Cleasby-Vigfusson - Icelandic Dictionary

<INTRODUCTION>
This is a partially corrected electronic version of:

Cleasby, Richard and Gundbrand Vigfusson. 1874. _An
Icelandic-English Dictionary_. 780 pp.
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</INTRODUCTION>
<PAGE NUM="b0001">
<HEADER>1 A-Á</HEADER>
A. is the first letter in all the alphabets of Phenician extraction. The
Runic alphabet, being confused and arbitrary, makes the sole exception
to this rule.
A. PRONUNCIATION: it is either simple (a) or diphthongal (á
). The
simple a is pronounced long or short; when long it is sounded like
the
long Italian a as in padre, or as in Engl. father; when 
short, like the short
Italian a as in cambio, or as in Engl. marry. The á
-- though in grammars
commonly called a long vowel -- is phonetically diphthongal (a + u
), and
sounds like Engl. ou or ow: Engl. thou and Icel. þ
á, now and ná, have
almost the same sound. Again a and á have, like all other v
owels, diphthongs or simple, a deep, full chest-sound if followed by a single consonant,
or by more than one weak consonant (a liquid followed by a media).
They sound short if followed by two or more strong consonants (a double
mute or liquid): thus the a and á sound long in tál,
sermo; sát, sedebat;
 mán, mancipium; tál, dolus; ár, remit
s; sát, sessio, hátr, odium; hárðr,

durus; káldr, frigidus; vándr, difficilis; t&
aacute;mdr, domitus, etc. But short
in hátt, pileum; hátt, modum; mánn, bomine
m; bánn, interdictum; háll,
lubricus; kált, frigidum; rámt, acidum; h&aac
ute;rt, durum; vánt, assuetum,
 etc.; the consonants shortening the sound of the preceding vowel. The
a is also short in all endings, verbal or nominal, tala, talar, talað
a, dixi;
talast, dicitur; vaka, vigilia; fagran, pulchrum, etc. Etym
ologically a
distinction must be made between the primitive á, as in sát
u (sedebant),
átu (edebant), gátu (poterant), and the á produced by suppressing
consonants; either nasals, as in á, ást, áss, báss,
gás, = an, anst,
ans, bans, gans; or gutturals, h, g, k, as in á (aqua), s&a
acute; (videbat), lá
(jacebat), má (debet), nátt (nox), drá
ttr (tractus), and a great many
others; or labials, v, f, as in á = af, áir = afr, h&aacute
;r but háfan; or dentals,
as in nál (acus) [Goth. nepla, Engl. needle], v&aacu
te;l (ambitus, mendicitas)
[A. S. vädl], etc. In very early times there was no doubt an audible
distinction between these two kinds of á, which however is not obs
erved
even by the earliest poets, those of the 10th century. The marking of
the diphthongal vowels with an acute accent is due to the Icelandic
philologist Thorodd (circa 1080-1140), and was probably an imitation
of Anglo-Saxon. The circumflex, applied by Jacob Grimm, is unknown
to Icel. authors of whatever age. Thorodd, in his treatise on the vowels
(Skálda, pp. 160 sqq.), distinguishes between three kinds of vowels, viz.
short, long (i. e. diphthongal), and nasal. The long ones he propo
ses
to mark with an acute (&aolig-acute;); the nasals by a dot above the line (&bull
;). The
vowels of his alphabet are thirty-six in number. According to his rule we
should have to write, af (ex), át (esus), ä (in
). No doubt the a was also
nasal in the verbs and the weak nouns, komå (= koman), augä (gen.);
and also when followed by an n, e. g. vänr (assuefactus). The
distinctive
marking of the nasals never came into practice, and their proper sound
also disappeared; neither is this distinction observed by the poets in their
rhymes. The marking of the diphthongal vowels -- either the primitive
vowels or those formed by agglutination -- by an acute accent, according
to the rule of Thorodd, is indeed used in a very few old Icel. parchment
fragments of the 12th century. The only MS. of any considerable length
which strictly observes this distinction is the Ann. Reg. Ísl. 2087. 4b.
Royal Libr. Copenhagen, written in Icel. at the end of the 13th century.
In the great bulk of MSS. both kinds of vowels are treated alike, as
in Latin. About the middle of the 14th century the doubling of vowels,
especially that of aa (&aolig-acute;) = á, came into use, a
nd was employed through
more than three centuries, until about 1770 the Icelanders resumed the
spelling of Thorodd, marking diphthongal vowels by an acute accent,
but following the rules of modern pronunciation. The diphthong au --
 in Norse freq. spelt ou -- has at present in Icel. a peculiar sound
, answering
to äu or eu in German, and nearly to Engl. oi. The Nor
se pronunciation
is different and perhaps more genuine.
B. CHANGES. I. a changes into æ, á into Æ: this
change -a part of a more general transformation, by Grimm termed umlaut,
'vowel-change' -- is common to all the Teutonic idioms, except the
Gothic (v. letter E and Æ). II. a changes into ö (&aoli
g-acute;), á into &aolig-acute;:
this transformation is peculiar to the Scandinavian branch, esp. the
Icelandic idiom, where it is carried on to the fullest extent -- in old
Swedish and Danish its use was scanty and limited. It takes
place, 1. in monosyllabic nouns with a for their radical vowel,
α. feminines, öld, periodus; önd, anima; örk,
arca; för, iter; höll, aula;
 hönd, manus; sök, causa, etc. β. adjectives in
fem. sing, and in neut.
pl., öll, tota; fögr, pulchra; hörð, dura; hölt, clauda; sönn, vera; from
allr, etc. γ. in plur. neut., bönd, vincula; börn, GRE
EK; lönd, terrae;
 from band, etc. δ. in singular masculines with a suppressed u
in
the root, hjörtr, cervus; fjörðr, sinus; björn,
ursus; örn, aquila,
 etc. 2. in dissyllables a radical a, when followed by a final u (-u,
-ur, -um, etc.), in Icel. constantly changes into ö, -- öl
lum, cunctis;
 mönnum, hominibus; köllum, vocamus; vökum, 
vigiliis and vigilamus;
 vökur, vigiliae, etc. Danes and Swedes here retained the a; so did a
great part of Norway. The change only prevailed in the west of
Norway and the whole of Iceland. Some Norse MSS. therefore constantly keep a in those cases, e. g. Cd. Ups. De la Gard. 8 (Ed. C. R.
Unger, 1849), which spells allum, cunctis; hafuð, caput; jafur
, rex;
 andverðr, adversus; afund, invidia, etc. (v. Pref. viii.)
Other Norse MSS.
spell a and ö promiscuously; allum or öllum, kallum or k
öllum. In Icel.
this change prevailed about the year 1000. Even at the end of the loth
century we still frequently meet with rhymes such as barð -- jarðu, &tho
rn;ang -langu, etc. 3. a in inflexions, in penultimate syllables, if follo
wed by
u, changes into u (or ö); thus keisurum, caesaribus
; vitrurum, sapientioribus; hörðurum, durioribus; hörðustum, durissi
mis: pret. pl., sköpuðu,
creabant; töluðu, dicebant; orrustu, pugnam. In pa
rt. pass. fem. sing, and
neut. pl., sköpuð, creata; töluð, dicta; tö
puð, perdi/ a. Neut. pl. in words,
as sumur, aestates; heruð, pagi. This change is peculiar to Iceland,
and is
altogether strange to Norse MSS., where we constantly find such forms
as ætlaðu, putabant; gnagaðu, mordebant; aukaðu,

augebant; skapað,
creata; kallað, dicta; skaparum, tapaðum, ágæ
tastum, harðarum, skínandum; kunnastu, artem, etc. This difference, as it frequently occurred at early times, soon gave the Icel. idiom a peculiar and strange
sound, -- amarunt would, in Icelandic, be ömurunt. Norse phrases -as
með bænum ok fastu (fostu) hafðu (höfðu) með s&eacute
;r vaxljós, ok dýrkaðu
(dýrkuðu) þa hælgu hátíð með fastu
(föstu) ok vaktu (vöktu) þar um
nóttina með margum (mörgum) aðrum (öðrum) vanf&aeli
g;rum mannum
(monnum), O. H. L. 87 -- sound uncouth and strange to Icel. ears;
and so no doubt did the Icel. vowel transformations to Norse
ears. 4. endings in -an, -all, e. g. feminines in -an, as hugsan,
ætlan, iðran, frequently change into -un, -- hugsun, ætlun, i&et
h;run, and are
now always used so: gamall, vetus, f. gömul; einsamall, solus, f. einsömul. In modern Norse, gomol, eismol (Ivar Aasen); atall, atrox;
ötull, strenuus; svikall, perfidus, and svikull; þrifna
ðr, mundities, and
þrifnuðr, etc. 5. in the cases correlative to II. 1, 2, the &aacute
; in its
turn changes into a vowel, by Thorodd marked &aolig-acute;; this vowel ch
ange
seems to have been settled about the beginning of the 11th century, and
prevailed in Iceland during the 12th, being constantly employed in MSS.
of that time; about the end of that century, however, and the beginning
of the next, it fell off, and at last became extinct. Its phonetical value,
therefore, cannot now be precisely stated: it no doubt had an intermediate sound between á and ó, such as ö (
oo) has between a and o. Thorodd
proposed to mark the short 'umlaut' ö by &aolig-acute;; and t
he vowel change of á
by &aolig-acute; (in the MSS. however commonly written &aolig-acute;). INSTA
NCES: fcm.,
&aolig-acute;, amnis; &aolig-acute;st, amor; &aolig-acute;l, funis; &aolig-acute;r, remits; l&aolig-acute;g, lignum; skr&aolig-acute;, l
ibellus; s&aolig-acute;tt, pax; s&aolig-acute;l, anima; n&aolig-acute;l,
acus; v&aolig-acute;n, spes: masc., h&aolig-acute;ttr, modus;
þr&aolig-acute;ðr, fîlum; þ&aolig-acute;ttr, funis;
 m&aolig-acute;ttr, vis; &aolig-acute;ss, deus; &aolig-acute;r
r, nuntius: neut.
pl., s&aolig-acute;r, vulnera; t&aolig-acute;r, GREEK; m&aolig-ac
ute;l, dicta; r&aolig-acute;ð, consilia; v&aolig-acute;r, v
era:
adj. fem, and neut., koát, læta; f&aolig-acute;, pauca; sm&aolig-acute;, parva; h&aolig-acute;, alta; f&aolig-acute;m,
paucis; h&aolig-acute;m, altis: verbs, s&aolig-acute;, vide
bant (but sá, videbat); g&aolig-acute;tu, capiebant; &aolig-acute;tu, edebant (but at, edebat), etc.: v. Frum
p. 26-28: e. g. sár
(vulnus) veitti maðr mer eitt (unum), s&aolig-acute;r mör
g (multa vulnera) veitta
ek hánum, Skálda (Thorodd), 162; &aolig-acute;l (= öl, cer
evisia) er drykkr, &aolig-acute;l er
band (vinculum), id. 163; tungan er málinu v&aolig-acute;n (= v&ou

ml;n, assuefacta), en
at tönnunum er bitsins v&aolig-acute;n (morsils exspectatio), id.: f
requently in the
Grágás, lýsa sár sitt (vulnus) eðr s&aoli
g-acute;r (vulnera) ef fleiri eru, Kb. i. 151;
s&aolig-acute;r en minni (vulnera leviora), 170; en meire s&aolig-acute;r
(graviora), 174;
síðan es s&aolig-acute;r eða ben voru lýst, 175; engi s&ao
lig-acute;r (nulla vulnera), s&aolig-acute;r, and
r&aolig-acute;ð, 176, 177; m&aolig-acute;l, ii. 51; v&aolig-acute;r, 158,
<PAGE NUM="b0002">
<HEADER>2 A.</HEADER>
C. OTHER CHANGES :-- in modern Icel. the old syllable va has
changed into vo; vó of the 14th century being an intermediate form
: thus
von, spes; votr, madidus; vor, ver; vorr, noster; vo
ði, periculum; koma,
adventus; voru, erant, etc.: so also the á in the da
t. hánum, illi, now
honum, which is also employed in the editions of old writings; kómu =
kvámu = kvómu, veniebant, etc. In Norway a was often
changed into æ
 in the pronominal and adverbial forms; as hæna, illam; þ
ær, þænn, þæt,
ibi, ilium, illud; hence originate the mod. Dan. hende, der, den, det;

in some Norse dialects even still dar, dat. The short a in endings
in mod. Dan. changed into e (æ), e. g. komme, uge, talede, I
cel. koma,
vika; whereas the Swedes still preserve the simple a, which makes their
language more euphonious than the mod. Dan. In most districts of Icel.
an a before ng, nk, has changed into á, thus langr (
longus), strangr
(durus), krankr (aegrotus) are spelt lángr, kránkr,
etc. In the west
of Iceland however we still say langr, strangr, etc., which is the pure old
form. The a becomes long when followed by lf, lm, lp, thus &aacute
;lfr, genius;
álpt, cygnus; hálfr, dimidius; kálfr, 
vitulus; sjálfr, ipse; this is very old:
the fem. h&aolig-acute;lf, dimidia, which occurs in the 12th century, poi
nts to
an á, not a; já = ja in hjálpa, skj&aa
cute;lfa, etc. The lengthening before lm
is later, -- álmr, ulmus; hálmr, calamus; sál
mr, psalmus; hjálmr, galea; málmr, metallum, etc. In all these cases the á is not etymological.
Also before ln in the plur. of alin, álnar not alnar: lk
, alka = alka, alca;
bálkr = balkr; fálki = falki, falco: háls = hals; fr
jáls = frjals; járn = jarn;
skáld = skald; v. those words: aarni, dat. of arinn, v. that word: the
proper name Árni, properly Arni: abbati, abbas, ábót
i: Adám, on the
contrary, changed into Adam; Máría into Maria, Mary. The ol
d spelling is still kept in máriatla, motacilla pectore albo, etc. In the

1st pers.
pret. indic., and in the pres. and pret. conj. we have a changed into 
i, e. g.
talaða to talaði, locutus sum; sagða, dixi, vilda, 
volui, hafða, habui, to
sagði, vildi, hafði: in the 1st pers. pres. and pret. conj., hefða,
haberem,
 hafa, habeam, to hefði, hafi. These forms occur as early as the
beginning of the 13th century (e. g. in the Hulda, Cd. A. M. 66, fol. = Fms.
vi. and vii). In the south of Iceland however (Reykjavik, the Árnes
and Gullbringusýsla) the old forms are still frequently heard in bisyllab
ic
preterites, esp. ek vilda, sagða, hafða, and are also employed in writin
g
by natives of those districts.
D. a answers to Goth, a; A. S. ea (a, ä); allr, totus;
Goth, alls;
A. S. eall: the primitive á to Goth, ê, sátu,
Goth, sêtun, sedebant; gráta,
grétun, lacrymari; láta, lêtan; vápn, vê
pn, arma; vagr, vêgs, fluctus. The
Icel. secondary á, on the contrary, must in the kindred Teutonic idioms b
e
sought for under a vowel plus a consonant, such as an, ah, or the
like.
A. S. æ commonly answers to Icel. á, láta, A. S. l
ætan; dáð, A. S. dæð; þrá&eth
;r,
A. S. þræð, Engl. thread; mál (GREEK), A. S
. m&oelig;l, cp. Engl. meal. The
A. S. (1, on the contrary, etyrnologically answers to Icel. ei. The dipht
hong
au answers to Goth. au, A. S. eá, -- rauðr, Got
h. rauds, A. S. reað, Engl.
red. In English the a seems at very early times to have assumed it
s
present ambiguous sound; this we may infer from A. S. words introduced
into Icelandic. The river Thames in Icel. is spelt, as it is still pronounced
in England, as Tems, which form occurs in a poem of the year 1016.
E. The Runic character for a was in the Gothic and Anglo-Saxon
Runes (so termed by P. A. Munch) RUNE [A. S. RUNE]; so in the Golden
horn, on the stone in Thune in Norway (Ed. by P. A. Munch, 1857),
and in the Bracteats. The Saxons called it os = áss, deus. In the
Runes it was the fourth letter in the first group (fuþork). The Scandinavians in their Runes used this character for o, and called it óss,
ostium, probably misled by the A. S. pronunciation of the homely word
áss. This character, however, occurs only a few times in the common
Runes, which in its stead used the A. S. Rune RUNE, gér, annona, w
hich is
the fourth Rune in the second group (hnias, A. S. hnijs), called according
to the northern pronunciation ár, annona: this letter, RUNE or RUN
E has the
form, as well as the name and place, of the A. S. RUNE, RUNE.
A
-A or -AT or -T, a negative suffix to verbs, peculiar to Iceland and
a part, at least, of Norway. Occurs frequently in old Icelandic poetry

and laws, so as almost to form a complete negative voice. In the 1st
pers. a personal pronoun k (g) = ek is inserted before the
negative suffix, in
the 2nd pers. a t or tt. As a rule the pron. as thus repeated; m&a
acute;-k-at-ek,
non possum; sé-k-at-ek, non video; hef-k-at-ek, non habe
o; skal-k-at-ek;
vil-k-at-ek, nolo; mon-k-at-ek, non ero, etc.: 2nd pers. skal-t-at
-tu;
mon-t-at-tu; gaf-t-at-tu, non dabas: and after a long vowel a tt,
mátt-attu, sátt-at-tu; so almost invariably in all monosyllabic verbal forms; bu
t
not so in bisyllabic ones, máttir-a-þú, non poteras:
yet in some instances
in the 1st pers. a pronominal g is inserted, e. g. bjargi-g-a-k, verbally
servem ego non ego; höggvi-g-a-k, non cædam; stö&e
th;vi-g-a-k, quin
sistam; vildi-g-a-k, nolui; hafði-g-a-k, non babui; m&aacu
te;tti-g-a-k, non
potui; görði-g-a-k, non feci: if the verb has gg as f
inal radical consonants, they change into kk, e. g. þikk-at-ek = þigg-k-at-ek, no
lo
accipere. In the 3rd pers. a and at or t are used indif
ferently, t being
particularly suffixed to bisyllabic verbal flexions ending in a vowel, in
order to avoid an hiatus, -- skal-at or skal-a, non erit; but skolo-t, non
sunto: forms with an hiatus, however, occur, -- bítí-a, 
non mordat; renni-a,
ne currat; skríði-a, id.; leti-a, ne retardet; v
aeri-a, ne esset; urðu-a,
non erant; but bíti-t, renni-t, skríði-t, urðu-t ar
e more current forms:
v. Lex. Poët. The negative suffix is almost peculiar to indic., conj.,
and imperat. moods; the neg. infin. hardly occurs. Nothing analogous to
this form is to be found in any South-Teutonic idiom; neither do there
remain any traces of its having been used in Sweden or Denmark.
A single exception is the Runic verse on a stone monument in Öland,
an old Danish province, now Swedish, where however the inscriptions
may proceed from a Norse or Icel. hand. The Runic inscriptions run
thus, sár aigi flo, who did not fly, old Icel. 'flo-at,' Baut. 116
9. Neither
does it occur in any Norse prose monuments (laws): but its use may yet be
inferred from its occurrence in Norse poets of the 10th century, e. g. the
poets Eyvind and Thiodolf; some of which instances, however, may
be due to their being transmitted through Icel. oral tradition. In
Bragi Gamli (9th century) it occurs twice or thrice; in the Haustlöng
four times, in Ynglingatal four times, in Hákonarmál once (all Nor
se poems
of the 10th century). In Icel. the suffixed negation was in full force
through the whole of the 10th century. A slight difference in idioms,
however, may be observed: Völuspá, e. g., prefers the negation by né
(using vas-at only once, verse 3). In the old Hávamal the suffix
abounds (being used thirty-five times), see the verses 6, 10, 11, 18,
26, 29, 30, 34, 37-39, 49, 51, 52, 68, 74, 88, 113-115, 126-128, 130,
134, 136, 147, 149, 151, 153, 159. In Skírnismál, Harbarðslj&o
acute;ð,
Lokasenna -- all these poems probably composed by the same author,
and not before the loth century -- about thirty times, viz. Hbl. 3, 4,
8, 14, 26, 35, 56; Skm. 5, 18, 22; Ls. 15, 16, 18, 25, 28, 30, 36, 42,
47, 49, 56, 60, 62. Egil (born circa 900, died circa 990) abounds in the
use of the suffixed neg. (he most commonly avails himself of -at, -gi, or
né; so, too, does Hallfred (born circa 968, died 1008), Einar Sk&a
acute;laglam
in Vellekla (circa 940-995), and Thorarin in the Máhlíðingav&i
acute;sur (composed in the year 981); and in the few epigrams relating to the introduction of Christianity in Icel. (995-1000) there occur mon-k-að-ek, tekk-at-ek, vil-k-at-ek, hlífði-t, mon-a, es-a; cp. the Kristni S. and N
jala.
From this time, however, its use becomes more rare. Sighvat (born circa
995, died 1040) still makes a frequent but not exclusive use of it. Subsequent poets use it now and then as an epic form, until it disappeared
almost entirely in poetry at the middle or end of the 13th century.
In the Sólarljóð there is not a single instance. The verses of
some of our
Sagas are probably later than the Sagas themselves; the greatest part
of the Völsungakviður are scarcely older than the 11th century. In all
these -at and conj. eigi are used indifferently. In prose the laws
continued
to employ the old forms long after they were abolished in common prose.
The suffixed verbal negation was used, a. in the delivering of the oath
 in the Icel. Courts, esp. the Fifth Court, instituted about the year 1004;
and
it seems to have been used through the whole of the Icel. Commonwealth
(till the year 1272). The oath of the Fifth (High) Court, as preserved in
the Grágás, runs in the 1st pers., hefka ek fé borit &iacut
e; dóm þenna til liðs mér
um sök þessa, ok ek monka bjóða, hefka ek fundit, ok monka
ek finna,
hvárki til laga né ólaga, p. 79; and again p. 81, only diff
erent as to ek
hefka, ek monka (new Ed.): 3rd pers., hefirat hann fé; borit í d&o
acute;m þenna
ok monat hann bjóða, ok hefirat hann fundit, ok monat hann tinna,
80, 81; cp. also 82, and Nj. l. c. ch. 145, where it is interesting to
observe that the author confounds the ist and 3rd persons, a sign of
decay in grammatical form. β. the Speaker (lögsögumaðr), in p
ublicly
reciting and explaining the law, and speaking in the name of the law,
from the Hill of Laws (lögberg), frequently employed the old form, esp.
in the legal words of command es and skal (yet seldom in plur.): erat
in the dictatorial phrases, erat skyldr (skylt), non esto obligatus; erat
landeigandi skyldr, Grág. (Kb.) i. 17; erat hinn skyldr, 21; yngri maðr e
ra
skyldr at fasta, 35; enda erat honum þá skylt at ..., 48; erat &tho
rn;at sakar
spell, 127; era hinn þá skyldr at lýsa, 154; erat hann frama
r skyldr sakráða, 216; ok erat hann skyldr at ábyrgjask þat f&eacute
;, 238; ok erat hann
skyldr, id.; ok erat sakar aðili ella skyldr, ii. 74; erat hinn skyldr vi&et
h; at
taka, 142; erat manni skylt at taka búfé, 143; enda erat heimting
til
fjár þess, 169; era hann þá skyldr at taka við &ia
cute; öðru fé nema hann vili,
209; ok erat þeim skylt at tíunda fé sitt, 211; ok erat hann
skyldr at
gjalda tíund af því, 212; erat kirkjudrottinn þ&aacute
; skyldr, 228; ef hann
erat landeigaadi, i. 136. Skalat: skalat maðr eiga fó óborit,
i. 23;
skalat homum þat verða optar en um siun, 55; skalat maðr ryðja
við
sjálfan sik, 62; skalat hann þat svá dvelja, 68; skalat hann
til véfangs
ganga, 71; skalat aðilja í stefnuvætti hafa, 127; ok skala hann
gjalda
fyrir þat, 135; ok skalat hann með sök fara, 171; enda skalat han
n
fleirum baugum b&oelig;ta, 199; skalat hann skilja félagit, 240; skalat h
ann
meiri skuld eiga en, ii. 4; skalat þeim meðan á brott skipta, 5
; skalat
hann lögvillr verða, svá, 34; skalat hon at heldr varðveita
þat fé, 59; í
skalat enn sami maðr þar lengr vera, 71; ok skala honum bæta &th
orn;at, 79;
skalat fyl telja, 89; skalat hann banna fiskför, 123; skalat hann ló
ga
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<HEADER>3 XXX</HEADER>
fé því á engi veg, 158; skalat drepa þá
menn, 167; skalat svá skipta
manneldi, 173; skalat maðr reiðast við fjórðungi v&iacute
;su, 183. Plur.:
skolut menn andvitni bera ok hér á þingi, i. 68; skolut m&aa
cute;l hans
standast, 71; skolut þeir færi til vefangs ganga en, 75, etc. etc. O
ther
instances are rare: tekrat þar fé er eigi er til (a proverb), i. 9;
ok um
telrat þat til sakbóta, ok of telrat þá til sakb&oacut
e;ta (it does not count), 178;
ef hann villat (will not) lýsa sár sitt, 51; ok ræ&et
h;rat hann öðrum mönnum
á hendr þann úmaga, 248; ræðrat sá s&iacute
;num ómögum á hendr, ii. 18; verðrat
honum at sakarspelli and verðrat honum þat at s., i. 63; verðrat h
onum
þat at sakarvörn, 149; kömrat hann öðru við, ii. 14
1; þarfat hann bíða til
þess, i. 70; ok skilrat hann frá aðra aura, ii. 141, i. 136. Re
flexive form:
kömskat hann til heimtingar um þat fé, he loses the claim t
o the money, ii.
180, etc. All these instances are taken from the Kb. (Ed. 1853). Remarkable
is also the ambiguity in the oath of Glum (see Sir Edm. Head, Viga-Glum,
pp. 102, 103, note, I. c.), who, instead of the plain common formal oath -vask-at-ek þar, vák-at-ek þar, rauðk-at-ek þar odd
ok egg -- said, vask
at þar, vák at þar, rauðk at þar. He inverted the s

ense by dropping the
intermediate pronominal ek between the verb and þar, and pronouncin
g
??? instead of ???. It further occurs in some few proverbs: varat af
vöru, sleikði um þvöru, Fs. 159; veldrat sá er varir,
Nj. 61 (now commonly ekki veldr sá er v., so in Grett.); erat héra at borgnara &t
horn;ótt h&oelig;na
beri skjöld, Fms. vii. 116; era hlums vant kvað refr, dró h&ouml
;rpu á ísi, 19:
also in some phrases, referred to as verba ipsissima from the heathen age
-erat vinum líft Ingimtmdar, Fs. 39; erat sjá draumr minni, Ld. 128
.
Thorodd employs it twice or thrice: því at ek sékk-a þ
ess meiri þörf,
because í do not see any more reason for this, Skálda 167;
kannka ek
til þess meiri ráð en lítil, I do not know, id.;
mona (will not) mín móna
(my mammy) við mik göra verst hjóna, 163. In sacred trans
lations of the
12th century it occurs now and then. In the Homilies and Dialogues
of Gregory the Great: monatþu í því flóði v
erða, thou shalt not; esa þat
undarligt þótt, it is not to be wondered at; hann mát
tia sofna, he could not
sleep; moncaþ ek banna, I shall not mind, Greg. 51, 53; vasa
l kall heyrt á
strætum, was not, Post. 645. 84; nú mona fríðir m
enn hér koma, Niðrst.
623. 7. In later writers as an archaism; a few times in the Al. (MS.
A. M. 519), 3, 5, 6, 44, 108; and about as many times in the MS. Eirspennill (A. M. 47, fol.) [Etymon uncertain; that at is the right form
may be inferred from the assimilation in at- t w, and the anastrop
he in t,
though the reason for the frequent dropping of the t is still unexplained
.
The coincidence with the Scottish dinna, canna is quite accidental.]
abbadís, f. abbess. Hkr. iii. 398, Fms. vii. 239, Gþl
. 365.
abbast, að, dep. (= amast), to be incensed at, vex, molest; avið e-t,
Clem. 50, Fms. vii. 166; a-uppá e-t, Nj. 194.
abbindi = af-bindi, n. tenesmus, Hm. 140; cp. Fél. ix. 185,
where it is
spelt afbendi.
AÐ = at, v. that word, að- in compds, v. at-. -að, suff. neg.
, v. -a.
AÐA, u, f. (and COMPD öðu-skel, f.) α. mytulus test
a planiuscula,
a shell. β. fem. pr. n., Edda.
AÐAL, [O. H. G. adal, genus; cp. also A. S. éðele,
nobilis; Old Engl.

and Scot, ethel; Germ, edel; eðla- and eðal- came from mod
. Dan. into Icel.
aðall, nobility. It does not occur in old writings in this sense.] I. n.
nature, disposition, inborn native quality, used only in poetry; j&oacute
;ðs a.,
childish, Ýt. 13; ósnotrs aðal, foolish, insipid, Hm. 106; args a., dastardly,
 Ls. 23, 24; drengs a., noble, Km. 23; ódyggs a., bad,
Hsm. 19. 2. in
the sense of offspring; aðul Njarðar (where it is n. pl.?), th
e gods, the
offspring of Njord, Hallfred in a poem, vide Fs. 59. II. used in a
great many COMPDS, chief-, head-. aðal-akkeri, n. sheet-anchor, Fms.
x. 130: β. metaph., Bs. i. 756. aðal-bjórr, s, m. prime beave
r skin,
 Eb. (in a verse). aðal-borinn, part., v. óðalborinn. aða
l-ból, n.
a manor-house, farm inhabited by its master, opp. to tenant farms, Gr&aac
ute;g.
(Kb.) ii. 150; also the name of a farm, Hrafn. 4. aðal-festr, f., v.
alaðsfestr. aðal-fylking, f. main force, main body, Hkr. ii. 361.
aðal-haf, n. the main, Fms. iv. 177. aðal-henda, u, f., v. alhend
a.
aðal-hending, f. full, complete rhymes, such as all -- hall
, opp. to skothending, q. v., Edda (Ht.) aðal-hendr, adj. verse in full rhyme, Edda
,
id. aðal-kelda, u, f. chief well, Karl. 442. aðal-kirkja, ju, f.
chief
part of a church, viz. choir and nave, opp. to forkirkja, Sturl. ii. 59.
aðalliga, adv. completely, thoroughly; a. dauðr, quite dead, 656 C. 31,
Fms. ii. 313; a. gamall, quite old, iii. 171. aðal-mein, n. great
pain,
 Fms. vi. (in a verse), aðal-merki, n. the head-standard, Pr. 177
. aðalritning, f. chief writing, Sks. 13. aðal-skáli, a, m. the c
hief apartment of a skáli, the hall, as distinguished from a forh&uacute
;s, Eb. 43. aðaltré, n. trunk of a tree; eigi munu kvistir betri en a. (a proverb)
, Fms. iv.
33. aðal-troll, n. downright ogre, Fas. iii. 179. aðal-túl
kr, s, m.
chief advocate, Bs. i. 445. aðal-túpt, f. esp. in pl. ir = &oa
cute;ðals-toptir,
the ground on which a manor-bouse is built, toft of an allodial farm
(Norse), flytja hús af aðaltóptum, remove it, N. G.
L. i.
aðild, older form aðilð, pl. ir, f. [root aðal], v. the f
ollowing word
aðili. It doubtless originally meant chiefdom, headship, but it only
occurs in the limited legal sense of chief-prosecutorship or defendant
ship,
 and this only, as it seems, in Icel. not in Norse law. It is a standing
word in the Icel. codes and histories of the Commonwealth. It became
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<HEADER>4 AF.</HEADER>
lawed) af Noregi, where ór would be more regular, 344; af I
slandi, of a
traveller, Fms. x. 3; búa her af báðum ríkjunum, to
take a levy from, 51;
hinir beztu bændr ór Norðlendingafjórðungi ok af Sun
nlendingafjórðungi,
the most eminent Southerners and Northerners, 113; Gizzurr gékk af
útsuðri at gerðinu, from south-west, Sturl. ii. 219; prest
ar af hvárutveggja biskupsdæmi, from either diocess, Dipl. ii. 11; verða t
ekinn af
heimi, to be taken out of the world, 623. 21; gruflar hon af læknum
,
scrambles out of the brook, Ísl. ii. 340; Egill kneyfði af hor
ninu í einum
drykk, drained off the horn at one draught, literally squeezed every d
rop
out of it, Eg. 557; brottuaf herbúðunurn, Fms. x. 343. γ of
things more
or less surrounding the subject, corresp. to yfir or um; l&
aacute;ta þeir þegar
af sér tjöldin, break off, take down the tents in preparing f
or battle, Eg.
261; kyrtillinn rifnaði af honum, his coat burst, caused by the swoll
en
body, 602; hann hafði leyst af sér skúa sína, he unt
ied his shoes (but
binda á sik), 716; Steinarr vildi slíta hann af sér,
throw him off, of one
clinging to one's body, 747; tók Gísli þá af s&eacute
;r vápnin, took off his
arms, Fms. vii. 39. Of putting off clothes; fara af kápu, Nj.
143;
far þú eigi af brynjunni, Bs. i. 541; þá ætla&et
h;i Sigurðr at fara af brynjunni, id.; þá var Skarphóðinn flettr af klæðu
num, Nj. 209: now
more usually fara or klæðum, fötum, exuere, to undress.
 δ. connected with út; föstudaginn for út herrinn af borginni
, marched out of the
town, Nj. 274; ganga út af kirkjunni, to go out of the church,
now út úr,
 Fms. vii. 107: drekki hann af þeirri jörðunni, of something
impregnated
with the earth, Laekn. 402. ε. more closely corresponding to fr&a
acute;, being
in such cases a Latinism (now frá); bréf af páfa, a pope's bull, Fms. x. 6;
rit af hánum, letter from him, 623. 52; bréf af Magn&uacute
;si konungi, a letter
from king Magnus, Bs. i. 712; farið þér á brautu af
mér í eilífan eld, Hom.
143; brott af drottins augliti, Stj. 43. ζ. denoting an uninterrupted
continuity, in such phrases as land aflandi, from land to land, Eg. 3
43, Fas.
ii. 539; skip af skipl. from ship to ship, Fms. v. 10; brann hvat af &oum
l;ðru, one
after another, of an increasing fire, destroying everything, i. 128; brandr
af brandi brenn, funi kveykist af funa, one from another, Hm. 56; hverr
af öðrum, one after another, in succession, also hverr at
öðrum, Eb. 272,
280 (where at in both passages). 2. metaph., at ganga af e-m
dauðum, to go from, leave one dead on the spot, of two combatants;
en hann segiz bani hins ef hann gekk af dauðum manni, Grág. ii. 88,
Hkr. 1. 327; undr þykir mér er bróðir þinn vildi e
igi taka af þér starf
þetta, would not take this toil from thee, Nj. 77; þegnar han
s glöddust
af honum, were fain of him, Fms. x. 380; at koma þeim manni af s&ea
cute;r er
settr var á fé hans, to get rid of, Ld. 52; vil ek þ&
uacute; vinriir af þér skuldina,
work off the debt, Njarð. 366; reka af sér, to repel, S
turl. ii. 219; hann
á þá sonu er aldri munu af oss ganga, who will never leav
e us, whom we
shall never get rid of, Fas. i. 280; leysa e-n af e-u, to relieve, 64
;
taka e-n af lífi, to kill, Eg. 48, 416, Nj. 126; af lífd&ou
ml;gum, Fms. vii. 204;
ek mun ná lögum af því ???, get the benefit of the l
aw in this case,
 Eg. 468; muntu enga sætt af mér fá, no peace at my h
and, 414; rísa
af dauða, to rise from death, Fms. ii. 142; guð bætti honum
þó af þessi
sótt, healed him of this sickness, ix. 390; vakna af sýn, d
raumi, svefni,
to awaken from a vision, dream, sleep, 655 xxxii. I, Gísl. 24, Eb.
192,
Fas. i. 41. Rather with the notion out of, in the phrase af sér et
c.,
e. g. sýna e-t af scr, to shew, exhibit a disposition for or against, Ld. 18;
gera mikit af sér, to shew great prowess, Ísl. ii. 368; &ea
cute;f þú gerir eigi meira
af þér um aðra leika, unless you make more of thyself, E
dda 32; Svipdagr hafði mikit af sér gert, fought bravely, Fas. i. 41; g&oa
cute;ðr (illr) af sér,
good (bad) of oneself, by nature; mikill af sjálfum
sér, proud, bold,
stout, Nj. 15; ágætastr maðr af sjálfum sér,
the greatest hero, Bret.:
góðr af ser, excellent, Hrafn. 7; but, on the contrary, af s&e
acute;r kominn,
ruinous, in decay; this phrase is used of old houses or buildings, as
in Bs. i. 488 = Sturl. l. c.; af sér kominn af mæði can also be
said of a
man fallen off from what he used to be; kominn af fotum fram, off his
legs from age, Sturl. i. 223, Korm. 154 (in a verse). II. WITHOUT MOTION: 1. denoting direction from, but at the same time
continuous connection with an object from which an act or thing proceeds, from; tengja skip hvárt fram af stafni annars, to tie th
e ships in a
line, stem to stern, Fms. i. 157, xi. 111; svá at þeir t&oacute
;ku út af borðum,
jutted out of the boards, of rafters or poles, iv. 49; stjarna ok af sem
skaft, of a comet, ix. 482; lúka upp af hrossi, to open a gate from of
f a
horse, Grág. ii. 264; hon svarar af sínu sæti sem &aacut
e;lpt af baru, Fás. i.
186; þar er sjá mátti utau af firði, af þjó
ðleið, that might be seen from
the fareway on the sea when sailing in the firth, Hkr. ii. 64; þ&aacut
e; mun
hringt af (better at) Burakirkju, of bells rung at the church, Fms
. xi. 160;
gengr þar af Meðalfellsströnd, projects from, juts out, of
a promontory,
Ld. 10. 2. denoting direction alone; upp af víkinni stóð borg
mikil,
a burg inland from the inlet, Eg. 161; lokrekkja innar af seti, a shut
bed
inward from the benches in the hall, Ísl. ii. 262; kapella upp af kon
ungs
herbergjum, upwards from, Fms. x. 153; vindr stóð af landi, the wind stood
off the land, Bárð. 166. β. metaph., stauda af e-u, vide VI.
4. γ.
ellipt., hallaði af norðr, of the channel, north of a spot, Boll.
348; also,
austr af, suðr af, vestr af, etc. 3. denoting absence; þingheye
ndr
skulu eigi vera um nótt af þingi (away from the meeting), e&
eth;r lengr,
þá eru þeir af þingi (away from (be meeting) ef
þeir eru or (out of)
þingmarki, Grág. i. 25; vera um nótt af várþing
i, 115; meðan hann er
af landi héðan, abroad, 150. β. metaph., gud hvíld
i af öllum verkum
sínum á sjaunda degi, rested from his labours, Ver. 3. 4. d
enoting
distance; þat er komit af þjóðleið, out of
the high road, remote, Eg. 369;
af þjóðbraut, Grág. ii. 264, i. 15; Otradalr (a farm) va
r mjök af vegi, far
out of the way, Háv. 53.
B. TEMP, past, from, out of, beyond: 1. of a person's age,
in the sense of having past a period of life; af ómaga aldri, of age, able
to support oneself, Grág. i. 243; af aeskualdri, stricken in years, having
past the prime of life, Eg. 202; lítið af barnsaldri, still a chil
d, Ld. 74;
ek em nú af léttasia skeiði, no longer in the prime of life
, Háv.
40. 2. of a part or period of time, past; eigi síðar en n&oacu
te;tt er af
þingi, a night of the session past, Grág. i. 101; þ&aa
cute; er sjau vikur eru af
sumri, seven weeks past of the summer, 182; tíu vikur af sumri, &I
acute;b. 10;
var mikit af nótt, much of the night was past, Háv. 41; mik
ið af vetri,
much of the winter was past, Fas. ii. 186; þriðjungr af n&oacut
e;tt, a third of the
night past, Fms. x. 160; stund af degi, etc.; tveir mánoðr af sum
ri, Gþl.
103. 3. in adverbial phrases such as, af stundu, soon; af bragði,
at once; af tómi, at leisure, at ease; af nýju, a
gain; af skyndingu,
speedily; af bráðungu, in a hurry, etc.
C. In various other relations: I. denoting the passage or
transition of an object, concrete or abstract, of, from. 1. where a
thing is received, derived from, conferred by a person or object; þiggja
lið af e-m, to derive help from, Edda 26; taka traust af e-m, to r
eceive support, comfort from, Fms. xi. 243; taka mála af e-m, to be in one's
pay, of
a soldier, Eg. 266; halda land af e-m, to hold land of any one, 282; ver&
eth;a
viss af e-m, to get information from, 57, Nj. 130; taka við sök
af manni
(a law term), to undertake a case, suit, Grág. i. 142; hafa umbo&e
th; af e-m,
to be another's deputy, ii. 374; vera góðs (ills) maklegr af e
-m, to deserve
good (bad) of, Vd. 88 (old Ed., the new reads frá), Fs. 45; afla mata
r
af eyjum, to derive supplies from, Eb. 12. 2. where an object is
taken by force: α. prop. out of a person's hand; þú sk
alt hnykkja
smíðit af honum, wrest it out of his hand, Nj. 32; cp. taka, &
thorn;rífa, svipta
e-u (e-t) af e-m, to wrest from. β. metaph. of a person's depriva
l of
anything in general; hann tók af þér konuna, carried thy
wife off, Nj.
33; tók Gunnarr af þér sáðland þitt, rob
bed thee of seedland, 103; taka af
honum tignina, to depose, degrade him, Eg. 271; vinna e-t af e-m, to c
arry
off by force of arms, conquer, Fms. iii. 29; drepa menu af e-m, for one,
slay one's man, Eg. 417; fell þar lið mart af Eyvindi, many of
Eyvind's
people fell there, 261. γ. in such phrases as, hyggja af e-u (v. afhug
a),
hugsa af e-u, to forget; hyggja af harmi; sjá af e-u, to lose,
miss; var svá
ástúðigt með þeim, at livargi þóttist m
ega af öðrum sjá, neither of
them could take his eyes off the other, Sturl. i. 194; svá er mö
rg við ver
sinn vær, at varla um sér hon af hoiuun nær, Skálda 16
3. 3. denoting forfeiture; þá eru þeir útlagir, ok af g
oðorði sínu, have forfeited
their priesthood, Grág. i. 24; telja hann af ráðunum fj&aa
cute;r síns alls, to
oust one, on account of idiocy or madness, 176; verða af kaupi, to be
off the bargain, Edda 26; þá skalt þú af allri fj&
aacute;rheimtunni, forfeit all
the claim, Nj. 15; ek skal stefna þér af konunni, summon the
e to forfeit, a case of divorce, id.; ella er hann af rettarfari um hana, has for
feited the suit, Grág. i. 381. β. ellipt., af ferr eindagi ef, is forfeited,
 Grág. i. 140. II. denoting relation of a part to a whole, 
off,
of, Lat. de; höggva hönd, höfuð, fót af e-u
m, to cut one's hand, head, foot
off, Nj. 97, 92, Bs. i. 674; höggva spjót af skapti, to sever
the blade from
the shaft, 264; hann lét þá ekki hafa af föðura
rfi sínum, nothing of
their patrimony, Eg. 25; vil ek at þú takir slíkt sem &t
horn;ér líkar af varningi,
take what you like of the stores, Nj. 4; at þú eignist sl&ia
cute;kt af fé okkru
sem þú vili, 94. β. ellipt., en nú höfum vé
r kjörit, en þat er af krossinum, a slice of, Fms. vii. 89; þórðr gaf Skólm f
rænda sínum af landnámi
sínu, a part of, Landn. 211; hafði hann þat af hans eigu
er hann vildi,
Sturl. ii. 169; þar lá forkr einn ok brotið af endanum, the
point broken
off, Háv. 24, Sturl. i. 169. γ. absol. off; beit hann h&
ouml;ndina af, þar
sem nú heitir úlfliðr, bit the hand off, Edda 17; fauk
af höfuðit, the head
flew off, Nj. 97; jafnt er sem þér synist, af er fótrinn
, the foot is off,
 id.; af bæði eyru, both ears off, Vm. 29. 2. with the noti
on of -among; mestr skörungr af konum á Norðrlöndum, the
greatest heroine
in the North, Fms. i. 116; hinn efniligasti maðr af ungum mönnum &i
acute; Austfjörðum, the most hopeful of youths in the Eastfirths, Njarð
. 364; af
(among) öllurn hirðmönnuni virði konungr mest sk&aacute
;ld sín, Eg. 27; ef hann
vildi nokkura kaupa af þessum konum, Ld. 30; ör liggr þar &uacu
te;tiá vegginum,
ok er sú af þeirra örum, one of their own arrows, Nj. 1
15. β. from,
among, belonging to; guð kaus hana af ollum konum sér til m&oacut
e;ður,
of the Virgin Mary, Mar. A. i. 27. γ. metaph., kunna mikit (líti&et
h;) af
e-u, to know much, little of, Bragi kann mest af skáldskap, is
more cunning
of poetry than any one else, Edda 17. δ. absol. out of, before, in
preference to all others; Gunnarr bauð þér góð boð
, en þú vildir eingi af taka,
you would choose none of them, Nj. 77; ráða e-t af, to deci
de; þó mun faðir
minn mestu af ráða, all depends upon him, Ld. 22; konungr kve&
eth;st því
mundu heldr af trúa, preferred believing that of the two, Eg. 55;
var honum
ekki vildara af ván, he could expect nothing better, 364. 3. with
the
additional sense of instrumentality, with; ferma skip af e-u, to freig
ht a
<PAGE NUM="b0005">
<HEADER>5 AF -- AFARILLA.</HEADER>
with, Eg. 364; hlaða mörg skip af korni, load many ships with
corn,
 Fms. xi. 8; klyfja tvá hesta af mat, Nj. 74; var vágrinn skip
aðr af
herskipum, the bay was covered with war ships, 124; fylla ker af gl&oacut
e;ðum,
fill it with embers, Stj. 319; fylla heiminn af sínu kyni, to f
ill the
world with his offspring, Ver. 3. III. denoting the substance of
which a thing is made, of; used indifferently with ór, thou
gh ór be more
frequent; þeir gerðu af honum jörðina, af blóði ha
ns sæinn ok vötnin,
of the creation of the world from the corpse of the giant Ymir; the poem
Gm. 40, 41, constantly uses ór in this sense, just as in modern Ic
elandic,
Edda 5; svá skildu þeir, at allir hlutir væri smíð
aðir af nokkru efni,
147 (pref.); húsit var gert af timbrstokkum, built of trunks of timber
, Eg.
233; hjöhin vóru af gulli, of gold, golden, Fms. i. 17; af os
ti, of cheese,
 but in the verse 1. c. ór osti, Fms. vi. 253; línklæ&et
h;i af lérepti, linen, Sks.
287. 2. metaph. in the phrases, göra e-t af e-ti (to dispose of),
verða af (become of), hvat hefir þú gört af Gunnari
, what hast thou done
with Gunnar? Njarð. 376; hvat af motrinuni er orðit, what has bec
ome
of it? of a lost thing, Ld. 208; hverfr Óspakr á burt, sv&aacu
te; eigi vita menn
hvat af honum er orðit, what has become of him? Band. 5. IV. denoting parentage, descent, origin, domicile, abode: 1. parentage, of,
from, used indifferently with frá; ok eru af þeim komnir
Gilsbekkingar,
descend from them, but a little below -- frá honum eru konmir Stur
lungar,
Eb. 338, cp. afkvæmi; af ætt Hörðakára, Fms. i. 287;
kominn af Trojumönnum, xi. 416; af Ása-ætt (Kb. wrongly at), Edda 
I. β. metaph.,
vera af Guði (theol.), of God, = righteous, 686 B. 9; illr áv&
ouml;xtr af íllri
rót, Fms. ii. 48; Asia er kölluð af nafni nokkurar konu, deri
ves her name
from, Stj. 67; af honum er bragr kallaðr skáldskapr, called af
ter his name,
 Edda 17. 2. of domicile; af danskri tungu, of Danish or Sc
andi-
navian origin, speaking the Danish tongue, Grág. ii. 73; hvaðan a
f
löndum, whence, native of what country? Ísl. β. especial
ly denoting
a man's abode, and answering to á and í, the name of
the farm (or
country) being added to proper names, (as in Scotland,) to distinguish
persons of the same name; Hallr af Síðu, Nj. 189; Erlingr af Straumey
,
273; Ástríðr af Djúpárbakka, 39; Gunnarr af Hl&i
acute;ðarenda (more usual
frá); þorir haklangr konungr af Ögðum, king of Agdir, Eg. 35, etc.;
cp. ór and frá. V. denoting a person with whom an act, feeling,
etc. originates, for the most part with a periphrastic passive: 1. by,
 the Old Engl. of; as, ek em sendr hingað af Starkaði ok sonu
m hans,
sent hither by, Nj. 94; inna e-t af hendi, to perform, 257; &thorn
;ó at alþýða
væri skírð af kennimönnum, baptized of, Fms. ii. 15
8; meira virðr af
mönnum, higher esteemed, Ld. 158; ástsæll af landsm&oum
l;nnum, beloved, íb.
16; vinsæll af mönnum, Nj. 102; í allgóðu yfirl&ael
ig;ti af þeim feðgum,
hospitably treated by them, Eg. 170; var þá nokkut drukki&et
h; af alþjóð,
there was somewhat hard drinking of the people, Sturl. iii. 229; mun
þat ekki upp tekið af þeim sükudólgum mínum,
they will not clutch
at that, Nj. 257; ef svá væri í hendr þér b
úit af mér, if í had so made
everything ready to thy hands, Ld. 130; þá varð fár&
aelig;tt um af föður
hans, his father said little about it, Fms. ii. 154. 2. it is now also
sometimes used as a periphrase of a nom., e. g. ritað, þýtt af
e-m,
written, translated, edited by, but such phrases scarcely occur in old
writers. VI. denoting cause, ground, reason: 1. originating from, on account of, by reason of; af frændsemis sökum, 
for
kinship's sake, Grág. ii. 72; ómáli af áverkum,
speechless from wounds,
 27; af manna völdum, by violence, not by natural accident, of a
crime, Nj. 76; af fortölum Halls, through his pleading, 255; af
ástsæld hans ok af tölum þeirra Sæmundar, by hi
s popularity and the
eloquence of S., Íb. 16; af ráðum Haralds konungs, by h
is contriving,
 Landn. 157; úbygðr af frosti ok kulda, because of frost and c
old, Hkr.
i. 5. β. adverbially, af því, therefore, Nj. 78; af hv&
iacute;, why? 686
B. 9; þá verðr bóndi heiðinn af barni sínu, v
iz. if he does not cause his
child to be christened, K. þ. K. 20. 2. denoting instrumentality, by
means of; af sinu fé, by one's own means, Grág. i. 293;
framfæra e-n af
verkum sinum, by means of one's own labour, K. þ. K. 42; draga sama
n
auð af sökum, ok vælum ok kaupum, make money by, 623. I; a

f sínum
kostnaði, at hi s own expense, Hkr. i. 217. β. absol., h&
uacute;n fellir á mik
dropa svá heita at ek brenn af öll, Ld. 328; hann fékk af hin
a mestu
sæmd, derived great honotur from it, Nj. 88; elli sótti &aac
ute; hendr honum
svá at hann lagðist í rekkjn af, he grew bedridden from
age, Ld. 54; komast
undan af hlaupi, escape by running, Fms. viii. 58; spinna garn af rokki,
spin off a wheel (now, spinna á rokk), from a notion of instrument
ality,
or because of the thread being spun out (?), Eb. 92. 3. denoting
proceeding, originating from; lýsti af höndum hennar, her
hands spread
beams of light, Edda 22; allir heimar lýstust (were illuminated) af henni,
id.; en er lýsti af degi, when the day broke forth, Fms. ii. 16; l
ítt var
lýst af degi, the day was just beginning to break, Ld. 46; þ
á tók at myrkja
af nótt, the 'mirk-time' of night began to set in, Eg. 230; t&oacu
te;k þá brátt
at myrkva af nótt, the night grew dark, Hkr. ii. 230. 4. metaph.,
standa, leiða, hljótast af, to be caused by, result from; opt
hlýtst íllt af
kvenna hjali, great mischief is wrought by women's gossip (a proverb),
Gísl. 15, 98; at af þeim mundi mikit mein ok úhapp standa, be caused by,
 Edda 18; kenna kulda af ráðum e-s, to feel sore from, Eb.
42; þó mun
her hljótast af margs manns bani, Nj, 90. 5. in adverbial phrases,
denoting state of mind; af mikilli æði, in fury, Nj. 116
; af móð, in
great emotion, Fms. xi. 221; af áhyggju, with concern, i. 186;
af létta,
frankly, iii. 91; af viti, collectedly, Grág. ii. 27; af he
ilu, sincerely, Eg.
46; áf fári, in rage; af æðru, timidly, Nj
. (in a verse); af setning, composedly, in tune, Fms. iii. 187; af mikilli frægð, gallantly, Fas. i. 261;
af öllu afli, with all might, Grág. ii. 41; af riki, viole
ntly, Fbr. (in a verse);
af trúnaði, confidently, Grág. i. 400. VII. denoting re
gard to,
of, concerning, in respect of, as regards: 1. with verbs, denoting
to tell of, be informed, inquire about, Lat. de; Dioscorides segir
af grasi
því, speaks of, 655 xxx. 5; er menu spurðu af landinu, inquired about it,
 Landn. 30; halda njósn af e-u, Nj. 104; er þat skjótast
þar af at segja,
Eg. 546, Band. 8. β. absol., hann mun spyrja, hvárt þér
sé nokkut
af kunnigt hversu for með okkr, whether you know anything about,
how, Nj. 33; halda skóla af, to hold a school in a science, 65
6 A. i.
19 (sounds like a Latinism); en ek gerða þik sera mestan mann af
öllu, in respect of all, that you should get all the honour of it, N
j.
78. 2. with adjectives such as mildr, illr, góðrafe-u, denoting
disposition or character in respect to; alira manna mildastr af fo, ve
ry
liberal, often-banded, Fms. vii. 197; mildr af gulli, i. 33; góðr
af griðum,
merciful, Al. 33; íllr af mat en mildr af gulli, Fms. i. 53; fastr
af drykk,
close, stingy in regard to, Sturl. ii. 125; gat þess Hildigunnr at
þú mundir
góðr af hestinum, that you would be good about the horse, Nj.
90, cp. auðigr
at, v. at, which corresponds to the above phrases; cp. also the phrase
af sér above, p. 4, col. I, ll. 50 sqq. VIII. periphrasis of a genitive
(rare); provincialis af öllum Predikaraklaustrum, Fms. x. 76; vera af hinum
mesta fjandskap, to breathe deep hatred to, be on bad terms with, ix. 220
;
af hendi, af hálfu e-s, on one's behalf, v. those words. IX. in
adverbial phrases; as, af launungu, secretly; at" hljóði, s
ilently; v. those
words. β. also used absolutely with a verb, almost adverbially,
nearly in the signification off, away; hann bað þá r&oac
ute;a af fjörðinn, pass
the firth swiftly by rowing, row the firth off, Fms. ix. 502; var pá
af
farit þat seni skerjóttast var, was past, sailed past, Ld. 1
42; ok er þeir
höfðu af fjórðung, past one fourth of the way, Dropl.
10: skína af, to clear
up, of the skv, Eb. 152; hence in common language, skína af sé
r, when
the sun breaks forth: sofa af nóttina, to sleep it away, Fms. ii.
98; leið af
nóttin, the night past away, Nj. 53; dvelja af stundir, to kill
the time, Band.
8; drepa af, to kill; láta af, to slaughter, kill off; &gam
ma;. in exclamations; af
tjöldin, off with the awnings, Bs. i. 420, Fins, ix. 49. δ. in
the phrases,
þar af, thence; hér af, hence, Fms. ii. 102; af fram,
straight on, Nj. 144;
now, á fram, on, advance. X. it often refers to a whole sentence
or to an adverb, not only like other prepp. to hér, hvar, þar, but
also redundantly to héðan, ru'-ðan, þaðan, whence, hence, t
hence. 2. the
preposition may sometimes be repeated, once elliptically or adverbially,
and once properly, e. g. en er af var borit at borðinu, the cloth was tak
en
off from the table, Nj. 176; Guð þerrir af (off, away) hver
t tár af (from)
augum heilagra manna, God wipes off every tear from the eyes of his
saints, 655 xx. vii. 17; skal þó fyrst bætr af lúk
a af fé vegaiula, pay off,
from, Gþl. 160, the last af may be omitted -- var þ&aa
cute; af borið borðinu -and the prep. thus be separated from its case, or it may refer to some
of the indecl. relatives er or sem, the prep. hvar, hér, &t
horn;ar being placed
behind them without a case, and referring to the preceding relative, e. g.

oss er þar mikit af sagt auð þeim, we have been told much abo
ut these
riches, Band. 24; er þat skjótast þar af at segja, in
short, shortly. Eg. 546;
þaðan af veit ek, thence í infer, know, Fms. i. 97. XI.
it is
moreover connected with a great many verbs besides those mentioned
above, e. g. bera af, to excel, whence afbragð, afbrigði; draga a
f, to detract,
deduct, hence afdráttr; veita ekki af, to be hard with; ganga
at, to be left,
 hence afgangr; standast af um e-t, to stand, how matters stand; sem
af
tekr, at a furious rate; vita af, to be conscious, know about (vid
e VII).
D. As a prefix to compounds distinction is to be made between: I. af privativum, denoting diminution, want, deduction,
loss, separation, negation of, etc., answering indifferently to Lat. ab-,
de-,
ex-, dis-, and rarely to re- and se-, v. the following COMPDS,
such as
segja, dicere, but afsegja, negare; rækja, colere, bu
t afrækja, negligere;
 aflaga, contra legem; skapligr, normalis, afskapligr, defo
rmis; afvik,
recessus; afhús, afhellir, afdalr, etc. II. af intensivu
m, etymologically different, and akin to of, afr-, e. g. afdrykkja = ofdrykkja,
inebrietas; afbrýði, jealously; afbendi, tenesmus; afglapi, vir fatuus,
 etc. etc. Both the privative and the intensive af may be contracted into á, esp. before a labial f, m, v, e. g. &aacute
; fram = af fram;
ábrýði = afbrýði; ávöxtr = afvöxtr
; áburðr = afburðr; ávíta = afvíta (?).
In some cases dubious. With extenuated and changed vowel; auvirðiligr
or övirðiligr, depreciated, = afv- etc., v. those
afa, u, f. overbearing. Am. 1, Ls. 3, Bk. 2, 31, = afaryrði.
afar- and avar- [cp. Ulf. afar = GREEK, GREEK; Germ, aber,
esp. in compounds: v. Grimm Gr. ii. 709], only used as a prefix in compounds, very
much, very. Now often pronounced æfar, which form occurs esp. in MSS.
of
the 14th and I5th centuries, e. g. Fms. i. 150, xi. 249, Ísl. ii. 131; cp
. also
æfr, adj. iracundus. COMPDS: afar-auðigr, adj. very rich
, Lex. Poët.
afar-breiðr, adj. very broad, Edda 10. afar-fagr, adj. very
fair, Edda
(Ub.) 360. afar-hreinn, adj. very clean, Lex. Poët, afar-illa, adv.
very
<PAGE NUM="b0006">
<HEADER>6 AFARKAUP -- AFHLUTR.</HEADER>
badly, Hkr. i. 226. afar-kaup, n. hard bargain, Sturl, (in a verse

).
afar-kostir, m. pl. hard condition, Eg. 14, 353, Hkr. i. 144, Ld. 222.
afarkosta-laust, n. adj. on fair terms, Jb. 361, Stud. ii. 79. afarligr, adj. immense, huge, Nj. 183, v. l. afar-lítill, adj. very
small,
 Merl. 2. 46. afar-menni, n. an overpowering man, Orkn. 256 old
Ed., Landn. 124, Ísl. ii. 190. afar-orð, n. overbearing words,
Bs. ii. 9.
afar-stórr, adj. big, Lex. Poët. afar-sætr, adj. ver
y sweet, Sks. 534.
afar-úðigr, adj. [hugð], overbearing, of violent temper, F
ms. vii. 20.
afar-vel, adv. very well, Hkr. i. 204, Ísl. ii. 140; cp. ofa. afar
-yrði,
n. = afarorð, Orkn. 274. afar-þungr, adj. heavy, Edda (Ht.) 46.
af-auðit, part. pass.; verða a. e-s, to fail, have bad luck, Gísi. 61.
af-át = ofát, over-eating, gluttony, gormandizing.
af-blómgaðr, part. pass. 'off-bloomed,' deflowered, 655
xxxii. 3.
af-boð, n. threats, high words, Fms. x. 199; ofboð, n., is
used of panic,
fear, agony, and as a prefix in compds of boðs = exceedingly.
So now the
modern verb ofbjóða, mostly used impers., e-m ofbýðr, t
o be shocked at, etc.
af-bragð, n. used of persons, a superior, excellent person; ha
nn var a. í
vizku sinni, wonderfully clever, Fms. x. 397; a. annarra manna, man of
mark, vi. 144. 2. gen. afbragðs is now frequently used as a prefix
to nouns to express something surpassing -- a. fagr, góðr, fr&
iacute;ðr, etc. -- a.
vænleikr, surpassing beauty, Stj. 195. COMPD: afbragðs-maðr
, m.
a great man, Fms. x. 293 (where spelt abb-).
afbragðliga, adv. surpassingly, Fas. i. 220.
afbragðligr, adj. surpassing, Eb. 256, Fms. ix. 535, x. 230 (w
here
spelt abb-), xi. 335.
af-brigð and rarely afbrigði, n. -- the compound afbrigðar-tr
é points
to a fem. -- deviation, transgression, offence, (cp. bregða af, to
deviate from)
esp. in pl., þeir sökuðu hann um nokkuð afbrigð þin
ga sinna, Post. 645.
97; sættarof ok afbrigð við guð, trespasses, 671. i; af
brigð, wrongs, Ld.
66; í afbrigðum boðorða Guðs, transgressions against t
he commandments
of God, 671. 3; þórðr afsakar sik um öll afbrigði
við þik, for having
wronged thee, Sturl. ii. 132, Fms. vii. 24, Ísl. ii. 201. COMPD: afbr
igðartré, ii. tree of transgression, Niðrst. 623. 7.
af-brot, n. pl. trespasses, sin, K. Á. 36, Fms. xi. 443; ve
ry frequent in
religious writings after the Reformation.
af-brugðning, f. deviation from, 656 B. 7.
af-brúðigr and ábrúðigr, adj. jealous, Str. 5, 75; v. the following.
af-brýða, dd, [af- intens. and brúðr, sponsa
], to be jealous, also contracted
ábrýða; þeir vandlæta ok afbrýða sem ka
rldýrin eru borin, Stj. 94.
af-brýði and contr. ábrýði, n. (now obsol.)
jealousy; en er Sisinnus sá
Clemens páfa standa hjá konu sinni, þá, viltist hugr
hans mjök af mikilli
ílsku ok afbrýði, Clem. 41, 42, Fms. i. 9, Ýt. 11; in a
ll these places spelt
with af-, but ábryði is more common, and occurs Hkr. i. 111; in the p
oem
Gkv. i. 10 -- hon ægði mér af ábrýði -- it is
used of the jealousy of a wife
to her husband.
af-burðr, m. (also spelt abb-), odds, balance, bias, success (
cp. bera af,
to prevail); kvað honum eigi annat vænna til afburðar, i
n order to get the
better of it, Sd. 166; sá hann at engi varð afburðrinn, th
ey fought 'aequo
Marte,' Sturl. ii. 74; hann ætlaði sér afburð, he me
ant to keep the odds in his
own hand, Ísl. ii. 450; skal nú faraí haustvíkin
g, ok vilda ek, at hon yrði
eigi með minnum afburðum, less glorious, Orkn. 464. II. gen.
sing, and pl. afburðar-, a-, freq. used as a prefix in some COMPDS with
the notion of gloriously, with distinction. afburðar-digr, adj. ve
ry
thick, biðr. 24. afburða-fræknligr, adj. very gallant,
Ísl. ii. 369. afburðar-járn, n. excellent iron, Fms. x. 173. afburðar-ma&e
th;r, m. a
man of mark, Rb. 316, Orkn. 474, Grett. 133, Finnb. 318. afburðarmikill, adj. conspicuous, Fms. v. 181. afburðar-skip, n. a fine sh
ip,
 Fas. iii. 106. afburðar-vel, adv. very well, Hkr. ii. 265, Fms.
ix.
515. afburðar-vænn, adj. very fine, Fas. i. 182.
af-búð, f. an 'off-booth,' side-booth, apartment, Korm.
116.
af-dalr, m. an 'off-dale,' remote valley; freq. in tales and rhyme
s of
hidden valleys, esp. in pl., e. g. Hvað hét hundr karls er &ia

cute; afdölum bjó, in a
nursery rhyme, K. þ. K. 38, Fms. v. 183.
af-deilingr, m. part, portion, share, Bs. i. 881.
af-dráttr, m. [draga af, to detract], diminution, deduct
ion, Ann. 1358
(of duties, fines), Dipl. i. 7, Jm. 135 = costs. β. in arithm
etic, subtraction, Alg. 358, now frádragning.
af-drif, n. pl. [drifa], destiny, fate; barn líkligt til st
órra afdrifa, a bairn
likely to grow into a great man, Fms. iii. 112 (of an exposed child); &thorn
;ykir
mér lítil okkur a. verða munu, inglorious life, F&aelig
;r. 53. It is now also
used of final fate, end. 2. offspring, Stj. 191.
af-drykkja, u, f. over-drinking, drunkenness, = ofdrykkja [af- int
ens.]
af-eggja, að, to dissuade, (as we might say 'to egg off'), Fms. ix. 352.
af-eira, ð, to curtail, deprive of, with dat. of the thing; a.
þá sinni sæmd,
to disgrace them, Bær. 3; riddaradómi, to degrade fro
m knighthood, 4.
af-eista, t, to castrate, Bs. ii. 118.
af-eyringr, m. an animal, sheep with cropped ears, Bs. 1. 723, Stu
rl. iii. 47;
also afeyra, ð, to cut the ears off, and afeyrt, n. adj. a mark on sheep.
af-fall, n. diminution, discount, falling off, in the phrase, selj
a e-t með
afföllum, to sell at a discount, Sd. 189.
af-fangadagr, v. atfangadagr, day preceding a feast.
af-fara, v. afför.
af-fari, adj. who deviates, trespasses, Fms. viii. 237, v. 1.
af-feðrast, að, dep. to fall short of his father, to degenerat
e, Fms. xi. 423.
af-feldr, m. the spoon of Hela, Edda 231.
af-ferma, d and ð, [farmr], to unload a ship, Fas. ii. 448.
af-flutning, f. and afflutningr, m. disparaging, depreciation, Bs.
i. 714.
af-flytja, flutta, to disparage, Fms. x. 41, Grett. 100 A.
af-för, ar, f. departure, in the following COMPDS: affara-dag

r and
affarar-dagr, m. the last day of a feast, esp. of Yule or the like; a. j&
ouml;la -Twelfth-night, opp. to affanga-dagr = at-fangadagr, Christmas Eve,
Hkr.
iii. 304, Fbr. 139, Fms. vii. 272; a. veizlunnar, Bs. i. 287, Fms. iii. 121.
affara-kveld, n. the last evening of a feast, Fms. xi. 424.
af-gamall, adj. [af- intens. ?], very old, decrepid from age, Nj.
190; a.
karl, Fms. ii. 182, Sks. 92.
af-ganga, u, f. surplus, Fms. iii. 208, v. l. II. deviation, di
gression, Skálda 203. COMPD: afgongu-dagr, m. = affaradagr, day of
departure, Fas. iii. 600.
af-gangr, s, m. surplus, store, Ver. 17, Dipl. v. 10, Fms. iv. 236
,
K. þ. K. 163, in the phrase, með afgöngum, to spare, Fms.
iii. 108;
afgangs, gen. used adverbially, over, to spare, l. c., v. 1. II. decea
se,
death [ganga af, to die], Fas. iii. 596.
af-gelja, u, f. [gala, cp. hégilja], chattering, Edda 110.
af-gipt, f. [gefa af], tribute, K. Á. 170. II. indulgenc
e, absolution, Bs. i. 712, H. E. i. 523, Dipl. i. 5. COMPDS: afgiptar-bréf,
n. letter of indulgence, Bs. 1. 699. afgiptar-fé, n. a Norse law t
erm,
escheatable property, N. G. L. i. 324.
af-gjald, n. tribute, Vm. 78 (freq.)
af-gjarn, adj. eager to be off, flying away, in the proverb, afgja
rnt verðr
öfundarfé, Fas. ii. 332; cp. afsæll.
af-gjöf, f. = afgipt, K. Á. 170, 174, H. E. i. 430.
af-glapa, að, [cp. glepja], an Icel. law term, to disturb or break the peace
of a court or public meeting, by violence, crowding, shouting, brawli
ng, or
the like; ef menn troðast svá mjök at lögréttu fyrir
önnkost, eðr göra þar
hrang þat eðr háreysti, at fyrir því afglapast m&a
acute;l manna, ok varðar þat
fjörbaugsgarð, Grág. i. 5; ef várþing verðr afg
lapat, at eigi megu mál
lúkast, 105; ef menn afglapa görð allir þeir er til v&oacu
te;ru teknir, i. 495.
af-glapan and afglöpun, f. [v. the preceding word], used of rioting
or
brawling in a court or at a meeting, to break the law or the peace; it is
also used of any illegal steps to stop the course of law, so that the plead-
ings are interrupted, and there is a flaw in the procedure, v. þingsafgl&o

uml;pun;
frequent in the Grágás and the Sagas; it was liable to the lesser
outlawry,
v. above: bribery and false witness seem to be counted as þingsafglöp
un
in Nj. 150, and were to be challenged to the High Court, Lv. 12, 31,
Nj., Grág., esp. in the þ. þ. etc.: v. Dasent, Introd. to Bur
nt Njal.
af-glapi, a, m. an oaf, fool, simpleton, Fms. i. 156, Ld. 34, Sd.
145.
COMPD: afglapa-orð, n. words of a fool, in the proverb, úm&ael
ig;t eru afglapaorð, 'a fool's word is nothing worth' -- now úmæt eru &
oacute;magaorð -- Boll. 352.
af-greizla, u, f. payment, contribution, Vm. 141.
af-guðliga, adv. ungodly, N. G. L. i. 376, v. l. = ógu&
eth;liga.
af-gæzla, u, f. taking care of, H. E. i. 396, uncert. read.
af-göra, ð, to offend, do amiss, transgress, Nj. 254, Fms
. vii. 104, viii. 300.
af-görð, f. transgression, offence, mostly in pl., tre
spasses in a religious
sense, Sks. 601, Hkr. iii. 225.
af-görvi, v. atgörfi.
af-hallnn, false read. = ofjarlar, Vall. L. 206, v. l.
af-hallr, adj. sloping downward, Eg. 277.
af-haugr, m. a side-mound, Ísl. ii. 46.
af-hefð, f. [hefð, possessio], ousting, D. N. iv. 8
81.
af-hegna, d, to enclose, hedge, D. N. iii. 774.
af-heima, gen. pl. n. [heima], from home, out of doors, abroad; fa
ra
til afheirna, to go abroad, opp. to at heimili, at home, N. G. L.
i. 158.
af-helgast, að, dep. to become unholy, to be profaned, Sks. 78
2 B.
af-hellir, m. side-cave, Fms. iii. 570, Fas. ii. 152, Brandkr. 62.
af-henda, d and t, to hand over, Lv. 6, Dipl. ii. 14, 16; a. skuld
, to pay
a debt, Vápn. 41; a. heit, to pay a vow, Bs. i. 121.
af-hending, f. a metrical term, a subdivision of the samhenda, whe
n
the final assonance of a verse is repeated in the next one, e. g. seim &t
horn;verrir
gefr seima | seim örr ..., Edda (Ht. 47 and 24). In mod. Icel
. metric,
afhenda is quite different, viz. a short metre in only two lines.
af-hendis, adv. off one's hand, N. G. L. i. 180.
af-hendr, adj. out of one's hand, in the phrase, segja e-n s&eacut
e;r afhendan,
to give one up, of a client or the like; leitt er mér at segja &th
orn;ik afhendan,
því at þat hefi ek aldri gert ef ek hefi við manni tekit,
Fs. 34, Fms. iii.
51 (of the poet Hallfred and king Olaf). II. n. afhent impers.,
e-m er e-t afhent, unfit for, unable to, Fms. viii. 21.
af-heyrandi, part. act. out of bearing, absent, Grág. ii. 1
43.
af-heyris, adv. out of bearing, opp. to áheyris, Bs. i. 771
.
af-hlaðning, f. unloading, N. G. L. i. 410.
af-hlaup, n. surphis, Fms. iv. 336; til afhlaups, to spare,
Alg. 370.
COMPD: afhlaups-korn, n. surplus corn, Gþl. 352.
af-hlutr, m. share of a thing, v. fjár-afhlutr.
<PAGE NUM="b0007">
<HEADER>7 AFHLYÐAST -- AFLEITK,</HEADER>
af-hlýðast, dd, to disobey, D, N. ii. 173.
af-hrapi, a, m. offscourings, outcasts, (an GREEK, -- afhrak being
now
used); ok ræðr hann sér einum á hendr afhrapa hans, Gr&a
acute;g. i. 294 (of the
consequences of harbouring a vagabond).
af-hroð, n. destruction, v. afráð, Fas. iii. 169.
af-huga, adj. ind. averse, having turned one's mind from; verð
a a. e-u or
við e-t, to forget, mind no more, Ísl. ii. 274, Stj. 202, Fs.
47, Bs. i. 78, 655 xi. 3.
af-hugast, að, dep. gov. dat. to forget, Fms. viii. 252; part.
afhugaðr
við e-t = afhuga, having put it out of one's mind, ii. 336.
af-hus, n. out-house, side-apartment, Eb. 10.
af-hvarf, n. [hverfa], a diversion, turning aside, Hm. 33, in whic
h passage it is opp. to gagnvegr, the straight path, Lâ. 204.
af-hýða, dd, to scourge thoroughly, 'hide,' Grett. 135,

