chia thnh 2 loi:
Hp ph vt l: l loi gy ra do lc tng tc yu gia cc phn t: n
ging nh tng tc trong hin tng ngng t. Lc tng tc l lc Van
der Waals.
Hp ph ha hc: l loi hp ph gy ra do tng tc mnh gia cc phn
t v to ra hp cht b mt gia b mt cht hp ph v cc phn t b hp
ph. Hp ph ha hc c to ra do p lc ha hc
- Nguyn l: hi v kh c khi i qua cht hp ph b gi li nh hin tng hp
ph. Nu ta chn c cht hp ph chn lc th c th loi b c cc cht
c hi m khng nh hng n thnh phn cc kh khng c hi khc.
- Phm vi p dng: Thng p dng trong trng hp kh thi c nng thp
- u im: C kh nng lm sch cao. Cht hp ph sau khi s dng u c kh
nng ti sinh => h gi thnh x l
- Nhc im: Khng th s dng i vi ngun thi c ti trng nhim cao.
Qu trnh x l thng phi thc hin theo pp gin on
Mt s cht hp ph thng c s dng trong x l mi trng
-

Trong cng ngh x l mi trng, lm sch cc hi v kh thi ngi ta

thng s dng cc cht hp ph xp nh than hot tnh, silicagel, zeolit c hot
cao v kh d dng ti sinh.
Than hot tnh:
Than hot tnh l mt cht hp ph rn, xp, khng phn cc v c b mt
ring rt ln. Cc l xp trong than hot tnh c bn knh hiu dng t vi chc n
hng chc nghn anstron. Than hot tnh c tc dng hp ph tt i vi cc cht

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khng phn cc dng kh v dng lng. than hot tnh c coi nh l cht hp ph
ch yu trong cng ngh x l lm sch mi trng bao gm cc lnh vc:
-

Lm mt n phng c, lm sch mi v kh mu cc sn phm du m

Lm sch nc ung, x l nc sinh hot hoc x l nc thi ca cc cng
trnh c nhim bn thp
x l nc thi cng nghip cha cc cht km hoc khng b VSV phn hy
x l cp 3 nc thi cng nghip v th

i a s cc cht hp ph trn than hot tnh u c th gii hp bng nhit

Silicagel
- L gel ca anhydrit axit silisic c cu trc l xp rt pht trin. Mng li ca
gel bao gm cc nguyn t Si nm gia khi t din ni vi nhau thng qua
cc nguyn t O phn b ti cc nh. B mt ca gel l cc nhm hydroxyl
(OH-), iu quyt nh tnh cht hp ph ca silicagel.
- L cht hp ph a nc, d dng hp ph cc cht phn cc cng nh cc cht
c th to vi nhm hydroxyl lin kt kiu cu hydro
- Ti sinh silicagel nhit di 2000C, bng khng kh kh
Zeolit
L cc hp cht alumosilicat c cu trc tinh th. So vi silicagel, trong mng
li tinh th ca zeolit, mt phn ion Si4+ c thay th bng cc ion Al3+ dn n s
thiu ht v in tch dng:
zeolit c th tip nhn cc cation nht nh ca cc kim loi khc.
ph v cu trc u n ca tinh th n cht, gy ra nhng khong khng gian
trng v lc in trng khc nhau trong zeolit.
4. Phng php hp th
- Nguyn l: da trn s tng tc gia cht cn hp th (thng l kh hoc
hi) vi cht hp th (thng l cht lng) hoc da vo kh nng ha tan khc
nhau ca cc cht trong cht lng tch cht
- Ty thuc vo bn cht ca s tng tc m chia thnh: hp th vt l hay ha
hc
Hp th vt l: l qu trnh da trn s tng tc vt l thun ty, ngha l
ch bao gm s khuch tn, ha tan cc cht cn hp th vo trong cht lng
v s phn b ca chng gia cc phn t cht lng
Hp th ha hc: l mt qu trnh lun i km vi 1 hay nhiu phn ng ha
hc. Mt qu trnh hp th ha hc thng gm 2 giai on: giai on
khuch tn v giai on xy ra cc phn ng ha hc. S hp th ha hc
khng ch ph thuc vo tc khuch tn ca cht kh vo cht lng m
cn ph thuc vo tc chuyn ha ca cc cht - tc phn ng ca cc
cht
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Phm vi p dng: Thng p dng trong trng hp kh thi c nng

khng qu nh, lu lng kh cn x l ln
u im: S dng pp ny trong x l kh thi s t c hiu qu x l cao.
Thu hi c cc cht tun hon hoc chuyn sang cc cng on sx khc
Nhc im:??????????????
Cc loi thit b hp th
thit b hp th kiu mng cht lng
thit b mng a quay
thp hp th loi m
thp hp th si bt
thp hp th kiu a chp
thp phun
Mt s v d hp th trong cng nghip
S hp th CO2
Ngi ta thng s dng nc, metanol, kim, dung dch amoniac hp th
CO2
Trong metanol, CO2 hp th theo kiu vt l
Trong nc, sau khi khuch tn vo, CO2 s hp vi nc to H2CO3 v HCO3-

