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report.txt

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72
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www.books-shop.com
76
UNIX
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78
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79
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84
1. UNIX

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86
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87
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92
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94
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95
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96
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97
UNIX
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98
UNIX
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99
UNIX
2.1 ()
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101
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102
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2.2 ()
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2.
704
UNIX
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105
2.2 ()
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108
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16
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121

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123
2.8 ()
O_RDWR
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}24
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126
2. UNIX
fd =
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pipe(2) fcntl(2). !
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130
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!
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134
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. .
,
.
www.books-shop.com
/35

access (2)
chdir(2)
chmod(2)
chown(2)
+
+
+
+
creat(2)
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link(2)
+
+
+
+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
!

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int
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path .
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.

, ,
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linclude
ttinclude
ttinclude <fcntl.h>
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BUFSZ 256
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argc, char
www.books-shop.com
136
2.
char
int n r e a d ,
UNIX
fd;
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{
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s
1
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1975 AT&T

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www.books-shop.com
,

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.
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addr, size_t
int prot,
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138
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www.books-shop.com
139
.

!
. ,
,
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.
.
!

!
.
<sys/stat.h>
#include
raain(int argc, char
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|

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. , , !
, . ,
, ,
www.books-shop.com
141
.
SUID SGID.
.
!
iinclude
<sys/stat.h>
int chmod(const char *path, mode_t
fildes,
mode !
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00020
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00007
00004
00002
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00001
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,

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www.books-shop.com
142
2. UNIX
, ,
. , ,
|
| S_IXUSR. S_ISGID , !

,
SGID, !
.
,
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ls(l) !
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ttinclude
<sys/stat.h>
<stdlib.h>
main
{
int fd;
/*
fd =
1
*/
1
*/
|
1

1
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rws
rws
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user
user
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Jan 6 19::28
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my file
my file
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,
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!
, ,
, , !
www.books-shop.com

. '/',
. .
,
,
, !

int
int
char

, , path.
,

, , !
, , !
, !
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.
. !

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int
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char
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www.books-shop.com
2. UNIX
144

,
, , , ,
, , !
.
inode. !

<sys/stat.h>
char
struct stat
(const char
struct stat
fildes, struct stat
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int
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inode. st_ino st_dev %

ino_t
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,
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off t st size
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time t st
time t st ctime
long st b l k s i z e
long
512% .

st_blocks
, !
<sys/stat.h>:
www.books-shop.com
145
2.16.
FIFO

, ( , !
) , 0
1970 . ,
.
, !
:
<sys/stat.h>
#include <time.h>
argc, char
{
struct stat
char
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";
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else
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else
ptype = "";
else
ptype = "FIFO";
else ptype = "

=
/*
=
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/*
=
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2. UNIX
=
=
/*
= (%d,
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,
=
=
=
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$
type =
perm =
inode = 13
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size = 1064
atime = Wed Jan 8 17:25:34 1997
mtime = Wed Jan 8 17:19:27 1997
ctime = Wed Jan 8 17:19:27 1997
$
13
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1064
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1 .
, .
.
. !

!
. ,
, .
:

www.books-shop.com
/47
:
,
.
,
. !

.
.
, !

.
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; .
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,
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, ,
. !

SGID.

!
, login shell,
. UID (EUID) GID
(EGID) shell ,
/etc/passwd. , !
, .
www.books-shop.com
148
2.
UNIX
,
, ,
, shell.
login shell, !
.
, "" !
SUID SGID. ,
,
, !
.
!
.
. 2.10.
www.books-shop.com
149
!
:
uid t
uid_t
gid_t
gid_t

.
!
:
ttinclude
<unistd.h>
int
int
gid)

setgid(2) !
,
setegid(2)
.

!
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!
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<pwd.h>. . 2.17.
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char
char *pw_passwd
, ; %
%
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gid_t
char
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char
char
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2. UNIX
, ,
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linclude <pwd.h>
struct passwd
char
, :
passwd *pw;
char

char
char
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pw =
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if ( pw == 0 )
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!
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!
,
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, , !
!
, .
:
www.books-shop.com
1. , !
, :
char ptype = "Unknown f i l e type";
ptype
,
.
2.
,
:
char
ptype
, !
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. :
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.
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.

,
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.
, (heap) !
, ,
.

! (break address). !
!.
www.books-shop.com
2. UNIX
752
UNIX brk(2)
int
void
brk(2) ! !
endds , ,
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incr. incr 0, !
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brk(2)
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<stdlib.h>
void
void
void
void
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calloc(3C) nelem
, e l s i z e . !
.
realloc(3C)
( ,
size).
, ( !
) , . , 100 !

4096 , 4.
www.books-shop.com
/53
, !
.
free(3C) , !

!
ptr.
,
calloc(3C) realloc(3C),
,
. ,

double , 8,
, .
!
sbrk(2) brk(2). ,
, !
, free(3C). , !
!
, !
,
, !

free(3C), . !

#include
ttinclude <stdlib.h>
{
char
char
char
obrk =
=
64
naddr =
nbrk =

Ox%x,
= % (
naddr, nbrk, nbrk
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2.
UNIX
" != % (
obrk
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:
20

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22
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,
free(3C), ! .
,
, .

, !
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shell , , ,
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. h>
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, :
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,
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,
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www.books-shop.com
/56
. .

,
.
,
:

PPID
,
, ,
, fork(2)
.
. ,
, !
. PID
, , , , 0.
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, !
).
fork(2) ,
, , , !
. :
/*
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}
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,
, !

, !
, !
www.books-shop.com
156
2. UNIX
. , , !
, :
, !
. !
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! , , !
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UNIX ,
, . . . !

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int
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int
int
int
int
(const char
const char *argO,

const char *argn, char *
char
char
execle (const char
argO [
const char
char *
char
execve (const char
char
argv [
char
execlp (const char *file, const char *argO,
const char *argn, char *
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execve(2), !
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.
,
, !
. . 2.12 ,
.

fork(2), .
, :
PID PPID,
,
( , !
SUID SGID),
, ,
FD CLOEXEC.
www.books-shop.com
157
. 2.12. (2)

.
, , !
UNIX. !
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1
(2),

!
, .
www.books-shop.com
2.
,
, ""
"". , ls(l),
!
!
. , !
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"" . !
. !
.
, !
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pid_t
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pid, int *stat_loc, int

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! .
!
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. s t a t _ l o c !
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( %
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WIFSIGNALLED(status) ,
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!
. idtype id ,
www.books-shop.com
/59
[
idtype
, %
, PID id.
waitid(2) , %
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,
.
options , , !
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171
, !

(. 2.20).
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si signo
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247
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www.books-shop.com
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www.books-shop.com
253
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,
,
. !
!
(. !
).
,
.
System V :
, ,
, (!
, , . .).
!
, ( 0 1).
(
)
!
:
struct
struct
sem_nsems
!
sem:
ushort
ushort
ushort
semval
sempid

, !

, !

, !
, sem !
, ,
, ,
www.books-shop.com
255
, , .
,
.
( , !
)
ttinclude
#include <sys/ipc.h>
ttinclude <sys/sem.h>
int
key, int
int
!
,
1.
!
. , ,
, . s e m f l a g

(IPC_CREAT, IPC_EXCL).
!
, , !
. !

ttinclude
ttinclude
ttinclude
int s e m o p ( i n t
struct
size_t

, , !
semid. ,
nops. , !

(, )
.

struct sembuf {
short sem
short
short sem
/*
UNIX ,
semop:
1. semop ,
.
www.books-shop.com
256
3.
2. semop , ,
.
semop , ,

semop. semop !
.
,
( ),
), ,
( ).
!
!
. !
. , ,
,
. .
,
, , !
.
!
(. . 0 1).
0 , 1 !
(, . .), !
. , :
static struct
, , ,
, 1, 0
= {
/*
static struct sembuf sop unlock [1] = {

0,
0
, !
. , , (
) ( ) !
, (. . 1). !

"" ,
. , , , !
.
www.books-shop.com
257
1. . ,
( 1), !
( 0).
2. .
:
( 1)
!
0, . !
(. . sop_lock),
"" ,
.
: 1
!
,
.
.
static struct
, 1, 0,
= {
(1),

static struct sembuf sop_unlock [1] = {

, 1, 0

:
1);
:
(
), :
, 0,
. !
, ,
!
, !
, , . , !
2,
.
:
,
if ( (semid = semget. ( key,

< 0)
perms
IPC_CREAT I
www.books-shop.com
258
3.
if
(errno = EEXIST)
{
if (

=
key,
perms ) ) < 0)

}
else
,
else

!
(, FIFO,
) .
, , , , !
,
. !