Sturl. iii. 295.
af-höfða, að, to behead, Fms. i. 217, Stj. 464.
af-högg, n. a law term, 'off-hewing,' mutilation, maiming, N.
G. L. i.
170, Bs. i. 675, H. E. i. 237. II. chips, splinters, Fms. ii. 290.
AFI, a, m. [cp. Lat. avus, Ulf. avô = GREEK, and a
ba = GREEK, vir],
grandfather: it is now frequent, but occurs very rarely in old writers,
who almost always use móðurfaðir or föðurfaðir. Yet
it occurs in the
poem Rm. 16 -- afi ok amma -- and Vþm. 29, where it = föðurfa&eth
;ir. It
is curious to observe that in the poem Skm. -- whence it is again transferred
into the Grógaldr -- it is used in the sense of a boy or a son;
 cp. as an
illustration of this use the Norse phrase -- D. N. iv. 848 -- afi eptir afa =
son after father, man after man in uninterrupted succession, in accordance to the Gothic aba; Edda 108, Fms. iv. 288, vi. 346, xi. 6. We
also say lang-afi, great-grandfather, and langamma, great-grandmother.
 COMPD: afa-systir, f. great aunt, Landn. 317.
af-kaup, n. bad bargain, Fms. v. 255.
af-káraligr, v. afkárligr.
af-kárligr, adj. = afkárr, Lex. Poët.; now freq. afk&a
acute;ralegr, adj. and
-lega, adv. of manners, odd, like a madman.
af-kárr, adj. [af- intens.; kárr does not occur; cp. the mo
dern kári,
a gale, tempest, (poët.)], strange, prodigious; er hér
nokkut afkárt
inni, of a giant pulling a bear out of his den by the ears, Fas. ii. 237;
it occurs repeatedly in Lex. Poët. = very strong, remarkable; afk&aa
cute;rr söngr,
discordant song, of shouting, Akv. 38; cp. launkárr.
af-kleyfi, n. in the COMPD afkleyfls-orð, n. a metric, term, a sup
erfluous
word, syllable, in a verse, an enclitic syllable preceding the h&ouml
;fuðstafr in a
verse. COMPD: afkleyus-samstafa, u, f. syllaba hypermetra, Edda (Ht.)
137.
af-klæða, dd, to undress, Stj. 194. β. reflex, t
o undress oneself, Eg.
420, Fms. x. 294.
af-komandi, part, descendant, Hkr. iii. 170.
af-kvremi, n. [kvám], 'off-coming,' offspring, in a collect
, sense, Fms.
i. 212, Hkr. i. 325, Orkn. 142, Stj. 39. COMPD: afkvæmis-maðr,
m. descendant, Stj. 39, 160.
af-kymi, a, m. nook, Ísl. ii. 471 (paper MS.); kymi, id., is now freq.
AFL, s, m. hearth of a forge, Edda 69, 70, Stj. 312, Fms. viii. 8;
in
N. G. L. i. 328 it seems to mean hearth (in general).
afl, m. [Grimm mentions an O. H. G. aval; abal is a dub. GR
EEK in A. S.
poetry, Ormul. avell] , strength, esp. physical force; afre
ksmaðr at afli ok
áræði, Eg. 1; styrkr at afli, Fms. i. 19; ramr at afli, 155; fu
llkominn
at afli ok hyggju, bodily and mental vigour, Ld. 256; stillt þ&uacu
te; þó
vel aflinu, at þú verðir eigi kendr, Nj. 32; hafa afl til e-s,
be a match
for, be able to do, Gþl. 411. β. virtue; afl dauðf&ael
ig;randi grasa, virtue
of poisonous herbs, 623. 26. 2. metaph. strength, power, might,
 Th. 19. 3. a law term, force, validity; dæmdu vér &thor
n;etta boð Bjarna
úlögligt ok ekki afl hafa, void, Dipl. iii. 3. 4. a law term,
majority, odds, in the phrase, ok skal afl ráða, plurima vo
ta valeant;
 ef gerðarmenn (umpires) verða eigi ásáttir ok
skal a ráða, Grág. i. 493;
nú verða fjórðungsmenn eigi ásáttir, þ
á skal afl ráða með þeim, i. l,
cp. 44, 531 (where it is used of a jury); en ef þeir verða eigi &aacut
e;sáttir er í
lögréttu sitja hvat þeir vilja lofa eðr í lög
leiða, þá skolu þeir ryðja
lögréttu (viz. divide) ok skal ráða a. með &th
orn;eim, Nj. 150. 5. force,
violence; taka með afli, Stj. 4. 30; bjóða e-m afl, Bs. ii. 1
06. COMPDS:
afls-munr, m. odds, superiority of strength, esp. in the phrase, kenna
aflsmunar, where there is a short struggle, the one being soon overcome,
Eb. 182, Eg. 508, Hkr. i. 286: β. kenna aflsmuna = kosta afis, to exert
oneself to the utmost; varð hann at kenna a. (to exert the whole of h
is
strength) áðr hann kæmi honum undir, Eb. 172. afl. s-raun =
aflraun.
AFLA, að, [cp. Swed. afvel, breed, slock: Dan. avling, farm
ing; avlsgaard, farm; faareavl, qvægavl, breed of sheep or cattle.
 In Norse (mod.)
avle is to harvest; Swed. afla, to beget. In the Icel. verb afla t
he idea of
producing or gathering prevails, whereas the nouns branch off; the
weak afli chiefly denotes produce, means, stores, resources, troops, forces;
 the strong one -- afl -- force alone. Yet such phrases as ramr at af
li indicate something besides the mere notion of strength. In the mod. Scandin.
idioms -- Dan., Swed., Norse -- there are no traces left of the idea of 'forc
e:'
 cp. the Lat. opes and copiae. The Icel. spelling and pronunci
ation with bl
(abl) is modern, perhaps from the time of the Reformation: cp. the words
efla etc. with a changed vowel. The root is OP-, as shewn in Lat. ope,
opes, the o being changed into a ?]. I. with gen. of
the thing, to gain,
acquire, earn, procure; vandara at gæta fengins fjár en afla &t
horn;ess (a proverb);
þá bjöggu þeir skip ok öfluðu manna til, got
men to man it, Eg. 170. β.
the phrase, afla sér fjár ok frægðar, to earn fame an
d wealth, of young
heroes going sea-roving; fóru um sumarit í víking ok ö
fluðu sér fjár,
Eg. 4; afla sér fjár ok frama, Fs. 5; fjár ok virðingar
, id.; hann hafði aflat
sér fjár (made money) í hólmgöngum, Eg.
49; aflaði þessi bardagi honum
mikillar frægðar, brought him great fame, Fms. ii. 307; kom hon
um
í hug, at honum mundi mikillar framkvæmdar afla, bring him great
advantage, Eb. 112. 2. as a law term, to cause, inflict a wound; ef
maðr aflar einum blóðs eðr bens af heiptugri hendi, N. G. L.
i. 387. II.
with acc., mostly in unclassical writers, but now rare, to earn; afla&eth
;i hann
þar fé mikit, Fms. vii. 80; aflandi þann thesaur er,, 655 xxx
ii. i; hafit ér
ok mikit í aflat, Al. 159; mun ek til hafa atferð ok eljun at afla m&
eacute;r
annan við, to contrive, Ld. 318, where, however, the excellent vellum
MS. A. M. 309, 4to, has gen. -- annars viðar -- more classically, as the Sag
a
in other passages uses the gen., e. g. afla sér manna ok hrossa, to pr
ocure
horses and men, l. c. little below. β. reflex., e-m aflask e-t, gain
s,
 Fb. 163. γ. absol., njót sem þú hefir aflat, of i
ll-earned means,
Nj. 37. δ. part, aflandi, Njarð. 366. 2. now used absol. to fish,
 always with acc.; a standing phrase in Icel., the acc. only being used in
that particular connection. III. with dat. in the sense of to
perform, manage, be able to; hann aflaði brátt mikilli vinnu, ok
var
hagr vel, Fms. i. 289; fyr mun hann því afla en ek færa honum
höfuð
mitt, it will sooner happen, Fms. iv. 291, where the Hkr. reads orka; bau
ð
út leiðangri, sem honum þótti landit mestu mega afla, to the utmost that
the country could produce, Fms. x. 118; ekki aflar harm því at
standa í
móti yðr, he is not man enough to stand against you, Fas. iii.
af-lag, n. [leggja af], gen. aflags. I. used as adv. = afgangs,
sparingly, Fas. iii. 477. In modern Icel. hafa aflögum or aflög
u, to have to
spare. II. slaughtering of cattle, killing off; leggja af marg
an
fénað ... minti biskup enn á um aflögin, the slaughter

ing, Bs. i.
af-laga, adv. unlawfully, Grág. i. 473, ii. 367, Gþl.
294, 432, 473,
Hkr. ii. 246, Al. 153; ganga a., Stj. 430. 2. now used in the sense
to be out of joint, things going wrong.
af-lagliga, adv. = aflögliga, 655 xxxii. 4.
aflan and öflun, f. gain, acquisition, Hkr. ii. 218, Sks. 233
. COMPD:
öflunar-maðr, m. a good steward, Sturl. iii. 130.
af-langr, adj. oblong, Ann. year 1414; formed from the Lat. (?), n
ew
common.
af-lausn, f., Lat. absolutio. 1. some small release, ransom, co
mpensation, Sturl. iii. 142, 239; gjöra a. urn e-t, to relieve, relea
se oneself in
 regard to a thing: Ólafr konungr mælti, 'Framar hefir þ&
uacute; þá gert urn
vígin á Grænlandi, en fiskimaðrinn kallar a. vera fiskin
nar; því at hann
kallast leysa sik, ef hann dregr fisk fyrir sik, enn annan fyrir skip sitt,
þriðja fyrir öngul, fjórða fyrir vað," king Ola
f said, 'Thou hast done more
then in the matter of manslayings in Greenland, than what the fisherman
calls the ransom of his fishing; for he says that he has freed himself (of
his fishing), if he draws (up) a fish for himself, but another for his boat,
a third for his angle, a fourth for his line,' (this way of reckoning their
catch is still common with fishermen in many parts of England and Scotland), Fbr. 154: cp. a stanza in a Scottish ballad, 'I launched my boat
in Largo Bay, | And fishes caught í three; | One for wad and one f
or
hook, | And one was left for me.' 2. eccles. = absolution,
K. Á. 226,
Hom. 137, Grett. 162, Fms. x. 18.
af-lát, n. leaving off, relinquishing; a. synda, Stj. 567,
Sks. 612 B; án
afláti, used adverb. incessantly, 625, p. 77, Th. 20. β. r
emission, pardon; aflát misgörninga, Hom. 160; a. synda, 159. COMPD: afl&aacu
te;tskorn, n. surplus corn, store corn, Gþl. 352, v. l. aflaupskorn.
af-látr, adj. negligent, lazy, Hom. 152.
af-leiðing, f. 'off-leading:' 1. now generally used in the pl.
consequences, result; 2. in old writers, on the contrary, it seldom
occurs, and then in a peculiar sense. So Sturl. iii. 128, góðar aflei
ðingar
eru með e-m, they are on good terms, things go on pretty well between
them. 3. metric, continuation; her er hinn fyrri visuhelmingr
leiddr af þeirri vísu, er áðr var kveðin ok fylgir &
thorn;at málsorð, er afleiðing
(continuation) er kölluð, Edda (Ht.) 126.
af-leiðingr, s, m., skilja góðan afleiðing, used adver

b. to part on friendly
terms, Sturl. iii. 134: cp. the preceding word, 128; both passages are taken
,
from the þorgils S. Skarða, to which the phrase seems to be peculiar.
af-leiðis, adv. 1. loc. astray, out of the path, Sd. 146, 655
xvii. 4. 2. metaph., færa a., to pervert, Stj. 227, 519; þeir
lugu á
okkr, en þú færðir orð þeirra a., you perver
ted their words, Bs. i. 7, Glúm.
327; Snúa e-m a., to seduce, Andr. 625. 75. β. impers., e-u &
thorn;okar a.,
turns out wrong, Bs. i. 340.
af-leifar, f. pl. scraps, remnants, leavings, Stj. 383, Bs. i. 237
; f.
búsafleifar, Grág. i. 299.
af-leitinn, adj. = afleitr, of odd appearance, Fas. ii. 329.
af-leitliga, adv. perversely, Stj. 55; ilia ok a., 173.
af-leitligr, adj. = afleitr, perverse, deformed, Stj. 274, Al. 96.
af-leitr, adj. [líta, cp. also -leitr in compounds], strange, h
ideous; neut.,
<PAGE NUM="b0008">
<HEADER>8 AFLENDIS -- AFRÆKJA.</HEADER>
hversu afleitt (how disgusting) oss virðist um þeirra há
ttu, Hks. iii. 435;
hversu afleitir (stupid) oss sýnast þeirra hættir, Fms
. vii. 296, l. c.; þeir
fyrirlíta ok halda alla sauðahirða sem afleita, odd, peculiar,
 Stj. 293;
afleitt eðr eligt, vile, 1 Sam. xv. 9. β. abandoned, the face
turned from,
deserted by, with dat.; afleita hamingjunni, luckless, Stj. 421. Ruth
i. 12.
af-lendis, adv. = erlendis, abroad, N. G. L. i. 244.
af-lendr, adj. far from land, in open sea, Bs. ii. 47.
af-letja, latti, to dissuade: α. with infin., Bs. i. 39. &be
ta;. with acc.,
aflatti hann mjök fyrir sér ferðina, Fms. ix. 437. γ. or w
itn an acc.
of the person and gen. of the thing; a. e-n e-s, v. letja.
af-letta, tt, to cease, Fr.
af-lettr, prompt, ready, v. ofléttr.
afl-fátt, n. adj. short of strength; verða a., to fa
il in strength, Fms. i.
55. iii. 150.

afl-gróf, f. [afl, m.], hole below the forge, cinder-pit, o
r a water-pit
wherein to cool the iron (?); cp. Vkv. 22, þiðr. 72.
afl-hella, u, f. hearth-stone in a forge; er hann hafði &thorn
;au (viz. the
bones) niðrgrafit undir sína aflhellu, þiðr. 95.
afli, a, m. I. means, acquisition, gain, produce, stores, fruit
s;
 afli ok herfang, Fms. ii. 106; hafði þórir einn forr&aacut
e;ð þess liðs ok svá
afla þess alls er verðr í ferðinni, iv. 297; eignir ... me&
eth; öllum afla ok
ávexti, increase and interest, K. Á. 54. 2. now used, &alph
a;. partic.
of fishing stores, fishing, and β. gener. of provisions and store
s of any
kind. II. metaph.: 1. might, power; hafa afla til eingis,
have might or means for nothing, be unable to do anything, to be power
less, Nj. 27. 2. forces, troops, body, Lat. copiae, opes; &Aac
ute;sgrímr
sagði þat mikinn afla, great support, Nj. 210; en þat s&y
acute;nist mér þó
ráðligast at biðja sér liðs, þvíat &thorn
;eir draga afla at yðr, they gather forces
against you, 222; munu vér skjótt eiga af honum ván hin
s mesta
úfriðar ef hann fær nokkurn afla, troops, resources, Fms
. i. 188; at herja
á þá feðga með allmikinn afia, strong body, 1
84; ok er hirð Sverris
konungs sá, at aflinn Magnúss konungs (the main body) fl&ya
cute;ði allr, viii.
119. COMPDS: afla-brögð, n. pl. [bragð], stores of fish, A.
A. 276.
afla-fátt, n. adj. = aflfátt, Fms. iii. 133. afla-fé, n. acquired property,
 N. G. L. i. 448. afla-litill, adj. having little power, Finnb. 320 (
compar.
aflaminni). afla-maðr, m. powerful, strong, Lv. 12, 109. afla-mikill,
adj. opp. to aflalítill, powerful, strong, Ld.; harðgjörr
ok aflamikill, Bs. i.
635; var Sæmundr afiamestr, the strongest in men, Sturl. ii. 44: &b
eta;.
(= aflmikill), used of physical strength, Stj. Judg. iii. 29; verða menn eig
i
ásáttir hvárr sterkari er, en þó æt&icir
c;a flestir Gísla aflameira (= aflmeira),
GÍsl. 26. afla-munr, m. odds, Sturl.; at etja við aflamuninn,
to fight
against odds, Al. 110. afla-skortr, m. shortcoming in power, opp.
to aflamunr, Bs. i. 525. afla-stund, f. fishing season, Bs. ii.
af-lima, adj. ind., verða e-m a., to be cut off, separated from, Post. 95,
Am. 26.
af-lima, að, to 'off-limb,' to dismember, maim, mutilate, Js.

37, Ann. 1342.
af-liman, f. 'off-limbing,' mutilation, Bs. ii. 75.
afl-lauss, adj. weak, strengthless, a medical term, palsied, pa
ralytic,
 Bs. i. 351.
afl-leysi, n. palsy, v. Fél. ix.
afl-lítill, adj. weak, Fms. ii. 201, vii. 208.
afl-mikill, adj. of great strength, Sturl. i. 23, Fms. i. 261.
af-lofa, að, to refuse, Fr.
afl-raun, f. trial (proof) of strength; in plur. 
bodily exercises; Skallagrímr hendi mikit gaman at aflraunum ok leikum, Eg. 187; er þat
flestra manna ætlan, at Grettir hafi verit sterkastr hérlandsmanna,
síðan
þeir Ormr ok þórálfr lögðu af aflraunir, Gret
t. 133; þótti þetta mikil a.,
Fms. iii. 210, Finnb. 274: cp. aflsraun.
afl-skortr, m. failing of strength, Fms. ii. 149.
aflugr, adj. strong, v. öflugr.
afl-vani, adj. ind. deficient in strength; verða a., to suc
cumb; taka þeir
fang, ok verðr Gunnarr mjök a., Fms. ii. 75 (in wrestling); enda var&et
h; hann
a. fyrir liðs sakir, was overpowered, got the worst of it, Ísl
. ii. 172;
Eustachius sá sik aflvani (acc.) í móti þeim, 655 x.
p. 2.
afl-vöðvi, a, m. [vöðvi, a muscle], the bicep
s muscle, Sturl. 51, Ld. 220,
Fas. ii. 344.
af-logliga, adv. = aflaga, unlawfully, D. N. i. 80, Stj, 154.
af-má, ð, to 'mow off,' to blot out, destroy, Fms. ii.
238, Stj. 208, 346.
af-mán, f. [af, má], degradation, shame, v. the foll
owing.
af-mána, að, = afmá, to degrade, pollute.
af-mánaðr, part, polluted, defiled, Rb. 332.
af-mynda, að, to deform; dep. afmyndask, to be deformed, Fas. i. 425
(paper MS.); the word is now very freq.
af-m&oelig;ðing, f. [móðir], right of weaning lambs, by

taking them from the
mother; kirkja á lamba a. (perhaps wrongly for afmæðring) &
iacute; Mölvíkrhöfða, Vm. 164.
af-nám, n. gener. taking away, removal, Stj. 2 Sam. iv. II.
β. esp.
in the phrase, at afnámi, of something reserved, before the divisi
on of
spoil, property, or inheritance; now, taka af óskiptu, Dan. forlods,
 Grág, i. 330, 336, Jb. 289 (Ed. af námi); konungr skildi hafa
úr
hlutskipti þriðjung við liðsmenn, en umfram at afnámi b
jórskinn öll ok
safala, Eg. 57. 2. metaph. privation, loss; ok hann verðr at skað
a
þeim mönnum nokkrunn, er oss mun þykkja a. í, Eg. 114, F
ms. vii.
244. COMPDS: afnáms-fé, n. a law term, share, which is r
eserved before
the division of property, spoil, inheritance, or the like, Eg. 240, Fms. iv.
28. afnáms-gripr, m. something reserved or set aside, Fms.
x. 214.
af-nefja, að, to cut off one's nose, Sir. 35.
af-neita, að and tt, and afníta, tt, now always afneita, a&eth
;, to deny,
refuse; with dat., hefir afneitað tiltekinni trú, Fms. iii. 16
6; eigi vil ek
því afneita, refuse, Fs. 11; ek afneitta eigi hans orðse
nding, Stj. 1 Kings
xx. 7; en er hann afneitti eigi með öllu (refused not), þ&
aacute; báðu þeir hann
því meir, Grett. 146. 2. absol. afnita; en þar es Jökull
bróðir
minn laust þik högg, þat skaltú hafa bótalaust, &
thorn;ví at þú afníttir þú er
þér vóru boðnar, Fs. 57.
af-neiting, f. denial, renunciation, Th. 17.
af-neyzla, u, f. use, consumption; a. skógarins, Fs. 125, N
j. 78; a. fjár
(pl.), Jb. 404 A, B (Ed. ofnevzlur).
afr, v. áfr, buttermilk.
af-rað, afráð, afroð, and afhroð, n. (Fas. iii. 16
9), [cp. Swed.
afrad; from roð, rud, fundus, ager(?)]. I. prop, a Nors
e and
Swedish law term, tribute, ground tax, payable to the king; a. ok landaur
a,
N. G. L. i. 257, D. N. iii. 408. So also in Vsp. 27, hvárt skyldu æ
sir
a. gjalda, where it is opp. to gildi, league. II. metaph. loss,
damage, 1. in the phrase, gjalda a., to pay a heavy fine, suffer a great
loss; en þat a. munu vér gjalda, at margir munu eigi kunna fr&a
acute; at segja
hvárir sigrast, there will be so heavy a loss in men, such a havoc in
killed,
 Nj. 197 (where most MSS. read afroð, some afrað, Ed. afrauð); t
öluðu
þeir opt um málaferlin, sagði Flosi, at þeir hefði mi
kit a. goldit þegar,
254 (MSS. afrað, afroð, and afhroð); Lýtingr mun þykjas
t áðr mikit a.
goldit hafa í láti bræðra sinna, 155 (MSS. afrað, af
roð, and afhroð), Fms.
x. 324. 2. in the phrase, göra mikit a., to make a great havoc;
 görði hann mikit afhroð í sinni vinn, great slaughte
r, Fas. iii. 169: cp. Lex.
Poët. 3. advice, Vtkv. 5; the verse is spurious and the meaning
afraðs-kollr, m. cognom., Germ. 'steuerkopf,' cp. nefgildi, Engl. 
polltax, v. the preceding.
af-reizla, u, f. = afgreizla, outlay, payment, Ám. 13.
af-rek, n. [af- intens.], a deed of prowess, a deed of derring do;
margir
lofuðu mjök afrek Egils, ok sigr þann sem hann vann, Fms. xi. 234
;
vinna afrek, Fs. 6; ekki a. gerði hann meira í Noregi, Fagrsk. 94; ha
nn
lét ok göra þar í Níðarósi naust b&ae
lig;ði mörg, ok svá stór, at afrek var í,
grand, magnificent, Hkr. iii. 268. COMPDS: afreks-gripr, n. a
splendid object, a thing of price, Ld. 144. afreks-maðr, m. a valiant
man; a. at afli ok áræðí, Eg. I; en þat hefi e
k spurt, at hirð hans er
skipuð afreksmönnum einurn, heroes, 19, 84; a. um vöxt e&et
h;r afl, Ísl. ii.
190. afreks-verk, n. valiant deed, Fær. 51, Al. 30.
af-reka, að, to achieve, perform; munu þér mikit
afreka, Lv. 33; hvat
þeir höfðu alrekat, Fas. iii. 221; a. vel, to succeed, B&a
acute;rð. 175.
af-remma, u, f. [ramr], restriction, encumbrance, obligation; s&ua
cute; er a.
meðr þessum tillögum, at prestr skal vera at heimilishúsi
ok syngja
allar heimilistíðir, Ám. 37.
afrendi, f. [afrendr], strength, prowess, valour, Hym. 28.
afrendr, adj. [frequently or almost constantly spelt afreyndr, as if
from 'af-' intens. and 'raun,' of great prowess; but the derivation from
'afr-= afar-' and '-endi or -indi' is better]. I. in the phrase, a. at
afli, very strong, valiant, Fms. ii. 87, Finnb. 254; compar. afrendari, F
ms. x.
321, Fs. 33, 48 (where the MS. Vh. spells afreyndr, so also does the Fb. i. 341,
etc.) II. absol. without adding at afli, Lv. 101 (where written
af-réttr, m. and afrétt, f. (now always f.; cp. rótt
), [prgbably akin to
reka, viz. afrekt, contr. afrétt], compascuum, common pasture; it
is now
prop. used of mountain pastures, whither the cattle (sheep) are driven in
the summer in order to graze during July and August, and again collected and driven down in the autumn (Sept.); in Norway called almenningr. I. masc., thus defined, en þat er afréttr, er ij
menn eigu
saman eðr fleiri, hverngi hlut sem hverr þeirra á í, Gr&
aacute;g. ii. 303, 330;
í afrétt þann, er, i. 397, ii. 303; afréttu, acc. pl.
, ii. 301, Jb. 198 A,
K. þ. K. 90, Olk. 37; hálfan afrétt, Vm. 29. II. f. a
fréttinni (dat.),
Grug. (Kb.) ii. 301, 325 A; gen. afréttar (gender uncert.), 303 A; afr&ea
cute;ttin,
id., Cod. A; afrétt (dat. f. ?), Ísl. ii. 330, Háv. 39; afr
ettum, dat. pl. (gender uncert.), Boll. 336. COMPDS: afréttar-dómr, m. court held f
or
deciding causes concerning common pasture, Grág. ii. 323. afré
ttamenn, m. pl. owners or partners in common pasture, Grág. ii
.
af-roð, v. afráð.
af-róg, n. excuse, justification, Str. 71.
af-ruðningr, m. [ryðja], clearing off, defence, repeal, Pr
. 425.
af-runi, a, m. [runi, renna], deviation; metaph. sin, trespasse
s; umbót
ok iðran afruna (gen.), 125. 174; iðrun fyrir görva afruna (acc. pl
.), id.;
tárfelling er hann hefir fyrir afruna þá, er verða &iacu
te; þessa heims lífi, id.
184. β. injury, offence, D. N. iii. 367 (Fr.)
afr-yrði, n. = afaryrði, insolent words.
af-ræði, n. [af- intens. and ráð], absolute rule,
 D. N. ii, 336 several
times (Fr.)
af-rækja, t and ð, to neglect, contemn, H. E. i. 257; re
flex, afrækjast, in
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<HEADER>AFSAKA -- AFÞOKKA. 9</HEADER>
the same signification, a. with dat, a. lögunum, to break, neglect the l
aw,
Al 4. β. with acc. (now always so), a. sitt höfuðrnerki, Karl. 189
. γ.
uncert. dat. or acc., a. Guðs hlýðni, Edda (pref.) 144, Stj. 241.
δ. with at
 and a following infin., Gþl. 183; konungar afræktust at sitja a
t Uppsölum,
left off, Hkr. ii. 97. ε. absol., Fms. vii. 221, 188, Gþl.
506.
af-saka, að, to excuse, exculpate, K. Á. 230, Stj. 37.
β. pass, afsakast, to be (stand) excused, K. Á. 226, Stj. 125.
af-sakan and afsokun, f. a 'begging off,' excuse, exculpation, K.
Á.
228, Stj. 152. COMPD: afsakanar-orð, n. pl. excuses, Stj.
af-saki, a, m. excuse, 623. 60.
af-sanna, að, to refute, prove to be false ('unsooth'),
655 xvii. 1.
af-sáð, n. seed-corn, N. G. L. i. 240.
af-segja, sagði, to resign, renounce; a. sér e-t, Barl.
210. Now used
in the sense of to refuse, deny.
af-setja, setti, to depose, put down, v. the following.
af-setning, f. and afsetningr, m. deposition, (off-setting,
cp. Scot. 'affset,' Jam., which means dismissal, the act of putting away), H. E. ii. 74
, 523.
af-siða, adj. ind. immoral, of loose manners, Grág. i.
138.
af-sifja, að, [sifjar], a law term, to cut off from one's 'sib,' a
lienate
from one's family, renounce; gefa má maðr vingjafir at sér
lifanda, hest
eða yxn, vápn eða þvílíka grfpi, ok afsifjar
(Cod. A reads afsitjar, but
doubtless wrongly) hann sér þó at sex skynsömum mö
nnum þyki eigi
arfsvik gör við erfingja, Jb. 163, D. N. i. 141, Pál Vidal. p. 8
4. The
word appears to be a Norse law term, and does not occur in the laws of
the Icel. Commonwealth, but came into use with the code Jb.
af-síða, adv. aside, apart, Krók. 56.
af-skapligr, adj. [skapligr], misshapen, monstrous, huge, shocking;
 a. áfelli, shocking accident, Stj. 90; herfiligr ok a., 655 x
iii. A. i; a. ok
úmannligt, Stj. 272; a. úmenska, Fms. ii. 225, K. Á. (App.)
230.
af-skeiðis, adv. astray, H. E. i. 252, 655 xi. 3, Hom. 99.
af-skipan, f. deposition, dismissal, D. N. (Fr.)
af-skipta, adj. ind. cut off, from an inheritance or the like, Lat
. expers;
 in the phrase, vera görr a., to be wronged, Hrafn. 14.
af-skipti, n. pl. dealing with, intercourse, (cp. the phrase, skip
ta sér af
e-u, to meddle with, care about); ok eingi a. veita heiðnum goðui
n, Fms. ii.
160; ef hann veitir súr engi a., does not deal with, Grág.
ii. 121. COMPDS:
afskipta-lauss, adj. heedless, careless, having nothing to do with, Fb. i
.
392. afskipta-lítill, adj. caring little about, Fms. vii. 181, Ork
n. 142.
afskipta-samr, adj. meddling, partaking, v. úafskiptasamr.
af-skiptinn, adj. meddling, partaking, Ld. 66.
af-skiptr, part. = afskipta, wronged, cheated, Fas. iii. 619. Meta
ph.
void of, having no interest in, Stj. 155, 195.
af-skirrandi, participial noun, [skirrast], an offscouring, outcast; leiði
þér þenna a. út ór horgiimi, 656 C. 33.
af-skrámliga, adv. hideously, Hom. 155.
af-skrámligr, adj. [af- intens.; skrámr means a giant; skrimsl, a monster; cp. Engl. to scream], hideous, monstrous; a. illvirki, a sacrilege,
 K. Á. 222: also spelt askramligr and askramliga, Al. 142, Hom. 155.
af-skræmi, n. a monster, v. the following.
af-skræmiliga, adv. hideously: a, of a scream; þ&aacut
e; lét út á stöðli a.,
howled piteously, of a ghost, Hkr. ii. 312, Eb. 320, of the bellowing of
a mad bull. β. of a monstrous shape; þrællinn (of a ghost) r&ea
cute;tti inn
höfuðit, ok sýndist honum a. mikit, Grett. 83 new Ed. γ. m
etaph.,
óttast a., to be shocked at, Stj. 101.
af-skurðr, ar, m. a chip, lappet, Dipl, iii. 3.
af-skyld, f. a law term, due, obligation, encumbrance, several tim
es in
the Cartularies and deeds of gift, in the phrase, sú er a. þessa fj
ár, D. I. i.
273, etc.; með þessi a. fara þessir fjárhlutir, 282, Vm.
108: cp. the still
more freq. phrase, sú er afvinna, cp. afvinna.
af-snið, n. a lappet, snip, Pr. 412.
af-sniðning, f. snipping off, afsniðningar-járn, n.
a chopper, Fr.
af-sníðis, adv. cut through, across, Bs. i. 388.
af-spraki, a, m. [cp. A. S. sprecan; Germ, sprechen] , r

umour, hearsay;
 Hákon jarl hafði fengit afspraka nokkurn (perh. better in two wo
rds),
Fms. 1. 187.
af-springr, m., Al. 11, Hkr. iii. 277, Edda (pref.) 146, and various
other forms; afsprengr, m. and afspringi, n., Gþl. 47, Fms. viii. 237,
Sks. 46 B, Stj. 63, Orkn. 176; the form now usual is afsprengi, n., Fms.
v. 217, Fas. ii. 391, Bret. 112. 1. gener. offspring, progeny, v. the
quotations above. 2. in pl. used of the produce of the earth, Sks. 48 B
(rare). 3. metaph.: α. a band, a detached part of a body;
þóttist Hrafn þegar vita, at þessi a. mundi vera af
ferð þeirra þorgils, that
this detachment must be from the host of Thorgils and his followers, Sturl.
iii. 274. β. a branch, ramification; ok er mikil van, at þar v
erði
nokkurr a. (offshoot) af þessum ófriði á Limafir&
eth;i, Fms. xi. 13. γ.
rumour, notice, = afspraki; fá nokkurn a. um e-t, Fms. viii. 160.
af-spurn, f. a 'speering of,' news, notice, Fms. i. 187.
af-spýttr, part, spit out of, deprived of, Anecd. 42.
af-standa, stóð, [Germ. absteben] , to cede, part wi
th, Sturl. i. 164,
v. l. miðla, Fms. iii. 208.
af-stigr, s, m, by-path, Fî. 5, Fær. 102.
af-stúfa, að, or afstýfa, ð, to lop, prune,
of trees; a. við, N. G. L. i.
350, Lex. Poët., v. stufr.
af-stúka, n, f. side-nook, 655 xxxii. 4; a side-room in
a temple, Fas.
iii. 213; now stúka is almost always used of a sacristy.
af-svar, n. refusal, in pl. in the phrase, veita e-u afsvör,
to refuse,
 Ld. 114, Fas. i-444, Fbr. 120.
af-svara, að, to deny, refuse, Fas. i. 528; with dat. of pers.
and thing,
Sturl. iii. 180.
af-sviptr, part, stripped; with dat., afsviptr þinni &aacute
;sjónu, cut off from
thy countenance, Stj. 228. Gen. xlviii. 11, Sks. 342, H. E. i. 457.
af-sýnis, adv. out of sight, Fms. viii. 344.
af-sæll, adj. luckless, in the proverb, a. verðr annars
glys jafnan, (another
version of the proverb is quoted s. v. afgjarn), coveted wealth, which is
eagerly looked for by another, is luckless, difficult to keep safe, Stj. 78.
af-tak, n. 1. gener. taking away, B. K. 108. 2. 'taking
off' (Shaksp.), slaying, executing; hvat hann vill bjóða f
yrir a. Geirsteins,
compensation for the slaughter of G., Fms. vii. 360; en a. hans (slayi
ng)
segja eigi allir einum hætti, x. 390; með aftaki Ólafs, by s
laying him,
 195; um manna aftök, executions, Gþl. 137: cp. aftaka, an
d taka af, to
execute, behead. 3. in pl. commonly used of, a. flat denial, in
such phrases as, hafa aftök um e-t, to deny flatly. In some compds t
his
signification can be traced, as in aftaka-minni, Fms. i. 139. β. it is also
now used in many compds of whatever is excessive, above all measure,
 e. g. aftaka-veðr, a hurricane. COMPDS: aftaks-skjöldr, m.
a huge
shield, Fas. i. 415. aftaka-maðr, m. a determined, obstinate person;
 hón var a. mikill um þetta mál, he was very stubborn
in this case, Hkr. ii. 74.
aftaka-minni, adj. compar. less obstinate, more pliable; stóð
konungr í
fyrstu fast á móti, en drottning var allt aftakaminni, the king
at first stood
fast against it, but the queen was all along less stubborn, Fms. i. 139.
af-taka, n, f. = aftak: 1. gener. loss, privation; a. ok missa, of
a
personal loss by death, Edda 37. 2. death by violent means, slaughter;
 til aftöku manna eðr fú upp at taka, for the cutting off
of men or the confiscation of their goods, Eg. 73, 252; hann hafði verit at aftöku &
thorn;orkels
fústra, Fms. vii. 201, Orkn. 22 old Ed. Formerly there were no public
executions in Icel., except the stoning of wizards or witches, Ld. ch. 98,
Eb. ch. 20, Vd. ch. 26; and the hanging of thieves, Fbr. ch. 19, Kb. l. c.
Now, however, used in the sense of public execution, and in various
compds, e. g. aftöku-staðr, m. place of execution, etc.
af-tekja, u, f. dues, collections, revenues, or the like; til forr
æðis ok
allra aftekna (gen. pl.), Bs. 692; ábúð ok a. staðanna, revenue, 752.
af-tekning, f. taking away, a grammatical term, an apostrophe,
 Skálda 182.
af-tekt, f. = aftekja, Fms. v. 274, xi. 441, Bs. i. 68.
af-telja, talði, to dissuade, Fms. x. 27.
af-tigna, að, now antigna, v. andtigna, to disgrace, Sks. 225.
af-trú, f. unbelief, heresy, Orkn. 188.
af-trúast, að, dep. to fall into unbelief, Bs. ii. 181.
af-tækiligt, n. adj. advisable, feasible, [cp. taka e-t af,
to decide for],
Fms. viii. 348.
af-tækt, n. adj. blamable; er þat ok ætlun m&iac
ute;n at fátt muni vera
aftækt um yðra skapsmuni, I 'ettle' that there will be little blame
worthy
about your turn of mind, Fms. v. 341.
af-tæma, ð, to 'loom off,' to empty, Fr.
afugr, backwards, going the wrong way, v. öfugr.
afund, envy, v. öfund.
af-undinn, adj. cross, uncivil.
afusa, gratitude, pleasure, v. aufusa.
af-vega, adv. [afvegar, Bs. ii. 92], off the way, astray, Sd. 149.
Metaph.
in moral sense; leiða a., to mislead; ganga a., to go astray.
af-vegaðr, part. misled, Mar.
af-vegis = afvega, astray, Skálda 203.
af-velta, adj. [the Scot, awald or awalt], cast, use
d of cattle, sheep,
or horses that have fallen on the back and are unable to rise. Háv. 44.
af-vensla, u, f. expenses, outlay; auðræði (means
) urðu brátt eigi mikil,
en afvenslur þóttu varla með mikilli stillingu, Bs. i. 136.
af-vik, n. a creek, recess, Stj. 195; metaph. a hiding-place, þiðr. 137.
af-vikinn, part, secluded, retired; a. staðr = afvik.
af-vinna, u, f. encumbrance, due, fees, outgoings, = afskyld. Freq
. in
deeds of gift. e. g. D. I. i. 203, 266; þá lágu öngar g
jafir til staðarins, en a.
varð öngu minni, then no gifts came in to the see, but the outlay wa
s in
nothing less, Bs. i. 84; þá görðust fjárhagir &
uacute;hægir í Skálaholti, urðu
afvinnur miklar (great outgoings) en tillög (incomings) eingi
n, Bs. i. 99.
af-virða, ð and t, to despise, Barl. several times.
af-virðiligr, adj. worthless, poor, despicable, Barl. 75, 154;
v. auvirðiligr
and auðv., which are the Icel. forms.
af-virðing, f., contr. ávirðing, disrepute, disgrace, f
ault, Bs. ii. 187.
af-vænn, adj. unexpected, Fas. 11. 552.
af-vöxtr, m. 'off-wax,' i. e. decrease, N. G. L. i. 21
4; opp. to ávöxtr.
af-þerra, ð, and mod. að, to wipe off; metaph. to
expunge, Stj. 142.
af-þokka, að, in the phrase, a. e-t fyrir e-m, to throw disc
redit on,
run down, set against, Fms. ii. 145; hann útti fátt við ja
rl, en afþokkaðí
<PAGE NUM="b0010">
<HEADER>10 AFþVATTR -- AKRTIUND.</HEADER>
heldr fyrir þeim fyrir öðrum mönnum, he had little to do
with the earl,
but rather ran them down before other men, Orkn. 378.
af-þvattr, m. a washing off, ablution, Fr.
af-æta,
a great
bully; ér
111; sterkir
menn ok afætur
ófóti,
u, f. [af and eta], prop, a voracious beast, a glutton,

langfeðgar erut garpar miklir ok afætor, Fms. xi.
miklar, iii. 143. It is perhaps identical with the present
n. a vile thing, offscouring.
AGG, n. brawl, strife, now freq.

AGI, a, m. [A. S. oga; Dan. ave; Engl. awe: cp. Ulf.
agis, n., and
perh. GREEK or GREEK], gener. awe, terror; þá skelfr jö
rð öll í aga miklum,
then all the earth quakes in great awe, Hom. 100; agi ok ótti, 
awe and
terror, Fms. vi. 442. β. metaph. turbulence, uproar, disorder, e
sp. in
the phrase, agi ok úfriðr, uproar and war, Fms. ii. 241, vi. 2
98, 430. γ.
awe, respect; var eigi sá annarr konungr, er mönnum stæ
ði af jafnmikill agi
af fyrir vizku sakir, there was not another king who inspired his men with so
much awe for his wits' sake, Fms. x. 406; Guðs a., fear of God, S
ks. 354,
667. δ. discipline, constraint, now freq. in this sense; í &
aelig;skunni meðan
hann er undir aga, Sks. 26. II. moisture, wet, now freq., cp. vatnsagi. Also a verb aga, að, to chastise, is now freq. COMPDS: aga-samligr, adj. unruly, Fms. vii. 274. aga-samr, adj. turbulent, in uproar;
 agasamt mun þá verða í héraðinu, ef alli
r þorláks synir eru drepnir, there
will be uproar in the district if all Thorlak's sons are slain, Eb. 230.
AGN, n. bait, Barl. 123, Niðrst. 623. 3. There is now in many
cases a distinction between agn, bait for foxes and land animals, and
beita, bait for fish; but in the poem Hým. 18, 22, at least, agn i
s used of
fishing; ganga á agnið is to nibble or take the bait: c
p. egna.
agn-hald, n. a barb of a hook.
agn-sax, n. fishing knife, with which bait for fish is cut, Edda 3
6,
Nj. 19 (arnsax is a false reading), Fas. i. 489.
agn-úi, a, m. the barb of a hook for keeping on the agn; sk
al a. vera á
hverjum þorni, Sks. 419 (B. reads agnör).
agn-ör, f. a barbed hook, Sks. 89 new Ed.
AKA, ók, óku, ekit; pres. ek. It also occurs in a weak form
, að,
Fagrsk. 104, which form is now perhaps the most common. [Neither
Ulf. nor Hel. use this word, which appears also to be alien to the SouthTeut. idioms. The Germans say fahren; the English to drive, carry;
cp. Engl. yoke. In Latin, however, agere; Gr. GREEK] Gener
. to move,
drive, transport, carry: I. to drive in harness in a sledge or
other
vehicle (where the vehicle is in dat.), as also the animal driven; bryggjur
svá breiðar, at aka mátti vögnum á víxl, 'briggs' (i. e. wharfs or piers,, cp.
'Filey Brigg') so broad, that wains might meet and pass each other, Hkr.
ii. 11; gott er heilum vagni heim at aka, 'tis good to drive home with a
whole wain, to get home safe and sound, cp. Horace solve senescentem,
 Orkn. 464, Al. 61; þórr á hafra tvá, ok reið
þá er hann ekr, in which he
drives, Edda 14, Ób. adds í (viz. reið þá er
hekr i), which may be the
genuine reading. β. with the prep, i; Freyr ok ok í kerru með ge
lti,
Edda 38. γ. absol. to drive, i. e. travel by driving; &thorn
;eir óku upp á land,
Eg. 543; fóru þeir í sleðann ok óku nóttin
a alia, drove the whole night,
 Fms. iv. 317. With the road taken in acc.; aka úrgar brautir, Rm. 36
;
báðu hennar ok heim óku (dat. henni being understood), carryin
g a bride
home, 37. 20. II. to carry or cart a load, (to lead,
in the north of
England) :-- in Iceland, where vehicles are rare, it may perhaps now and
then be used of carrying on horseback. The load carried is commonly
in dat. or acc.: α. acc.: aka saman hey, to cart hay, Eb. 150; sama
n
ok hann heyit, Ísl. ii. 330; hann ok saman alla töðu sína
, Landn. 94; þá
tekr Gísli eyki tvá, ok ekr fé sitt til skógar, G&ia
cute;sl. 121; but absol., ok ekr
til skógar með fjárhlut sinn, l. c. 36; þá let ko
nungr aka til haugsins vist
ok drykk, then the king let meat and drink be carted to the 'how' (bar
row),
Fms. x. 186; vill hann húsit ór stað færa, ok vill hann
aka þat, carry it
away, Grág. ii. 257; líkin váru ekin í sleða
, carried in a sledge, Bs. i.
144. β. dat. more freq., as now; hann ók heyjum sínum &aacute
; öxnum,
carried his hay on oxen, Fbr. 43 new Ed.; einn ók skarni á
hóla, carted
dung alone on the fields, Nj. 67, Rd. 277. γ. with the animals in dat.
,
þórólfr let aka þrennum eykjum um daginn, with thre
e yoke of oxen, Eb. 152;
or with the prep. á, ríðr þórðr hesti þ
eim er hann hafði ekit á um aptaninn,
Ísl. ii. 331, Fbr. 43; ef maðr ekr eðr berr klyfjar á, 
leads or carries on
packsaddles, Grág. i. 441. δ. absol., þat mun ek til finn
a, at hann ok
eigi í skegg ser, that he did not cart it on his own beard, Nj. 67
. ε.
part., ekinn uxi, a yoked, tamed ox, Vm. 152. III. used by sailors
,
in the phrase, aka segli, to trim the sail; aka seglum at endilöngum
skipum, Fms. vii. 94; bað hann þá aka skjótt seglunum, o
k víkja út í
sund nokkut, 131. In mod. Icel. metaph., aka seglum eptir vindi, to set
one's sail after (with) the wind, to act according to circumstance
s; cp.
aktaumar. IV. metaph. in a great many proverbs and phrases, e. g.
aka heilum vagni heim, v. above; aka höllu fyrir e-m, to get the worst o
f
it, Ld. 206; aka undan (milit), to retire, retreat slowly in a battle
; óku þeir
Erlingr undan ofan með garðinum, Fms. vii. 317; akast undan (reflex.), id.,
278; þeir ökuðust undan ok tóku á skógana, they took to the woods, Fagrsk.
174 (where the weak form is used); sumir Norðmenn óku undan á
hæli
ofan með sjónum, x. 139: aka e-m á bug, the figure probably ta
ken from
the ranks in a battle, to make one give way, repel, en ef Ammonite aka,
þér á bug, if they be too strong for thee, Stj. 512.
2 Sam. x. 11. Mkv. 7; also
metaph., aka bug á e-n, id.; mun oss þat til Birkibeinum, at
þeir aki á oss
engan bug, to stand firm, with unbroken ranks, Fms. viii. 412. It is now
used impers., e-m á ekki ór að aka, of one who has always bad
luck, probably ellipt., ór steini or the like being understood; cp. GÍsl. 5
4, the phrase,
þykir ekki ór steini hefja, in the same sense, the figure being tak
en from a
stone clogging the wheels; ok hann af sér fjötrinum, threw it off
by rubbing,
 Fas. ii. 573; þá ekr Oddr sér þar at, creeps,
rolls himself thither, of a fettered prisoner, id.; the mod. phrase, að aka sér, is to shrug the
shoulders as a
mark of displeasure: aka ór öngum, ex angustiis, to clear one's w
ay, get out
of a scrape, Bjarn. 52; aka í moínn, to strive against,
a cant phrase. Impers. in the phrase, e-m verðr nær ekit, is almost run over, has a
narrow
escape, varð honum svá nær ekit at hann hleypti inn &iacute
; kirkju, he was so hard
driven that he ran into the church, Fms. ix. 485; hart ekr at e-m, to be
in
great straits, ok er þorri kemr, þá ekr hart at mönn
um, they were pressed
hard, Ísl. ii. 132; ekr mi mjök at, I am hard pressed, G&
Iacute;sl. 52; er honum
þótti at sér aka, when death drew near,, of a dying m
an, Grett. 119 A.
Reflex., e-m ekst e-t í tauma, to be thwarted in a thing, where th
e figure
is taken from trimming the sail when the sheet is foul, Fms. xi. 121. In
later Icelandic there is a verb akka, að, to heap together, a. e-u sa
man,
no doubt a corruption from aka with a double radical consonant, a cant
word. Aka is at present a rare word, and is, at least in common speech,
used in a weak form, akar instead of ekr; akaði = ók; akat =
AKARN, n. [Ulf. akran -- GREEK; Engl. acorn; Germ. ecker
; Dan.
agern] , acorn, Edda 30 and Gl.
ak-braut, n. carriage road, Hkr. ii. 253, Fær. 102, vide Fb.
i. 144.
ak-færi, n. driving gear, carriage and harness, Fms. iii. 20
6, Nj. 153.
AKKERI, n. [no doubt, like Engl. anchor, of foreign origin; cp. Gr
.
GREEK, Lat. ancora. It occurs, however, in a verse as early as the year
996], ankeri, Lv. 99, is a corrupt form from a paper MS., so is also atkeri,
Hkr. i. 311; liggja um akkeri, to lie at anchor, Fbr. 52; leggjast um a.,
to
cast anchor, Fms. iv. 301; heimta upp a., to weigh anchor, 302; a. hr
íffr
við, the anchor holds, Ld. 21, Grág. ii. 397, Jb. 397, Eg. 129
, Fms. vii.
264, ix. 44, x. 136, Hkr. i. 311, Lv. 99, Fas. i. 511, 515. Metaph., a.
vánar, anchor of hope, 677. 17. COMPDS: akkeris-fleinn, m. the
fluke, palm of an anchor, Fms. ix. 387, Orkn. 362. akkeris-lauss,
adj. without, an anchor, Ann. 1347. akkeris-lægi, n. anchorage,
 Jb. 396. akkeria-sát, f. id., Grág. ii. 402, 408. akke
ris-stokkr,
m. an anchor-stock, Orkn. 362. akkeris-strengr, m. an anchor-rope,
cable, Fms. ii. 10. akkeris-sæti, n. anchorage, Jb. 397 B.
AKKORDA, að, [for. word], to accord, Rb. 446.
AKR, rs, pl. rar, [Ulf. akrs; A. S. &oelig;cer; Engl. ac
re; Germ, acker;
 Lat. ager; Gr. GREEK], arable land, ground for tillage: α. opp. to
engi, a meadow; cp. the law term, þar er hvárki sé a.
ne engi, Grág. i.
123, Hrafn. 21. β. opp. to tún, the 'town' or enclosed hom
efield;
 bleikir akrar en slegin tún, the corn-fields are white to harvest
and the
'town,' i. e. the 'infield,' is mown, Nj. 112; helgi tuns ok akra ok
engja,
Bs. i. 719; teðja akra, Rm. 12. 2. metaph. the crop; þeir h&oum
l;fðu niðrbrotið akra hans alla, destroyed all the crop in the fields, Fms. v.
50; ok
er hann óð rúgakrinn fullvaxinn, þá tók d&
ouml;ggskórinn á sverðinu akrinn
uppstandanda, and when he (Sigurd Fafnir's bane) strode through
the
full-waxen rye-field, the tip of his sword's sheath just touched the upstanding ears. Fas. i. 173; sá hinn góði akr (crop) er u
pp rann af þeirri hinni
góðu jörð, Hom. 68. β. name of several farms. COMPDS: a
kraávöxtr, m. produce of the fields, Ver. i. akra-gerði, n.
a 'fieldgarth,' enclosure of arable land, N. G. L. i. 22. akra-karl, m. cognom.
'Acre-carle,' Lv. 40. akra-spillir, m. cognom. destroyer of fields,
 Glúm. 333, Fas. ii. 362, better askaspillir, q. v.
akr-dai, n. (?), wild gourds; veit ek eigi hvat þat heitir (
adds the
translator) þat var því líkast sem a., Stj. 615. 2 Kin
gs iv. 39.
akr-deili, n. a plot of arable land, D. N. ii. 123 (Fr.)
akr-gerði, n. enclosure of arable land, Fms. vii. 178.
akr-görð, f. agriculture, akrgörðar-maðr, m.
ploughmen, Nj. 54.
akr-hæna, u, f. a 'field-hen,' quail, opp. to heiðarh&ae
lig;na or lynghæns, Stj. 292.
akri, a, m. a bird, Edda (Gl.)
akr-karl, m. a 'field-carle,' ploughman or reaper, Stj. 273
, 441, El. 4, 19.
akr-kál, n. 'field-kale,' potherbs, Stj. 615. 2 Kings iv. 3
9.
akr-land, n. land for tillage, Grág. ii. 258, D. I. i. 268,
Bs. i. 348,
Fms. iii. 18. akrlands-deild, f. division of a field, Grág. ii. 26
0.
akr-lengd, f. a field's length (now in Icel. tunlengd, i. e. a
short distance); svá at a. var í milli þeirra, so that there w
as a field's length between
them, Bev. 14 (Norse).
akr-maðr, m. ploughman, tiller of ground, Fms. vi. 187.
akr-neyttr, part, used as arable land, tilled, Sks. 630, v. l.
akr-plógsmaðr, m. ploughman, Stj. 255.
akr-rein, f. a strip of arable land, D. N. ii. 561.
akr-skipti, n. a division of afield, Fms. xi. 441.

akr-skurðr, ar, m. reaping, akrskurðar-maðr, m. a r
eaper, Stj.
Ruth ii. 21 (young men).
akr-súra, u, f. field-sorrel, Hom. 82, 83.
akr-tíund, f. tithe paid on arable land (Norse), N. G. L. i
. 391.
<PAGE NUM="b0011">
<HEADER>AKRVERK -- ALDIN. 11</HEADER>
akr-verk, n. field-work, harvest-work, Bret. 6, Fms. vi. 187, Stj. Ruth i
i.
akrverks-maðr, m. ploughman, tiller of the ground, Ver. 5. Gen
. iv. 2.
ak-stóll, m. probably a chair on wheels or castors;
Ketilbjörn sat á akstóli
injök við pall, in the banquet at Flugumýri in the year 1253, St
url. iii. 182.
AKTA, að, [for. word, which therefore does not observe the contraction into á, which is the rule with genuine words; it appears esp.
in
eccl. writers and annalists at the end of the 13th and 14th centuries,
Arna b. S., K. Á., Stj., the Norse Gþl., etc.: cp. A. S. eahtan; Hel.
ahton, censere, considerare; Germ, achten; mid. Lat. actare, de
terminare et actare, Du Cange in a letter of the year 1284.] I. to
number, tax, value, take a census; akta fólkið, Stj. 2 Sam. xxiv.
10;
fóru þeir víða um land ok öktuðu vísaeyr
i konungs, taxed, Bs. i. 707;
nú byggir maðr dýrra en vandi hefir á verit, akti (t
ax) því fremr dýrra ok
fremr til leiðangrs ok landvarnar, he shall be taxed in due proportion,
 Gþl. 337. 2. to examine, enquire; aktið inniliga öll
þau leyni sem
hánn má í felast, to take diligent heed of all the lurki
ng-places, Stj. 479.
1 Sam. xxiii. 23; aktið þó áðr, and look, that, i
d. 2 Kings x. 23; hann
aktaði eptir (looked after) urn eignir staðarins, Bs. i. 778. 3.
to
devote attention to, study; hann aktaði mjök bókligar listir
, Bs. i. 666,
680. II. a law term, esp. in the Arna b. S., to debate, discuss in
parliament; mú er þetta var aktað (debated) gengu me
nn til lögréttu, Bs. i.
719; var þá gengit til lögréttu, ok lesit bréf k
onungs ok drottningar ok
aktað (stated) af leikmanna hendi hversu prestar höfðu af st
öðum gengit,
735; lögbók öktuð á alþingi, the code of la

w debated at the althing,
 H. Ann. 419. 19. Now only used in the sense of to care for, feel respect
for, but a rare and unclassical
ak-tamr, adj. tame under the yoke; griðungr a., Grág. i
i. 122.
aktan, f. [Germ, achtung], heed, consideration, H. E. i. 41
0.
ak-taumr, m. esp. in pl. ar, lines (taumar) to trim (aka) the sail, distinguished from höfuðbendur, the stays of the mast, perhaps t
he braces of
a sail (used by Egilsson to transl. GREEK in Od. 5. 260), þ&oac
ute;rarinn stýrði
ok hafði aktaumana um herðar sér, þvíat þr&oum
l;ngt var á skipinu, had the
braces round his shoulders, because the boat was blocked up with goods, Ld.
56; the phrase, sitja í aktaumum, to manage the sail; ef ek sigli
með
landi fram, ok sit ek í aktaumum, þá skal engi snekkja tv&ia
cute;tugsessa sigla
fyrir mér, eða ek vilja svipta (reef the sail) fyr en þe
ir, Fms. v. 337; reiði
slitnaði, svá at bæði gékk í sundr höfu&
eth;bendur ok aktaumar, Fas. iii. 118;
reki segl ofan, en a. allir slitni, 204; slitnuðu höfuðbendur ok ak
taumar, Bær.
5, Edda (Gl.) That the braces were generally two may be inferred from
the words við aktaum hvárntveggja hálf mörk, N. G. L. i.
199. 2.
metapn., sitja í aktaumum, to have the whole management of a thing;
 mun yðr þat eigi greitt ganga ef þér erut einir &iac
ute; aktaumum, if you are
alone in the management of it, Ísl. ii. 49; einir um hituna is now us
ed in
the same sense. (The Engl. yoke-lines, as aktaumar is sometimes interpreted (as in the Lat. transl. of the Ld.), are now called stjórntaumar.
Aktanmr is obsolete. See 'Stones of Scotland,' tab. liv. sqq.)
AL- [A. S. eal-; Engl. all, al-; Germ, all-]
, a prefix to a great many
nouns and participles, but only a few verbs, denoting thoroughly, quite,
perfectly, completely, answering to Lat. omni- and Gr. GREEK-
or GREEK-. If
followed by a u or v it sometimes changes into öl, e.
g. ölúð, benignitas;
ölværð, laetitia: ölteiti, hilaritas, is i
rregular, instead of alteiti. The
prefixed particle al- differs from all-, which answers to Lat. per-, A. S
.
eall-, Engl. very: v. the following compds.
ALA, ól, ólu, alið; pres. el, [Ulf. a single time uses
the partic. alans =
(GREEK, and twice a weak verb aliþs = GREEK, a fatling. The
word seems alien to other Teut. idioms, but in Lat. we find alere; cp. th
e
Shetland word alie, to nourish.] Gener. to give birth to, nourish, sup
port,
 etc. I. to bear, esp. of the mother; but also of both parents
; rarely
of the father alone, to beget: börn ólu þau, they be
gat children, Rm. 12; þat
barn er þau ala skal eigi arf taka, Grág. i. 178: of the father alo
ne, enda
eru börn þau eigi arfgeng, er hann elr við þeirri konu, 
which be begets by
that woman, 181; but esp. of the mother, to bear, give birth to; j&oa
cute;ð ól
Amma, Rm. 7; þóra ól barn um sumarit, Eg. 166, Fms. iv. 32,
i. 14; hon fær
eigi alit barnit, Fas. i. 118. β. metaph. to produce, give rise to;
en nú
elr hverr þessara stafa níu annan staf undir sér, Ská
lda 162. 2. pass.
to be born, begotten; börn þau öll er alin eru fyrir j&oa
cute;l, who are born, N. G. L.
i.; 377; the phrase, alnir ok úbornir, born and unborn, present and fu
ture
generations, has now become aldir ok óbornir; eigu þau bör
n er þar alask
(who are born there) at taka arf út hingat, Grág. i. 181; b
arn hvert skal
færa til kirkju sem alit er, every child that is born, K. Þ.
K. 1; ef barn elsk
svá naer páskum, is born, 16. β. of animals (rarely),
justus heitir forað,
þat elsk (is engendered) í kviði eins dýrs, 655 x
xx. 4. II. to
nourish, support, Lat. alere: 1. esp. to bring up, of children
; the
Christian Jus Eccl., in opposition to the heathen custom of exposing children, begins with the words, ala skal barn hvert er borit verðr, every ch
ild
that is born shall be brought up, K. Á. ch. 1. β. adding the par
ticle upp;
skal eigi upp ala, heldr skal út bera barn þetta, this bairn sha
ll not be brought
up, but rather be borne out (i. e. exposed to perish), Finnb. 112. 2.
to feed, give food to, harbour, entertain; ala gest ok ganganda, guest
s;
ala þurfamenn, the poor, D. in deeds of gift; en sá maðr
er þar býr skal ala
menn alla þá er hann hyggr til góðs at alnir sé,
he shall harbour them, D.
i. 169; ala hvern at ósekju er vill. to harbour, 200; Guð elf
gesti (a proverb),
God pays for the guests, Bs. i. 247; sótt elr sjúkan, fe
ver is the food of the
sick; utanhrepps göngumenn skal enga ala, ok eigi gefa mat, hvár
ki meira
né minna, gangrels of an outlying district shall none of them be harbo
ured,
nor have meat given them, neither more nor less, Grág. i. 293, 117. &
beta;.
of animals, to nourish, breed; einn smásauð er hann ól
heima í húsi sínu,
one pet lamb which he had reared at home in his own house, Stj. 516;
segir allæliligan, ok kvað verða mundu ágæta naut ef
upp væri alinn, of a
live calf, Eb. 318. 2. pass, to be brought tip, educated; ólusk (grew
up) í ætt þar, æstir kappar (or were born),
Hdl. 18; alask upp, to be brought
up; hence uppeldi, n. III. metaph. in such phrases as, ala aldr
sinn, vitam degere, to pass one's days, Bárð. 165: the phrase,
ala e-t eptir
e-m, to give one encouragement in a thing, bring one tip in, esp. in a ba
d
sense; ól hann eptir engum manni ódáðir, Joh. 625. 93:
ala á mál, to
persist in, urge on a thing; karl elr á málið (begs har
d) at Gunnar mundi
til hans fara, Sd. 172, Ísl. ii. 133, 163 :-- the present phrase is, a&et
h; ala e-t
við e-n, to bear a grudge against...; and in a negative sense, ala ek
ki,
to let bygones be bygones: ala önn fyrir, to provide for: a.
öfund, sorg,
um e-t, to grudge, feel pang (poët.),
alaðs-festr, ar, f. [obsolete alaðr, alimentum, Ýt.
13, v. l.], a law term in
the Icel. Commonwealth, viz. the eighth part of the sum fjörbaugr (lifemoney), amounting to an ounce, a fee to be paid by a convict in the C
ourt
of Execution (féránsdómr); if a convict, liable to the less
er outlawry,
failed in paying off the alaðsfestr, he thereby became a complete outlaw,
úalandi; hence the name life-money or blood-money. It is th
us defined:
þar skal gjaldast mörk lögaura at féránsdóm
i, goða þeim er féránsdóminn
nefndi; þat fé heitir fjörbaugr, en einn eyrir (ounce)
þess fjár heitir a. ef
þat fé (the alaðsf. or the whole fjörb.?) gelzt eigi, &tho
rn;á verði hann skógarmaðr úæll, Grág. i. 88; nú gelzt fjörbaugr o
k a. þá skal dæma svá sekðarfé
hans sem skógarmanns, 132: Njála uses the less classic form, a&eth
;alfestr
(per metath.), Nj. 240; cp. Johnsonius (Lat. transl.), p. 529, note 8.
al-auðn, f. devastation, þiðr. 233.
al-auðr, adj. altogether waste, Bret. 168.
al-bata and al-bati, adj. ind. completely cured, quite well, &Iacu
te;sl. ii. 469.
al-berr, adj., now allsberr, quite bare, stark-naked, metaph. m
anifest,
 Sturl. iii. 118.
al-bitinn, adj. part, bitten all over, Rd. 298.
al-bjartr, adj. quite bright, brilliant, Eluc. 10, Fas. i. 663.

al-blindr, adj. stone-blind, Post. 745. 87.
al-blóðugr, adj. all-bloody, Nj. 62, Fms. i. 121, &Iacu
te;sl. ii. 271.
al-bogi = alnbogi, elbow, v. ölnbogi and ölbogi.
al-breiðr, adj. of the full breadth of stuff; a. lérept
, Jb. 348.
al-brotinn, adj. part, all-broken, shattered, Fms. ii. 246.
al-brynjaðr, part, cased in mail, Hkr. ii. 26, Fms. vii. 45, F
as. i. 91.
al-búa, bjó, to fit out, furnish or equip complet
ely, at albúa kirkju,
N. G. L. i. 387; but spec, in part, albúinn, completely equipped,
esp. of
ships bound for sea [where bound is a corruption of boun, the
old English
and Scottish equivalent of buinn. Thus a ship is bound for sea or
outward
bound or homeward bound, when she is completely fitted and furnish
ed
for either voyage; windbound is a different word, where bound is t
he
past part. of bind. Again, a bride is boun when she has her weddin
g
dress on; v. below, búa and búask, which last answer
s to busk]: nú byst
hann út til Íslands, ok er þeir vóru albúnir,
Nj. 10; ok er Björn var a.
ok byrr rann á, Eg. 158, 194: a. sem til bardaga, all-armed for the ba
ttle,
 Fms. xi. 22. β. in the phrase, a. e-s, quite ready, willing to do a
thing; hann kvaðst þess a., Nj. 100, Eg. 74: also with infin., a.
at ganga
héðan, ready to part, Fms. vii. 243.
al-búinn, ready, v. the preceding word.
al-bygðr, part, completely inhabited, taken into possession, e
sp. used of the
colonisation of Iceland; þorbjörn súrr kom út at albyg&
eth;u landi, after the
colonisation was finished, Landn. 142, several times, Hrafn. 3, Eg. 191, etc
.
ALDA, u, f. a wave,
c.; it is
esp. used of rollers, thus
in calm
weather, Edda (Gl.) 2. metaph. in
sjá rennr undan (whence
ðan jafnan köld
ráð komið, veit ek
h;a, of deep, well-planned
freq. as a synonyme to bylgja, bára, et

undiralda means the rollers in open sea
the phrase, skil ek, hvaðan a.
this wave rolls), hafa mér þa
at þetta eru ráð Snorra go&et
schemes, Ld. 284. Now used in many COMPDS: öldu-gangr, m. unruly

sea; öldu-stokkr, m. bulwarks of a ship, etc.
alda- and aldar-, v. old, time, period; (poët. -- people.)
al-dauði and aldauða, adj. ind. dead and gone, extinct, of
families,
races, esp. in the neg. phrase, vera enn ekki a., to be still in full vigour;
 ok óru (váru) eigi þeir a., Ísl. ii. 310; eptir
dauða Haralds var a. hin forna
ætt Danakonunga, died out with king H., Fms. xi. 206; aldauða e
ru þá
Mosfellingar ef ér Sigfússynir skuluð ræna þ&aacut
e;, Nj. 73; ella eru mjök a.
várir foreldrar, Fms. vi. 37; opt finn ek þat, at mér er a.
Magnús
konungr, I often feel that for me king M. is dead and gone, Hkr. iii. 107
.
COMPD: aldauða-arfr, m. a law term, an inheritance to which there is
no heir alive, Gþl. 282, N. G. L. i. 49; cp. Hkv. Hjörv. 11, wher
e aldauðraarfr is a mis-reading; the meaning of the passage hyggsk a. ráða is,
that
he would destroy them to the last man.
ALDIN, n., dat. aldini, [Dan. olden; a Scandinavian radical word(?
)
<PAGE NUM="b0012">
<HEADER>12 ALDINSGARÐR -- ALGYLDR.</HEADER>
not found In Ulf.], gener. fruit of trees, including apples, nuts, acorns
, and
sometimes berries; gras ok aldin ok jarðar ávöxtr allr, herbs
, fruits, and
earth's produce, K. Þ. K. 138; korn ok öllu aldini (dat.), K. &Aa
cute;. 178;
þá verðr þegar eitr í öllu aldini á &t
horn;ví tré, Rb. 358. It originally meant
wild fruits, nuts and acorns; hafði hann enga aðra fæðu
en aldin skógar
ok vatn, Hom. 105; af korninu vex rót, en vöndr af rótinni, e
n af vendi
a., 677. 14; lesa a., to gather nuts, acorns, Dropl. 5; úskapligt
er at taka
a. af trénu fyr en fullvaxið er, unripe fruit, Al. 18; epli st
ór ok fíktrés aldin, great apples and the fruit of fig-trees, Stj. 325. Num
b. xiii.
23. β. of garden fruit; allt þat a. er menn verja með g&ou
ml;rðum eðr
gæzlu, Gþl. 544; akr einn harla góðr lá til kirkju
nnar, óx þar it bezta
aldini, the finest fruits, Fms. xi. 440. γ. metaph., blezað s&e
acute; a. kviðar
þíns, the fruit of thy womb, Hom. 30. Luke i. 42. COMPD: ald
insgarðr, m. a fruit-garden, orchard, Gþl. 543.
aldin-berandi, part, bearing fruit, Sks. 630.

aldin-falda, n, f. a lady with an old-fashioned head-dress, Rm. 2.
aldin-garðr, in. garden, orchard, Lat. hortus; v&iacute
;ngarða, akra ok
aldingarða, Stj. 441. 1 Sam. viii. 14, where aldingarða answers to ol
iveyards, Fms. iii. 194.
aldini, fruit, v. aldin.
aldin-lauss, adj. without fruit, sterile, barren; a. tré, G
reg. 48.
aldinn, adj. [Engl. old; Germ, alt; Ulf. alþeis =
GREEK]. In Icel.
only poët. The Scandinavians say gamall in the posit., but in compar. and
superl. ellri, elztr, from another root ald: it very seldom appears in pr
ose
authors: v. Lex. Poët.; Sks. 630; cp. aldrænn.
aldin-skógr, ar, m. wood of fruit-trees, Stj. Judg. xv. 5,
where vingarðar, olivatré ok aldinskógar answer to the Engl. vineyar
ds and olives.
aldin-tré, n. fruit-tree, Stj. 68.
aldin-viðr, ar, m. fruit-trees, a poët. paraphrase, Fms.
ix. 265, Sks. 105.
ALDR, rs, pl. rar, m. [Ulf. alþs = GREEK or Lat. aevum; Engl. old;
Germ. alter], age, life, period, old age, everlasting time. 1. 
age, lifetime, Lat. vita, aetas; hniginn at aldri, stricken in years, E
g. 187; hniginn
á aldr, advanced in years, Orkn. 216; ungr at aldri, in youth, Fms. iii.
90; á léttasta aldri, in the prime of life, v. 71; á
gamals aldri, old, iii.
71; á tvítugs, þrítugs aldri, etc.; hálf&thorn
;rítugr at aldri, twenty-five years
of age, Eg. 84; vera svá aldrs kominn, at that time of life, F
s. 4; hafa
aldr til e-s, to be so old, be of age, Fms. i. 30; ala aldr, to live, v. ala, Fs.
146; allan aldr, during the whole of one's life, Ver. 45; lifa langan a.,
to
enjoy a long life, Nj. 252. 2. old age, senectus; aldri orpinn, de
crepid, lit. overwhelmed by age, Fms. iv. 233, xi. 21; vera við a
ldr, to be
advanced in years. 3. manns aldr is now used = generation; lifa
marga manns aldra, to outlive many generations: sometimes denoting a
period of thirty to thirty-three years. 4. seculum, aevum, an age,
period; the time from the creation of the world is divided into six such
ages (aldrar) in Rb. 134: cp. öld. 5. eternity; in the phrase, um
aldr, for ever and ever; mun ek engan mann um aldr (no man ever) v
irða
framar en Eystein konung, meðan ek lifi, as long as I live, Fms. vii.
147,
Th. 25; af aldri, from times of yore, D. N. ii. 501; um aldr ok æfi
, for
ever and ever, Gþl. 251, N. G. L. i. 41.
aldraðr, adj. elderly, Fms. i. 70, 655 xiv. B. I; öldru&e
th; kona, Greg. 27.
aldr-bót, f. fame, honour, Lex. Poët.
aldr-dagar, m. pl. everlasting life; um a., for ever and ever, Vsp. 63.
aldr-fremd, f. everlasting honour, Eluc. 51.
aldri qs. aldri-gi, [dat. from aldr and the negative nominal suffix
-gi; Dan. aldrig], with dropped neg. suffix; the modern form is aldrei;
unusual Norse forms, with an n or t paragogical, aldregin, aldregi
t:
aldregin, N. G. L. i. 8, Sks. 192, 202 B, Hom. ii. 150, Stj. 62 (in MS.
A. M. 227. Ed. aldri), O. H. L. 17, 79, and several times; aldregit, N. G. L.
i. 356. The mod. Icel. form with ei indicates a contraction; the old aldr
i
no doubt was sounded as aldrí with a final diphthong, which was later (in
the 15th century) changed into ei. The contr. form aldri occurs over and
over again in the Sagas, the complete aldregi or aldrigi is more rare, but
occurs in Grág. i. 220 A, 321 A, ii. 167, etc.; aldrei appears now and th
en
in the Edd. and in MSS. of the I5th century, but hardly earlier. I.
never, nunquam: 1. temp., mun þik a. konur skorta, Ísl. ii.
250;
koma aldregi til Noregs síðan, Nj. 9; verðr henni þat aldre
gi rétt, Grág.
ii. 214; ella liggr féit aldregi, in nowise, i. 220; sú s&o
uml;k fyrnist aldregi,
361; ok skal aldregi í land koma síðan, ii. 167. 2. loc. (rare
),
mörk var svá þykk upp fra tungunni at aldri (nowhere) v
ar rjóðr í (=
hvergi), Sd. 170. II. ever, unquam, after a preceding negative,
appears twice in the Völs. kviður; en Atli kveðst eigi vilja mund a
ldregi
(eigi aldregi = never), Og. 23; hnékat ek af því til
hjálpar þér, at þú værir
þess verð aldregi (now, nokkurrt tíma), not that thou ever h
adst deserved it,
II. β. following a comparative, without the strict notion of negation;
verr en a. fyr, worse than ever before, Stj. 404; framar en a. fyr, l. c.
Cod. A;
meiri vesöld en áðr hafði hann aldregi þolat, great
er misery than he ever before had undergone, Barl. 196. III. aldr' = aldri = semper; al
dr' hefi
ek frétt..., I have always heard tell that..., in a verse in Orkn.
aldr-lag, n. laying down of life, death, destruction, a poët.
word, in
the phrase, verða e-m at aldrlagi, to bring to one's life's end, Fms.
viii.
108, Al. 106; esp. in pl. aldrlög, exititim, Bret. 59, 66, 67.
aldr-lok, n. pl. close of life, death, Hkv. 2. 10.
aldr-máli, a, m. tenure for life, D. N., unknown in Icel.,
Dan. livsfæste.
aldr-nari, a, m. [A. S. ealdornere, nutritor vitae,], poët, n
ame of fire,
 Vsp. 57, Edda (Gl.)
aldr-rúnar, f. pl. life-runes, charms for preserving life,
Rm. 40.
aldr-rúttr, adj. on terms of peace for ever, D. N. in a law
phrase, a. ok
æfinsáttr, Fr.
aldr-slit, n. pl. death, in the phrase, til aldrslita, ad urnam
, Sturl. iii. 253.
aldr-stamr (perh. aldrscamr), adj. = fey, only in Akv. 42.
aldr-tili, a, m. [cp. as to the last part, Germ, ziel], death,
loss of
life, exitium; rather poët.; or in prose only used in emphatic phrases;
hefir þó lokit sumum stöðum með aldrtila, has ended
fatally, Fms. viii.
153; ætla ek þær lyktir munu á verða, at vér
munim a. hljóta af þeim
konungi, he will prove fatal to our family, Eg. 19; mun ek þanga&et
h; sækja
heldr yndi en a. (an alliterative phrase), Bret. 36; údæmi ok a., 3
8 :-- the
words, Acts ix. I, 'breathing out tbreatenings and slaughter,' are in the
Icel. translation of the year 1540 rendered 'Saul blés ógn og aldr
tila.'
aldr-tjón, n. loss of life, Lex. Poët.
aldr-tregi, a, m. deadly sorrow; etr sér aldrtrega, Hm. 19.
ald-rænn, adj. elderly, aged (rare), Lex. Poët.; hinn a
ldræni maðr,
Fms. vi. 65, but a little below aldraðr; a. kona, Bs. i. 201, v, 1. öld
ruð.
aldur-maðr, m. alderman [A. S. ealdorman], Pd. 13.
al-dyggiliga, adv. truly, with perfect fidelity, Hom. 135.
al-dyggr, adj. faithful, Barl. 5.
al-dæli, adj. very easy to treat, Jv. 24, Mag. 115.
al-dæll, adj. easy to deal with, gentle, Grett. 108; A and B
dæll.
al-eiga, u, f. a person's entire property, Gþl. 543, Hkr. ii