Khi s dng dd kim hay amoniac th ng thi vi qu trnh hp th ha tan l

cc phn ng trung ha to thnh cc mui tng ng

S hp th SO2

C th s dng nc, soda hoc dd amoni sunfit hp th SO2

-

Khi hp th bng nc, trong dd tn ti cn bng sau:

Khi hp th bng xt, ta c phn ng:

Khi hp th bng dd amoniac, to nn (NH4)2SO4 v NH4HSO3. Song trn b

mt dd hp th c phn ng thun nghch:

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Cu 3 X l nc thi bng pp ha l
3.1. Lc
- Lc bng vt liu lc
- Lc bng mng (trong pp ny trng tm l Lc p lc !)
mi pp cn trnh by cc ni dung sau:
-

Nguyn l
Gii hn p dng
Hiu qu/ hiu sut x l

i vi lc p lc cn trnh by cc ni dung:
-

Nguyn l thm thu ngc

So snh gii hn p dng: lc nano, siu lc, vi lc,.. (kch thc, phm vi p
dng.)

TR LI
Cu 3: X l nc bng phng php ho l
3.1. LC
Lc l qu trnh loi b cc cht rn ra khi pha lng hoc pha kh bng cch
cho dng kh hoc lng c cha cc ht cht rn chy qua lp vt ngn xp. Cc ht
cht rn s b gi li trn b mt lp vt ngn, cn cht kh hoc cht lng s thm qua
vt ngn.
CC K THUT LC
1. Lc c hc - lc bng vt liu lc thng thng
Nguyn l: mi trng lc l lp vt liu lc dy, qu trnh lc khng to p
sut, hoc p sut thp, theo thi gian lp vt liu lc b bn, l lc b bt do cc
ht cn b lu gi li v ko qua c l trng hoc cc ht bm dnh li vi nhau
gy ra hin tng tc nghn.
- Gii hn p dng: p dng cho loi b cc tp cht th, c kch thc ln, 1
s loi sinh vt nguyn sinh (to, ru), nu tin x l thch hp c th p dng
cho x l Fe (II) ho tan sau khi lm thong
- Hiu qu x l: x l km do nhanh b tc nghn, nhanh phi ra vt liu lc,
1 s trng hp phi thay vt liu lc nu qu lu.
2. Lc mng ( y trnh by v lc p lc)
- Nguyn l: mi trng lc c dy khng ng k, theo thi gian qu trnh
lc lm tng nng cht mang to nn lp mng th cp p sut thm thu
tng ln, lm tng hiu qu lc.
-

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Gii hn p dng: kiu lc ny cn th tch c c cc cht ho tan quy

m phn t, ion (mng NF, RO) nh cc mui, cht khong, ion KL, cc cht
hu c gy mi, mu, SS,
Hiu qu x l: lc b c nhiu loi cht mang nn hiu qu x l cao, p
dng tt trong CN ung: sx bia, ru vang, nc p tri cy, , CN dc
phm, CN sinh hc; CN x l nc thi, nc cp, i khi c th b qua bc
kh trng sau cng trong x l nc cp, nc sinh hot.

Lc mng gm 4 loi chnh: Siu lc, Vi lc, Lc Nano, Lc RO.

3. So snh gii hn p dng:
- Lc RO: theo c ch thm thu ngc kch thc l lc nh lc trit
nht, tuy nc tinh khit, do loi b c cc mui, ion, cn, KL, kh c t,
gim TDS, kh mu, mi, nhng ng thi loi b hon ton cht khong - yu
t cn thit ca con ngi ch yu nh nc.
- Lc nano: l kiu lc ci tin ca h thng lc RO, cng loi b cc cht mang
c phn t, ion; kch thc l lc to hn lc RO khng loi b c hon
ton lng cht khong. Nu CN nano khng qua h thng x l th gy tc
mng, nhng cht khong cn c gi li c th khng tt cho sc khe. Gi
thnh cao.
- Siu lc (UF): s dng mng p sut thp, ch cho cht ho tan th i qua, gi
li trn mng loi b vius, VK. Qa trnh cng tun theo nguyn tc thm
thu ngc khi p lc qua mng tng.
- Vi lc (MF): kch thc l lc vo khong micro, khng lm thay i thnh
phn dung dch, ch gi cht SS, ht keo, VK,. Qt da trn nguyn tc p
sut thm thu v nng phn cc ca cht mang. Bao gm 2 qt ng thi l
lc tip xc v lc ngt qung.
C siu lc v vi lc u p dng tt cho CN sx ung, dc phm, CN sinh
hc, nhng u phi quan tm n h thng ti sinh mng lc ban u bng CN ra
ngc hoc ra thu lc hoc bng ho cht.
Trong lc mng chng ta quan tm n nguyn l thm thu ngc nh sau:
Nhng vi qu trnh lc thm thu ngc: theo mt c ch ngc li vi cc
c ch lc thm thu thng thng, mng lc RO hot ng trn c ch chuyn ng
ca cc phn t nc nh p lc nn ca my bm cao p to ra mt dng chy mnh
(y c th gi l qu trnh phn ly trong chnh dng nc mi trng bnh thng
nh p lc) y cc thnh phn ha hc, cc KL, tp cht.c trong nc chuyn
ng mnh, vng ra vng c p lc thp hay tri theo dng nc ra ngoi theo ng
thi. Trong khi y cc phn t nc th lt qua cc mt lc kch c 0,001 m nh p
lc d, vi kch c mt lc ny th hu ht cc thnh phn ha hc, cc KL, vi khun
u khng th lt qua.
i qun nh nh ! Lp K54 Cng ngh Mi trng