, !
.
, ""
. ,
, !
. , !
, !
, .
!
:
1. , .
2. .

.
4. , !
.
5. !
, .
,
:
struct
shm_perm
, (.
)
shm_segsz
www.books-shop.com
ushort
259

<sys/ipc.h>
int
key,
size, int
, !1
. s i z e !
.
s h m f l a g

,
, !
. ( )
(attach)
ttinclude <sys/shm.h>
char
shmid, char
int
!
. !
:
1.
,
.
2. shmaddr , !
SHM RND
SHM RND ,
shmaddr .
SHM_RND , !
,
shmaddr SHMLBA.

. ,
!
s h m f l a g .
%RRNVVKRS

260
3.
, !

, . 3.20.
3.20.
, (detach) !

<sys/ipc.h>
int
!
:
,
. ,

.
!
( ) .
. !
,
0, 1 .
, .

: ,
, (0),
. ,
www.books-shop.com

, !
.
!
, , !
. ,
mem_lock !
, !
",
ttdefine
80
ttdefine
PERM
0666
/*
typedef struct
int segment;
char
} Message;
/*0
static struct
[1 ] = {
1, 1, 0
,
static struct sembuf
= {
1, 1, 0
/*
= {
, , ,
0 }
/*0
, 1, 0
:
<sys/ipc.h>
<sys/sem.h>
<sys/shm.h>
"shmem.h"
{
Message
key_t
key;
int shmid, semid;
/*

,
www.books-shop.com
262
3.
if ( (key =
printf
<

if (
PERM |
(Message.) ,
< 0)
{

if ( (msgptr
(Message
0,
}
<
}

if (
2, PERM |
<
if
1) <
/*,
.
if
2) <
printf ( "

/*0
if
/*0
if
1) <
<
}

exit (0)
:
ttinclude
#include
#include
{
Message
*msgptr;
www.books-shop.com
key_t
key;
,
if (
/*
if (
semid;

(key
<
}

(shmid =
<
}
if (
= (Message *)
0,
<
}

if ( (semid =
2,
<
}
/*3
if (semop (semid,
, 2) <
1) <

if
/*3
",
/*0
if
1) <
/*,
if
2) <
if
<
}
/*
if
IPC_RMID, 0) <
if
(semid, 0,
< 0) {
www.books-shop.com
264
3.
BSD UNIX.
BSD UNIX !
:
!, !
, ,
.
, , !

UNIX. !
, , . .
(communication domain),
.
,
(),

(socket). !
,
.
UNIX, , !
.
,
, !
, .
!,
.
, !
, , (virtual
circuit) (datagram), !
.
, !
. :

, , ,
. , !
!
.

. , ,
www.books-shop.com
265
,
.
!
!
.
. !
, !
.
BSD UNIX :
(datagram socket),
, .
(stream socket), !
.
.
(packet socket), !
!
. !
.
(raw socket), !
.
, !
, !
. !
, .
System V
, .

,
!
. !
, ,
, . . 3.6 !
.
3.6. BSD UNIX
SOCK_SEQPACKET
www.books-shop.com
266
3.

!
, .

,
. ,
, !
.
, . . !
, .

:
int
domain, int type,
domain , type
, a protocol ( , . .
0). !
, ,
.

(protocol family), . !
domain :

UNIX. .
.
Internet (TCP/IP).
.
Xerox NS.
!
( ), !
AF ( address family ).
PF (protocol family)
PF UNIX, PF
. .
BSD

, , socket(2) ,
. UNIX System V !
, BSD
( STREAMS). !
, 3 . , !
BSD UNIX,
2
www.books-shop.com
267
,
. 3.7
UNIX,
, TCP/IP,
.
3.7.
:
AF UNIX

SOCK STREAM
SOCK
SOCK SEQPACKET
SOCK RAW
!
( ).
AF_INET :
SOCK_STREAM
(TCP)
(UDP)
(IP)
TCP/IP
6.
. !
!
. !

, :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
, ( ),
, .

.
www.books-shop.com
268
3.

, !
!
. ,
, !
, !
. !
,
.
!

. 3.21, , !
. 3.22.
. 3.21. (
)
www.books-shop.com
269
. 3.22. , (
)
, !
(binding) ,
, . !

int bind(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *localaddr, int

s o c k f d , !
;
, !
; addrlen . ,
, !
(
): .
, !
, .
( <sys/socket.h>):
%RRNVVKRS

270
3.
struct
char
sa_family ( !
), a
. , !
.
, UNIX !
(
struct sockaddr_un {
short
char
/*
*/

,
!
. UNIX !
.
,
,
, . Internet (!
TCP/IP)
( <netinet/in.h>):
struct
short
{
/* ==AF_INET */
struct in_addr
char
(IP!) 6.
, 32! !
sin_addr, () 16!
sin_port.
. 3.23 .
, ,
, . !

1. . !
, "" . !
, .
2. !
!
www.books-shop.com
.
. UNIX
. !
, ,
.
!
, .
3.
, !
.
UNIX
Internet
un
sockaddr in
AF_UNIX
port
IP%
2
1s
2
)
10
He
86
. 3.23.
!

!
!
.
:
ttinclude
ttinclude
int
sockfd, struct sockaddr *servaddr, int
, !
, !
.
www.books-shop.com
272
3.

sockfd, !
. !
servaddr, , a addrlen
.
,
.
,
(),

!
.
!
, !
.
listen(2) , !
. :
int
(int sockfd, int
s o c k f d ,
. ,
. backlog
,
!

int
sockfd, struct sockaddr

int
accept(2) !
, sockfd,
UNIX (AF_UNIX). !
, . , TCP
( AF_INET) ,
, !, .

www.books-shop.com
273
. !
accept(2) !
clntaddr

, !
.
:
=
..
for ( ;
) {
newsockfd =
if
()
0) {
close (sockfd)
exit (0)
}
else
close (newsockfd)
, !
,
"" , !
!.
, accept(2)
. , n e w s o c k f d ,
accept(2),
: . !
, sockfd .
sockfd ""
.
,
read(2)
!
(
):
ftinclude
int send(int s, const char
int
int
int
s, const char
int len, int flags,
const struct sockaddr
int
int
s, char *buf, int len, int flags);
int recvfrom(int s, char
int len, int flags,
struct sockaddr
int
www.books-shop.com
274
3.
!
, recv(2)
. !
,
recv(2)
"" , . .
!
, . msg

toaddr,

.
!
,
buf ,
.
:

, (%
)

. !
,
!
, UNIX. , !
:
",
!
,
.
, UNIX !
. !

( ,
). ,
. !
.
. !
, ,
!
,
:
<sys/un.h>
MAXBUF 256
char
www.books-shop.com
275
struct
int
sockfd;
int
saddrlen, caddrlen,
n;
/* */
if
=
< 0} {
}
/* .
UNIX ,

, */
=
.
saddrlen =
if
(struct sockaddr
saddrlen) < 0)
{

exit
}
/*
*/
=
) {
caddrlen =
n =
buf, MAXBUF, 0,
(struct sockaddr
if ( n < 0) {
/* recvfrom
,

if
buf, n, 0,
(struct sockaddr
caddrlen) != n) {
}
}
!
. .
,
. !

,

" !
", .
www.books-shop.com
276
3.
:
ttinclude
<sys/un.h>
char
= ",
ttdefine
256
char
{
struct sockaddr_un
serv_addr,
int sockfd;
int saddrlen, caddrlen,
/* ,

*/
=
saddrlen =
if
+
*/
=
< 0) {
}
,

. . . ,

,
caddrlen =
if
(struct sockaddr
caddrlen) < 0)
}
/* , */
msglen =
if
msg, msglen, 0,
(struct sockaddr
saddrlen) != msglen)
www.books-shop.com
277
/*
if
=
{
printf
b u f , MAXBUF,
, NULL,
< 0)

/* */
exit (0)
}

UNIX,
.
FIFO
write
close
write
close
%
%
(
UNIX)

%
%

msgget
msgsnd
connect
%
% write
sendto
close

.
,
, ,
. !
www.books-shop.com
278
3.
. !
, :

, , !
, !
.
,
, , .
, !
(POSIX.

.
(
1 ) . !
, !
.
!