. 344, iii. 141,
Bs. ii. 66. COMPD: aleigu-mál, n. a suit involving a person's whole
property, Gþl. 550 :-- so also aleigu-sök, f., Hkr. ii. 163.
al-eyða, n, f. devastation, esp. by fire and sword; göra
aleyðu, to turn
into a wilderness, Fms. xi. 42, Hkr. iii. 141.
al-eyða, adj. ind. altogether waste, empty, void of people; a.
af mönnum,
Hkr. i. 98, ii. 197; brennir ok görir a. landit, burns and makes the lan
d
an utter waste, Hkr. i. 39; sumir lágu úti á fjöll
um, svá at a. vóru bæirnir
eptir, some lay out on the fells, so that the dwellings were utterly empty
and wasted behind them, Sturl. iii. 75.
al-eyða, dd, to devastate, Karl. 370.
al-faðir, m. father of all, a name of Odin, v. alföðu
r.
al-far, n., better álfar [áll], channel, B. K. 119.
al-fari, adj. ind., now alfarinn; in phrases like fara, koma alfari, t
o start,
set off for good and all, Fms. iii. 92, Bret. 80, Fas. i. 249; rí&eth
;a í brott a.,
Nj. 112, Bs. i. 481; koma til skips a., Grág. ii. 75. [Probably an obsolete dat. from alfar.]
al-farinn, adj. part, worn out, very far gone, Stj. 201, of the ki
ne of
Pharaoh, 'ill-favoured and lean-fleshed,' Gen. xli. 3. β. now = alfa
ri.
al-feginn, adj. very glad ('fain'), Lex. Poët.
al-feigr, adj. very 'fey,' i. e. in extravagant spirits, in the
frame of mind
which betokens speedy death, a. augu, Eg. in a verse.
alfr, alfheimr, etc., elves etc., v. álfr etc.
al-framr, adj. (poët.) excellent, Lex. Poët.
al-fríðr, adj. very fair, Lex. Poët.
al-frjáls, adj. quite free, Sks. 621.
al-frjóvaðr, part. in full flower. Lex. Poët.
alft, f. swan, v. álpt.
al-fullr, adj. quite full, Greg. 26.
al-fúinn, adj. quite rotten, Fms. vi. 164.
al-færr, adj. quite fit, quite good, Vm. 177, v. ölforr

.
al-fært, n. of weather, fit for travelling, Sd. = fært
.
al-föðr, m. father of all, the name of Odin as the suprem
e god in Scandinavian mythology, Edda i. 37 (Ed. Havn.) Now used (theol.) of God.
al-gangsi and algangsa, adj. ind. quite common, current, Sks. 199,
208 B.
al-geldr, adj. part, ow ite gelded, of cattle, Grág. i. 503
. β. now
also= giving no milk.
al-gildi, n. a law term, full value, Gþl. 392. COMPD: algild
is-vitni,
n. a law term, lawful testimony, competent witness; defin., N. G. L. i. 2
11.
al-gildr, adj. of full value, in a verse in Fs. 94; now common, op
p. to
hálfgildr, of half value, or ógildr, valueless.
al-gjafl, prob. a false reading, N. G. L. i. 347 = frjálsgjafi.
al-gjafta, adj. ind. stall-fed, of cattle, Ísl. ii. 38.
al-gleymingr, m. [glaumr], great glee, great mirth, in the phrase,
slá
á algleyniing, to be in great glee, to be very merry, Stud. iii. 1
23. The
Icel. now say, að komast í algleyrning, to run high, to the highes
t point.
al-góðr, adj. perfectly good, now used of God. β.
albeztr kostr, by
far the best match (Germ. allerbester), Ld. 88.
al-grár, adj. quite grey, þorf. Karl. 424.
al-gróinn, adj. part, perfectly healed, Eluc. 57.
al-grænn, adj. quite green, flourishing, Lex. Poët.
al-gullinn, adj. (poët.) all-golden, Hým. 8.
al-gyldr, adj. all-gilt, Vm. 52.
<PAGE NUM="b0013">
<HEADER>ALGORA -- ALLARÆÐILIGA. 13</HEADER>
al-göra, ð, to finish, of buildings, Hkr. iii. 180, Ld. 114. Met
aph. to
fulfil Fms. iii. 49, Hom. 8, Stj. 18. Reflex, to become completed, Po
st.
626 B. II. Part. algörr, perfect; perfectam fortitudinem is rendered by
algorvan styrkleik, thorough strength, Fms. viii. (pref.), i. 96, Sks. 44
,
274, Stj. 563, 114; hið algörvasta, 677. 7.
al-görlega, adv. altogether, quite, Fms. ii. 42, Greg. 34, et
c.
al-görleikr, now algörlegleikr, s, m. (theol.) perfec
tness, perfection,
 Stj. 21, Fms. x. 337, Rb. 316.
al-görr, adj. part, perfect, finished, v. algöra.
al-gorvi, f. I- perfection, maturity, Stj. 376, Hom. 25. II.
full dress [v. görvi, dress], Sks. 298.
al-heiðinn, adj. altogether heathen; landit (Iceland) v
ar a. nær hundraði vetra, the land was utterly heathen near a hundred (i. e. one hun
dred
and twenty) winters, Landn. 322.
al-heilagr, adj. all-hallowed, N. G. L. i. 141.
al-heill, adj. 1. completely whole, entire, Lat. integer, S
tj. 439.
I Sam. vii. 9 (wholly), Sks. 604, translation from Lat. individua.
2.
perfectly healthy, safe and sound, Fms. xi. 38, ii. 232, Magn. 516.
al-heilsa, u, f. complete restoration to health, Bs. i. 313, v. l.
al-henda, u, f. a metrical term, a subdivision of dróttkvætt
, a metre
having two rhymed couplets in every line; if one of these be half rhyme it
is called a. hin minni (the minor alhenda), if both be full rhymes it is
a.
meiri (complete alhenda), Edda (Ht.) 132, Sturl. ii. 56: thus harð
-múla
varð Skúli is a complete alhenda.
al-hending, f. = alhenda.
al-hendr, adj. used of a metre in alhenda, Edda 132; drápa alhend,
Sturl. ii. 56.
al-hnepptr, adj. part, (metric.) an apocopate (hneppt) species
of the
metre dróttkvætt w ith masculine rhymes, v. hnept and h&
aacute;lfhnept. Thus
defined, Edda (Ht.), verse 78; it is called alhneppt, where all the rhymes
are masculine; but hálfhneppt, where feminines and masculines are used
alternately.
al-hreinn, adj. quite pure, clean, Hom. 107.
al-huga and ölhuga or öluga, by eliding the h and changing the
vowel through the following u, adj. ind. [hugr], whole-hearted, in ful
l
earnest, Sturl. iii. 272, v. l.; ölhuga &aolig-acute;st, sincere lov
e, Greg. 17.
al-hugat, alugat, or alogat, n. part, in real earnest, w
hole-hearted,
having made one's mind up; ef þér er þat alhugat, if t
hou be in earnest,
 Nj. 49; föður hans var alogat at drepa Davíd, his father
's heart was set
on slaying David, Stj. 473. I Sam. xx. 33. β. used substantively,
serious matters; blanda hégóma við alhugat (now alvara)
, to blend trifles
with serious things. γ. adverb. steadfastly, earnestly; iðr
ast a., to repent
sincerely, Hom. 166; en ef þú sér at alogat (really) tekr fé þitt at vaxa,
Sks. 34, 339; þá er hann alogat úsekr, really guiltless, 677. 9.
al-hugi and alogi, a, m. earnest; þetta er a. minn en
engi hégómi, I
am in full earnest, Ísl. ii. 214; hvárt er þessa leita&e
th; með alhuga, in
earnest, Eb. 130; er hitt heldr a. minn, I am determined, Fms. ii. 94
;
með enum mesta alhuga, with the most steadfast will, Hkr. i. 258, Fms
.
viii. 186, Bs. i. 732.
al-hugligr, adj. sincere; ekki þótti mér &Oacu
te;lafr frændi várr a., methought
our kinsman Olaf was not quite sincere, Sturl. i. 81.
al-hungraðr, adj. part, very much an-hungered, Barl. 200.
al-húsa, að, to 'house,' roof in, Fms. x. 153,
al-hvítr, adj. quite white, Fms. xi. 16, Stj. 260.
al-hýsa, t, = alhúsa. Part. alhýst, when all the
buildings are finished,
in a complete state, Sturl. i. 68.
al-hýsi, n. farm-buildings, homestead, Gísl. 38, Bs.
i. 144, Fas. iii. 15.
al-hægð, f. perfect ease, Sturl. i. 56, v. 1. and dub.
al-hægr, adj. perfectly easy, smooth; a. tungubragð, 
a smooth, glib
tongue, Skálda 170, Fas. ii. 65.
ali-, used of household or tame animals in some COMPDS: 
ali-björn, m.
a tame bear, Grág. ii. 118, cp. Fms. vi. 297-307, Bs. i. 6l. al
i-dýr,
n. a domestic animal, cattle; alidýr þat sem vér k&ou
ml;llum búsmala, houselamb, Stj. 18, Finnb. 226, of a tame bear. ali-fe, n. fatlings, Matth.
xxii. 4, in the transl. of 1540. ali-fiskr, m. fish fattened in a stew
 or
pond, in the local name Alifiskalækr, m. the brook of fattened t
rout, Gþl.
4. ali-fugl and -fogl, m. tame fowl, Stj. 560, þi&eth
;r. 79; öxn mín ok
alifoglar, Greg. 43. Matth. l. c. ali-gás, f. a fattened goose,
 Fms. vi.
347. ali-karl, m. a nickname, cp. in familiar language fat carle,
 Sturl. i. 123. ali-sauðr, m. a pet sheep, Stj. 516. 2 Sam
. xii. 3.
ALIN, f. A dissyllabic form alun appears in old poetry, v. Lex. Po
ët.
In early prose writers a monosyllabic form öln prevails in nom. dat. acc.
sing., D. I. i. 310. l. 22 (MS. of the year 1275), 314. l. 16 (MS. year
1250), 311, 312. l. 16, 313. l. 7, 89. l. 1. Nom. pl., α. the old, alnar;
β.
the later, alnir: the former in -ar, in D. I. i. 309 (a MS. of the year 1275),
310-312 (MS. year 1370), 313, 316. l. 19, 318. 1. 15. The pl. in -ir,
D. I. i. 89 sqq., in MSS. of the 13th and 14th centuries. In the contracted form aln- the simple radical vowel soon became a diphthongal á
,
 viz. álnar, álnir, álnum, álna, and is at prese
nt so spelt and pronounced.
We find an acute accent indeed in álna (gen pl.), D. I. i. 313. l. 25 (MS
.
year 1375), and dinar, id. l, 7; álnom, 1. 28; ölnum with changed vo
wel,
N. G. L. i. 323 (in an Icel. transcript). The present declension is, nom.
acc. alin, gen. álnar; pl. nom. acc. álnir, gen. álna, dat.
alnum. I.
properly the arm from the elbow to the end of the middle finger [Gr. GREE
K ,
 Lat. ulna, cp. A. S. el-boga, Engl. el-bow, etc.]; alm
ost obsolete, but still
found in the words ölbogi qs. öln-bogi, 'elbow,' and úlf
-liðr, prop. uln- or ólnliðr, wrist, commonly pronounced unl-liðr [false etymol., v. Edda
, p. 17];
cp. Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 19, where tungl (luna) and unl- rhyme. Freq. in poetry in
such compounds as alun-leygr, -brandr, ölun-grjót, alnar-gim, alin-l
eygr, the
standing poët, name of gold and gems being ignis or lapis
cubiti. II.
mostly metaph.: 1. an ell, [Ulf. aleina; A. S. eln; Engl. ell; O. H. G.
elina; Dan. alen; Lat. ulna, cp. cubitum] ; t
he finger, arm, foot were
the original standards for measure. The primitive ell measured the length
from the elbow to the point of the second finger, and answered to about
half a yard Engl. = 18 inches. The Icel. ell before the year 12OO measured
just half a yard. About this year, by a law of bishop Paul, the ell was
doubled into a stika, a stika being precisely = two ells = an Engl. ell o
f
that time. To prevent the use of bad measure, a just and lawful stika
(yard) was marked on the walls of the churches, esp. that at Thingvellir,
as an authorised standard, Páls S. ch. 9, Bs. i. 135, D. I. i. 309, 316,
Jb. Kb.
26; ensk lérept tveggja álna, English linen of two ells measure
, id.; þat er
mælt, at at graftar kirkju hverri skal mæla stiku lengd, þ&aac
ute; er rétt sé at hafa
til álna máls, ok megi menn þar til ganga ef á skilr
um alnar, 309. During
the whole of the 15th century the Icel. trade was mainly in British hands;
thus the Engl. double ell probably prevailed till the end of the 15th or beginning of the 16th century. The Hanse Towns ell = 21 1/11. UNCERTAIN inches was
then introduced, and abolished in the year 1776, when the Dan. ell = 24
inches came into use. At present the Hanse Towns ell is called Íslenzk
alin (Icel. ell), and the original half-yard ell is quite obsolete; cp. J
ón Sigurðsson in D. I. i. 306-308, and Pál Vidal. s. v. alin. 2. a unit of value
,
 viz. an ell (half-yard measure) of woollen stuff (vaðmál); the v
aðmál (Halliwell wadmal, Engl. woadmal, Orkn. and Shell, wadmaal and
vadmel)
 was in Icel. the common medium of payment, whence an ell became the
standard unit of value or property, whether in land or chattels; 120 ells
 make a hundred, v. that word. In D. I. i. 316 we are told that, abou
t
the year 1200, three ells were equal in value to one ounce of ordinary
silver, whence the expression þriggja álna eyrir (a common phrase d
uring
the 13th century). The value of the ell of vaðmal, however, varied
greatly; during the 11th and 12th centuries six ells made an ounce, D. I.
i. 88. In Norway we find mentioned níu, ellifu álna aurar (nine, e
leven
ells to an ounce). In Grág. (Kb.) ii. 192, § 245, it is said that, a
bout the
year 1000, four ells in Icel. made an ounce, and so on; vide Dasent,
Essay in 2nd vol. of Burnt Njal., and Pal Vidal. s. v. alin. COMPDS:
álnar-borð, n. a board an ell long, N. G. L. i. 100. álnar-breiðr,
adj. an ell broad, Fas. ii. 118. alnar-kefli, n. a stajf an ell
long,
 Grág. ii. 339, Ld. 318. álnar-langr, adj. ell-long, Gr
ág. ii. 359.
álnar-tíund, f. tithe of the value of an ell, K. &Aa
cute;. 100. álnar-virði,
n. equal in value to an ell, K. Á. 194. álna-sök, f. action for bad
measure, Grág. i. 472.
al-jafn, adj. quite equal, 677. 12, 655 A. 2.
al-járnaðr, adj. part, shod all round, shod on all four fee
t, Mag. 5.
alka, alca, the awk, v. álka,
al-keypt, n. part, dearly bought, in a metaph. sense, Fms. ix. 302
, Eb.
266, Glúm. 36s, = fullkeypt.
al-kirkja, u, f. a parish church, Pm. 41.
al-klæðnaðr, m. a full suit of clothes, Nj. 73, Eg.

518, Bs. 5. 655, 876.
al-kristinn, adj. completely christianised, Fms. i. 279, Hkr. i. 2
59.
al-kristnaðr, part, id., Hkr. ii. 178, Fms. x. 273.
al-kunna, adj. ind. α. of a thing or event, notorious, universal
ly
known; sem a. er orðit, Fms. xi. 201; en sem vinátta þeirra
görðist a.,
but tvhen their friendship was noised abroad, Hkr. ii. 281. β. of a
person,
knowing, fully informed; unz a., until I know the whole, Vtkv. 8,
10, 12.
al-kunnigr, adj. notorious, Hkr. iii. 26, Stj. Gen. iv. IO, 655 xx
xi. I,
Fms. vii. 5, Hkr. ii. 328.
al-kunnr, adj. id., Fms. v. 40.
al-kyrra, adj. ind. completely calm, tranquil, Fms. xi. 72.
ALL- may in old writers be prefixed to almost every adjective and
adverb in an intensive sense, like Engl. very, Lat. per-, Gr. GREE
K, GREEK.
In common talk and modern writings it is rare (except after a negative), and denotes something below the average, viz. tolerably, pretty
well, not very well; but in the Sagas, something capital, exceeding.
 In high style it may perhaps be used in the old sense, e. g. allfagrt lj&oa
cute;s
oss birtist brátt, a transl. of the Ambrosian hymn, Aurora lucis rutilat.
The instances in old writers are nearly endless, e. g. all-aunt, n. adj.
very eager, Fms. ii. 41; ironically, 150. all-apr, adj. very so
re,
very harsh, v. apr. all-auðsóttligt, n. adj. very easy,
 Fs. 40. allauðveldliga, adv. very easily, Fms. iv. 129. all-auðveldli
gr, adj.
very easy, Fms. v. 331. all-auðveldr, adj. id., Fbr. 15
8: neut. as
adv., Hkr. ii. 76. all-ágætr, adj. very famous, Fms.
ii. 76. alláhyggjusamliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very careful, Fms. vi. 18
4. allákafliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very hot, impetuous, Hkr
. i. 234, ii. 32.
all-ákaft, adj. very fast, Nj. 196. all-áræ&et
h;iliga, adv. very likely, Fær.
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<HEADER>11 ALLARÆÐISLITILL -- ALLMIKILMANNLIGA.</HEADER>
183. all-áræðislítill, adj. very timid, Fm
s. vi. 217. all-ástúðligt,
n. adj. very hearty, intimate, Fms. ii. 20. all-banvænn, adj
. very
likely to prove mortal, Orkn. 148. all-beinn, adj. very hospitable

,
 Fms. ii. 84, Eb. 286: neut. as adv., Fær. 259. all-beiskr, adj
. very
harsh, bitter, Sturl. iii. 167. all-bert, n. adj. very manifest, Lex.
Poët. all-bitr, adj. very biting, sharp, Sks. 548. all-bit
rligr, adj.
of a very sharp appearance, Vígl. 20. all-bjartr, adj. v
ery bright,
 Fms. viii. 361. all-bjúgr, adj. very much bent, curved, Ölkofr. 39.
all-blár, adj. very blue, Glúm. 394. all-bl&iacut
e;ðliga, adv. and -ligr,
adj. very blithely, kindly, Fær. 132. all-blíðr,
adj. very mild, amiable, Sd. 158, Fms. i. 202. all-bráðgörr, adj. very
soon mature, Eb.
16. all-bráðliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very hastily,
 Orkn. 72. all-bråðr,
adj. very hot-headed, Njarð. 370: neut. as adv. very soon, Fms
.
xi. 51: dat. pl. all-bráðum, as adv. very suddenly, 139
. all-bros-ligr,
adj. and -liga, adv. very funny, laughable, Fms. iii. 113. alldasigr,
adj. very sluggish. Lex. Poët. all-digr, adj, very big, st
out;
 metaph. puffed up, Nj. 236. all-djarfliga, adv. and -ligr,
 adj. very
boldly, Fms. ii. 313, Orkn. 102. all-djúpsettr, adj. very deep,
thoughtful, Bret. 158. all-drengiliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very bold,
gallant, Lv. 110. all-dræmt, n. adj. very boastfully, fr
om dramb,
superbia, (the modern word is dræmt = slowly, sluggishly); &
thorn;eir létu a. yfir
sér, boasted, Sturl. ii. 56. MS. Mus. Brit. 1127; Cod. A. M. has a
llvænt,
prob. wrongly. all-dyggr, adj. very doughty, Lex. Poët. al
l-dýrr,
adj. very dear, Fms. iii. 159. all-eiguligr, adj. very worth
having, Sd. 146. all-eina (theol.), á Guð alleina (a hymn)
, alone:
 Hkr. iii. 339 (in a spurious chapter). all-einarðliga, adv. and
-ligr,
adj. very sincere, candid, open, Ld. 334. all-eldiligr and -ell
iligr,
adj. of a very aged appearance, Fms. iii. 125. all-fagr, adj. v
ery bright,
fair, Orkn. 296 old Ed.: neut. as adv. very fairly, Sturl. i. 72. 
all-fast,
n. adj. very firmly, steadfastly, Eb. 290, Fær. 259. all-fastor&
eth;r, adj.
very 'wordfast,' very true to his word, Fms. vii. 120. all-fál&
aacute;tr, adj.
very taciturn, close, Fas. iii. 408. all-fáliga, adv. on
very cold terms,
 Sturl. iii. 298. all-fámáligr, adj. very close, of
very few words, Fms.
iii. 85, iv. 366. all-fámennr, adj. followed by very few people
, Sturl.
ii. 122, Magn. 386. all-far, adj. very few, Eg. 512, Ld. 272, &Iac
ute;sl. ii.
356: neut. on very cold terms, Fms. xi. 55. all-fáræð
inn, adj. of
very few words, Fms. iv. 312. all-feginn, adj. very 'fain,' glad, Eg.
240, Ld. 330. all-feginsamliga, adv. very 'fain,' gladly, Eg. 27.
all-feigligr, adj. having the mark of death very plain on one's face, v.
feigr, Sturl. iii. 234. all-feitr, adj. very fat, Fms. x. 303. 
all-ferliga,
adv. and -ligr, adj. very rudely, Fms. iv. 263. all-fémi
kill,
adj. very costly, Ld. 298. all-fjarri, adv. very far, far from,
 metaph.,
Hkr. ii. 246; eigi a., not improper, Fbr. 15. all-fjartekit, part,
very
far-fetched, Skálda 166. all-fjölgan, adj. acc. very n
umerous (does
not exist in nom.), Sks. 138 A. all-fjölkunnigr, adj. very deeply
versed in sorcery, Fms. ii. 175, Fas. i. 412. all-fjölmeðr a
nd -mennr,
adj. followed, attended by very many people, much frequented, Eg. 724, 18
8,
Hkr. i. 215: n. sing, in very great numbers, Fms. i. 36. all-fjöl
rætt,
n. adj. very heedful, much talked of, Nj. 109. all-forsjáll, adj. very
prudent, Hom. 115. all-framr, adj. very famous, Lex. Poët
.; very far
forward, Grett. 161 A. all-frekliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. v
ery daringly,
impudently, Fas. i. 24. all-frekr, adj. too eager, too daring,
Fms. vii.
164. all-friðliga, adv. in very great peace, Lex. Poët. all-fríðr,
adj. very beautiful, Eg. 23, Hkr. i. 225, ii. 354, Fms. i. 2. all-frj&
aacute;ls,
adj. very free, independent, v. alfrjáls. all-fróðli
gr, adj. and -liga,
adv. very wise, learned, Sks. 306 B. all-fróðr, adj. very learned, Sks.
30. all-frægr, adj. very famous, Fms. ii. 324, Hkr. i. 232,
ii. 187,
Ld. 122. all-frækiliga, adv. and -ligr, adj., and all-fr&
aelig;kn, adj. and
-liga, adv. very bold, boldly, Ísl. ii. 267, Hkr. i. 239, Fms. i.
121. all-fúss,
adj. and -liga, adv. very eager, eagerly, Eg. 488, Fms. xi. 89.
all-fýsiligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very desirable, E
g. 19, 468. all-fölr,
adj. very pale, Lex. Poët. all-gagnsamr, adj. very profita
ble,
gainful, Ísl. ii. 56. all-gamall, adj. very old, Hkr. i
. 34. all-gegniliga
and -gegnliga, adv. very fittingly, Sturl. ii. 63. all-gemsmiki
ll,
adj. very wanton, frolicsome, Sturl. ii. 57. all-gerla
and -görviligr, v. -görla, -görviligr. all-gestrisinn, adj. very hospitable, Háv. 40. all-geysilegr, adj. and -liga, adv. very impetuous,
 Fms. x. 81. all-gildliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. with a very
grand air,
 Grett. 121. all-gildr, adj. very grand. Lex. Poët. al
l-giptusam-liga,
adv. and -ligr, adj. very lucky, Fms. x. 53. all-glaðliga, adv.
and -ligr, adj. very joyfully, joyful, Fms. iii. 143, Lv. 55. a
ll-glaðr,
adj. very joyful, Eg. 163, Ld. 176. all-gleymr, adj. very gleef
ul,
mirthful, in high spirits, [glaumr], verða a. við e-t, Sturl. iii. 1
52, Eb. 36.
all-glæsiliga, adj. and -ligr, adv. very shiny, Eb. 3
4, Fas. iii. 626, Fms.
ix. 430. all-glöggsær, adj. very transparent, dearly visibl
e, metaph.,
þorf. Karl. 380. all-glöggt, n. adj. very exactly, Hkr.
iii. 253, Fas.
iii. 13. all-góðmannliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very
kindly, kind,
 Mag. 6. all-góðr, adj. very good, Nj. 222, Eg. 36,
198. all-greiðliga,
adv. and -ligr, adj. very easy, easily, Eb. 268: neut. as adv., Eb
.
l. c. all-grimmliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very grimly, fiercely
, Fas. iii.
414. all-grimmr, adj. very cruel, fierce, Hkr. iii. 167. all-gr
un-samliga,
adv. and -ligr, adj. very suspiciously, Ísl. ii. 364. al
l-göfugr,
adj. very distinguished, Eg. 598, Bs. i. 60. all-görla, adv.
very clearly, precisely, Hkr. iii. 133, Fms. xi. 15. all-görvilig
r, adj.
very stout, manly, Fms. ii. 28. all-hagstæðr, adj. wi
th a very fair wind,
 Sturl. iii. 109. all-harðligr, adj. and -liga, adv. ve
ry hard, stern, Fas.
i. 382. all-harðr, adj. very hard, stern, Fms. i. 177: n. sing
, severely,
 Nj. 165, Grág. i. 261. all-háskasamligr, adj. and liga, adv. very
hazardous, Fms. v. 135. all-heiðinn, adj. quite heathen, F
s. 89 (in a verse).
all-heilagr, adj. very sacred, Lex. Poët. all-heimskliga, adv. and
-ligr, adj. very foolish, frantic, Hkr. ii. 190, Fas. iii. 293. all-he
imskr,
adj. very silly, stupid, Eg. 376, Grett. 159. all-heppinn, adj. very
lucky, happy, Lex. Poët. all-herðimikill, adj. very broad
-shouldered,
 Eg. 305. all-hermannliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very martia
l, Fms.
xi. 233. all-hjaldrjúgr, adj. very gossipping, chattering,
Lv. 57:
neut. as adv., Vápn. 10. all-hógliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very gently,

 Fms. xi. 240, vi. 274. all-hóleitr and -háleitr, adj. very sublime,
 Hom. 23. all-hór and -hár, adj. very high, t
all, v. -hár. all-hratt,
n. adj. in all speed, Lex. Poët. all-hraustliga, adv. and 
-ligr,
adj. very bravely, Fms. viii. 289, Eb. 34. all-hraustr, adj. ve
ry valiant,
 Fms. viii. 267. all-hreystimannliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. 
very
valiantly, Fms. xi. 95. all-hrumliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. 
very infirmly from age, Fas. ii. 91. all-hræddr, adj. very much afr
aid, Fbr.
94. all-hræðinn, adj. very timid, Fms. vi. 155. all-h
uml;mgsjúkr,
adj. very grieved, heart-sick, Hkr. i. 243, Fms. vi. 133. all-hvass,
adj. of the wind, blowing very sharp, Fms. ix. 20, Lex. Poët. all
-hyggi-ligr,
adj. and -liga, adv. very carefully, Fas. iii. 610. all-h&yacut
e;rliga,
adv. and -ligr, adj. very blandly, with a very bright face, Fas. i
ii. 636.
all-hæðiligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very ridiculous, Finnb. 312. all-hældreginn,
adj. walking very much on one's heels, dragging the heels
very much in walking, of an aged or beggarly person, Band. 9. all-h&oelig
;gliga,
adv. and -ligr, adj. very softly, meekly, Fms. xi. 389. all-h&o
elig;linn,
adj. very bragging. Lex. Poët. all-iðinn, adj. very di
ligent,
laborious, Bs. i. 278. all-illa, adv. and -illr, adj. very
badly, bad,
wicked, Nj. 242, cp. ilia; ill-willed, Eg. 542: compar., vera allver
um, to be
worse off, Nj. 221 (Ed. allvant); angry, Lv. 145; disgraceful,
Eg. 237;
unfortunate, Sturl. ii. 47. all-jafnlyndr, adj. very calm, even
-tempered, Fms. vi. 287. all-kaldr, adj. very cold, Vápn. 2
1. all-kappsamliga,
adv. and -ligr, adj. with very much zeal, liberally, Hkr.
i. 271; veita a., of hospitality, Ld. 292; mæla a., frankly, per
emptorily,
 296. all-kappsamr, adj. very eager, vehement, Eg. 187. all
-karlmannliga,adv.
and -ligr, adj. very manfully, Fms. x. 141. all-kaupmannliga,
adv. in a very businesslike, tradesmanlike way, Fms. v.255.
all-kátligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very funny, Grett.
112. all-kátr,
adj. very joyful, Nj. 18, Eg. 44, 332. all-keppinn, adj. very
snappish, Lex. Poët. all-kerskiligr and -keskiligr, adj.
and -liga,
adv. very sarcastic, biting, Sturl. ii. 196. all-klókr, adj
. very shrewd,
 Hkr. iii. 317. all-knáliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. ve
ry stoutly, vigorously,
 Rd. 312. all-kostgæflliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very
earnestly, in a
very painstaking way, Stj. all-kostigr, adj. very excellent. L
ex. Poët,
all-kviklatr, adj. very quick, lively, Ld. 270. all-kynliga, adv. and
-ligr, adj. very strangely, strange, Ísl. ii. 58, Fms. ii. 227, Gr
ett. 160.
all-kyrrligr, adj. very quiet, tranquil, Háv. 49. all-k&
aelig;rr, adj. very
dear, beloved, Eg. 139, Fms. i. 48; very fond of, Hkr. i. 194: neut.,
Eg.
116, of mutual love. all-langr, adj. very long, Háv. 49. all-laust,
n. adj. very loosely, Fms. xi. 103. all-lágr, adj. very
low, short
of stature, Fbr. 68. all-lengi, adv. very long, K. þ. K.
158. all-léttbrúnn,
adj. of very brightened, cheerful countenance, Ld. 94. all-létt
iliga,
adv. very lightly, Fas. iii. 612. all-léttmælt, n. ad
j., vera
a. um e-t, to speak in a very lively way, Fms. iv. 261. all-lét
tr, adj.
very light (in weight), Fas. iii. 487. all-líkliga, adv. an
d -ligr, adj. in
very agreeable, courteous terms, Fas. i. 84. all-likligr, adj. ver
y likely,
 Fas. ii. 247, Sks. 669. all-líkr, adj. very like, Fas.
iii. 579, Sd. 160,
Korm. 142. all-lítilfjörligr, adj. and -liga, adv. 
very puny, prop, having
little life in one, Háv. 54. all-litill, adj. very littl
e, Fær. 268: n.
sing, all-litt, as adv. very little, Nj. 108, 130, Korm. 172; p
oorly, Grett. 116.
all-lyginn, adj. very given to lying, Fbr. 157. all-makligr, adj. and
-liga, adv. very deserving, fitting, Sturl. iii. 127, Bjarn. 22. all-mann-fátt,
n. adj. with very few people, Gísl. 31. all-mannhættr, adj. very dangerous, Fas. iii. 34. all-mannskæðr, adj. very full of m
anskathe, very
murderous, Fms. ii. 512. all-mannæenligr, adj. a very promis
ing man,
 Fms. iv. 254. all-mannvænn, adj. a man of very great promis
e, Hkr. ii.
182. all-margliga, adv. very affably, Sturl. iii. 27. all-margm
æltr,
part, very talkative, Sturl. ii. 179. all-margr, adj. very nume
rous, pl.
very many, Nj. 32, Grág. ii. 176, Sks. 328, Gþl. 329. all
-margrætt, n.
adj. part, very much spoken of, Fms. viii. 275. all-málugr,
adj. very
loquacious, Hkr. iii. 152, 655 xi. 2. all-máttfarinn, adj. 
very much
worn out, with very little strength left, Fas. ii. 356. all-máttl&
iacute;till,
adj. very weak, Fms. i. 159. all-meginlauss, adj. very void of
strength,
 Fms. xi. 103. all-mikilfengligr, adj. very high and mighty, very
imposing, Fs. all-mikill, adj. very great, Ísl. ii. 269,
Nj. 193, Eg. 29,
39: neut. as adv. greatly, Fms. i. 24, vii. 110. all-mikilmannliga,
<PAGE NUM="b0015">
<HEADER>ALLMISJAFN -- ALLÞRONGR. 15</HEADER>
adv. very nobly, Sturl. i. 33. all-misjafn, adj. very variously, unfavourably, in such phrases as, mæla a. um e-t, there were very dif
ferent
stories about the matter, leggja a. til, ganga a. undir, taka a. á, E
g. 242,
Hkr. ii. 123, Fms. i. 86, vii. no, Ld. 166. all-mjór, adj. very slim,
slender, narrow, Hkr. iii. 117, Gþl. 173. all-mjök, adv. very
much,
 Nj. 134, Ld. 196, Eg. 19; féllu þá a. menn, in very
great numbers, Fms.
i. 173. all-myrkr, adj. very dark, Fms. ix. 23. all-mæðiliga,
adv. with very great effort, heavily, Fms. ix. 16. all-nauðigr, adj.
and -liga, adv. very reluctant, unwilling, Grett. 153; a. staddr, dang
erously, Fms. v. 212. all-náinn, adj. very near, nearly related,
Sks.
330. all-náttförull, adj. very much given to wandering by night,
 Lex. Poët. all-níðskárr, adj. of a poet, given to
mocking, satirical
verse, [níð and skáld (?)], Fms. ii. 7. all-nóg, ad
v. very abundantly,
 Sd. 182. all-nær, adv. very near, Fms. vii. 289; metaph., lag&
eth;i a.
at, pretty nearly, well-nigh, Fs., Sks. 684 B. all-nærri, adv. v
ery near,
 Ld. 202, Fas. iii. 339. all-opt, adv. very often, Anecd. 38, G&thorn
;l. 169.
all-orðfátt, n. adj. in the phrase, göra a. urn, to be very s
hort of words
as to, Bjarn. 31. all-ógurligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very frightfu
l,
 Edda 41. all-ólmliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very furiously, Fa
s. iii.
546, Bárð. 177. áll-óttalaust, n. adj. with very lit
tle to fear, Eg.
 371, v. l. all-ramskipaðr, adj. part, very strongly manned, Fms.
iii.
13. all-rauðr, adj. very red, Ld. 182. all-ráðligr, adj. very expedient, advisable, Grett. 145. all-reiðiligr, adj. looking very wrat
hful, Fms. iv. 161. all-reiðr, adj. very wroth, angry, Edda 57, Nj
. 135,
Eg. 139. all-ríkmarmligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very grand, pompous, magnificent, Fms. i. 213. all-ríkr, adj. very powerful, F
ms. i. 115.
all-rýrliga., adv. and -ligr, adj. very feebly, puny, Fbr. 28. all
-röskliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very smart, brisk, Fms. viii. 317. all-sannligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very likely, 'soothlike,' Fms. iv. 270. allsáttgjarnliga, adv and -ligr, adj. very placable, of mild disposition,
 Sturl. iii. 288. all-seinn, adj. very slow, Bs. i. 192: neut. as adv
.
slowly, Grett. 151 A. all-sigrsæll, adj. very victorious, having
very
good luck in war, Hkr. i. 28. all-skammr, adj. very short, very scant,
 Nj. 264: neut. substantively, a very short way, Finnb. 324; short
distance,
 Fms. iv. 329. all-skapliga, adv. very fittingly, properly, Grett. 12
0.
all-skapværr, adj. of a very gentle, meek disposition, Sturl. all-s
kapþungt, n. adj., vera a., to be in a very gloomy, depressed state of min
d,
 Fms. iv. 26. all-skarpr, adj. very sharp, Lex. Poët. all-skeinu
hættr, adj. very dangerous, vulnerable, Sturl. ii. 139. all-skemtiligr, adj. very amusing, Sturl. ii. 77. all-skillítill, adj. ve
ry slowwitted, dull, Sturl. j. 89. all-skjallkænliga, adv. [skjalla, to fl
atter],
very coaxingly, Grett. 131 A. all-skjótt, n. adj. as adv. very
soon,
 Nj. 236. all-skrautligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very smart, splendid,
 Fas. ii. 366, Mag. 11. all-skygn, adj. very sharp-sighted, Hrafn. 33
.
all-skyldr, adj. bound to, very obligatory; neut. == bounden duty,
Sks.
484; deserved, Gþl. 61: β. nearly related, near akin, F
ms. xi. 75.
all-skyndiliga, adv. very quickly, Blas. 40. all-skynsamliga, adv.
very judiciously, Stud. iii. 161. all-skyrugr, adj. all curd-besprent,
 Grett. 107 A. all-sköruliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very frankly,
boldly, dignified, Sturl. iii. 39, Fms. ix. 5, Ld. 94 C, 226, Bs. i. allsljáliga, adv. very slowly, sluggishly, Grett. 101 A. all-sm&aacut
e;r, adj.
very small, Fms. v. 55, xi. 61. all-snarpliga, adv. and -ligr, adj.
very sharply, smartly, Fms. viii. 346. all-snarpr, adj. very sharp,
 Fms. i. 38, Nj. 246. all-snemma, adv. very early, Fms. ii. 223.
all-snjallr, adj. very shrewd, clever, Fms. viii. 367. all-snú&eth
;ula,
adv. very quickly, Lex. Poët. all-snæfr, adj. very brisk, id. allsnöfurmannligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very brisk and energetic looking,
 of a man, Fms. xi. 79. all-spakliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very mildly,
moderately, wisely, Hkr. ii. 41. all-spakr, adj. very gentle, wise,
 Fms. vi. 298. all-starsýnn, adj. who stares very hard at a thing,
looking fixedly upon, Fms. vi. 203. all-sterkliga, adv. and -ligr, adj.
very briskly, strongly, Ld. 158, Fas. iii. 612. all-sterkr, adj. very
strong, Hkr. i. 238, Eg. 285; Ísl. ii. 461 (very vehement); as
a pr. name,
Fms. iii. 183. all-stilliliga, adv. very calmly, in a very composed
manner, Ld. 318. all-stirðr, adj. very stiff, Háv. 46. all
-stórhöggr, adj. dealing very hard blows, Fms. i. 171. all-stórlig
a, adv.
very haughtily, Hkr. ii. 63, Ld. 168. all-stórmannliga, adv. and ligr, adj. very munificently, nobly, Fas. iii. 45; haughtily, Sd.
146. allstórorðr, adj. using very big words, Eg. 340, Ld. 38 (very
boisterous).
all-stórr, adj. very great, metaph. big, puffed up, Ld. 318
; dat. all-stórum,
as adv. very largely, Edda 32. all-strangr, adj. very rapid, Lex.
Poët. all-styggr, adj. very ill-humoured, cross, Grett. 103 A. allstyrkliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very stoutly, Stj. 402. all-styrkr, adj.
very strong, Fms. i. 177. all-svangr, adj. very hungry, Lex. Po&eu
ml;t.
all-svinnliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very wisely, prudently, wise, Fas. i.
95, ii. 266. all-sættfúss, adj. very placable, peace-loving, ver
y willing to accept an atonement, Sturl. iii. 19. all-s&oelig;miliga, adv. and
-ligr, adj. very seemly, decorous, honourable, Hkr. i. 215, Ísl. i
i. 163.
all-tiginn, adj. very princely, Lex. Poët. all-tillátsamr, ad
j. very
indulgent, lenient, þórð. 12. all-tíðrætt,
n. adj. very much talked of,
much spoken of, Eg. 99, Sturl. i. 199. all-tíðvirkr, adj. very
quick at
work, Fms. xi. 377. all-torfyndr, adj. very hard to find, Fms. vii
.
356. all-torfært, n. adj. very hard to pass, cross, Eg. 546. alltorsótt, n. adj. part, very difficult to reach, Eg. 546. all-tortr
yggiliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very suspiciously, Sturl. ii. 47. all-torveldligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very difficult, Str. all-trauðr, adj. v
ery
slow, unwilling, Fms. xi. 39. all-tregr, adj. very tardy, Fær.
114,
Bárð. 178. all-trúr, adj. very true. Fms. vi. 377. alltryggr,
adj. very trusty, Hkr. iii. 167. all-tvítugr, false reading, inste
ad of eigi
alls t., not quite twenty, Sturl. i. 181. all-undarligr, adj. and -liga,
adv. very odd, wonderful, Fms. ii. 150. all-ungr, adj. very young,
Eg. 268, Fms. i. 14, Ld. 274. all-úbeinskeyttr, adj. shooting very
badly, Fms. ii. 103. all-úblíðr, adj. very harsh, unkin
d, Fas. ii.
all-úbragðligr, adj. very ill-looking, Sturl. iii. 234. all-&u
acute;dæll, adj.
very spiteful, untractable, Sturl. i. 99. all-úfagr, adj. very
ugly, metaph.,
Fms. iii. 154. all-úfimliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very awkwardly,
Fas.
ii. 543. all-úframliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very backward, shy, timid
,
 Fbr. 38 C. all-úfríðr, adj. very ugly, Fms. xi. 22
7. all-úfrýnn,
adj. very sullen, 'frowning,' sour, Eg. 525. all-úfrægr, adj
. very inglorious, Fms. iv. 259. all-úglaðr, adj. very gloomy, sad,
Hkr. iii.
379. all-úhægr, adj. very difficult, Eg. 227. all-úh&
ouml;fðingligr,
adj. very low-looking, very plebeian, Finnb. 222. all-úkátr
, adj. very
sorrowful, Edda 35, Eg. 223, Fms. i. 37. all-úknár, adj. ve
ry weak
of frame, Grett. 119 A, very badly knit; Bs. i. 461 (of boys). allúkonungligr, adj. very unkingly, Fms. viii. 158. all-úkunni
gr, adj.
quite unknown, Ísl. ii. 412. all-úlífligr, adj. v
ery unlikely to live, Hkr.
ii. 200. all-úlíkliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very unlikely,
Gísl. 24, Sd.
123, Finnb. 310. all-úlíkr, adj. very unlike, Glúm.
364. allúlyginn, adj. not at all given to lie, truthful, Fbr. 157. all-&ua
cute;máttuliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. weakly, very weak, tender, Fms. iv. 318. allúráðinn, adj. part, very 'unready' (cp. Ethelred the 'u
nready'), undecided, Lv. 9. all-úráðliga, adv. very unadvisedly, rash
ly, Odd. 12
old Ed. all-úsannligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very untruthful, unjust;
 also, unlikely, Fms. vii. 141. all-úsáttfúss, a
dj. very implacable, unwilling to come to terms, Sturl. iii. 275. all-úskyldr. adj. very
strange
to, not at all bound to..., Eg. 10. all-úspakr, adj. very unruly,
 Sturl. ii. 61. all-úsváss, adj. very uncomfortable, of
weather, cold and
rainy, Bs. i. 509. all-úsýnn, adj. very uncertain, doubtful
, Glúm.
358, Sturl. i. 105. all-úsæligr, adj. of very poor, wretched app
earance,
 Niðrst. 109. all-úvinsæll, adj. very unpopular, Fms
. iv. 369, Fas. iii.
520. all-úvísliga, adv. very unwisely, Niðrst. 6. all-&
uacute;vænliga.,
adv. and -ligr, adj. of very unfavourable prospect, Fas. ii. 266; n. adj.
very
unpromising, Grett. 148 A. all-úvænn, adi. very ugly, Fa
s. i. 234;
very unpromising, unfavourable, Ísl. ii. 225: neut. as adv. unf
avourably,
 Fms. xi. 134. all-úþarfr, adj. very unthrifty, very unprofi
table, something that had better be prevented, Eg. 576, Hkr. ii. 245. all-vandlátr, adj. very difficult, hard to please, Fms. vi. 387. all-vandl
iga,
adv. with very great pains, exactly, carefully, Sks. 658 B. all-vant, n.
adj., vera a. um e-t, to be in a very great strait, Nj. 221. all-varf&ael
ig;rr,
adj. very careful, solicitous, Eg. 63. all-vaskligr, adj. and -liga, adv.
very brisk, smart, gallant, Hkr. i. 104; compar. v. alvaskligr. all-vaskr
,
adj. very brisk, gallant, Fms. viii. 226. all-vandr, adj. very bad
, of
clothes, much worn, Pm. 11. all-vápndjarfr, adj. very bold, dar
ing
in arms, Hkr. iii. 63. all-veðrlítið, n. adj. very calm, w
ith little
wind, Fms. vi. 360. all-vegliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very grand,
princely, nobly, Fms. i. 20, Eg. 332, Hkr. i. 15. all-vel, adv. very well
,
 Nj. 12, Eg. 78, 198; compar. albetr, v. alvel. all-vesall, adj. very pun
y,
wretched, Nj. 97. all-vesalliga, adv. very wretchedly, Ölk. 35.
allvesalmannliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. id., Ísl. ii. 416. all-ves&ael
ig;ll, adj.
very miserable, base, vile, Nj. 97. all-vingjarnliga, adv. and -ligr,
adj. very friendly, amicable, Sturl. ii. 168. all-vingott, n. adj. on
very friendly terms, Fbr. 129. all-vinsæll, adj. very popular,
used of
a man blessed with many friends, Fms. i. 184, ii. 44, Orkn. 104 old Ed.
all-virðuligr, adj. and -liga, adv. very worthy, dignified, Fms. x. 8
4,
Bs. i. 83. all-vitr, adj. very wise, Sks. 29 B (superl.) all-vitrliga,
adv. very wisely, Fas. ii. 66. all-víða and all-vítt, n
. adj. very widely,
 Hkr. iii. 141, Lex. Poët. all-vígliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. 
in a very
warlike manner, Fms. ix. 488, Fas. ii. 112. all-vígmannliga, adv.
very martially, Fas. iii. 150. all-vígmóðr, adj. qui
te wearied out with
fighting, Introd. to Helgakviða (Sæm.) all-víss, adj. ve
ry wise, sure,
 Sks. 520, Lex. Poët.: neut. to a dead certainty, Lex. Poët
. all-vænliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very promising, handsome, Glúm. 349, Fm
s. v.
260, Fbr. 114. all-vænn, adj. id., Clem. 24, Bs. i. 340: neut., &th
orn;ykja
a. um, to be in high spirits, Ísl. ii. 361; make much of, F
ms. ii. 76; as adv.
favourably, Fms. iv. 192. all-vörpuligr, adj. of a very stout, st
ately
frame, Hkr. ii. 254. all-vöxtuligr, adj. very tall, of large growth,
 Fas. iii. 627. all-þakkligr, adj. very pretty, = þekkili
gr, Lex. Poët,
all-þakksamliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very thankfully, Fms. i. 120,
Ld.
298. all-þarfliga, adv. very thriftily, very pressingly; biðja
a., to beg
very hard, Edda 45. all-þarfr, adj. very thrifty, Lex. Po&eu
ml;t. allþéttr, adj. very crowded, cp. Lex. Poët. all-þrek
ligr, adj. of a very
robust frame, Hkr. ii. 2. all-þröngr, adj. as neut. in a very
great
<PAGE NUM="b0016">
<HEADER>16 ALLÞUNGLIGA -- ALLSHERJAR.</HEADER>
crowd, Edda 24. all-þungliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. very hard, un
willing, reluctant, Sturl. ii. 120; taka a. á e-m, to be very hard upo
n, Mag. 1.
all-þungr, adj. very unfavourable, Hkr. ii. 358; hostile, badly
disposed
towards, Eb. 108, Eg. 332; þykja a., to dislike, Fms. viii. 441
; a. orð, to
blame, Sturl. ii. 62. all-þykkr, adj. very thick, Fas. i. 339:
n. sing.
as adv. thickly, Fms. vii. 70 (of great numbers slain on the battle-field
).
all-æfr, adj. very furious, wrath, Ísl. ii. 258, Lv. 60, Fas
. i. 404. allægiligr, adj. very terrible, Dropl. 18. all-æstr, adj. ver
y incited,
vehement, Nj. 231. all-örorðr, adj. very quick-tongued, frank, o
utspoken, Eg. 340. all-öruggliga, adv. very steadfastly, very firmly,
 Grett. 153 A. all-öruggr, adj. very unflinching, Bs. i. 624.
all-föðr, m. father of all, Edda 2, 6, 13 (a name of Odin
), v, alföðr.
al-ljóss, adj. quite light; dagr a., broad daylight,
Eg. 219; n. sing.,
vera alljóst, in broad daylight, Grett. 95 A, 112 A, Fms. ix. 35,
Sturl.
ii. 108; metaph. quite clear, Sks. 490.
al-loðinn, adj. very hairy, shaggy all over, Fms. iii. 125.
al-lokit, n. part., a. allri ván, when all hope is gone, Bs
. i. 198.
ALLK, oil, allt, and alt, adj. [Ulf. alls = GREEK; A. S. eall;
Engl. and Germ. all] .
A. In sing, as adj. or substantively, cunctus, totus, omnis: I.
all, entire, the whole; hón á allan arf eptir mik, she h
as all my heritage
after me, Nj. 3; um alla þingsafglöpun, every kind of &tho
rn;., 150; gaf hann
þat allt, all, 101; at öllum hluta, in totum, Gr&aacute
;g. i. 245; allr heilagr dómr,
the whole body of Christians, ii. 165; á öllu þv&iacute
; máli, Fms. vii. 311; allu
fólki, thewhole people, x. 273; hvitr allr, white all over,
655 xxxii. 21;
bú allt, thewhole estate, Grág. i. 244; fyrir allt dagslj&o
acute;s, before any dawn
of light, Hom. 41: with the addition of saman = GREEK -- Icel. now in fem.
sing. and n. pl. say öll sömun, and even n. sing. allt samant; in old
writers
saman is indecl., -- the whole, Germ, sänmtlich, zusammen; al
lt saman féit,
thewhole amount, entire, Grág. ii. 148; þenna hernað all
an saman, all
together, Fms. i. 144; fyrir allan saman ójafnað þann, Sd.
157. Metaph.
in the phrase, at vera ekki allr þar sem hann er sénn (sé&et
h;r), of persons of
deep, shrewd characters, not to be seen through, but also with a feeling
of something 'uncanny' about them, Fms. xi. 157 (a familiar phrase);
ekki er oil nótt úti enn, sagði draugrinn, the night is not
all over yet, said
the ghost, 'the Ides are not past' (a proverb), v. Ísl. þj&oacu
te;ðs. 2. all,
entire, full; allan hálfan mánuð, for the entire for
tnight, Nj. 7; þar til
er Kjartani þykir allt mál upp, until Kjartan thought it was hig
h time,
 of one nearly (or) well-nigh drowned, Hkr. i. 286. II. metaph.
past, gone, dead, extinct; perh. ellipt., vera allr í brottu, q
uite gone,
 Eb. 112 new Ed.; var Hrappr þá allr í brottu, Nj. 132;
then by an
ellipsis of 'brottu,' or the like, allr simply == past, gone: α. past, of
time; seg þú svá fremi frá því er &thorn
;essi dagr er allr, when this day is past,
 Nj. 96, Fms. ii. 38, 301; var þá öll þeirra vin&aac
ute;tta, their friendship was all
gone, Fms. ix. 428; allt er mi mitt megin, my strength is gone, exhausted
,
 Str. β. dead; þá er Geirmundr var allr, gone, d
ead, Landn. (Hb.) 124;
siz Gunnarr at Hlíðarenda var allr, since G. of Lithend was dead a
nd
gone (v. l. to lézt), Nj. 142; sem faðir þeirra væri
allr, after his death, Stj.
127; þá er Nói var allr, 66; en sem hann var allr, 100; epti
r þat er Sara
var öll, after all Sara's days were over, 139, 140, 405; á ve
gum allr
hygg ek at at ek verða munu, that I shall perish on the way, Gg. vers
e
5; með því at þú ert gamlaðr mjök, &thorn
;á munu þeir eigi út koma fyr en þú
ert allr, Háv. 57; still freq. in Swed., e. g. blifwa all af bekumring, be worn
out with sorrow; vinet blev alt, fell short; tiden er all, past. III. used
almost adverbially, when it may be translated by all, quite, just, entirely;
 klofnaði hann allr í sundr, was all cloven asunder, Nj. 2
05; er sá nú allr
einn í þínu liði er nú hefir eigi höfuðs
, ok hinn, er þá eggiaði hins versta
verks er eigi var fram komit, where it seems, however, rather to mean one
and the same ... or the very same ..., thus, and he is now one and
the same
man in thy band, who has now lost his bead, and he who then egged tbee
on to the worst work when it was still undone, or the very same, ... who,
 Nj. 213; vil ek at sú görð häldist öll, in all
its parts, 256; kváðu Örn
allan villast, that he was all bewildered, Ld. 74. IV. neut. sing,
used as a subst. in the sense of all, everything, in every respect; ok fo
r
svá með öllu, sem ..., acted in everything as..., Nj. 14,
Ld. 54; ok
lát sem þú þykist þar allt eiga, that you dep
end upon him in all, Fms. xi.
113; eigi er enn þeirra allt, they have not yet altogether won the game
,
 Nj. 235: í alls vesöld, in all misery, Ver. 4; alls mest
, most of all, especially, Fms. ii. 137 C, Fs. 89 (in a verse); in mod. usage, allra mest, cp.
below. The neut. with a gen.; allt missera, all the year round, Hom.
73; allt annars, all the rest, Grág. ii. 141; at öllu annars,
in all other
respects, - K. Þ. K. 98; þá var allt (all, everybody) við þá hrætt, Fas. i.
338. In the phrases, at öllu, in all respects, Fms. i. 21, Gr&aacute
;g. i. 431;
ef hann á eigi at öllu framfærsluna, if he be not the sole
supporter, 275:
úreyndr at öllu, untried in every way, Nj. 90; cp. Engl. n
ot at all, prop.
not in every respect, analogous to never, prop, not always:
fyrir alls sakir,
in every respect, Grág. ii. 47, Fas. i. 252: í öllu, in everything, Nj. 90,
228: með öllu, wholly, quite, dauðr með öllu, qu
ite dead, 153; neita
með öllu, to refuse outright, Fms. i. 35, 232, Boll. 342: um all
t, in respect
of everything, Nj. 89; hence comes the adverb ávalt, ever = of
allt = um
allt, prop, in every respect, v. ávalt. V. the neut. sing, allt is
used
as an adv., right up to, as far as, all the way; Brynjólfr gengr a
llt at honum,
close to him, Nj. 58; kómu allt at bænum, 79; allt at b&uacu
te;ðardyrunum,
right up to the very door of the booth, 247; allt norðr urn Stað,
all along
north, round Cape Stad, Fms. vii. 7; suðr allt í Englands haf, iv
. 329;
verit allt út í Miklagarð, as far out as Constantinople, ii. 7, iv. 250, 25;
allt á klofa, Bárð. 171. 2. everywhere, in all places;
at riki Eireks
konungs mundi allt yfir standa í Eyjunum, might stretch over the whole
of
the Islands, Eg. 405; Sigröðr var konungr allt um Þrænd
alög, over all
Drontheim, Fms. i. 19; bjoggu þar allt fyrir þingmenn Run&oacute
;lfs goða, the
liegemen of R. the priest were in every house, ii. -234 (= í hverju h
úsi, Bs. i.
20); allt norðr um Rogaland, all the way north over the whole of R.,
Fms.
iv. 251; vóru svirar allt gulli búnir, all overlaid with gold, vi. 308; hafið
svá allt kesjurnar fyrir, at ekki megi á ganga, hold your spear
s everywhere (all along the line) straight before you, that they (the enemy) may not
come up to you, 413; allt imdir innviðuna ok stafnana, vii. 82. 3.
nearly = Lat. jam, soon, already; vóru allt komin fyrir hann br&ea
cute;f, warrants
of arrest were already in his way, Fms. vii. 207; var allt skipat liðinu
til
fylkingar, the troops were at once drawn up in array, 295; en allt hug&et
h;um
vér (still we thought) at fara með spekt um þessi h&eacu
te;ruð, Boll. 346. 4.
temp. all through, until; allt til Júnsvöku, Ann. 1295; allt
um daga Hákonar konungs, all through the reign of king Hacon, Bs. i. 731. 5. in
phrases such as, allt at einu, all one, all in the same way, Fms. i. 113.
In
Icel. at present allt að einu means all the same: allt eins, never
theless; ek
ætla þó utan a. eins, Ísl. ii. 216; hann neitaði a
llt eins at..., refused all
the same, Dipl. iii. 13; allt eins hraustliga, not the less manly, Fm
s. xi. 443.
The mod. Icel. use is a little different, namely = as, in similes = j
ust as;
 allt eins og blómstrið eina (a simile), just as the flower, the initial words
of the famous hymn by Hallgrim. 6. by adding 'of' = far too ...,
much too ..., Karl. 301 (now freq.) 7. with a comparative, much,
far, Fms. vi. 45 (freq.) VI. neut. gen. alls [cp. Ulf. allis = GREEK;
 A. S. ealles], used as an adv., esp. before a negative (ekki, hvergi
), not
a bit, not at all, no how, by no means; þeir ugðu alls ekki at s&e
acute;r, they
were not a bit afraid, Nj. 252; hræðumst vér hann nú
alls ekki, we do
not care a bit for him, 260; á hólmgöngu er vandi en alls
ekki (none
at all) á einvigi, Korm. 84; en junkherra Eiríkr þ&oa
cute;ttíist ekki hafa, ok
kallaði sik Eirik alls ekki (cp. Engl. lackland), Fms. x. 160; alls h
vergi
skal sök koma undir enn þriðja mann, no how, in no case, by no
means,
 Grág. i. 144: sometimes without a negative following it; ær al
ls geldar,
ewes quite barren, Grág. i. 502; hafrar alls geldir, id.; alls ves
all, altogether wretched, Nj. 124; alls mjök stærist hann nú, ve
ry much, Stj.; a.
mest, especially, Fs. 89, Fms. ii. 137. In connection with numbers, in
all,
in the whole; tólf vóru þau alls á skipi, twel
ve were they all told in the
ship, Ld. 142; tíu Íslenzkir menn alls, 164; alls fórus
t níu menn, the
slain were nine in all, Ísl. ii. 385; verða alls sárir &th
orn;rír eða fleiri, Grág. ii.
10; alls mánuð, a full month, i. 163; þeir ala eitt barn
alls á aefi sinni,
Rb. 346. β. with addition of 'til' or 'of' = far too much; alls of l
engi,
far too long a time, Fms. i. 140; hefnd alls til lítil, much to
o little, vi. 35.
B. In pl. allir, allar, öll, as adj. or substantively: 1. used absol.
all; þeir gengu út allir, all men, altogether, Nj. 80
; Síðan bjoggust þeir
heiman allir, 212; Gunnarr reið ok beir allir, 48; hvikit þér a
llir, 78,
etc. 2. as adj., alla höfðingja, all the chiefs, Nj. 213; &oacut
e;r öllum fjórðungum á landinu, all the quarters of the land, 222; at vitni gu&et
h;s ok allra
heilagra manna, all the saints, Grág. ii. 22; í allum orros
tum, in all the
battles, Fms. x. 273; Josep ok allir hans ellifu bræðr, Stj., etc.
3. by
adding aðrir, flestir, etc.; allir aðrir, all other, everyone else, Nj. 89, Fms.
xi. 135: flestir allir, nearly all, the greatest part of, v. flestr; in m
od. use
flestallir, flest being indecl.: allir saman, altogether, Nj. 80. 4.
adverb., Gregorius hafði eigi öll fjögr hundruð, not all, n
ot quite, four
hundred, Fms. vii. 255. 5. used ellipt., allir (everybody) vildu leit
a
þér vegs, Nj. 78. 6. gen. pl. allra, when followed by superl. neut.
adj. or adv., of all things, all the more; en nú þyki m&eacu
te;r þat allra sýnst
er ..., all the more likely, as ..., Ld. 34; allra helzt er þeir he
yra, particularly now when they hear, Fms. ix. 330; allra helzt ef hann fellr meir,
all the rather, if ..., Grág. ii. 8; allra sízt, least o
f all, 686 B. 2; bæn
sú kemr til þess allra mest, especially, Hom. 149: very freq
. at present in
Icel., and used nearly as Engl. very, e. g. allra bezt, the very best;
 a. hæst,
neðst, fyrst, the very highest, lowest, foremost, etc.
C. alls is used as a prefix to several nouns in the gen., in order to
express something common, general, universal. COMPDS: alls-endis
or alls-hendis, adv. -- scarcely to be derived from 'hönd' -- in every
respect, quite, thoroughly, used almost exclusively in connection with a
preceding negative, eigi, eingi, or the like, and giving additional force to
the negation; er þat hugboð mitt, at vér berim eigi agæfu
til um vár
skipti, it is my foreboding, that we shall not carry luck with us to the
very end of our dealings, Ld. 160; eigi til allsendis, id., Eg. 75; &
thorn;at er
reynt at eingi maðr heldr sínum þrifnaði til allsendis, 
it is proved that no
man holds his thriving thoroughly, Fms. i. 295. alls-háttar, adv.
[háttr], of every sort, kind; a. kurteysi, thoroughly good mann
ers, Fms.
i. 17 (freq.) alls-herjar, an old, obsolete gen. from herr; Drottinn
Sabaoth is in the Icel. transl. of the Bible rendered by Drottinn AUsherjar,
the Lord of Hosts. It is esp. used as an adv. in some political and legal
<PAGE NUM="b0017">
<HEADER>ALLSHERJARBUÐ -- ALR. 17</HEADER>
terms, denoting something general, public, common. allsherjar-b&uacute
;ð,
f. the booth in the parliament (alþingi) belonging to the al
lsherjargoði.
Its site is fixed, Sturl. ii. 44, 126 (referring to events in the year 1215).
allsherjar-dómr, m. a doom of the supreme court, a lawful publi
c sentence, judgment of the full court; þér rufuð allsherjard&oa
cute;m, violated lawful
judgment, the law of the land, Fms. iv. 205. allsherjar-fé, n.
public
property, a domain, Íb. ch. 3, viz. the ground of the Icel. alþ
ingi. allsherjar-goði, a, m. (v. goði), the supreme priest, pontifex maximu
s. As
the alþingi (q. v.) was within the jurisdiction of the great temple (hof)
in Kjalarnes, the keeper or priest of that temple -- the descendant of its
founder Thorstein Ingolfsson -- had the title of supreme priest, and opened
the alþingi during the heathen age. At the introduction of Christianity
this office remained with the supreme priest, who retained his name; and
he, and not the bishop of Skalholt, opened the alþing every year;
Þorsteinn Ingólfsson lét setja fyrstr manna þing &aacu
te; Kjalarnesi áðr alþingi
var sett, ok fylgir þar enn (still, viz. in the 13th century) s&oum
l;kum þess því
goðorði (viz. the priesthood of Kjalarnes, aliter allsherjar goðor&e
th;) alþingis
helgun, Landn. 336 (the text as found in the Melabók), Landn. 39, Þ
órð.
94 (Ed. 1860), and Landn. Mantissa. allsherjar-lið, n. public troo
ps,
army (Norse), Fms. x. 411. allsherjar-lýðr, pl. ir, m. 
the people,
commonalty, Hkr. iii. 194. allsherjar-lög, n. pl. public law,
statute
law of the land, in the phrase, at alþingis máli ok allsherjar
lögum, Nj.
14, 87. allsherjar-þing, n. general assembly, Fms. i. 224. I
n Icel.
at present allsherjar- is prefixed to a great many other words in order to
express what is public, general, universal. alls-konar [Old Engl.
alkyn],
prop. an obsolete gen. from a masc. konr: α. as adj. ind. of every
kind; a. fanga, Eg. 65; a. ár, good season in all respects, Hk
r. 1. 15: β.
used simply as adv.; hinn ágætasti a., in every respect, Fms
. xi. 157 (rare).
alls-kostar, adv. [kostr], in all respects, quite, altogether; a.
illa, bad
altogether, Ld. 232; þykjast nú a. hafa unninn mikinn sigr (
a full victory),
 Fms. xi. 147; frjáls ok a. geymandi, to be observed in every resp
ect,
 K. Á. 50; hann lofaði a., made a full allowance, Bs. i. alls-kyns,
adv. [kyn] = allskonar, Fms. x. 380. 11. UNCERTAIN 2, 25, where it is spelt alls
kuns. alls-staðar, adv. [staðr], freq. alstaðar or 
allstaðar in a
single word, everywhere, ubique; cp. margstaðar, in many places; sumstaðar, in so me places; einhversstaðar, somewhere;
nokkursstaðar, anywhere; allstaðar þar sem, Fms. ii. 81, x. 182. Metaph. in every
way (rare);
a. mun ek gera at þínu skapi, nema þar, in everything, exc
ept that..., Nj.
17. alls-valdandi, part. [A. S. ealwalda], 'all-wielding,'
of God,
Almighty, Dipl. iv. 8, Fms. i. 121, Bs. several times. allra-handa
= allskonar, a mod. word. allra-heilagra in compds, a. messa, -dagr,
-kirkja, All-Saints'-day, -church, Bs., K. Á., Fms., etc.