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 cng mn: CNG NGH MI TRNG

3.2. KEO T
- Nguyn l: Khi nim, nguyn l..
- Cht keo t, to bng: khi nim, phn bit.(ch ti cc mui KL (III)
gii thch ti sao li sd cc mui ny? ) - Cc phn ng c bn
- Phm vi p dng
TR LI
-

Keo t l qu trnh ph v trng thi bn ca ht keo

To bng l qu trnh kt dnh cc ht keo b ph v to thnh bng cn c
kch thc ln hn, nng hn v lng xung
- Nguyn l: i vi h phn tn c din tch b mt ring ln (bi trong kk, bn,
ph sa trong nc) cc ht lun c xu hng co cm li to ht ln hn
gim nng lng b mt.
Qu trnh keo t - to bng thng p dng trc lng v lc :
- Lm trong nc, x l mt phn mu trc khi lc
- Lm gim hm lng SS trong nc thi trc khi x l sinh hc
- Tng kh nng lng ca b lng cp 2
- Lc trc tip nu SS khng qu cao
CHT KEO T
Pp a vo h mt mui KL ha tr III: a vo mui KL ha tr III c th thy
phn (vd mui st hoc mui nhm sunfat) trong nc. S thy phn ca cc ion KL
s dn n vic kt ta cc oxo hydroxit KL, v nh hnh v ta bng. Ngoi ra
cc hydroxit ny tn ti dng keo (keo dng), nn n cn c kh nng hp ph
(trung ha) cc ht bn (cc KLN, VSV) trong nc (keo m) lm thnh tp hp
cc ht d lng hn.y l mt bin php hiu qu v thng c ng dng ph
bin trong x l nc.
Nhng cht keo t thng dng l mui nhm v mui st
1. Mui nhm
- Trong cc loi phn nhm, Al2(SO4)3.nH2O (n = 14 18) l cht keo t ph
bin nht, do c tnh ha tan tt trong nc, chi ph thp v hot ng c hiu
qu trong khong pH = 5 7.5
- Khi dng phn nhm lm cht keo t s xy ra phn ng thu phn:

Nu trong nc thiu kim (K), pH s gim; nu K s c phn ng:

2. Mui st Fe2(SO4)3.H2O hoc FeCl3.nH2O (n = 1 6)

i qun nh nh ! Lp K54 Cng ngh Mi trng

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 cng mn: CNG NGH MI TRNG

Mui st cha ph bin Vit Nam nhng rt ph bin cc nc cng

nghip. Ho hc ca mui st tng t nh mui nhm ngha l khi thu phn
s to axit, v vy cn kim gi pH khng i.

So vi phn nhm mui st c u im l:

Tc dng tt hn nhit thp
C vng pH ti u rng hn (t 5 - 9)
Bng cn bn hn v nng hn nn lng tt hn, lng st d thp hn
C th kh H2S.
Nhc im: to thnh phc ha tan c mu do phn ng ca ion st vi cc
hp cht hu c

CHT TR KEO T - TO BNG

tng hiu qu qu trnh keo t - to bng, ngi ta thng s dng cc cht
tr keo t. Vic s dng cht tr keo t cho php gim liu lng cht keo t, gim
thi gian qu trnh keo t v tng tc lng ca cc bng keo.
C bn nhm cht tr keo t: cc cht hiu chnh pH, dung dch axit silixic
hot tnh, bt t st v polime.
1. Cc cht hiu chnh pH
- Qu trnh keo t thng km theo s tiu th K gy gim pH.
- S dng vi lm cht hiu chnh pH tng hiu qu keo t bng phn, tng
cng x l cc axit humic, cng.
2. Axit silixic hot tnh (AS)
- AS thc cht l polime v c, mang in tch m. Khi vo nc cc phn t AS
m nhanh chng ht cc ht bng cn nh mang in dng ca kt ta
hydroxit nhm hoc st to bng ln.
3. Bt t st
- Tc dng tng t AS, dng tt khi phi hp vi phn nhm v mui st
- Chng cn c kh nng, tuy yu, hp ph mt phn cc cht hu c gy mu,
bng cn to thnh cng nng hn.
4. Cc cht to bng hu c cao phn t
- y l nhm c tc dng to bng tt nht.
- Cc polyme dng lm cht to bng cho qu trnh x l nc phi p ng cc
yu cu sau :
Tan tt trong nc
Khng c
C kh nng to bng tt nh i lc cao i vi ht keo v bng cn nh
trong x l nc
i qun nh nh ! Lp K54 Cng ngh Mi trng