!. !
IPC :
17
17
17
17
17
17
53
08
13
18
Average
0.20
0.60
2.20
0.80
0.00
0.76
sema/s
20.00
12.20
10.40
25.10
15.60
16.66
UNIX, !
. !
, !
. , !
, !
,
.
,
, !
,
UNIX.
,
, !
. , !
, .
www.books-shop.com
UNIX ,

. (. . !
, ) ,
NFS (Network File System) !
.
CD!ROM, ,

UNIX, .
UNIX System V s5fs.
, , FFS, ,
UNIX. s5fs ,
. !
UNIX , !
. ,
UNIX AT&T .
!
UNIX System V (s5fs) BSD
(FFS), , ,
UNIX.
FFS, UNIX
. , !
UNIX !
.
!
,
"" .
,
Sun Microsystems.
SVR4, UNIX .
SCO
UNIX.
%RRNVVKRS

280
4.

!
, !
!
.
, !

.
System V
!
, (partitions). !
. UNIX !
,
.
, ,
. , !
, !
. !
, .
s5fs
, .
. 4.1. s5fs
www.books-shop.com

, , , !
,

. !

. inode ilist.
inode (root) inode ,

. ilist !
. !
, s5fs ,
, .
. !
. inode, !
.
, !
. !
512 ,
SCO
UNIX 1 ( ).
,
(, !
).
, . !

().
:

(s_type)
, !
, ilist
(s_isize)
,
inode,
(

(512, 1024, 2048)

inode

www.books-shop.com
282
4.
inode
,
. ,
. inode
,
inode.

, !
0 inode.
,
, ,
. !
. !
,
. ,
. ., .

. ,
, !
.
. !
,
. , ,
.

, inode, , !
, . . . !
inode,
, inode.
:
, ;
, .
inode
in!core inode, .
inode (struct dinode) . 4.2. !
inode :
,
.
, . .

.
% %
.
www.books-shop.com

di_size
di_mtime
di_ctime
di
addr[13]
283
.
.
.
.
inode (
di_atime, di_mtime).
.
. 4.2. inode
: (IFREG
,
, IFBLK IFCHR
);
!
SGID sticky bit),

1.
www.books-shop.com
284
4.
,
. inode :

!

!
di_atime di_mtime. , di_ctime ,
, , , .

.
, inode !
,
!
,
,
.
13 . 10 !
. !
, .
, !
, .
, ,
,
.

,
.
( 10 1024
) ,
. , 266
(10 + 256x1024), . !
,
16777216 (256x256x256).
UNIX . ,
, lseek(2) !

,
.
s5fs , !
, , . !
, !
, , ,
.

(
www.books-shop.com
System V
285
.

.
. , ,
, .
inode
. ,
. !

, , ,
.
. , . . !
, (),
. !
.
s5fs , !
16 : 2
, 14 . !
inode, 65 535.
: 14
. . 4.3.
( )

(,
inode 0.
, !
. !
,
.
,
! .

. , "" !
. ,
!
, . ,
,
. , ,
,

!

, .
www.books-shop.com
4.
286
SCO UNIX , !
!

).
, ,
bin
News
mail

. 4.3. s5fs
www.books-shop.com
System V
287

s5fs .
!
.
!
. !
, !
. s5fs !
, .
!
.
, .
, ,
, . !
, !
!
, ,
. ,

.
. !

. !
/. , !
, UNIX SVR2 512 , SVR3
1024 .
, !

. .
,
. !
, . !
(
) ,
inode, ,
.
, !
inode,
.
, , (14 !
) inode

.
www.books-shop.com
288
4.

, 4.2BSD UNIX
Berkeley Fast File System, FSS.
BSD UNIX
4.3BSD UNIX !
, ,
. Berkeley Fast
File System (FFS).
FFS, s5fs,
.
,
.
s5fs, !
. !
,

!
. !
, .
!
(cylinder group).
!
. !
, , inode, !
!
(. 4.4).
. 4.4. FFS
www.books-shop.com
BSD UNIX
289
!

2 inode. !
inode ,
BSD UNIX , s5fs.
!
inode, , , !
inode .
, !
inode.
,
.
!
. , ,
, !

.
, !
!
. ,
.

. ,
!
. FFS 64
. ,
UNIX .
, !
, 60% .

. , !
. !
/,
. !
/ .
,
(0,5 ), !
, : !
.
!
, . , !
, !
, ,
%RRNVVKRS

4.
290
, , . . 4.5

, .
. 4.5.

.
s5fs . !
inode !
, , ,
.
s5fs, FFS !
, . !
:
, !
, !
.
, , ,
.

.
www.books-shop.com
BSD UNIX
, !
.

,
. !
.
!
. , !

.
. , !
.
!
"" .
, , ,
, . .

,
. !
, ,
. ,
,
s5fs.
!
. ,
FSS
. !
.
, FSS !
10% .
FFS
( 255 ).
FFS ,
:
[]
inode (

,
. !
, d reclen !
www.books-shop.com
292
4.
. !
d_ino. !
FFS . 4.6.
. 4.6. FFS

, !
.
UNIX !
.
,
UNIX, DOS. !

www.books-shop.com
293
,
. !

(. 4.7).
UNIX ,
.
4.7.

, !
inode,
.
DOS,

, !
UNIX.
(
virtual inode ).
www.books-shop.com
4.
294
1984
Sun Microsystems !
, , NFS
(FFS). !
SVR4,
UNIX (,
SCO UNIX).
(,
) in!core inode, !

vnode ,
, . vnode !
, !
, , ,
.
vnode .
4.1. vnode
u short
lag
u short
v count
struct filock
filocks
struct vfs
struct
vfs
*v_vfsp
enum vtype
v_type
caddr t
v data
struct
op
vnode
vnode

, vnode
, %

vnode: , , %
, %
,
, %

vnode
vnode v_count,
.

,
,
vnode .
vnode (, , inode) !
.
( v f s ,
), ,
www.books-shop.com
295
,
,
"" vnode.
v_data ,
. ,
in!core inode.
vnode v_op. !
!
vnode. !
, !
!
,
. , !
, . 4.2.
4.2. vnode
()
close)
(
int
int
int
read) ( )
vnode. %
(),
vnode.
.
vnode.
, vnode.
, vnode.
.
vnode:
,
%, %, %
,
,
, %
,
,
vnode, .
vnode.
GID, %
.
,
vnode.
UNIX %
(, DOS).
%
vnode.
vnode.
vnode .
www.books-shop.com
4.
296
4.2 ()
int
int
int
int
int
_link) ()
int
int
readlink)
()
int
inactive)
vnode.
vnode .
.
, vnode.

, vnode
.
.

.
vnode, . . vnode
.
(vnode)
. 4.8.
. 4.8.

, !
.
www.books-shop.com
297
,
, , .
.

v f s , !
. v f s
, !
,
, ,
. !
. ,
!
.
. 4.3.
4.3. vfs
struct vfs
next
struct vfsops
struct
vnodecovered
int
vnode, %
.
: ,
SUID . .
int
vfs bsize
vfs data
,
%
.
!
. , s5fs,
, .
vfs_op , !
!
v f s .
. 4.4.
,
!
.
4.4.
mount)
int
.
%
.
.
%
(, %
).
www.books-shop.com
4.
298
4.4 ()
int
(*vfs
(*vfs
vnode .
int
int
int
()
%
, : , %
inode.

.
(fid file Iden%
tifier), %
. fid , , %
inode .
vnode
, fid.
UNIX
(File System Switch),
, !
. UNIX System V
,

, s5fs,
nfs.
vf ssw , . 4.5.
4.5.
char
int
struct vfsops
long
name
init) ()
*vsw vfsops
vsw flag

. 4.9.

, , (
), (,
) , !
. !
vnode,
(
()
() ), ,
!
.

. !
www.books-shop.com
299
, ,
. !
,
v f s ,
. 4.11.

. !
(root) , v f s
.
, . !
, v f s

.
. 4.9.

!
. !
. ,

, , !
NFS !
. !
, :
;
!
,
data v f s ;
%RRNVVKRS

300
4.

,
.

. ,

!
.
, ,
,
(, NFS).
vnode !

,
(, SCO UNIX, !
)
vnode. ,
Sun Microsystems, vnode !
, .
, !
, .
. 4.10

.
!
.

vfs
!
. !
Solaris 2.5:
crash
=
=
= stdout
>
/ on /dev/dsk/cOt3dOsO read/write on Tue Feb 25 15:29:11 1997
/usr/local on /dev/dsk/cOtOdOsO read/write on Tue
25
1997
/tmp on swap read/write on Tue Feb 25
1997
/dev/fd on fd read/write/setuid on Tue Feb 25
1997
/proc on /proc read/write/setuid on Tue Feb 25 15:29:11 1997
on /dev/dsk/cOt6dO
on
Mar 25 15:29:43 1997
>
FSTYP BSZ
PDATA
FLAGS
ufs 8192
800018
0 f5b79b78
0
notr
ufs 8192
32,0
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PROC TABLE SIZE = 1498
SLOT ST
SID
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PER PROCESS USER AREA FOR PROCESS 121
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RESOURCE LIMITS:
cpu time: unlimited/unlimited
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339
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STREAMS
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"A Stream Input!Output System", AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal,
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STREAMS

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www.books-shop.com
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stdata,

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www.books-shop.com
STREAMS
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fmodsw [
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376
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. 5.25.