ALLS and als, conj. [Ulf. allis = GREEK; Engl. as, c
ontr. -- als; cp. the
consecutive als in Grimm D. W. sub voce, col. 257 sqq.], as, while, si
nce;
 freq. in Lex. Poët. in old poets, less freq. in old prose writers, rar
e in the
classics of the 13th century: used four times in the treatise of Thorodd, -alls hann sjálfr er hebreskr stafr, Skálda 167; alls vér er
um einnar tungu,
161; alls engi grein er enn á gör, 162; alls þeir höf&eth
;u áðr allir eitt hljóð,
166, -- and as often in the old Heiðarv. S. -- alls þú ert g&oa
cute;ðr drengr kallaðr, Ísl. ii. 366; alls Barði var eigi bítr á f&eac
ute;bætr, 386; alls þú rekr
þitt erendi, 483; alls þú hefir þó hér ti
l nokkorar ásjá ætlað, Ld. 42; alls
þeir máttu ekki sínum vilja fram koma, Boll. 348; alls hann
trúir mér
til, Fs. (Hallfr. S.) 90: alls þú hefir þó á&et
h;r giptu til mín sótt, Fms. v. 254;
alls þeir höfðu frítt lið, viii. 362 . With the additi
on of 'er' (at); en
þó, alls er þú ert svá þráhaldr &a
acute; þínu máli, Fms. i. 305; alls er ek reyni,
at..., as I ..., ii. 262, (Grág. i. 142 is a false reading = allt)
, Fas. ii. 283:
with addition of 'þó,' alls þó hefir þetta me&et
h; meirum fádæmum gengið,
heldr en hvert annara, þá vil ek ..., but considering that..., Band. 32 new
Ed.; cp. Lex. Poët.
all-tíð, adv. at all times, Fas. i. 505 (paper MS.), fr
eq. in mod. use.
al-lúsigr, adj. all-lousy, Fbr. 156.
all-vald, n. absolute power. allvalds-konungr, m. sovere
ign, Fms. x. 378.
all-valdr, pl. ar, m. = alvaldr (poët. word), sovereign king,
Lex. Poët.,
Hkr. i. 432; heilir allvaldar báðir, a poetical salute, Fms. vi. 195;
mikil er
allvalds raun (a proverb), 'tis hard to strive against the powerful, Lv.
111.
allyngis, quite, altogether, v. öllungis.
al-manna-, gen. pl. from an obsolete almenn [cp. Alemanni], a prefix
to some nouns, denoting general, common, universal, Ad. 21. Freq. now
in Icel., e. g. almanna-rómr, m. public opinion, in the proverb, s
jaldan lýgr
a., vox populi vox Dei. COMPDS: almanna-bygð, f. an inhabit
ed
country, Fas. iii. 3. almanna-gjá, f. local name of the great
lava rift
close to the alþing, where all the people met; vide Nj. 244, Sturl. i. 206
,
etc. almanna-leið, f. a public road, Lv. 29. almanna-lof, n.
praise of all, Nj. 251. almanna-skript, f. general confession, Hom.
74. almanna-stofa, u, f. the common hall, a large room in the Icel
.
dwellings of the 12th and 13th centuries; opp. to litla stofa, Sturl. ii. 153,
iii. 194, 198; it seems to be identical with skáli. almanna-tal, n
.
common reckoning, Íb. 18: β. (Norse), general census,
with a view to
making a levy, N. G. L. i. 98; Fr. = almannaþing. almanna-vegr,
m. a high road, Nj. 261, Fms. ii. 99, =þjóðvegr, þ
jóðleið. almannaþing, n. (Norse), a public meeting,=alþing, Fr.
al-máttigr, adj. [A. S. ealmeathig; Hel. ala-; Germ,
allmächtig],
almighty, seems to be a Christian (eccl.) word, translated from the Latin
omnipotens; but the phrase 'hinn almáttki áss' in the heath
en oath (used
of Thor) implies its use in very early times. The old form is contracted
before -ir, -ar, -an, -um, etc., and changes g into k; almá
ttkan, -kir, -kum
(now almáttugan, -ugir, -ugum, through all cases), v. máttigr: use
d of
God, Fms. i. 231, Eluc. 10, Sks. 305, etc.: heathen use, Landn. 258, cp.
p. 335.
al-máttr, ar, m., dat. -mætti, almightiness, omnipotence (eccl.), of
God, 671. 3; sinn ILLEGIBLE (acc.), Ísl. i. (Hom.) 386, Fms. i. 226, 655
vi.
2; vide almætti, n.
al-menni, n. the people, public, Fr. (Norse).
al-menniliga, adv. generally, H. E. i. 465, K. Á. 80.
al-menniligr, adj. [Germ, allgemein], general, common, rare
in old
writers, Stj.; a. (catholic) trú, Mar. 656 B. 8, 623. 18; a. &thor
n;ing, concilium
oecumenicum, Rb. 338; a. Kristni, 390, 208, Gþl., etc. Freq. in mod. I
cel.,
= common, good, real.
al-menning, f. and almenningr, m. I. in Icel. almost always
fem, in the sense of fundus communis, ager compascuus, common land,
 belonging to a whole 'fjórðungr' (quarter) of the country, and t
hus wider
than the mod. 'afrétt.' It still remains in the local name of the deserts
round Cape Horn at the north-west point of Icel., cp. Fbr. and Landn.
124; cp. also the passage in Íb. ch. 3. The word is now seldom used
except of wastes belonging to nobody: þat er almenning er fjórð
ungs
menn eigu allir saman, Grág. ii. 392-394, Js. 107, Íb. ch. 3, Gr&a
acute;g. ii.
345, 352, 359, 385, K. Þ. K. 26, Fbr. 41, Landn. 124, in all those cases
fem. II. masc. (Norse), [cp. Swed. almänning, pascuum, and Germ.
almeinde, via publica or ager compascuus, Grimm R. A. p. 498], 
common
 or public pasture (answering nearly to the Icel. afrétt), whe
re cattle are
grazed during the summer months, cp. the Norse setr, Icel. sel: rarely
used in Icel. writers. In Ó. H., ch. 114, used of Grímsey, an isla
nd off
the north coast of Iceland, Gþl. 450, Jb. 299, 311. 2. the high-street,
 in a Norse town, N. G. L. ii. 241. 3. the people, the public in general,
 common now in Icel. in this sense, Stj. 292, 493, Fbr. 194; almennings
matr, common food, Bs. ii. 5, 179. 4. a levy, conscription; fullr,
allr,
hálfr a., a full, half levy of men and ships; fullr a. in Norway m
eant a
levy of one in every seven male adults, N. G. L. ii. 199, Fms. iv. 142, i.
165, D. I. i. 66 (of the milit. duties of Icelanders when residing in Norway).
Metaph. (as a phrase) in Nj. 207, of raising the country, the institution
being unknown in the Icel. Commonwealth. COMPDS: almenningsbréf, n. a proclamation, Sturl. iii. 29. almennings-drykkja
, u, f.
a public banquet, Bs. i. 108. almennings-far, n. a public ferry
, Gþl.
415. almennings-mörk, f. a public forest, Gþl. 454. 
almennings-stræti, n. a public street, Grett. 158 A. almennings-to
llr, m. a
public toll, tax, 126 C. 173 (?). almennings-vegr, m. a public way
.
al-mennr, adj. common, public, Grett. 115, where MSS. A and B have
almælt. Now freq.
ALMR, elm-tree, v. álmr.
almusa, u, f. = ölmusa, alms, [Scot. almous, Germ. 
almosen, (GREEK.)]
al-múgi, a, and almúgr, s, m., at present the first
form is always
used [cp. múgi and múgr, Dan. almue, plebs], prop, the c
ommons, people;
 konungrinn ok almúginn, king and commons, Stj.; eigi vissi al
múginn
(people in general) hvat fram fór í sóttinni, Bs. i.
74; almúgrinn (the
people) geystist, Bret. 37, 94; allvinsælir við almúgann, having very many
friends among the commonalty, Fms. i. 184. β. now in Icel. = plebs,
the masses, opp. to the higher classes; so in many compds, e. g. almúgamaðr, m., almúga-legr, adj., etc.
al-mæli, n. what all people say, a common saying, general report
; þat er
a. at..., all people say, agree that..., Fms. xi. 326, Hkr. iii. 398; &th
orn;at vóru
almæli um dalinn, at ..., Sd. 155, Ld. 332. β. a saying, proverb; þat
er a. (common saying) at menn sjóði þau ráð,
er þeir hafa lengi í hug
sér, Hom. 83; þótt almælit sannaðist, at mó
ðurbræðrum verði menn
líkastir, though the saying proved sooth, that men are likest to their
uncles
by the mother's side, Ísl. ii. 29.
al-mæltr, adj. part, spoken by all, what all say; esp. in th
e phrase,
almælt tíðindi, news; spyrjast almæltra tí&
eth;inda, what news? Nj. 227, Ld.
80, Fms. xi. 118 (a standing phrase). β. of a child that has learnt to
talk; en þá er sveinninn var tvævetr, þá ran
n hann einn saman ok var a.
sem fjögra vetra gömul börn, but when the boy was two years ol
d, then he
ran alone and could say everything as well as bairns of four years, Ld. 34,
(altalandi is the word now used.)
al-mætti, n. omnipotence, Skálda 161; esp. theol., no
w more freq. than
the masc. almáttr.
al-naktr, adj. part, quite naked, Rd. 295; now alnakinn.
aln-bogi, a, m. = ölbogi, elbow, Edda 110.
al-nýr, adj. quite new, Fms. viii. 61, Grág. i. 491.
al-ogaðr, adj. quite in earnest, = alhugaðr.
ALPT, swan, v. álpt.
ALR, s, m. pl. ir, awl, Edda 71. β in the phrase, 'leí
ka UNCERTAIN á als oddi,'
skjálfa þótti húsit, sem á als oddi lék
i (MS. allsolla), the house quivered,
as if it were balanced on the point of an awl, Fas. i. 89; the Icel. now use
C UNCERTAIN
<PAGE NUM="b0018">
<HEADER>18 ALRAUÐR -- ALÞINGI.</HEADER>
the phrase, að leika á als oddi, of the excitement produced by joy, to be
merry, in high spirits, full of life and vigour, (cp. the Engl. to be on
pins
and needles.)

al-rauðr, adj. quite red, Rd. 298.
al-ráðinn, adj. part. quite determined, Fms. viii. 145.
al-ránn, adj. utterly plundered; þeir munu görvi
r fyrst alránir er næstir
eru, Ísl. ii. 93 (dub.)
al-reyndr, part, fully proved, Fms. xi. 441, Mirm. 74.

alri, elder-tree, v. elri.
al-roskinn, adj. quite grown up, Fms. i. 5, Ld. 256.
al-rotinn, adj. all rotten, Stj. Exod. xvi. 20.
al-ræmdr, adj. part. α. neut. rumoured of all, of bad
news; a.
er, all people say, Nj. 76, Fms. vii. 113, Stj. β. in mod. Icel. bot
h masc.
and fem. in a bad sense, e. g. a. þjófr, a noted thief.
al-sagðr, adj. part, spoken of by all, Fms. ii. 50.
al-satt, f. in the phrases, sáttr alsáttum, completely r
econciled, atoned
with a full atonement, Dipl. ii. II; sættast alsáttum, Gr&aacut
e;g. ii. 141.
al-sáttr, adj. fully reconciled, Nj. 120, Boll. 362.
al-sekr, adj. a law term, an utter felon, an outlaw of the greater deg
ree,
 = -skógarmaðr, opp. to fjörbaugsmaðr, Nj. 240, Hrafn. 1
8, Grág. i. 463.
al-siða, adj. ind. [siðr, faith], en er Kristni var a., but when the Christian
faith was universally accepted, Hkr. ii. 97; en þó Kristnin vae
ri nú a. þá
..., Grett. 150 (the old Ed. wrongly á landi).
al-skipaðr, adj. part. /w/ fully manned: α. of a ship;
skúta, tvítugsessa, langskip a., Nj. 280, Eg. 13, Fms. iv. 70, Hkr. i. 176. β. a law
term, bekkr, pallr a., full court, Grág. i. 7. γ. of a bench
in a banquethall, quite full, Eg. 43.
al-skjaldaðr, adj. part, lined, covered with shields: α.
of ships
lined with shields along the bulwarks from stem to stern, as a ship of war,
Landn. 156, Sturl. iii. 61. β. of troops in full armour, Sturl. ii. 47.
al-skrifaðr, adj. part, written all over, of vellum, Th. 76.
al-skyldr, adj. quite binding, Sks. 636.
al-slitinn, adj. part, quite ragged, worn out, Vm. 161.
al-slíkr, adj. quite the same, Fms. iv. 157.
al-smíðaðr, part. completely built, Fms. xi. 436.
al-snotr, adj. all-wise, Hin. 54: very clever, Þkv. 2
6, 28.
al-spakr, adj. all-wise, cognom., Eg. 466.
al-staðar, everywhere, v. alls-staðar, sub allr.

al-stýfðr, part. a metre in masculine rhymes (st&yacute
;fa), Edda (Ht.) 134.
Masculine final rhymes are called stýft.
al-stýfingr, in. an animal with close-cropped ears; he who
marked
sheep in this way was liable to the lesser outlawry, unless it were publicly
announced in the lögrétta, Grág. i. 426.
al-svartr, adj. quite black, Nj. 80.
al-sveittr, adj. all-sweaty, Al. 22.
al-sveitugr, adj. reeking with sweat, now kófsveittr, G&iac
ute;sl. 137.
al-sýkn, adj. a law term, altogether free, released from all pu
nishment,
 Grág.;. ii. 160.
al-sýkna, u, f. complete immunity from punishment, pardon,
Grág. i. 359.
al-sætt, f. complete reconciliation, Nj. 101, Js. 40, B. K.
126.
ALTARI, n. and rarely altara, n. or altari, a, m.; mod. heteroclite
altari, n. pl. öturu; the forms -eri, -era [altare] also appear :-- an a
ltar, a Christian word, the altar in heathen temples being called 'stallr,' Nj. 279, K. &Aacu
te;.
28, 208, Stj. freq.; altaris, 625. 84; altari þín, 655 xxiii. 2; al
tari (nom.
pl.), xiv B. 2, Pm. 47: masc., altara (acc.) fim alna langan ..., but þat
(neut.) skal með eiri búa, a little below, altarans (gen.), altarann
(nom.
sing.), altaris (gen. neut.), altarit (neut. nom.), Stj. 307, 308, indifferently
neut. or masc., Symb. 24; alteri, 1812. 17; altera (dat. neut.), 655 iii.
2, 623. 54. COMPDS: altaris-blæja, u, f. an altar-cloth, Am. 33, Vm
.
37, 15. K. 83; altara-blæa, D. I. i. 404. altaris-bók, f. an alt
ar-book,
Vm. 6, Dipl. v. 18. altaris-brík, f. an altar-piece, Vin. 12. alta
risbúnaðr, in. altar-furniture, H. E. i. 489. altaris-dagr, m. anniversary of the foundation of an altar, H. E. i. 310. altaris-dúkr, m. an
altar-cloth, Vm. i, D. I. i. 244. altaris-fórn, f. a victim offere
d on
an altar, Mart. 122. altaris-gólf, n. the floor round an altar, N. G. L.
i. 160. altaris-horn, n. the horn of an altar, Fms. xi. 444. altarishús, n. a chapel, Bs. ii. 80. altaris-klæði, n. an al
tar-cloth, Hkr. iii.
81, D. I. i. 266; altara-, Fms. iii. 28, Vm. 1. altaris-likneski, n. an
image placed on an altar, Pm. 61. altaris-messa, u, f. mass at an altar,
 Bs. ii. 81. altaris-plata, u, f. a candlestick, Pm. 93. altaris-skr&
aacute;,
f. an altar-book, Pm. 109. altaris-staðr, m. the place where an al
tar
stands, Eg. 768. altaris-steinn, in. an altar-slab, D. I. i. 266, 443
,
K. Á. 28. Vm. 31, Am. 55, Pm. 106. altaris-stika, u, f. a candlestick
for an altar, Vm. 3. altaris-þjónusta, u, f. altar-service, 655 xxxii. I.
al-tiliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. civilly, Bs. i. 812.
altingis = alþingis, adv. [þing, res] , quite, alto
gether, Pm. 24.
al-tjaldaðr, adj. part, hung with tapestry all round, Fms. xi.
17, Sturl.
iii. 193, Háv. 52.
al-ugaðr, sincere, v. alhugaðr.
al-úð, f. and in old writers almost constantly ölú
ð (with changed
vowel), alyð, Clem. 43, [a contracted form from al-hugð, -hugr], affe
ction,
sincerity, freq. in mod. Icel. in this sense. But in old writers prop. us
ed
of hospitality, in such phrases as, taka við e-m með ö., 
to give a hearty reception to, Ld. 196, Fær. 156, Fs. 15; veita með ö., to gi
ve hospitable treatment, Fms. vi. 120. β. affection; hann gaf mér hringinn m
eð mikilli ö.,
Fms. ii. 171; sakir gæzku þeirrar ok alúðar (affection
) er Guð hafði við Abraham, for the sake of that kindness and love which God had toward Abraham, Ver. 78; Björn spyr tíðinda heldr tómliga af eng
ri a., coolly, Bjarn.
53. Mod. also alúðliga, adv. heartily; alúðligr, ad
j. kind, hearty.
 COMPDS: alúðar-maðr, m. devoted friend, Fms. vi. 34.
alúðarvinr, m. sincere friend, Hkr. ii. 210, Ver. 15; ölúðarvin
r, Fms. iv. 287.
al-valdr, almighty; alvald, omnipotence; v. allv-.
al-vara, u, f. [appears neither in Engl. nor Germ.; Dan. alvor]. 1
.
seriousness, earnestness; Gunnarr segir sér þat alvöru,
Nj. 49, þorst. Stang.
50; áhyggjusamliga ok með mikilli a., with much earnestness, F
ms. i. 141;
taka e-t fyrir a., to take it in earnest, x. 77; vissa ek eigi at þ
ér var a.
við at taka, that you were in earnest, Band. 3. 2. affection =
alúð
(not used at present in that sense); hverigir lögðu fulla alvöru t
il annarra,
Bs. i. 288; elskulig a. til e-s, hearty love, Fms. iii. 63; með alv&o
uml;ru ok
blíðu, 144; er öll hans a. (inclination) til Ólafs
konungs, vi. 32. COMPDS:
alvöru-liga, adv. earnestly, Fms. ii. 211. alvöru-ligr, adj. earnest,
devoted; a. vinátta, Fms. ii. 144. alvöru-samligr, adj. earne
st looking, devoted; a. þjónosta, Fms. i. 261.
al-varliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), seriously, earnestly, 655 xxxii. 2
1. β.
intimately, devotedly; fagna e-m a., to receive heartily, Grett. 9
8 A.
al-vaskligr, m. brisk, martial, Ld. 196, (Ed. allvaskligr.)
al-vaxinn, adj. part, quite grown up, Ld. 132.
al-vápnaðr, adj. part, in full armour, Eg. 422, 460, Fm
s. i. 81.
al-vatr, adj. thoroughly wet, Fær. 184, Fbr. 23, K. Þ.
K. 10.
al-vel = allvell, adv. very well; albetr at sér, of much
better appearance,
 Ld. 332, Glúm. 353: so the vellum MS. A. M. 132 in both these passag
es.
al-vepni = alvæpni, full armour.
al-verki and alverkja, adj. ind. aching, feeling pains all over the
body [cp. the Scot. wark and werk and the provincial Engl. 
wark in the
sense of ache, racking pain], Fms. v. 223, Bs. i. 615.
al-virkr and alyrkr, adj. [verk], a. dagr, a working day, opp. to
a holy
day, N. G. L. i. 429, 153; cp. virkr.
al-vista, adj. ind. paralysed, Fél. I. ix. 186.
al-vitr, adj. all-wise, now partic. used of God, Clem. 33; superl.
alvitrastr, of greatest wisdom, used of a man of science, Sturl. i. 167. MS. Br
it.
Mus. 1127.
al-vænn, adj. fair.
al-væpni, n. [vápn], complete arms; hafa a., to be
in full armour, fully
armed, Nj. 93, 107, Eg. 46, 74, 88; með a., fully armed, Í
b. ch. 7.
al-værð, f., almost constantly ölværð (the chang
e of vowel being caused
by the following v), Bs. i. 593. l. 19, even spelt ölbærð,
probably akin with
alvara; hospitality, hearty reception, good treatment; taka við e-m m
eð ö.,
Fms. xi. 52, 27, Fas. iii. 79; var þar uppi öll ö. af Grí
ms hendi, i. 172;
bjóða honum með allri ö., kindness, hospitality, ii.
510; cp. also Bs. i.
l. c., where full er ölbærð öllum means there is open hou
se; the word is
now obsolete.
al-værliga and ölværliga, adv. hospitably, &Iacut
e;sl. ii. 348.
al-yrkr, adj., a. dagr, a working day, v. alvirkr.
al-þakinn, adj. part, thatched all over, Fms. i. 89; older f
orm -iðr.
al-þiljaðr, adj. part., old form -þilðr, completel
y wainscotted, Sturl. iii.
193: the vellum MS. has -þilðir, the Ed. -þiljaðir.
al-þingi, n. [þing], mod. form albing, by dropping the inflec
tive i;
the gen., however, still remains unchanged, alþingis. The parliament or
general assembly of the Icel. Commonwealth, invested with the supreme
legislative and judicial power, consisting of the legislative lögrét
ta (q. v.),
and the courts, v. dómr, fimtardómr, fjórðungsdó
mar; v. also goði,
goðorð, lügsögumaðr, lögsaga, lögberg, and many
other words referring to
the constitution and functions of the alþingi. It was founded by Ulfljot
about A. D. 930, Ib. ch. 3; and reformed by Thord Gellir A. D. 964, who
instituted the courts and carried out the political divisions of Icel. into
goðorð, fjórðungar, and þing, ch. 5. In the years 1272
and 1281 the
alþing, to some extent, changed its old forms, in order to comply with
the new state of things. In the year 1800 it was abolished altogether.
A kind of parliament, under the old name alþingi, was again established
in the year 1843, and sat at Reykjavík. Before the year 930 a general
assembly was held in Kjalarnes, whence it was removed under the name
of alþingi to the river Öxará, near to the mountain Árm
annsfell. The
much-debated passage in Hænsaþ. S. ch. 14 -- en þingit var &th
orn;á undir
Ármannsfelli -- therefore simply means that the events referred to happened after the removal of the Kjalarnesping. The parliament at first
met on the Thursday beginning the tenth week of the summer, which
fell between the 11th and the 17th of June; by a law of the year 999
its opening was deferred to the next following Thursday, between the
18th and 24th of June, old style; after the union with Norway, or
after A. D. 1272 or 1281, the time of meeting was further deferred to
June 29. July 2 (Vis. B. V. M.) is hence called Þing-Maríumessa. Th
e
parliament lasted for a fortnight; the last day of the session, called
<PAGE NUM="b0019">
<HEADER>ALÞINGISDOMR -- ANDBLASINN. 19</HEADER>
vápnatak, because the weapons having been laid aside during the session
were again taken (cp. Engl. wapentake), thus fell on the first or second
Wednesday in July. As to the rules of the alþingi, vide esp. the first cha
pter
of the Þ. Þ. Grág. (Kb.) i. p. 38 sqq. The most eventful year
s in the history
of the alþingi are, A. D. 930 (foundation), 964 (reform), 1000 (introducti
on
of Christianity), 1004 (institution of the Fifth Court), 1024 (repudiation
of the attempt of the king of Norway to annex Iceland), 1096 (introduction of tithes), 1117 (first codification of laws), 1262-1264 (submission to
the king of Norway), 1272 and 1281 (new codes introduced). In the year
1338 there was no alþing held because of civil disturbances, eytt al&thorn
;ingi
ok þóttu þat údærni, Ann. s. a., Grág. (&
THORN;. Þ.) Íslend. bók, Kristni S., Njála,
Sturl., Árna b. S., Ó. H. (1853), ch. 114; of modern writers, vide
esp.
Maurer, Entsteh. des Ísl. Staates; Dasent, Introd. to Burnt Njal; some
of the Introductions by Jón Sigurðsson in D. I., esp. that to the Gam
li
Sáttmáli of the year 1262. COMPDS: alþingis-dómr, m.
the court of
justice in the a., Grág. i. 87, 130, alþingis-för, f. a
journey to the
 a., Js. 6. alþingis-helgun, f. hallowing, inauguration of the
a., cp.
allsherjar goði, Landn. 336. alþingis-lof, n. permission, leave giv
en
by parliament; ef... sættist á víg fyrir a. fram, aga
inst the rules of the
 a. = unlawfully, Grág. ii. 173. alþingis-mál, n.
parliamentary rules,
proceedings of parliament; ef þeir taka eigi af alþingism&aacute
;li, do not infringe the parliamentary rules, Grág. i. 103: in the legal phrase, at
alþingismáli réttu ok allsherjar lögum, where the first
rather denotes the
form, the last the substance of the law. alþingis-nefna, u, f. nomination to the legislative body and the courts, including dómnefna and
lögréttuskipan, Grág. i. 5; cp. Íb. ch. 5. alþin
gis-reið, f. a journey
to the a., Nj. 100, Grág. ii. 78. alþingis-sátt, f. a
n agreement entered
into at the a. alþingiasáttar-hald, n. the keeping of sucb a
n agreement, Grág. i. 217, Sturl. i. 66. alþingis-sekt, f. a convic
tion in the
courts. alþingissektar-hald, n., Stud. i. 66 (seems to be a false
reading); v. the preceding word.
al-þingis = öllúngis or öldungis, quite, altoge
ther, D. N. (not Icel.)
al-þjóð, f. rare and obsolete = alþýða,
the commons, Ad. verse 17,
Sonatorr. 9, 15; a. manna, Sturl. iii. 229, 125, Fms. vii. 240.
al-þykkr, adj. quite thick, foggy, Stj. 1 Kings xviii. 45.
al-þýða, u, f. the public, people; svá at

a. vissi, Sd. 167; sagði þá allri
alþýðu, told all people, Eg. 271. β. people asse
mbled in a body; er þat
bænarstaðr minn til allrar alþýðu, all the assembl
ed commons, Nj. 189,
Fms. i. 33. γ. í alþýðu lífi, in common
life, 655 xxi. 3. With gen., a.
manna = öll a., everybody, the overwhelming majority, bulk of people ass
embled, Eg. 193, where it is used of the household; a. manna var á brot
t
farin, nearly all people had left, 220; a. manna gerðu (pl.) g&oacute
;ðan róm at
máli hans, the whole meeting cheered his speech, Fms. vii. 242. It
is
now almost solely used of the common people, allt fólk, bæ&e
th;i ríka menn
(wealthy) ok alþýðu, Fms. v. 113; cp. alþý&
eth;is-fólk. COMPDS: alþýðu -drykkja, u, f. a common banquet, Sturl. ii. 245. alþýðuleið, f. a
high road, Eg. 579, Bjarn. 49. alþýðu-lof, n. popularity
, general
praise, Hkr. iii. 31. alþyðu-maðr, m. a working man, Vd
. 172 old Ed.,
wrongly instead of alþýða manna, Fs. 67. alþýð
u-mál, n. common,
general report, þat er a. at, Hkr. iii. 34. alþýðu-sk
ap, n., in the
phrase, vera ekki við a., to be unpopular, úvinsæll ok l
ítt við a., Fs. 63.
alþyðu-tal, n. reckoning, common calculation, Íb. ch. 7,
Rb. 18. alþyðu-vápn, n. common weapons, Fas. iii. 620. albý
ðu-vegr, m.
a public road, Sturl. i. 36, Hkr. iii. 54. alþýðu-vir&et
h;ing, f. public
opinion, consensus popularis, Bs. i. 158. alþýðu-vitni, n.
universal testimony, Sks. 12. alþýðu-þyss, m. a general tumult,
 Bs. i. 46, Hom. 46.
al-þýðask, dd, dep. in the phrase, a. til e-s, to inc
line towards, attach
oneself to, Fms. vi. 135.
al-þýði, n. = alþýða, and alþ&yac
ute;ðis-fólk, id., Bs. i. 805.
al-þýðligr, adj. common, general; a. maðr = m
enskr maðr, a common
man, Fas. ii. 251; í alþýðligri ræðu, c
ommon parlance, Skálda 185; hitt
væri alþýðlegra (more plain), at segja, 208; a. fy
rir sakir siðferðis, of plain
manners, Finnb. 298.
al-þægr, adj. [þiggja], quite acceptable, pleasant t
o, Hom. 75.

al-&oelig;str, adj. part, excited, stirred up, Sks. 230.
AMA, að, to vex, annoy, molest; with dat. of the person, eigi
skuluð þér
a. Ruth, Stj. 423, Fms. i. 244. β. dep. (more freq.), amast við e-n, to
annoy, molest, in order to get rid of one, Landn. 66, Nj. 130, 199, v. l.;
ömuðust liðsmenn lítt við hana, Fms. v. 305, vii. 166, F
s. 32; at hann
mundi eigi a. við (object to) bygð hans, Sd. 139: absol. to di
slike, Nj.
167. ami, a, m. vexation, annoyance, is now used in the phrase, að ve
ra
e-m til ama, to become a cause of vexation to: ama-samr, adj. and amasemi, f. bad humour; cp. also ömurligr, distressing; amatligr
, loathsome.
amallera, að, to enamel (Fr. word émailler), Fms
. xi. 427, Vm. 152,
165.
amathysti, a, m. amethyst (for. word), Str.
amatligr or ámátligr, adj. loathsome, hideous (freq.
at the present
day), Hkv. 1. 38.
amban, f., ambana, að, and ambim, ambuna, recompense (Norse);
v. ömbun, ömbuna.
AMBÁTT, pl. ir, f. [cp. Ulf. andbahts = GREEK, GREEK; A. S.
ambight; Hel. ambaht, servitium; O. H. G. ampaht; hence the
mod. Germ,
amt, Dan. embede, Icel. embætti; the mod. Rom. amb
assador, ambassade
 are of the same stock; Ital. ambasciadore, nuntius; cp. Caes. Bell.
Gall. 6.
15 -- circum se ambactos clientesque habent, v. Diez on this root. The
Icel. am- is an assimilated form from and-], a bondwoman, handm
aid;
þræll eðr a., Grág. ii. 152, 156. (where the older fo
rm ambótt), N. G. L.
i. 76; konungs a., freq. of a royal concubine, Fms. i. 14, Fagrsk. ch. 21
:
cp. embætta and embætti. Cp. also mod. ambaga, u, f. an awkward
person; amböguligr, adj. and ambögu-skapr, m. clumsy manners,
 perh. all of them related to ambótt. COMPDS: ambáttar-barn, n
.
child of an a., Fms. i. 72. ambáttar -- dóttir, f. daugh
ter of an a., Eg.
345. ambáttarligr, adj. vile, like an a., Fas. i. 244. ambá
ttarmót, n. expression of an a., Fas. i. 147. ambáttar-sonr, m.
son of an
 a., Grág. i. 363, Ld. 70, 98. ambátta-fang, n. a term of cont
empt,
a woman's tussle, as it were between two bondswomen, Sd. 162 (of
wrestling).
amb-höfði, a, m. a nickname of uncertain signification. Egilsson

supposes that of bi-ceps: most probably amb- denotes some animal; cp.
Hjart-höfði, Hart-head, and Orkn-höfði, Seal-head, Sturl. i. 35 (in a verse).
amboð, n. utensils, v. andboð.
AMLÓÐI, a, m. 1. the true name of the mythical prince of
Denmark, Amlethus of Saxo, Hamlet of Shakespeare. 2. now used
metaph. of an imbecile, weak person, one of weak bodily frame, wanting
in strength or briskness, unable to do his work, not up to the mark.
It is used in phrases such as, þú ert mesti Amlóði, w
hat a great A. you are,
 i. e. poor, weak fellow. In a poem of the 10th century (Edda 67), the seashore is called the flour-bin of Amlode (meldr-lið Amlúða,
navis farinae
Amlodif), the sand being the flour, the sea the mill: which recals the
words of Hamlet in Saxo, -- 'sabulum perinde ac farra aspicere jussus
eadem albicantibus maris procellis permolita esse respondit.' From this
poem it may be inferred that in the 10th century the tale of Hamlet was
told in Icel., and in a shape much like that given it by Saxo about 250
years later. Did not Saxo (as he mentions in his preface) write his story
from the oral tradition of Icelanders? In Iceland this tale was lost, together
with the Skjölduaga Saga. The Icel. Ambales Saga MS. in the Brit. Mus.
is a modern composition of the 17th century. COMPDS now in freq.
use: amlóðaligr, adj. imbecile; amlóða-skapr, m., o
r amlóða-háttr,
imbecility; also amlóðast, dep. Torfaeus, in his Series Reg. D
an. p. 302,
quotes an old Swedish rhyme running thus: 'Tha slog konungen handom
samman | och log fast och gorde aff gamnian | rett some han vore en
Amblode | then sig intet godt forstode,' where it means a fool, simpleton,
 denoting a mental imbecility. [Perhaps the A. S. homola is cognate;
thus in the Laws of King Alfred, ' Gif he hine on bismor to homolan
 bescire,' if he in mockery shave his (a churl's) head like
a fool, which
Lambarde renders morionis in morem: see Thorpe's Anc. Laws ii. Gloss.
sub voce, and cp. the quotation from Weber's Metrical Romances ii. 340.]
AMMA, u, f. [cp. afi], grandmother; now in freq. use, but rarely i
n
the Sagas, which use föður-móðir and móður-m&oacu
te;ðir, Hým. 7, Rm. 16,
Edda 109, Nj. 119, Ld. 328. In compds, ömmu-bróðir, ömmusystir, etc.; lang-amma, u, f. is a great-grandmother. [In Germ.
amme means a nurse.]
ampli, a, m. and hömpull, s, m. [ampulla], a jug, Vm. 6, 47,
Dipl. iii. 4,
B. K. 31. COMPD: ömpuls-brot, n. a potsherd, Pm. 93.
amra, að, to howl piteously, Fs. 45 (of cats); cp. ömurli
gr, piteous, and
ömruligr, adj. id.
amstr, n. [cp. Germ, amsteig = palearium], a rick, Orkn. 44
8, an GREEK
GREEK amstr now means toil: cp. amstrast, að, to toil.
AN, conj. than, Lat. quam, is the old form, and constantly
used in
MSS. of the 12th century, instead of 'en' or 'enn,' q. v.
ANA, að, to rush on, now freq.
AND-, a prefixed prep. [Ulf. uses a separate prep. and; A. S. and-;
 Germ, ant-, ent-, empf-; it exists in Engl. in an-swer; Lat.
ante-; Gr.
GREEK], denoting whatever is opposite, against, towards, and metaph.
hostile, adverse; freq. spelt and pronounced an- or ann-; it is used in a
great many compds, v. below. If followed by v, the a changes into
ö,
e. g. öndverðr, adversus; in andvirði, prize, however
, the a is unchanged.
ANDA, að, [Ulf. has us-anan = GREEK; cp. Gr. GREEK, wind, and
Lat. animus, anima, spirit, breath: the Germans say geist, spirit,
and
athmen, spirare: Ulf. translates GREEK by ahma, voûs by a
ha; Hel.
spiritus by gêst and athom, whence Germ. athmen: cp. Swed. ånd, ånde,
spiritus, spirare.] I. act. to breathe, and of the wind, to waf
t;
 meðan þeir megu anda ok upp standa, Bs. i. 224, Karl. 95; þ
órðr andar
nú handan, Sturl. i. 21 (in a verse). II. dep. andast, to breathe
one's last, expire; Mörðr Gígja tók sótt ok an
daðist, Fiddle Mord 'took
sick' and breathed his last, Nj. 29; en ef svá ferr at ek öndumk
, but if it
fares so that I die. Eg. 127; þar hefir andast faðir minn, Fas. ii
i. 619.
Part. andaðr, dead; hón var þá onduð, had
breathed her last, Ld. 16;
jarlinn vai þá a., Fms. i. 149.
anda- and andar-, the compds belonging to önd, anima, and &ou
ml;nd, a
duck, v. sub voce önd.
and-blásinn, adj. part, [önd], inflated, Skálda
169.
<PAGE NUM="b0020">
<HEADER>20 ANDDYRI -- ANDVANA.</HEADER>
and-dyri and anndyri, n. [Lat. atrium; from önd, atrium, q. v.], a
porch; hón dró hann fram yfir dyrnar ok svá í an
ddyrit, Grett. 140,
Nj. 140, Fms. ii. 148, Bs. i. 804.
and-fang, n. esp. pl. [Germ, empfang], reception, hospitality, Vþm. 8.
and-fælur, f. pl. [önd], 'the horrors,' in the phrase,

vakna með andfælum, of one suddenly awakening from a bad dream, or from being
frightened when asleep, Fas. iii. 256, Fél. ix. 188.
and-fætingr, s, m. [and-], transl. of Antipodes in Pliny, Stj. 94.
Now
used in the mod. sense of Antipodes; also in the phrase, sofa andfætis, or
andfæting, of two sleeping in a bed 'heads and heels.'
and-hlaup, n. suffocation, Eg. 553.
and-hvalr, s, m. balaena rostrata, now called andarnefja, u, f., E
dda
(Gl.), Sks. 123 A.
and-hæli, n. monstrosity, absurdity; medic, the heels bei
ng in the place
of the toes, Fél. ix. 188. andhælisligr, adj. absurd.
andi, a, m. 1. prop, breath, breathing; af anda fisksins, Edda
19; cp. hverr andalauss lifir, who lives without breathing, in the Riddle
s
of Gestumblindi, Fas. i. 482; af anda hans, Greg. 20, Sks. 41 B; andi er
Ingimundar, ekki góðr á bekkinn, of foul breath, Sturl.
i. 21 (in a verse). 2.
a current of air; andi handar þinnar, air caused by the waving o
f the
hand, 623. 33: now freq. of a soft breeze. 3. (gramm.) aspiration;
 linr, snarpr a., Skálda 175, 179. II. nietaph. and of Christian
origin, spirit. In the Icel. translation of the N. T. andi answers to 
GREEK,
 sál to GREEK (cp. Luke i. 46, 47); Guð skapaði l&iacu
te;kamann ok andann, Mar.
656; taki þér við líkamanum en Drottinn við andanum,
id.; gjalda Guði
sinn anda, Mar. 39 (Fr.); hjarta, andi ok vizka, id. In some of these cases
it may answer to GREEK, but the mod. use is more strict: as a rule there
is
a distinction between 'önd,' f. anima, and 'andi,' m. animus,
yet in some
cases both are used indifferently, thus Luke xxiii. 46 is translated by 'andi,'
yet 'önd' is more freq., Pass. 44. 21, 45. I. 2. spirit, spiritual being
(önd is never used in this sense); John iv. 24, Guð er andi, and, t
ilbiðja í
anda, GREEK. 3. the Holy Ghost, Nj. 164, Rb. 80. 4. angels;
þessháttar eldr brennir andana, Stj. 41. 5. in a profane sense;
álfr eða a., Fas. i. 313. 6. spiritual gift; í krapti o
k í anda Heliæ,
Hom. 104. Luke i. 17, Sks. 565. COMPDS: anda-gipt, f. inspiration,
gift of the Holy Ghost, Fms. iv. 48. anda-kast, n. breathing, Fas.
iii. 348. andaliga, adv. spiritually, = andliga, Fms. v. 230. andaligr, adj. spiritual, = andligr, Stj. 8, Dipl. ii. 11.
and-kostr = annkostr, purpose.
and-langr, m. (poët.) name of one of the heavens, Edda (Gl.)
and-lauss, adj. [önd], breathless, lifeless, exanimis; a. hlu
tir, Eluc. 9.
and-lát, n. [önd, anima; lát, damnum], 'loss of breath,' death; þá er
þú fregn a. mitt, 623. 43; a. Magnúss konungs, Gizurar bisku
ps, etc.,
Bs. i. 65, 70, Eg. 119, 367. β. the last gasp, the very moment of
death; þá var konungr nær andláti, Hkr. i. 160; va
r hann þá beint í
andláti, Fms. vi. 230; ok er hann fann at nær dró at andl&aa
cute;ti hans, his
last moments drew near, viii. 446: andlát has the notion of a quie
t,
easy death; líflát, a violent death; but both are only
used in a dignified
sense. COMPDS: andláts-dagr, m. day of death, Bs. i. 466. andláts-dægr, n. id., 686 B. andláts-sorg, f. grief f
or a death, Stj. 196.
andláts-tíð, f. and -tími, a, m. time of death,
Greg. 78, Stj. 9.
andliga, adv. spiritually, Sks. 614, 649, Stj. 27, 34, Hom. 57.
andligr, adj. [Hel. translates spiritualis by gëstlic,
Germ. geistlich,
 Ulf. GREEK by ahmeins] , spiritual; in the N. T. GR
EEK is
translated by andligr, 1 Cor. xv. 44: a. fagnaðr, 656 C; a. herklæ&eth
;i,
656 A. ii. 18; a. skilning, Greg. 23; a. líf, Skálda 199; biskup h
efir
andligt vald til andligra hluta, a bishop has spiritual power in spiritual
things (opp. to veraldligr, GREEK), Gþl. 73; andlig skírn, Hom.
52.
and-lit, n. and annlit, [and-, adversus, and líta; Ulf. 
andavleizns =
GREEK; A. S. andvlite; Germ, antlitz], a face, countenance;
 á andliti
þeirra, 623. 61; sá ek annlit þitt, id., Nj. 16; &thor
n;angat horfi anlit er
hnakki skyldi, N. G. L. i. 12; Hom. 7 renders in faciem by í andli
ti.
Metaph. auglit is used as more dignified; í augliti Guðs (not andliti
),
GREEK, in the eyes or sight of God. COMPDS: andlitsbjörg, f. visor, Sks. 406. andlits-farinn, adj. in the phrase, vel
a., of fair, well-formed features, better in two words (andliti farinn),
Sturl. iii. 178 C. andlits-mein, n. cancer in the face, Sturl. ii. 185.
andlits-sköp, n. pl. lineaments of the face, N. G. L. i. 339; vel an
dlits
sköpum, of well-formed features, Fms. viii. 238.
and-marki, ann-, and an-, a, m. [and-, mark], a fault, flaw, blemish;
ókostir eðr andmarkar, Grág. i. 313; ef annmarkar þe
ir verða á búfénu,
429; þú leyndir anmarka á honum, Nj. 8. p. nietaph. in moral
sense,
trespasses; iðran annmarka, 625. 90; used as a nickname, Gísl.
32.
COMPDS: annmarka-fullr, adj. full of faults, Fms. vi. 110. ann-
marka-lauss, adj. faultless, Grág. i. 287.

and-máligr, adj. contentious, quarrelsome, Fms. ii. 154, Ma
gn. 448.
and-mæli, n. contradiction, 4. 25.
and-nes, n. and annes, [and-, nes], a promontory or point of la
nd,
 Hkr. i. 313, Fms. viii. 147, Fær. 83.
and-orða, adj. ind. [cp. Ulf. andavaurd; Germ. antwort]
, the Icel.
use svar or andsvar (Engl. answer) in this sense; andorða only appear
s
in the phrase, að verða a., to come to words with, Rd. 300, Korm.
11O (rare).
and-óf, n. prob. = and-þóf, prop. a paddling with
the oars, so as to
bring the boat to lie against wind and stream. Metaph., við nokkuru
andófi, after a somewhat hard struggle, Fbr. 84. 2. a division
in a
ship, fremsta rúm í skipi kallast a., Fél. ix. 3.
and-ramr, adj. (andremma, u, f.) having foul breath, Sturl. i. 20.
ANDRAR, m. pl. [Ivar Aasen a wander], snow shoes, in sing.
prob.
öndurr, cp. the compds öndor-dís and öndor-goð, used o
f the goddess
Skaði, in the Edda; found only in Norway, where the word is still in use;
in Icel. only remaining in the proverb snæliga snuggir kváðu Fi
nnar, áttu
andra fala, Fms. vii. 20, of a silly act, to sell one's snow shoes just when
it begins to snow. Prob. a Finnish word; v. skíð.
and-rá, f. [contr. = anddrag(?), mod. word], breath, in the
phrase, í
sömu a., at the very same breath, instantly.
and-róði, a, and andróðr, rs, m. the later form mor
e freq. [and-,
róa], pulling against stream and wind; Einarr átti g
ildan andróða, E. had a
hard pull, Fms. vi. 379, v. l. andróðr; róa andró&e
th;a, vii. 310, (andróðr, Hkr.
iii. 440); þeir tóku mikinn andróða, they had a hard
pull, Fms. viii. 438,
v. l. andróðr; ok er þá sem þeir hafi andró
ða, Greg. 31; taka andróðra (acc.
pl.), Fms. viii. 131, Hkr. iii. 440: cp. the proverb bíðendr eigu byr
en
bráðir andróða, those who bide have a fair wind, those
who are hasty a
foul, festina lente, 'more haste worse speed;' the last part is omitted in
old writers when quoting this proverb.
and-saka, að, (annsaka, Bret. 162), [A. S. andsäc], to
accuse, with acc.,
Al. 23; hann andsakaði (reprimanded) sveinana harðliga, Sturl. ii

i. 123.
and-skoti and annskoti, a, m. [and-, ädversus; skjóta,
skoti], prop.
an opponent, adversary, one who 'shoots from the opposite ranks;' a.
lýðs várs ok laga várra, 655 xvi. B; þeir hö
fðu heyrt at andskotar þeirra
vildi verja þeim vígi þingvöllinn, they had heard tha
t their adversaries
would keep them by a fight from the parliament field, Íb. ch. 7; eigi
mun
ek vera í andskota flokki móti honum, Fms. v. 269. 2. metaph. a
fiend, devil, transl. of Satan, now only used in that sense and in sw
earing;
nú hefir a. fundit færi á at freista yðvar, Post. 656; f
ar í brott a., GREEK
GREEK, 146; a. ok þeir englar er eptir honumhurfu, Ver. I; dökvir &th
orn;ik,
anskoti (voc.), 623. 31, Hom. 108, 109, K. Á. 20. COMPD: andskota-flokkr, m. a band of enemies, Fms. v. 269, Grág. ii. 19.
and-spilli and andspjall, n. colloquy, discourse, Skm. 11, 12.
and-spænis, adv., a. móti e-m, just opposite, the met
aph. being taken
from a target (spánn), Snót 127.
and-stefna, d, to stem against, Fas. iii. 50 (rare).
and-streymi, n. prop, against the tide or current; metaph.
adversity, Fr.
and-streymr, adj. running against stream; metaph. difficult, cr
oss; Sighvatr var heldr a. um eptirmálin, hard to come to terms with, Stur
l. ii. 42;
andstreym örlög, ill-fate, Al. 69; kvað Svein jafnan andstr
eyman verit hafa
þeim frændum, had always set his face against, Orkn. 39O.
and-stygð, f. disgust; vera a. af e-u (now, at e-u), dislik
e, Róm. 265.
and-styggiligr, adj. odious, abominable, Hkr. iii. 273.
and-styggr, adj. id., Hom. 102, 623. 31, Sks. 539.
and-svar and annsvar, n. [A. S. andsvaru; Hel. uses andvordi and
andvordian = respondere; Ulf. andavaurd] , an 'answer,' respons
e, but in
old writers esp. a decision; vera skjótr í andsvörum,
prompt in deciding,
 Fms. i. 277; sagðist til hans hafa vikit um ansvarit, put the case u
nder his
decision, vi. 354; munu vit tala fleira áðr ek veita þv&iac
ute; andsvör, before I
decide, Ld. 80; in N. G. L. i. 86 it seems to mean protest, intervention:
 used of the echo in Al. 35. COMPD: andsvara-maðr, m. a law term,
a respondent, defender, Jb. 30.

and-svara and annsvara, að, to answer; þá annsvar
ar konungrinn,
Fms. xi. 56, rare, and in a more formal sense than the simple verb
svara. β. answer, to be responsible for; sem ek vil a. fyrir Guð
i, as I
will answer before God, Gþl. 66; v. anza or ansa.
and-syptir, m. [önd, anima, or and-?], sobbing, sighing, h
ysterical
fit, Hom. 121; [Engl. sob; Germ. seufzen].
and-sælis, in common talk andhælis, adv. [sól], aga
inst the course of
the sun (cp. the Scot. 'widdershins,' that is, going against the sunshine
 or
the sun's light, a direction universally considered both in England and
Scotland to be most unlucky; see the quot. in Jamieson sub voce), Ísl.
ii. 154, Rb. 134; esp. used of witches and 'uncanny' appearances; þat
gékk öfugt um húsit ok a., itwent backwards about the hous
e and against
the sun's course, Eb. 268, Gísl. 33, cp. Fs. (Vd.) 43, 59; hon g&eacu
te;kk öfug
a. um tréit, ok hafði þar yfir mörg röm ummæli,
Grett. 151. β. ansælis
or andhælis is used of everything that goes backwards, wrong, or perver
sely;
 cp. andærr and andæris.
and-vaka, u, f. sleeplessness, GREEK, caused by care or grief, Fms
.
i. 82; mostly used in pl. β. medic, agrypnia, Fél. ix. 189, B
s. i.
251. γ wakefulness, Hom. 108. In the Máfhlíð. v&i
acute;sur, Eb. ch. 19,
andvaka unda = a sword, the 'awakener' of wounds; (cp. vekja bló&e
th;.)
and-vaki, adj. ind. sleepless, now andvaka; liggja a., to lie a
wake, Al.
71, Barl. 10, Mag. 80.
and-vana and andvani, adj. ind., and now andvanr, adj. I.
[and- and vanr, solitus], destitute, wanting; with gen., a. &aacut
e;tu, lífs a., auðs
<PAGE NUM="b0021">
<HEADER>ANDVARÐA -- ANNARR. 21</HEADER>
ok alls gamans a., Hkv. 2. 31, Völs. kviður, Lex. Poët.; alls a. n
ema
víls ok vesaldar, Fms. iii. 95; a. heilsu, Magn. 512; alls a., of the beg
gar
Lazarus, Greg. 24; a. þeirrar þjónustu, in want of, Po
st. 656 B; margs a.,
Bret. 174; a eigna várra, having lost our lands, 208. II. [ön
d,
anima] , now = exanimis; andvana lík, a lifeless corpse,
 Pass. 4. 23.

and-varða, að, to hand over [cp. Dan. overantvorde]
, rare, Fr.
and-vari, a, m. I. a fish of prey, gurnard, Lat. miluus,
 Edda
(Gl.); tke name of the gurnard-shaped dwarf, Edda 72; the owner of a
fatal ring, hence called andvara-nautr: cp. Skv. 1. 2, Andvari ek heiti
... margan hefi ek fors um farit. II. in mod. usage, a soft breeze,
 and metaph. watchfulness, vigilance, in such phrases as, hafa andvar
a á sér,
Pass. 15. 6: andvara-lauss, adj. heedless; andvara-leysi, f
. mostly in
a theol. sense, etc. COMPD: andvara-gestr, m. an unwelcome guest,
 in the phrase, vera e-m a., Fbr. 7, 24 new Ed. (now freq.)
and-varp, n. the act of heaving a sob, sigh, 655 xx. 4, Sks. 39, 6
88.
Freq. in theol. writers, Pass. 40. 7.
and-varpa, að, to sob, sigh, breathe deeply, Fms. x. 338, Hom.
155,
Sks. 225 (freq.)
and-varpan, f. sobbing, Hom. 124, Stj. 149.
and-vegi, throne, v. öndvegi.
andverðr, adverse, v. öndverðr.
and-viðri, n. [veðr], head wind, Fbr. 67, Eg. 87, Fms. i.
203.
and-virði, n. [verð], worth, equivalent, value, price; &th
orn;á skal þat kaup
ganga aptr en hinn hafi a. sitt, Gþl. 491; haf þú nú a
llt saman, skikkjuna
ok a., Lv. 50; allt a. hvalsins, the whole value of, Greg. ii. 375; hann
tekr þar á móti ofdrykkjuna ok hennar a., reward, Fms
. viii. 251.
and-virki and annvirki, n. [önn, labour (?); cp. old G
erm, antwerk = machina]. I. in Icel. writers esp. used of bay and baystacks; ef eldr kemr í hús manns eðr a., K. Þ. K. 78
, 82; færa, reiða a.,
to carry into the barn, Grág. ii. 122, Lv. 211; nema fé gan
gi í akr, engi,
töður eðr a., Grág. ii. 299; nautafjöldi var kominn &ia
cute; tún ok vildi brjóta
a., ... throw down the cocks, Glúm. 342, Boll. 336; sendi Ú
lfarr menn upp
á hálsinn at sjá um a. sitt þat er þar st&oacut
e;ð; cp. little below, stórsæti, large
ricks, Eb. 152. II. in Norway more generally used of crop, tillage,
agricultural implements; garð þann sem um a. (barley ricks? ) stendr,
Gþl. 381; ef menn brenna a. manna, N. G. L. i. 244; a. (produce) ma
nna
hvatki sem er, 251, Jb. 312; þá skal hann þar etja öllu
sinu a. á, 357;
viðarköst, timbr, grindr, sleða eðr önnur a., implement
s (some MSS. read
amboð), 258, v. l. Metaph., legit hafa mér a. nær garði, en
at berjast
við þik fyrir sakleysi, business more urgent than to ..., Grett
. 110 A.
and-vitni, n. a law term. I. Icel. contradictory testimony, such
as was contrary to law. Thus defined: þat er a. er menn bera gegn &tho
rn;ví
sem áðr er borit, vætti í gegn kvið, eðr kvi&eth
;r í gegn vætti, svá at eigi
má hvárttveggja rétt vera, Grág. i. 59, 60; it was l
iable to the lesser outlawry, skoluð menn a. bera ok hér á þingi, en ef menn be
ra, ok varðar
þat útlegð, enda á þat einskis at meta, id.; en ef
menn bera þat a. varðar
þat fjörbaugsgarð, ii. 272; bera þeir a. guðunum, fa
lse witness against the
gods, 655 xiii. B. I. II. Norse, where it appears to mean contradictory testimony, such as was usually admissible; ok koma eigi a. mó
ti,
N. G. L. ii. 89, v. l.; svá er ef einn ber vitni með manni sem engi b
eri, en
tveir sem tíu, ef maðr uggir eigi a. móti, if one bears wit
ness for a man it is
as though no man bore witness for him, but two are as good as ten, if a man
doth not fear that contradictory evidence will be brought against him, 150.
and-vígr, adj. in the phrase, vera e-m a., a match for ..., as
good a
swordsman as...; hann var eigi meirr enn a. einum þeirra bræ&eth
;ra, Fms.
ii. 165; sagði Gellir sik fleirum mönnum a. en einum, Bs. i. 649.
and-yrði, n. pl. [v. andorða], objection, Sks. 76.
and-æfa, ð, [v. andóf; Ivar Aasen andöva and
andov], a boating term,
to paddle against tide, current, and wind, so as to prevent the boat from
drifting astern; þá féll á stormr svá mikill,
at þeir fengu eigi betr en
andæft, had nothing better than to lay to, Sturl. ii. 121; the vell
um
MSS. wrongly andhætt. 2. metaph. in the corrupt form andæpta,
to reply feebly against; with dat., ekki er þess getið at &THOR
N;órðr andæpti
þessari vísu, Th. returned no reply to this libel, Sturl. i.
22. Now absol.
to speak in a disjointed way, to ejaculate; andæpti skáld up
p úr móðu,
fram eru feigs götur; skilja sköp, skamt er að landi, brosir bakki
mót,
of rhymed incoherent words of a poet in the act of sinking beneath
the waves, vide Espól. Ísl. Árb. the year 1823, Sigurðr
Breiðfjörð in a
poem in the Smámunir.
and-æris, adv. [ár, remus], crossly, perversely, a figure taken from pulling, Lex. Poët.; freq. in the corrupt form andhælis.
and-ærligr, adj. cross, odd, Lex. Poët.; now andh&ae
lig;lislegr.
ang, n. sweet savour, fragrance; með unað ok ang, Bs. ii.
10.
ANGA, að, [Norse aanga; Swed. ånga] , to give
out a sweet scent,
odour; ilmr angar mjök sætliga, Mar. Fr.; now freq.
angan, f. sweet odour; angan Friggjar, the love of Frigga,
Vsp. 54;
some MSS. read angantýr, the sweetheart, husband of Frigga.
angi, a, m. [Norse angie] . I. sweet odour; þv
ílíkan ilm ok
anga sem cedrus, Stj. 73, etc. II. [cp. A. S. anga = aculeus,
stimulus], a spine or prickle, in the phrase, þetta mál
hefir anga, has a
sting, is not good to touch, Bs. ii. 52. Now often used in pl. and used of a sprout, fibre in fruits or plants; metaph. a spoilt boy is called angi,
'a
pickle:' as to the root, cp. öngull, hamus, and the English a
ngle: angilja,
u, f. is, according to Björn, one of the bones of a fish.
angist, f. [Lat. angustia; Fr. angoisse; Engl. anguish; Germ, angst] ,
anguish, esp. in theol. writers, Stj. 31, 51, 55, 106, 114. COMPDS:
angistar-ár, n. a year of misery, Stj. angistar-neyð
, f. distress, Stj.
angistar-tími, a, m. an hour of pain, Stj.
angistast, að (?), dep. to be vexed, Stj. 121.
ANGR, m. (now always n., Pass. 1. 4, and so Bs. i. 195); gen.rs, [cp. Eng
l.
anger, Lat. angor.] I. grief, sorrow; þann an
gr, Bær. 12; upp á minn
a. ok skaða, Stj. 215; minn harm ok a., Bær. 14; með margskonar an
gri,
Fms.x.401; sorg eðr a., Háv. 51; ekki angr(s), Hkv. Hjörv. 10. I
I.
in Norse local names freq. = bay, firth, e. g. Staf-angr, Harð-angr,
etc. etc.
(never in Icel.): kaupangr in Norway means a town, village, sinus mercatorius, [cp. the English 'Chipping' in Chipping Norton, Chipping Ongar,
etc., and in London, 'Cheapside,'] these places being situated at the
bottom of the firths: fjörðr hardly ever occurs in local names in Norwa
y,
but always angr; cp. the pun on angr, moeror, and angr, sinus, Fas
. ii.
91. The word is obsolete in the historical age and scarcely appears as
a pure appellative, Edda (Gl.), Fms. xii, Munch's Map and Geogr. of
Norway. [Root probably Lat. ang- in ango, angustus, angiportus.] 
angra, að, to anger, grieve, vex, with acc., Fms. xi. 393; mik
hefir angrað
hungr ok frost, Fms. ii. 59: with dat., hvárt sem mér a. reykr e&e
th;a bruni, Nj. 201, Stj. 21: impers. to be grieved, a. honum mjök,
Fas. ii. 296:
more freq. with acc., Finnb. 234, Bs. i. 289; mik angrar mart hvað,
Hallgrím. β. reflex., angrask, to be angered; a. af e-u, t
o take
offence at, Bs. i. 280; við e-t, Fas. iii. 364. γ. part. angra&
eth;r, used
as adj. sorrowful, angry; reiðr ok a., El. 14; pronounced angr&aacute
;ðr, concerned; in the phrase, göra sér angrátt, um, to feel a
pang, Gísl. 85.
angran, f. sorrow. Fas. iii. 364.
angr-fullr, adj. full of care, Str. 55.
angr-gapi, a, m. a rude, silly fool, [the French gobemouche
] , Bs. i. 806,
Mag. 64 (Ed.); sem a. at svara fólsku tignum mönnum, Sturl. iii. 138
.
angr-lauss, adj. free from care, Lat. securus, Hkv. 2. 45.
angr-ligr, adj. sad, Bs. ii. 163.
angr-ljóð, n. pl. funeral songs, dirges, neniae, Hkv. 2
. 44.
angr-lyndi, n. [lund], concern, low spirits, Gísl. 85.
angr-mæðask, dd, dep. to be in low spirits, Fr.
angr-samligr, adj. and angr-samliga, adv. sorrowful, sorrowfull
y,
 Stj. 655 xxxii.
angr-samt, adj. full of grief, depressed, downcast, Stj., Barl., V
ápn. 17;
neut., e-m er a., to be in low spirits, Fms. viii. 29. β. trouble
some, Stj.
(of gnats).
angr-semd and angrsemi, f. grief, Mar., Ver. 2.
angr-væri, f. dejection, Hkr. iii. 253; now also angr-v&a
elig;r, adj. dejected.
angr-æði, f. moody temper, sullenness, Fr.
an-könn, f. [and-kenna], a flaw, fault, = anmarki, only as ge
n. pl. in
the COMPDS ankanna-fullr, adj. full of faults, Sks. 76 new Ed., v.
l.
ankanna-laust, n. adj. a law term, uncontested, used of an inherit
ance
or possession where there is no legal claimant; skal hann eignast a. allt

Noregs konungs veldi, he s hall hold as his own all the power of Norwa
y's
king without a rival, Fagrsk. 97; Magnús konungr hafði þ&aa
cute; ríki einnsaman ok a., i. e. there were no pretenders, Fms. x. 413.
ann- in several compds, v. and-.
ANNA, að, [önn, labor; Ivar Aasen anna: the root i
s not found in
Goth.] I. act. but rare; with dat. in the sense to be able to do;
 eg anna því ekki, I cannot manage that: absol., gelding
ar svá holdir, at
þeir anni á degi ofan í Odda, ellipt. = anni at ganga, th
at they can walk,
 Vm. 28. II. dep. freq.: 1. with acc., o. a law term;
in cases involving support, to take care, provide for, to support; &thorn
;á skal
móðirin þau börn annast, Grág. i. 240; a. úm
aga, 243, 294; a. sik, to
support oneself, Fms. vi. 204; úmegð, Rd. 234. β. more gener
ally to take
care of; mál þetta mun ek a., Glúm. 358. γ. to
engage in battle; tveir
skyldi annast einnhvern þeirra; þeir Barði ok Steinn skyldi a. K
etil brúsa,
Ísl. (Hvs.) ii. 356. 2. a. um e-t, to be busy about, trouble oneself a
bout;
 a. um matreiðu, to cook, Nj. 75; hann a. ekki um bú, Gl&u
acute;m. 342, 359.
annarligr, adj. strange, alien, Stj. 188; metaph., Skálda 1
93.
ANNARR, önnur, annat, adj.; pl. aðrir; gen. pl. annarra; dat. si
ng. f.
annarri, [Ulf. anþar; A. S. oþar; Engl. other; Germ, andere; Swed.
andra and annan: in Icel. assimilated, and, if followed by an r, t
he nn
 changes into ð.] I.= GREEK, alter: 1. one of two, the other;
 tveir formenn þeirra, hét annarr, the one of them, Fms.
ix. 372; sá er af
öðrum ber, be that gets the better of it, Nj. 15; a. augat, Fms.
ii. 61; á
öðrum fæti, Bs. i. 387, Edda 42; annarri hendi..., en annarri, with the
one hand ..., with the other, Eb. 250, 238; á aðra hönd, 
on the one side,
 Grág. i. 432, Nj. 50; a. kné, Bs. i. 680; til annarrar handar
, Nj. 50;
annarr--annarr, one--other; gullkross á öðrum en a
ri af gulli á öðrum,
Fms. x. 15. Peculiar is the phrase, við annan, þriðja, fjór
ða ... mann, =
being two, three, four...altogether; við annan, oneself and one be
sides,
 Eb. 60; cp. the Greek GREEK, two talents and a half, Germ.
anderthalh. 2. secundus, a cardinal number, the second; s&a
acute; maðn
<PAGE NUM="b0022">
<HEADER>22 ANNARSKONAR -- APALDR.</HEADER>
var þar a. Íslenzkr, Fms. xi. 129; í annat sinn, for the
second time, Íb. ch. 1, 9; a. vetr aldrs hans, Bs. i. 415; höggr
harm þegar annat (viz. högg), a second blow, Sturl. ii. 118.
β. the next following, Lat. proximus; á ö&
eth;ru hausti, the next autumn, Ísl. ii. 228; önnur misseri,
the following year, Bs. i. 437, 417; a. sumar eptir, 415, Fms. i. 237. Me
taph. the second, next in value or rank, or the like; annat mest h
of í Noregi, the next greatest temple, Nj. 129; a. mestr höf&
eth;ingi, the next in power, Ísl. ii. 202; fjölmennast &thorn
;ing, annat eptir brennu Njáls, the fullest parliament next to that af
ter the burning of N., 259; vitrastr lögmanna annarr en Skapti, the
wisest speaker next after S., Bs. i. 28; a. mestr maðr í Danm&oum
l;rk, the next greatest man, Fms. xi. 51; annat bezt ríki, v. 297;
var annarr sterkastr er hét Freysteinn, the next strongest champion, Eb. 156; mestrar náttúru a. en Þorsteinn, Fs. 74, Fms.
iv. 58. II. = GREEK, alius, one of many, other, both in sing. and
pl.; hon lék á gólfinu við aðrar meyjar, Nj. 2; mar
t var með henni annara kvenna, i.e. many women besides, 50; jafnt sek
r sem aðrir menn, as guilty as anybody else, Grág. i. 432; ein
ginn annarra Knúts manna, none besides, Fms. x. 192; ef þeir
gerði lönd sín helgari enn aðrar jarðir, ... than al
l other grounds, Eb. 20; er Þórólfr hafði tignað
um fram aðra staði, ... more than any other place, id.; kalla &t
horn;á jörð nú eigi helgari enn aðra, id.; tók
Börkr þann kost er hann hafði öðrum ætlað, 40
; Þórarinn vann eið ... ok tíu menn aðrir, Th. an
d ten men besides, 48; þeir þóttust fyrir öðrum
mönnum, ... over all other people, 20; góðr drengr um fra
m alla menn aðra, 30; af eyjum ok öðru sjófangi, other pr
oduce of the sea, 12; hann skal tvá menn nefna aðra en sik, ... besides himself, Grág. i. 57; hann var örvari af fé enn
nokkurr annarr, ... than anybody else, Bret.; jafnt sem annat fúl
gufé, as any other money, Grág. i. 432. 2. other,
different, in the proverb, öl er annarr maðr, ale (a drunke
n man) is another man, is not the true man, never mind what he says, Gret
t. 98; the proverb is also used reversely, öl er innri (the inner)
maðr, 'in vino veritas:' annað er gæfa ok görfuleiki,
luck and achievements are two things (a proverb); önnur var þ&
aacute; æfi, viz. the reverse of what it is now (a proverb), Grett. 94 (in
a verse); ætla ek þik annan mann en þú segir, Fms. xi.
192; hafi þér Danir heldr til annars gört, you deserve som
ething different, worse than that, id.; varð þá annan veg,
otherwise, Hkr. ii. 7; Björn varð þess víss at &tho
rn;au höfðu annan átrúnað, ... different religion,
 Eb. 12. 3. like GREEK, reliqui, the rest, the remains; &thor
n;á er eigi sagt hversu öðrum var skipað, Nj. 50; at hö
nd b. sé fyrir innan n., en annarr líkami hans (the rest of his
body) fyrir utan, 1812. 18. III. repeated in comparative clauses: an
narr -- annarr, or connected with einn, hvárr, hverr, ymsir: gékk
annarr af öðrum at biðja hann, alius ex alio, one after another,
 Bs. i. 128; hverja nótt aðra sem aðra, every night in tur
n, Mag. 2; annat var orð Finns harðara enn annat, every word of F
inn was harder than that which went before it, of a climax, Fms. v. 207: ein
n -- annarr, alius atque alius, one and another, various; eina hluti ok a
ðra, Stj. 81; einar afleiðingar ok aðrar, Barl. 36; einir ok aðr
ir, various, Stj. 3; ef maðr telr svá, at hann var einn e&eth
;r annarr (that he was anybody, this or that man, viz. if he does not giv
e the name precisely), ok er hinn eigi þá skyldr at rísa &oa
cute;r dómi, Grág. i. 28: ymsir -- aðrir, in turn, n
ow this, now the other; ymsir eiga högg í annars garð (a pro
verb); heita á helga menn, ok nefna ymsa ok aðra (now one, now ano
ther), Mar. 35: þágu þessir riddarar veizlur ymsir at &ou
ml;ðrum, gave banquets one to another in turn, id.; færðu
ymsir aðra niðr, now one was under water and now the other, of tw
o men struggling whilst swimming, Fms. ii. 269: hvárr -- annan, hverir -aðra, each other; mæltu hvárir vel fyrir öðru
m; hétu hvárir öðrum atförum: of a rapid succession,
hvert vandræði kom á bak öðru, misfortunes never c
ome singly, but one on the back of the other, Fr.; við þau tið
indi urðu allir glaðir ok sagði hverr öðrum, one told th
e news to another, man to man, Fms. i. 21; þóttust hvár
irtveggju meira vald at hafa í borginni en aðrir, 655 xvii. 1; hv&aac
ute;rirtveggja -- aðrir, GREEK, mutually, reciprocally; skulu n&uacut
e; h. ganga til ok veita öðrum grið, Nj. 190. IV. annat, n. used as a subst.; þetta sem annat, as other things, Fas. i.
517; skaltu eigi þora annat, en, Nj. 74; ef eigi bæri a. til, unl
ess something happened, Bs. i. 350: at öllu annars, in everything el
se, Grág. ii. 141, K. Þ. K. 98: annars simply used adver
b. = else = ella; now very freq. but very rare in old writers; stendr a.
ríki þitt í mikilli hættu, Fas. i. 459, from a paper M
S. and in a text most likely interpolated in the 17th century. COMPDS: annars
-konar, gen. as adv. of another kind, Hkr. i. 148. annars-kostar, adv. else, otherwise; hvárt er hann vill... eðr a. vill ha
nn, either he should prefer ..., K. Á. 58. annars-staðar, adv. elsewhere, in other places; sem a., as in other similar cases,
 Grág. i. 228. annars-vegar, adv. on the other hand, Fm
s. viii. 228, those on the opposite side. annarra- gen. pl. is use
d in annarra-bræðra, -bræðri, pl. fourth cousins, Grág. i. 285, ii. 172; cp. D. I. i. 185; v. næsta-bræ&eth
;ra = third cousins, þriðja-bræðra = fifth cousins
.
annarr-hvárr (or in two words), adj. pron. in dual sense, [A. S. oþar-hveða], Lat. alteruter, either, one of the two; with
gen., annan hvern þeirra sona Skallagríms, Eg. 256; væntir m
ik at aðra hvára (acc. sing. fem., now aðra hverja) skipan taki b
rátt, Fms. viii. 444. Dual, aðrir hvárir, in a collect. sense,
either party, Sd. 138; neut. used as adv., annaðhvárt -- e&e
th;a, either -- or (Lat. aut -- aut), Fms. i. 127, Skálda 1
71, Nj. 190.
annarr-hverr, adj. pron. every other alternately; annan hvern dag,
Fms. iv. 81, Symb. 57; annathvert orð, every other (second) word, Nj. 33, Fas. i. 527: at öðruhverju, used as adv., every
now and then, Eg. 52, Sturl. i. 82, Hkr. ii. 292.
annarr-tveggja and annarr-tveggi, adj. or used adverbially, [-tveg
gja is a gen. form, -tveggi a nom.], plur. (dual) aðrirtveggju, dat. plur. jum; in other cases tveggja, tveggi are indecl. :-- one of twain, either;
annattveggja þeirra, Grág. i. 236; ok er annattveggja til, at ver
a hér, hinn er annarr, there is choice of two, either to stay here, or
..., Fms. xi. 143, N. G. L. i. 117; ef annarrtveggi hefir haldit ö&et
h;rum, Grág. i. 29: with gen., a. þeirra, either of them, 14
9: dual, either of two sides, en þá eru þeir skildir e

r aðrirtveggju eru lengra í burt komnir en ördrag, but then a
re they parted when either of the twain is come farther away than an arrow's fli
ght, of combatants on the battle-field, Grág. ii. 19: neut., annattve
ggja, used as adv.; annattveggja -- eðr, either -- or; a. vestna e&et
h;r batna, Clem. 50. The word is rare in old writers, and is now quite out of us
e; as adv. annaðhvort -- eða, either -- or, is used.
annarsligr = annarligr; annarstaðar, elsewhere, v. anna
rsstaðar.
ANNÁLL, s, m. [Lat. annalis], an annal, record, chronolo
gical register, Bs. i. 789, 415. 13. It sometimes, esp. in deeds, appears t
o mean histories in general (cp. Lat. annales); annálar &aa
cute; tólf bókum norrænir, Vm. in a deed of the 14th century
, where it probably means Sagas: fróðir annálar ok v&ia
cute;sindabækr, histories, Pr. 402, Al. 29. The true old Icel. anna
lists cease in the year 1430, and were again resumed in the middle of the 16th c
entury.
ann-boð, n. pl., rare in sing., proncd. amboð, [old Swed.
ambud; Ivar Aasen ambo', from önn, labor (?)], agri
cultural implements, tools; a. nokkur, Dipl. v. 18, Jb. 258.
ann-fetlar, m. pl. a sword belt or shield belt, = handfetla
r, Lex. Poët.
ann-friðr, ar, m. [önn], 'work-peace,' work-truce, common
ly during April and May, the time when there were to be no lawsuits (Norse), N.
G. L. iii. 19, 94, 95.
ann-kostr, m., also spelt öndkostr and önnkostr [
önn], used only in the adverbial phrase, fyrir annkost (önn-önd-k
ost), wilfully, on purpose, Fms. viii. 367; en þó hafa ek f
yrir önnkost (on purpose) svá ritað, Skálda 164; e
n þat er illvirki, er maðr vill spilla fé manna fyrir ö.,
Grág. i. 5, 130, 416, ii. 93, 94.
ann-kvista, t, ( = ann-kosta?), to take care (önn) of,
Grág. ii. 251, GREEK spelt anquista; the word is somewhat doubtfu
l.
ann-laust, n. adj. easily, without toil, Lex. Poët.
ann-ríkt, n. adj. and annríki, n., eiga a., to be
very busy, Rd. 283.
ann-samligr, adj. toilsome, laborious, Sks. 549, 550.
ann-samt, n. adj. in the phrase, eiga a., to be busy, Rd. 283: v.l
. for angrsamt, full of cares, Fms. viii. 29.
ann-semð, f. business, trouble, concern; fá a. af e-u a
nd bera a. fyrir e-u, to be troubled, concerned about, Bs. i. 686, 690.
annt, n. adj. [önn], in such phrases
sy, concerned, eager, anxious about, Hkr. i.
I>many were eager to get home, Fms. xi. 278;
a. at hitta mik, why is he so eager? Eg.
as, vera a. um e-t, to be bu

115; mörgum var a. heim, <
hví mun honum svá
742; ekki er a. um þat, it is not pressing, Sd. 174; Hánefr kvad sér a. um daga (had so much to do) svá at hann mátti þá eigi at
vera, Rd. 241; vera annt til e-s, to be in a very great hurry, eager for,
Fms. ii. 150, 41. Compar. annara, in impers. phrases, to be more eager,
Fms. ii. 38; mér er ekki a. at vita forlög mín en fram koma,
Fs. 19. Superl., vera annast til e-s, to be most eager, Fms. iii. 187: wi
thout prep., hvat er nú annt minum eingasyni, what hath my darling son
at heart? Gg. 2.
antifona, u, f. antiphon (Gr. word), Hom. 137.
anti-kristr, m. Anti-Christ, Hom. 132, 71.
antvarða, að, to hand over (Germ. word), H. E. i. 435, in
a Norse deed.
anugr, adj., commonly önugr, cross, uncivil, froward;
also önug-lyndi, f. freaks, ill-temper.
anz, n. reply, now freq. in common language, v. following word.
anza, að, contr. form = andsvara, to pay attention to, take notice
of; with dat., (þeim) sem hón a. minnr ok vanrækir, 
cares less about, Stj. 95, 81, 195. 2. to reply, answer (now f
req.); a. e-u and til es; illu mun furða, ef nokkurr a. til, where it means
to reply, but without the notion of speaking, Fms. i. 194; Oddr anzað
i ok heldr stutt, where it seems to mean to return a greeting, but silent
ly by signs, Fb. i. 254; konungr a. því ekki, a reply to a letter,
Fms. ix. 339; hann sat kyrr ok a. engu, Bárd. 180; Mirmant heyrði til
ræðu hennar ok a. fá, Mirm. 69.
apa, að, [Engl. to ape; Germ. äffen = deludere], to mock, make sport of; margan hefir auðr apat (a proverb), 
'auri sacra fames,' Sl. 34, cp. Hm. 74: pass., apask at e-u, to become th
e fool of, Sl. 62. Now, a. e-t epter, to mock or imitate as an ape
: also, a. e-n útúr, to pervert one's words in a mocking wa
y.
apaldr, rs, m. pl. rar, [O. H. G. aphaltrâ; A. S. apuldre
; Dan. abild; Swed. apel], doubtless a southern word, the inf
lective syllable dr being a mutilation of 'tré,' arbor, a w
ord now almost extinct in Germany, (for a homely, common word such as 'tr&eacute
;' could not have been corrupted in the native tongue); -- apaldr thus, etymolog
ically as well as properly, means an apple-tree; fruits and fruit-trees w
ere doubtless
<PAGE NUM="b0023">
<HEADER>APALDRSGARÐR -- APTRHVARF. 23</HEADER>
imported into Scandinavia from abroad; the word appears only in the later heroic
poems, such as the Hkv. Hjörv. 6; the verses in Sdm. 5 are in a different
metre from the rest of the poem, and probably interpolated, Fas. i. 120; epli &
aacute; apaldri, Sks. 106; tveir apaldar (with the radical r dropped), Fa
s. iii. 60; apaldrs flúr, Karl. 200, 311: as the etymological sense in th
e transmuted word soon got lost, a fresh pleonastic compound was made, viz. apal
drs-tré. COMPDS: apaldrs-garðr, m. [Dan. abild-gaard],
orchard of apple-trees, Þiðr., D. N. apaldrs-klubba, u,
f. club made of an a., El. 22. apaldrs-tré, n. apple-tre
e, Þiðr. 58.