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 cng mn: CNG NGH MI TRNG

3.3. TRUNG HA
- Nguyn l
- Gii hn p dng
- Cc phn ng c bn (nu c)
- Hiu qu/ hiu sut x l
TR LI
Nguyn l
n cht c pp trung ha l phn ng ha hc gia axit v kim hoc gia
mui vi axit hoc kim c trong nc thi
- Mc ch c pp: x l nc thi t c trung ha (t gi tr pH theo
TCVN)
- Cht c chn phn ng vi axit hoc kim c trong nc thi gi l tc
nhn trung ha ha hc
- Tc nhn trung ha thng c dng x l cht thi cha axit l vi,
lmit, vi cc loi, xt, sda v x l cht thi cha kim l kh CO 2, ax
sufuric.
- Chn tc nhn trung ha v phng php trung ha thch hp phi da trn mt
s yu t c bn sau:
Lng nc thi cn x l
Loi nc thi (nc thi cha ax hay kim)
Cht lng nc thi ( pH, cc cht c trong nc thi v nng ca
n.)

u cu cn x l ( pH cn t)
Tc nhn trung ha r tin, d kim
Thit b n gin, d vn hnh v ch to
Tng chi ph nh nht
Mt s pp trung h a thng s ng
-

1. Trn nc thi ch a ax v nc thi ch a kim vi nhau

- y l pp n gin nht v kinh t nht.
- Ph thuc vo ch thi, lng nc thi v cht lng ca tng loi nc
thi m thc hin qu trnh trung ha 2 loi nc thi c tnh cht khc nhau
(tnh axit v kim) theo phng thc trn gin on hay lin tc, trong 1 ngn
hay nhiu ngn ni tip nhau c khuy trn
- pp trn cc nc thi mang tnh cht khc nhau l pp x l n gin, hu hiu
v kinh t. pp ny ko tn thm ha cht, thit b n gin, tn dng dng thi
ca x nghip ny x l nc thi ca x nghip khc
2. Cc pp x l nc thi ch a axit
- Nc thi axit thng c trong dy chyn cng ngh sx ca cc ngnh CN nh:
CN nh , CN vt liu, CN ha cht
- pp ch yu x l nc thi cha axit l pp trung ha.
- cc pp x l nc thi cha axit
2.1.
ho d ng nc thi chy qua p vi

i qun nh nh ! Lp K54 Cng ngh Mi trng

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 cng mn: CNG NGH MI TRNG

y l mt pp thng dng x l nc thi cha axit. Lp vi c th coi

nh mt lp m c hot tnh ha hc. Phn ng xy ra lin tc khi lp m cn hot
tnh ha hc. Phn ng xy ra cc tm hot ha theo p:
CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + H2CO3
Vt liu lp m ngoi vi cn c th dng MgCO3, lmit
Nhc im: sau mt thi gian s dng th phi thay lp m mi, v nc thi
cha nng ax ln hoc cha cc cht hu c s xut hin hin tng bt lm
gim hiu sut x l
2.2.
nc thi bng vi
- Vi thng c dng trung ha nc thi cha ax di dng bt nh CaCO 3,
MgCO3 dng vi bt hay sa vi ca hydroxyt canxi. y l tc nhn trung ha
r tin v d kim
- Tuy nhin, dng vi ti hay sa vi thng hay gp hin tng ng cn to
thnh b cc ca np vi vo thit b trung ha s lm gim lu lng cng
nh tc ng ng
2.3.
nc thi bng t hoc sa
u im

l nhanh v hiu qu, c bit khi lng nc thi cn x l nh

Sn phm ca p phn ln dng tan v ko lm tng cng ca ngun
nc tip nhn
- Nhc im: xt v sa l nhng ha cht t hn cc tc nhn trung ha
khc nn pp ny thng c dng khi c xt v sa l nhng ph liu ca
mt cng ngh khc
3. Cc pp x l nc thi ch a kim
- Nc thi cha kim hay gp trong CN ha cht v CN dt. Nc thi c tnh
kim mnh phi c x l trc khi thi vo ngun nc khc.
- Cc pp x l nc thi cha kim:
3.1. c h
2
- Nguyn l : sc kh CO2 vo nc thi. Kh CO2 tan vo nc v tc dng vi
nc to thnh ax cacbonic. Khi trong nc thi c kim, ax ny s p vi
kim:
CO2 + H2O H2CO3
-

H2CO3 + NaOH Na2CO3 +2H2O

3.2.
-

3.3.
-

u im: ngun CO2 d kim v c bt k nh my no

o
2 trong nc thi cha i
To CO2 bng cch t chy kh di nc: h thng pilot lm vic theo
phng thc lin tc bao gm mt thng bc hi, mt n chy di mt nc
cha trong thng bc hi, mt b trn khng kh v kh t to thnh hn hp
chy.
To CO2 bng pp ln men: cho ln men k kh nc thi cha kim hoc cht
thi cha cc cht hu c nh vi khun sinh ax lm cho pH ca mi trng
gim
l ng ax sun uric
y l pp trung ha gia kim v ax.