STREAMS,
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UNIX
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TCP/IP
383
BSD UNIX, , !
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!
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1969 Defence Advanced Research Projects
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384
6.
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(University of California at Los Angeles) (University of
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,
ARPANET. !
, . !
!
(National Science Foundation, NSF)
! . 1981
NSF CSNET (Computer
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1984 ARPANET : MILNET,
, ARPANET
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www.books-shop.com
TCP/IP
385
1986 NSF ,
56 / !
. NSFNET
1995 , Internet. !
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NSFNET
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1995 4852000,
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1997 Internet Network Wizards
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386
6. UNIX
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388
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TCP/IP
389
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392
6.
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(Application layer)

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393
IP
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395
IP
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Version 4 ( IPv4).
(Internet Header Length) 32!

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www.books-shop.com
396
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16
.
RFC 1700 "Assigned Numbers".
. 6.4.
6.4.

( )
7
20
echo
ftp%data
Echo
FTP
21
ftp
FTP
www.books-shop.com
6.
402
UNIX
6.4 ()
( )
23
25
telnet
(Telnet)
(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
53
domain
bootps
bootpc
(Domain Name Server)

Bootstrap Protocol
67
68
69
70
80
gopher
110
119
123
nntp
ntp
161
179
bgp
Bootstrap Protocol
(Trivial File Transfer Protocol)
Gopher
World Wide Web (HyperText Transfer Protocol)
(POP )
(Network News Transfer Protocol)
(Network Time
Protocol)
/ (Simple Network Manage%
ment Protocol)
(Border Gateway
Protocol)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

, !
, !
.
, ,

IP , ,
. , !
, !
, ,
.
UDP, !

, ,
TCP. UDP, . 6.9, 8
.
, 2 , !
. !
www.books-shop.com
403
.
Length
8 !
. Checksum
.
, . !
, IP!
Protocol IP!.
. 6.10. , !
IP!, ,
. , UDP !
Protocol 17.
. 6.10. UDP
,
UDP, :
DNS, 53.
Network Time Protocol, 123.
, 67 68
.
www.books-shop.com
404
6.
Trivial FTP
RPC,
UNIX
69.

,
(). , !
, UDP ,
, , !
. !
, ,
,
IP, TCP.
Transmisson Control Protocol (TCP)

TCP , !

. TCP
, Telnet, FTP
HTTP.
TCP ,
:
!
, . . !
.
.
, !
.
!
.
.
,
, , , !
, . . , !
, TCP, . !
, ,
, .
TCP! !
.
, !
. TCP! ,
www.books-shop.com
405
, .
TCP! .
. 6.11.

(Sequence Number),
TCP.
: !
(Acknowledgement Number), !

. !
.
, 32 !
TCP!, , !
! 1), 0. !
(Inintial
Sequence Number, ISN) .
(ISN+1).

!
(sliding window). TCP!
Window, ,
, , Acknowledgement Number.
TCP! 20 . !
, !
. !
, !
. .

. !
, TCP! .
www.books-shop.com
6.
UNIX
32! . ,

5.
Flags,
:
, ,
Urgent pointer .
, %
Acknowledgement Number.
PSH
,

, %
.
.
SYN
, %
, " "
.
, %
.
Checksum .

!
, , IP! , !
. !
IP , UDP !
.
Urgent Pointer !
. URG
, !
.
Options , !
, ,
(MSS). (Padding) ,
32 .
TCP[
, TCP
, !
TCP!. !
. TCP!
, (, !
), ""
TCP! , , !
www.books-shop.com
407
, . !
, !
, ""
" !
" (three!way handshake),
.
, , !
,

, . . !
, !
!. ,
( !
) !
! SYN , !
SYN !
. , , !
,
TCP!.
TCP! .
TCP!,

. , ,
,
.
, ,
, , !
. ,
, , ,
,
.
, ,
. !
, , , !
. !
, , !
TCP .
()
!
(

2 / 4,5 , (!
). !
,
2 . ,
"" . 100 /
5 .
S Y N S Y N .
www.books-shop.com
408
6.
UNIX
. 6.12. %
, %
%
TCP%
TCP . !
,
FIN (. 6.12).
. !
, !
FIN.
. !
, , !
FIN,
,
FIN , !
.
www.books-shop.com
.
!
TCP!.
, ( )
CLOSED. !
LISTEN.
!
SYN.
SYN!SENT .
SYN
SYN!RECEIVED.
"" ESTABLISHED. !
(, ) !
FIN,

(, ) !
CLOSE!WAIT,
. !
FIN!WAIT!2,
FIN. !
.
. 6.5.
6.5. TCP%
LISTEN
%
.
SYN%SENT
SYN%RECEIVED
ESTABLISHED
,
.
CLOSE%WAIT
%
, .
LAST%ACK
, %
. %

.
FIN%WAIT%1
, %
( ,
).
FIN%WAIT%2
CLOSING
%RRNVVKRS

4/0
6.
UNIX
6.5 ()
TIME%WAIT
CLOSED
, %
, %
. %
2 MSL (Maximum Segment
,
.

TCP! ,
!
. , ,
SYN

!
.
,
, !
.
. !
TCP!. ,
TCP , !
!
.
, , !
,
() PSH, TCP
,
. , , !
( Telnet).
, TCP !
.
MSL, RFC 793 "Transmission Control Protocol",

2 . MSL 30 ,
1 2 .
,
(Transmission Control Block). , , !
, !
. U N I X !
.
www.books-shop.com

IP !
, ,
, ,
. !
TCP , !
. , TCP
.

. !

,
( ). TCP

(Positive Acknowledgement and Retransmission, PAR). ,
,
.
, . !
(NAK).

, . 6.13. !
.

200 . !

(=301). !
. , !

!
, !
.
, , TCP !
.
, (send window )
(receive window ) TCP!.
!
. , !
, !
, , !
. ,
!
, , , !
, !
. ,
, . !
" TCP" .
www.books-shop.com
6.
412
UNIX
( ) .

!
Window
), , , .
. 6.13.
. 6.14.
4 8 .
, ,
3, 5 . !
, 2 (7 8). !
,
"" . !
, , (
) .
. !
.
. !

www.books-shop.com
413
, .
, TCP !
.
,
, .
. 6.14. TCP
, , ,
, (offered
window),

. !
,
(usable window), !
, !
. , ,
, .
!
, , !
. , " "
(Silly Window Syndrome, SWS), .
TCP
TCP
, !
. , , !
,
TCP, . !

, !
, ,
. !
TCP, .
www.books-shop.com
6.
UNIX
" "
!
TCP. ,
, ,
, . !
, , !
!
( !
), " " (SWS).

, TCP. !
, ,
200 . !
1000 . ,
200 . !
(
. ,
,
1000 . !
1000 .
. 6.15.
.
800 ,
200.
SWS. , !
50 (, !
PSH). , 50 !
, , 150 (
200). !
50 , , !
(1000 ).
, , 950 !
, , , 50 .
50 , !
.
, , !
, . .
!
. .
: !
!
. !
, !
www.books-shop.com

.
"" !
.
6.15. SWS
,
. , !
, TCP
, .
,
:
1. . !
, ,
www.books-shop.com
416
6.
UNIX
( 0),

(Maximum Segment Size, MSS), 1/2 ,
, .
2. , !
,
, !
.
, SWS,

. , !
" ",
. !
, ,
. ,
SWS .
!
.
, , !,
PSH ( ,
), , !, !
.
,
,
, , , .

TCP , !
, .
,
!
.
, , !
(slow start). ,
, , !
,
!

(congestion window).
( MSS,
, ,
www.books-shop.com
417
536 512 ). !
.
, !
, .
,
, !
.
,
.
,
.
, ,
, . !
, !
. ,
!
, !

!
, .
, , !
.

, , .
,
. !
,
.
.
, , !
, ,
, ( 1%). ,
, ,
(Round Trip Time,
!
. sz (,
cwndo = sz
= cwndo +
=
=
www.books-shop.com
6.
UNIX
, ! !
. ,
: !
() .
!
, ,
. !
cwnd
ssthresh.
:
1. cwnd ssthresh
65535 .
2. , !
, !
.
( ! !
) ssthresh !
, !
. !, !
cwnd , ,
, .
4. ,
cwnd, ,
.
cwnd ssthresh, TCP !
, .
, ,
, !