apal-grár, adj. dapple-gray, i.e. apple-gray, having the
streaky colour of an apple (cp. Fr. pommelé), of a horse, Nj.
274, Karl. 426, Landn. 93 (where it is used of a river horse); of an ox, uxi a.
at lit, Ld. 120.
API, a, m. [A. S. apa; Erse apa; Bohem. op; Germ. affe; all of them dropping the initial guttural tenuis: Sanskr. kapi
], an ape. It appears in early times in the metaph. sense of a fool in the old poem Hm. and even in a proverb; so also in the poems Fm. 11 and Gm.
34, vide Lex. Poët. A giant is in Edda (Gl.) called api, no doubt because
of the stupid nature of the giants. Apavatn, a farm in Icel., probably got its n
ame from a nickname of one of the settlers, at the end of the 9th century. In H&
yacute;m. 20 a giant is called áttrunnr apa, the kinsman of apes.
The passage in the Hm. verse 74 appears to be corrupt, and ought to be restored
thus, margr verðr af aurum api, the fool of earthly things, cp. the p
assage in Sl. 34, margan hefir auðr apat, which is another version of the ve
ry same proverb. It is esp. used in the connection, ósvinns-api or &oacut
e;sviðra-api, a baboon, big fool, Gm. l.c., Fm. l.c.; (the passage in
Hm. 123 ought perhaps to be restored to ósvinns-apa or ósvinnra-a
pa in a single word; the sense is no doubt the same in all these passages.) Rare
in old prose in the proper sense of ape, vide however 673. 55. COMPD: apa-mynd, n. form of an ape, Th. 76.
APLI, a, m. in Edda (Gl.), α. an ox, or β. a horse, hackney: apli according to Björn s.v. means the embryo
 of animals, e.g. apla-kálfr and apla-lamb, n. abort
ive lamb or calf; apalgengr, adj. a hackney, a rough goer. Björn also mentions apalgrýti, n. aspretum, (an un
known and dubious word.)
appella and appellera, að, to cite, summon to the pope
(eccles. Lat.), Fms. ix. 339, 486 (v.l.), x. 99, Bs. i. 776, K. Á. 218.
APR, adj. gen. rs (and thus not akin to api), cold, sharp, chilly;
en aprasta hríð, sharp fighting, Ó. T. 59; sterkastr o
k aprastr við at eiga, the worst to deal with, Þiðr. 183; e
rida vóru allöpr tilbrigðin (cold, malignant), 89; &thorn
;ví föru vér aprir, we feel sad, chilly, a verse writt
en in 1047, Lex. Poët.: a word quite obsolete. (Björn however mentions
it as a living word.) Mod. Icel. napr, adj. nearly in the same sense, cold, chilly, of weather; cold, spiteful, snappish, of temper
: nepja, u, f. a chill, piercing cold: nepringr, m. id.:
 [are these words identical (?).]
aprligr, adj. cold, chilly, of weather; a. veðr, Vápn.
11. MS.
APTAN and aftan, s, m., dat. aptni, pl. aptnar, sometimes spelt ap
ni and apnar, [Hel. aband; Germ. abend; Engl. even, evening; in Ulf. we only find andanahti = Gr. GREEK, GREEK; Swed. afton,
Dan. aften, -- as it is often spelt], evening; not very freq. in p
rose, where kveld is the common word. It prop. meant the time from 3 till 9 o'cl
ock, like the Old English 'even;' miðraptan (middle-eve) is 6 o'clock
; at 9 o'clock the night sets in, v. náttmál: a distinction is mad
e between aptan and kveld, einn aptan at kveldi, an afternoon when the kv
eld (twilight) sets in, Edda 35: but gener. = kveld, um aptaninn s
íð er myrkt var orðit, Fms. iv. 308, viii. 228, xi. 113; at aptni
, 623. 55, Fms. viii. 201, Grág. i. 146; of aptna (apna), Grág. ii
. 224; á öptnum, Bjarn. 23; miðraptan, Hrafn. 9, Nj. 153; aptans
bíðr óframs sök, a laggard's suit bides till even
(a proverb).
aptan and aftan, adv. prop. from behind, behind, opp. to fr
aman; augu a. í hnakka, N. G. L. i. 339; a. á milli herða, V&i
acute;gl. 26; þá greip hann a. undir hendr honum (from behind), Eg. 747; hala sem leo, ok gadd í a., ... at the tip of the tail, Al. 168: now aptan í is opp. to framan í. II. fyrir a.,
as prep. with acc., behind, opp. to fyrir framan; ek hjó varginn &
iacute; sundr fyrir a. bóguna, I hewed the wolf in sunder, just behind
the withers, Nj. 95; standa fyrir a., to stand behind, Fas. ii. 516.
β. a. at, with dat.; ganga, koma a. at e-m, to approach from beh
ind.
aptan-drykkja, u, f. an evening carouse, Pr. 419.
aptan-langt, n. adj. even-long, all the evening, Karl. 95.
aptan-skæra, u, f. twilight, Lat. crepusculum (cp. mo
rginskæra, dawn, aurora), Sighvat (in a verse).
aptan-stjarna, u, f. the evening star, Al. 54, Stj. 92; now kveldstjarna.
aptan-söngr, m. even-song, evening service, Fms. vii. 152, K.
Þ. K. 58.
aptari and aptastr, compar. and superl. latter, posterior,
and last, v. eptri, epztr.
aptarla and aptarliga, adv. behind, far in the rear, Lex. P
oët. (freq.)
aptna, að, to become evening; þartil at aptnaði, Fms
. iii. 181. Dep., þá aptnaðisk, Greg. 51; now kvelda.
APTR and aftr (aptar, N. G. L. i. 347), adv., compar. aptar
, superl. aptast, [Ulf. aftra = GREEK], the spelling with p is bor
ne out by the Gr. GREEK. I. Loc. back, back again: 1. WITH
MOTION, connected with verbs denoting to go or move, such as fara,
ganga, koma, leiða, senda, snúa, sækja, etc., where aptr almos
t answers to Lat. re-, remittere, reducere, reverti ...; gefa a., redd
ere; bera a., refellere; kalla a., revocare; reka a., repel
lere: a. hverfr lygi þá er sönnu mætir (a proverb),
a lie turns back when it meets truth, Bs. i. 639. 'aptr' implies a notion
a loco or in locum, 'eptir' that of remaining in loco; thu
s skila a. means remittere; skilja eptir, relinquere; taka a., 
recipere, in a bad sense; taka eptir, animum attendere; fara a., r
edire; vera e., remanere, etc.; fara, snúa, koma, senda, s&ael
ig;kja, hverfa a., Nj. 260, 281, Fms. x. 395, iv. 300, Edda 30, Eg. 271, Eb. 4,
Fs. 6; færa a., to repay, N. G. L. i. 20; snúast a., L&aelig
;kn. 472. Without actual motion, -- as of sounds; þeir heyrðu a. &iacu
te; rjóðrit óp, they heard shouting behind them, Fms. i
v. 300; nú skal eigi prestr ganga svá langt frá kirkju at h
ann heyri eigi klokkur hljóð aftar ( = aftr), he shall not go out
of the sound of the bells, N. G. L. i. 347. β. backwards;
fram ok a., to and fro (freq.); reið hann suðr aptr, rode bac
k again, Nj. 29; aptr á bak, supine, bent or turned back, Eg. 380; þeir settu hnakka á bak sér a., bent their ne
cks backwards in order to be able to see, Edda 30; skreiðast a. af hest

inum, to slip down backwards from the croup of a horse, to dismount, Fs.
65. γ. connected with many verbs such as, láta, lúka
a., to close, shut, opp. to láta, lúka upp, Fær. 264
, Eg. 7, Landn. 162; in a reverse sense to Lat. recludere, reserere, rescinde
re, resolvere. 2. WITHOUT MOTION = aptan, the hind part, the back
of anything; þat er maðr fram (superne), en dýr a.,
the fore part a man, the hind part a beast, 673. 2; síðan lag&
eth;i hann at tennrnar a. við huppinn, he caught the hip with his teeth, Vígl. 21. The English aft when used of a ship; breði a. ok
fram, stern and stem (of a ship), Fms. ix. 310; Sigurðr sat a. &aacu
te; kistunni, sate aft on the stern-chest, vii. 201; a. ok frammi, of th
e parts of the body (of a seal), Sks. 179. Compar. aptarr, farther bac
k, Fms. vi. 76. II. TEMP. again, GREEK, iterum: this u
se of the word, general as it is at present, hardly appears in old writers; they
seem to have had no special expression for again, but instead of it said
síðan, enn, or used a periphrase, á nýja leik, ö&
eth;ru sinni, annat sinn, or some other substitute. It is, however, very freq. i
n Goth. aftra = GREEK, Swed. åter, Dan. atter; some p
assages in the Sagas come near to the mod. use, e.g. bæta a., restituer
e, to give back (but not temp.); segja friði a., to recal, N. G.
L. i. 103; hann maelti at engi mundi þann fald a. falda, El. 20, uncertain
whether loc. (backward) or iterum, most likely the former. It is
now used in a great many compounds, answering to Lat. re-, cp. also endr.
aptra, að, to take back, hinder, withdraw; with dat., a. fer&e
th; sinni, to desist from, delay, Fms. x. 17; Þorgrímr ba&et
h; þá niðr setjast, ok skal eigi boði a., i.e. you shall
be welcome as before, Valla L. 217; eigi mun ek a. mér (hesitate) at þessu, Grett. 116 A; hversu þeir öptruðu sér
þá er þeir kómu á þingit, how they he
sitated, wavered, withdrew, Bs. i. 741, Flor. 7: now a. e-u is to hinder,
prohibit.
aptran and öptrun, f. a revoking, renouncing, keeping back
, 655 xxvii.
aptr-bati, adj. ind. convalescent, on the road to recovery, Al. 15
0, Korm. 220: now used as a masc. (-bati, a, m.), vera í aptrbata, to
be getting better, Fas. iii. 524.
aptr-beiðiligr, adj. reciprocal, Skálda 195.
aptr-borinn, adj. part. regenerate, born again; þars h&oacut
e;n aptrborin aldri verði, the sense is doubtful, it seems to mean = endrbor
in, regenerate; it will suit the context only if we suppose that suicide
s could not be born again; they certainly could walk again, v. apt
rganga. Högni seems to fear that, if she died a natural death, Brynhilda wo
uld perhaps be endrborin, Skv. 3. 44.
aptr-byggi, ja, m., esp. in pl. stern-sitters (opp. to frambyggjar
) in a ship of war, Fms. ii. 312, Hkr. iii. 243.
aptr-dráttr, m. the undertow, outward suck of the tide, Bar
l. 130.
aptr-drepa, u, f. relapse, shock, adversity; meðan þeir
vissu sér enga ván a., Bs. i. 752, Finnb. 312.
aptr-elding, f. = elding, dawning, Anal. 193.
aptr-ferð and aptr-för, f. return, Eg. 279.

aptr-færsla, u, f. bringing back, Gþl. 361.
aptr-ganga, u, f. [ganga aptr], a ghost, apparition, the French revenant; about this superstition vide Ísl. Þjóðs.
i. 222-317, Grett. ch. 34-37 (the ghost Glám), Eb. ch. 34, 50-55, 63 (Tho
rolf Bægifót), Ld. ch. 17, Sd. ch. 17-22, 30 (Klaufi), Háv.
41, Flóam. ch. 28, etc. etc.
aptr-gangr, m. = aptrganga, Grett. ch. 78 new Ed.
aptr-gjald, n. repayment, Bs. i. 734.
aptr-hald, n. a checking, holding back. COMPD: aptrhalds-ma&eth
;r, m. who impedes a thing, Bs. i. 733.
aptr-hlaup, n. a hurling back, recoil, Fs. 158.
aptr-hnekking, f. a bending backwards, metaph., Fms. ix. 509.
aptr-hryggr, m. the chine, the lower part of the back, of a slaugh
tered animal, Dipl. vi.
aptr-hvarf, n. a turning back, return, Sturl. ii. 16; illr aftrhva
rfs, disinclined to face the enemy again, Fms. vii. 325. β. relapse, Fms. ii. 47, where it is used of apostasy. Since the Reformation
always used by theologians in a good sense, repentance, turning away from sin
; iðran ok a. are freq. used together, iðran being repentance, the internal condition, aptrhvarf the movement away from sin, or the repentanc
e put into act.
<PAGE NUM="b0024">
<HEADER>24 APTRKALL -- ARI.</HEADER>
aptr-kall, n. withdrawal, recalling, Fr.
aptr-kast, n. a hurling back, repulse, Stj. 288.
aptr-kemba, u, f. one whose hair is combed back, Finnb. 250.
aptr-kváma and later form aptrkoma, u, f. return, coming
back, Sks. 550 B; Fms. xi. 312, a vellum MS. of the end of the 15th centur
y, has aptrkoma.
aptr-kvæmt, n. adj. return from exile, used substantively as
a law term in the phrase, eiga (eigi) a., of a temporary or lifelong exile; &th
orn;at varðar skóggang... eigi eigi a. nema lof biskupa ok lögr&
eacute;ttumanna fáist framar, ... not to be suffered to return from ex
ile unless the leave of the bishops and the legislature be first got, Gr&aac
ute;g. i. 347: in a gener. sense, sýnist mér sem engum váru
m sé a., ef hans er eigi hefnt, it seems to me that not one of us can
shew his face again, if he be not revenged, Glúm. 332.
aptr-lausn, f. redemption, ransom, Hom. 118; a law term, right
of redeeming, Gþl. 304: hence COMPD aptrlausnar-jörð,
f. land which is redeemable, N. G. L. i. 344.
aptr-mjór, adj. tapering behind, Edda 40 (of the salmon's t

ail).
aptr-mundr, m. [munr], in the phrase, vera a. at e-u, to want a thing
back again, Fas. iii. 278.
aptr-reka and aptr-reki, adj. ind. (navig.), verðr a., to b
e driven back by stress of weather, Landn. 148, Bs. i. 76, Grág. i. 2
74; a. skip, Ann. 1347, Bs. Laur. S.
aptr-rekstr, rs, m. a driving back, repulse, Grág. ii. 230
(of cattle grazing).
aptr-sjá, f. regret, longing, v. eptirsjá.
aptr-velting, f. recoil, rolling back, Stj. 49.
ap-ynja, u, f. [old Swed. epin], a she-ape, Stj. 68, 95, Sk
s. 115.
AR, n. (qs. arð?), an atom in a sunbeam, mote, Germ. sonnen
stäubchen, vide Vídal. Post. 276 (Ed. 1829), Njóla.
arða, u, f. medic. scabrum, a little wart.
arðga, að, to make upright, and arðigr, adj. erect, arduus, v. örð-.
ARÐR, rs, m. [Lat. aratrum; Gael. arad; cp. erja, Ulf.
arjan, arare; A. S. erian; Old Engl. ear, etc.; in Norse ar or al is a small plough], a sort of plough, probab
ly different in size and shape from plógr, which is a later word, of fore
ign stamp, as are all that have p for their initial letter. The poem Rm.
distinguishes between both, göra arðr (acc.) and keyra plóg, 19.
The first colonisers of Iceland used arðr, as shewn by Landn. 35 (relating
events of the year 875); hann átti einn oxa, ok lét hann þr&
aelig;lana draga arðrinn; eykr fyrir plógi eðr arðri (plou
gh or ard), N. G. L. ii. 115; ef maðr stel jarni af arðri eðr pl
ógi, id.; höggva má maðr sér til plógs e&et
h;r arðs (gen. dropping the radical r), id.; draga arðr, Al. 52;
arðri (dat.), Karl. 471, Mar. (Fr.), Stj.: um allt þat er miklu var&et
h;ar er betri sígandi arðr en svífandi (emend. of Dr. Hallgrim
Scheving), a proverb, better a slow but deep trenching plough than a quick a
nd shallow one, Bs. i. 139; the old arðr was probably bulky and heavy. 2. metaph. in Icel. at present arðr (gen. arðs, arðar, Sn&oacu
te;t 90), as well as plógr, means gain, produce, profit: ar&eth
;samr, adj. profitable. COMPD: arðs-geldingr, m. a plou
gh-ox, Fms. vii. 21.
arðr-för, f. a plough-furrow, trench, Stj. 593, 1 Kings x
viii. 32.
arðr-gangr, m. a coulter, goad, N. G. L. iii. 198.
arðr-járn, n. a coulter, ox goad, Stj. 386, Judges iii.
31.
arðr-oxi, a, m. a plough-ox, Grág. i. 502, Jb. 346.
arfa, u, f. [Ulf. arbio], an heiress, N. G. L. i. 191 (rare

).
arf-borinn, adj. part., prop. a legitimate son or daughter, Fms. i
. 86; defined, sá er a. er kominn er til alls réttar, N. G. L. ii.
211. Freq. spelt árborinn by suppressing the f (so N. G. L. ii. 5
0), and used in Norse law of a freeman, v. the quotation above from N. G.
L., which clearly shews the identity of the two words, i. 171; algildis vitni t
veggja manna árborinna ok skilvænna, ii. 211: the alliterated phras
e alnir ok árbornir (the phrase aldir og óbornir may be a corrupti
on from arb.), freeborn and freebred, 310. The passage in Stor. verse 2 i
s in Lex. Poët. explained by olim ablatus: the poet probably meant t
o say genuine, pure, in a metaph. sense, of the true poetic beverage,
 not the adulterated one, mentioned in the Edda 49; the cup from the right c
ask.
arf-gengr, adj. entitled to inherit, legitimate heir, Grág.
i. 178, Eg. 345.
arfi, a, m. [Ulf. arbia; O. H. G. arpis, erpo; Germ. erb
e; Hel. abaro = filius; A. S. eafora, afora per metath
.], an heir, heiress (and poët. a son in gener.): with gen.
pers., arfar veganda, his heirs, Gþl. 131; þar næst var
Ósk hennar a., her heiress, heir to her property, Ld. 58; Guð
ríðr ok Þorgerðr lögligir arfar (heiresses) S&o
uml;lva, Dipl. v. 1: with gen. of the thing, er hann þá a. hv&aacut
e;rsttveggja, heir of both things, Grág. i. 221; a. óða
la, Gþl. 294; a. at e-u, heir to a property, Sturl. ii. 197. Not fr
eq., erfingi being the common word. II. an ox, bull, Edda (Gl.), v
ide arfr.
ARFI, sometimes spelt arbi, a, m. chickweed, alsine media;
arfa-sáta, u, f. a weed rick, Nj. 194.
arfingi, ja, m. an heir, Eg. (in a verse), vide erfingi.
arf-kaup, n. sum paid for inheritance, Grág. i. 200.
arf-leiða, dd, to adopt as an heir, = ættleiða, Jb.
144 A.
arf-leiðing, f. adoption, Ann. 1271.
arf-nyti, ja, m. (poët.) an heir, Eb. (in a verse).
ARFR, s, m. [Ulf. arbi, neut.; A. S. yrfe.] It originally m
eant cattle, pecus, pecunia, as may be inferred from the A. S. orf
= pecus, cattle, and yrfe = opes; Hel. arf and u
rf; Ormul. errfe; v. Ihre, Glossar., and Grimm R. A. p. 467. Edda (Gl
.) also mentions an arfi or arfr, bos, v. above. I. inheritance
, patrimony; taka arf eptir e-n, Grág. i. 170, 178; hon á alla
n arf eptir mik, is my sole heir, Nj. 3, Eb. 162, Gþl. 252. II. a bull, v. above. COMPDS: arfa-skipti, n. and arfs-s&oacute
;kn, f., v. arf- below, Gþl. 267, Grág. i. 170. arfa-þ
áttr, m. section of law treating of inheritance, Grág.
i. 170.
arf-rán, n. injustice, cheating in matters of inheritance,
Háv. 52.
arf-ræning, f. id., Mar. 656.

arf-ræningr, m. one stripped of his inheritance, Al. 105.
arf-sal, n. cession of right of inheritance, Grág. i. 205,
225, 227, (cp. branderfð, Dan. fledföre, mod. Icel. prófe
nta, and gefa prófentu sína); a law term, to hand over one's ow
n property to another man on condition of getting succour and support for life. In the time of the Commonwealth, arfsal had a political sense, and was a sor
t of 'clientela;' the chiefs caused rich persons, freedmen, and monied men of lo
w birth to bequeath them all their wealth, and in return supported them in lawsu
its during life. Such is the case in Vápn. 13, Hænsaþó
r. S. ch. 7, Eb. ch. 31; eptir þat handsalaði Ulfarr (a wealthy freedm
an) Arnkatli fé sitt allt, ok gerðist hann (viz. Arnkell) þ&aac
ute; varnaðarmaðr (protector) Úlfars: v. also Þ&oacu
te;rð. S., hann bjó á landi Skeggja ok hafði görzt ar
fsalsmaðr hans (his client), 50: it was humiliating; engar mát
ti hann (the bishop) ölmusur gefa af líkamlegri eign, heldr var hann
haldinn sem arfsalsmaðr, Sturl. ii. 119. To the chiefs in olden times it wa
s a source of wealth and influence, often in an unfair way. COMPDS: arfsals-m
aðr, m., v. above. arfsals-máldagi, a, m. a deed concer
ning arfsal, Grág. i. 227.
arf-skipti, n. sharing of arfr, Grág. i. 172, Gþl. 26
6, Fas. iii. 39.
arf-skot, n. fraud, cheating in matters of inheritance, Eb. 178, G
rág. i. 202, 203, 267.
arf-sókn, f. a suit in a case of arfr, Gþl. 263.
arf-stóll, m. an hereditary throne, Eg. (in a verse).
arf-svik, n. pl. fraud, cheating in matters of arfr, Eb. 178, G&th
orn;l. 254, 292.
arf-svipting, f. disinheriting, cheating in matters of arfr, Stj.
425.
arf-tak, n. and arf-taka, u, f. the act of receiving arfsal
; taka e-n arftaki, Grág. i. 267, 268, 187, 229. COMPD: arftöku-m
aðr, m. an heir, successor to an inheritance, Grág. i. 62,
Sturl. i. 98, Fms. v. 53.
arf-takari, a, m. and arf-taki, a, m. = arftökumaðr, Jb.
148 A, N. G. L. i. 234, Barl. 199.
arf-tekinn, adj. part. taken by inheritance, Fms. xi. 306.
arf-tekja, u, f. = arftaka, Grág. i. 219. COMPD: arftekju-land,
 n. land taken by inheritance, patrimony, Fms. i. 117.
arf-tæki, n. = arftaka, Stj. 232.
arf-tækr, adj. = arfgengr, Eg. 343.
arfuni, a, m. [an old obsol. form], an heir, Edda 108 and in the c
ompd skaporfoni (the vowel change is caused by the following o), legal
heir, q.v.
arf-ván, f. hereditary expectancy, Grág. i. 200, Jb.

177, Sturl. i. 94.
arf-vörðr, m. [A. S. yrfeveard; Hel. erbivard], (p
oët.) an heir, Lex. Poët.
arf-þegi, ja, m. [cp. Ulf. arbinumja], (poët.) an he
ir, Id. 28.
arga-fas, n. [argr, craven, and fas = flas by dropping the l (?); flas, n. means praecipitatio, and flasa, að, precipitare, which are common words; this etymology is confirmed by the spelling of the wo
rd in Gþl. 188, where some of the MSS. have faas or fias, th
e last is perh. a false reading = flas; fas, n. gait, manner, is a modern
word: v. Pál Vídal. in Skýr.; his etymology, however, is d
oubtless bad], a law term, a feint, a cowardly assault, an aiming at one's bo
dy and drawing deadly weapons without carrying the threat into effect, terme
d 'a coward's assault;' in Icel. it was punishable by fjörbaugsgar&e
th;r, cp. Grág.; ef maðr mundar til manns ok stöðvar sj&aacu
te;lfr, ok varðar fjörbaugsgarð, ok á hinn eigi vígt
í gegn (the injured party must not kill the offender on the spot)
skal stefna heiman ok kveðja til níu heimilisbúa þess &a
acute; þingi er sóttr er, Vsl. ch. 90: ef maðr hleypr at manni,
ok heldr hann sér sjálfr; þat er a. ok er þat sektala
ust (liable to no punishment, only a dishonourable act; so the Norse law)
, N. G. L. i. 164, Gþl. 188.
arga-skattr, m. an abusive word, a dog's tax, Ölkofr. 36.
arg-hola, u, f. scortum, Hb. 31 (1865).
ARGR, adj. [Paul Diac. inertem et inutilem et vulgari verbo 'arga,' 6. 24; A. S. earg, ignavus; the Scottish arch or argh, v
. Jamieson sub voce; and the mod. Engl. arch, archness; Germ. arg;
Gr. GREEK], emasculate, effeminate, an abusive term; hefir þ&uacut
e; börn borit, ok hugða ek þat args aðal, Ls. 24; mik munu &a
elig;sir argan kalla, ef ek bindast læt brúðarlíni, &THO
RN;kv. 17: it is more abusive than thrall, cp. the proverb, þrællinn
hefnir en argr aldri, a thrall takes revenge, but not the a., Grett. 92;
and, argr er sá sem engu verst (a proverb), he is truly an 'argr' who
does not defend himself; argr and ragr are synonymous, vide the Grág
.: þau eru orð þrjrú er skóggang varða öl
l, ef maðr kallar mann ragan eðr stroðinn eðr sorðinn, ii. 1
47. 2. metaph. a wretch, craven, coward; örg vættr, Fas
. ii. 254, Fs. 147: cp. ergi and úargr.
arg-skapr, m. cowardice, cowardliness, Fas. i. 487 (in a verse).
arg-vítugr, adj. infamous, (cant.)
ARI, a, m. [Ulf. ara; O. H. G. aro; cp. Germ. adler
= edel-aro; cp. also the lengthened Icel. form örn, A. S. 
earn, Engl. earn], an eagle, rare and
<PAGE NUM="b0025">
<HEADER>ARAHREIÐR -- AT. 25</HEADER>
mostly in poetry; örn is the common word; Hom. 89, Stj. 71, Al. 160. In the
Gloss. Royal Libr. Old Coll. Copenh. 1812 aquila is translated by ari
. COMPD: ara-hreiðr, n. an eyrie, nest of an eagle, Fagrsk
. 146. Ari is also a common pr. name.
arin-dómr m. gossip, 'judgment at the hearth-side,' Hom.; n
ow palldómr.
arin-eldr, m. hearth-fire, Lat. focus; þeir eru a., there are three hearths (in a Norse dwelling), Gþl. 376.
arin-elja, u, f. a concubine if kept at home, med. Lat. focaria
; the sense defined in N. G. L. i. 356, 16 (Norse).
arin-greypr, adj. occurs thrice in poetry as an epithet of the benches in
a hall and of a helmet, encompassing the hearth, or shaped as an eagl
e's bill, Akv. 1, 3. 17.
arin-haukr, m. a chimney-sitter, an old man; in the phrase, &aacut
e;ttræðr er a. ok eldaskári, an octogenarian is an a. and a poker, Lex. Run.
arin-hella, u, f. [Norse aarhelle or aarstadhyll, the pavement around
the hearth], hearth-stone; í a. þar í stofunni, B
s. i. 680. Now in Icel. used in nursery tales of treasures or the like hidden un
der the arinhella.
ARINN s, m., dat. aarni = árni, Fs. 42, Rm. 2, [a word still freq.
in Denmark and in Norway; Dan. arne, arnested; Norse aarstad, Iva
r Aasen: in Icel. it is very rare], a hearth, Fs. (Vd.) 42; kom maðr
um nóttina ok tók glæðr af árni, Sturl. ii. 101;
þrjá vissa ek elda (fires), þrjá vissa ek arna
(hearth-stones), Gh. 10; mæli malts af arni hverjum, viz. three
for each farm (cp. arineldar, Gþl. 376), Hkr. ii. 384, Fms. x. 398, v.
101. 2. as a law term, used in the phrase, fara eldi ok arni, to remo
ve one's homestead, fire and hearth together, Grág. ii. 253, 334 (whe
re iarni is a corrupt reading). Now in Icel. eldstó. 3. metaph. an elevated balcony, pavement, story, scaffold; stafir fjórir st&oac
ute;ðu upp ok syllur upp í milli, ok var þar a. á, Fms.
viii. 429; í miðju húsinu var a. víðr (raised fl
oor) ... en uppi á arninum var sæng mikil, v. 339, Karl. 190, S
tj. 308. β. of a ship, a hatchway, Edda (Gl.) COMPDS: arin
s-horn, n. chimney-piece, chimney-corner; hann á mold at taka
sem í lögum er mælt, taka at arinshornum fjórum ok &iac
ute; öndvegis sæti, of an act of conveyance, N. G. L. i. 96, cp. Eb.
ch. 4, Landn. 254: arinn is symbolical of the sacredness of home, just as stalli
is of a temple, or an altar of a church: the phrase, at drekka at arinshorni, H
kr. i. 43, reminds one of the large chimney-corners in old English farms. ari
ns-járn, n. iron belonging to a hearth, a poker, used in ordea
ls (járnburðr); karlmaðr skal ganga til arinsjárns en kona
til ketiltaks, the man shall betake him to the poker and the woman shall gra
sp the kettle, N. G. L. i. 389.
ARKA, að, to limp, hobble, of a sluggish gait; láta ark
a at auðnu, to let matters take their own course, slow and sure like fate
, Nj. 185. v.l., Am. 96.
arka- or arkar-, what belongs to a chest, v. örk.
arma, u, f. misery (GREEK), Mart. 123; Martinus sá örm
u á héranum; now, sjá aumr á e-m, to feel pity fo
r: cp. Germ. arm (poor, wretched).

arm-baugr, m. an armlet, Ls. 13.
arm-brysti, n. [Engl. armbrust; old Dan. arburst], a cro
ss bow, Fas. i. 503 (for. word).
arm-fylking, f. a wing (armr) of an army, Fms. x. 403; more
freq. fylkingar armr.
armingi, ja, m., in Norse sense, a poor fellow, Hom. 117, 119: in
Icel. a wretch.
arm-leggr, jar, and s, m. the arm, lacertus; hann fékk hver
gi sveigt hans armleggi, Grett. 61; ofan eptir a. mjök at ölnboga, Stu
rl. i. 71, Symb. 25, Stj. 265. Exod. vi. 1 (with a strong band), Anecd. 4
(where it is opp. to handleggr, the fore arm). Sometimes armleggr and ha
ndleggr are used indifferently; ek mun bera þik á handlegg m&eacute
;r, I will carry thee on my arm; but below, ok bar þær &iacut
e; vinstra a. sér, Grett. ch. 67, Karl. 517.
armliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. pitifully, Fms. iv. 56, Gkv.
3. 11.
ARMR, s, m. [Lat. armus; Ulf. arms; Engl. arm; A. S.
earm; Germ. arm]. 1. Lat. brachium in general, 
the arm from the shoulder to the wrist; sometimes also used partic. of th
e upper arm or fore arm; the context only can decide. It is rare in
Icel.; in prose armleggr and handleggr are more common; but it is often used in
dignified style or in a metaph. sense; undir brynstúkuna í arminn,
lacertus (?), Fms. viii. 387; gullhringr á armi, in the wrist,
 Odd. 18; þá lýsti af höndum hennar bæði
lopt ok lög, Edda 22, where the corresponding passage of the poem Skm. read
s armar, armar lýsa, her arms beamed, spread light. β.
poët. phrases; sofa e-m á armi, leggja arma um, to embrace,
cp. Germ. umarmen; koma á arm e-m, of a woman marrying, to come
into one's embraces, Fms. xi. 100, Lex. Poët. Rings and bracelets are
poët. called armlog, armblik, armlinnr, armsól, armsvell, the lig
ht, snake, ice of the arm or wrist; armr sólbrunninn, the
sunburnt arms, Rm. 10. 2. metaph. the wing of a body, opp. to
its centre; armar úthafsins, the arms of the ocean ... the bays and fi
rths, Rb. 466; armar krossins, Hom. 103; a wing of a house or buildi
ng, Sturl. ii. 50; borgar armr, the flanks of a castle, Fms. v. 280; 
the ends, extremities of a wave, Bs. ii. 50; the yard-arm, Mag. 6; e
sp. used of the wings of a host in battle (fylkingar armr), í anna
n arm fylkingar, Fms. i. 169, 170, vi. 406, 413, Fær. 81; in a sea-fight,
of the line of ships, Fms. vi. 315; the ends of a bed, sofa upp &i
acute; arminn, opp. to til fóta; and in many other cases.
ARMR, adj. [Ulf. arms; A. S. earm; Germ. arm], never
occurs in the sense of Lat. inops, but only metaph. (as in Goth.), viz.:
1. Norse, poor, in a good sense (as in Germ.); þær ar
mu sálur, poor souls, Hom. 144; sá armi maðr, poor f
ellow, 118. 2. Icel. in a bad sense, wretched, wicked, nearly
always used so, where armr is an abusive, aumr a benevolent term:
used in swearing, at fara, vera, manna armastr; þá mælti hann
til Sigvalda, at hann skyldi fara m. a., Fms. xi. 141; en allir mæltu, at
Egill skyldi fara allra manna a., Eg. 699; enn armi Bjarngrímr, the w
retch, scoundrel Bjarngrim, Fær. 239; völvan arma, the accurse
d witch, Fms. iii. 214; þetta arma naut, Fas. iii. 498; örm v&ael
ig;ttr, Gkv. 1. 32, Þkv. 29, Sdm. 23, Og. 32; en arma kerling, the vile
old witch, Grett. 154, Fas. i. 60; Inn armi, in exclamations, the wretch
!
arm-skapaðr, adj. part. [A. S. earmsceapen], poor, miserabl
e, misshapen, Hom. 114, 107 (Norse).
arm-vitugr, adj. (in Mart. 123 spelt harmv.), charitable, compassionat
e; Glúmr er a. ok vel skapi farinn, Rd. 308; er hann lítt a.,
hard-hearted, Sturl. iii. 209; a. við fátækja menn, Bs
. i. 356.
ar-mæða, u, f. (qs. ör-mæða), distress, toil,
 Fas. i. 405, Bs. i. 849.
arnar-, belonging to an eagle, v. örn.
arning, f. [erja, arare], earing, tillage, ploughing, Bs. i
. 350, 732. 17.
arn-súgr, m. (an GREEK) periphr. from the poem Haustlöng, 
the 'sough' (Scot.) or rushing sound caused by the flight of an eagle
(örn), Edda 16.
ARR, n. [Sanskr. arus, Engl. and Scot. arr], a scar,
v. örr.
ars, m. podex, (later by metath. rass, Bs. i. 504. l. 2, etc.), St
url. ii. 17, 39 C; ekki er þat sem annarr smali, engi er skaptr fyrir a. a
ptr hali, not like other cattle, having no tail, in a libel of the year 1
213, Sturl. ii. 17. COMPD: ars-görn, f. gut of the anus, Nj.
rass.
ARTA, u, f. a bird, = Swed. årta, anas querquedula Linn., Ed
da (Gl.)
articulera, að, to articulate (Lat. word), Stj.
asalabia, u, f. an animal, perh. the sable; mjúkt skinn af
dýri því er a. heitir, Bær. 19.
ASI, a, m. hurry (mod. word); cp. yss and ös.
ASKA, u, f. [a common Teut. word], ashes, lit. and metaph., Fms. i
. 9, Stj. 208; mold ok aska, Nj. 161, 208; dust eitt ok a., 655 xi. 3: pl. &ouml
;skum, Stj. 74 (transl. from Latin). COMPDS: ösku-bakaðr, part.
baked in ashes, Stj. 393. Judg. vii. ösku-dagr, m. Ash-Wed
nesday, Fms. viii: also ösku-óðinsdagr, Stj. 40. &
ouml;sku-dreifðr, part. besprinkled with ashes, Sturl. ii. 186. ösku-dyngja, u, f. a heap of ashes, Fas. iii. 217. ösk
u-fall, n. a fall of ashes (from a volcano), Ann. 1300. öskufölr, adj. ashy-pale, pale as ashes, Mag. 4. ösku-haugr,
 m. a heap of ashes, Eb. 94. ösku-stó, f. ash-p
it.
ask-limar, f. pl. branches of an ash, Hkv. 2. 48.
ask-maðr, m. [A. S. äscmen, vide Adam Brem. below], a
viking, pirate, a cognom., Eg., Fms., Hkr.
ASKR, s, m. [A. S. äsc, whence many Engl. local names; Germ.

esche], an ash, fraxinus, Edda (Gl.); a. ygdrasils, Edda 10, 11, P
r. 431. 2. anything made of ash: α. a spear, p
rop. ashen spear shaft (cp. GREEK), Þiðr. 304, Edda (Gl.) &b
eta;. a small ship, a bark (built of ash, cp. GREEK, abies); en þeir sigla burt á einum aski, Fas. ii. 206, i. 421: it app
ears only two or three times in Icel. prose writers; hence may be explained the
name of ascmanni, viking, pirate, in Adam Brem. ch. 212 [A. S. äs
cmen], cp. askmaðr. γ. a small vessel of wood (freq.
in Icel., and used instead of deep plates, often with a cover (asklok) in carve
d work); stórir askar fullir af skyri, Eg. 549, 550; cp. kyrnu-askr, skyr
-askr. δ. a Norse measure for liquids, equal to four bowls,
or sixteen justur, Gþl. 525, N. G. L. i. 328, H. E. i. 396, Fms. vii. 203.
COMPDS: aska-smiðr, m. ship-wright (vide β.), Eg. 102. aska-spillir, m. a ship-spoiler, i.e. a pirate, a cognom.,
Glúm., Landn.; v.l. akraspillir, less correctly.
askraki, a, m. probably a Finnish word; bjór (beaver), sava
la (sable) ok askraka (?), some animal with precious fur, Eg. 57;
an GREEK.
askran, f. [askrast, to shudder, Ivar Aasen], horror, v. af
skr-, B. K. 107.
ask-viðr, ar, m. ash-tree, Str. 17.
asna, u, f., Lat. asina, a she-ass, Stj. 183. COMPD: ösnul
igr, adj., ö. steinn, 655. Matth. xviii. 6, transl. of GREEK, the up
per millstone.
ASNI, a, m., Lat. asinus, an ass, Mart. 131, Fas. iii. 416, Band.
12, = asellus, 1812. 16. COMPDS: asna-höfuð, n. donkey
-head, Stj. asna-kjálki, a, m. jawbone of an ass, Stj.,
Greg. 48.
aspiciens-bók, f. a service-book, Vm. 6, 117, 139, Am. 35,
Pm. D. I., etc.
aspiciens-skrá, f. id., Pm. 104, 75, etc.
ASSA, u, f. (qs. arnsa), an eagle.
AT and að, prep., often used ellipt. dropping the case and eve
n merely as an adverb, [Lat. ad; Ulf. at = GREEK and GREEK, A. S.
ät; Engl. at; Hel. ad = apud; O. H. G. az; lost in mod. Germ., and rare in Swed. and Dan.; in more freq. use in Engl. th
an any other kindred language, Icel. only excepted]:-- the mod. pronunciation an
d spelling is að (aþ); this form is very old, and is fou
nd in Icel. vellum MSS. of the 12th century, e.g. aþ, 623. 60; yet
in earlier times it was sounded with a tenuis, as we may infer from rhymes, e.g.
jöfurr hyggi at | hve ek yrkja fat, Egill: Sighvat also make
s it rhyme with a t. The verse by Thorodd -- þar vastu at er fj&aac
ute;ðr klæðið þvat (Skálda 162) -- is hardly inte
lligible unless we accept the spelling with an aspirate (að), and say
that þvað is = þvá = þváði, lavabat;
 it may be that by the time of Thorodd and Ari the pure old pronunciation wa
s lost, or is
<PAGE NUM="b0026">
<HEADER>26 AT.</HEADER>
'þvat' simply the A. S. þvât, secuit? The Icelanders st
ill, however, keep
the tenuis in compounds before a vowel, or before h, v, or the liq
uids l, r,
 thus -- atyrða, atorka, athöfn, athugi, athvarf, athlægi; at
vinna, atvik;
atlaga, ILLEGIBLE (slope), atriði, atreið, atróðr: but
aðdjúpr, aðfinsla
(critic), aðferð, aðkoma, aðsókn, aðsúg
r (crowding), aðgæzla. In some
words the pronunciation is irregular, e. g. atkvæði not aðkv-; atb
urðr,
but aðbúnaðr; aðhjúkran not athjúkran; atg&ouml
;rvi not aðgörfi. At, to,
towards; into; against; along, by; in regard to; after.
Mostly with dat.; rarely with acc.; and sometimes ellipt. -- by dropping
the words 'home,' 'house,' or the like -- with gen.
WITH DAT.
A. LOG. I. WITH MOTION; gener. the motion to the borders,
limits of an object, and thus opp. to frá: 1. towards, against, with
or without the notion of arrival, esp. connected with verbs denoting
motion (verba movendi et eundi), e. g. fara, ganga, koma, lúta, sn
úa,
rétta at...; Otkell laut at Skamkatli, O. louted (i. e. bowed d
own) towards
S., Nj. 77, Fms. xi. 102; sendimaðrinn sneri (turned) hjöltu
m sverðsins
at konungi, towards the king, i. 15; hann sneri egginni at Ásgr&ia
cute;mi,
turned the edge towards A., Nj. 220; rétta e-t at e-m, to reach
, hand over,
 Ld. 132; ganga at, to step towards, Ísl. ii. 259. 2. denoting
proximity,
close up to, up to; Brynjólfr gengr ... allt at honum, B. goes
quite up to
him, Nj. 58; Gunnarr kom þangat at þeim örunum, G. reach
ed them even
there with his arrows, 115; þeir kómust aldri at honum, they
could never
get near him, to close quarters, id.; reið maðr at þeim (up
to them), 274;
þeir höfðu rakit sporin allt at (right up to) gammanum, Fm
s. i. 9; komu
þeir at sjó fram, came down to the sea, Bárð. 180
. 3. without reference to the space traversed, to or at; koma at landi, to land, Ld.
38, Fms.
viii. 358; ríða at dyrurn, Boll. 344; hlaupa at e-m, to run up to,
run at,
 Fms. vii. 218, viii. 358; af sjáfarganginum er hann gekk at landinu,
of
the surf dashing against the shore, xi. 6; vísa ólmum hundi at
manni, to
set a fierce hound at a man, Grág. ii. 118; leggja e-n at velli, t
o lay low,
 Eg. 426, Nj. 117; hníga at jörðu, at grasi, at moldu, to
bite the dust, to
die, Njarð. 378; ganga at dómi, a law term, to go into court, of a plaintiff,
defendant, or bystander, Nj. 87 (freq.) 4. denoting a motion along,
into, upon; ganga at stræti, to walk along the street, Korm. 22
8, Fms.
vii. 39; at ísi, on the ice, Skálda 198, Fms. vii. 19, 246,
viii. 168, Eb. 112
new Ed. (á is perh. wrong); máttu menn ganga bar yfir at skipum ei
num,
of ships alone used as a bridge, Fas. i. 378; at höfðum, at nám,
to trample
on the slain on the battle-field, Lex. Poët.; at ám, along th
e rivers; at
merkiósum, at the river's mouth, Grág. ii. 355; at endil&ou
ml;ngu baki, all
along its back, Sks. 100. 5. denoting hostility, to rush at, assault;
 renna at, hlaupa at, ganga, fara, ríða, sækja, at e-m, (v.
those words),
whence the nouns atrenna, athlaup, atgangr, atför, atreið, atsók
n, etc. β.
metaph., kom at þeim svefnhöfgi, deep sleep fell on them, Nj.
104. Esp.
of weather, in the impers. phrase, hríð, veðr, vind, storm g&ouml
;rir at e-m,
to be overtaken by a snow storm, gale, or the like; görði &thorn
;á at þeim
þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog, Bárð. 17
1. 6. denoting around, of clothing or the like; bregða skikkju at höfði
sér, to wrap
his cloak over his head, Ld. 62; vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a snood
round her head, 188; sauma at, to stick, cling close, as though sewn on;
 sauma at höndum sér, of tight gloves, Bs. i. 453; kyrtill sv&aa
cute; þröngr sem
saumaðr væri at honum, as though it were stitched to him, Nj. 2
14; vafit
at vándum dreglum, tight laced with sorry tags, id.; hosa strengd
fast at
beini, of tight hose, Eg. 602; hann sveipar at sér iðrunum ok skyrtun
ni,
he gathers up the entrails close to him and the skirt too, Gísl. 7
1; laz at
síðu, a lace on the side, to keep the clothes tight, Eg. 602.
p. of burying;
bera grjót at einum, to heap stones upon the body, Eg. 719; var g&
ouml;r at
þeim dys or grjóti, Ld. 152; gora kistu at líki, to make
a coffin for a body,
 Eb. 264, Landn. 56, Ld. 142. γ of summoning troops or followers;
stefna at sér mönnum, to summon men to him, Nj. 104; stefna a
t sér liði,
Eg. 270; kippa mönnum at sér, to gather men in haste, Ld. 64.
7.
denoting a business, engagement; ríða at hrossum, at sauðu
m, to go looking after
after horses, watching sheep, Glúm. 362, Nj. 75; fara at fé,
to go to seek
for sheep, Ld. 240; fara at heyi, to go a-haymaking, Dropl. 10; at ve
iðum,
a-hunting; at fuglum, a-fowling; at dýrum, a-sbooting; at fiski, a-fishing;
at veiðiskap, Landn. 154, Orkn. 416 (in a verse), Nj. 25; fara at landskuld
um,
to go a-collecling rents, Eg. 516; at Finnkaupum, a-marketing
with Finns, 41; at féföngum, a-plundering, Fms. vii. 78;
ganga at beina,
to wait on guests, Nj. 50; starfa at matseld, to serve at table, Eb. 266;
hitta e-n at nauðsynjum, on matters of business; at máli, t
o speak with
one, etc., Fms. xi. 101; rekast at e-m, to pursue one, ix. 404; ganga
at liði sér, to go suing for help, Grág. ii. 384. p. of
festivals; snúa, fá
at blóti, veizlu, brullaupi, to prepare for a sacrificial banquet, wed
ding, or
the like, hence at-fangadagr, Eb. 6, Ld. 70; koma at hendi, to happen,
befall; ganga at sínu, to come by one's own, to take it, Ld. 2
08; Egill
drakk hvert full er at honum kom, drained every horn that came to
him, Eg. 210; komast at keyptu, to purchase dearly, Húv. 46. 8
.
denoting imaginary motion, esp. of places, cp. Lat. spectare, vergere ad...,
to look or lie towards; horfði botninn at höfðanum, t
he bight of the bay
looked toward the headland, Fms. i. 340, Landn. 35; also, skeiðgata ligg
r
at læknum, leads to the brook, Ísl. ii. 339; á &thorn
;ann arminn er vissi at sjánum,
on that wing which looked toward the sea, Fms. viii. 115; sár
þau er horft höfðu at Knúti konungi, xi. 309. β. even
connected with
verbs denoting motion; Gilsáreyrr gengr austan at Fljótinu, G.
extends,
projects to F. from the east, Hrafh. 25; hjá sundi því,
er at gengr þingstöðinni,
Fms. xi. 85.
II. WITHOUT MOTION; denoting presence at,
near, by, at the side of, in, upon; connected with verbs like sitja, standa,
vera...; at kirkju, at church, Fms. vii. 251, K. f). K. 16, Ld. 328, &Iac
ute;sl. ii.
270, Sks. 36; vera at skála, at húsi, to be in, at home, La
ndn. 154; at
landi, Fms. i. 82; at skipi, on shipboard, Grág. i. 209, 215; at o
ldri, at
a banquet, inter pocula; at áti, at dinner, at a feast, inter eden
dum, ii.
169, 170; at samförum ok samvistum, at public meetings, id.; at d&oa
cute;mi,
in a court; standa (to takeone's stand) norðan,
sunnan, austan, vestan at
dómi, freq. in the proceedings at trials in lawsuits, Nj.; at þingi
, present
at the parliament, Grág. i. 142; at lögbergi, o n the hill of
laws, 17, Nj.;
at baki e-m, at the back of. 2. denoting presence, partaking in;
 sitja at mat, to sit at meat, Fms. i. 241; vera at veizlu, brullaupi
, to be at a
banquet, nuptials, Nj. 51, Ld. 70: a law term, vera at vígi, to be
an accessory in manslaying, Nj. 89, 100; vera at e-u simply means to be about, be
busy in, Fms. iv. 237; standa at máli, to stand by one in a case, Grág. ii.
165, Nj. 214; vera at fóstri, to be fostered, Fms. i. 2; sitja at
hégóma,
to listen to nonsense, Ld. 322; vera at smíð, to be at one'
s work,
 Þórð. 62: now absol., vera at, to go on with, be busy a
t. 3. the
law term vinna eið at e-u has a double meaning: a. vinna eið at b&oacute
;k,
at baugi, to make an oath upon the book by laying the band upon it, Landn
.
258, Grág., Nj.; cp. Vkv. 31, Gkv. 3. 3, Hkv. 2. 29, etc.: 'við' is
now used in this sense. β. to confirm a fact (or the like) by an
oath, to swear to,
Grág. i. 9, 327. γ. the law phrase, nefna vátta at e-u, 
of
summoning witnesses to a deed, fact, or the like; nefna vátta at benj
um,
to produce evidence, witnesses as to the wounds, Nj., Grág.; at g&
ouml;rð, Eg.
738; at svörum, Grág. i. 19: this summoning of witnesses served in o
ld
lawsuits the same purpose as modern pleadings and depositions; every
step in a suit to be lawful must be followed by such a summoning or
declaration. 4. used ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at; kvalar
arnir
er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him; þa
r varstu
at, you were there present, Skálda 162; at várum þar,
Gísl. (in a verse):
as a law term ' vera at' means to be guilty, Glúm. 388; vartattu a
t þar,
Eg. (in a verse); hence the ambiguity of Glum's oath, vask at þar, 7 wa
s
there present: var þar at kona nokkur (was there busy) at binda
sár
manna, Fms. v. 91; hann var at ok smíðaði skot, Rd. 313; voru Var
belgir
at (about) at taka af, þau lög ..., Fms. ix. 512; ek var at ok
vafk, /
was about weaving, xi. 49; þeir höfðu verit at þrj&u
acute; sumur, they had been
busy at it for three summers, x. 186 (now very freq.); koma at, come in,
to
arrive unexpectedly; Gunnarr kom at í því, G. came in
at that moment;
 hvaðan komtú nú at, whence did you come? Nj. 68, F
ms. iii. 200. 5.
denoting the kingdom or residence of a king or princely person; ko
nungr
at Danmörk ok Noregi, king of..., Fms. i. 119, xi. 281; konungr, jar
l,
at öllum Noregi, king, earl, over all N., íb. 3, 13, Landn. 2
5; konungr
at Dyflinni, king of Dublin, 25; but í or yfir England!, Eg. 263:
cp. the
phrase, sitja at landi, to reside, of a king when at home, Hkr. i.
34; at
Joini, Fms. xi. 74: used of a bishop; biskup at Hólum, bishop of H&oac
ute;lar, Íb.
18, 19; but biskup í Skálaholti, 19: at Rómi, at Rome, Fbr. 198. 6.
in denoting a man's abode (vide p. 5, col. I, I. 27), the prep, 'at' is used
where the local name implies the notion of by the side of, and is therefo
re
esp. applied to words denoting a river, brook, rock, mountain, grove,
 or the like, and in some other instances, by, at, e. g. at Hofi (a temple),
Landn. 198; at Borg (a castle), 57; at Helgafelli (a mountain), E
b. constantly so; at Mosfelli, Landn. 190; at Hálsi (a hill), Fms. xi. 2
2; at
Bjargi, Grett. 9O; Hálsum, Landn. 143; at Á (river), 296, 2
68; at Bægisá,
212; Giljá, 332; Myrká, 211; Vatnsá, id.; þver&aacute
;, Glúm. 323; at Fossi
(a 'force' or waterfall), Landn. 73; at Lækjamoti (waters
-meeting), 332;
at Hlíðarenda (end of the lithe or hill), at Berg&thorn
;órshváli, Nj.; at Lundi
(a grove), at Melum (sandhill), Landn. 70: the prep. ' á' i
s now used
in most of these cases, e. g. á Á, á Hofi, Helgafelli, Fell
i, Hálsi, etc. β.
particularly, and without any regard to etymology, used of the abode
of kings or princes, to reside at; at Uppsölum, at Haugi, Alreksst&o
uml;ðum,
at Hlöðum, Landn., Fms. γ. konungr lét kalla at sto
fudyrum, the king
made a call at the hall door, Eg. 88; þeir kölluðu at herberg
inu, they
called at the inn, Fms. ix. 475. 7. used ellipt. with a gen., esp. if
connected with such words as gista, to be a guest, lodge, dine, sup (of
festivals or the like) at one's home; at Marðar, Nj. 4; at hans, 74;
þingfesti at þess bóanda, Grág. i. 152; at sín, at one
's own home, Eg. 371,
K. Jj. K. 62; hafa náttstað at Freyju, at the abode of goddess Fre
yja, Eg.
603; at Ránar, at Ran's, i. e. at Ran's house, of drowned m
en who belong
to the queen of the sea, Ran, Eb. 274; at hins heilaga Ólafs konungs, 
at
St. Olave's church, Fms. vi. 63: cp. ad Veneris, GREEK GREEK
B. TEMP. I. at, denoting a point or period of time; at
upphafi, at first, in the beginning, Ld. 104; at lyktum, at sí&eth
;ustu, at
lokum, at last; at lesti, at last, Lex. Poët., more freq. &aa
cute; lesti; at skilnaði,
at parting, at last, Band. 3; at fornu, in times of yore, formerly, Eg. 267,
0. 1. 1. 635; at sinni, as yet, at present; at nýju, anew, of p
resent time; at
eilífu, for ever and ever; at skömmu, soon, shortly, &
Iacute;sl. ii. 272, v. l. H<PAGE NUM="b0027">
<HEADER>AT. 27</HEADER>
of the very moment when anything happens, the beginning of a term;
denoting the seasons of the year, months, weeks, the hours of the day;
at Jólum, at Yule, Nj. 46; at Pálmadegi, on Palm Sunday,
 273; at
Páskum, at Easter; at Ólafsvöku, on St. Olave's eve
, 29th of July,
 Fms.; at vetri, at the beginning of the winter, on the day when winter
sets in, Grág. 1. 151; at sumarmálum, at vetrnáttum; at
Tvímánaði,
when the Double month (August) begins, Ld. 256, Grág. i. 15
2; at
kveldi, at eventide, Eg. 3; at því meli, at that time
; at eindaga, at
the term, 395; at eykð, at 4 o'clock p.m., 198; at öndver&et
h;ri æfi Abra
hams, Ver. II; at sinni, now at once, Fms. vi. 71; at öðruhverju
, every
now and then. β. where the point of time is marked by some event;
at þingi, at the meeting of parliament (18th to the 24th of June),
Ld.
182; at féránsdómi, at the court of execution, Gr&aa
cute;g. i. 132, 133; at
þinglausnum, at the close of the parliament (beginning of July), 14
0; at
festarmálum, eðr at eiginorði, at betrothal or nuptials, 1
74; at skilnaði,
when they parted, Nj. 106 (above); at öllum minnum, at the genera
l
drinking of the toasts, Eg. 253; at fjöru, at the ebb; at fl&ael
ig;ðum, at flood
tide, Fms. viii. 306, Orkn. 428; at hrörum, at an inquest, Gr&aa
cute;g. i. 50
(cp. ii. 141, 389); at sökum, at prosecutions, 30; at sinni, now,
as yet, v.
that word. III. ellipt., or adding 'komanda' or 'er kemr,' of the
future time: 1. ellipt., komanda or the like being understood,
with reference to the seasons of the year; at sumri, at vetri, at hausti,
at vári, next summer, winter..., Ísl. ii. 242; at miðju
sumri, at
ári, at Midsummer, next year, Fas. i. 516; at miðjum vetri, Fm
s. iv.
237, 2. adding 'komanda' or ' er kemr;' at ári komanda, Bárð.
177; at vári er kemr, Dipl. iii. 6. IV. used with an absolute
dat. and with a pres. part.: 1. with pres. part.; at morni komanda,
on the coming morrow, Fms. i. 263; at sér lifanda, in vivo, in
his life
time, Grág. ii. 202; at þeim sofundum, illis dormientibus, Hkr. i. 234;
at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all, Fms. x. 329; a
t úvitanda konungi,
illo nesciente, without his knowledge, 227; at áheyranda höf&
eth;ingjanum,
in the chief's bearing, 235. 2. of past time with a past part. (Lat. abl.
absol.); at hræjum fundnum, on the bodies being found, Grág.
ii. 87; at
háðum dómum ok föstu þingi, during the session,
the courts being set, i.
484; at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks past, Band. 13; at sv&aacut
e; búnu,
so goru, svá komnu, svá mæltu (Lat. quibus rebus gestis,
dictis, quo
facto, dicto, etc.), v. those words; at úreyndu, without trial, wi
thout put
ting one to the test, Ld. 76; at honum önduðum, illo mortuo.
3.
ellipt. without 'at;' en þessum hlutum fram komnum, when all this has
been done, Eb. 132. V. in some phrases with a slight temp, notion;
at görðum gildum, the fences being strong, Gþl. 387; at v&
ouml;rmu spori, at
once, whilst the trail is warm; at úvörum, unawares, suddenly
, Nj. 95, Ld.
132; at þessu, at this cost, on that condition, Eb. 38, Nj. 55; at
illum
leiki, to have a narrow escape, now við illan leik, Fms. ix. 473; at
því,
that granted, Grág. ii. 33: at því, at pessu, ther
eafter, thereupon, Nj.
76. 2. denoting succession, without interruption, one after another;
 hverr at öðrum, annarr maðr at öðrum, aðrir at &o
uml;ðrum; eina konu at
annarri, Eg. 91, Fms. ii. 236, vi. 25, Bs. i. 22, 625. 80, H. E. i. 522.
C. METAPH. and in various cases: I. denoting a transformation or change into, to, with the notion of destruction; brenna at ö
sku,
at köldum kolum, to burn to ashes, to be quite destroyed, Fms. i. 10
5,
Edda 3, Sturl. ii. 51: with the notion of transformation or transfiguration,
in such phrases as, verða at e-u, göra e-t at e-u, to turn it into: a. by
a spell; verða at ormi, to become a snake, Fms. xi. 158; at flugdreku
m,
Gullþ. 7; urðu þau bönd at járni, Edda 40. P. by a n
atural process it
can often be translated by an acc. or by as; göra e-n at urðarma
nni, ' t o
make him an outlaw, Eg. 728; græða e-n at orkumlamanni, to h
eal him so
as to maim him for life, of bad treatment by a leech, Eb. 244: in the law
terms, sár görist at ben, a wound turning into a ben, prov
ing to be mortal,
 Grág., Nj.; verða at ljúgvætti, to prove to be a
false evidence, Grág. i. 44;
verða at sætt, to turn into reconciliation, Fms. i. 13; gö
ra e-t at reiði
málum, to take offence at, Fs. 20; at nýjum tíði
ndum, to tell as news, Nj.
14; verða fátt at orðum, to be sparing of words, 18; kve&e
th;r (svá) at orði,
to speak, utter, 10; verða at þrifnaði, to geton well, Fms. vii. 196:
at liði, at skaða, to be a help or hurt to one; at bana, to cause one's death,

 Nj. 223, Eg. 21, Grág. ii. 29: at undrum, at hlátri, to be
come a wonder,
a laughing-stock, 623. 35, Eg. 553. II. denoting capacity, where
it may be translated merely by as or for; gefa at Jólagj&ou
ml;f, to give for a
Christmas-box, Eg. 516; at gjöf, for a present; at erfð, at
láni, launum,
as an inheritance, a loan; at kaupum ok sökum, for buying and sel
ling,
 Ísl. ii. 223, Grág. i. 423; at solum, ii. 204; at herfangi, as spoil
 or plunder; at sakbótum, at niðgjöldum, as a comp
ensation, weregeld,
 i. 339, ii. 171, Hkr. ii. 168; taka at gíslingu, to take as an ho
stage, Edda
15; eiga e-n at vin, at óvin, to have one as friend or foe,
illt er at eiga
þræl at eingavin, 'tis ill to have a thrall for one's bosom frien
d (a proverb),
Nj. 77; fæða, eiga, at sonum (syni), to beget a son, Edda 8, Bs
. i. 60 (but
eiga at dóttur cannot be said); hafa möttul at yfirhöfn, Fms. v
ii. 201;
verða nökkut at manni (mönnum), to turn out to be a worthy man;
 verða
ekki at manni, to turn out a worthless person, xi. 79, 268. 2.
in such phrases as, verða at orðum, to come towards, Nj. 26; var
þat at erindum, Eg. 148; hafa at veizlum, to draw veizlur (dues) from, 'Fms. iv. 275, Eg. 647; gora e-t at álitum, to take
it into consideration,
 Nj-3. III. denoting belonging to, fitting, of parts of the whole
or the like; vóru at honum (viz. the sword) hjölt gullb&uacut
e;in, the sword was
ornamented with a hilt of gold, Ld. 330; umgörð at (belonging to
) sverði,
Fs. 97 (Hs.) in a verse; en ef mór er eigi at landinu, if there be no
turf
moor belonging to the land, Grág. ii. 338; svá at eigi brotna&
eth;i nokkuð
at Orminum, so that no harm happened to the ship Worm, Fms. x. 356;
hvatki er meiðir at skipinu eðr at reiðinu eðr at viðum, 
damage done
t o ..., Grág. ii. 403; lesta (to injure) hús at l&aacu
te;sum, við eðr torfi,
110; ef land hefir batnað at húsum, if the land has been bettered
as to
its buildings, 210; cp. the phrase, göra at e-u, to repair: haml
aðr at
höndum eðr fótum, maimed as to hands or feet, Eg. 14; hei
ll at höndum
en hrumr at fótum, sound in band, palsied in foot, Fms. vii. 12; l
ykill at
skrá, a key belonging, fitting, to the latch; hurð at h&uacute
;si; a key 'gengr
at' (fits) skrá; and many other phrases. 2. denoting the part by w
hich
a thing is held or to which it belongs, by; fá, taka at..., to
grasp by ...;
þú tókt við sverði hans at hjöltunum, yo
u took it by the bill, Fms. i. 15;

draga út björninn at hlustum, to pull out the bear by the ears, Fas. ii. 237;
at fótum, by the feet, Fms. viii. 363; mæla (to measure) at hrygg ok at
jaðri, by the edge or middle of the stuff, Grág. i. 498; kasta
e-m at
höfði, head foremost, Nj. 84; kjósa e-n at fótum,
by the feet alone, Edda
46; hefja frændsemi at bræðrum, eða at systkynum, to reck
on kinship by
the brother's or the sister's side, Grág. i. 28; kjósa at afli
, at álitum, by
strength, sight, Gs. 8, belongs rather to the following. IV.
in respect of, as regards, in regard to, as to; auðigr at fé,
wealthy
of goods, Nj. 16, 30, 51; beztir hestar at reið, the best racehorses,
 186; spekingr at viti, a man of great intellect, Ld. 124; vænn
(fagr) at
áliti, fair of face, Nj. 30, Bs. i. 61; kvenna vænst at &aac
ute;sjónu ok vits
munum, of surpassing beauty and intellect, Ld. 122; fullkominn at
hyggju, 18; um fram aðra menn at vinsældum ok harðfengi, of sur
passing popularity and hardihood, Eb. 30. 2. a law term, of challenging
jurors, judges, or the like, on account of, by reason of; ryðja (t
o challenge)
at mægðum, guðsifjum, frændsemi, hrörum ...; at lei&et
h;arlengd, on account
of distance, Grág. i. 30, 50, Nj. (freq.) 3. in arithm. denoting p
ro
portion; at helmingi, þriðjungi, fjórðungi, tíun
da hluta, cp. Lat. ex asse,
quadrante, for the half, third... part; máttr skal at magni (a prover
b),
might and main go together, Hkr. ii. 236; þú munt vera at &t
horn;ví mikill
fræðimaðr á kvæði, in the same proportion, as
great, Fms. vi. 391, iii.
41; at e-s hluta, at... leiti, for one's part, in turn, as far as one is con
cerned, Grág. i. 322, Eg. 309, Fms. iii. 26 (freq.): at öðru
m kosti, in the
other case, otherwise (freq.) More gener., at öllu, öngu, in al
l (no) respects;
 at sumu, einhverju, nokkru, partly; at flestu, mestu, chiefly. 4. as
a paraphrase of a genitive; faðir, móðir at barni (= barns); a&et
h;ili at
sök (= sakar a.); morðingi at barni (= barns), faðerni at barni (ba
rns);
illvirki at fé manna (cp. Lat. felo de se), niðrfall at s&ouml
;kum (saka), land
gangr at fiskum (fiska), Fms. iv. 274, Grág. i. 277, 416, N. G. L. i. 340
,
K. Þ. K. 112, Nj. 21. 5. the phrase 'at sér,' of himself or
in
himself, either ellipt. or by adding the participle görr, and with the
adverbs vel, ilia, or the like; denoting breeding, bearing, endowments,
character ...; væn kona, kurteis ok vel at sér, an accomplis
hed, well-bred,
gifted lady, Nj. I; vitr maðr ok vel at sér, a wise man and th
oroughly
good in feeling and bearing, 5; þú ert maðr vaskr ok vel at
þér, 49;
gerr at sér, accomplished, 51; bezt at sér görr, th
e finest, best bred man,
 39, Ld. 124; en þó er hann svá vel at sér, so
generous, Nj. 77; þeir
höfðingjar er svá vóru vel at sér, so noble-min
ded, 198, Fms. i. 160: the
phrase 'at sér' is now only used of knowledge, thus maðr vel a
ð sér
means clever, a man of great knowledge; illa að sér, a bloc
khead. 6.
denoting relations to colour, size, value, age, and the like; hvitr,
svartr, grár, rauðr ... at lit, white, swarthy, gray, red ... of c
olour, Bjarn.
55, 28, Ísl. ii. 213, etc.; mikill, litill, at stærð, vexti, tall, small of
size, etc.; ungr, gamall, barn, at aldri, young, old, a child of age;
 tvítugr, þrítugr ... at aldri, twenty, thirty ... ye
ars of age (freq.):
of animals; kyr at fyrsta, öðrum ... kálfi, a cow having calv
ed once,
twice..., Jb. 346: value, amount, currency of money, kaupa e-t at
mörk, at a mark, N. G. L. 1. 352; ok er eyririnn at mörk, am
ounts
to a mark, of the value of money, Grág. i. 392; verðr þ&aac
ute; at hálfri
murk vaðmála eyrir, amounts to a half a mark, 500. β. met
aph. of
value, connected with verbs denoting to esteem, hold; meta, hafa, halda
at miklu, litlu, vettugi, engu, or the like, to hold in high or low esteem,
to care or not to care for (freq.): geta e-s at góðu, illu, &ouml
;ngu, to mention
one favourably, unfavourably, indifferently ... (freq.), prop, in connect
ion
with. In many cases it may be translated by in; ekki er mark at
draumum, there is no meaning in dreams, no heed is to be paid to dreams,
 Sturl. ii. 217; bragð er at þá barnið finnr, it goe
s too far, when even a
child takes offence (a proverb): hvat er at því, what does i
t mean? Nj. 11;
hvert þat skip er vöxtr er at, any ship of mark, i. e. however
small, Fms.
xi. 2O. V. denoting the source of a thing: 1. source of infor
mation, to learn, perceive, get information from; Ari nam ok marga
fræði at Þuríði, learnt as her pupil, at her hands
, as St. Paul at the feet
of Gamaliel, (just as the Scotch say to speer or ask at a person); Ari
nam at Þorgeiri afraðskoll, Hkr. (pref.); nema kunnáttu at e-m,
used of
<PAGE NUM="b0028">
<HEADER>28 AT.</HEADER>
a pupil, Fms. i. 8; nema fræði at e-m, xi. 396. 2. of receiving,
acquiring, buying, from; þiggja e-t at e-m, to receive a thing a
t his
hands, Nj. 51; líf, to be pardoned, Fms. x. 173; kaupa land at
e-m, to
buy it from, Landn. 72, Íb. II, (now af is more freq. in this sense);
geta e-t at e-m, to obtain, procure at one's hands, impetrare; þeir
ra
manna er þeir megu þat geta at, who are willing to do that, G
rág. i.
I; heimta e-t at e-m (now af), to call in, demand (a debt, money),
279; fala e-t at e-m (now af), to chaffer for or cheapen anything,
Nj.
73; sækja e-t at e-m, to ask, seek for; sækja heilræ&et
h;i ok traust at
e-m, 98; leiga e-t at e-m (now af), to borrow, Grág. ii. 334; eiga
e-t
(fé, skuld) at e-m, to be owed money by any one, i. 399: metaph. to deserve
of one, Nj. 113; eiga mikit at e-m, to have much to do with, 138; haf
a veg,
virðing, styrk, at, to derive honour, power from, Fms. vi. 71, Eg. 44
,
Bárð. 174; gagn, to be of use, Ld. 216; mein, tálma, mischief, disadvantage, 158, 216, cp. Eg. 546; ótta, awe, Nj.
68. VI. denoting
conformity, according to, Lat. secundum, ex, after; at fornum si&e
th;,
Fms. i. 112; at sögn Ara prests, as Ari relates, on his authority, 5
5; at
ráði allra vitrustu manna, at the advice of, Ísl. ii. 2
59, Ld. 62; at lögum,
at landslögum, by the law of the land, Grág., Nj.; at l&iacut
e;kindum, in all
likelihood, Ld. 272; at sköpum, in due course (poet.); at hinum
sama
hætti, in the very same manner, Grág. i. 90; at vánum
, as was to be expected, Nj. 255; at leyfi e-s, by one's leave, Eg
. 35; úlofi, Grág. ii. 215;
at ósk, vilja e-s, as one likes...; at mun, id. (poet.); at
sólu, happily
(following the course of the sun), Bs. i. 70, 137; at því sem .
.., as to
infer from ..., Nj. 124:' fara, láta, ganga at' denotes to yield,
agree to,
to comply with, give in, Ld. 168, Eg. 18, Fms. x. 368. VII. in
phrases nearly or quite adverbial; gróa, vera græddr, at heilu, 
to be quite
healed, Bárð. 167, Eb. 148; bíta at snöggu, to bit
e it bare, Fms. xi. 6;
at þurru, till it becomes dry, Eb. 276; at endilöngu, all a
long, Fas. ii;
vinnast at litlu, to avail little, 655 x. 14; at fullu, fully, Nj.
257, Hkr. i.
171; at vísu, of a surety, surely, Ld. 40; at frjálsu, f
reely, 308; at líku,
at sömu, equally, all the same, Hom. 80, Nj. 267; at röngu, 
wrongly,
 686 B. 2; at hófi, temperately, Lex. Poët.; at mun, at r
áði, at marki, to a
great extent; at hringum, utterly, all round, (rare), Fms. x. 389; at
einu,
yet, Orkn. 358; svá at einu, því at einu, allt at ein
u, yet, however, nevertheless. VIII. connected with comparatives of adver

bs and adjectives, and strengthening the sense, as in Engl. ' the, ' so much
the more,
all the more; 'at' heldr tveimr, at ek munda gjarna veita yðr öllum
,
where it may be translated by so much the more to two, as I would
willingly grant it to all of you; hon grét at meir, she grat (wept
) the
more, Eg. 483; þykir oss at líkara, all the more likely,
Fms. viii. 6; þess
at harðari, all the harder, Sturl. iii. 202 C; svá at hinn s&e
acute; bana at nær,
Grág. ii. 117; at auðnara, at hólpnara, the more happy,
Al. 19, Grett. 116 B;
þess at meiri, Fms. v. 64; auvirðismaðr at meiri, Sturl. ii. 139;
maðr at
vaskari, id.; at feigri, any the more fey, Km. 22; maðr at verri, 
all the worse,
 Nj. 168; ok er' at' firr..., at ek vil miklu heldr, cp. Lat. tantum abes
t...
ut, Eg. 60. ß. following after a negation; eigi at sí&et
h;r, no less, Nj. 160,
Ld. 146; eigi... at meiri maðr, any better, Eg. 425, 489; erat h&eacu
te;ra at borgnara, any the better off for that, Fms. vii. 116; eigi at mi
nni, no less for that,
 Edda (pref.) 146; eigi at minna, Ld. 216, Fms. ix. 50; ekki at verri drengr
,
not a bit worse for that, Ld. 42; er mér ekki son minn at bæ
ttari, þótt...,
216; at eigi vissi at nær, any more, Fas. iii. 74. IX. following
many words: 1. verbs, esp. those denoting, a. to ask, enquire,
attend, seek, e. g. spyrja at, to speer (ask) for; leita at, to seek for; gæta,
geyma at, to pay attention to; huga, hyggja at; hence atspurn, to enqu
ire, aðgæzla, athugi, attention, etc. ß. verbs
denoting laughter, play,
joy, game, cp. the Engl. to play at. .., to laugh at.. .; hl&a
elig;ja, brosa at e-u,
to laugh, smile at it; leika (sér) at e-u, to play at; &tho
rn;ykja gaman at, to
enjoy; hæða, göra gys at..., to make sport at... &g
amma;. verbs denoting
assistance, help; standa, veita, vinna, hjálpa at; hence atsto&eth
;, atvinna,
atverk :—mode, proceeding; fara at, to proceed, hence atf&ou
ml;r and atferli :—compliance; láta, fara at e-u, v. above :
—fault; e-t er at e-u, there is
some fault in it, Fms. x. 418; skorta at e-u, to fall short of, xi. 9
8: —care, attendance; hjúkra at, hlýja at, v. these w
ords :—gathering, collecting; draga, reiða, flytja, fá a
t, congerere :—engagement, arrival, etc.;
sækja at, to attack; ganga at, vera at, to be about; koma at
, ellipt. to
arrive: göra at, to repair: lesta at, to impair (v. above
); finna at, to
criticise (mod.); telja at, id.: bera at, to happen; kveð
a at e-m, to address
one, 625. 15, (kveða at (ellipt.) now means to pronounce, and of
a child
to utter (read) whole syllables); falla at, of the flood-tide (ellipt.):
metaph. of pains or straits surrounding one; þreyngja, herða at