i qun nh nh ! Lp K54 Cng ngh Mi trng

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 cng mn: CNG NGH MI TRNG

NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2H2O

u im:
Lng tc nhn trung ha nh
Tc p ln, qu trnh xy ra nhanh nn hiu qu cao
- Nhc im:
Gi thnh cao hn so vi dng kh CO2
Do c tnh n mn nn gy kh khn cho qu trnh cha, dn v np ax
vo b trung ha
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cu 4 X l nc bng phng php Sinh hc

1. K tn cc nhm pp sinh hc x l cht nhim trong nc, nc thi v
t.
2. Trnh by cc vn sau v vic s dng vi sinh vt trong x l nc thi
- Nguyn l, nguyn tc chung ca vic s dng cc vi sinh vt x l nc
thi.
- Phn loi v iu kin cho vic x l ca tng pp. Vit cc phn ng c bn
ca tng loi.
- K tn cc thit b x l v phm vi ng dng ca tng loi.
TR LI
1- CC NHM PP SINH HC X L NHIM
Ngoi VSV, cn s dng thc vt v ng vt bc thp x l nhim
1.1. S dng thc vt x l nhim
- S dng thc vt c kh nng ht thu, chuyn ha, chng chu v tch ly cc
cht nhim trong cc c quan nh r, thn, l.. x l mi trng
Nhng cht thc vt c th x l:
- KLN: thc vt c kh nng hp th v di chuyn KLN t mi trng vo cc
b phn ca cy, sau c th thu hoch d dng. Thc vt cng c th hp th
cc cht nhim v s trao i cht trong cy s chuyn chng thnh nhng
hp cht d bay hi.
- Ha cht bo v thc vt:..
- X l N, P: thc vt s dng N, P lm cht dinh dng.
1.2. S dng ng vt bc thp x l nhim
1.3. S dng VSV x l mi trng (chi tit xem phn 2 Thy)
2 - S DNG VSV X L NC THI
2.1. Nguyn l, nguyn tc chung ca vic s dng cc VSV x l
nc thi
- C s ca qu trnh x l nm bn cht s sinh trng c a VSV. Chng s
dng cc cht bn hu c tan v dng keo, cc KLN,. c trong nc thi lm
i qun nh nh ! Lp K54 Cng ngh Mi trng

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 cng mn: CNG NGH MI TRNG

ngun dinh dng to nng lng cho cc hot ng ca chng, ng thi

ti to (tng hp) t bo v sinh nng lng nn sinh khi ca n tng ln.
Qu trnh din ra qua 2 giai on:
Gi i on hp ph cc cht phn tn nh, keo v ha tan (dng hu c
v v c) ln b mt t bo VSV.
Gi i on phn h y cc cht hp ph qua mng vo trong t bo
VSV
2.2. Phn loi v iu kin cho vic x l ca tng pp

C 3 nhm pp x l nc thi theo nguyn tc sinh hc

-

Cc pp hiu kh (aerobic)
Cc pp thiu kh (anoxic)
Cc pp k kh (anaerobic)

iu kin chung cho cc pp x l

-

C thc n (cc cht nhim)

C cc VSV
Xy ra qu trnh tiu th thc n ca cc VSV
Cc iu kin ngoi cnh ph hp: nhit , pH, cc yu t khc..

Nguyn tc (iu kin) ca cc pp x l

-

2.2.1. Cc pp x l hiu kh
Pp hiu kh dng loi cc cht hu c d b vi sinh phn hy ra khi ngun
nc. Cc cht ny c cc loi vi sinh hiu kh oxy ha bng oxy ha tan
trong nc.

Trong pp hiu kh amoni cng c loi b bng oxy ha nh vi sinh t dng

(qu trnh nitrat ha)

i qun nh nh ! Lp K54 Cng ngh Mi trng

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 cng mn: CNG NGH MI TRNG

iu kin cn thit cho qu trnh: pH = 5,5 9,0. Nhit 5 400C.

Pp hiu kh thng p dng cho cht nhim d phn hy sinh hc v nng
cc cht nhim khng qu ln (COD < 2000 mgO2/L)
Ch : c th ch cn nh pt tng cng cho di !!!
2.2.2. Cc pp x l thiu kh
- Trong iu kin thiu oxy ha tan s xy ra s kh nitrit. Oxy c gii phng
t nitrat s oxy ha cht hu c v Nito s c to thnh
-

Trong h thng x l theo k thut bn hot ha s kh Nitric s xy ra khi

khng tip tc cung cp khng kh. Khi , oxy cn cho hot ng ca vi sinh
gim dn v vic gii phng oxy t Nitrat s xy ra. Theo nguyn tc trn pp
hiu kh (kh Nitrit ha) c s dng loi b Nito ra khi nc thi.
2.2.3. Cc pp x l ym kh
Phng php x l k kh dng loi b cc cht hu c trong phn cn ca
nc thi bng VSV ty nghi v vi sinh k kh.
Hai cch x l ym kh thng dng l:
Ln men axit: thy phn v chuyn ha cc sn phm thy phn (nh
axit bo, ng) thnh cc axit v ru mch ngn hn v cui cng
thnh kh cacbonic
Ln men metan: Phn hy cc cht hu c thnh metan v kh cacbonic.
pH ti u cho qu trnh l t 6,8 7,4. V d v phn ng metan ha:

Cc pp k kh thng c dng x l nc thi cng nghip v cht thi t

tri chn nui cc dng thi c hm lng COD cao, (c t 10 n >
100000 mgO2/L).
2.3. Cc thit b x l v phm vi ng dng
2.3.1. i u kin k kh

i qun nh nh ! Lp K54 Cng ngh Mi trng

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 cng mn: CNG NGH MI TRNG

Thit b phn ng
-

ng ngc qua lp bn k kh (UASB)

Trong qu trnh ny, cht thi c a vo t di y ca b phn ng vo

trong lp bn, y hu ht chng c chuyn ha thnh metan v cacbon
dioxide. Cht kh pht sinh gy ra mt s rung chuyn gi cho cc ht
ca lp bn chuyn ng lin tc v gi cho c lp bn c trn u. Thit b
UASB c trang b vi mt b phn tch kh v cht rn phn trn ca thit
b.
H thng ny c ng dng cho c cht thi c nhim hu c thp v
cao.
2.3.2. i u kin hiu kh
H bn hot tnh hiu kh gin on (SBR)

B SBR l loi b p hot ng theo chu k ni tip.

Mt chu k phn ng thng bao gm 4 giai on sau:
Giai on 1: Np + Khuy
Giai on 2: Sc kh
Giai on 3: Lng
Giai on 4: X

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BI CHN LP
Bi chn lp ni (open dumping) l bi rc t do, khng u t v cng
ngh
Bi chn lp hp v sinh ( BCLHVS) l mt din tch hoc mt khu t
c quy hoch, c la chn, thit k, xy dng chn lp cht thi rn
nhm gim ti a cc tc ng tiu cc ca BCL ti mi trng
Ty theo kt cu BCL c phn ra
BCL ni: cht thi cht cao trn mt t, bi ni thng c p dng ti cc
vng t bng phng. xung quanh phi c h thng k cch li cht thi,
nc rc vi MT xung quanh
BCL chm: cht thi c chn lp dui mt t
BCL na ni na chm: mt phn cht thi c chn lp di mt t v mt
phn c cht tip ln trn
u im:
Ni no c sn t th phng php ny l kinh t nht.
u t ban u t so vi cc phng php khc.
Bi rc v sinh l phng php hon chnh hay l cui cng nu so vi phng
php thiu rc hay composting. Hai phng php ny i hi phi c phn x
i qun nh nh ! Lp K54 Cng ngh Mi trng

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 cng mn: CNG NGH MI TRNG

l ph thm.
Bi rc v sinh c th nhn tt c cc loi rc v khng cn khu tch hay phn
loi rc.
Bi rc v sinh l mt phng php linh hot, khi cn thit c th tng s lng
rc vo bi thi ng thi ch thm mt t nhn lc hoc thit b.
Vng t ra bi thi c th s dng cho cc mc ch khc nhau nh bi xe,
sn chi, sn gn.
Nhc im:
khu vc ng dn, t thch hp cho bi rc c th khng c sn theo yu
cu v khong cch vn chuyn rc ti u nht. Cc tiu chun bi rc v
sinh thch hp phi c gn vi hot ng hng ngy nn c th dn n
thi vo bi thi trng.
Bi rc v sinh nm trong khu vc dn c s gy s phn i ca d lun cng
chng.
Mt bi rc v sinh hon chnh s phi thc hin v i hi bo dng nh k.
Cc thit k v k thut xy dng c bit cn phi c p dng xy dng
bi rc v sinh hon chnh.
Mt s kh (nh me tan, kh n...) sinh ra t qu trnh phn hu c th gy nguy
him hay gy ra kh chu cho ngi v ng vt xung quanh.
Yu cu ca BCL hp v sinh
m bo v mi trng
C din tch, th tch m bo rng cha c rc thi ca khu vc m ta
xc nh
Thi gian phi m bo ( cng lu cng tt)
Tiu ch la chn BCL
Trong quy hoch mt bi chn lp v sinh, cc vn sau y cn xem xt:
Din tch t rng c th cha rc ca a phng trong mt thi gian
tng i di, t 10 nm tr ln.
C ngun cung cp t ph rc.
C din tch xy dng cc cng trnh ph tr nh bi xe, nh iu hnh,
xng c kh, kho, di cy quanh bi thi, vn hoa, ng vo v ra v.v...
C h thng ng, mng rnh thot nc, ng thot kh t bi th c h thng
x l nc t bi thi.
C ho cht dit vi khun gy bnh truyn nhim.
i qun nh nh ! Lp K54 Cng ngh Mi trng

22

 cng mn: CNG NGH MI TRNG

C nc sch ly t ni khc n.
C h thng tng ro bo v an ton lao ng v v sinh mi trng.
Phn l t dnh ring cho tng loi cht thi, c bit cho cht thi rn c
hi, kh phn hu.
Xy dng k hoch qun l hot ng ca bi thi.