!
.
,
, , . ., !
.
,
, (,
. .) . !
,
.
, , !
ssthresh, 1/2 , .
www.books-shop.com
419
cwnd
, , !
!
(Round Trip Time,
!
, .
. , ! !

!
sz, .
,
cwndn+i
cwndn +
+ sz
. 6.16 !
. ,

ssthresh.
. 6,16. %
%

. RFC
"Requirements for Internet Hosts Communication Layers", TCP
, . ,
.
%RRNVVKRS

420
6.
UNIX
!
. ,
,
.
( !
),
.
, !
: , ,
. !
, TCP !
. , !
!
, , ,
,
( ) .
, , . !
.
(fast retransmit).
, ,
. , ,
,
, ,
, .
.
!
!, . !
,
.

!
BSD UNIX.
BSD UNIX,
!
. " BSD UNIX" !
, !
UNIX BSD.
!,
.
,
www.books-shop.com
,
" BSD UNIX.
3.
,
, , , !
.
AF_INET. !
. !
TCP/IP, !
: (IP!) !
( ).
!
sockaddr. !
sockaddr_in :
struct
short
u_short
struct
char
{

IP
!
.
, ,
, UNIX System
V, , !
.

TCP. ,
. , . 6.17,
" !
BSD UNIX. ",
!
UDP.
,

!

accept(2) ,
.
,
. , !
,

, ,
. !
www.books-shop.com
422
6.
UNIX
, .

!
(IP! ). !
(" ")
!

.
. 6.17.
, !
. , !
, , ,
IP!
!
,
IP!
"" ,
!
www.books-shop.com
423
,

.
ftinclude
linclude
ftinclude <stdio.h>
<fcntl.h>
<netdb.h>
/* ,
#define
1500
argv)
int
char
{
int s, ns;
int pid;
int nport;
struct sockaddr_in serv_addr,
struct hostent
char
/*
nport = PORTNUM;
nport =
/* ,
SOCK_STREAM,
{
}
/*3
=
=
=
/*
sockaddr
}

"
/* .
, 5. ,
www.books-shop.com
424
6.
UNIX
}

while (1)
{
int addrlen;
addrlen =
/* . ns

(struct sockaddr
{
accept
}

" =
/*
}
{
int nbytes;
int

close
/*
while
= recv(ns, buf,
!=0)
{
buf,
0);
}
exit (0)
}
.

www.books-shop.com
425
ttinclude
<stdio.h>
<fcntl.h>
<netdb.h>
idefine
,
1500
argv)
char
int
{
int s
int
int
;
struct sockaddr_in
struct hostent
char
/*B ,
.
=
=
/* */
{
"
/*
if
(struct sockaddr
{
/*0
buf,
www.books-shop.com
426
6.
UNIX
if (recv(s, buf, sizeof(buf), 0) <0)

{
}

:
close

TLI
BSD UNIX !
, !

(Transport Layer Interface, TLI),
.
UNIX System V Release 3.0 1986 .
UNIX,
STREAMS, !
.
STREAMS, !
, ,
. !
STREAMS !
, UNIX libnsl.a

(, TCP)
(, UDP).
. 6.18 6.19

. ,
, "
BSD UNIX.
3 .
.
, !
. !
,

. ,
.
www.books-shop.com
427

netbuf, :
struct netbuf {
unsigned int maxlen;
unsigned int len;
char
}
. 6.18. TLI %

buf , ,
maxlen , a len , . .
.
sockaddr, !

!
www.books-shop.com
6.
428
UNIX
, , , netbuf !
TCP/IP.
. 6.19. TLI

netbuf ,
. !
, !
. !

:

!
. :
char
int
fd, int
*ptr, int
int f i e l d s ) ;
struct_type , !
. :
www.books-shop.com
429
struct_type
T_BIND
struct t_bind
T_CALL
struct t_call
T_DIS
struct t_discon
T_INFO
struct t_info
struct
struct t_unitdata
T_UDERROR
struct t_uderr
Co , , !
.
!

f i e l d s ,
:
fields
T_ADDR
addr t_bind, t_call, t_unitdata,

t_uderr
opt t_call,
udata
t_uderr,
t_call,
t_unitdata,
. , !
, netbuf maxlen .
, !
, !
. ,

!

d, , !

.
. 6.18
!

!
,
. :
int
<tiuser.h>
<fcntl.h>
char
int
struct
%RRNVVKRS

430
6.
UNIX
path , !
, , /dev/tcp
of lags !
(2). !

info, :
addr
%
. %1 , , %2 ,
.
TCP ( )
options
. %1
, , %2 , %

.

(Transport Service Data Unit, TSDU). ,
(. .
). %1 , %
, %2 , %
. TCP %
, tsdu 0. %
, UDP .
%
(Expedited Transport Service Data Unit, ETSDU). %
,
(. . ). %1 ,
, %2 ,
. TCP ,
UDP % .
connect

. connect %
. %1 ,
, %2 , %
. TCP UDP .
discon
, connect,
. TCP UDP .
servtype
, .
%
, T_COTS_ORD
,

. TCP
T_COTS_ORD, a UDP CLTS.
www.books-shop.com

,
.

3
BSD UNIX . !

:
int
const struct t_bind *req,

struct t_bind
fd . req
, ret !
, .
t_bind, !
:
struct
unsigned
addr
, %
.

req:
req == NULL
req != NULL
== 0
req ! = NULL
len > 0
%

,
,

,

ret. ,
, , ret.
!
!
!
.
:
<tiuser.h>
int
fd, const struct t_call

struct t_call
,
. !
t call, :
www.books-shop.com
432
6.
UNIX
struct netbuf

struct netbuf opt

struct netbuf udata , %
(
)
int
sequence

!
: , !
, . , TCP,
UDP !
. rcvcall NULL,
.

!
,
(, ).
!
!

.
#include <tiuser.h>
int
fd, struct
, call,
, !

, ,
, , , !
. sequence call
.
t_listen(3N), , accept(2),
, !

, !
.
:
ftinclude<tiuser.h>
int
fd,
int connfd,
struct t_call
fd , ( ,

connfd ,
. !
(. .

fd ! !
.

.
www.books-shop.com
433
t_accept(3N)
!) , !
.
!
:
t_snd(3N) !
. :
ttinclude <tiuser.h>
int t_rcv(int
char *buf, unsigned nbytes, int
int t_snd(int fildes, char *buf, unsigned nbytes, int flags);

f l a g s t_snd(3N) !
:
T_EXPEDITED
T_MORE

, , %

, TCP ,
,
t_rcv(3N)
f l a g s .
!

. :
ttinclude
int
int
fildes, struct t_unitdata *unitdata,

int *
fildes, struct t_unitdata
unitdata, !
:
struct netbuf addr
struct netbuf opt
struct netbuf udata

t_close(3N). , , ,
, .
t_close(3N) :
ttinclude
int
f d . !
, ,
www.books-shop.com
434
6.
UNIX
close(2) . !
( ) ,
, , .
, . , ,
!
, .
,
.
!1 . !
, 0.
, !
t_errno, , errno
. , !
,
void
char
t_error(3N) !
errmsg,
, , !
t_errno. t_errno TSYSERR,
, !
errno.
!
!. ,
. ,
, . !
,
,

",
tinclude
finclude
<arpa/inet.h>
iinclude <fcntl.h>
/* ,
ttdefine
1500
int
char
www.books-shop.com
435

int tn,
int pid, flags;
int nport;

struct sockaddr_in
struct
struct
struct t_call
.

{
*/
nport =
/*
nport =
= AF_INET;
=
=
=
=
= (char
,
=

(struct
*)0) < 0)
exit
" :
/* t call
,
if
=
(struct
t_alloc(tn,
{
}
=
=
= 0;
= 0;
www.books-shop.com
436
6.
UNIX
{

(t_listen(s, call) <0)
{
}
,
clnt_addr = (struct

=
(struct t_info *)
<0)
{
}
/*
if
(struct t_bind
(struct
*)0) <0)
{
}

if
{
ntn, call) <0)
{
t
{
int nbytes;
,
* /
while
buf,
sizeof(buf),
!=0)
{
t_snd(ntn, buf,
)
t
www.books-shop.com
}
: ,

}
}
ttinclude
ttinclude
ttinclude
ttinclude <fcntl.h>
ttinclude
1500
argv)
char
int
{
int tn;
iht
struct sockaddr_in
struct hostent
char
struct t_call
/*B ,
.
{
}
.