, to press
hard: of frost and cold, with regard to the seasons; frjósa at, k&oac
ute;lna at,
to get really cold (SI. 44), as it were from the cold stiffening all thin
gs:
also of the seasons themselves; hausta, vetra að, when the season really
sets in; esp. the cold seasons, 'sumra at' cannot be used, yet we may say
'vára að' when the spring sets in, and the air gets mild. δ.
 in numberless other cases which may partly be seen below. 2. connected
ellipt. with adverbs denoting motion from a place; norðan, austan,
sunnan, vestan at, those from the north, east...; utan at, innan at, f
rom
the outside or inside. 3. with adjectives (but rarely), e. g. k&aelig
;rr, elskr,
virkr (affectionate), vandr (zealous), at e-m; v, these words. WIT
H ACC. TEMP.: Lat. post, after, upon, esp. freq. in poetry, but rare in p
rose
writers, who use eptir; nema reisi niðr at nið (= maðr eptir mann),
in succession, of erecting a monument, Hm. 71; in prose, at þat. posthac, deinde,
 Fms. x. 323, cp. Rm., where it occurs several times, 2, 6, 9, 14, 18, 24,
28, 30, 35; sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, has to take the
inheritance
after his father, Grág. i. 170 new Ed.; eiga féránsd&oa
cute;m at e-n, Grág. i. 89;
at Gamla fallinn, after the death of G., Fms. x. 382; in Edda (Gl.) 113 o
ught
to be restored, grét ok at Oð, gulli Freyja, she grat (wept) tears
of gold
for her lost husband Od. It is doubtful if it is ever used in a purely loc.
sense; at land, Grág. (Sb.)ii. 211, is probably corrupt; at hönd = &
aacute; hönd,
Grág. (Sb.) i. 135; at mót = at móti, v. this word. ILLEGIB
LE In compounds (v. below) at- or að- answers in turn to Lat. ador in- or con-; atdráttr e. g. denotes collecting; a
tkoma is adventus: it
may also answer to Lat. ob-, in atburðr = accidence, but might
also be
compared with Lat. occurrere.
AT and að, the mark of the infinitive [cp. Goth, du; A. S. and
Engl.
to; Germ. zu]. Except in the case of a few verbs 'at' is always placed
immediately before the infinitive, so as to be almost an inseparable part
of the verb. I. it is used either, 1. as, a simple mark of the
infinitive, only denoting an action and independent of the subject, e. g. at
ganga, at hlaupa, at vita, to go, to run, to know; or, 2. in an objective sense when following such verbs as bjóða segja..., to invite,
command ...; hann bauð þeim at ganga, at sitja, be bade, order
ed them to
go, sit, or the like; or as gefa and fá; gefa e-m at drekka, at eta,
to give
one to drink or to eat, etc. etc. ß. with the additional notion
of intention, esp. when following verba cogitandi; hann ætlaði
, hafði í hyggju at
fara, he had it in his mind to go (where 'to go' is the real object to
ætlaði and hafði í hyggju). 3. answering to the Gr. GREEK d
enoting
intention, design, in order to; hann gékk í borg at kaupa s
ilfr, in order
to buy, Nj. 280; hann sendi riddara sína með þeim at var&et
h;veita þær, 623.
45: in order to make the phrase more plain, 'svá' and 'til' are frequentl
y
added, esp. in mod. writers, 'svá at' and contr. 'svát' (the last
however is
rare), 'til at" and 'til þess at,' etc. II. in the earlier times th
e
infin., as in Greek and Lat., had no such mark; and some verbs remain
that cannot be followed by 'at;' these verbs are almost the same in Icel.
as in Engl.: a. the auxiliary verbs vil, mun (GREEK), skal; as in Engl.
to is never used after the auxiliaries shall, will, must; ek vil ganga, I will go; ek mun fara, (as in North. E.) I mun go; ek skal gö
ra þat, I shall do that, etc. ß. the verbs kunna, mega
, as in Engl. I can or may
do, I dare say; svá hygginn at hann kunni fyrir sökum rá&
eth;a, Grág. ii. 75;
í öllu er prýða má góðan höfði
ngja, Nj. 90; vera má, it may be; vera kann
þat, id.: kunnu, however, takes 'at' whenever it means to know, and esp. in
common language in phrases such as, það kann að vera, but vera kan
n þat,
v. above. γ. lata, biðja, as in Engl. to let, to bid
; hann let (bað) þá fara,
he let (bade) them go. δ. þykkja, þykjast, to
seem; hann þykir vera, he
is thought to be: reflex., hann þykist vera, sibi videtur: impe
rs., mér þykir
vera, mibi videtur, in all cases without 'at.' So also freq. the verbs hu
gsa,
hyggja, ætla, halda, to think, when denoting merely the act of thin
king;
but if there be any notion of intention or purpose, they assume the 'at;'
thus hann ætlaði, hugði, þá vera góða menn
, he thought them to be, acc. c.
inf.; but ætlaði at fara, meant to go, etc. ε. t
he verbs denoting to
see, bear; sjá, líta, horfa á ... (videre); heyr
a, audire, as in Engl. I saw
them come, I heard him tell, ek sá þá koma, ek he
yrði hann tala. ζ.
sometimes after the verbs eiga and ganga; hann gékk steikja, be went
to roast, Vkv. 9; eiga, esp. when a mere periphrasis instead of skal,
móður sína á maðr fyrst fram færa (better at
færa), Grág. i. 232;
á þann kvið einskis meta, 59; but at meta, id. l. 24; rá
ða, nema,
göra ..., freq. in poetry, when they are used as simple auxiliary verbs,
e. g. nam hann sér Högna hvetja at rúnum, Skv. 3. 43. &eta
;. hljóta and
verða, when used in the sense of must (as in Engl. he must go), and
when placed after the infin.of another verb; hér muntu vera hljóta
,
Nj. 129; but hljóta at vera: fara hlýtr þú, Fms. 1. 1
59; but þú hlýtr
at fara: verða vita, ii. 146; but verða at vita: hann man verða
sækja, þó verðr (= skal) maðr eptir mann lifa, Fms. v

iii. 19, Fas. ii.
552, are exceptional cases. θ. in poetry, verbs with the verbal neg
.
suffix '-at,' freq. for the case of euphony, take no mark of the infinitive,
where it would be indispensable with the simple verb, vide Lex. Poët.
Exceptional cases; hvárt sem hann vill 'at' verja þá sö
k, eða, whatever
he chooses, either, Grág. i. 64; fyrr viljum vér enga k&oacute
;rónu at bera, en
nokkut ófrelsi á oss at taka, we would rather bear no crown tha
n ...,
 Fms. x. 12; the context is peculiar, and the 'at' purposely added. It may
be left out ellipt.; e. g. þá er guð gefr oss finnast (= at fin
nast), Dipl. ii.
14; gef honum drekka (= at drekka), Pr. 470; but mostly in unclassical
writers, in deeds, or the like, written nastily and in an abrupt style. AT and að, conj. [Goth. þatei = GREEK; A. S. þ&a
uml;t; Engl. that; Germ, dass;
the Ormul. and Scot, at, see the quotations sub voce in Jamieson; in all
South-Teutonic idioms with an initial dental: the Scandinavian idioms
form an exception, having all dropped this consonant; Swed. åt, Dan
. at].
In Icel. the Bible translation (of the 16th century) was chiefly based upon
that of Luther; the hymns and the great bulk of theol. translations of
<PAGE NUM="b0029">
<HEADER>AT -- ATFOR. 29</HEADER>
that time were also derived from Germany; therefore the germanised form
það frequently appears in the Bible, and was often employed by theol.
authors in sermons since the time of the Reformation. Jón Vidalin, the
greatest modern Icel. preacher, who died in 1720, in spite of his
thoroughly classical style, abounds in the use of this form; but it never
took root in the language, and has never passed into the spoken dialect.
After a relative or demonstr. pronoun, it freq. in mod. writers assumes
the form eð, hver eð, hverir eð, hvað eð, þar eð.
Before the prep, þú
(t u), þ changes into t, and is spelt in a single wor
d attú, which is freq. in
some MS.; -- now, however, pronounced aððú, aððeir, a&eth
;ðið ..., = að
þú..., with the soft Engl. th sound. It gener. answers to La
t. ut, or to
the relat. pron. qui. I. that, relative to svá, to d
enote proportion,
degree, so..., that, Lat. tam, tantus, to t..., -ut;
svá mikill lagamaðr,
at..., sogr eat a lawyer, that..., Nj. I; hárið svá mik
it, at þat..., 2;
svá kom um síðir því máli, at Sigvaldi, it came so far, that..., Fms. xi.
95, Edda 33. Rarely and unclass., ellipt. without svá; Bæringr var
til
seinn eptir honum, at hann ... (= svá at), -Bær. 15; hlíf&et
h;i honum, at hann
sakaði ekki, Fas. iii. 441. II. it is used, 1. with indic, in a
narrative sense, answering partly to Gr. GREEK Lat. quod, ut, in such p
hrases
as, it came topass, happened that...; þat var einhverju sinni, at H
öskuldr
hafði vinaboð, Nj. 2; þat var á palmdrottinsdag, at &Oacute
;lafr konungr gékk út
um stræti, Fms. ii. 244. 2. with subj. answering to Lat. acc. with infin.,
to mark the relation of an object to the chief verb, e. g. vilda ek at þ&u
acute;
réðist, I wished that yon -would, Nj. 57.
β. or in an
oblique sentence,
answering to ita ut...;.; ef svá kann verða at þeir l&aa
cute;ti..., if it may be so that
they might..., Fms. xi. 94.
γ with a subj. denoting design, answeri
ng
to GREEK or Lat. ut with subj., in order that; at öll verald
ar bygðin viti,
ut sciat totus orbis, Stj.; þeir skáru fyrir þá
melinn, at þeir dæi eigi af sulti,
ut ne fame perirent, Nj. 265; fyrsti hlutr bókarinnar er Kristind&
oacute;msbálkr,
at menn skili, in order that men may understand, Gþl. p. viii. I
II.
used in connection with conjunctions, 1. esp. þó, því,
svá; þó at
freq. contr. þótt; svát is rare and obsolete. a. &t
horn;óat, þótt (North. E.
'thof'), followed by a subjunctive, though, although, Lat. ets
i, quamquam
(very freq.); þóat nokkurum mönnum sýnist þet
ta með freku sett... þá
viljum vér, Fms. vi. 21: phrases as, gef þú mér &thor
n;ó at úverðugri, etsi indignae (dat.), Stj. MS. col. 3
15, are unclass., and influenced by the Latin:
sometimes ellipt. without' þó, ' eigi mundi hón þ&aacu
te; meir hvata göngu sinni,
at (= þóat) hon hraeddist bana sinn, Edda 7, Nj. 64: ' þ&oacu
te;' and ' at' separated, svarar hann þó rétt, at hann svari svá, Gr&aac
ute;g. i. 23; þó er rétt at
nýta, at hann sé fyrr skorinn, answering to Engl. yet -- though, Lat. attamen
 -- etsi, K. þ. K.
β. því at, because, Lat. nam, quia, with indic.; því
at allir vóru gerfiligir synir hans, Ld. 68; því at af &iacu
te;þróttum verðr maðr
fróðr, Sks. 16: separated, því þegi ek, at ek undr
umst, Fms. iii. 201; því
er þessa getið, at þat þótti, it i s ment
ioned because ..., Ld. 68.
γ. svá
at, so that, Lat. ut, ita ut; grátrinn kom upp, svá
at eingi mátti öðrum
segja, Edda 37: separated, so ... that, svá úsvúst a
t ..., so bad weather,
that, Bs. i. 339, etc.
2. it is freq. used superfluously, esp. aft
er relatives; hver at = hverr, quis; því at = því, 
igitur; hverr at þekkr ok
þægiligr mun verða, Fms. v. 159; hvern stvrk at hann mundi f&aac
ute;, 44; ek
undrumst hvé mikil ógnarraust at liggr í þér,
iii. 201; því at ek mátti eigi
þar vera elligar, því at þar var kristni vel haldin, Fa

s. i. 340.
IV.
as a relat. conj.:
1. temp, when, Lat. quum; jafnan er (
est) mér þá
verra er (quum) ek fer á braut þaðan, en þá
at (quum) ek kem, Grett. 150
A; þar til at vér vitum, till we know, Fms. v. 52; þ&a
acute; at ek lýsta (= þá er),
when, Nj. 233.
2. since, because; ek færi yðr
(hann), at þér eruð í
einum hrepp allir, because of your being all of the same Rape, Grá
g. i.
260; eigi er kynlegt at (though) Skarphéðinn sé hraustr
, at þat er mælt
at..., because (since) it is a saying that..., Nj. 64.
V. in mo
d.
writers it is also freq. superfluously joined to the conjunctions, ef að = e
f,
si, (Lv. 45 is from a paper MS.), meðan að = meðan, dum; nema að, nisi;
fyrst að = fyrst, quoniam; eptir að, síðan að, 
postquam; hvárt að = hvárt,
Lat. an. In the law we find passages such as, þá er um er d&
aelig;mt eina sök,
at þá eigu þeir aptr at ganga í dóminn, Gr&aacu
te;g. i. 79; ef þing ber á hina helgu
viku, at þat á eigi fyrir þeim málum at standa, 106; &
thorn;at er ok, at þeir skulu
reifa mál manna, 64; at þeir skulu með váttorð &thor
n;á sök sækja, 65: in all
these cases ' at' is either superfluous or, which is more likely, of an ellipt.
nature, 'the law decrees' or 'it is decreed' being understood. The passages Sks. 551, 552, 568, 718 B, at lokit (= at ek hefi lokit), at hugleitt
(= at ek hefi h.), at sent (= at ek hefi sent) are quite exceptional
AT and að, an indecl. relat. pronoun [Ulf. þatei = GREE
K etc.; Engl. that, Ormul. at], with the initial letter dropped,
as in the
conj. at, (cp. also the Old Engl. at, which is both a conj. and a
pronoun,
e. g. Barbour vi. 24 in Jamieson: ' I drede that his gret wassalage, | And
his travail may bring till end, | That at men quhilc full litil wend. ' |
' His
mestyr speryt quhat tithings a t he saw. ' -- Wyntoun v. 3. 89.) In Icel.
'er' (the relat. pronoun) and 'at' are used indifferently, so that where
one MS. reads' er, ' another reads ' at, ' and vice versâ; this may
easily be
seen by looking at the MSS.; yet as a rule ' er' is much more freq. used.
In mod. writers ' at' is freq. turned into ' eð, ' esp. as a superfluous par
ticle
after the relative pron. hverr (hver eð, hvað eð, hverir eð, etc
.), or the
demonstr. sá (sá eð, þeir eð, hinir eð, etc.) :- who, which, that, enn bezta ' grip at (which) hafði til &Iac
ute;slands komið, Ld. 202; en engi mun sá at (cui)
minnisamara mun vera, 242; sem blótnaut at (quae) stærst ver
ða, Fms.
iii. 214; þau tiðendi, at mér þætti verri, Nj. 64,
etc. etc.
AT, n. collision (poet.); odda at, crossing of spears, crash of

spears,
 Höfuðl. 8.
β. a fight or bait of wild animal
s, esp. of horses, v. hesta-at
and etja.
AT, the negative verbal suffix, v. -a.
ata, u, f. an obscure word, and probably a corrupt reading; nú sk&
yacute;tr
maðr á hval í atu ok hnekkir Guðs gáfu, N. G. L. i.
59.
ata, að, to stain, defile, smear; líkþrá N
aaman skal atast á þik ok
þína ætt, Stj. 618. 2 Kings vi. 27 (now freq.)
atall, ötul, atalt, adj. [at, n.; Ormul. attel = turpis] ,
fierce, Lat. atrox;
ötul augu, fierce, piercing eyes, Hkv. i. 3; þetta folk er
atalt ok illt, Hkr.
iii. 313: ötul, amatlig, fierce and loathsome, used of a witch, Hkv.
I. 38:
Atli ek heiti, a. skal ek þér vera, where the poet plays on the lik
eness
between the pr. name Atli and the adj. atall, my name is 'Savage;'
savage shall I prove to thee, Hkv. Hjörv. 15. At the present day, freq.
in the changed form ötull, in a good sense, brisk, strenuous.
atan or ötun, f. defiling.
atatata, an onomatopoëtic interj., imitating the chattering of the t
eeth
through cold, Orkn. 326 (in a verse).
at-beini, a, m. assistance, support, Fms. vi. 66; vera í a.
með e-m, to
assist one, Fas. i. 265.
at-bot, f. repair (now aðgjörð), Vm. 4, Dipl. ii. 13.
at-burðr, ar, m. pl. ir, [bera at, accidere.]
1. 
a chance, hap, accident; verðr sá a., it so happened, Nj. 54, V&aacute
;pn. 49; af (með) atburð,
accidentally, perchance, Mart. 126, El. 5, 9, Mar. 656 ii. 16; með hv
erjum
atburðum, how, by what chance? Róm. 287, Eluc. 12; slikt kalla
ek a. en
eigi jartein, such things I call an accident but not a miracle, Sturl. ii
. 54; fyrir
a. sakir hreysti hans, because of his valour, Skálda 189, Sks. 147
.
2.
esp. in pl., events, matters, circumstances; dráp Bárða
r ok þá atburði er þar
höfðu orðit, Bard's death and the events that had happened,
Eg. 222; Ólafr
sagði honum alla atburði um sitt mál, O. told him minutely how
his matters
stood, Hkr. i. 193; þær sem skýra í hverjum atbur&
eth;um menn fella á sik

fullkomið bann, under what circumstances ..., H. E. i. 462.
at-búnaðr, ar, m. attention, care, especially of funera
l rites; veita a.
dauðum mönnum, to lay out dead bodies, Eg. 34, v. 1.
2. now gener.
accommodation or assistance in all that regards domestic life, esp
. clothing; góðr, illr a.
at-djúp and atdýpi, n. deep water close to shore, H&
aacute;v. 48.
at-djupt, n. adj. id., 623. 45; superl. aðdjúpast, Fms.
xi. 70.
at-dráttr, ar, m. pl. drættir, [draga at], provisions, su
pplies for household use; hafði hann a. at þeirra búi, he supplied their
household, Háv.
39; atdrættir ok útvegar, means and provisions, Fms. xi. 423
; a. af
fiskum, Hrafn. 22.
β. metaph. support, H. E. i. 244. COMPD:
atdrátta-maðr, m., mikill a., a good housekeeper, Eb. 26.
at-dugnaðr, m. [at-duga, to assist], assistance, Fas. i
i. 296.
at-eggjan, f. egging on, instigation, Al. 5.
at-fall, n. [falla at], 'on-fall, ' = of the flood-tide, Ld
. 56, Orkn. 428.
at-fang, n. [fá at, to provide] , only in pl., pr
ovisions, victuals, Bs. i.
130. Esp. used with dagr, or kveld, of the eve of great festivals, and
partic. that of Yule: atfanga-dagr, pronounced affanga, m., a. J&o
acute;la,
Yule Eve, Christmas Eve, Grett. 97, 140, Fms. ii. 37, Ísl. ii. 232
, Orkn. 186
old Ed., where the new Ed. p. 242 reads atfangs- (in sing.), which is very
rare, jþórð. 11. atfangadags-kveld, n. Christmas Eve
, Bárð. 176. at-fanga-maðr, m. = atdráttamaðr, Gre
tt. 119 A.
at-fara-, v. atför.
at-ferð, f. (neut. 655 xxxii.) a. aggression, incursion, in a hostile
sense, Fms. ix. UNCERTAIN , v. 1.
β. more freq. in a good sense, exer
tion, activity, Fs. 4; vikjast eptir atferðum enna fyrri frænda þinna,
to imitate their
good deeds, id.; atferð ok eljun, energy, Ld. 318.
γ a l
aw term, execution; með dómrofum ok atferðum, Gþl. 1
83.
δ. behaviour, proceeding, conduct; hverja a. vér skulum hafa, Nj. 194, Rb. 390, Sks. 2
39,
655 xxxii. 2; -- now freq. in the last sense. COMPDS: atferðar-leysi,
n. idleness, inactivity, helplessness, Fær. 232, 544. 23. atfer&

eth;ar-maðr,
m. a skilful man, Bs. i. 639.
atferð-ligr, adj, fit or manly, Fms. viii. 53, v. 1.
at-ferli, n. [ferill], action, proceeding, used esp. as a law term
, proceeding, procedure; með enu sama a., Grág. ii. 405: plur. skal s&aacu
te; slík atferli
hafa öll um lýsingar sem áðr er tint, 27, H. E. ii. 75.
β. method; þá
eru mörg a. jafnrett til þess, Rb. 38.
γ. hann spurðist
fyrir um a.
héraðsmanna, what they were doing, Grett. 123 A.
δ. g
ramm., a. parta
(modi partium orationis) eru tólf, Skálda 185.
at-flutning, f. (now &tilde;ingr, m.), purveyance, supply, in plur
., Eg. 275,
Fms. ii. 68, viii. 179.
at-fylgi, n. and atfylgja, u, f. help, backing, support, Fm
s. ii. 105, Stj.
384, Hom. 139, Fms. x. 60, v. 1.
at-færsla, u, f. exertion, courage, K. Þ. K. 94 (rare)
. COMPD: at-f&oelig;rslu-maðr, m. a man of vigour, Bret. 12, 1
55.
at-för, ar, f.
1. prop, a going to; as a Norse law
term, execution,
 domr ok atför, Gþl. 361, 389: mod. Dan. adf&oelig;rd, cp.
atferð, 7. 2. in
<PAGE NUM="b0030">
<HEADER>30 ATFARARDOMR -- ATORKUSEMI.</HEADER>
Icel. commonly of an onslaught or armed aggression, Fms. i. 54, Nj
. 93, 93, 99, 113, Sturl. iii. 237, Ann. 1252.
3. method =aðfer&e
th;, Fms. ii. 328.
COMPDS: atfarar-dómr, m. sentence of exe
cution for payment, Gþl., N. G. L. i. 154. atfarar-þing,
n. court of execution, MS. 302, 172 (Norse). atfara-lauat, n. adj.
quiet, with no act of violence between tivo hostile parties, Eb.
244, Sturl. ii. 40.
at-ganga, u, f.
1. attack in a fight, onslaught,
Fms. i. 36, Nj. 36, Lv. 13, Bret. 6.
2. peaceful help, Fms. x
i. 86, Nj. 99, Ísl. ii. 210. COMPD: atgongu-mikill, adj. unruly, quarr
elsome, aggressive, Fs. 41.
at-gangr, m.
1. fighting, combat, aggression, Ís
l. ii. 268, Korm. 242: injury, violence, = ágangr, Fms. vi. 239.
2. help, co-operation,
 Grett. 157, 162, Vígl. 19.
3. now, redress, recovery o
f a claim.
 COMPD: atgangs-mikill, adj. = energetic, Grett. 129 A.
at-geirr, m. (false spelling UNCERTAIN ), a bill or halberd, undoubtedly a
foreign weapon, rarely mentioned in the Sagas, but famous as the favourite
weapon of Gunnar of Hlíðarendi; mentioned besides in Sks. 392, Landn.
163, Eb. 120, Fms. iii. l00, v. 249, Fas. iii. 462, but esp. Nj. 44, 45, 84,
95, 97, 108, 114, 119: in the Nj. used generally of thrusting, but also of
hewing; Högni hjó í sundr spiót skaptið með at
geirinum, en rekr atgeirinn
i gegnum hann, H. hewed in sunder the spearshaft with the bill, and drives
the bill through him, Nj. 119; in Landn. 163 mentioned as a javelin.
at-gengiligr, adj. acceptable, inviting, Bs. i. 372.
at-gerð, atgervi, atgeyrð, v. atgörð, -görvi.
at-g&oelig;zla, u, f. supeærintendance, care, caution, Sturl
. iii. 58 (now freq.)
atgörð, f.
1. plur. measures, steps taken; lit
lar atgöðir, small
measures, Ísl. ii. 355, Fs. 4; var eigi vaent til atgerða, few
expedients,
 Grett. 124. 2. repair of a building or the like (now freq.
), Dipl. v.
145.
β. a surgical operation, medical help, Bs. i. 108, 61
8, 644: Sturl.
i. 43 is a bad reading. COMPDS: atgörða-lauss, adj. helpless, lazy,
inactive, Al. 25: neut., atgörðarlaust er um e-t, no steps are t
aken, Fms.
vi. 38. atgörða-maðr, m. a ready man, El. 15, Sturl.
ii. 127.
atgörðar-mikill, adj. active, Nj. 56.
at-görvi, atgerfl, atgjörfl, f.; neut., Fms. x. 293 C. [gö
rr at sér,
accomplished] ; endowments, accomplishments derived from good trai
ning
added to natural gifts; in olden times esp. those of an athletic or physical
kind; fríðleik, vöxt, afl, ok alla a., beauty, stature, stren
gth, and all accomplishments whatever, Eg. 29, Fbr. 56, Fms. vi. 5, 268, i. 30, viii 140,
x. 293; at íþróttum, a. ok vinsæld, Hkr. i. 212: of sp
iritual qualities and
character (rare in old writers), af Guðs góðgipt ok sjálfs
sins a. göfgastr
maðr á Íslandi, Bs. i. (Hv.) 70; at lærdómi, vitr
leik ok a., 130. Páls S.
COMPD: atgörvi-maðr, and more freq. atgörvis-maðr, m. a man of
great (physical) accomplishments, Fms. i. 17, Eg. 685 (where it is us
ed of
a young promising poet), 22, Ld. 12; used of an artist, Ísl. ii. 171: a.
um
marga hluti, man of great capacity, 191; used of a musician, Grett. 158.
at-hald, n. constraint, coercion, restraint, Fbr. 2, Fms. xi. 228.
at-hjúkan (now aðhjúkrun), f. [hjuka at e-m], heed,
attention, care
 in the most tender sense of that word, e. g. that of a mother to her sick
child; attention to a sick, frozen, shipwrecked, or destitute person, Fms.
viii. 444, Finnb. 234, v. 1.
at-hlaup, n. onslaught, assault, Fms. viii. 35, Bjarn. 37; &iacute
; einu a., in
one rush in a battle, Ld. 64; veita manni a. eðr sár, violence
or wound,
 K. Á. 48; tókst nú þegar a., a hand to hand f
ight, Gullþ. 12.
at-hlátr, m. [hlægja at], a laughing-stock, Fms. ii.
182.
at-hlægi, n. ridicule, mockery; með a. ok sköm, 
ridicule and shame,
 Fms. x. 279; ef a. er vert, if it be ridicule, vi. 208; a. eðr &
uacute;mannan, a
laughing-stock and a wretch, Sturl. iii. 240.
at-hlægiligr, adj. ridiculous, Band. 13.
at-huga, að, to heed, bethink oneself, pay attention to, consider;
 a. sik,
to t a ke heed, Sturl. iv. 75 in a mod. MS.; cp. Bs. i. 744 (now f
req.)
at-hugall, adj. heedful, careful, Sturl. iii. 125, Sks. 296.
at-hugi, a, m. heed, care, attention, consideration, Hom. 5 2; af
öllum a.,
carefully, Post. 656 B; hið elzta (barn) hefir ekki a. hit minsta, the
eldest bairn has no head on his shoulders, El. 19, Sks. 482; með a. ok
áhyggju, with care and concern, Fms. x. 281.
COMPDS: athugalauss,
adj. heedless.
athuga-leysi, n. beedlessness, Stj. 6, F
as. i. 245; hlýtr
jafnan íllt af a., ' Don't care' comes ever to a bad end (a prover
b), Grett.
118 A.
athugaliga, adv. attentively, Sks. 360.
athuga-l
itill,
adj. little careful, heedless, Bs. i. 190.
athuga-sarnliga, ad
v. and
-ligr, adj. attentively, attentive, Sks. 600, 360, 6, 472.

athuga-samr,
adj. heedful, attentive, Hom. 58, Fms. viii. 447.
 athuga-verðr
, adj.
worthy of attention, Fms. x. 276.
at-hvarf, n. [hverfa at, to turn towards]: a. in the phrase, g&oum
l;ra
e-m a., to pay one compliments, pay attention to, Bs. i. 801; hann er vel
við þormóð ok görði meir at athvarfi við hann,
he treated Th. respectfully
 or cultivated his friendship, Fbr. 119; Sighvatr görði at a
thvarfi um sendimenn konungs, ok spurði þá margra tíðenda, he com
municated with them
 or paid themvisits, attended to them, Hkr. ii. 214.

eta;. athvarf is now
freq. in the sense of shelter, refuge.
 &b
at-hygli, f. [athugall], beedfulness, attention; með a., Sks.

1, 445 B,
564, Fms. vi. 446, (now used as neut.)
at-hyllast, t, dep. (qs. athyglast), to lean towards, be on the side o
f, do homage to; with acc., af því skolu vér a.
þenna engil í beonum varum, to cultivate his friendship, Hom
. A. M. 237. 7; at a. ok sækja e-n at ámaðar orði, 655 xiii
. B. 4, Bs. i. 202; setlum vér þann yðvarn at a. er mestan g&ou
ml;rir várn sóma, take his part, who ..., Fms. v. 273.
at-hæfi (not ath&oelig;fi, vide Sks. B., which carefully distinguis
hes between &oelig; and &oelig;), n. conduct, behaviour; a. kristi
nna manna, their rites, service,
 Fms. ii. 37, cp. Ld. 174; í öllu sínu a., conduct, pr
oceeding, Fms. xi. 78,
viii. 253: manners, ceremonies, Sks. 301; konunga a., royal manners,
 Hom.: þetta hefir verit a. (instinct) þessa skrím
sls, Sks.: deeds, doings; skal
nú þar standa fyrst um a. þeirra, Mag. 11. Now freq. in a the
ol. sense.
at-hæfiligr, adj. . fit, fitting, due, Eg. 103, Finnb. 228.
at-hofn, f. [hafast at, to commit] , conduct, behaviour, busine
ss; hvat
er hann hafði frétt um a. Skota konungs, his doings and whereabout
s, Eg. 271; fengin var þeim önnur a., occupation, Fbr. 19;
ganga til skripta ok
segja sínar athafnir, to go to shrift and confess his behaviour, F
ms. i. 301;
í athöfnum margir, en sumir í kaupferðum, Orkn. 298; er &
thorn;at ok
likligt at þú fylgir þar eptir þinni a., (ironically) that you will go your
own foolish way, Fs. 4.
COMPDS: athafnar-lauss, adj. inactive, Fm
s.
iii. 128, 154.
athafnar-leysi, n. inactivity.
atliafoar
-maðr and
athafna-, m. a busy enterprising man, Hkr. ii. 255, Fær. 209
. In a bad
sense, a laughing-stock; gora e-n at athafnarmanni, to make a butt of
him,
 Sturl. i. 24, 181, this last sense seems to be peculiar to the first and se
cond
part (þáttr) of the Sturl., which were not written by Sturla himsel
f, but by
an unknown author.
at-kall, n. demand, call, request, solicitation, Bs. i. 735, Al. 6
4, Ver. 48.
at-kast, n. a casting in one's teeth, a rebuke, reproach, Mag. 65.
at-keri, anchor, v. akkeri.
at-kváma, and later form aðkoma or atkoma, u, f.

arrival, Ld. 78,
Fms. vi. 239; metaph. (eccl.) pain, visitation, Hom. 68, 121. Now used
in many compds: aðkomu-maðr, m. a guest, etc.
at-kv&oelig;ði, n. [kveða at orði].
I. a techni
cal phrase, esp. in
law; svá skal sækja at öllu um fjártökuna, sem &th
orn;jófsök fyrir utan a.,
the proceeding is all the same with the exception of the technical terms,
 Grág. ii. 190; at þeim atkvæðum er Helgi hafði &
iacute; stefnu við þik, the expressions used by Helgi in summoning thee, Boll. 354.
β. a wo
rd, expression in general; þat er þrífalt a., mannvit, siðg&ael
ig;ði ok hæverska, Sks. 431,
303; en þó vér mælim alla þessa hluti með br
eiðu a., in broad, general terms,
 Anecd. 21, þiðr. I.
γ. now used gramm. for a
syllable, and in many
compds such as, eins atkvæðis orð, a monosyllable; t
veggja, þriggja ...
atkvæða ..., etc., a dissyllable, etc.: ' kveða at' also me
ans to collect
the letters into syllables, used of children when they begin to spell. Old
writers use atkvæði differently in a grammatical sense, viz. = pron
unciation,
sound, now framburðr; þeir stafir megu hafa tveggja samhljó
ðenda a., hverr
einn, Skálda (Thorodd) 165; eins stafs a.; a. nafns hvers þeirra; &
thorn;á er
þat a. hans í hverju máli sem eptir lifir nafnsins (in the l
ast passage = the
name of the letter), 168.
II. a decision, sentence, almost
always
in plur.; beið hann þinna atkvæða, Nj. 78; var þv&iacu
te; vikit til atkvæða
(decision) Marðar, 207; bíða atkvæða Magn&uacute
;ss konungs um álög ok
pyntingar, Fms. vi. 192: sing., var þat biskups a., his decision, v
. 106;
hvi gegnir þetta a. (sentence) jarl, rangliga dæmir þ&u
acute;, 656 B; þínu boði
ok a., command and decisive vote, Stj. 203; af atkvæði guða
nna, by their
decree, Edda 9, Bret. 53.
β. now a law term = vote, an
d in a great
many compds: atkvæða-greiðsla, division; atkvzða-fj&oum
l;ldi, votes; a.
munr, majority, etc.
III. a decree of fate, a spell, charm, in a
supernatural sense, = ákvæði; af forlogum ok a. ramra hluta, Fs
. 23;
konungr sagði úhægt at göra við atkvæðum, ..
. to resist charms (MS. akvedni, where it is uncertain whether the reading is ákv- or atkv-); a.
Finnunnar, the spell of the Finnish witch, 22; svá mikil a. (pl.)
ok ilska
fylgði þessum álögum, Fas. i. 404, iii. 239, Fms. x. 172.,
COMPDS:
atkvæða-lauss, adj. [kveða at, to be important] ,

unimportant, of no
consequence, Fas. ii. 242.
atkvæða-maðr, m. a ma
n of weighty
utterance, of importance, Fms. xi. 223. atkvæða-mikill, adj
. of
weight, note, authority, Nj. 51
atla, að, to 'ettle', intend, purpose, Bret. 144; so according
to the modern
pronunciation of ætla, q. v.
at-laga, u, f. an attack in a sea fight, of the act of laying ships al
ongside;
 skipa til a., Fms. i. 169, iv. 103; hörð a., hard fight, xi
. 133, Hkr. ii. 272,
Nj. 125, Sturl. iii. 63, etc.: more rarely of an attack on land, Fms. vii
.
244, Al. 122, Ísl. ii. 83, Bret. 50.
β. an advance, landing, without
notion of fight, Fms. ix. 430. COMPDS: atlögu-flokkr, m. the name
of a poem describing a battle by sea, Sturl. iii. 63. atlögu-skip, n. a
ship engaged in battle, Fms. viii. 382.
at-lát, n. [láta at e-u, to comply with] , compli
ance, Hom. 47; synda a.,
indulgence in sin, Greg. 31. Now, atlæti, n. and atlot, n. p
l. treatment;
 gott atlæti, kindness; ill atlot, harshness, esp. in re
spect to children.
at-lega, u, f. shelter for sheep and cattle on the common pastures; hagbeit á vetrum ok a. fé sínu at selinu, Dipl. v. 4 (rare).
at-mæli, n. abuse, offensive language, Bs. ii. 181.
atoma, u, f. an atom, Rb. 114; a weight, subdivision of an ounc
e, 532. 1.
at-orka, u, f. energy, activity. COMPDS: atorku-maðr, m
. an active
man. atorku-samr, adj. active. atorku-semi, f. activity.
<PAGE NUM="b0031">
<HEADER>ATRAS -- AUÐMJUKLIGA. 31</HEADER>
at-rás, f. an on-rush, charge, attack, Fms. viii. 413, v. &
aacute;rás.
at-reið, f. (milit.) a riding at, a charge of horse, Fms. vi.
417, in the
description of the battle at Stamford Bridge: Hkr. iii. 162 has áreið
, but
some MSS. atreið, vii. 57. β. the act of riding at or over, Nj. 21; esp.

in the translation of French romances of tilting in tournaments, Str. (fr
eq.)
COMPD: atreiðar-áss, m. a quintain pole, at which to ride a-tilt, El. 15.
at-rekandi, m. pressing efforts, exertions; svá mikill a. v
ar görr um
leitina, the search was carried on so thoroughly, Band. 4 C; cp. reki.
at-renna, u, f. a slip. COMPD: atrennu-lykkja, u, f. a running
knot, a noose, Fms. vi. 368.
at-rið, now atriði, n. 1. = atreið, movement, in the p
hrase, hann
hafði allt eitt atriðit, he did both things at once, in the twink
ling of an
eye, Grett. 95 new Ed. 2. a gramm. term in the compd atriðsklauf, f. probably = GREEK, Edda (Ht.) 124, cp. Ed. Havn. ii. 154,
cp. Skálda 193; atrið would thus mean a word, sentence. It is
now very
freq. in the form atriði, n. in a metaph. sense, the chief point in a
sentence,
or a part, paragraph, and used in many compds. Atriðr, m. is o
ne of
the poët. names of Odin, the wise (?).
at-róðr, rs, m. a rowing at, i. e. an attack made (by a ship) with oars,
Fms. ii. 310, Hkr. ii. 272, etc. β. gener. rowing towards, Jb. 308.
at-samr, adj. [at, n.], quarrelsome, an GREEK., Fms. iv. 20
5; cp. Hkr.
ii. 1. c.
at-seta, u, f, a royal residence; hafa a., to reside, used
especially of
kings, Fms. i. 23, x. 209, Hkr. i. 63, Eg. 170, Nj. 5, etc.
at-setr, rs, n. id., vide konungs-atsetr.
at-skiljanligr, adj. [Dan. adskellig], various, different,
Karl. 206, (an
unclass. word.)
at-skilnaðr, ar, m., in mod. Icel. = parting, separation. &bet
a;. discord,
 Grett. 88; A, B, C, however, have áskilnaðr.
at-sókn, f. [sækja at], onslaught, attack, Fms. i. 64
, Nj. 100, etc. β.
a throng of guests or visitors seeking hospitality; föng v&oa
cute;ru lítil en a.
mikill, Bs. i. 63 (now freq.) γ. in popular superstition, the forebodin
g
of a guest's arrival; sleep, drowsiness, or the like, caused, as people beli
eve,
by the fylgja or ' fetch' of the guest, his sure forerunner; the Icelanders
speak of a good, agreeable aðsókn, or a bad, disagreeable one; a man
may
'sækja vel eðr ilia að,' as he is an agreeable guest or not. Only

a 'fey'
man's fylgja follows after him. Vide Ísl. þjóðs.
i. 354 sqq. COMPD:
atsóknar-maðr, m. aggressor, Fs. 70.
at-spurning, f. [spyrja at], 'speering' at, inquiry, in the phrase
, leiða
atspurningum, which ought, however, to be in two words, Fb. i. 216.
at-staða, u, f., now aðstoð, n. a standing by, back
ing, support, Bs. i.
846. β. earnest request, Mar. (Fr.)
at-stuðning, f. and -ingr, m. [styðja at], support,
Fas. i. 24.
at-súgr, m. prop, pressure [súgr] caused by crowd
ing; now freq. in the
phrase, göra a. að e-m, to mob one. β. the phrase, bora fre
kan atsúg
um e-t (where the metaphor is taken from boring), to deal harshly with,
pierce through to the marrow, Orkn. 144: cp. Fms. vii. 29.
at-svif, n. incident, bearing, Sks. 682. β. medic, lipothy
mia, a fainting fit, swoon, Fél. ix. 185; cp. að svífa yfi
r e-n, to be taken in a fit, Sturl.
iii. 286.
at-tú, by assimilation = at þú, that thou, fre
q. e. g. in the Orkn. new Ed.
at-tönn, f. [at, n.], a tusk, Fas. i. 366.
at-veizla, u, f. [veita at], assistance, Fms. x. 60, v. 1.
at-verknaðr, m. work, especially in haymaking; Þ&
oacute;rgunnu var ætlað
nautsfóðr til atverknaðar, to toss and dry it, Eb. 26: now
, vinna at heyi,
to toss it for drying.
at-vik, n. [víkja at], mostly in plur. details, particulars; in the phrases,
eptir atvikum, according to the circumstances of each case, Gþl. 40
3; atvik
sakar, the particulars of a case, Sks. 663; með atvikum, circumsta
ntially,
chapter and verse, Fas. iii. 330: in Stj. 179 it seems to mean gestures.
II. an onset, prob. only another way of spelling atvígi,
N. G. L. ii. 65; at ek geta eigi hefnt þessa atviks er mér er g&oum
l;rt, that
I cannot get this affront avenged which has been done me, Grett. 151 A.
at-vinna, u, f. means of subsistence, support, Grág. i. 294
, Jb. 151, Fær.
37, Stj. 143, 291, 623. 41, 656 A, 655. 20, Clem. 56, Jb. 151, Fms. v. 239:
labour, occupation, Anecd. 20, Sks. 603, (now very freq.) COMPD:
atvinnu-lauss, adj. without means of subsistence, Fms. ii. 97.

at-vist, f. [vesa at], presence, esp. as a law term, opp. to an
alibi, the
act of being present at a crime: the law distinguishes between rá&eth
; (plotting),
tilför (partaking), and a. (presence), Grág. ii. 37; v
era í atsókn
ak a., to be present and a partaker in the onslaught, Nj. 100. β. tr
ansl.
of the Lat. assiduitas, 677. 12.
at-vígi, n. onset, onslaught, N. G. L. ii. 65, cp. i. 126,
Fas. ii. 244.
at-yrði, n. pl. abusive words, Fs. 5, Fms. iii. 154.
AUÐ-, adverbial prefix to a great many adjectives, adverbs, and parti
ciples,
seldom to subst. nouns, [not found in Ulf.; A. S. eâð, as in eâ&
eth;medu, humilitas, and also as a separate adj. eâde. facilis;
Old Engl. 'eath,'
'uneath,' for 'easy,' 'uneasy;' Hel. ôð and ôði, facilis,
 unôði, difficilis],
easy, opp. to tor-. To this 'aud' and not to 'old' may perhaps be referred
some of the compds of aud and awd in Scottish and provincial
English. Thus 'audie' in Scotch means an easy careless fellow; 'aud faran
d,' or 'auld farand,' may both mean easy going: v. the words in
Jamieson and the Craven Glossary.
auða, u, f. desolation, Þiðr. 2.
auð-beðinn, adj. part. [A. S. eâðbede], easil
y persuaded to do a thing,
with gen. of the thing, Eg. 17, 467.
auð-bættr, adj. part, easily compensated for, Glú
m. (in a verse).
auð-eggjaðr, adj. part, easily egged on to do, with gen.,
Fms. v. 62.
auð-fenginn, adj. part, easy to get, Fs. 62, Grett. 113 A, Mag
. I, where
it is spelt auðu-; cp. toru- = tor-.
auð-fengr, adj. id., Hým. 18; a. var lið, 655 xxvii
i, Fms. v. 274.
auð-fundinn, adj. part, easy to find, in promptu, Hkr. ii. III
; neut.
used metaph. easy to perceive, clear, Eg. 54, Ld. 194, v. 1.
auð-fyndr, adj. an older form, id., used only as neut. easi
ly perceived,
clear; þat var a., at..., it could easily be seen, that..., Ld.
194.
auðga, að, [Ulf. auþagjan = GREEK; A. S. eâ
ðigjan = beatum facere],

to enrich, Bs. i. 320, Stj. 68; reflex., hafði Noregr mikit auðga
st, N. had
grown very wealthy, Fms. vi. 448 :-- to make happy, er alla elskar ok
auðgar, i. 281, Th. 77.
auð-gengr, adj. easy to pass; stígr a., 677. 5.
auð-ginntr, adj. part, easily cheated, credulous, Lex. Po&euml
;t.
auð-gætligr, adj. easy to get, common, Fms. i. 261.
auð-gætt, n. adj. easy to get, = auðfundit, Lex. Po&
euml;t., Hb. 6 (1865).
auð-görr and later form auð-görðr, adj. part
, easily done, Fas. i. 74.
auð-heyrt, n. adj. part, easily heard, clear, evident, Ld. 266
.
auðigr and auðugr, adj. [Ulf. auðags = GREEK, au&et
h;agei, f. = GREEK;
Hel. ódag = beatus, dives; A. S. eâðig, beatus, opule
ntus; O. H. G.
ôtag], contracted before an initial vowel into auðgan, a
uðgir, auðgum;
uncontr. form auðigan = auðgan, Fms. i. 112, etc.; now used uncontracted
throughout, auðugir, auðugar, etc.; rich, opulent; ríkr ok
a., powerful
and opulent, Eg. 22, 83; at fé, wealthy, Fas. i. 49, Ís
l. ii. 323, Nj. 16, Post.
656 C; skip mikit ok a., with a rich lading, Fms. xi. 238; a. at kvikf&ea
cute;,
Ld. 96; superl. auðgastr, Eg. 25, Ísl. ii. 124; England er auðgas
t at
lausafé allra Norðrlanda, Fms. xi. 203.
AUÐIT, n. part. of an obsolete verb analogous to auka ('ablaut' an
-jó -- au), [cp. Swed. öde, fatum; auðna, luck;
auðr, opes, etc.], used
in many phrases, and often answering to the Gr. GREEK, with dat.
pers. and gen. of the thing; e-m er, verðr, auðit e-s, it falls to on
e's lot; úlíkligt
er at oss verði þeirrar hamingju a., it is unlikely that this good
fortune is
destined for us, Eg. 107; koma mun til mín feigðin..., ef m&eacut
e;r verðr þess
a., if that be ordained for me, Nj. 103; þó at mér ve
rði lífs a., though life
may be granted to me, Fms. i. 47; konungr lét græða menn s&
iacute;na sem lífs
var a., those whose lot it was to live, who were not mortally wounded, Eg
.
34; hafði þeim orðit sigrs a., had won the day, Eg. 86; var
þeim eigi
erfingja a., to them was no heir granted by fate, 625. 83: with 'at' and
an infin., mun oss eigi a. verða at fá þvílíkan,
Fms. x. 339: absol., hafi

þeir gagn er a. er, let them gain the day to whom the god of battles gr
ants
it, xi. 66: with the addition of 'til;' ek ætla okkr lítt til &
aacute;stafunda a. hafa
orðit, we have had bad luck in love, 310: auðinn, masc. ap
pears twice
or thrice in poetry, auðins fjár, means possessed, Skv. 3. 37:
in prose in
Al. 21 (by Bishop Brand), láta auðins bíða, to submit t
o fate, to be
unconcerned; even in compar., hvárt hyggit ér manni nokkuru at
auðnara
(any more chance), at hann fái knúta þessa leysta, of
the Gordian knot,
19, at auðnu, v. auðna [cp. A. S. eâden, datus, concessus;
Hel. ôdan,
genitus, natus: cp. also jóð, proles, a word perhaps of
the same root.]
auð-kendr, adj. part. easy to 'ken' or recognise, of distin
guished
appearance, Al. 21, Fms. i. 44.
auð-kenni, n. (= einkenni), mark, distinction, Karl. 180.
auð-kenniligr, adj. = auðkendr, Hrafn. 13.
auð-kenning, f. a clear mark, sure sign, Sturl. i. 70. MS. A.
M. 122 B;
áminning suits better, so the Ed. and Brit. Mus. 11, 127.
auð-keyptr, adj. part. easily bought, cheap, Hkr. iii. 246.
auð-kjörinn, adj. part. easily chosen, easy to decide between
, Sd. 170.
auð-kumall, adj. (now viðkvæmr), very touchy, tender, se
nsitive; a. ok
lasmeyrr, of a snake's belly, easy to wound, Stj. 98; öngvær (
depressed)
 ok auðkumul, (fem.) touchy, Bs. i. 323; a. í skapi, ir
ritable, 353.
auð-kvisi, v. aukvisi.
auð-kvæðr, adj. easily talked over, easily moved, obsequ
ious, pliable;
 eptirlátr ok a., N. G. L. ii. 400; ertú ok eigi a. (hard t
o move) til fylgðar,
Grett. 122 new Ed. = auðbeðinn.
axið-kymli, f. [auðkumall], touchiness, sensitiveness; a.
konunnar, a
woman's touchiness or weakness, 623. 36.
auð-kýfingr, m. [kúfa, accumulare], poët. a heaper up of riches, a
wealthy man, a Croesus; örr maðr er a., Edda 107; in prose in Sturl
. i.
38, Al. 5; ríkismenn ok a., Post. 656 C. 30.

auð-lagðr, adj. part. wealthy, whence auðlegð, Lex
. Poët.
auð-lattr, adj. part. docile, easily kept in check, Glú
m. 396 (in a verse).
auð-látinn, adj. [lát, manners], of easy affa
ble manners, Str. 36.
auð-legð, f. easy circumstances, wealth, Bs. i. (Laur. S.)
836; now freq.
auð-ligr, adj. happy, lucky, Fms. vi. 420 (in a verse).
auð-maðr, m. a wealthy man, Fms. ii. 21, Ísl. ii. 3
85, 125.
auð-mjúkliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. humbly, Bs. i
. 773, Grett. 207 new Ed.
<PAGE NUM="b0032">
<HEADER>33 AUDMJUKR -- AUFUSA.</HEADER>
auð-mjúkr, adj. humble, meek, compar. auðmjú
kari, Sturl. i. 45; a.
iðran, devoted repentance, H. E. i. 510.
auð-munaðr, adj. part. easily remembered, not to be forgotten,
 Fms. vi.
249, v. l.
auð-mýkja, t and ð, to humble; a. sik, to
humble oneself, Bs. i. 854.
auð-mýkt, f. meekness, humility, Fms. viii. 54, v. 1.;
now freq. in theol.
writers.
auðn, f. [auðr, adj.], a wilderness, desert; auðn Sina
i, Stj. 300. β.
land which has no owner or is waste, uninhabited; bygðust &tho
rn;á margar
auðnir víða, many wide wastes were then peopled, Eg. 15; a
lla auðn
landsins, Fms. i. 5, viii. 33, Greg. 33: the auðn was claimed as a royal
domain; konungr á hér a. alla í landi, Fms. xi. 225; um &th
orn;ær auðnir er
menn vilja byggja, þá skal sá ráða er a. á
, the owner of the waste, N. G. L.
i. 125: different from almenningr, compascuum or common. 2. more
specially a deserted farm or habitation; sá bær h&eac
ute;t síðan á Hrappstöðum,
þar er nú a., Ld. 24; liggja í a., to lie waste, 96,
Grág. ii. 214, cp.
278. 3. destruction; auðn borgarinnar (viz. Jerusalem), Greg. 40,
Rb. 332, Ver. 43, Sd. 179 (where auðnu, f.); ríki mitt stendr mj&ouml
;k til
auðnar, is in a state of desolation, Fms. xi. 320, Bret. 68: insol
vency,
utter poverty, Grág. i. 62. COMPDS: auðnar-hús, n. dese
rted huts, on
mountains or in deserts, Grág. ii. 158. auðnar-óðal, n. impoverished
estates, Sks. 333. auðnar-sel, n. deserted shielings, Orkn. 458.
auðna, u, f. desolation, Sd. 179, bad reading.
auðna, u, f. [auðit], fortune, and then, like GREEK, go
od luck, one's
good star, happiness, (cp. heill, hamingja, gæfa, all of them feminine
s, -good luck personified as a female guardian), in the phrase, a. ræðr, rules;
 auðna mun því ráða, Fate must settle that, Nj. 46, Lv. 65; ræðr a. lífi (a
proverb), Orkn. 28; arka at auðnu (or perh. better dat. from auðinn), v.
arka,
Nj. 185, v. 1.; at auðnu, adv. prosperously, Sl. 25; blanda úg
iptu við a.,
Fms. ii. 61; með auðnu þeirri at þorkatli var lengra l&iacut
e;fs auðit, by that good
fortune which destined Thorkel for a longer life, Orkn. 18 (50). Cp. the
Craven word aund in the expression I's aund to'ot, 'I am ordained
to
it, it is my fate.' COMPDS: auðnu-lauss, adj. luckless, Fas. i
i. 240.
auðnu-leysi, n. ill fate. auðnu-leysingi, a, m. 
a luckless man.
auðmi-maðr, m. a lucky man, luck's favourite, Gullþ.
28, Ld. 40, Fas.
i. 340. auðnu-samliga, adv. fortunately, Finnb. 344.
auðna, að, impers. to be ordained by fate; ef honum au&eth
;naði eigi aptr
at koma, if it was not ordained by fate that he should come back, Fms. ix
.
350; sem auðnar, as luck decides, Fb. i. 160, Fas. iii. 601, Lv. 30:
with
gen., ef Guð vill at þess auðni, that it shall succeed, Bs.
i. 159, v. 1., þat is
less correct: now freq. in a dep. form, e-m auðnast, one is successful, with
following infin.
auð-næmiligr, adj. [nema], easy to learn, teachable, Sks
. 16.
auð-næmr, adj. easily learned, soon got by heart, Sks. 2
47 B; auðnæm
er ill Danska, bad Danish is soon learnt (a proverb); auðnæmast
þó hið
vonda er, Pass. 22. 10.
auð-prófaðr, adj. part. easily proved, Laur. S. MS.
180. 85.
AUÐR, f. [Swed. ôde, fatum] , fate, destiny, only
used in poetry in the

phrase, fá auðar, to die, Ísl. ii. 389 (in a verse); ha
ga til auðar, to avail
towards one's happiness, Gísl. 59 (in a verse). Auðr is also a fe
m. pr. name.
AUÐR, adj. [Ulf. auþs -- GREEK; O. H. G. odi; Hel
. odi = inanis: cp.
A. S. ydan and édan, vastare; Germ, öde and öd
en: the root is rare in
A. S. and lost in Engl.] :-- empty, void, desert, desolate; húsin
voru auð,
uninhabited, Ld. 96; koma at auðu landi, of the first colonists when
coming to Iceland, Landn. 316, opp. to 'koma at bygðu landi,' or 'land
numið;' auð búð, Eg. 727; auð borð, void of defend
ers, of ships that have
lost their men in fight, Fms. ii. 329; auð skip (= hroðin), all the crew
being slain or put to flight, Hkr. iii. 126. β. metaph., auðr at yndi,
cheerless, distressed, Stj. 421; sitja auðum höndum, now used of
being idle:
 in the Ad. 22, með a. hendr means empty-handed, without gifts; s
o also
in Stj. 437. I Sam. vi. 3, answering to 'empty' in the Engl. text.
AUÐR, s, and poët. ar, m. [Goth, auds = GREEK is suggeste
d; it
only appears in Ulf. in compds or derivatives, audags adj. beatus, audage
i
f. beatitudo, audagian, beare; A. S. eâd, n. means opes; Hel. od =
bonum, possessio: it is probably akin to óðal; cp. also feu
dal (A. S. feoh =
fee), alodial]: -- riches, wealth, opulence; auð fjár (
only in acc.), abundance,
 is a freq. phrase; also, auð landa ok fjár, Edda 15; oss er &tho
rn;ar mikit af sagt
auð þeim, Band. 8, Fms. ii. 80, 623. 21; draga saman auð, id. In
proverbs, margan hefir auðr apat; auðrinn er valtastr vina, wealth is
the
ficklest of friends, Hm. 77 etc.
auð-ráðinn, adj. easily to 'read' or explain, Fas. iii. 561. β. easy
to manage, v. úauðráðinn.
auð-ráðr, adj. easily guided, pliable, yielding, Bs
. i. 265.
auðræði, n. pl. means, property, wealth, Bs. i. 146,
129, 136 (where it
= income), 158, 68 (where the gen. auðráða = auðr&aeli
g;ða), Stj. 345, Hom.
68, Fms. iv. 111; not very freq., auðæfi is a more current word.
auð-sagt, part. easily told.
auð-salr, m. treasury (poët.), Fsm. 7.
auð-sénn, part., now auðséðr (cp. however Pass.
6. 4, 7), easily seen,
evident, Hrafn. 13, K. Å. 214.

auð-skeptr, part. (in a proverb), Ad. 21, eigi eru a. almanna spj&oum
l;r, it is not easy to make shafts to all people's spear heads, i. e. to
act so that all
shall be pleased, cp. Hm. 127; auð-skæf (as given in the Skálda
, where
this line is cited) may be a better reading = not easily carved or mad
e so
as to suit everybody.
auð-skilligr, adj. easy to distinguish, understand, Ská
lda 167.
auð-skæðr, adj. part. easily injured, Eg. 770; de
licate, tender, Stj. 345.
Deut. xxviii. 56, Bs. i. 353.
auð-snúit, n. part. easily turned, Hkr. ii. 271.
auð-sóttligr, adj. easy to perform, an easy task, Fms.
xi. 282.
auð-sóttr, part. easily won, easy to win; mál a.
, Eg. 38, 200, in both
cases of a happy suitor; a. land, land lightly won, Fms. iii. 49; auð
sóttr
til bæna, pliable, yielding, Al. 4: eigi a., not easily matched,
 Valla L. 205.
auð-sveipr (and now also auðsveipinn, whence auðsve
ipni, f.),
adj. pliable, yielding, now esp. used of good, obedient children,
Bs.
auð-sýna, d, to shew, exhibit, Bs. i. 274; má &t
horn;at vel auðsýnast, to be
seen, Stj. 13.
auð-sýniligr, adj. evident, and -liga, adv. c
learly, Fms. i. 142, Stj.
14, 26.
auð-sýning, f. show, exhibition, Skálda 199. tra
nsl. of Lat. demonstratio;
H. E. i. 517. proof, demonstration.
auð-sýnn, adj. easily seen, clear; hon var sí&et
h;an kölluð Delos svá sem
a., Stj. 87, 250: neut. = evident, Hom. 154, Eg. 736, Fms. i. 72.
auð-sæligr, adj. id., Fms. vii. 148.
auð-sær, adj., neut. auðsætt, fem. auðsae, eas
ily seen, clear, Bjarn. 63,
Fms. x. 175, 655 xi. I: metaph. clear, evident, Magn. 436, 625. 174:
neut. evident, Fms. i. 42, Hrafn. 13: compar. auðsærri, more
conspicuous,
Fms. ii. 322: superl. auðsæstr, Ld. 236; auðsæust, Fms. iv.
321.
auð-trúa, adj. ind. credulous, Lex. Poët, (freq.)

auð-tryggi, f. ind., now auðtryggni, f. credulity, G&iacut
e;sl. 62.
auð-tryggr, adj. credulous, Stj. 199. Grett. 130 A, Fms. viii.
447.
auð-van, n. bad luck, Lex. Poët.
auð-vandr, adj. very painstaking in doing one's duties, Bs. i.
141, an
GREEK.
auð-ván, f. expectancy of fortunes (poët.), Lex. P
oët.
auð-velda, d, to take lightly, make easy, Orkn. ch. 68.
auð-veldi, n. easiness, facility, Hom. 7. transl. of Lat. f
acultas; með
a., as adv. easily, Fms. vii. 116, Karl. 131, 142: auðvelda-verk, n.
an
easy task, Grett. 127 new Ed.
auð-veldliga and -velliga, adv. easily, lightly, Fms. i
. 87, Stj. 99, Hkr.
i. 200; taka a. á e-u, to make light of a thing, Fms. xi. 124: com
par.
-ligar, i. 262, Stj. 130.
auð-veldligr and -velligr, adj. easy, Stj. 8, 356. Josh
. vii. 2.
auð-veldr, adj. ea s y, Eg. 39: superl. -veldastr, Ld.
14; metaph.
compliant, Bs. i. 256, Sturl. i. etc.
auð-vinr, m. (poët.) a charitable friend [A. S. e&acir
c;ðvine] ; in the old
poets freq. spelt otvin, v. Lex. Poët. β. as a pr. name Auðunn; th
e
etymology in Hkr. i. 12 is bad; and so is also the popular etymology of
this word = none, fr. auðr, vacuus.
auð-virðiligr, etc., v. auvirð-.
auð-vitað, n. part. easy to know, clear, evident, Ld. 78,
Finnb. 232:
now often adv. = clearly, to be sure.
auð-víst, n. adj. sure, certain, Karl. 181.
auð-þeystr, adj. part. easy to make flow, Stor. 2 (dub.
passage).
auð-þrifligr, adj. [probably = ör-þrifligr, f
r. ör- priv. and þrifligr,
robust, strong], feeble, weakly, Ísl. ii. 456, Fb. i. 275 (

of weak frame).
auð-æfi qs. auðöfi, n. pl. ['auðr,' opes, a
nd 'of;' = ofa-fé, q. v.; Lat.
opes], opulence, abundance, wealth, riches, in the Grág. fr
eq. = means of
subsistence, emoluments, i. 269, 277 (twice), ii. 213, cp. Íb. 16, wh
ere it
means emoluments: in the proper sense wealth, Hkr. i. 13, where it
means
gold and treasures, Sks. 334, 442; veg ok a., power and wealth, Gr
eg.
23; himnesk a., Joh. 21; jarðlig a., Greg. 32. Matth. vi. 19, 20; mörg
a., Eluc. 53, Hom. 151, etc.
aufi, interj. [a for. word; Germ, au weh], woe! alas! used
with dat., a.
mér, Mar. 167; acc., a. mik, 175; absol., 147: after the Reformation
'áví' and 'ó vei' occur, or 'vei' alone.
aufusa, u, f., in Norse MSS. spelt afusa, Dipl. i. 3; avusa, Str. 27, 54,
Sks. 775 B; afuusa, N. G. L. i. 446. In Icel. always spelt with au, av,
 or ö, by changing the vowel, öfusa, aufusa, Ó. H. 1
55, where, however,
some MSS. have aufussa, avfusa, Fms. viii. 39, 250; öfusa, Fs.
123; ofusa, 677. 3, Band. 6; öfussa, Bs. i. 481: the change of vowel is
caused by the following f (v). The word is now quite obsolete, and its
etymology is somewhat uncertain; it may be qs. á-fúss, or af-f&uac
ute;ss, an
'af-' intens. and 'fúss,' willing, this last suggestion would best
suit the
Norse form. Its sense is thanks, gratitude, satisfaction, pleasure, and i
s
almost exclusively used either as a supplement to 'þökk' or in such
phrases as, kunna e-m au., or e-m er au. á e-u, to be pleased, gratifi
ed with;
þakka með mikilli a., to thank heartily, Str. 27; ef yð
r er þar nokkur a.
á, if it be any pleasure to you, Fms. ix. 495; kunna e-m au. e-s,
or with
'at,' to be thankful, Fb. ii. 257, Eg. 111, Ó. H. 56, Fms. viii. 1
. c., Bs. i.
481, H. E. i. 432, Eg. 522, Sturl. iii. 125, Fær. 209, 677. 3; leggja at
móti þökk ok au., Ó. H. 155; viljum vér au. gefa
þeim góðum
<PAGE NUM="b0033">
<HEADER>AUFUSUGESTR -- AUK. 33</HEADER>
mönnum, we will thank them, Fms. viii. 250; var mönnum mikil &o
uml;. á því,
much pleased by it, Fs. 123; hafa í móti þökk ok
ö., Band. 19 new Ed.
COMPDS: aufusu-gestr, m. a welcome guest, Valla L. 217, Sturl. i.
178.
aufusu-orð, n. thanks, Gísl. 100. aufvisu-svipr,
m. friendly mien;
 sýna á sér au., Fs. 14.
au-fúss, adj. in a verse by Arnór, perhaps akin to the abov

e, meaning
eager, Orkn. 126: vide, however, Lex. Poët. s. v. ófur.
AUGA, n., gen. pl. augna, [Lat. oculus, a dimin. of an obsolete ocus;
Gr. GREEK (Boeot. GREEK); Sanskr. aksha: the word is common to
Sanskrit with the Slavonic, Greek, Roman, and Teutonic idioms: Goth.
augo; Germ, auge; A. S. eâge; Engl. eye; Scot. ee; Swed. öga; Dan.
öje, etc. Grimm s. v. suggests a relationship to Lat. acies, acut
us, etc.
The letter n appears in the plur. of the mod. northern languages; the
Swedes say 'ögon,' oculi, the Danes 'öjne;' with the article '&
ouml;gonen'
and 'öjnene;' Old Engl. 'eyne;' Scot, 'een'] :-- an eye It is used
in Icel. in a great many proverbs, e. g. betr sjá augu en auga, ' two
eyes see better than one,' i. e. it is good to yield to advice: referring to
love, unir auga meðan á sér, the eye is pleased whilst it c
an behold (viz.
 the object of its affection), Fas. i. 125, cp. Völs. rím. 4. 18
9; eigi leyna
augu, ef ann kona manni, the eyes cannot bide it, if a woman love a
man, i. e. they tell their own tale, Ísl. ii. 251. This pretty prover
b is an
GREEK. 1. c. and is now out of use; it is no doubt taken from a poem in a
dróttkvætt metre, (old proverbs have alliteration, but neither rhym
es nor
assonance, rhyming proverbs are of a comparatively late date): medic.,
eigi er sá heill er í augun verkir, Fbr. 75; sá drepr opt f
æti (slips) er
augnanna missir, Bs. i. 742; hætt er einu auganu nema vel fari, he who
has only one eye to lose will take care of it (comm.); húsbónd
ans auga
sér bezt, the master's eye sees best; glögt er gests augat, a guest's eye
is sharp; mörg eru dags augu, the day has many eyes, i. e. what
is to be
hidden must not be done in broad daylight, Hm. 81; náið er nef augum,
the nose is near akin to the eyes (tua res agitur paries quum proximus
ardet), Nj. 21; opt verðr slíkt á sæ, kvað selr, var
skotinn í auga, this
often happens at sea, quoth the seal, when he was shot in the eye, of
one who is in a scrape, Fms. viii. 402. In many phrases, at unna (to
love) e-m sem augum í höfði sér, as one's own eyeballs, Nj. 217; þótti
mér slökt it sætasta ljós augna minna, by his death
the sweetest light of
my eyes was quenched, 187: hvert grætr þú nú Skarp
héðinn? eigi er
þat segir Skarphéðinn, en hitt er satt at súrnar &iacute
; augum, the eyes smart
 from smoke, 200: renna, líta augum, to seek with the eyes, to loo
k upon:
 it is used in various connections, renna, líta ástaraugum, v&
aacute;naraugum,
vinaraugum, trúaraugum, öfundaraugum, girndarauga, with eyes of l
ove,
hope, friendship, faith, envy, desire: mæna a. denotes an upward or pr
aying
look; stara, fixed; horfa, attentive; lygna, blundskaka, stupid or
slow; blína, glápa, góna, vacant or silly; skima, wandering
; hvessa augu,
a threatening look; leiða e-n a., to measure one with the eyes; gj&oa
cute;ta, or
skjóta hornauga, or skjóta a. í skjálg, to throw
a side glance of dislike or
ill-will; gjóta augum is always in a bad sense; renna, líta
mostly in a
good sense: gefa e-u auga, oculum adjicere alicui; hafa auga á e-u
, to
keep an eye on it; segja e-m e-t í augu upp, to one's face, Or
kn. 454; at
augum, adverb. with open eyes, Hervar. S. (in a verse), etc. As regards
various movements of the eyes; ljúka upp augum, to open the eyes;
láta
aptr augun, to shut the eyes; draga auga í pung, to draw the ey
e into a
purse, i. e. shut one eye; depla augum, to blink; at drepa tit
linga (Germ.
äugeln, blinzen), to wink, to kill tits with the suppressed glances
of the
eye; glóðarauga, a suffusion on the eye, hyposphagma; k&yacute
;rauga. proptosis;
vagl á auga, a beam in the eye; skjálgr, Lat. limus;
ský, albugo; tekinn
til augnanna, with sunken eyes, etc., Fél. ix. 192; a. bresta, in
death:
hafa stýrur í augum, to have prickles in the eyes, when the eye
s ache for
want of sleep: vatna músum, 'to water mice,' used esp. of chil
dren weeping silently and trying to hide their tears. As to the look or expression
of the eyes there are sundry metaph. phrases, e. g. hafa fékróka &
iacute; augum,
to have wrinkles at the corners of the eyes, of a shrewd money getting
fellow, Fms. ii. 84, cp. Orkn. 330, 188, where krókauga is a cognom.;
kvenna-króka, one insinuating with the fair sex; hafa ægishj
alm í augum
is a metaphor of one with a piercing, commanding eye, an old mythical
term for the magical power of the eye, v. Grimm's D. Mythol. under
Ægishjalmr: vera mjótt á milli augnanna, the distance bet
ween the eyes
being short, is a popular saying, denoting a close, stingy man, hence
mjóeygr means close: e-m vex e-t í augu (now augum), to
shrink
back from, of a thing waxing and growing before one's eyes so that
one dares not face it. As to the shape, colour, etc. of the eye, vide
the adj. ' eygr' or ' eygðr' in its many compds. Lastly we may mention
the belief, that when the water in baptism touches the eyes, the child
is thereby in future life prevented from seeing ghosts or goblins, vide
the words úfreskr and skygn. No spell can touch the human eye;
en er harm sá augu hans (that of Loki in the shape of a bird), þ&aa
cute; grunaði
hann (the giant) at maðr mundi vera, Edda 60; í bessum birni þy
kist hón
kenna augu Bjarnar konungs sonar, Fas. i. 51, vide Ísl. Þjó&
eth;s. II.
meton. and metaph. auga is used in a great many connections: α.
astron.; þjaza augu, the eyes of the giant Thiazi, is a constellati

on, probably
the Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux; the story is told in the Edda 47, cp.
Harbarðsljóð 19; (Snorri attributes it to Odin, the poem to Thor.
) β.
botan., auga = Lat. gemma, Hjalt. 38; kattarauga, cat's eye
, is the
flower forget-me-not. γ the spots that form the numbers on dice,
Magn. 530. δ. the hole in a millstone; kvarnarauga, Edda 79, 221,
Hkr. i. 121: the opening into which an axe handle is fastened, Sturl.
ii. 91: a pit full of water, Fs. 45: nálarauga, a needle's eye:
 vindauga,
wind's eye or window (which orig. had no glass in it), A. S. ea
g-dura
(eye-door); also gluggi, q. v.: gleraugu, spectacles. ε. anat
om., the
pan of the hip joint, v. augnakarl, Fms. iii. 392: gagnaugu, temples. &ze
ta;.
 hafsauga, the bottom of the ocean, in the popular phrase, fara &uacu
te;t í hafsauga,
descendere ad tartara. η. poët, the sun is called heimsauga, dag
sauga,
Jónas 119. COMPDS either with sing. auga or pl. augna; in the latter
case mod. usage sometimes drops the connecting vowel a, e. g. augndapr, augn-depra, augn-fagr, etc. auga-bragð (augna-), n. the
twinkling of an eye, Hm. 77; á einu a., in the twinkling of an eye
, Ver. 32,
Edda (pref.) 146, Sks. 559, Rb. 568: a glance, look, snart a., Fms. ii.
174; mikit a., v. 335; úfagrligt a., Fs. 43; hafa a. af e-u, to cast a
look at,
Fbr. 49, Fms. xi. 424: in the phrase, at hafa e-n (or verða)
at augabragði, metaph. to make sport of, to mock, deride, gaze at, St
j.
627, 567, Hm. 5, 29. auga-brun, f. the eye-brow. auga-staðr
,
m. an eye-mark; hafa a. á e-u, to mark with the eye. aug
a-steinn
(augna-), m. the eye-ball, Hkr. iii. 365, Fms. v. 152. augna-bendi
ng,
f. a warning glance, Pr. 452. augna-blik, n. mod. = augnabragð
, s.
augna-bólga, u, f. ophthalmia. augna-brá, f.
the eye-lid, D. N. i. 216.
augna-fagr and aug-fagr, adj. fair-eyed, Fas. ii. 365, Fms.
v. 200.
augna-fró, f. a plant, eye-bright, euphrasia, also augna
-gras, Hjalt. 231.
augna-fræ, n. lychnis alpina. augna-gaman, n. a sp
ort, delight
for the eyes to gaze at, Ld. 202, Bær. 17, Fsm. 5 (love, sweetheart
).
augna-gróm, n. (medic.) a spot in the eye; metaph., ekki a.
, no mere
speck, of whatever can easily be seen. augna-hár, n. an eye
-lash.
augna-hvannr, m. the eye-lid. augna-hvita, u, f. albugo.

augna-karl, n. the pan of the hip joint; slíta or slitna or
augnaköllunum,
Fas. iii. 392. augna-kast, n. a wild glance, Barl. 167. augna-
kláði, a, m. psorophthalmi. augna-krókr, n.

the corner of the eye.
 augna-lag, n. a look, Ld. 154. augna-lok, n. 'eye-c
overs,' eye-lids.
 augna-mein, n. a disease of the eye. augna-mjörkvi, a, m. dimness
of the eye, Pr. 471. augna-ráð, n. expression of the ey
e. augnaskot, n. a look askance, Gþl. 286, Fs. 44 (of cats). augna-s
lím,
n. glaucoma. augna-staðr, m. the socket of the eye, Mag
n. 532.
augna-sveinn, m. a lad leading a blind man, Str. 46. augn-tepra
,
u, f. hippus. augna-topt, f. the socket of the eye. augn
a-verkr,
m. pain in the eye, Hkr. ii. 257, Bs. i. 451, Pr. 471, Bjarn. 58. augn
avik, n. pl. = augnakrókr. augna-þungi, a, m. heavines
s of the eye,
 Hkr. ii. 257.
aug-dapr, adj. weak-sighted, Fms. ii. 8: augdepra, u, f. amblyo
pia,
 Fél. ix. 191.
aug-lit, n. a face, countenance; fyrir a. alls lýðs, St
j. 326; fyrir Guðs a.,
before the face of God, Orkn. 170; í a. postulans, 623. 25, Ver. 7
. Gen. vii.
I ('before me'); fyrir konungs a., Sks. 283. Now much used, esp. theol.
aug-ljós, n. 'eye light,' in the phrase, koma í a.,
to appear. Fas. i. 80.
aug-ljóss, adj. clear, manifest, Fms. i. 229, Hkr. ii. 225.
aug-lýsa, t, to make known, manifest: subst. auglýsi
ng, f.
aug-sjándi, part. seeing ocularily, Mart. 117.
aug-súrr, adj. blear-eyed, Stj. 171 (of Leah): súrey
gr is more freq.
aug-sýn, f. sight; koma í a. e-m, to appear befor
e him, Eg. 458, 623.
12; í a. e-m, in the face of, Blas. 46.
aug-sýna, d, to shew, Fms. v. 200.
aug-sýniligr, adj. and -liga, adv. evident, visible, G&thor
n;l. 42.
AUK, adv. [cp. Goth, auk, freq. used by Ulf. as translation of Gr.
GREEK; jah auk = GREEK; A. S. eâc; Engl. eke; Germ. auch] . I.
it originally was a noun = augmentum, but this form only remains in the
adverbial phrase, at auk, to boot, besides, Bs. i. 317 (freq.): adverbial
ly
and without 'at' besides; hundrað manna ok auk kappar hans,

a hundred men and eke his champions, Fas. i. 77; þriggja marka f&ea
cute;, en konungr
þat er auk er, the surplus, N. G. L. i. 350: cp. also such phrases
as,
auk þess at, besides that; auk heldr, v. heldr. II. as a conj.
also, Lat. etiam, occurs in very old prose, and in poetry; sv&aacu
te; mun
ek auk bletza þá konu es þú baðsk fyr, 655 ix. B.
2 (MS. of the 12th
century), Hkr. ii. 370 (in a poem of Sighvat); this form, however, is
very rare, as the word soon passed into ok, q. v. III. used to
head a sentence, nearly as Lat. deinde, deinceps, the Hebrew HEBREW, or
the like; the Ormulum uses ac in the same way; in MSS. it is usually
spelt ok; but it may be seen from poetic assonances that it was pronounced auk, e. g. auk und jöfri fræknum; hitt var auk at eykir, Vell
ekla,
Hkr. i. 216: auk at járna leiki, Lex. Poët.; it is sometimes even
spelt so, e. g. auk nær aptni skaltu Óðinn koma, Hm. 97, Hkr. i
. 29,
v. 1.; it is also freq. in the Cod. Fris. of the Hkr. This use of auk' or
'ok' is esp. freq. in old narrative poems such as the Ynglingatal (where it
occurs about thirty-five times), in the Háleygjatal (about six times), an
d
the Vellekla (about ten times): vide ok. IV. simply for ok, and,
 as spelt on some Runic stones, but seldom, if ever, in written documents.
<PAGE NUM="b0034">
<HEADER>34 AUKA -- AURR.</HEADER>
AUKA, jók, jóku (mod. juku), aukit [Lat. augere; Gr. GRE
EK Ulf.
aukan; A. S. eacan or ecan; Engl. to eche or eke; O. H. G. auhon];
pres. ind. eyk; subj. eyki or yki, mod. jyki. A weak form (aukar,
aukaði, aukat) also occurs, esp. in Norse, and (as a Norwegianism) in
Icel. writers, esp. after the year 1260, e. g. aukaðu, augebant, Barl
. 138;
aukaðist, augebatur, aukaði, augebat. Barl. 180, Fms. i. 1
40, 184, x. 21
(MSS. aukuðu or aukaði, and some even jóku), Róm. 234; sub
j. aukaðist,
augeretur, Fms. vii. 158 in three Icel. vellum MSS.; only one has ykist,
the
strong genuine form. Pres. aukar, auget, and aukast, augetur, inst
ead of
eykr, eykst, Stj. 32: part, aukat (= aukit), O. H. L. 46; aukuð, aucta,
Fms. x. 236. Even Snorri in the Edda has aukaðist, p. 3, both in the
vellum MSS. Ob. and Kb., -- a form which is thoroughly unclassical;
the poets use the strong form, and so Ari, who has jókk = jók ek,
in the
preface to Íb.; -- so also the great bulk of the classical literature. Si
nce
the Reformation the strong form is the only one used either in speaking
or writing. I. Lat. augere, to augment, increase, with acc., eykr
hann þar ætt sína, Fms. iii. 82; jók Njáll ekki
hjón sín, Nj. 59; hét hann
þeim at auka virðing þeirra, Eg. 33; þessi orð j&oacut
e;ku mjök sök Adams,