Xy dng k hoch hu bi thi (bi thi sau khi ngng hot ng).
a khu dn c ( > 1km. cng xa cng tt)
Xa khu vc nhy cm nh n, cha, ngha trang, danh lam thng cnh..
Xa ngun nc ( c bit l nc sinh hot)
Khng b ngp ng
C th lm ng vo d dng
Trnh nhng ni mc nc ngm cao
Trnh nhng ni c th xy ra st l, ng dt
Trnh nhng ni di c khong sn

Quy hoch thit k: c cng ra vo, ng ni b, hng ro bao quanh, nh cng v,

bi xe, in, nc ...
Yu cu v thit k:
Xem xt cc yu t nh din tch t, cht lng v tnh cht t mt cch
thch hp.
Hin trng v d bo thit k c BCLCTR
i km vi bi rc c h thng thu gom v x l nc rc, kh thi, trc khi
thi ra mi trng.
S mt bng v cu to c a mt bi chn lp v sinh c trnh by trong cc
hnh 13.3, 13.4, 13.5.

1 Cc lp rc

Hnh 13.3. Mt ct h thng lp t v sinh

7. Chiu rng ngn

2. Lp rc cui cng

8. T l 2:l hoc 3:l ca dc in hnh

3. Lp rc + ph

9. Lp ph cui trn mt c

i qun nh nh ! Lp K54 Cng ngh Mi trng

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 cng mn: CNG NGH MI TRNG

4. Chiu cao

10. Mt sn nh yu cu

5. Lp ph thng ngy

11. Lp t phu cui

6. Lp t ph trung gian

12. Cht thi rn nn chc

Hnh 13.4. Mt ct lp t cho qun nc mt, nc ngm,

sp xp vt liu che ph, rnh v ng thot kh
1 Rnh c o dc cho thot
7. Lp vt liu che ph chng nc thm
2. Mc nc ngm

8. Si hoc ct

3. t

9. Lp st chng thm

4. L thot kh ph thuc a hnh khu vc

5. Bc nng cao nhm trnh
6. Lp dc ph vt liu thm

10. ng thot nc thm nc.

11. Lp t nn trn lp chng

12. Rc thi c nn p

Hnh 13.5. Phng thc x l rc thi hp v sinh trong hm ni hay khe su

1 Lp ct
2. Lp ct 2

7. Mt t nguyn khai
8. Lp ct 1

i qun nh nh ! Lp K54 Cng ngh Mi trng

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 cng mn: CNG NGH MI TRNG

3. Rnh thot

9. Lp rc th 1

4. Lp nng 3

10. ng thu nc t rc thi

5. Lp ph trung gian

11. Nhng ngn hon thnh

6. Lp nng 2
13. Lp tp t cui cng

12. B mt rc

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------BIOGAS
Biogas hay cn gi l kh sinh vt, l hn hp kh c sn sinh ra t s phn
hy cc cht hu c di tc ng ca vi khun trong mi trng ym kh, trong
thnh phn ch yu l CH4
1. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh sn xut kh sinh vt
- u vo h thng: phn ti, nc gii, nc trn, c th c rc hu c. S
n nh v lng vt cht ni trn s nh hng n khi lng kh sinh ra
v hot ng phn hy ca vi sinh vt trong b pht.
- Theo di, kim tra: nhm kim sot nhng s c nh to lp vng dy hn
ch thot kh, r r kh t b pht, kim tra nhit
- Thi tit: thi tit c nh hng n s sinh kh. Nhit kk h thp lm
gim hot ng phn hy ca ca vsv dn n kh sinh ra s gim, c bit
i vi cc b ti sinh kh nm l thin.
2. Li ch v hn ch ca sn xut kh sinh hc
Li ch:
- Gim sc p v ci un, kh t t nhin
- Hn ch c nn cht cy rng ly ci
- Tn dng ngun phn gia sc lm phn bn hu c gp phn tch cc vo
cng tc gim thiu cht thi rn nng thn.
- Gp phn lm sch mi trng ti cc h gia nh, trang tra: phn ti
c thu dn hng ngy, c kn trnh mi hi thi v khng cn l ni
l tng rui, nhng pht trin.
- To ra metan c th cung cp nng lng cho cc ngun : t lnh, u my,
n, ngun in
Hn ch:
- i hi ph u t ban u tng i cao so vi nhng h c thu nhp thp
- Yu cu s lng tru, b
- Cn c quan tm hng ngy
- C th xy ra s c nh chy, n.
3. H thng sn xut kh biogas
3.1. Yu cu v Vic thit k m hnh vi cc c tnh thut v chu trnh
phn hy hp cht hu c:
i qun nh nh ! Lp K54 Cng ngh Mi trng