}

(struct t_bind
(struct t_bind *}0) < 0}
exit
}
" :
inet
www.books-shop.com
438
6.
UNIX
/* ,
=

=
/* t_call
,
if ( (call =
(struct
t_alloc(tn,
{
}
=
=
= (char *)
= 0;
= 0;

call, (struct t_call *)0)==1)
{
}
*/
buf,
if (t_rcv(tn, buf,
<0)
{
exit
}

:
!
,
t_close(3N).
, t_close(3N) !
, . !
, TCP, !
, , TCP
, . ,
TCP,
t_rcvrel(3N),
(orderly
release). , !
,
, , , TCP.
www.books-shop.com
439
t_rcvrel(3N) :
ttinclude
;
fd);

!
, , !
.
f d .

t_rcvrel(3N). !
, ! ,
.
, ,
t_rcv(3N)
TLOOK.
, , !
,
.

, !
, . 6.6.
6.6. ,
T_ORDREL
T_ERROR
T_UDERR
,
. ,
, ,
%RRNVVKRS

440
6.
UNIX

, , !
. , !
, , ,
,
!
, . .
.
, !
:
if
{
== T_LOOK
==
exit
t
exit
(t
!
!
, !
.
, !
,
.
, !
,
,
.
, , ,
NFS, (Remote Procedure
Call,
www.books-shop.com

!
, .
, !
. ()
, . .

.
, !
, (. . !
). ,
!
,
, . .
.

, !
,
.

!
, !
, .
RPC
, , ,
:
1. ! , !
(stub). "", , !
, !. !
, ,
. ,
. , !
, ,
. !
(marshalling).
2. .
, , !
. ,
,
TCP/IP.
.
!
.

www.books-shop.com
442
6.
UNIX
(, !
).
4. !, !
, .
5.

, .

!, !
, .
6. !
, , ,
( , ) !
,
, ,
, . !
: , !
( )
.
!,
.
, RPC,
!
(), ,
. !
()
. :
, !
, !

! .
.
, (, !
).
' , ,
!
( )
, ,
, . ,
,

Pascal, Windows NT!
www.books-shop.com
443
, ,
. ,
. !
, RPC,
, , , !

(binding)
,
, .
, :

. !
, !
,
.
RPC
. ,
.
, !
(, )
. !
,
,
.
, , !
, , !
.

, !, !

( !

, !
, !
. ! !

. ,
, !

, , !
(
,
.
www.books-shop.com
444
6.
UNIX
,

.
,

,
.

!
. U N I X ,
,
. .
.
!
, , , !
.
, UDP
!
. , , !
. , !
TCP, ,
TCP!.

, !
. !
. ,
, ,
, ? ,
,
. !
(!) !
, ,
,

. .
,
:

. ( !
) .
. ,
!
, .
.
. , !
.

www.books-shop.com
445
!
. ,

.

!
, .
.
, !
,
(,
, . .)
RPC !
,
, .
, RPC Sun Microsystems
:

IEEE
ASCII
RPC
.
!
. , RPC ,
, .
, ,
.
Sun
Microsystems !
TCP
!
. UDP
!
:

!

8 .
. !
TCP !
,
www.books-shop.com
446
6.
.

, TCP
:

8
, ! !
. ,
TCP,
, . ,
,
,
Remote Procedure Call Protocol
version 2",
32! !
, .
! . ,

(!). !
, ,
.
!
, .
(TCP) !
, .
, , !
,
?
RPC !
!. ,
, RPC
. !
,
.
RPC ,

!
, .

www.books-shop.com
447
. , ,
.
RPC Sun Microsystems.
:
rpcgen(l)
!
!
.
XDR
Data Representation),
!
,
.
, .
!
.
.
: !

( ),

main
( ) .
log.x !
:

.
, .
log.x
!
, ,
.
, RLOG, !
( ),

.
program LOG_PROG {
version LOG_VER (
RLOG (string)
1;
} = i;
} =
rpcgen(l) log.h, , , !
:
www.books-shop.com
448
6.
UNIX
/*
* Please do not edit this file.
* It was generated using rpcgen.
ttifndef
<rpc/rpc.h>
ftdefine
ftdefine
RLOG
extern int
long)
/*
extern int
/*
*/
. RLOG,
,
!
!
.
int
RPC !
. !
.
!
,
!
.

.
.
(, ). !
,
:
log.
<rpc/rpc.h>
#include
<sys/stat.h>

static int result;
int
int
www.books-shop.com
449
result =

result ==
!
,
j
! 0 APPEND); < 0! return
=
if
!= len!
result =
else
result
0;

,
, ,
,
, .

.
client.c
argc, char
{
CLIENT
char*server,
time t
server =

if (
r
%RRNVVKRS

450
6. UNIX
/* */
mystring = (char *)malloc(100);
/*0 */
bintime = time((time_t *)NULL);
clnttime = ctime(&bintime );
sprintf (mystring, "%s ",
clntime);
/* .
*/
if ( ( r e s u l t = rlog_l(&mystring, cl)) == NULL) {
fprintf(stderr, "error2\n");
clnt_perror(cl, server);
exit (3) ;
}
/*B */
if (*result !=0 )
fprintf(stderr, " \"!;
/" */
clnt_destroy(cl);
exit(0);
.

log svc.e
server.nowhere.ru !
$ logger
Hog !
.
RPC . 6.20. !
:
1. ,
!
.

.
.
1) !

.

www.books-shop.com

. !
. , !
,
2.
, ,

!
, , .

server.nowhere.ru .
3. r l o g _ l

,
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( XDR)
,

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logger ( !
). , (
), r l o g _ l

XDR, !
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,
.
. 6.20. RPC
www.books-shop.com
6.
UNIX
BSD UNIX

U N I X . UNIX, TCP/IP
BSD U N I X .
UNIX !
, :

,
,

!
.
,
OSI.

, , !
. , !
, TCP/IP
TCP. , , !
,
. !
( ). ,
, !
(,
Ethernet).
!
. ( ) !
, !
3 " BSD U N I X .
!

. !
!
!
. , , , !

!.
(. . ) !
.

!
www.books-shop.com
BSD UNIX
453
. !
. !
,
.
(),
.
, !
,
.

BSD U N I X ,
, , !
.

socket, , . 6.21.

!

(so_proto).
www.books-shop.com
454
UNIX

. !
(,
!
. !
m b u f , . 6.21. !

.
!
. , , ,
!,
(, read(2)
(

.
!
. , TCP
.

(
!
: , !
, ,
.
, , !
.
!
, .
, ,

,
, 5.
.
. 6.22.
. 6.22. %
www.books-shop.com
BSD UNIX
455
!
pr_init

pr_fasttimo
200
500 ,
. , TCP
! .
pr_drain
!
!
.

!
. ,
.
,
.

. .

!
. 6.7.
6.7. pr_usrreq()

close(2)
accept(2)
bind(2)
listen(2)
send(2),
fstat(2)
getsockname(2)
ioctl(2)
PRU ABORT
ACCEPT
PRU BIND
PRU CONNECT
PRU LISTEN
PRU_SENSE
PRU SOCKADDR
PRU PEERADDR
PRU CONTROL
pr_input
pr_output
!

.
pr_ctlinput
pr_ctloutput

, !
mbuf: !
mbuf
, ,
, .
www.books-shop.com
456
6.
UNIX
pr_flags
, .
, ,
,

!
.
,
.
, !
.
, !
, .
, !
. 6.23. !
, .
, loopback
,
, . .
. 6.23.
www.books-shop.com
BSD
. !
. , !
, !
. , !
(broadcast) , ,
.
, !
,
if_init
if_reset

!
!
.
,
lags. . 6.8.
6.8.
IFF_BROADCAST
IFF_LOOPBACK
IFF_NOARP
IFF_UP !
. , !
(broadcast), , Ethernet,
IFF_BROADCAST !
(

). !
!,
(),
( ifa_dstaddr). ,
, a
ifa_dstaddr
. !
IFF_RUNNING
(!
, ), .
www.books-shop.com
458
6.
UNIX
!

$
inet
1500
netmask ffffffOO broadcast
, !
leO
i f _ f l a g s , if_mtu (Maximum
Transmission Unit, MTU) , !
,
inet
n e t m a s k
broadcast (ifa_broadaddr).
, !
. ,
(if_ipackets),
(if_ierrors),
(if_oerrors)
(if_collisions).
!
:
$
in
Name
leO
Mtu
823
1500
Net/Dest
127.0.0.0
194.85.160.0
Address
127.0.0.1
168761
1624636
0
1042
Opkts
168761
110166
Oerrs
1933
Collis
382604
!
, , !
.
, ,
. 6.24. !