Sks. 542; jók nafn hans, Hom. 51, Nj. 33; var þá sí&e
th;an aukuð (= aukin)
veizlan, Fms. x. 236: absol., þat hálft er eykr, that half which
is over
and above, Js. 75: in the phrase, aukanda ferr um e-t, a thing is increas
ing,
Nj. 139. II. Lat. addere, to add to the whole of a
thing; with the thing added in the dat., ok jókk (= jók ek) &thorn
;ví es mér
varð síðan kunnara, Íb. (pref.): impers., jók miklu
við, increased greatly,
 Ld. 54; þá eykst enn ellefu nóttum við, eleven n
ights are still added, Rb.
28: followed by 'við,' auka e-u við e-t, to add to it, Nj. 41; 't
il' is rare
and unclassical, and seems almost a Danism, as 'föie til,' þetta til
aukist,
Vm. 7: auka synd (dat.) á synd (acc.) ofan, to heap sin upon sin,
Stj.
274: aukast orðum við, to come to words, speak, Eg. ch. 58, v. l.
(rare);
ef þú eykr orði, if tbou say'st a word more, Lex. Po&eum
l;t. β. with acc. (a
rare and unclassical Latinism), auka ny vandræði (= nyjum vandræ
ðum)
á hin fornu, Bs. i. 751. γ. impers. in the phrase, aukar á,
it increases, Róm. 234. III. to surpass, exceed; þat
er eykr sex
aura, þá á konungr hálft þat er eykr, if it
exceeds six ounces, the king
takes half the excess, N. G. L. i. 281, Js. § 71; en ármaðr
taki þat er
aukit er, what is over and above, N. G. L. i. 165. Esp. used adverbially
in the part. pass, aukit, aukin, more than, above, of numbers; aukin &tho
rn;rjú
hundruð manna, three hundred men well told, Eg. 530, Fms. ix. 524, v.
l.;
með aukit hundrað manna, x. 184, Ld. 196; aukin hálf vætt,
Grett. 141
new Ed. β. in the phrases, þat er (eigi) aukat (aukit), it is no
exaggeration,
Jd. verse 22, the Ed. in Fms. xi. 169 has 'árla' (a false reading);
pat er aukat, O. H. L. 1. c.; orðum aukið, exaggerated, Thom. 73.
aukan, f. increase, K. Á. 20.
auki, a, m. eke [A. S. eaca; Old Engl. and Scot, eke
or eik], increase,
addition; Abram tók þann auka nafns síns, Ver. 14; a. &o
uml;fundar ok hatrs,
Stj. 192: cp. also in the phrase, verða at moldar auka, to become dust, t
o
die, in a verse in the Hervar. S. Fas. i. 580; cp. maðr er moldu samr,
man is but dust, Sl. 47; and another proverb, lauki er lítið g
æft til auka,
used by Sighvat (Lex. Poët.), the leek needs but little care to grow; sársauki, pain, Mirm. 47; Danmerkr auki is a poët. name of Zealand used
by
Bragi, Edda I: the phrase, í miklum auka, in a huge, colossal shape,
 Glúm. 345 (in a verse); hence perhaps comes the popular phrase, a&et
h; færast
í aukana (or haukana), to exert to the utmost one's bodily strength, Glámr
færðist í alla auka (of one wrestling), Grett. 114 A, (Ed. 1853
has færðist í
aukana.) 2. metaph. seed, germs, thou hast given me no seed, Stj.
III. Gen. xv. 2; esp. the sperm of whales, amber, Sks. 137. β. p
roduce
of the earth, Barl. 193, 200. γ interest of capital, N. G. L.
ii.
380; vide áauki, sársauki, sakauki, i. 187. COMPDS: auka-dagr, m.
'eke-day,' dies intercalaris, Rb. 488. auka-hlutr, m. in the phras
e,
at aukahlut, to boot, Hom. 129. auka-nafn, n. 'eke-name,' nickn
ame,
or additional name, Sks. 272. auka-smíði, n. a super
fluous thing,
a mere appendix, Fms. ii. 359. auka-tungl, n. intercalary moon,
 Rb. 116. auka-verk, n. by-work, Bs. i. 326. auka-vika,
u, f.
'eke-week,' intercalary week, v. hlaupár.
auk-nafn, n. = aukanafn, 'eke-name.'
auk-nefna, d, to nickname, Landn. 243.
auk-nefni, n. 'eke-name,' a nickname: α. a defamatory name,
punishable with the lesser outlawry, Grág. ii. 146. β. in a less str
ong
sense; hann var svartr á hár ok hörund, ok því &
thorn;ótti honum a. gefit er
hann var Birtingr kallaðr, he was swarth of hair and skin, and for that
it seemed a nickname was given him when he was called 'Brighting,' Fms.
vii. 157: Helgi átti kenningar nafn, ok var kallaðr hvíti; ok
var þat eigi
a., því at hann var vænn maðr ok vel hærðr, hv&
iacute;tr á hár, Helgi had a
surname (in a good sense), and was called 'White;' and that was no nickname,
for he was a handsome man and well-haired, white of hair, Fbr.
80: þú hyggr at ek muna vilja giptast einum bastarði, -- eigi e
m ek
bastarðr nema at a., of William the Conqueror, Fb. iii. 464. In old times,
esp. at the time of the colonisation of Iceland, such nicknames were in
freq. use, as may be seen from the index in the Landnama; they gradually
went out of use, but still occur now and then throughout the whole
of the Saga period in Icel. down to the 14th century.
aukning, f., Old Engl. 'eeking,' increase, Stj. 100, 176, Sks. 137
.
au-kvisi, a, m. [prop. auð-kvisi, from auð, easy, and kvei
stinn, touchy;
cp. kveisa, f. ulcus, dolor]; in old writers it is spelt with au o
r av,
 and sometimes with a double k, ökkvisi, Bs. i. 497 vellum MS. A
. M.
499; auðkvisi, Ld. 236 C and the vellum MS. A. M. 122 A to Sturl. ii.
8; aukvisi, MS. 122 B; O. H. (Ed. 1853) reads aucvisi; it means a weakly,
irritable, touchy person. Used esp. in the proverb, einn er au. ætt
ar
hverrar, cp. the Engl. there is a black sheep in every flock, Hkr. ii. 23
8:
mun ek son minn láta heita Gizur; lítt hafa þeir aukvisar ve
rit í
Haukdæla ætt er svá hafa heitið hér til, Sturl. ii
. 8, at the birth of earl Gizur.
[The name Gizur was a famous name in this family, Gizur hviti, Gizur
biskup, Gizur Hallsson, etc.]
AULANDI, an indecl. adj., qs. al-landi, an GREEK in the proverb
Nj. 10, illt er þeim er au. er alinn. [The root is prob. al- (Lat.
alius),
land, cp. A. S. ellend or elland (Hel. elilendi), alienus, peregrinus;
 Old
Engl. alyant; O. H. G. alilanta (whence N. H. G. elend, miser): there is
in Icel. also a form erlendr, prob. a corruption for ellendr. This root is
quite lost in the Scandin. idioms with the single exception of the proverb
mentioned above, and the altered form er-.] The MSS. of the Nj. I. c.
differ; some of them have á úlandi in two words, in terra mal&a
circ;;
Johnsonius has not made out the meaning: the proper sense seems to be exul
ubique infelix. In olden times peregrinus and miser were synon
ymous,
the first in a proper, the last in a metaphorical sense: so the Lat. hostis
( = hospes) passed into the sense of enemy. The spelling with &oum
l; (ölandi)
ought perhaps to be preferred, although the change of vowel cannot be
easily accounted for.
auli, a, m. a dunce, aulaligr adj., aula-skapr m., aulast dep., etc., do
not occur, as it seems, in old writers; prop. a slug (?); cp. Ivar Aasen
s. vv. aula, auling.
aum-hjartaðr, adj. tender-hearted, charitable, Stj. 547, Hom.
109.
aumindi, n. painful feeling from a wound or the like, Fél.
ix. 192.
aumingi, ja, m. a wretch, in Icel. in a compassionate sense; Gu&et
h;s a.,
655 xxxii. 15, Bs. i. 74, Hom. 87.
aumka, að, to bewail, to complain, esp. in the impers. phrase,
a. sik, to
feel compassion for, Bær. II, Al. 10, Róm. 182, Bret. 98, Fagrs
k. ch. 34;
now freq. used in reflex., aumkast yfir e-t, to pity.
aumkan, f. lamentation, wailing. El. 10.
aumleikr, m. misery, Stj. 428, Bs. i. 321; now also used of the
sore
feeling of a wound or the like, v. aumr.
aumligr, adj. and -liga, adv. [A. S. earmlic] , poorly, wretche
d, Grett.
161, Fms. i. 138, v. 218, Sturl. ii. 13, Bær. 4, Magn. 432, H. E. iii. 366
.
aum-neglurr, more correctly anneglur, cp. the Engl. agnail, hangnail,
 or naugnail, Fél. ix. 192; the lunula unguium is in Ic
el. called anneglur,
and so is the skin round the finger-nail, id.
AUMR, adj. [Ulf. has arms = miser; Dan. and Swed. öm],
seems with
all its compounds to be a Scandin. word. It originally probably meant
sore, aching, touchy, tender. In mod. Icel. it is sometimes used in this
sense, in Dan. and Swed. only = sore, and metaph. tender. 2. metap
h.
poorly, miserable, unhappy; styrkstú, aumr, strengthen thyself,
wretched
man, Orkn. 153, Hom. 15, 16, Th. 6, 16: in a bad sense = armr, Fms.
ix. 414.
aum-staddr, adj. part, in a poor, wretched state, Stj. 475.
AUNGR, adj. pron., Lat. nullus, none, v. engi, enginn.
AUNGR, adj. narrow, Lat. angustus, v. ongr.
aung-vit, n., medic, lipothymia, a fainting-fit, Fél. ix. 1
93.
AURAR, m. pl. money, aura- in compds, v. eyrir.
aur-borð, n. the second plank from the keel of a boat, Vellekl
a and
Edda (Gl.)
aur-falr, s, m. [aurr, lutum, falr], the spike at the butt-end
of a spear,
 Gr. GREEK þeir settu niðr aurfalina er þeir st&oacut
e;ðu ok studdust við
spjót sín, Fms. i. 280; síðan mældi hann grundv&o
uml;ll húsgörðarinnar fyrir
þórhalli með aurfalnum á spjóti sínu, ii.
230; Abner sneri spjótinu í
hendi sér ok lagði aurfalnum framan í kviðinn, Stj. 497, 2
Sam. ii. 23
(in Engl. Vers. 'the hinder end of the spear'), Art. 105. β. used of
an arrow, Fb. iii. 406.
aur-gáti, a, m. [qs. ör-gáti, ör- and geta], a
tit-bit, good cheer, good
treatment, a rare and now obsolete word; mun ekki af sparat, at veita
oss allan þann a. er til er, Fms. xi. 341; um tilföng veizlunnar, sem
bezt
búandi allan a., Mar. 97; af þeim örgáta sem hon haf&et
h;i framast föng til,
655 xxxi. 2.
aurigr, adj., only in the contr. forms aurgan (acc.), aurgu (dat.), cl
ayey,
muddy, Vsp. 31, Ls. 48; cp. úrigr, madidus.
AURR, s, m., prop. wet clay or loam, but also in Eggert Iti
n. p. 682
of a sort of clay, cp. Ivar Aasen s. v. aur. In A. S. eâr is
humus; in
the Alvismál one of the names of the earth is aurr (kalla aur uppregin).
In the Völuspá the purling water of the well of Urda is called aurr;
hence the paraphrase in the Edda, þær taka hvern dag vatn í b
runninum,
ok með aurinn (the clay, humus) er liggr um brunninn, ok ausa upp yfi
r
askinn. Elsewhere used simply of mud, wet soil, aurr etr iljar en ofan
kuldi, Gs. 15; auri trödd und jóa fótum, Gh. 16; ok við a
ur ægir hjarna,
bragnings burs of blandinn varð, his brains were mixed with the mud,
<PAGE NUM="b0035">
<HEADER>AURRIÐI -- AUSTRRUM. 35</HEADER>
Ýt. 16; aurr ok saurr, mud and dirt, Ann. 1362; hylja auri, hum
o condere, in a verse in the Konn. S.
aurriði, örriði, mod. urriði, a, m. sal
mo trutta, salmon-trout, Fél.
i. II; salmo squamis argenteis, maculis nigris brunneo cinctis, pinna
pectorali punctulis sex notata, Eggert Itin. p. 595: deriv. from örr, celer,
 and -riði, or from aurr (?); the Norse form aure indicates a dip
hthong,
GÞl. 421, Edda (Gl.) COMPDS: aurriða-bekkr, m. a 'bec
k' full of
trout, Bolt. aurriða-fiski, f. trout-fishing, Bolt. aur
riða-net, n.
a trout-net, Gísl. 104. aurriða-vatn, n. a water sto
cked with trout,
 Bolt.
aur-skór, m. (prop. 'mud-shoe'), a horse shoe, an GREEK in
the story
Fms. iii. 210, each of the shoes weighing 1½ lb. The story is a pendant
to that told of king Augustus of Poland and the blacksmith.
aur-skriða, u, f. a land slip, avalanche, Fbr. 84, Fs. 59.
aurvandils-tá (aurvantá, Ub.), f. Aurvandil's toe, p
robably the star
Rigel in Orion, v. Edda 59.
AUSA, jós, josu (mod. jusu), ausit; pres. ind. eyss; subj. eysi or
ysi,
mod. jysi (hauriret), cp. Lat. haurio, haus-it; not found in Goth,
or in
Germ. I. to sprinkle, with dat. of the liquid, and the object
in acc. or with a prep.; Þær taka hvern dag vatn í brunninum,
ok ausa
(viz. Því) upp yfir askinn, . . . pour it over the ash-boughs, E
dda. II; ef maðr
eyss eldi (fire, embers,) Grág. ii. 128; a. síld ór
netjum, to empty the
nets of the herrings, GÞl. 427: a. út, to pour out, f&ea
cute;, Grett. 126. 2.

ausa moldu, to sprinkle with mould, bury; hlóðu Þeir at
grjóti ok jósu at
moldu, Eg. 300; er hann höfðu moldu ausit, Bjarn. II; salr ausinn
moldu, his chamber sprinkled with mould (poët.), Hervar. S.;
ausinn
haugi, Ýt. 26. β. ausa vatni is a standing phrase for a sort of bapt
ism
used in the last centuries, at least, of the heathen age. The child when
born was sprinkled with water and named, yet without the intervention
of a priest; this rite is mentioned as early as in the Hávamál, on
e of
the very oldest mythological didactic poems on record, where it is
attributed even to Odin; ef ek skal Þegn ungan verpa vatni á, if
I am to
throw water on a young thane, 159; Jósu vatni Jarl létu heita,
Jóð ól
Edda jósu vatni, hörvi svartan, hétu Þræl, Rm. 7,
31; sá var siðr göfigra
manna, at vanda menn mjök til at ausa vatni ok gefa nafn;... Sigurðr
jarl jós sveininn vatni ok kallaði Hákon, Hkr. i. 118; Eir&iac
ute;kr ok Gunnhildr áttu son er Haraldr konungr jós vatni ok gaf nafn sitt, 122;
eptir
um daginn jós Hákon konungr Þann svein vatni ok gaf nafn sit
t, 135,
Fms. i. 66, xi. 2; fæddi Þóra sveinbarn ok var Grimr nefndr e
r vatni var
ausinn, Eb. 26; enn áttu Þau Skallagrímr son, sá var
vatni ausinn ok
nafn gefit ok kallaðr Egill, Eg. 146, 147, 166, Ld. 108, Gísl. 32 (of
Snorre
Gode); and so in many instances from Icel., Norway, and the Orkneys,
all of them of the heathen age. The Christian term is skíra, q. v. 3.
metaph. of scolding or abuse; hrópi ok rógi ef &THOR
N;ú eyss á holl regin,
Ls. 4; ausa sauri á e-n, to bespatter with foul language, ausask s
auri
á (recipr.), Bjarn. 33; a. e-m e-u í augu upp, to throw in one'
s face, Eg.
576; hann jós upp (poured out) Þar fyrir alÞý&e
th;u öllum glæpum föður síns,
Mart. 80; um verka Þann er hverr jós á annan, Bjarn. 42. II.
of a horse, to kick or lash out with his hinder feet, opp. to prj&
oacute;na, to rear
up and strike with the fore feet; hestrinn tók at frýsa, bl&aa
cute;sa ok ausa,
Greg. 49; at merrin eysi, Sturl. ii. 40 C. III. to pump, esp. a ship,
with the ship in acc.; Hallfreðr jós at sínum hlut, Fs. 113, G
rett. 95 A,
Fbr. 173, N. G. L. i. 102: a. bát sinn, to make water, Fms. vii. 3
31.
ausa, u, f. a ladle, ekki er sopið kálið Þ&oa
cute; í ausuna sé komit (a proverb),
many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip, Grett. 132, Þórð
. 51.
aus-ker, n. = austr-ker, Shetl. auskerrie, a scoop, v. Jamieson Su
ppl.
sub voce, Fs. 147.

ausli, v. auvisli.
austan, adv. [A. S. eastan; Hel. ôstan], from the
east, Eg. 183, Eb.
4: of the direction of the wind (cp. vestan, sunnan, norðan), used with
a preceding prep, á, á vestan, austan..., blowing from west, ea
st..., Bs.
ii. 48. β. fyrir a. used as a prep. with acc. east of; fyrir a. mitt
haf,
Grág. ch. 85, p. 142 new Ed., Nj. 36, 81, Eg. 100, Landn. 228. γ
.
 with gen. in phrases like austan lands, a. fjarðar, cp. norðan, sun
nan,
vestan, Hkr. iii. 201. COMPDS: austan-ferð, f. a journey from the
east, Fms. vii. 128. austan-fjarðar, gen. loci, used as ad
verb, in
the east of the firth, Hkr. ii. 295, Fms. i. 278, iv. 37. austan-gola
,
u, f. a light breeze from the east, Sturl. iii. 59 (Ed. austræn). austankváma, u, f. arrival from the east, Fms. vi. 23. austan-ma&
eth;r, m.
a man from the east, Old Engl. easterling, Sturl. iii. 248. aus
tansjór, m. the east sea, nickname of a man, Fms. ix. 316. aus
tanveðr, rs, m. an easterly gale, Rb. 438. austan-verðr,
adj. eastern
(cp. norðan-, sunnan-, vestan-verðr), Landn. 25, Stj. 75, A. A. 286.
austan-vindr, m. an east wind, Sks. 38, cp. norðan-, vestan-.
sunnanvindr.
austarliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. easterly, Fms. xi. 389.
austastr, superl. easternmost, v. eystri.
austfirðingr, m., esp. in pl. an eastfirther, one from the
Iceland,
 Sturl. ii. 158. COMPDS: austfirðinga-búð, f.,
cute;ð. austfirðinga-dómr, m. the court for the
arter, v. dómr. austfirðinga-fjórðungr,
he east quarter of Iceland, v. fjórðungr.
east of
v. b&ua
east qu
m. t
aust-firðir, m. pl. the east firths of Iceland, opp. to vestfi

rðir, Landn.
aust-firzkr, adj. one from the east firths in Icel., Nj. 54, Lv. 5
7.
aust-för, f. = austrför.
aust-ker, n. a scoop, bucket, v. auss-ker.
aust-kylfir, m. pl. easterlings, cp. Kylfingar, an old Russian pop
ulation,
Kolbiager, east of the Baltic; in a poem of Hornklofi, Fagrsk. 9.
aust-lægr, adj. easterly, of the wind.,

aust-maðr, m., pl. austmenn, in Icel. and in the northern part of the
British Islands a standing name of those who came from the Scandinavian continent, esp. Norse merchants, vide the old Irish chronicles,
and the Sagas, passim. The English used ' easterling' in the same sense,
and sterling is an abbreviation of the word from the coin which the
'easterlings' brought with them in trade. Eyvindr austmaðr, Landn.,
Nj. 81, Eg. 744, Ísl. ii. 192, 128, Sturl. ii. 47, Lv. 23, Valla L. 216,
Landn. 36, 290, 305, Eb. 104, 196, etc. In the Norse GÞl. 450 it is used
of Swedes in Norway: austmanna-skelfir, m. 'skelper' (conqueror,
terror) of the east men, a nickname, Landn. 305.
aust-marr, m. the east sea, the east Baltic (Estmere of king Alfre
d,
Oros. Ed. Bosworth, p. 22), Ýt. 18.
aust-mál, n. = austrmál, N. G. L. i. 335.
aust-mörk, f. the east mark, i. e. the east, Ýt
. 4.
AUSTR, rs, m. [A. S. and Engl. east; Hel. ôstar; Germ
, ost, osten],
the east; sól í austri, Grág. ii. 224, Rb. 92, Landn
. 276; ór austri, Sturl. ii.
25. 2. as adv. towards east, eastward, Nj. 151, Eg. 72, Grág. i. 9
6, 189.
austr, rs and rar, m. [ausa], the act of drawing water in buckets,
pumping; v. dæluaustr and byttuaustr, Grett. ch. 19; standa &iacute
; austri,
to toil hard at the pump, Fas. ii. 520, Sturl. iii. 68; til austrar, Gret
t.
94 B. β. the water pumped or to be pumped, bilge water, Gr. GREEK,
Sturl. iii. 67, 68; skipið fullt af austri, full of bilge water, Fb.
ii. 204
(Fbr.), Finnb. 234; standa í a., v. above. COMPD: austrs-ker,
austker (N. G. L. i. 59), a scoop, pump-bucket (cp. ausker), G&THO
RN;l. 424.
austr-álfa, v. austrhálfa.
austr-átt and -ætt, f. eastern region, east; &
iacute; austr., towards east, in
eastern direction, Fms. ii. 49, x. 267, Sks. 38. 655 xiv. B. i.
austr-biti, a, m. a cross-beam nearest the pumping-place in a ship, Fs. 153.
austr-ferð and austr-för, f. voyage to the east, e
sp. to Russia or the
east Baltic, Fb. i. 130, Ls. 60, the last passage in a mythical sense.
COMPDS: austrfarar-knorr, m. a vessel bound for the Baltic, Fms. v
ii.
256. austrfarar-skip, n. id., Fms. viii. 61, Orkn. 274 old Ed.,
where the new Ed. 334 has útfararskip, a ship bound for the Mediterran
ean (better).
austr-hálfa, u, f. [Hel. ôstarhalba = oriens], often

spelt -álfa by dropping the h; the east, in old writ
ers freq. of the Austria of the peace of
Verdun, A. D. 843, including the Baltic and the east of Europe; sometimes also o
f the true east; um Garðaríki (Russia Minor) ok v&iacut
e;ða um
a. heims, Fms. i. 96; í Görðum austr ok austrhólfunni, x.
275; í a.
heims eru Þrjú Indialönd, A. A. 283; Licinius lagði undir
sik víða a.,
Blas. 37; Adam ok Eva bygðu síðan í a. Þar sem Hebro
n heitir, Ver.
5, Stj. 67, 43: now used in Icel. = Asia, Vestrhálfa = America,
 Suðrhálfa
= Africa, Norðrhálfa = Europe, Eyjaálfa = Aus
tralia. COMPDS: austrhálfu-lýðr, m. people of th
e east, Stj. 392. Judges vi. 33. austrhálfu-Þjóð, f. id., Stj. 389.
austr-kendr, adj. part, eastern, of wind, Bs. i. 388.
austrligr, adj. eastern, Stj, 336.
austr-lönd, n. pl. the east, orient, the eastern part of Euro
pe, in old
writers often synonymous to Austr-halfa, and opp. to Norðrlönd, Scan
dinavia; Suðrlönd, South Germany, etc.; Vestrlönd, t
he British Islands,
Normandy, Bretagne, etc., Post. 656 C. 39, Fms. ii. 183, Post. 645. 102,
Hkr. i. 134 in a poem of the 10th century used of Russia; cp. Brocm. 101.
austr-mál, n. (navig.), the pumping-watch, the crew being t
old off
two and two, to hand the buckets up, one of them standing in the bilge
 water down below and the other on deck, vide the Fbr. 131, Grett.
ch. 19; en hverr Þeirra manna er síðar kemr en a. komi til hans
, Þá
er hann sekr níu ertogum, N. G. L. i. 335 [ausmaal, bilge water, I
var
Aasen].
austr-oka, að, [austr], to lavish, squander, with dat. an G
REEK. as it
seems, Fas. iii. 198, 202, where a. fé sínu; cp. Gr. GREEK.
austr-ríki, n. the eastern empire, esp. the east of Europe
(Russia,
Austria, sometimes also including Turkey of the present time); the term
is often vague, and synonymous to Austrvegr, Austrlönd, or referring to the
Germany of the year 843; (the mod. sense is = Austria); Ívarr v&ia
cute;ðfaðmi
eignaðist allt Danaveldi, ok mikinn hluta Saxlands ok allt A., Hkr.
Yngl. S. ch. 45, Fms. vi. 8; Constantinopolis er æðst borga í A
., Ver. 49;
Þeodosius inn mikli var sex vetr konungr í A., 50; Licinius h&eacut
e;t konungr
í A., Blas. 37, in these last passages = the eastern empire (of Ro
me); Þá
er ek (viz. king David) lifða ok vask konungr kallaðr í A. (in
the east),
Niðrst. 4, cp. Baut. nos. 780, 979.

austr-rúm, n. the part of a vessel's hold near the stern where
the pump
is, Hkr. i. 82, Stj. 57, Fbr. 158, Edda 35; an aft and fore pumpingplace (eptra ok fremra austrrúm) is mentioned Fms. viii. 139.
<PAGE NUM="b0036">
<HEADER>36 AUSTRTROG -- Á.</HEADER>
austr-trog, n. a scoop, bucket,
austr-vegr, s, m. the eastern way, east, esp. Russia, Wenden, the
east
Baltic; fara í Austrveg is a standing phrase for trading or piratical exp
editions
in the Baltic, opp. to víking or vestr-víking, which only refer to
expeditions to the British Islands, Normandy, Brittany, etc.; austr-víkin
g,
Landn. 221, is a false reading; hann var farmaðr mikill (Hólmg
arðs-fari)
ok kaupmaðr; fór opt í Austrveg (Baltic), Landn. 169, Nj. 41,
Eg. 228,
Fms. freq., vide vol. xii, s. v. In the Edda fara í A. is a standing phra
se for
the expeditions of Thor against giants, Þórr var farinn í A.
at berja tröll,
26, cp. Ls. 59, where a. means the eastern region of heaven. Sometimes
it is used of the east in general, Ver. 9, Rb. 412, 623. 13, Baut. no. 81
3.
COMPDS: austrvegs-konungar, m. pl. the three kings or Magi
('wise
men') from the east, Stj. 16; a king of Russia, Fms. x. 397. austrvegs
-maðr, m. an inhabitant of Austrvegir, Hkr. i. 44.
austr-ætt, v. austrátt.
aust-r&oelig;na, u, f. eastern breeze.
aust-r&oelig;nn, adj. [Hel. ostroni; A. S. easterne; cp. no
rrænn, suðrænn],
eastern, of the wind; a. gola, eastern breeze, Sturl. iii. 59; vin
dr, Orkn.
(in a verse); viðr, timber from Norway or Scandinavia, Grág. i
. 149, the
Eistland tymmer of the old Scotch inventories (Jamieson, Suppl. s. v.);
Austrænir menn, Norsemen in Iceland, Fms. ix. 276; as a nickname, E
b.
12, and Landn. The name denotes the inhabitants of the Scandinavian
continent as opp. to the British Islands and Iceland.
aust-skota, u, f. = austrsker, Grág. ii. 171; Ísl. ii. 382
spelt ausskota.
au-virð and auvirði, mod. auðvirði, n. [af,
off, and verð, value; the
change of letter caused by the following v; a purely Icel. form, the
Norse being 'afv-;' the mod. Icel. form is auð-v., as if it were to be
derived from auð- and verð]: 1. a worthless wretch, a laggard,
bungler; sel þú upp, auvirðit, knálegar bytturnar, Bungler! hand thou
up stoutly the buckets, Fbr. 131; hygg ek at eingi maðr eigi jafnmikil
a. at frændum sem ek, Hrafn. II; verða at a., Bret. 163, Sturl. i.
73. 2. a law term, damage, anything impairing the value of a
thing; hann ábyrgist við þeim auvirðum er þat f&a
elig;r af því skaða, Grág.
i. 431. COMPDS: auvirðs-maðr, m. a wretch, laggard, 655, v
ide
Sturl. ii. 139, Fær. 74, Þorf. Karl. 426. auvirðs-skapr,
m. naughtiness,
Gullþ. 12.
au-virðast, d, to become worthless, Eg. 103, Glúm. 377
C. 2.
in the act. to think unworthy, disparage, Barl. 21, 57, 123, 190, Mar.
83: seldom used except in Norse writers, and consequently spelt with
an 'af-:' in reflex, sense. Stj. 483.
au-virðliga, Norse afvirð-, and mod. Icel. auðvir&e
th;il-, adv. despicably,
Sturl. iii. 220, Fs. 71.
au-virðligr, etc., adj. worthless, Fas. i. 87, Bret. 31, 72, S
turl. iii. 225,
Barl. 75; at skurðarskírn sé afvirðilig (indigna) K
ristnum mönnum, 159.
au-visli, and contr. ausli and usli, a, m.; etym. uncertain
, ausli,
Gþl. 385 A; usli, N. G. L. i. 246, Fms. i. 202, viii. 341, xi. 35, Edda
(Gl.) In the Grág. auvisli, spelt with au or av; in the Ed.
of 1829
sometimes with ö where the MSS. have au I. a law term,
damages, Lat. damnum; bæta auvisla is a standing law term fo
r to pay
compensation for damages done, the amount of which was to be fixed
by a jury; bæta skal hann a. á fjórtán nóttum
sem búar fimm virða,
Grág. i. 383, 418, ii. 229, 121, 223 (Ed. 1853), 225 (twice): hence auvis
labót.
In Norse law, gjalda a., Gþl. 384; ábyrgi honum garðinn
ok allan ausla þann er, 385 A; beiða usla bótar, N. G. L. i. 24
6. II.
metaph. hurt, injury in general; mondi þeim þá ekki ve
ra gjört til auvisla,
Ld. 76; ok er þat þó líkast, at þú setir
eigi undan öllum avvisla
(thou wilt not get off unscathed), ef þú tekr eigi við,
Fms. iii.
144. 2. devastation, Fms. xi. 81: esp. by fire and sword in the
alliterative phrase, eldr (fire) ok usli; fara með eld ok usla, i. 20
2; heldr
en þar léki yfir eldr ok usli, viii. 341; þá gör&
eth;i á mikit regn, ok slökði
þann eld vandliga, svá at menn máttu þá þ
egar fara yfir usla þann inn
mikla (embers and ruins), xi. 35. In the Edda (Gl.) usli is recorded as
one of the sixty names of fire: cp. also the mod. verb ösla, to plunge
through: auvisli is now an obsolete word, usli a common word, gjöra
usla, to desolate, in the metaph. sense. COMPDS: auvisla-bót and
usla-bót (N. G. L. i. 246), f. a law term, compensation fixed b
y a jury of
five, cp. above; distinction is made between a. hin meiri and hin minni,
first rate or second rate compensation, Grág. ii. 344: in p
l. 225: ausla-gjald
and usla-gjald, n. compensation, Gþl. 387.
AX, n. [Goth. aks, cp. Goth, asans = harvest], an ear of corn, Stj. 201,
Thom. 98.
axar-, v. öx, an axe.
ax-helma, u, f. a blade of corn, ear and stem, Stj. 422, Ruth ii.
2
(Engl. Vers. 'ears of corn').
ax-korn, n. an ear of corn, Edda (Ub.) ii. 283.
axla, að, to shoulder, Fms. iii. 228.
axlar-, v. öxl, shoulder.
axl-byrðr, f. a shoulder-load, Orkn. 346, Grett, 177 new Ed.
axl-hár, adj. shoulder high, Js. 101.
axull, m., v. öxull, axis, an axle-tree.
ay, interj. dolendi, ay mér veslugri, Mar. Fr.
Á
Á, á, prep., often used elliptically, or even adverbially,
[Goth, ana;
 Engl. on; Germ. an. In the Scandinavian idioms the liquid 
n is absorbed.
In English the same has been supposed to happen in adverbial phrases,
e. g. 'along, away, abroad, afoot, again, agate, ahead, aloft, alone,
askew, aside, astray, awry,' etc. It is indeed true that the Ormulum in
its northern dialect freq. uses o, even in common phrases, such as 'o bok
e,
o land, o life, o slæpe, o strande, o write, o naht, o loft,' etc., v. the
glossary;
and we may compare on foot and afoot, on sleep (Engl. Vers. of Bib
le)
and asleep; A. S. a-butan and on-butan (about); agen
and ongean (again,
against); on bæc, aback; on life, alive; on middan, amid. But it is
more than likely that in the expressions quoted above, as well as in
numberless others, as well in old as in modern English, the English aas well as the o- of the Ormulum and the modern Scottish and north
of England o- are in reality remains of this very á pronoun
ced au or ow,
 which was brought by the Scandinavian settlers into the north of England.
In the struggle for supremacy between the English dialects after
the Conquest, the Scandinavian form á or a won the day in many cases
to the exclusion of the Anglo-Saxon on. Some of these adverbs have
representatives only in the Scandinavian tongues, not in Anglo-Saxon;

see below, with dat. B. II, C. VII; with acc. C. I. and VI. The prep. &aacute
;
 denotes the surface or outside; í and ór
the inside; at, til, and frá,
nearness measured to or from an object: á thus answers to the
Gr. GREEK
the Lat. in includes á and i together.]
With dat. and acc.: in the first case with the notion of remaining
on a place, answering to Lat. in with abl.; in the last with the notion o
f
motion to the place, = Lat. in with acc.
WITH DAT.
A. Loc. I. generally on, upon; á gólfi, on the fl
oor,
 Nj. 2; á hendi, on the hand (of a ring), 48, 225; á pa
lli, 50; á steini,
108; á vegg, 115; á sjá ok á landi, on sea and la
nd. In some instances
the distinction between d and i is loose and wavering, but
in most cases common sense and usage decide; thus 'á bók' merely
denotes the letters, the penmanship, 'í' the contents of a
book; mod.
usage, however, prefers 'í,' lesa í bók, but stafr á
bók. Old writers on
the other hand; á bókum Enskum, in English books, Landn. 24
, but
í Aldafars bók, 23 (in the book De Mensurâ Temporum,
by Bede),
cp. Grág. i. 76, where á is a false reading instead of at;
á bréfi, the
contents of a letter: of clothing or arms, mítr á höf&eth
;i, sverð á hlið,
mitre on head, sword on side, Fms. i. 266, viii. 404; hafa lykil á
sér, on
one's person, 655 xxvii. 22; möttull á tyglum, a mantle hangi
ng on (i.e.
fastened by) laces, Fms. vii. 201: á þingi means to be pr
esent at a meeting;
í þingi, to abide within a jurisdiction; á himni,
á jörðu, on (Engl. in)
heaven and earth, e. g. in the Lord's Prayer, but í helviti, in
hell; á
Gimli, Edda (of a heavenly abode); á báti, á skipi denote crew and
cargo, ' í' the timber or materials of which a ship is built, Eg. 385
; vera
í stafni á skipi, 177: á skógi, to be abroad
in a wood (of a hunter,
robber, deer); but to be situated (a house), at work (to fell timb
er), í
skógi, 573, Fs. 5, Fms. iii. 122, viii. 31, xi. 1, Glúm. 330, Land
n. 173; á
mörkinni, Fms. i. 8, but í mörk, of a farm; á firðin
um means lying in
a firth, of ships or islands (on the surface of the water), þær
eyjar liggja
á Breiðafirði, Ld. 36; but í firði, living in a dis

trict named Firth; á
landi, Nj. 98, Fms. xi. 386. II. á is commonly used in connection
with the pr. names or countries terminating in 'land,' Engl. in, á
Englandi, Írlandi, Skotlandi, Bretlandi, Saxlandi, Vindlandi, Vínl
andi,
Grænalandi, Íslandi, Hálogalandi, Rogalandi, Jótlandi
, Frakklandi, Hjaltlandi,
Jamtalandi, Hvítramannalandi, Norðrlöndum, etc., vide Landn. and
the index to Fms. xii. In old writers í is here very rare, in mode
rn
authors more frequent; taste and the context in many instances decide.
An Icelander would now say, speaking of the queen or king, 'á Englandi,' ruling over, but to live 'í Englandi,' or 'á Englan
di;' the rule in
the last case not being quite fixed. 2. in connection with other
names of countries: á Mæri, Vörs, Ögðum, Fjölum,
all districts of Norway,
v. Landn.; á Mýrum (in Icel.), á Finnmörk, Landn., &aa
cute; Fjóni (a
Danish island); but í Danmörk, Svíþjóð (&aac
ute; Svíþjóðu is poët., Gs.
13). 3. before Icel. farms denoting open and elevated slopes and
spaces (not too high, because then 'at' must be used), such as 'staðr,
völlr, ból, hjalli, bakki, heimr, eyri,' etc.; á Veggjum, Lan
dn. 69; á
Hólmlátri, id.: those ending in '-staðr, ' á Geirmundar
stöðum, Þórisstöðum,
Jarðlangsstöðum..., Landn.: '-völlr,' á Möðruv
öllum: á Fitjum
(the farm) í Storð (the island), í Fenhring (the island) &aacu
te; Aski (the
farm), Landn., Eg.: '-nes' sometimes takes á, sometimes &iacute
; (in mod.
usage always 'í'), á Nesi, Eb. 14, or í Krossnesi, 30; in t
he last case the
notion of island, GREEK, prevails: so also, 'fjörðr,' as, &thorn
;eir börðust á Vigrafirði
(of a fight o n the ice), Landn. 101, but orusta í Hafrsfirði,
122:
with '-bær,' á is used in the sense of a farm or e
state, hón sa á e-m bæ
mikit hús ok fagrt, Edda 22; 'í bæ' means within doors, of the buildings:
with 'Bær' as pr. name Landn. uses 'í,' 71, 160, 257, 309, 332. 4.
denoting on or just above; of the sun, when the time is fixed by regardin
g
<PAGE NUM="b0037">
<HEADER>Á. 37</HEADER>
the sun in connection with points in the horizon, a standing phrase in Icel.; s&
oacute;l á gjáhamri, when the sun is on the crag of the Rift, Grág. i. 26, cp. Glúm. 387; so, brú á á, a bridge on a river, Fms. viii. 179, Hrafn. 20; taka hús á e
-m, to surprise one, to take the house over his head, Fms. i. 11. III
. á is sometimes used in old writers where we should now expect an ac
c., esp. in the phrase, leggja sverði (or the like) á e-m, or &aacute
; e-m miðjum, to stab, Eg. 216, Gísl. 106, Band. 14; þ&a
acute; stakk Starkaðr sprotanum á konungi, then Starkad stabbed th

e king with the wand, Fas. iii. 34; bíta á kampi (vör), to bite the lips, as a token of pain or emotion, Nj. 209, 68; taka &aacute
; e-u, to touch a thing, lay hold of it, v. taka; fá á e-u,
id. (poët.); leggja hendr á (better at) síðum, in
wrestling, Fms. x. 331; koma á úvart á e-m, to come on
one unawares, ix. 407 (rare).
B. TEMP. of a particular point or period of time, at, on, in: I
. gener. denoting during, in the course of; á nótt, deg
i, nætrþeli ..., Bs. i. 139; or spec. adding a pron. or an adject.,
á næsta sumri, the next summer; á því &a
acute;ri, þingi, misseri, hausti, vári, sumri ..., during, in th
at year ..., Bs. i. 679, etc.; á þrem sumrum, in the course
of three summers, Grág. i. 218; á þrem várum, Fm
s. ii. 114; á hálfs mánaðar fresti, within half a mo
nth's delay, Nj. 99; á tvítugs, sextugs ... aldri, á ba
rns, gamals aldri, etc., at the age of ..., v. aldr: á dögum
e-s, in the days of, in his reign or time, Landn. 24, Hrafn. 3, Fm
s. ix. 229. II. used of a fixed recurrent period or season; &aacut
e; várum, sumrum, haustum, vetrum, á kveldum, every spring, sum
mer ..., in the evenings, Eg. 711, Fms. i. 23, 25, vi. 394, Landn. 292: with
the numeral adverbs, cp. Lat. ter in anno, um sinn á mánu&
eth;i, ári, once a month, once a year, where the Engl. a is
not the article but the preposition, Grág. i. 89. III. of duratio
n; á degi, during a whole day, Fms. v. 48; á sjau nó
ttum, Bárð. 166; á því meli, during that time,
in the meantime, Grág. i. 259. IV. connected with the seasons
(á vetri, sumri, vári, hausti), 'á' denotes the next prece
ding season, the last winter, summer, autumn, Eb. 40, 238, Ld. 206: in su
ch instances 'á' denotes the past, 'at' the future, 'í' the presen
t; thus í vetri in old writers means this winter; á vetri,
last winter; at vetri, next winter, Eb. 68 (in a verse), etc.
C. In various other relations, more or less metaphorically, on, upon,
in, to, with, towards, against: I. denoting object, in respect of,
against, almost periphrastically; dvelja á náðum e-s, 
under one's protection, Fms. i. 74; hafa metnað á e-u, to be p
roud of, to take pride in a thing, 127. 2. denoting a personal relati
on, in; bæta e-t á e-m, to make amends, i.e. to on
e personally; misgöra e-t á e-m, to inflict wrong on one;
hafa elsku (hatr) á e-m, to bear love (hatred) to one, Fms. ix. 242; hefna sín á e-m, to take revenge on one's per
son, on anyone; rjúfa sætt á e-m, to break truce on t
he person of any one, to offend against his person, Nj. 103; hafa sár
á sér, 101; sjá á e-m, to read on or in o
ne's face; sér hann á hverjum manni hvárt til þ&i
acute;n er vel eðr illa, 106; var þat brátt auðsé&et
h; á hennar högum, at ..., it could soon be seen in all her doing
s, that ..., Ld. 22. 3. also generally to shew signs of a thing; sýna fáleika á sér, to shew marks of displeas
ure, Nj. 14, Fs. 14; taka vel, illa, lítt, á e-u, to take a
thing well, ill, or indifferently, id.; finna á sér, to feel in oneself; fann lítt á honum, hvárt ..., 
it could hardly be seen in his face, whether ..., Eb. 42; líkindi eru
á, it is likely, Ld. 172; göra kost á e-u, to give
a choice, chance of it, 178; eiga vald á e-u, to have power over
..., Nj. 10. II. denoting encumbrance, duty, liability; er fim
tardómsmál á þeim, to be subject to ..., Nj. 2
31; the phrase, hafa e-t á hendi, or vera á hendi e-m, on one's
hands, of work or duty to be done; eindagi á fé, t

erm, pay day, Grág. i. 140; ómagi (skylda, afvinna) á f
é, of a burden or encumbrance, D. I. and Grág. in se
veral passages. III. with a personal pronoun, sér, mér, hon
um ..., denoting personal appearance, temper, character, look, or the like; vera
þungr, léttr ... á sér, to be heavy or lig
ht, either bodily or mentally; þungr á sér, corpulent
, Sturl. i. 112; kátr ok léttr á sér, of a ga
y and light temper, Fms. x. 152; þat bragð hafði hann á
sér, he looked as if, ... the expression of his face was as though ..
., Ld., cp. the mod. phrase, hafa á sér svip, bragð, &aeli
g;ði, sið, of one's manner or personal appearance, to bear oneself as, o
r the like; skjótr (seinn) á fæti, speedy (slow) of foot, Nj. 258. IV. as a periphrasis of the possessive pronou
n connected with the limbs or parts of the body. In common Icel. such phrases as
my hands, eyes, head ... are hardly ever used, but höfuð, eyru
, hár, nef, munnr, hendr, faetr ... á mér; so 'í' is
used of the internal parts, e.g. hjarta, bein ... í mér; the eyes
are regarded as inside the body, augun í honum: also without the possess
ive pronoun, or as a periphrasis for a genitive, brjóstið á em, one's breast, Nj. 95, Edda 15; súrnar í augum, it sma
rts in my eyes, my eyes smart, Nj. 202; kviðinn á sér, 
its belly, 655 xxx. 5, Fms. vi. 350; hendr á henni, her hands,
Gísl. (in a verse); í vörunum á honum, on his lips
, Band. 14; ristin á honum, his step, Fms. viii. 141; harð
r í tungu, sharp of tongue, Hallfred (Fs. 114); kalt (heitt) &aacu
te; fingrum, höndum, fótum ..., cold (warm) in the
fingers, hands, feet ..., i.e. with cold fingers, etc.; cp. also the
phrase, verða vísa (orð) á munni, of extemporising verses
or speeches, freq. in the Sagas; fastr á fótum, fast by the leg
, of a bondsman, Nj. 27: of the whole body, díla fundu þeir &a
acute; honum, 209. The pers. pron. is used only in solemn style (poetry, hymns,
the Bible), and perhaps only when influenced by foreign languages, e.g. mitt hj
arta hví svo hryggist þú, as a translation of 'warumb betr&u
uml;bst du dich mein Herz?' the famous hymn by Hans Sachs; instead of the popula
r hjartað í mér, Sl. 43, 44: hjartað mitt is only used as
a term of endearment, as by a husband to his wife, parents to their child, or th
e like, in a metaphorical sense; the heart proper is 'í mér,' not
'mitt.' 2. of other things, and as a periphrasis of a genitive, of a part
belonging to the whole, e.g. dyrr á husi = húsdyrr, at the hou
se-doors; turn á kirkju = kirkju turn; stafn, skutr, segl, ára
r ... á skipi, the stem, stern, sail ... of a ship, Fms. ix. 135;
blöð á lauk, á tré ..., leaves of a leek, of a
tree ..., Fas. i. 469; egg á sverði = sverðs egg; stafr &aac
ute; bók; kjölr á bók, and in endless other instances.
V. denoting instrumentality, by, on, or a-, by means of; a
fla fjár á hólmgöngum, to make money a-duelling, by
means of duels, Eg. 498; á verkum sínum, to subsist on one
's own work, Njarð. 366: as a law term, sekjast á e-ju, to be
convicted upon ..., Grág. i. 123; sekst maðr þar á s
ínu eigini (a man is guilty in re sua), ef hann tekr af þeim
manni er heimild (possessio) hefir til, ii. 191; falla á verkum s
ínum, to be killed flagranti delicto, v. above; fella e-n á
bragði, by a sleight in wrestling; komast undan á flót
ta, to escape by flight, Eg. 11; á hlaupi, by one's feet, by sp
eed, Hkr. ii. 168; lifa á e-u, to feed on; bergja á e-u
, to taste of a thing; svala sér á e-u, to quench the th
irst on. VI. with subst. numerals; á þriðja tigi man
na, up to thirty, i.e. from about twenty to thirty, Ld. 194; &aacu
te; öðru hundraði skipa, from one to two hundred sail strong, Fms. x. 126; á níunda tigi, between eighty and ninety years o
f age, Eg. 764, v. above: used as prep., á hendi, on one's hand, i.e. bound to do it, v. hönd. VII. in more or less adverb
ial phrases it may often be translated in Engl. by a participle and a- pr
efixed; á lopti, aloft; á floti, afloat; á l&
iacute;fi, alive; á verðgangi, a-begging; á brau
tu, away; á baki, a-back, behind, past; á milli, 
a-tween; á laun, alone, secretly; á launungu, id.; á móti, against; á enda, at an end, gone;
á huldu, hidden; fara á hæli, to go a-heel, i.
e. backwards, Fms. vii. 70; -- but in many cases these phrases are transl
. by the Engl. partic. with a, which is then perh. a mere prefix, not a p
rep., á flugi, a-flying in the air, Nj. 79; vera á gangi, a-going; á ferli, to be about; á leiki, a-playing,
 Fms. i. 78; á sundi, a-swimming, ii. 27; á verði,
a-watching, x. 201; á hrakningi, a-wandering; á rei
ki, a-wavering; á skjálfi, a-shivering; á-hle
ri, a-listening; á tali, a-talking, Ísl. ii. 200; &a
acute; hlaupi, a-running, Hkr. ii. 268; á verki, a-working;
á veiðum, a-hunting; á fiski, a-fishing; &aacut
e; beit, grazing: and as a law term it even means in flagranti, N
. G. L. i. 348. VIII. used absolutely without a case in reference to the
air or the weather, where 'á' is almost redundant; þoka var &aacute
; mikil, a thick fog came on, Nj. 267; niðamyrkr var á, pit
ch darkness came on, Eg. 210; allhvast á norðan, a very strong
breeze from the north, Fms. ix. 20; þá var á norðr&
aelig;nt, a north wind came on, 42, Ld. 56; hvaðan sem á er, from whatever point the wind is; var á hríð veðrs, a snow storm came on, Nj. 282; görði á regn, rain came
on, Fms. vi. 394, xi. 35, Ld. 156.
WITH ACC.
A. Loc. I. denoting simple direction towards, esp. connecte
d with verbs of motion, going, or the like; hann gékk á bergsn&oum
l;s, Eg. 389; á hamar, Fas. ii. 517. 2. in phrases denoting dir
ection; liggja á útborða, lying on the outside of
the ship, Eg. 354; á annat borð skipinu, Fms. vii. 260; á b&ae
lig;ði borð, on both sides of the ship, Nj. 124, Ld. 56; á
tvær hliðar, on both sides, Fms. v. 73. Ísl. ii. 159; &
aacute; hlið, sidewards; út á hlið, Nj. 262, Edda 4
4; á aðra hönd henni, Nj. 50, Ld. 46; höggva á tv&ae
lig;r hendr, to hew or strike right and left, Ísl. ii. 368,
Fas. i. 384, Fms. viii. 363, x. 383. 3. upp á, upon; hann
tók augu Þjaza ok kastaði upp á himin, Edda 47: with ver
bs denoting to look, see, horfa, sjá, líta, etc.; hann rak skygnur
á land, he cast glances towards the land, Ld. 154. II. den
oting direction with or without the idea of arriving: 1. with verbs denot
ing to aim at; of a blow or thrust, stefna á fótinn, Nj. 84
; spjótið stefnir á hann miðjan, 205: of the wind, g&eacut
e;kk veðrit á vestr, the wind veered to west, Fms. ix. 28; sig
la á haf, to stand out to sea, Hkr. i. 146, Fms. i. 39: with '&uac
ute;t' added, Eg. 390, Fms. x. 349. 2. conveying the notion of arriving,
or the intervening space being traversed; spjótið kom á mi&eth
;jan skjöldinn, Eg. 379, Nj. 96, 97; langt upp á land, far up inl
and, Hkr. i. 146: to reach, taka ofan á belti, of the long loc
ks of a woman, to reach down to the belt, Nj. 2; ofan á bringu, 48
; á þa ofan, 91. III. without reference to the space travers
ed, connected with verbs denoting to go, turn, come, ride, sail, throw, or the l
ike, motion of every kind; hann kastar honum á völlinn, he flings
him down, Nj. 91; hlaupa á skip sitt, to leap on board his ship, 43; á hest, to mount quickly, Edda 75; á lend hestinum,
Nj. 91; hann gengr á sáðland sitt, he walks on to his fiel
ds, 82: on, upon, komast á fætr, to get upon one's le
gs, 92; ganga á land, to go a-shore, Fms. i. 40; ganga &aacute
; þing, vii. 242, Grág. (often); á skóg, á mer
kr ok skóga, into a wood, Fb. i. 134, 257, Fms. xi. 118, Eg. 577,
Nj. 130; fara á Finnmörk, to go travelling in Finmark, Fms.
i. 8; koma, fara á bæ, to arrive at the farm-house; koma &aa
cute; veginn, Eg. 578; stíga á bát, skip, to go on board
, 158; hann gékk upp á borg, he went up to the burg (ca
stle), 717; en er þeir komu á loptriðið, 236;
<PAGE NUM="b0038">
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hrinda skipum á vatn, to float the ships down into the water, Fms.
i. 58; reka austr á haf, to drift eastwards on the sea, x. 145; r
íða ofan á, to ride down or over, Nj. 82. IV.
 in some cases the acc. is used where the dat. would be used, esp. with verb
s denoting to see or hear, in such phrases as, þeir s&aacut
e; boða mikinn inn á fjörðinn, they saw great breakers aw
ay up in the bight of the firth, the acc. being due perhaps to a motion or d
irection of the eye or ear towards the object, Nj. 124; sá þeir f&o
acute;lkit á land, they saw the people in the direction of land, F
as. ii. 517: in phrases denoting to be placed, to sit, to be seated, the seat or
bench is freq. in the acc. where the dat. would now be used; konungr var &thorn
;ar á land upp, the king was then up the country, the spectator or
narrator is conceived as looking from the shore or sea-side, Nj. 46; sitja &aac
ute; miðjan bekk, to be seated on the middle bench, 50; skyldi konung
s sæti vera á þann bekk ... annat öndvegi var á h
inn úæðra pall; hann setti konungs hásæti á
miðjan þverpall, Fms. vi. 439, 440, cp. Fagrsk. l.c., Sturl. iii. 182
; eru víða fjallbygðir upp á mörkina, in the mark or forest, Eg. 58; var þar mörk mikil á land upp, 2
29; mannsafnaðr er á land upp (viewed from the sea), Ld. 76; st&oacut
e;ll var settr á mótið, Fas. i. 58; beiða fars á sk
ip, to beg a passage, Grág. i. 90. V. denoting parts of the
body; bíta e-n á barka, to bite one in the throat, &Iacute
;sl. ii. 447; skera á háls, to cut the throat of any one, N
j. 156; brjóta e-n á háls, to break any one's neck;
brjóta e-n á bak, to break any one's back, Fms. vii. 119; k
alinn á kné, frozen to the knees with cold, Hm. 3. VI. denoting round; láta reipi á háls hesti, round
his horse's neck, 623. 33; leggja söðul á hest, Nj. 83; and
ellipt., leggja á, to saddle; breiða feld á hofuð
sér, to wrap a cloak over his head, 164; reyta á sik mosa,
to gather moss to cover oneself with, 267; spenna hring á hön
d, á fingr, Eg. 300. VII. denoting a burden; stela mat á tv
á hesta, hey á fimtán hesta, i.e. a two, a fifteen horse
load, Nj. 74: metaph., kjósa feigð á menn, to choose d
eath upon them, i.e. doom them to death, Edda 22.
B. TEMP. I. of a period of time, at, to; á morgun, to-morrow (í morgun now means the past morning, the morni
ng of to-day), Ísl. ii. 333. II. if connected with the word day, 'á' is now used before a fixed or marked day, a day of the week
, a feast day, or the like; á Laugardag, á Sunnudag ..., on Sat
urday, Sunday, the Old Engl. a-Sunday, a-Monday, etc.; á J&oac
ute;ladaginn, Páskadaginn, on Yule and Easter-day; but in old wri
ters more often used ellipt. Sunnudaginn, Jóladaginn ..., by dropping the
prep. 'á,' Fms. viii. 397, Grág. i. 18. III. connected wit
h 'dagr' with the definite article suffixed, 'á' denotes a fixed, recu
rring period or season, in; á daginn, during the day-time,
every day in turn, Grett. 91 A. IV. connected with 'evening, mornin
g, the seasons,' with the article; á kveldit, every evening, Ld. 1
4; á sumarit, every summer, Vd. 128, where the new Ed. Fs. 51 read
s sumrum; á haust, every autumn, Eg. 741 (perh. a misprint instead
of á haustin or á haustum); á vetrinn, in the winter ti
me, 710; á várit, every spring, Gþl. 347; the sin
g., however, is very rare in such cases, the old as well as mod. usage prefers t
he plur.; á nætrnar, by night, Nj. 210; á vári
n, Eg. 710; á sumrin, haustin, á morgnana, in the morning (
á morgin, sing., means to-morrow); á kveldin, in the eve
ning, only 'dagr' is used in sing., v. above (á daginn, not á
dagana); but elliptically and by dropping the article, Icelanders say, kveld og
morgna, nótt og dag, vetr sumar vor og haust, in the same sense as those
above mentioned. V. denoting duration, the article is dropped in t
he negative phrase, aldri á sinn dag, never during one's life; ald
ri á mína daga, never in my life, Bjarn. 8, where a possess
. pron. is put between noun and prep., but this phrase is very rare. Such phrase
s as, á þann dag, that day, and á þenna dag, St
j. 12, 655 xxx. 2. 20, are unclassical. VI. á dag without article
can only be used in a distributive sense, e.g. tvisvar á dag, twice aday; this use is at present freq. in Icel., yet instances from old writers a
re not on record. VII. denoting a movement onward in time, such as, li&et
h;ið á nótt, dag, kveld, morgun, sumar, vetr, vár, haus
t (or nóttina, daginn ...), jól, páska, föstu, or the
like, far on in the night, day ..., Edda 33; er á leið vetrinn
, when the winter was well on, as the winter wore on, Nj. 126; cp. &aacut
e;liðinn: also in the phrase, hniginn á inn efra aldr, well strick
en in years, Ld. 68.
C. Metaph. and in various relations: I. somewhat metaphorically, d
enoting an act only (not the place); fara á fund, á vit e-s, to
call for one, Eg. 140; koma á ræðu við e-n, to come
to a parley with, to speak, 173; ganga á tal, Nj. 103; skora &aacute
; hólm, to challenge to a duel on an island; koma á gri&eth
;, to enter into a service, to be domiciled, Grág. i. 151; fara &
aacute; veiðar, to go a-hunting, Fms. i. 8. β. generally
denoting on, upon, in, to; bjóða vöxtu á fé
it, to offer interest on the money, Grág. i. 198; ganga á b
erhögg, to come to blows, v. berhögg; fá á e-n, to make an impression upon one, Nj. 79; ganga á vápn e-s, to throw oneself on an enemy's weapon, meet him face to face, Rd. 310; gang
a á lagið, to press on up the spear-shaft after it has passed thro
ugh one so as to get near one's foe, i.e. to avail oneself of the last ch
ance; bera fé á e-n, to bribe, Nj. 62; bera öl &aa
cute; e-n, to make drunk, Fas. i. 13; snúinn á e-t, inc
lined to, Fms. x. 142; sammælast á e-t, to agree upon, N
j. 86; sættast, verða sáttr á e-t, in the same sense, to come to an agreement, settlement, or atonement, 78, Edda 15, Eb.
288, Ld. 50, Fms. i. 279; ganga á mála, to serve for pay as a
soldier, Nj. 121; ganga á vald e-s, to put oneself in his power, 267; ganga á sætt, to break an agreement; vega á v
eittar trygðir, to break truce, Grág. ii. 169. II. deno
ting in regard to, in respect to: 1. of colour, complexion, the hu
e of the hair, or the like; hvítr, jarpr, dökkr ... á h&aacut
e;r, having white, brown, or dark ... hair, Ísl. ii. 190, N
j. 39; svartr á brún ok brá, dark of brow and eyebrow; dökkr á hörund, id., etc. 2. denoting skil
l, dexterity; hagr á tré, a good carpenter; hagr &aacut
e; járn, málm, smíðar ..., an expert worker in iron,
metals ..., Eg. 4; fimr á boga, good at the bow: also used of
mastership in science or arts, meistari á hörpuslátt, a m
aster in striking the harp, Fas. iii. 220; fræðimaðr á
kvæði, knowing many poems by heart, Fms. vi. 391; fræ&et
h;imaðr á landnámssögur ok forna fræði, a le
arned scholar in histories and antiquities (of Are Frode), Ísl. ii. 1
89; mikill á íþrótt, skilful in an art, Edda (
pref.) 148; but dat. in the phrase, kunna (vel) á skíðum, t
o be a cunning skater, Fms. i. 9, vii. 120. 3. denoting dimensions
; á hæð, lengd, breidd, dýpt ..., in the heighth,
length, breadth, depth ..., Eg. 277; á hvern veg, on each side, Edda 41 (square miles); á annan veg, on the one side, Gr&aacute
;g. i. 89. β. the phrase, á sik, in regard to oneself,
vel (illa) á sik kominn, of a fine (ugly) appearance, Ld. 100, Fas. iii. 74. III. denoting instrumentality; bjargast
á sínar hendr, to live on the work of one's own hands, (&a
acute; sínar spýtur is a mod. phrase in the same sense); (vega) &a
acute; skálir, pundara, to weigh in scales, Grág. ii. 370;
at hann hefði tvá pundara, ok hefði á hinn meira keypt en
á hinn minna selt, of a man using two scales, a big one for buying and a
little one for selling, Sturl. i. 91; á sinn kostnað, at one's own
expense; nefna e-n á nafn, by name, Grág. i. 17, etc.
The Icel. also say, spinna á rokk, snældu, to spin on or 
with a rock or distaff; mala á kvern, to grind in a 'querne
,' where Edda 73 uses dat.; esp. of musical instruments, syngja, leika &aacu
te; hljóðfæri, hörpu, gígju ...; in the old usage,
leika hörpu ..., Stj. 458. IV. denoting the manner or way of doing: 1. á þessa lund, in this wise, Gr&aacut
e;g. ii. 22; á marga vega, á alla, ymsa vega, in many, all, res
pects, Fms. i. 114; á sitt hóf, in its turn, respectively, Ld. 136, where the context shews that the expression answers to the Lat. 
mutatis mutandis; á Þýðersku, after German fa
shion, Sks. 288. 2. esp. of language; mæla, rita á e-a tungu
, to speak, write in a tongue; á Írsku, in Irish, L
d. 76; Norrænu, in Norse, Eb. 330, Vm. 35; a Danska tungu, in Da
nish, i.e. Scandinavian, Norse, or Icelandic, Grág. i.
18; á Vára tungu, i.e. in Icelandic, 181; rita á Nor
ræna tungu, to write in Norse, Hkr. (pref.), Bs. i. 59 :-- at pres
ent, dat. is sometimes used. 3. in some phrases the acc. is used instead
of the dat.; hann sýndi á sik mikit gaman, Fms. x. 329; hann l&eac
ute;t ekki á sik finna, he shewed no sign of motion, Nj. 111; skal
tú önga fáleika á þik gera (Cod. Kalf.), 14. 
V. used in a distributive sense; skal mörk kaupa gæzlu &aa
cute; kú, eðr oxa fim vetra gamlan, a mark for every cow, Gr&a
acute;g. i. 147; alin á hvert hross, 442; á mann, per man (
now freq.): cp. also á dag above, lit. B. VI. connected with nouns
, 1. prepositional; á hendr (with dat.), against; á
hæla, at heel, close behind; á bak, at back, i.e. 
past, after; á vit (with gen.), towards. 2. adverbiall
y; á braut, away, abroad; á víxl, in turns; &
aacute; mis, amiss; á víð ok dreif, a-wide and a-dri
ft, i.e. dispersedly. 3. used almost redundantly before the fo
llowing prep.; á eptir, after, behind; á undan, in front
of; á meðal, á milli, among; á mót,
against; á við, about, alike; á frá (cp.
Swed. ifrån), from (rare); á fyrir = fyrir, Haustl. 1

; á hjá, beside (rare); á fram, a-head, forwards;
 á samt, together; ávalt = of allt, always: foll
owing a prep., upp á, upon; niðr á, down upon;
ofan á, eptir á, post eventum, (temp.) á eptir is lo
c., id., etc. VII. connected with many transitive verbs, answering
to the Lat. ad- or in-, in composition, in many cases periphrasti
cally for an objective case. The prep. generally follows after the verb, instead
of being prefixed to it as in Lat., and answers to the Engl. on, to; hei
ta kalla, hrópa á, to call on; heyra, hlusta, hlyða &aa
cute;, to hearken to, listen to; hyggja, hugsa á, to think on;
 minna á, to remind; sjá, líta, horfa, stara, m&
aelig;na, glápa, koma auga ... á, to look on; girnast &aacu
te;, to wish for; trúa á, to believe on; skora &aacu
te;, to call on any one to come out, challenge; kæra á, t
o accuse; heilsa á, to greet; herja, ganga, ríða, h
laupa, ráða ... á, to fall on, attack, cp. ágang
r, áreið, áhlaup; ljúga á, to tell lies of, t
o slander; telja á, to carp at; ausa, tala, hella, kasta, verp
a ... á, to pour, throw on; ríða, bera, dreifa á
, to sprinkle on; vanta, skorta á, to fall short of; ala &a
acute;, to plead, beg; leggja á, to throw a spell on, lay a sad
dle on; hætta á, to venture on; gizka á, to gu
ess at; kveða á, to fix on, etc.: in a reciprocal sense, h
aldast á, of mutual strife; sendast á, to exchange presents; skrifast á, to correspond (mod.); kallast á, to shout
mutually; standast á, to coincide, so as to be just opposi
te one another, etc.
á, interj. denoting wonder, doubt, or the like, eh.
Á, f. [Lat. aqua; Goth. ahva; Hel. aha; A. S.
eâ; O. H. G. aha, owa; cp. Germ. ach and aue;
Fr. eau, eaux; Engl. Ax-, Ex-, etc., in names of places; Swed.-Da
n. å; the Scandinavians absorb the hu, so that only a single
vowel or diphthong remains of the whole word] :-- a river. The old form
in nom. dat. acc. sing, is &aolig;, v. the introduction to A, page 1,
<PAGE NUM="b0039">
<HEADER>39 K -- ÄFALLSDOMR,</HEADER>
Bs. i. 333 sq., where den, ai (acc.), and tona; so also Greg. 677; the ol
d fragm. of Grág. ii. 222, 223, new Ed. In the Kb. of the Edda the old fo
rm occurs twice, viz. page 75) *ona (acc.), (but two lines below, ána), &
iacute; cónni (dat.) The old form also repeatedly occurs in the Kb. and S
b. of the Grág., e. g. ii. 266, 267: gen. sing, ár; nom. pi ar, ge
n. á contracted, dat. am, obsolete form com; Edda 43, Eg. 80, 99i if&a
ring;' l&5 '• proverbs, at ósi skal á stemma, answeri
ng to the Lat.
principiis obsta, Edda 60; her kemr á til sæfar, here the
riverrun s int o
the s ea, metaph. = thi s is the very end, seems to
have been a favourite ending of old poems; it is recorded in the Húsdr&aa
cute;pa and the Norðsetadrápa, v. Edda 96, Skálda 198; cp. the common saying, oil vöt
n renna til
sævar, ' all waters run into ike sea, ' Rivers with glacier water a
re in
Icel. called Hvítá, White river, or Jökulsá: Hi

tá, Hot river, from a hot
spring, opp. to Kaldá, v. Landn.: others take a name from the fish in
them, as Laxá, Lax or Salmon river (freq.); Örriða
á, etc.: a tributary
river is þverá, etc.: ár in the Njala often means the great
rivers Ölfusá
and Þjórsá in the south of Iceland. Áin helga, a rive
r in Sweden, Hkr.
ii: á is also suffixed to the names of foreign rivers, Tempsá = Thames;
 Dóná, Danube (Germ. Don-au), (mod.), etc. Vide
Edda (Gl.) 116, 117,
containing the names of over a hundred North-English and Scottish rivers.
COMPDS: ár-áll, m. tie bed of a river, Hkr. iii. 117. ar-ba
kki, a,
m. the bank of a river, Ld. 132, Nj. 234. ar-brot, n. inundation of
a river, Bs. ii. 37; at present used of a s hallow ford in a r
iver. ardjúp, n. a pool in a river, Bs. i. 331. ar-farvegr, m. a watercourse,
 Stj. 353- ar-fors, m. a waterfall or force, Bad. 190. ár-glj&
uacute;fr,
n. a chasm of a river, Fms. viii. 51, Fær. 62. ár-hlutr, m.
one's portion of a river, as regards fishing rights, Fms. x. 489, Sturl. i. 202. &aac
ute;rmegin and ar-megn, n. the ma in stream of a river, Stj. 251. &aacu
te;rminni, n. the mouth of a river, Fms. ix. 381. ár-mót and &a
acute;-mót,
n. a ' waters-meet, ' Lat. cottfluentia, H. E. i. 129. ár-&
oacute;ss, m. the ' oyce'
 or mouth of a river, Eg. 99, 129, 229; whence the corrupt local name
of
the Danish town Aarhuus, Fms. xi. 208. ar-reki, a, m. drift, the
jetsam and flotsam (of fish, timber, etc.) in a river, Jm.
25. árstraumr, m. the current in n river, Fms. vii. 257, 260. ár-str&oum
l;nd,
f. the strand of a river, Stj. 268, 673. 53. ár-vað, n. afo
rd of a river,
 Stj. 184. ár-vegr = árfarvegr, Fas. i. 533. ár-vö
xtr, m. the swelling of a river, Fms. i. 286.
a-auki, a, m. increase, Bs. i. 182. P. interest of money, K
. Á. 208,
N. G. L. ii. 381.
a-austr, rs, m. out-pouring, foul language, Sturl. i. 21.
a-barning, f. a thrashing, flogging, = bzrsmíð, Sturl.
iii. 237.
a-bati, a, m. profit, gain, Fms. xi. 441 (now freq.)
a-berging, f. a tasting, Bad. 72.
a-beri, a, m. an accuser, prosecutor (bera á, accusare),
 Jb. 252 A;

(a Norse law term.)
a-bersemi, f. a disp os ition toaccuse, Hom. 86.
á-blásinn, part, inspired, transl. from Lat.; &aacut
e;. af Heilogum Anda, Fms.
x. 373, Hom. 12.
á-blásning, f, a breathing upon; með eldr &aacut
e;., 656 C. 33, Rb. 438:
gramm. aspiration, Skálda 175, 179, 180; theol. inspiration, Fms. x. 371.
á-blástr, rs, m., dat. áblæstri, a breathin
g upon, Fms. x. -2IO; theol. ins pirati on, iii. 164, v. 2i7, Eluc. 4; medic, pustula labîorum,
Fél. ix. 184.
á-ból, n. a manor-house, = aðalból, B. K.
40.
á-bót, f. used only in pl. ábætr, of improv
ements, esp. on a farm or
estate; á. jarðar, D. N., D. I. i. 199. COMPD: ábóta-va
nt, n. adj.
shortcoming, imperfect, Hkr. ii. 89, Sturl. i. 162.
ÁBÓTI, a, m. [Lat. abbas, from Hebr. abba], an abbot. abbati,
which form is nearer to the Lat., is rare, but occurs, 655 iii, 656 A, i.
30, Hom. 237. 2. The Icel. form ábóti answers to the Engl. abbo
t, Fms.
i. 147, Bs. i. ii. freq., Sks., etc. COMPOS: ábóta-dómr, m.
and
ábóta-dæmi, n. an abbey, 655 xxxii, Bs. i. 831. &aacu
te;bóta-laust, n.
adj. without an abbot, va ca nt, Ann. 1393. ábóta-so
nr, in. son of
an abbot, Bs. i. 679. ábóta-stétt, f. and -stétt
r, m. the rank,
dignity of an abbot, Ann. 1325. ábóta-stofa, u, f. the abbo
t's parlour, Vm. ábóta-sæti, n. the seat of an abbot, 65
5 xxxii. âbótavald, n. the power, dignity of an abbot, Ann. 1345.
á-breiða, u, f. a covering, counterpane, Korm. 206, Stj
. 304.
á-breizl, n. a bed-covering, quilt, Sir. 5, 22, Vm. 93, -in the last passage of a winding-sheet or pall; á. kápa, Vm. 67.
á-brúðigr, ábrýðas &br^ði,
jealous, jealousy, v. afbr-.
a-brystur, f. pl., v. áfr-.
á-burðr, ar, m. a charge (bera á, accusare');
 varði mik eigi þess úburðar,