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 cng mn: CNG NGH MI TRNG

Hm phi c thit k n gin v xy dng d dng, ph hp vi trnh

ngi th xy cc vng nng thn,nhm nhanh chng nhn rng m hnh
- Phi trit tiu hon ton kh nng pht trin lp vng trong hm phn hy,
nhm m bo sn xut ga n nh.
- Hm phn hy phi c tui th trung bnh >20 nm tr nn.
- Vic xy dng hm biogas m bo tit kim ti a din tch t ai ca cc
h gia nh
- Vn hnh v s dng phi n gin
- Gi thnh xd phi ph hp vi iu kin kinh t ca cc h nng dn.
3.2. Cu to ca h thng sx kh sinh hc
H thng kh sinh hc gm cc b phn chnh:
- B np nguyn liu: cht thi c pha long vi nc ha trn u to
thnh dung dch phn hy ng u ti b np nguyn liu, cc tp cht
khng phn hy nh ct, si, cnh cy c loi b y
- ng li vo: dn nguyn liu vo b phn hy (b sinh kh): l ni cha
dch phn gii v l ni xy ra qu trnh ln men sn sinh ra kh sinh hc.
C nhiu kiu dng khc nhau: hnh trng, hnh vi, hnh hp ch nht,
hnh vm,ni vi b sinh kh l 2 ng ng : ng vo v ng ra.
- ng ra cng c cu to v cht liu nh ng vo. ng vo v ng ra khng
nn c ch gp khc trnh nguy c b tc
- B iu p : iu ha p sut kh trong b phn gii, ngoi b ny cn c
chc nng cha dch sau phn gii v l 1 van an ton bo v b phn gii.
- ng thu kh: mt u c ni vi ng ng dn kh, u kia gn xuyn
qua np b phn gii thu v vn chuyn kh ra khi b phn hy. u
di ca ng ly kh ra phi cao hn mc x trn.
Cu to b sx kh sinh hc (chc ch cn nh 1 ci thi nh - Lin)
- B kh hnh vi vi thng cha kh tch ring
-

i qun nh nh ! Lp K54 Cng ngh Mi trng

26

 cng mn: CNG NGH MI TRNG

B sinh kh vm vung

B sinh kh hnh vm

i qun nh nh ! Lp K54 Cng ngh Mi trng

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 cng mn: CNG NGH MI TRNG

B sinh kh l ti hnh plastic do

B sinh kh hnh tr trn

3.3. Hot ng ca h thng:

- Trong b sinh kh, hn hp (phn + nc) b phn hy ym kh to thnh
kh metan di tc ng ln men ca vi khun methanogenes.
- Nhit trong b 35C : vi khun hot ng mnh sn xut nhiu kh
i qun nh nh ! Lp K54 Cng ngh Mi trng

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 cng mn: CNG NGH MI TRNG

Nhit thp th hot ng sinh kh gim hoc ngng ( 10oC th ngng

hn).
Thi gian cn thit vk ln men trong iu kin nhit i (25- 30oC) l 50
ngy; trong iu kin lnh l 60 70 ngy; kh hu nng l 40 ngy.
iu kin b sinh kh hot ng tt:
Np lng phn, nc theo t l hp l, t l phn: nc = 1:1 hoc
2:3
m bo pH = 8 ca hn hp phn, nc
Kim tra hot ng ban u ca b sinh kh, hot ng ca vk, dinh
dng cho vsv.
Kim tra u ra: khi lng kh, c im ca phn sau khi phn hy.

Ti sao hm b iogas thng hay b tc nghn hoc n?

- S c n hm gas
Do chnh lch gia cao mt nc trong b v cao mt nc ti
cng thot ph thuc vo p lc ga sinh ra. p lc gas sinh ra ph thuc
vo kh nng chu p lc trong b. Nu p lc qu ln b c th b n,
nht l khi thi cng khng cn thn. Do cn theo di p sut pht
hin r r ng ng.
Do tip xc vi la ni c kh thot ra ngoi do ng ng h
- S c tc nghn
Do khng phi tt c phn, nc tiu u b phn hy ht thnh nc.
Lun lun c 1 phn cc cht khng phn hy lng xung y b. V
vy khi xy b phi tnh n vic ly cc cht vn b ny ra.
Do nguyen liu np vo qu c.
Do hnh thnh lp vng dy bt kn khng cho kh thot ln
4. S dng ph ph phm sinh hc
Ph phm kh sinh hc gm nc, cht hu c v cc cht v c. Thnh phn
ca ph phm kh sinh hc ph thuc rt nhiu vo nguyn liu np.
-

S dng ph ph phm kh sinh hc lm phn bn mang li nhiu li ch:

Ci to t: kh nng canh tc,cu trc v tnh cht l hc ca t, lm
tng kh nng gi nc, thm nc,
Tng nng sut cy trng
Hn ch su bnh.
Cch s dng ph ph phm kh sinh hc lm phn bn cho cy trng (s dng
pp phn hu c compost):

Quy trnh gm 3 bc: chun b rc lm phn,

i qun nh nh ! Lp K54 Cng ngh Mi trng

rc, thnh phm tiu th

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 cng mn: CNG NGH MI TRNG

Chun b: phn loi, gim kch thc rc, iu chnh m rc v thnh

phm dinh dng trong rc.
Phn hy ho kh: rc c ri ra v o lin tc 1-2 ln/tun , thc hin
lin tc trong 5 tun
Nghin nh phn rc c th thm 1 s ph gia v a vo kho cha.
Quy trnh nh sau:

i qun nh nh ! Lp K54 Cng ngh Mi trng

30