, , !
(routing).
,
(, IP) !
.
,
, !
. !
, ! , !
, . , !
.
www.books-shop.com
BSD UNIX
459
!
(, Ethernet), !. !
, ,
, , !
! !

. 6.24. UNIX (internetwork)
(IP) !
, . !
, (
), 0. !
. ,
!
, ,
.
, . 6.25, !
(
, IP! .
, , !
, !,
. !
, ! !

, , ,
.
%RRNVVKRS

460
6.
UNIX
). rt_dst. !
, rt_gateway, , !
, .
rt_flags ( ), !
. rt_use
, a rt_refcnt !
( ). , rt_ifp !
,
.
. 6.25. %
, !
(direct) (indirect).
rt_dst
. ,
, .
, !
,
, . !
, , !
, . ,
, , !
. !
.
,
, ,
,
,
. !
,
.
www.books-shop.com
BSD UNIX
. 6.26.

, !
Ethernet.
!
, !
: ""

,
.
. 6.26.
, , RTF_GATEWAY
. !
, !
,

!
: rtalloc
,
rtredirect
!

REDIRECT).
IP!
!
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol), !
.
www.books-shop.com
462
rtalloc
.

struct rtentry
struct
6.
UNIX

route,
:
*ro_rt

()

( ,
).
. , TCP
.
rtredirect

!
, !
.
, ,
,
, ,
. . 6.27.
. 6.27. %
%
TCP/IP

ICMP REDIRECT IP! !
IP! ()
.
www.books-shop.com
BSD

. , !
( 0), !
. , ,
, !

.
,
, ,
, . !
,
. , !
,
rt_gateway .
.
UNIX !
, .

,
. !
!
ioctl(2).
SIOCDELRT.
,
,
RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
,
!
(RIP, OSPF, BGP).
, !
$
Routing Table:
Destination
127
default
Gateway
Flags
Ref
Use
0
3
0
5054
30926
47150
Interface
(localhost)
.
( 194.85.160.50)
(194.85.160.0). ,
, , "
", ,
!
.
www.books-shop.com
464
6.
UNIX
TCP/IP

TCP/IP, ,
(Protocol Control Block, PCB), TCP/IP
Internet PCB, inpcb,
inpcb . 6.28.
. 6.28. TCP/IP
TCP UDP
, ,
IP! (inp_laddr

www.books-shop.com
BSD UNIX
465
TCP ,
, ( !
, . .)
,
TCP UDP.
, .
IP , !

,
,
().

BSD UNIX (. 6.29).
. 6.29. BSD UNIX
www.books-shop.com
466
6.
UNIX
IP
!
, !
.
,
IP. !
IP.
ip_input
. !

, ,
, !
.
.
,
, !
( )
.
!
.
, !
!
. IP Protocol
, , !

. IP !
pr_input

.
, , !
, , ,
.
(forwarding)
:

!

.

( IP). ,
SCO UNIX
www.books-shop.com
BSD UNIX
.
, ,

.
!
, , !
,
REDIRECT.
ip_output

!
.
IP
, ,
! . !
ICMP
. ICMP
. 6.9.
6.9. ICMP
DESTINATION UNREACHABLE

:

2.
3. ,

(Don't Fragment)
SOURCE QUENCH
. %
, %

%. :

2. % , . .
%

TIME EXCEEDED
, ( route, !
), (, !
). !
D (multicast) !
(Multicast backbone,
!
, !, . . ,
, .
,
, /.
www.books-shop.com
468
6.
UNIX
. , !
.
,
.

(UDP TCP). ,
.
UDP
,

, ( , IP)
. !
, !
UDP.
, IP!
UDP,
udp_input

.
!
. !
, "" .
.
!

,
/ .
,
. , ,
, !
, / . !
, , !
, ,
,
, .

PORT UNREACHABLE.
udp_input ,
!
().
, IP !
UDP.
.
" " !
inetd, !
( FTP Telnet). !
.
www.books-shop.com
BSD UNIX
469

sendto(2),
PRU_SEND. !

!
. send(2),
, !

, !
. !
ip_output
TCP, !
, UDP.
, .
, !
.
TCP .

, !
, !
. !
TCP , , !
500
.
(retransmit timer). !
, . !
, !
. , !
, . !
,
( ), !
, .
(timer backoff)
.

. , TCP,

.
.
!
, .
%RRNVVKRS

470
6.
UNIX

( ). !
,
. , , !
( !
), (. . !
), .
( ),
,
, . !
( ),
(window probe), , .
, !
! , !
, . , !
, !
. ,
. !
, ! .
, ,
, !
, !
, , ! .
,
TCP keepalive,
( , ),
(RST). RST,
. , ,
.
,
(2MSL
). TCP
, , !
FIN. , !
.
FIN, !
. !
TIME!WAIT,
. , !
, close(2) , !
. ,
.
UNIX System V
BSD UNIX !
UNIX System V. !
www.books-shop.com
471
UNIX System V
.
UNIX System V STREAMS,
5.
/, STREAMS,
!
,
( ) ,
.
STREAMS , !
, .
STREAMS
: !
, . . 6.30 !
TCP/IP UNIX System V.
, , IP
, ,
( Ethernet
FDDI), (TCP
UDP), TCP UDP , !
,

FTP
a
! (
. 6.30. TCP/IP STREAMS

,
,
TCP/IP, ,
www.books-shop.com
6.
472
UNIX
!
. , !
,

!
.
!
(Transport Provider Interface, TPI). !
,
,
(Data Link Provider Interface,
, ,
STREAMS, , !
OSI. , !

, , .
.
TCP/IP
OSI
telnetd, talk
%*
TCP,
IP
FDDI
TPI
. 6.31. %
%
TPI
TPI
OSI
(connection mode), (connectionless
mode). !
,
, ,
.
,
OSI.
!
STREAMS.
www.books-shop.com
473
UNIX System V
TPI , !
.
, TPI !
(transport provider) (transport user).
(transport primitive),
, :

!

!
, . !
!
.

, .

.
6.10. TPI
BIND REQ
T_BIND_ACK
PROTO
.
%

.

, %
. %

.
ADDR_length

f set

, %

.
%
,
, %
%
.
M_PCPROTO, %
. ,
,
T_BIND_REQ.
M_PROTO :
T_BIND_ACK

f set

,

www.books-shop.com
6.
474
UNIX
()
UNBIND REQ
M PROTO
.

%

.
CONN REQ
M PROTO
.

.

%
.

M_DATA, %
, .
, TCP %
.

, .
:

DEST_length
%

offset

PROTO
CONN
M PROTO
.
%
%
, %
%
.

%
M_DATA,
,
.

,
, ,
.
:

SRC_length

OPT_length

OPT_offset

www.books-shop.com
475
UNIX System V
6.10 ()
.
%
%
, %
%
.

%

,
.
PROTO %
,
.
:
PRIM_type
,

OPT_length
f set

T_CONN_CON
.
%
%
.

.

, %
.
%
, %
, ,
, .
:
T_CONN_CON
RES_length

set

OPT_length

offset
PROTO
www.books-shop.com
6.
476
UNIX
6.10 ()
DISCON REQ
M_PROTO
DISCON IND
M_PROTO
ORDREL REQ
M_PROTO
ORDREL IND
M_PROTO
.

.

,
%
.

M_DATA, %
,
M_PROTO :
PRIM_type

.
%
%
, %
,
%
.
M_PROTO,

%
, .
M_PROTO :
T_DISCON_IND

"" .

, %
. %
, %

.
"" .
%
%

, , %
.

, %
. %
PROTO.
www.books-shop.com
477
UNIX System V
6.10 ()
REQ
M PROTO
.
%

%
%
.
M_PROTO,

%
.

, %
.
PRIM_type
DEST_length

PROTO
offset
M PROTO
.
%

, %

.

%
.

, ,
.
SRC_offset
OPT_length
offset

M PROTO
www.books-shop.com
6.
478
UNIX
6.10 ()
UDERROR

, %
%
.
%
, , ,
.
:
T_UDERROR_IND
DEST_length
DEST_offset

f set

ERROR_type

.

,

(Transport Interface Data Unit,

%
TSDU.

%
.
%

lag, ,

TSDU. %

TSDU. %

. ,
TCP .
.
%

, %
TIDU.
M_PROTO,

.

%
TSDU.
M PROTO
M_PROTO
www.books-shop.com
479
UNIX System V
6.10 ()
EXDATA REQ
M PROTO
.

%
.
TCP
t_snd(3N) flags,
T_EXPEDITED , ,
MORE.
EXDATA
M PROTO
.
T_DATA_IND,
.
.
%
, ,
, %
. ,
, %
% ,
. %
M_PCPROTO %

CORRECT prim.
ERROR ACK
M PCPROTO
.
,
, ,
. %
, %
,
, . %

%
, ,
TLI UNIX.
M_PCPROTO :
PRIM_type

TLI_error
TLI
UNIX error
UNIX
INFO REQ
M PCPROTO

.

%
,
. %
PCPROTO.
%RRNVVKRS

480
6.
UNIX
6.10 ()
[
T_INFO_ACK
.

%
. %

%
, %
t_open(3N), "%

.
M_PCPROTO :
T_INFO_ACK
TSDU_size
%

TSDU
ETSDU_size
%

ETSDU
%
CDATA size
,
. %
connect
t_open(3N)
DDATA size

,
.
info
ADDR size

.
addr %
OPT size

. %
options
size
%
TIDU
SERV type

, %
servtype
info
t_open(3N)
CURRENT state

PROVIDER_flag
M_PCPROTO
www.books-shop.com
481
UNIX System V
6.10 ()
.

. %
M_PROTO,
:

OPT_length

,
:
T_NEGOTIATE ,
. %
,
,
;
_ , %
, %
, ;
T_DAFAULT
.
.
%
, %
.
,
REQ
OPTMGMT
PROTO
M PCPROTO
OPTMGMT REQ.

TPI.
TPI, .
TPI
TCP! . 6.32.
5 !
STREAMS. ,
,
getmsg(2). , , !
!
, ( ,
,

getmsg(2).
www.books-shop.com
482
6.
UNIX
. 6.32. TLI TPI

:
www.books-shop.com
UNIX System V
int
{
struct
struct
struct
struct
struct
struct
char
int
483
struct t_call *sndcall,

struct t_call
T_conn_con
T_ok_ack
T_error_ack
strbuf connect, ack, confirm,
netbuf
addr, opt, udata;
netbuf sndcall*/
addr =
opt =
udata =
strbuf
=
+
+ opt.len;
=
conn req) +
+
buf = (char
= buf;
(
M_PROTO

connreq = (struct T_conn_req
=
connreq>DEST_length =
connreq>DEST_offset = sizeof (struct
buf +=
=
=
buf +=
strbuf (
=
=
=
CONN REQ
&connect,

,

=
= (char
, RS HIPRI.

www.books-shop.com
484
6.
UNIX
flags = RS_HIPRI;
(struct
*)0,
okack = (struct T_ok_ack

if
==
{
/*

(
if (recvcall != NULL)
{
=
opt =
udata =
=
T_conn_con) +
=
+
T_conn_con)
+
buf = (char
= buf;
=
=
=
conncon = (struct T_conn_con

if
==
{
/* , rcvcall
=
=
offset,

}
}
else
{
/*
else
www.books-shop.com
UNIX System V
/*
errack = (struct T_error_ack
}
}
. ,
TCP
, !
.
T_DATA_IND. ,
T_EXDATA_REQ
UDP !

!
. !
,

, .
, !
.
!
, , , ,

.
(, !

) . STREAMS
ioctl(2).

"
STREAMS" 5,
TPI !

. . 6.33
.
STREAMS,
!

I_STR, . . .
, . .

! . M_IOCTL
TPI.
www.books-shop.com
6.
486
UNIX
ioctl(2) :
struct strioctl my strioctl;
=
=
= size;
= (char *)buf
. 6.33.
ioctl(2) s i z e !
TPI, cmd
www.books-shop.com
UNIX System V
,

cmd

T_BIND_REQ. %
ioctl(2) buf %
TI_UNBIND
TI_GETINFO
T_UNBIND_REQ. %

%
ioctl(2) buf %

%
ioctl(2) buf

.
DLPI
DLPI
(data link layer) OSI, !
, !
.
, IP, IPX
CLNS. , !
, !

(, Ethernet, FDDI ATM) !
.
DLPI
:
. !
, !
DLPI,
, TCP/IP, NetWare
!
.
. 6.34 !
. !
STREAMS,
DLPI (. .
DLPI).
www.books-shop.com
6.
UNIX
!
!
. , ,
, ,
. !
!
.
. 6.34.

(Service Access Point, SAP), !
STREAMS . !
, IP IPX, !
, ,
. !
SAP, , !
(DL_BIND_REQ) !
.
!
,
(Physical Point of Attachment, PPA).
DLPI . !
(style 1) ,
!
(
, !
, ,
(. "" 5). !
www.books-shop.com
489
UNIX System V
, (style 2)

!
, , !
,
(, ISDN D).
, DL_ATTACH_REQ, !
.
. 6.35.

DLPI

. 6.35.
DLPI ( !
),
:
1.
2.
3.

. ,

.
!
,
OSI
IEEE 802.
, !
%RRNVVKRS

490
6.
UNIX
!
. IEEE 802 !
:
,

(Logical Link Control, LLC),
IEEE 802.2.
,
(Media
MAC), IEEE 802.3
CSMA/CD, IEEE 802.4 Token Bus
Token Ring.
!
Access Control,

IEEE 802.5

!
,
,
. !

, MAC.
CSMA/CD (Carrier
Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection).
!
" ". ,
, !
. , ,
.
, !
.
, "" . !
CSMA/CD:
1. , , !
, "" .
2. , !
, !
, !
, .
!
, ,
.
CSMA/CD , ,
!
www.books-shop.com
UNIX System V
491
Ethernet 2.0 IEEE 802.3. !

Ethernet,
, . 6.36 6.37.
. 6.36. Ethernet
. 6.37. IEEE 802.3
,
" " (Ethertype) Ethernet !
IEEE 802.3. Ethernet
, . , !
1500
, .
, , !
, !
, , , !
(, Token Ring).
, , ,
"". !
, ""
. !
, !
. , ,
. !
.
, ""
. , .
FDDI, , , !
. !
,
www.books-shop.com
492
6.
UNIX
. ! ,
, !
. ,
, !
.
Token Ring IEEE
802.5

. IEEE 802.5 . 6.38.
. 6.38. IEEE 802.5

LLC
LLC .

HDLC, !
.
LLC . 6.39.
DSAP
(SAP)
. LLC !
SNAP (Sub!Network Access Point),
(Logical SAP, LSAP).
. 6.39. LLC
www.books-shop.com
UNIX System V
493
IP
CSMA/CD
IP LLC MAC.
Ethernet 2.O.

)
a SAP
" ",
Ethertype . IP !
0x0800. Ethertype
.
Ethertype
0x0800
0x0806
0x6003
Length IEEE802.3
Internet IP (Ipv4)
DEC DECNET Phase IV Route
Novell IPX
IEEE 802.3.

SAP !
SNAP Ethertype.
DSAP SSAP , !
. , IP!
1492 .
TCP/IP Token Ring
IEEE 802.5, LLC SNAP,
.

, ,
,
.
,
. 6.40.
!
:
!
. !
!

ig_t,
!
, ,
(Management
Information Base).
,
.
www.books-shop.com
494
6.
UNIX
. 6.40. DLPI
, :
ma j or
www.books-shop.com
UNIX System V
495

(SAP)

BOARD DISABLED
TX BUSY
TX QUEUED

. , %

, %

,
, , ,
SAP
.
:
state
read_q
write_q
bd
next_sap
spdu
SAP.
DLPI.
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Bach M. The Design of the UNIX Operating System. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:
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, 1986. UNIX
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man, !
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J.S. The Design and
Implementation of the
UNIX Operating System. Reading, MA:
1989.
. !

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505
Vahalia, U. UNIX Internals: the New Frontiers.

River, NJ:
Prentice Hall, 1996. !
UNIX (SVR4.X, Solaris,
Digital UNIX, 4.4BSD, Mach
!
UNIX.
Pate S.D. UNIX Internals. A Practical Approach. Addison Wesley Longman
Ltd., 1996. Santa Cruz Operation,
Inc. UNIX.
UNIX SCO

. !

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Stevens, W.R. Advanced Programming in the UNIX Environment. Reading,
MA:Addison!Wesley, 1992. !
UNIX.

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Stevens, W.R. UNIX Network Programming. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice
Hall, 1990.
.
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152
164
syslog(3), 183
t_accept(3N), 432
431
1_close(3N), 433
431
432
t_look(3N), 439
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t_rcvrel(3N), 438
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, 244
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(Computer Research Group, CRG)

System V Release 4 (SVR4)

UNIX Berkeley Software Distribution

UNIX, BSD UNIX.

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OSF/1 Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC).

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