Fms. ii. 57, Rd. 236. p. medic, s alve, ointment (bera á, to sm
ear), Bs.
ii. 180. 7. p om p or bravery in dress (berast á, to pnjf oneself up), in
the COMPDS abiirðar-klæði, n. fine clothes, showy dress, Ba
r. 5. 8.
a horse load: áburðar-hestr, m. a pack-horse, -- klyfj
a hestr.
áburðar-maðr, m. a dressy, showy person, a dandy, Fms. iv.
255,
Orkn. 208. áburðar-mikill, adj. puffed up, showy, Ld. 248.
áburðar-samligr and áburðar-samr, adj. id., Sks. 45
2, 437.
á-búð, f. [búa á], an abode or 
residence on an estate or farm, tenancy;
 fara ... a, annars manns land til ábúðar (as a tenant)
, Grág. ii. 253; a. jarðar (possession) heimilar tekju, G&
thorn;l. 329; en ef land spillist í a. hans,
during his tenancy, K. Þ. K. 170; þá oðlast harm l
eigu (rent) en hinn á.
(tenancy), N. G. L. i. 94: whatever refers to the ri g' ht and
duties of a
tenant, landskyld ok alla á. jarðar, Jb. 210, 346, 167. COMPDS:
ábúðar-maðr, m. inhabitant, Stj. 368. áb&uac
ute;ðar-skylda, u, f. dutie s
of a tenant, Jb. 211.
á-búnaðr, ar, m. = ábúð, N. G, L. i.
240.
á-byrgð, f. responsibility, liability, weight; leggja s
ína ú. á, Grág. i.
208; eiga í á., to have at stake, Band. 18 new Ed., N. G. L
. i. 223, Ld. 58;
lands á., Grág. ii. 248; vera í á. um e-t, to ans
wer for, Fms. xi. 82, Sks.
762: pl. ábyrgðir, pledges, Bser. II, 686 B. 5. COMPDS: &aacut
e;byrgðarhluti, a, m. and -hlutr, ar, m. an object, step involving risk and responsibility, Nj. 199. ábyrgðar-lauss, adj. y ree from risk, F
ms. x.
368; eigi með üllu á., i. e. a weighty, serious step, no trif
ling matter,
 Sturl. iii. 234. ábyrgðar-ráð, n. a step involving
risk, Nj. 164,
Post. 656 B. ábyrgðar-samligr, adj. momentous, important, Sks.
452á-byrgja, ð, 1. in the act. form (very rare), to answer for
;
á. e-m e-t, Gþl. 385; á. e-t á hendi e-m, to p
la c e a thing for security
in a person's hands; hann á. þau á hendi Jóhanni
postula, 655 ix.
A. 2. as a dep.; abyrgjast (very freq.), to answer for, take care
of, Gþl. 190, Grág. i. 140; hverr skal sik sjálfr a., 25
6, ii. 119, Fms. vi.
361; á. e-t við e-u, Grág. i. 410; sá maðr á
byrgist vápn er upp festir,

ii. 95; hverr abyrgist bat (warrants) móðir, at góð
ráðr verði, ek mun
abyrgjast (7 will warrant) at eigi mun heimskr verða, Fms. iv. 83.
a-byrgja, u, f. = ábyrgð (very rare); halda e-u abyrgiu, to
be responsible for, Grág. ii. 335, 399.
á-býli, n. = ábúð, freq. at present and i
n several compds, as, äbýlisjörð, a tenant farm; ábýlis-maðr, a tenant,
 etc.
á-bæli, n. = ábúð, H. E. i. 495.
ÁÐAN, adv. [cp. Ulf. apn = ivtavrós, Gal.
, and atapni, id.], a
little before, a little while ago, erewhile; Kolr for frá seli
e;., Nj. 55; á.
er vit skildum, Lv. 34; slíkt sem á. talða ek, a
>said just above (of the
Speaker reading the law in the lögrétta), Grág. i. 49,
2; nu a.,
just now, 656 G. 39.
iv. 10
&aacut
s 7 áðr, adv. [cp. Hel. ad ro = mane] , ere, alre

ady, soon; er ek hefi a. (s oo n)
ráðit brullaup mitt, Nj. 4; er Guð hafði á. bannat, Sk
s. 533; ok voru
þeir því á. (already) heim komnir, Eg. 222; at
nú so lægra í horninu
en á., than before, Edda 32; litlu ú., a little while ag
o, Fms. viii. 130;
þar sem ek em a. (already) í fullri reiði Gtiðs, Sks
. 533. 2. á. en,
Lat. prius quam, ante quam: a. with subj.; a. en þeir gengi, Fms.
xi. 13; a. en í biskups garð falli, N. G. L. i. 145. p. with indie.;
var
eigi langt á. en bygðin tók við, Eg. 229. y- &ðr s
imply = áðr en;
þeir höfðu skamma hríð setið, á. þar
kom Gunnhildr, they had s a t a
short while ere G. came thither, Nj. 6; en á. hann reið heiman, 5
2; en
þat var svipstund ein á. (till) stofan brann, Eg. 240; en &a
acute;ðr hann let
setja söguna saman, Sturl. iii. 306.
a-dreif, n. a splashing, the spray, Sks. 147.
a-dreifing, f. a sprinkling upon, Stj. 78.
a-drykkir, m. pl. a 'sea' or wave dashing over a ship, Sks.
231.
a-drykkja, u, f. [drekka á], prop, a drinking to, pledging,
esp. used
n the phrase, at sitja fyrir ádrykkju e-s; -- a custom of the olden time.
The master of the house, for instance, chose one of his guests as his cup-fellow
, ' seated him over against himself in the hall, drank to him,
and then sent the cup across the hall to him, so that they both drank
of it by turns. This was deemed a mark of honour. Thus, Egill
at fyrir ádrykkju Arinbiarnar, Egil sale over against Arinbjorn as
his cup-mate, Eg. 253; skal hann sitja fyrir á. minni í kveld,
in the
pretty story of king Harold and the blind skald Stuf, Fms. vi. 391;
:p. annat öndvegi var á hinn æðra pall gegnt konungi, skyl
di þar
itja hinn æðsti ráðgjafi (the king's highest councillor) konungs fyrir
hans á. ok þótti þat mest virðing at sitja fyrir k
onungs á., 439; sat izurr fyrir á. konungs innarr enn lendir menn,
Bs. i. 19. See also
the description of the banquet in Flugumyri on the 19th Oct. in the
year 1253, -- drukku þeir af t-inu silfrkcri ok mintust við jafnan um
daginn þá er hvorr drakk til annars, Sturl. iii. 183. COMPD:
ádrykkju-ker, u, f. a 'loving-cup, ' or 'gracc-cup, ' V&iac
ute;gl. 17.
a-eggjan, f. egging on, instigation, Hkr. i. 102, Fms. i. 139; af
a. e-s,
/atuln. 214, Orkn. 416, tsl. ii. 340, Fms. x. 379. COMPD: áeggjanarfifl, n. afofjl or t oo l egged on by another; hafa e-n at
á., Sturl. i. 81, to
'ise one to snatch the chestnuts out of the fire; cp. the Engl. cat's-paw
.
a-fall, n. ' on-fall, ' esp. 1. a nautical term, of a ' 
se a' dasb*ig over a ship, Bs. i. 422, Korm. 180, Nj. 267, Sks. 227, Fs. 113,
153; hence the phrase, Hggja undir utollum, of one in danger at
ea. 2. a law term, the laying on of a fine or the like; á. sck&eth
;ar,
Grág. i. 138. p. a condemnatory sentence in an Icel. court; ef &th
orn;eir
vilja á. dæma ... vér dæmum á. honum, Gr&aacute
;g. i. 67, 71, of the formula
or summing up and delivering a sentence in court. 3. metaph. and
:hcol. = ufelii, a visitation, calamity, 623. 19, Magn. 470, II. E. i. 23
6.
:OMPD: áfalls-dómr, m. a sentence of condemnation, doom, Cl
em. 50,
Eluc. 39, 655 xviii. 2 Corin. xi. 29, Stj. 265 (visitation).
<PAGE NUM="b0040">
<HEADER>40 ÁFANG -- A'HALD,</HEADER>
á-fang, n. (áfangl, rrt., Grág. i. 433), [fá &aacute
;, to grasp] , a grasping,
seizing, laying hands upon, esp. of rough bundling; harm hló m
jök mot
áfangi manna, Fms. vi. 203; varð hann fyrir miklu spotti ok ufangi,
209. 2. a law term, a mulct, fine, incurred by illegal seizure of
another man's goods; ef maðr hleypr ú bak hrossi manns úlofat,
þat
varðar sex aura á., if a man jumps on the back of another man's ho
rse
without leave, that is visited with a fine of six ounces, Grág. i. 43
2, Gþl.
520; hvatki skip er tekr skal sitt a. gjalda hverr ..., á. á ma&et
h;r á hrossi
sínu hvárt er hann ekr eðr ríðr, N. G. L. i. 45; at
hann haíï riðit hrossi
manns um þrjá bæi ... varðar skóggang ok áf
. uiga (where it is used
masc. acc. pl.) með, Grág., vide above.
a-fangi, a betting-place, v. ui-fangi.
a-fastr, adj. made fast, fastened to, joined to; ef hapt er a. hro
ssi,
Grág. i. 436; eldhúsit var á. útibiírinu, Nj.
75; þær (the comets) eru
á. hiinni, Rb. 478: nietaph., andlignrn hlutuni afastar, connected wit
h,
 H. E. i. 511.
á-fátt, n. adj. defective, faulty, Nj. 49, Bad. 74:
with gen., mikils er
á., H. E. i. 244.
a-felli, n. a hardship, shock, calamity; þat á. (s
pell) hafði legit á því
fólki, at hver kona fseddi dauðan frurnburð sinn er hon ol, Mar.
656;
afskaplig á., Stj. 90 (also of a spell); þreynging ok á., 12
1; með hversu
miklu á. (injustice) Sigurðr konungr vildi heimta þetta
mál af honum, Hkr.
iii. 257; standa undir a., to be wider great lordship, Fms. iv. 146, vi.
147;
með miklu á. (of insanity), vii. i. ô; þeir vóru sex ve
tr í þessu á., viz.
in bondage, x. 225; hvert á. jarl hafði veitt honum, what penaltie
s the
earl bad laid upon him, Orkn. 284, Fms. iv. 310. |3. damnation,
condemnation, = afall; nu vil ek at þú sniíir eigi sv&aa
cute; skjótt málinu til
áfellis honum, Band. 4. COMPD: áfellis-dómr, m. condemna
tion,
 Grág. Introd. clxviii, Gþl. 174.
á-fenginn, adj. part, [fá á, to lay hold on, to i
ntoxicate] , intoxicating,
 used of drinks, cp. the Engl. 'stinging ale;' mjöðr, Edda 7
6; drykkr,
Fms. viii. 447; vin, Stj. 409, Joh. 84.
a-fengr, adj. now more freq., id., Hkr. i. 244, Bárð. 1
74.
áf-ergja, u, f. (qs. af-ergja, af- intens. ?), eagerness, a
nd -ligr, adj. impetuous.
a-flog, n. pl. [fljugast a], a brawl, fighting, Fms. vi. 361.
a-flutningr, m., Vm. 157, of right of laying up fish.
a-form, n. a design, purpose, H. E. ii. 167, in a deed of the I4th
century, (Lat. word.)
á-forma, að, prop, to form, mould; steina sem ú&
eth;r höfðu þeir úformat,
Stj. 562, í Kings v. 17 (' hewn stones'). In mod. usage only metaph. t
 o
design, perform, Fas. iii. 449; verðu vér at á. (des
ign) ok ræða, Fms.
vii. 89; a. um e-t, því mundi hann þetta hafa vakit, at hann
mundi
ú. vilja um gleðinas ... c arry it out, vi. 342, Pass. 7. 2.
ÁFR (peril, better afr), m. [the r belongs to the root, cp.
air, f.
pl.] 1. a beverage, Eg. 204, translated by Magnaeus by sorbitio
avenacea, a sort of common ale brewed of oats; this explanation is confirmed by the Harbarðsljóð, verse 2, where Thor says, át e
k í hvíld áðr
ek heiman for sildr ok afra (acc. pl.), saðr em ek enn þess; the singl
e
vellum MS. (Cod. Reg.) here reads hafra. In the Eg. 1. c., the Cod.
Wolf, reads afra, the Cod. A. M. 132 afr, acc. sing.: cp. the passage Ls. 3,
where jöll seems to be the Scot, yill (v. Burns' Country Lassie), an
d úfo
in Cod. Reg. a false spelling for áfr, -- jöll ok áfr f&aelig
;ri tk ása sonum,
ok blend ek þeini svá meini mjöð: áftr, pronounced
áir, now means
buttermilk (used in Icel. instead of common beer): cp. also ábryst
ur, f. pl.
curds of cow's milk in the first week after the cow has calved; the milk
is cooked and eaten warm and deemed a great dainty; opt eru heitar
úbrcstur, Snot 299 (Ed. 1865); probably qs. áfr ystr.
a-fram, adv. a. loc. with the face downward, forward; fell hann a.
,
on the face, Nj. 253, Vd. 52, Grett. 99 new Ed. J3. temp, along,
forward (rare); haun er nú með jarli sumarit á., he i s now with the earl
till late in the summer, Finnb. 274. y. further on; komst aldri Icngr
a
a. fyrir honum um skáldskapinn, be never got any further on with his
poem, Fms. iii. 102; héldu þeir á. leiðina, they
held forward on their
way, 0. T. 31. In mod. usage freq. with verbs denoting to go, move;
 hnlda, ganga ... áfram, to go on.
á-frá = orïrá -- frá, / ro m, cp.
Swed. if ran.
á-frýja, ð, to reprove, blame; úfr&yacute
; ek þó engan (better engum) yðar,
Fas. i. 103.
á-frýja, u, f. reproach, scolding, Bs. i. 622.
a-fysa and áfýsi, f. l. = aufusa, gratification, q.
v. 2. in
mod. usage = exhortation, and áfýsa, t, to exhort, &
aacute;. e-n til e-s.
á-f&oelig;ra, ð, to reproach, Fms. v. 90.
á-f&oelig;ri, n. a law term; thus defined, af tveir menn fella ein
n við jörðu,
þá skal aunarr þeirra bæta rétt, þv&iacute
; at þat verðr á. at lögum, where it
seems to mean unfair dealing, shame, N. G. L. i. 309.
a-ganga, u, f. task-work, forced labour, the French corvee,
= atverk,
q. v.; hón (the church) á tveggja manna á. ú hval &i
acute; Kjölsvík, Vm. 155;
veita e-m á., D. N. ii. 133.
a-gangr, m. aggression, invasion; fyrir ú. Skota ok Dana, E
g. 267,
Fms. 1. 224, iii. * 43) Eg-33/. COMPDS: 6g(uasa-ma, &r, m. an aggressive man, Lv. 79, Stj. 65. agangs-samr, adj. aggressive, Fs. 9, Fms
. vi.
102, Sks. 208.
á-gauð, n. [geyja á], barking, metaph. foul l
anguage, Gísl. 53; cp.
þá geyr hón á þá, 139.
á-gengiligr, adj. plausible; görði hann þett
a á. fyrir Hæringi, Grett.
149 A, mod. aðgengiligt.
a-gengt, n. adj. trodden, beaten, of a place or path, Finnb. 336:
metaph., e-m verðr á., to be trodden upon; hón byggir h
er í miðri
frændleifð sinni, ok verðr henni því her ekki a., Stj
. 613. i Kings iv. 13.
The mod. use of the phrase e-m verðr ú. is to succeed or ma
ke progress
 in a thing.
a-gildi, n. value of a ewe (XT), Vm. 159, Pm. 40.
a-gildr, adj. of a ewe's value, Grág. i. 502; cp. kú
gildi and kugildr.
a-girnast, d and t, dep. to lust after, in a bad sense, with an ac
c., Fms.
i. 76, 223, Orkn. 38; with an inf., Orkn. 6 old Ed.
a-girnd, f. in old writers always for greed of power or passion
 generally: a. ambition, Sks. 113 B, Fms. ix. 460; á. ok ofsi,
greed
and insolence, viii. 195, Stj. 143, 145, 146. 0. passion; ágir
ndar-logi,
Rb. 424; á. blindleiki, bli n d passion (in love), H. E. i.
505, 655 xxx;
thirst for revenge, Sks. 739. -y- since the Reformation it has been
exclusively used of avarice or greed of gain; in old writers the s
ignification is more general; we, however, find á. fjár, Hom. 68; hann
hafði
dregit undir sik Finnskattinn með á., Fms. vii. 129.
a-girndligr, adj. passionate, Sks. 720 B.
a-girni, f.; used as neut., Mar. 91, O. H. L. 22: o. = agirnd, ambition; mikit á., great ambition, O. H. L. 1. c., Sks. 343. p. cupidity; a.
manna lofs, Hom. 83; á. áts ok drykkju, 53; fjur, 25, 623. 20; &aa
cute;. fjár
ok metnadar, Edda (pref.) 144, 145.
a-gjarn, adj. ambitious; er eruð ágjarnir heima &iacute
; héraði ok ranglatir,
ambitious and wrongful, Nj. 223, Orkn. 38, 66; a. ok fégjarn, a
mbitious
and covetous, Fms. xi. 294, Hkr. ii. 146; ú. til rikis, iii. 174; &aa
cute;. til
fjár, covetous, Fms. xi. 440, Orkn. 66: dauntless, fierce,
kappar ugjarnir
ok óhræddir, fierce and fearless champions, Fms. x. 179; h&o
acute;gværir í friði
sem lamb, en í úfriði ú. (fierce) sem Icon, viii
. 253. The use since the
Reformation is solely that of avaricious, greedy after money.
a-gjarnliga, adv. insolently, Sks. 450 B.
a-gjarnligr, adj. insolent; á. ran, Sks. 336, 509 B, 715.
á-góði, a, m. gain, profit, benefit, D. I. i. 47
6, Ísl. ii. 432 (freq.)
COMPD: ágóða-hlutr, ar, m. a profitable share, Grug. ii
. 359.
a-grip, n. [grípa á, to tou c h], in the phra
se, lítill ágripum, small of
size, D. N. iv. 99. p. at present ágrip means a compendium, abridg
ement, epitome.
á-gæta, tt, to laud, praise highly, Ld. 220, Fms. vi.
71.
á-g&oelig;ti, n. renown, glory, excellence; göra e-t t
il ágætis sór, a s a glory t o
himself, Fms. xi. 72, 109; reyna á. e-s, to put one on his tria
l, 142; þú
hyggr at engu öðru en ákafa einum ok á., o nly bent up
on rushing on and
shewing one's prowess, 389; vegr ok á., fame and glory, Fas. i
. 140,
Sks. 241. In pl. glorious deeds; mikil á. vóni sög&eth
; frá Gunnari, Nj. 41:
in the phrase, göra e-t at ágætum, to laud, praise highly, Fms. viii. 139,
vii. 147: in the proverb, hefir hverr til sins ágætis nokkuð, every one's
fame rests upon some deed of his own, no one gets his fame for naught,
 the context implies, a n d thou ha s t done what will make
thee famous, Nj.
116. 2. in COMPDS ág&oelig;tis- and ág&oelig;ta- are prefixed to a
great
many words, esp. in mod. use, to express something capital, excellent;
ágæta-skjótr, adj. very swift, Fms. vii. 169; ag&
aelig;ta-vel, adv. excellently well, Nj. 218: and even to substantives, e. g. ágæta-gri
pr and
ágætis-gripr, m. a capital thing, Fms. ix. 416, x. 254, Ld.
202;
ágæta-naut, n. a fine ox, Eb. 318; ág&oelig;tis-ma&et
h;r, m. a great man,
 Landn. 324, Fms. vii. 102, xi. 329.
á-gætingr, m. a goodly man, O. H. L. 55 (rare).
á-g&oelig;tliga, adv. capitally, Fms. i. 136, vi. 307, Boll
. 346, Sks. 623.
á-gætligr, adj. excellent, goodly, Fms. ii. 300, x. 2
23, 231, xi. 396,
Sks. 622, Hom. 132, Ver. 42.
á-g&oelig;tr, adj. [v. the words above, from á- intens. and
geta -- gat -gátu, to get and to record; the old etymology in glossaries
of the last
century from the Greek âya~ós cannot be admitted], famous
, goodly,
excellent; á. maðr um allt land, Nj. 106; á. at afli, Edda
19; ágætir
gimsteinar, precious stones, Fms. i. 15; á. skjöldr, Eg. 705;
compar,
mun hann verða ágætari (more famous) en allir þ&ia
cute;nir fraendr, Fms. i.
256; superl., úgætaztr, Nj. 282, Eg. 311; ágæztr, cont
r., Edda 5, íb. 14,
Fms. vii. 95, Greg. 53. In the Landn. ' maðr ágætr' is freq. us
ed in a
peculiar sense, viz. a noble man, nearly synonymous to gæðingr
in the
Orkneys, or hersir in Norway, e. g. 143, 149, 169, 190, 198, 201, 203,
279, 281, 308, 312; hersir á., 173, etc.; cp. also Kristni S. ch. I.
á-görð, f. gain, profit, -- úvöxtr; t
il sölu ok á., for sale and profit,
 Bs. i. 426.
á-hald, n., prop, laying hand on: 1. used esp. in pl. &aacu
te;höld =
brawl, fight, Eb. 152, Fas. i. 92; verða á. með mönnu
m, they came toa
tussle, Sturl. iii. 262, Bs. 1. 635: the phrase, hafa eingi úhöl
d við e-m, to have
no power of resistance, to have so great odds against one that there is no
chance, Eg. 261: hence comes probably the popular phrase, áhöld eru
um
<PAGE NUM="b0041">
<HEADER>ÁHANKAST -- ÁKVIÐR. 41</HEADER>
e-t, when matters are pretty nearly equal. 2. sing, very rare, 
to keep back; veita e-m á., Niðrst. 3. β. veita, g&ou
ml;ra á. um e-t, to claim the right of holding; hann görð
i á. um Halland, be claimed H., Fms. x. 70, v. l.; honum þ&o
acute;tti leikdómrinn meira á. hafa á kirkjum en klerkd&oac
ute;mrinn, ... had a stronger claim or title, Bs. i. 750, 696, Fms
. x. 393.
á-hankast, að, dep. [hönk, a bank or coil],
in the phrase, e-m á., one gets the worst of it. But it is twiste
d to another sense in the dream of king Harold, Fms. vi. 312. Shortly before the
battle at the river Niz, the king dreamt that king Sweyn pulled the hank of rop
e out of his hand, -- réðu svá flestir at Sveinn mundi f&aacut
e; þat er þeir keptust um, þá mælti Hákon
jarl: vera má at svá sé, en vænna þyki m&eacute
;r at Sveini konungi muni áhankast, most men read it so that S. would
win the prize of contest, then said earl H.: well that may be so, but it seems m
ore likely to me that king S. will be caught.
á-heit, n. mostly or always in pl. vows to a god, saint, or
the like, invocations, Hkr. i. 14, ii. 386; hón (the goddess Frey
ja) er nákvæmust mönnum til áheita, Edda 16, Bs. i. 134
. β. sing. in a peculiar sense; meir af nauðsyn en af áhe
iti, more of impulse than as a free vow, Magn. 534.
á-henda, d, to lay hands upon, seize; finna ok á., G
rág. ii. 311: part. pass. áhendr, as adj. within reach; þeir vóru svá langt komnir at þeir urðu eigi &
aacute;hendir, ... out of reach, Sturl. ii. 185, Eg. 160; þau ur&et
h;u á., they were seized, Ld. 152.
á-heyrandi, part. within hearing, present, Grág. ii.
143, Fms. i. 248.
á-heyriliga, adv. worth hearing, Fms. i. 74.
á-heyriligr, adj. worth hearing, well sounding, Nj. 77, Fms
. i. 141; á. orð, fine words, Orkn. 454.
á-heyris, adv. within hearing, Bs. i. 771.
á-heyrsi and á-heyrsla, adj. ind., verða e-s &aa
cute;., to get to hear, hear the rumour of, Sturl. i. 22, Orkn. 278, Fms.
ii. 295.
á-hlaup, n. mostly in pl. onsets, onfalls, attacks; veita e
-m á., Eg. 284; við áhlaupum (incursions) Dana, Fms. i.
28; at eigi veitti hann þau á. í bræði sinni, at
geig sætti, Post. 686 B. β. a carnal assault, Stj. 71:
metaph., með svá stórum áhlaupum, so impetuously, Fms. ix. 252. COMPD: áhlaupa-maðr, m. a hot-headed, impet
uous person, Korm. 8, þórð. 43: now used of a man that work
s by fits and starts, not steadily.
á-hleypinn, adj. rash, Sks. 383, 437.
á-hlýðast, dd, dep. to listen or

 á. við e-t, to agree with, Fs. 141; en er
u at hann vildi eigi á. við frændr sína,
und that he turned a deaf ear to his kinsmen, Eb. 7 new Ed.,
the right reading, v. öðlast.
give ear to;

þeir fund
when they fo
v. l., perhaps
á-hlýðinn, adj. giving a willing ear, listening read

ily; ekki á., obstinate, self-willed, Fms. vi. 431; á.
um fjártökur, greedy of gain, vii. 209, where, however, the M
orkinsk. (p. 337) reads, á. um fortölur, easy to persuade, wh
ich suits the context better; á. til grimleiks, Fms. x. 380, Thom. 28.
á-hrin, n. [hrína á, of spells], used in the COMPD áhrins-orð, n. pl., esp. of spells that come true, in th
e phrase, verða at áhrinsorðum, spells or prophecies th
at prove true, Þórð. 81, Fas. ii. 432.
á-hugi, a, m., prop. intention, mind; með þeim &a
acute;. at ..., transl. of Lat. intentio, Hom. 80, 655 xxiii; ok n&uacute
; segir hann öllum hver fyrirætlun hans (honum?) er í á
huga, ... what he is minded to do, Ísl. ii. 355. β. eagerness, impulse of the mind (now freq. in that sense); ekki skortir ykkr
á., Nj. 137. γ. mind, opinion; eigi er þv&iacu
te; at leyna, hverr minn á. er um þetta, ek hygg ..., Fær. 19
9. δ. care, solicitude, = áhyggja, Fms. ii. 146. COM
PDS: áhuga-fullr, adj. full of care, Fs. 98. áhug
a-lítill, adj. slow, Fms. iv. 77. áhuga-maðr, m. an eager, aspiring man, Bs. i. 686. áhuga-mikill, adj.
eager, vigorous, Fms. Viii. 266. áhuga-samt, n. adj. be
ing concerned about, Bs. i. 824. áhuga-verðr, adj. caus
ing concern, Sturl. i. 106 (serious, momentous).
á-hyggja, u, f. care, concern, Hrafn. 12; bera á. fy
rir, to be concerned about, Gþl. 44; fær þat honum miki
llar á. ok reiði, concern and anger, Nj. 174, Bret. 24: pl. cares, Hákon hafði svá miklar áhyggjur um vetrinn,
at hann lagðist í rekkju, Fms. i. 82. COMPDS: áhyggju-full
r, adj. full of care, anxious, Fms. ii. 225, x. 249, Blas. 35. &aa
cute;hyggju-lauss, adj. unconcerned, Rb. 312. áhyggju-mikil
l, adj. anxious, Bs. i. 328, Band. 8. áhyggju-samligr,
adj. and -liga, adv. with concern, gravely, anxiously, Fms. i. 141
, Sturl. ii. 78, 136. áhyggju-samr, adj. anxious, careful,
655 xiii, 656 B. 7, Sturl. iii. 234. áhyggju-svipr, m. a grave,
anxious face, Fms. vi. 239, vii. 30. áhyggju-yflrbragð, n
. id., Fms. vi. 32.
á-hyggjast, að, á. um e-t, to be anxious about,
Stj. 443, Róm. 307.
á-hætta, u, f. risk, Vd. 144 old Ed.; cp. Fs. 57; (no
w freq.)
á-höfn, f. the freight or loading of a ship, Fa
s. ii. 511: used to express a kind of tonnage; tíu skippund &iacut
e; lest, tólf lestir í á., 732. 16: luggage, Jb. 377
, 394, 408: cp. Pál Vídal. s. v.
á-högg, f. slaughter of a ewe, Sturl. i. 69, 70 C, Ed.
ærhögg.
ÁI, a, m. [cp. afi and Lat. avus], great-grandfather, answering to edda, great-grandmother (at present in Icel. langafi and l
angamma), Rm. 2; föður eðr afa, á. er hinn þriði,
Edda 208. In Sæm. 118 ai seems to be an exclamatio dolentis, g&ouml
;róttr er drykkrinn, ai! unless ai be here = ái in the sense of father; cp. the reply of Sigmund, láttu grön sía, sonr.
In mod. poetry áar in pl. is used in the sense of ancestors; &aacu
te;ðr áar fæddust áa (gen. pl.) vorra, Bjarni 71, Eggert
(Bb.) I. 20.
ái-fangr, s, m.; áifangi (dat.), Grág. (Kb.) 160, an
d áifang (acc.), Ísl. l. c., follow the old declension (so as to d
istinguish the dat. and acc. sing.); áifangi, a, m., Fb. ii. 340;
mod. áfangi, Grett. 29 new Ed., Fb. i. 165, [æja, to bait, a
nd vangr, campus; as to the f, cp. Vetfangr = vetvangr, and hj&oum
l;rfangr = hjörvangr; Pál Vidal. derives it from fanga, to take]:-- a resting-place; á áiföngum, Grág. i. 44
1; taka hest sinn á áiföngum, ii. 44; taka áifang (acc
. sing.), Ísl. ii. 482; in the extracts from the last part of the Hei&eth
;arv. S. MS. wrongly spelt atfang (at = ái); höfðu þeir dv
öl nokkura á áifanga, Fb. ii. l. c., Jb. 272. In mod. use &aa
cute;fangi means a day's journey, the way made between two halting places
, cp. GREEK; hence the phrase, 'í tveim, þremr ... áfön
gum,' to make a journey in two, three ... stages :-- the COMPD &aacute
;fanga-staðr, m., is used = áifangr in the old sense; but 'stadr'
is redundant, as the syllable 'fangr' already denotes place.
ái-fóðr, n. fodder for baiting, provender, Jb. 4
30, Stj. 214. Gen. xlii. 27.
á-kafast, að, dep. to be eager, vehement; á. &aa
cute; e-t, Fær. 262 (cp. Fb. ii. 40), Fms. xi. 20: absol., Bret. 14, 60.
á-kafl, a, m. [ákafr], eagerness, vehemence; þ
á görðist svá mikill á. á, at ..., it we
nt to such an excess, that..., Nj. 62, Fms. i. 35, xi. 389; með á
. miklum, vehemently, Eg. 457; í ákafa, adverbially, eag
erly, impetuously, Nj. 70, Fms. xi. 117. 2. the gen. ákafa is
prefixed, α. to a great many adjectives, in the sense of a high
degree, very, e. g. á. reiðr, furious, Fms. vii. 32, x. 17
3; á. fjölmennr, very numerous, Ísl. ii. 171; á
. fögr, beautiful (of Helena), Ver. 25. β. to some subst
antives; á. Drífa, a heavy snow drift, Sturl. iii. 20; &aac
ute;. maðr, an eager, hot, pushing man, Eg. 3, Fms. i. 19, vii. 257,
Grett. 100 A: in this case the ákafa may nearly be regarded as an indecl.
adjective.
á-kafleikr, m. eagerness, vehemence, Fms. x. 324.
á-kafliga, adv. vehemently, impetuously; of motion, such as
riding, sailing; fara á., to rush on, Fms. ix. 366; sem ák
afligast, in great speed, at a great rate, Eg. 160, 602; also, biðja
á., to pray fervently. 2. very, Fær. 238, Fms.
x. 308, Ld. 222.
á-kafligr, adj. hot, vehement; ú. bardagi, orosta, s
tyrjöld, Fms. x. 308, 656 B. 10.
á-kaflyndi, n. a hot, impetuous temper, Hkr. ii. 237.
á-kaflyndr, adj. impetuous, Fms. viii. 447.

á-kafr, adj. [cp. A. S. caf, promptus, velox, and 'á
-' intens., cp. af D. II.], vehement, fiery; á. bardagi, a hot
fight, Fms. xi. 95: of whatever is at its highest point, þenna
dag var veizlan (the banquet) allra áköfust, 331; vellan sem
áköfust, Nj. 247: ardent, svá var ákaft um vin&
aacute;ttu þeirra, at ..., 151: neut. as adv., kalla ákaft á
Bárð, to pray to B. fervently, Bárð. 169; r&iacute
;ða sem ákafast, to ride at a furious rate, Eg. 602; bú
ast sem á., 86; en þeir er eptir Agli vóru sóttu &aac
ute;kaft, ... pulled hard, 362.
á-kall, n. a calling upon, invocation; á. á n
afn Guðs, 656 B. 10, Sks. 310, Bs. i. 180. β. clamour, shouti
ng; af orðum þeirra ok ákalli, Fms. xi. 117, Orkn. 344 old
Ed., new Ed. 402 reads kall: esp. a war cry, Fms. ix. 510. 2. a
claim, demand; veita á. til e-s, Eg. 470, Hkr. ii. 195, Fms. ix. 433
, xi. 324, Orkn. 20 old Ed.; cp. new Ed. 54, Korm. 110. COMPD: ákallslauss, adj. a law term, free from encumbrance, Vm. 11.
á-kals, n. an importunate, urgent request, Fms. ii. 268, vi
. 239.
á-kast, n. a throwing upon, casting at, Sks. 410: metaph. an assault, á. djöfla, Hom. 14: plur. taunts, Sturl. i.
21. COMPD: ákasta-samr, adj. taunting, Glúm. 364.
á-kastan, f. casting upon, Js. 42.
á-kefð, f. = ákafi; vægilega en eigi með &aac
ute;., Fms. vi. 29, vii. 18, x. 237, K. Á. 202, Sks. 154. COMPD: &aacu
te;kefðar-orð, n. rash language. Mar.
á-kenning, f. 1. in the phrase, hafa á. e-s or af eu, to have a smack of a thing, to savour of, Bs. i. 134. 2.
a slight reprimand, (kenna á., to feel sore); göra em á., to administer a slight reprimand, Sturl. i. 70, Bs. i. 341,
in the last passage it is used as masc.
á-keypi, n. the right of pre-emption, a law term, Fr.
ä-klaga, að, to accuse, (mod. word.)
á-klagan and áklögun, f. an accusation, char
ge, Bs. i. 856.
á-klæði, n. a carpet, covering, Pm. 109.
á-kneyki, n. hurt, metaph. shame, Konr. MS.
á-kúfóttr, adj. spherical, Sks. 630 B; cp. &a
acute;valr.
á-kúran, a doubtful reading, Eg. 47, v. l. for á&tho
rn;ján, bondage: ákúrur, f. pl., means in mod
. usage reprimands: in the phrase, veita e-m á., to scold,
esp. of reprimands given to a youth or child.
á-kváma, mod. ákoma, u, f. 1. comin
g, arrival; úfriðar á., visitation of war, Stj. 561

. 2. but esp. a hurt received from a blow, a wound, = &aacu
te;verki, Nj. 99, Fms. ii. 67, Gþl. 168: medic. of a disease of the skin,
an eruption, Fél. ix. 186, esp. on the lips, v. áblá
str.
á-kveða, kvað, to fix; part, ákveðinn
, fixed, Orkn. 10; á. orð, marked, pointed words, B
jarn. 57, Fbr. 72, 73.
á-kveðja, kvaddi, = ákveða, Bs. i. 773; &aac
ute;kveddi is perhaps only a misspelling for ákvæði.
á-kviðr, m. a verdict against, perhaps to be read bera
á kviðu (acc. pl.) separately, Bs. i. 439.<PAGE NUM="b0042">
<HEADER>42 ÁKVÆÐI -- ÁLIT.</HEADER>
á-kvæði, n. 1. an uttered opinion; mun ek n&uacut
e; segja yðr hvat mitt á. er, Nj. 189, Sturl. i. 65 C; Ed. atkv&aelig
;ði (better): a command, Stj. 312, 208; með ákvæ&eth
;um, expressly, Sks. 235: cp. atkvæði. 2. in popular tal
es and superstition it is specially used of spells or charms: cp.
Lat. fatum from/ fari; cp. also atkvæði: the mod. use p
refers ákvæði in this sense, hence ákvæða-s
káld, n. a spell-skald, a poet whose words have a magical powe
r, also called kraptaskald; v. Ísl. þjóðs. I, where many
such poets are mentioned; indeed any poet of mark was believed to possess the p
ower to spell-bind with his verses; cp. The tales about Orpheus. COMPDS: &aac
ute;kvæðis-teigr, m. a piece of field to be mowed in a day, a m
ower's day's work(in mod. usage called dags-látta), Fms. Iii. 207. ákvæðis-verk, n. piece-work; þat er tí
tt á Íslandi at hafa á., þykjast þeir þ&a
acute; komnir til hvíldar eptir erviði sitt er verki er lokit, Fms. v
. 203, Jb. 374.
a-kynnis, adv. on a visit, Sd. 158.
á-kæra, ð, to accuse, (mod. word.)
á-kæra, u, f. a charge, accusation, Bs. i. 852. COMPD
S: ákæru-lauss, adj. undisputed, Finnb. 356; blame
less, Stj. 523. ákæru-maðr, m. an accuser, St
j. 42.
á-kærsla, u, f. = ákæra, Fr. ákserslu
-lauss = ákærulauss, id.
ÁL, f., old form nom. dat. acc. sing, ól; öl he
itir drykkr, en ól er band, Skálda (Thorodd) 163: gen. Sing
. and nom. pl. álar; (the mod. form is ól, keeping the &
oacute; throughout all the cases; gen. pl. ólar) :-- a strap, 
esp. of leather; ál löng, Fms. vi. 378, Edda 29, Sks. 179: a prover
b, sjaldan er bagi að bandi eðr byrdi að ól. β..
esp. the leather straps for fastening a cloak, etc. to the saddle, = slag
álar, Orkn. 12, Bjarn. 68, Fbr. 57 new Ed. γ a bridle, re
in; beislit fanst þegar ok var komit á álna, Bs. i. 314,
note 2. COMPDS: álar-endi, a, m. the end of a leather strap, Edda 29. álar-reipi, n. a rope of leather, etc.
á-lag, n. and álaga, u, f. [ieggja á]; in som

e cases, esp. dat. pl., it is often difficult to decide to which of these two fo
rms a case may belong; they are therefore best taken together. In the neut. pl.
the notion of spell, in the fem. pl. that of tax, burden, hardship
prevails. In sing, both of them are very much alike in sense. I. fem. pl
. a tax, burden, burdensome impost; sagði at bændr vildi eigi h
afa frekari álög (álögur?) af konungi en forn lög s
tæði til, Fms. xi. 224; undan þessum hans álögum ...
liggja undir slíkum álögum, tyranny, yoke, Bár
ð. ch. 2; gangit til ok hyggit at landsmenn, at ganga undir skattgjafar &Oac
ute;lafs konungs ok allar álögur, burdens, taxes, Fms. iv. 28
2, in the famous speech of Einar þveræing, (Ó. H. ch. 134; ba
ð jarl vægja möunum um álögur, Fms. iv. 216; jarl h&e
acute;lt með freku öllum álögum, Orkn. 40; hvárt mun
konungr sá ekki kunna hóf um álögur ok harðleiki
við menn, Fms. vi. 37; þórstcinn kvað ekki um at leita, at
þórðr kæmist undan neinum álögum, burdens,
oppressive conditions, Bjarn. 72. 2. a law term, an additional fi
ne; með álögum ok leigum, duties and rents, Gr&aacute
;g. i. 260; binda álogum, to charge, 384; hálfa fimtu m&oum
l;rk álaga, a fine of three marks, 391. 3. metaph. in plur
. and in the phrase, í álögum, in straits, at a pinch, if
needful, Vm. 18; vitr maðr ok ágætr í öllum &aa
cute;lögum, a wise and good man in all difficulties, Fs. 120. 4. a metric. term, addition, supplement; þat er annat leyfi h&aacu
te;ttanna at hafa í dróttkvæðum hætti eitt orð
eða tvau með álögum, cp. álagsháttr below, Ed
da 124. 5. theol. a visitation, scourge, Stj. 106, 647. 2 Kings xx
i. 13 (answering to plummet in the Engl. transl.); sing. in both instance
s. II. neut. pl. álög, spells, imprecations. In the fa
iry tales of Icel. 'vera í álögum' is a standing phrase for b
eing spell-bound, esp. for being transformed into the shape of animals, o
r even of lifeless objects; leggja a., to bind by spells, cp. Ísl.
Þjóðs. by Jón Árnason; var því l&ia
cute;kast sem í fornum sögum er sagt, þá er konunga b&o
uml;rn urðu fyrir stjúpmæðra
álögum (v. l. sköpum), Fms. viii. 18 (Fb. ii. 539): hóri
lýstr til hans með úlfs hanzka ok segir at hann skyldi ver&et
h;a at einuni híðbirni, ok aldri skáltn or þessuni &aacu
te;lögum fara, Fas. (Völs. S.) i. 50, 404: sing, (very rare), þa
t er álag mitt, at þat skip skal aldri heilt af hafi koma er h&eacu
te;r liggr út, Landn. 250. At present always in pl., cp. forlög, &ou
ml;rlög, ólög. COMPDS: álags-b&oelig;tr, f. pl. a
kind of line, N. G. L. i. 311. álags-háttr, m. a kind of m
etre, the first syllabic of the following line completing the sentence, e. g. &i
acute;skalda skar ek öldu | eik; Edda (Ht.) 129. álögu-laust
, n. adj. free from imposts.
álar-, ála-, v. sub voce áll and ál.
á-lasa, að, to blame, with dat. of the person.
á-lasan and álösun, f., and álas,
n. a reprimand, rebuke, Vígl. 25.
ál-belti, n. a leathern belt, Stj. 606.
ál-borinn, adj. Part. [álbera], measured with a thong or cord, of a field, N. G. L. i. 43. In Icel. called vaðbera and va
ðborinn.
ál-burðr, m. mensuration with a line, N. G. L. i. 43, =

vaðburðr.
á-leiðis, adv. on the right path, opp. to afleiðis;
(leið) snúa e-m á., metaph., 655 xiii. B; snú þe
im á. er þú hefir áðr vilta, id. β forwards, onwards; fóru á. til skipa, Fms. 1. 136; snú
a ferð á., to go on (now, halda áfram), Korm. 232, K. &
THORN;, K. 94 B: metaph., koma e-u á., to bring a thing about, Hkr
. i. 169, iii. 104; koma e-u til á., id., Fas. i. 45 (corrupt read
ing); snúa e-u á., to improve, Bs. i. 488; víkja &aa
cute;. með e-m, to side with, Sturl. Iii. 91.
á-leikni, f. a pertness, Grett. 139 (Ed.)
á-leikr, m. [leika á], a trick, Grett. 139 C.
á-leiksi, adj. ind. who had got the worst of the game, Bret
.
á-leitaðr, part. assailed, Stj. 255.
á-leiting, f. = áleitni, Fr.
á-leitinn, adj. pettish, Fms. ii. 120, Orkn. 308.
á-leitligr, adj. reprehensible, Greg. 26.
á-leitni, f. a pettish disposition, Fms. vii. 165, Sturl. i
i. 228, Fs. 8; eigi fyrir á. sakar heldr góðvilja, Al. 129, 15
3; spott þórðar ok á., invectives, Bjarn. 3, Joh.
623. 19.
á-lengdar, adv. along; engum friði heit ek þ&eacu
te;r á., Fms. iii. 156; eigi vildi hann vist hans þar á., he should not be staying along there, i.e. there, Grett. 129 A, Stur
l. iii. 42. β. now used loc. far off, aloof, Lat. procul.
á-lengr, adv. [cp. Engl. along], continuously; &thor
n;essi illvirki skyldi eigi á. úhefnd vera, Bs. i. 533; á.
er, as soon as; a. er goðar koma í setr
sínar, þá ..., Grág. i. 8; á. er hann er sexta
n vetra, 197: ú. svá sem þeir eru búnir, in turn a
s soon as they are ready, 6l.
ália, v. hálfa, region.
álfkona, u, f. a female elf, Fas. i. 32, Bær. 2, Art.
146.
álf-kunnigr, adj. akin to the elves, Fm. 13.
ÁLFR, s, m. [A. S. ælf, munt-ælfen, sæ-&aelig
;lfen, wudu-ælfen, etc.; Engl. elf, elves, in Shakespeare ou
phes are 'fairies;' Germ. alb and elfen, Erl- in Erlkö
nig (Göthe) is, according to Grimm, a corrupt form from the Danish E
llekonge qs. Elver-konge]; in the west of Icel. also pronounced &aacu
te;lbr: I. mythically, an elf, fairy; the Edda distinguishes betwe
en Ljósálfar, the elves of light, and Dökkálfar

, of darkness (the last not elsewhere mentioned either in mod. fairy tale
s or in old writers), 12; the Elves and Ases are fellow gods, and form a favouri
te alliteration in the old mythical poems, e.g. Vsp. 53, Hm. 144, 161, Gm. 4, Ls
. 2, 13, Þkv. 7, Skm. 7, 17, Sdm. 18. In the Alvismál Elves and Dwa
rfs are clearly distinguished as different. The abode of the elves in the Edda i
s Álfheimar, fairy land, and their king the god Frey (the g
od of light), Edda 12; see the poem Gm. 12, Álfheim Frey gáfu &iac
ute; árdaga tívar at tannfé. In the fairy tales the Elves h
aunt the hills, hence their name Huldufólk, hidden people: respect
ing their origin, life, and customs, v. Ísl. Þjóðs. i. I
sqq. In old writers the Elves are rarely mentioned; but that the same tales wer
e told as at present is clear;-- Hallr mælti, hvi brosir þú n
ú? þórhallr svarar, af því brosir ek, at margr
hóll opnast ok hvert kvikindi býr sinn bagga bæði sm&aac
ute; ok stór, ok gera fardaga (a foreboding of the introduction of Christ
ianity), Fms. ii. 197, cp. landvættir; álfamenn, elves, Bs. i. 417, Fas. i. 313, 96; hóll einn er hér skamt í br
ott er álfar búa í, Km. 216: álfrek, in the p
hrase, ganga álfreka, cacare, means dirt, excrements, driving t
he elves away through contamination, Eb. 12, cp. Landn. 97, Fms. iv. 308, B&
aacute;rð. ch. 4: álfröðull, elfin beam or 
light, a poët. name of the sun; álfavakir, elfholes, the small rotten holes in the ice in spring-time in which the elves g
o a fishing; the white stripes in the sea in calm weather are the wakes of elfin
fishing boats, etc.: medic. álfabruni is an eruption in th
e face, Fél. ix. 186: Ivar Aasen mentions 'alvgust, alveblaastr, alveld,'
the breath, fire of elves (cp. St. Vitus' dance or St. Anthony's fire);
'alvskot,' a sort of cancer in the bone :-- græti álfa, e
lfin tears, Hðm. I, is dubious; it may mean some flower with dew-drops g
littering in the morning sun, vide s. v. glýstamr (glee-steaming).
Jamieson speaks of an elf's cup, but elf tears are not noticed elsewhere; cp. E
dda 39. In Sweden, where the worship of Frey prevailed, sacrifices, ál
fa-blót, were made to the elves, stóð húsfreyja &ia
cute; dyrum ok bað hann (the guest) eigi þar innkoma, segir at
þau ætti álfa blót, Hkr. ii. 124 (referring to the yea
r 1018), cp. Korm. ch. 22. 2. metaph., as the elves had the power to bewi
tch men, a silly, vacant person is in Icel. called álfr; hence álfalegr, silly álfaskapr and álfaháttr,
silly behaviour. II. in historical sense, the Norse district situ
ated between the two great rivers Raumelfr and Gautelfr (Alhis Raumarum, et G
otharum) was in the mythical times called Álfheimar, and its inhabita
nts Álfar, Fas. i. 413, 384, 387, Fb. i. 23, vide also P. A. Munch, Beskr
ivelse over Norge, p. 7. For the compds v. above.
álfrek, n., álfröðull, m., v. above.
á-liðinn, adj. Part. far-spent, of time; dagr, Grett. 9
9 A; sumar, Orkn. 448, Ld. 14.
á-lit, n. [líta á], prop. a view: I. aspect, appearance, esp that of a person's face, gait, etc.; vænn at
áliti, fair, gentle of aspect, Nj. 30; fagr álitum, Edda 5
, Eluc. 35, Bær. 7: of other animate or inanimate objects, dökkr &aac
ute;lits, black of aspect, Fms. vi. 229; eigi réttr álits,
crooked, not straight (of a broken leg), Bs. i. 743; smí&et
h;i fagrt áliti, Hom. 128: the whole form, shape, hvert á.
sem hann hefði, Fms. xi. 433; hann hafði ymsa manna á. eða ky
kvenda, Post. 656 C. 26. II. of a mind, a view, thought, consideration
, reflection; með áliti ráðsmanna, Fms. Vii. 139; me&e
th; skjótu áliti, at a glance, Sks. 3: esp. in pl., þ

ú ferr með góðum vilja en eigi með nógum &aacut
e;litum, inconsiderately, Lv. 38; meir með ákefð en &aacut
e;litum, Stj. 454. Hom. 24; gjöra e-t at álitum, to take a matter
into (favourable) consideration, Nj. 3, Lv. 16. 2. in mod. use, o
pinion; does not occur in old writers (H. E. i. 244 it means authority), where there is always some additional notion of reflection, consideratio
n.
<PAGE NUM="b0043">
<HEADER>ÁLITALEYSI -- ÁNAUÐ. 43</HEADER>
Compds such as almennings-álit, n., public opinion, are of
mod. date. β. it is now also used in the sense of reputation;
vera í miklu (litlu) áliti. COMPDS: álita-leysi, n.
absence of reflection, Fas. Iii. 91. álita-lítill,
adj. inconsiderate, Fas. ii. 388. álita-mál, n. pl.,
gjöra e-t at álitamálum = göra at álitum, v. abo
ve, Lv. 16.
á-litliga, adv. civilly (but not heartily); tók hann
þeim á., he received them pretty well, Fms. x. 132; for all
t á. með þeim en eigi sem þá er blíðast
var, ix. 454, Bjarn. 8. 2. in the present usage, considerably, to a h
igh amount, etc.
á-litligr, adj., Lat. consideratus, Hom. 28. 2. c
onsiderable, respectable, (mod.)
á-litning, f. = álit, Thom. 259.
á-líkr, adj. like, resembling, Sks. 164: á-l&
iacute;ka, adv. alike, nearly as.
á-ljótr, m. [ljótr, deformis], gen. s and ar,
dat. áljóti; a law term, a serious bodily injury that leav
es marks, wilfully inflicted; only once, Grág. ii. 146, used of a libello
us speech; áljótsráð is the intention to inflict &aacut
e;ljót, and is distinguished from fjörráð (against one's
life), sárráð, and drepráð, Grág. ii. 127, 1
17, 146; áljótr eðr bani, i. 497; áljótsr&aacute
;ð, as well as fjörráð, if carried out in action, was liable
to the greater out-lawry (ii. 127), but áljótr, in speech, only t
o the lesser, and this too even if the charge proved to be true; ef maðr bre
gðr manni brigslum, ok mælir áljót, þótt ha
nn segi satt, ok varðar fjörbaugsgarð, ii. 146; an intended &aacute
;ljótsráð, if not carried into effect, was also only liable to
the lesser out-lawry, 127: every one was to be brought to trial for the actual,
not the intended injury; as, vice versa, a man was tried for murder, if
the wound proved mortal (ben), though he only intended to inflict a blow (drep)
or wound (sár), 117; cp. also i. 493. COMPDS: áljóts-eyr
ir, s, m. a fine for á., N. G. L. i. 171 (for cutting one's no
se off). áljóts-ráð, n. pl., Grág., v. ab
ove.
ÁLKA, u, f. an auk, alca L., Edda (Gl.): álku-ung
i, a, m. a young auk, Fs. 147: metaph. a long neck, in the phr
ase, teygja álkuna (cant).
ÁLL, m. I. an eel, Lat. anguilla, Km. 236, Ed
da (Gl.), 655 xxx. 2, Stj. 69. II. a deep narrow channel in sea or
river; eru nú þeir einir alar til lands er ek get vaðit
, Fms. iii. 60; þeir lögðu út á álinn (in a
harbour) ok lágu þar um strengi, Sturl. i. 224; djúpir eru I
slands alar, of the channel of the Atlantic between Norway and Iceland, a prover
b touching the giantess who tried to wade from Norway to Iceland, Ísl. &T
HORN;jóðs. III. in names of horses, or adjectives denoting the
colour of a horse, 'ál' means a coloured stripe along the back, 
e. g. in mó-ál-óttr, brown striped, bleik-álóttr, yellow striped; Kingála and Bleikálingr are na
mes of horses, referring to their colour. IV. a sort of seed, Edda
(Gl.); cp. Ivar Aasen, aal, a sprout, and aala, aal-renne, to sprout,
 of potatoes. COMPDS: ála-fiski, f. fishing for eels, 
D. N. ála-garðr, m. an eel-pond, stew for eels, D. N. ála-veiðr, f. eel fishing, Gþl. 421. ála
-virki, n. a pond for eel fishing, Gþl. 421.
álma, u, f., gener. a prong, fluke of an anchor, or the lik
e, as cognom., Fms. v. 63 :-- properly perh. a branch of an elm.
álm-bogi, a, m. a sort of bow, cross-bow, Lex. Poët.
ALMR,ERROR m. [Lat. ulmus; Engl. elm; Germ, ulme], an elm, Edda (Gl.), Karl. 310: metaph. a bow, Lex. Poët,
álm-sveigr, m. an elm-twig, Fas. i. 271.
álm-tré, n. an elm-tree, Karl. 166.
álm-viðr, m. id.
álpast qs. aplast, dep. to totter, v. apli.
ÁLPT, more correctly álft, f. the common í ee
l. word for swan, Lat. cygnus; svan is only poët.; all local
names in which the swan appears, even those of the end of the 9th century, use '
álpt,' not 'svan,' Álpta-fjörðr, -nes, -mýri, v. t
he local index to the Landn.; Svanshóll comes from a proper name Svan. Pr
obably akin to Lat. albus; the t is fem. Inflexion; the p,
instead of f, a mere change of letter; cp. the proverb, þegar hrafn
inn verðr hvítr en álptin svört, of things that never wil
l happen: pl. álptir, but sometimes, esp. in Norse, elptr or elftr; the c
hange of the original a (alft) into á (álft) is of e
arly date, Grág. ii. 338, 346, Eg. 132, Landn. 57; in all these passages
pl. álptir; but elptr, Jb. 217, 309. Respecting the mythical origin of th
e swan, v. Edda 12; they are the sacred birds at the well of Urda. COMPDS: &a
acute;lptar-hamr, m. the skin of a swan, Fas. ii. 373. álpt
ar-líki, n. the shape of a swan, Fas. ii. 375, etc.
álpt-veiðr, f. catching wild swans, Landn. 270, Vm. 69;
álptveiðar skip, 68.
ál-reip, n. a strap of leather, Dipl. v. 18; vide ál
.
á-lútr, adj. louting forwards, stooping, Thom. 201.
á-lygi, n. slander, Glúm. 340, Fær. 203.
á-lykkja, u, f. the loop (lykkja) in the letter a, S
kálda 171.
á-lykt, f. issue, decision, Gþl. 23. COMPDS: &aacu
te;lyktar-dómr, m. a final doom or judgment, Sks. 668. &aac
ute;lyktar-orð, n. the last word, a peroration. Eg. 356, Hkr. ii.
215, Fms. vii. 116. ályktar-vitni, n. a conclusive testimony, defined in Gþl. 476.
á-lykta, að, to conclude, (mod. word.)
á-lyktan, f. conclusion, final decision, Sturl. iii, 179.
á-lægja, adj. ind. at heat, of a mare, Grág. i
. 427.
ÁMA, u, f. (and ámu-sótt, f.) erysipelas, Sturl. ii. 116; in common talk corrupted into heimakona or heimakoma. 2. poët, a giantess, Edda (Gl.); hence the play of words in the sa
ying, gengin er gygr or fæti en harðsperra aptr komin, gone is the
giantess (erysipelas), but a worse (sceloturbe) has come after. 3. a tub, awme, Germ. ahm. 4. in Norse mod. diale
cts the larva is called aama (v. Ivar Aasen); and ámu-ma
ðkr, spelt ánu-maðkr, a kind of maggot, lumbricus t
errestris, is probably rightly referred to this. Fél. ix. states tha
t it has this name from its being used to cure erysipelas.
á-málga, að, to beg or claim gently, G&th
orn;l. 370.
ám-átligr, adj. loathsome, piteous, Fms. v. 165, of
piteously crying; Fas. ii. 149, of an ogress; Finnb. 218, Bær. 7.
ám-áttigr, adj. [cp. old Germ. amahtig = infirmus],
contr. ámátkir, ámáttkar, etc., used in poetry as an
epithet of witches and giants, prob. in the same sense as ámátlig
r, Vsp. 8, Hkv. Hjör. 17. Egilsson translates by praepotens, which s
eems scarcely right.
á-minna, t, to admonish.
á-minning, f. warning, admonition, reproof; áðr
menn urðu til á. við hann um þetta mál, ... remin
ded him, called it into his recollection, Fms. xi. 286, Sks. 335; fjandans &
aacute;., instigation, Fms. viii. 54; heilsusamligar á., vi. 281;
Guðs á., Ver. 6, Stj. 116; var þó mörg á. (many foreboding symptoms) áðr þessa lund for ...; g&oacut
e;ðrar áminningar, beatae memoriae (rare), H. E. i. 514. COMP
DS: áminningar-maðr, m. monitor, Fms. v. 125. &aacut
e;minningar-orð, n. warnings, Fms. vi. 44. áminningar-v
ísa, u, f. a song commemorating deeds of prowess, etc., Hkr. i
i. 345.
ÁMR, adj. occurs twice or thrice in poetry (by Arnór and in
a verse in Bs. i. 411), seems to mean black or loathsome; &iacute
; úmu blóði and ám hræ, loathsome blood and ca
rcases of the slain, Orkn. 70, Fms. vi. 55; akin with ámátligr
. Egilsson omits the word. Metaph. of a giant, the loathsome, Edda (Gl.)
á-munr, adj. [á- intens. and munr, mens], eager, only in poetry; á. augu, piercing, greedy eyes, Vkv. 16; and &
aacute;. e-m, eager for revenge, in a bad sense, Hkv. 2. 9. COMPD: &aa
cute;muns-aurar, m. pl. additional payment [munr, difference]
D. N. (Fr.)
á-mæla, t, to blame; á. e-m fyrir e-t, Eg. 164
, Nj. 14, Hkr. ii. 285, Orkn. 430: part, ámælandi, as subst.
, a reprover, Post. 645. 61.
á-mæli, n. blame, reproof, Nj. 33, 183, Ísl. i
i. 338, Fs. 40, El. 22. COMPDS: ámælis-laust, n. adj. bla
meless, Ölk. 37, Ísl. ii. 54. ámælis-orð, n. reproof. Valla L. 218. ámælis-samt, n. adj. s
hameful, Sturl. ii. 131, Hrafn. 11. ámælis-skor, f. [cp.
the Engl. score], a dub. word attached to an account of numbers in Edda
108; átta bera á., a short (not full) score (?). 
ám&oelig;lis-verðr, adj. blamable, Glúm. 369, Fms.
ii. 182.
ÁN, prep. [Goth, inuh; Hel. and O. H. G. ano; Germ,
ohne; Gr. GREEK] , without: the oldest form in MSS. is ó
n, Eluc. 25, Greg. Dial, (freq.), 655 xxvii. 2, Fms. xi. in, 153; aon, Hom. 19 sqq.; the common form is án; with gen. dat. and acc.; at presen
t only with gen. I. with gen., þess máttu Gautar ilia &aacut
e;n vera, Hkr. ii. 70. Ó. H. 49 has 'þat;' án manna valda, F
ms. iii. 98; á. allra afarkosta, x. 7; mættim vér vel &thorn
;ess án vera, Ísl. ii. 339; in the proverb, án er ills geng
is nema heiman hafi, Gísl. 63, but án er illt gengi (acc.), 149, N
j. 27, Ísl. ii. 142, l. c..; án allra klæða, Al. 171; &a
acute;n allrar vægðar, Sks. 229; ón lasta synda, Eluc. 25. I
I. with dat., esp. in translations or eccles. Writings, perh. in imitation o
f the Lat., and now quite out of use; esp. In the phrase, án e-s r&aacute
;ði, without (against) one's will, Nj. 38, Bjarn. 71, Korm. 142, Fms.
xi. 153, 111; ón góðum verkum, Greg. 13; án úfl
áti, incessantly, Bs. i. 97; ón dómi, Eluc. 39; sann
r ok on gildingi, 655 xxvii. 2. III. with acc., esp. freq. in the Gr&aacu
te;g., án er illt gengi, v. above; þá skal hann án ve
ra liðit, Grág. i. 276; án ráð lögrá&et
h;anda, 334; hann mun þik ekki þykjast mega án vera, Fms. vii
. 26; án allan verma, Sks. 210; án alla flærð, 522 B; &o
acute;n líkamligan breyskleik, ok on dóm, Eluc. 38; án ley
fi, without leave, Fms. vii. 141. IV. ellipt. without case, or adv
erbially, hvatki es betra es at hafa en ón at vera (to be without)
, 677. 8; þau er mönnum þykir betr at hafa en án at vera
, Gþl. 379; eiga vilja heldr en ón vera þat hit mjallhv&iacut
e;ta man, Alvm. 7 : acc. with inf., án við löst at lifa, sine
culpâ vivere, Hm. 68; used substantively, in the proverb, alls &aacut
e;ni (omnium expers) verðr sá er einskis biðr, Sl. 38: Egi
lsson also, on Hdl. 23, suggests a form án, n.; but the passage (t
he poem is only left in the Fb.) is no doubt a corrupt one. Probably 'ani &oacut
e;mi' is a corruption from Arngrími (arngmi, the lower part of the g being blotted out: Arngrími | óru bornir | (öflgir ?) syni
r | ok Eyfuru, or the like).
ÁN and Ön, a mythical king of Sweden, hence &aacute
;na-sótt, f. painless sickness from age, decrepid old age; &th
orn;at er síðan kölluð á. ef maðr deyr verklauss
af elli, Hkr. i. 35: the word is mentioned in Fél. ix. s. v., but it only
occurs l. c. as an GREEK and seems even there to be a paraphrase of the wording
in the poem, knátti endr | at Uppsölum | ánasótt | &O
uml;n of standa, Ýt. 13; even in the time of Snorri the word was prob. no
t in use in Icel. 2. the hero of the Án's Saga, a romance of the 1
4th or 15th century, Fas. ii. 323-362; hence áni, a, m., means 
a fool, lubber.
 ánalegr, adj. clownish; and ánaskapr, m.
clownishness, etc.
á-nauð, f. bondage, oppression; á. ok þr&a
elig;lkun, Fms. x. 224, v. 75: in pl. ánauðir, imposts, x. 399
, 416, 129 (grievances), Sks. 6l (where sing.)
<PAGE NUM="b0044">
<HEADER>44 ÁNAUÐAROK -- ÁRNA.</HEADER>
COMPDS: ánauðar-ok, n. yoke of oppression, Stj. 168. ánauðar-vist,
f. a life of oppression, bondage, 655 viii. 4.
á-nauðga, að, to oppress, Js. 13, Gþl. 44.
á-nauðigr, adj. oppressed, enslaved, Hkr. i. 40, Gr&aac
ute;g. ii. 292, N. G. L.
i. 341, Sks. 463.
á-nefna, d, to appoint, name, Jb. 161 B, Fms. i. 199, ix. 3
30.
á-netjast, að, dep. to be entangled in a net; metaph.,
á. e-u, Bs. i. 141.
á-neyða, dd, to force, subject, Sks. 621 B.
á-ning, f. [æja, ái-], resting, baiting, Gr&aa
cute;g. ii. 233.
án-ótt, n. adj. a pun (v. Án 2), a lot of Ans, Fas. ii. 431.
á-nyt, f. ewe's milk, = ærnyt, Landn. 197.
á-nýja, ð or að, to renew, Sturl. iii. 39.
á-nægja, u, f. pleasure, satisfaction, formed as the
Germ. vergnügen;
mod. word, not occurring in old writers.
á-nægja, ð, impers., prop. to be enough, and so to content, satisfy; eptir
því sem oss ánægir, Dipl. v. 9: part, án&ael
ig;gðr is now in Icel. used as an
adj. pleased, content.
ÁR, n. [Goth. jêr; A. S. gear; Engl. year; 
Germ. jabr; the Scandin.
idioms all drop the j, as in ungr, young; cp. also the Gr. GREEK;
Lat. hora;
Ulf. renders not only GREEK but also sometimes GREEK and GREEK by
jêr]. I. a year, = Lat. annus, divided into twelve lu
nar months,
each of 30 days, with four intercalary days, thus making 364 days; as
the year was reckoned about the middle of the 10th century (the original
calculation probably only reckoned 360 days, and made up the difference
by irregular intercalary months). About the year 960 Thorstein Surt
introduced the sumarauki (intercalary week), to be inserted every seventh
year, thus bringing the year up to 365 days. After the introduction of
Christianity (A. D. 1000) the sumarauki was made to harmonize with
the Julian calendar; but from A. D. 1700 with the Gregorian calendar;
v. the words sumarauki, hlaupár, mánuðr, vika, etc., Íb
. ch. 4, Rb. 6, Fms.
i. 67; telja árum, to count the time by years, Vsp. 6; í &a
acute;ri, used adverb.,
at present, as yet, Ó. H. 41, 42 (in a verse). II. = Lat. annona,
plenty, abundance, fruitfulness; the phrase, friðr ok ár, Fms.
vii. 174,
Hkr. Yngl. ch. 8-12; ár ok fésæla, Hkr. l. c.; þ&aacut
e; var ár urn öll lönd, id.;
létu hlaða skip mörg af korni ok annarri gæzku, ok flytja
svá ár í Danmörku, Fms. xi. 8, Sks. 323, Fas. i. 526, Hom. 68; gott ár, Eg. 39;
blota til árs, Fms. i. 34. III. the name of the Rune RUNE (a), Skálda
176; in the A. S. and Goth. Runes the j has the name jêr, gêr, according
to the Germ. and Engl. pronunciation of this word; vide p. 2, col. 1.
COMPDS: ára-tal, n. and ára-tala, u, f. number of
years; fimtugr at
áratali, Stj. 110, Rb. 484, Mar. 656 A. i. 29; hann (Ari Frodi) hafði
áratal fyrst til þess er Kristni kom á Ísland, en s&i
acute;ðan allt til sinna daga,
Hkr. (pref.), seems to mean that Ari in respect of chronology divided his
Íslendingabók into two periods, that before and that aft
er the introduction
of Christianity; Stj. 112 (periode). árs-bót, f. = árbót,
Bs. i. 343, q. v.
ÁR, adv. I. Lat. olim [Ulf. air = GREEK; Engl
. yore], used
nearly as a substantive followed by a gen., but only in poetry; in the
phrase, ár var alda, in times of yore, in principio, Vsp. 3, Hkv.
2. 1:
also, ár var þaz (= þat es), the beginning of some of the myt
hical and
heroical poems, Skv. 3. i, Gkv. 1. 1; cp. árdagar. II. Lat. man
e
[A. S. ær; O. H. G. êr; cp. Gr. GREEK, Engl. early, Icel. árla], rare, (the
prolonged form árla is freq.); it, however, still exists in the Icel. com
mon
phrase, með morgunsárinu (spelt and proncd. in a single word),
primo diluculo; elsewhere poet, or in laws, ár of morgin, early
of a
morning, Hðm. verse 1, Grág. ii. 280; rísa ár, t
o rise early, Hm. 58, 59;
ár né um nætr, Hkv. 2. 34, etc.; í ár, adverb.
= early, Ísl. ii. (Hænsa
Þór. S.) 161; snemma í ár, Ld. 46, MS., where the Ed.
um morgininn
í ár, Fas. i. 503: it also sometimes means for ever, sv&aac
ute; at ár Hýmir ekki

mælti, for an age he did not utter a word, remained silent as if stupef
ied,
Hým. 25, Lex. Poët.; ara þúfu á skaltu ár
sitja, Skm. 27; cp. the mod.
phrase, ár ok síð og allan tíð, early and late a
nd always. In compds =
Lat. matutinus.
ÁR, f. [A. S. ár; Engl. oar; Swed. å
re], an oar, old form of nom.,
dat., acc. sing. &aolig-acute;r; dat. &aolig-acute;ru or áru, Eb. 60 new
Ed., but commonly ár;
pl. árar, Eg. 221, 360, Fms. viii. 189, 417: metaph. in the phrases, koma
eigi ár sinni fyrir borð, to be under restraint, esp. in a bad
sense, of one
who cannot run as fast as he likes, Eb. 170; vera á árum e-s = und
ir ára
burði e-s, v. below; draga árar um e-t, to contend about a thing, the
metaphor taken from a rowing match, Fær. 159; taka djúpt í &
aacute;rinni, to
dip too deep, overdo a thing. COMPDS: ára-burðr, m. the
movement
of the oars, in the phrase, vera undir áraburði e-s, to be in
one's boat, i. e.
under one's protection, esp. as regards alimentation or support, Hrafn. 3
0;
ráðast undir áraburð e-s, to become one's client, L
d. 140. ára-gangr,
m. splashing of oars, Fas. ii. 114. ára-lag (árar-),
n. the time of
rowing, e. g. seint, fljótt á., a slow, quick, stroke;
kunna á., to be able to
handle an oar, Þórð. (Ed. 1860), ch. 4. árar-hlum
r, m. the handle
of an oar, Glúm. 395, Sturl. iii. 68. árar-hlutr, m. a piece of an oar,
Glúm. l. c. árar-stubbi, a, m. the stump of an oar,
Ísl. ii. 83.
árar-tog, n. a stroke with the oar. árar-tr&eacut
e;, n. the wood for making
oars, Pm. 138.
ár-, v. the compds of á, a river.
ár-angr, rs, m. [ár = annona], gener. a year, sea
son, = árferð; also the
produce of the earth brought forth in a year (season), which is at present
in the east of Icel. called ársali, v. árferð; skapaðist &
aacute;rangrinn eptir
spásögu Jóseps, 655 vii. 4; ok at liðnum þeim vetru
m tók á. at spillast,
Gþl. 77; mun batna á. sem várar, Þorf. Karl. (A. A.) 1
11: the mod.
use is only metaph., effect, result; so e. g. arangrs-laust, n. ad
j. without
effect, to no effect.
á-rás, f. assault, attack, Fms. i. 63, ix. 372.
ár-borinn, v. arfborinn: Egilsson renders GREEK by árborin

(in
his transl. of the Odyssey).
ár-bót, f. improvement of the season (ár = annona), Fms. i. 74, Bs. i.
137, Hkr. ii. 103: fem., surname, Landn.
ár-búinn, part, ready early, Sks. 221 B.
ár-býll, adj. dwelling in abundance, plentiful, Fms.
v. 314.
ár-dagar, m. pl. [A. S. geardagas], í árdaga,
in days of yore, Ls. 25 (poët.)
ár-degis, adv. early in the day, Eg. 2, Grág. i. 143
.
á-reið, f. a charge of cavalry, Hkr. iii. 162, Fms. vii
. 56: an invasion
of horsemen, x. 413: at present a law term, a visitation or inspec
tion by
sworn franklins as umpires, esp. in matters about boundaries.
á-reitingr, m. [reita, Germ, reizen], inducement, Fi
nnb. 310.
á-reitinn, adj. grasping after, Ld. 318, v. l.: now in Icel
. pettish;
and áreitni, f. pettishness.
á-renniligr, adj., in the phrase, eigi á., hard or unpleasant to face.
á-reyðr, f. [á acc. of ær, and reyðr], sal
mo laevis femina, Fél. i. 13,
Landn. 313.
árétti, n. [and árétta, tt], a thin
wedge used to prevent a nail from
getting loose, cp. Ivar Aasen.
ár-ferð, f., mod. árferði, n. season, annona, Fms. i. 51, 86, ix. 51;
árferð mun af taka um alla Danmörk, i. e. there will be famin
e, xi. 7;
góð á., Stj. 420; engi á., Grett. 137 A.
ár-fljótr, adj. 'oar-fleet,' of a rowing vessel, Fms
. vii. 382, Hkr. iii. 94.
ár-gali, a, m. 'the early crying,' i. e. perh. chanticle
er, used in the proverb
eldist árgalinn nú, of king Harold, Fms. vi. 251.
ár-galli, a, m. failure of crop, Sks. 321, 323. á
rgalla-lauss, adj.
free from such failure, fertile, Sks. 322.
ár-gangr, m. a year's course, season, Fms. xi. 441, Thom. 8

5; margan tíma
í þessum á., 655 xxxii: in mod. usage, a year's volume, of a periodical.
ár-gjarn, adj. eager for a good harvest (poët.), &Yacu
te;t. 5.
ár-goð, m. god of plenty, the god Frey, Edda 55.
ár-gæzka, u, f. a good season, Thom. 83.
ár-hjálmr, m. an helmet of brass, A. S. âr = eir, Hkm. 3.
á-riða, u, f. a smearing, rubbing, [ríða &aa
cute;], medic., Bs. i. 611.
árla, adv. [qs. árliga], early, Lat. mane, Fm
s. iii. 217, v. 285, Stj. 208,
Hom. 86:: with gen., árla dags, Fms. x. 218, Pass. 15. 17. β
in times
of yore, Sks. 498, 518.
ár-langt, n. adj. and ár-lengis, adv. during the
whole year, D. N.
ár-liga, adv. I. [ár, annus], yearly,
Fms. ii. 454, x. 183, Vm.
12. II. = árla, early, Hkv. 1. 16. 2. [ár, annona], in the
phrase, fá árliga verðar, to take a hearty meal, Hm. 32
; cp. Sighvat, Ó. H.
216, where it seems to mean briskly.
ár-ligr, adj. 1. annual, Thom. 24. 2. in the
phrase, árligum
hrósar þú verðinum, thou hast enjoyed a hearty meal, Hbl. 33; the word
is now used in the sense of well fed, well looking.
ár-maðr, m. [árr, nuntius, or ár, anno
na], a steward, esp. of royal
estates in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, also of the earls' estates in the
Orkneys. As Icel. had neither earls nor kings, it is very rare, perhaps an
GREEK in Landn. 124 (of the stewards of Geirmund heljarskinn). In
Norway the ármenn of the king were often persons of low birth, and
looked upon with hatred and disrespect by the free noblemen of the
country, cp. e. g. Ó. H. 113, 120 (synonymous with konungs þr&aelig
;ll), Eb. ch.
2; the ármenn were a sort of royal policemen and tax gatherers, Fms. xi.
261, Orkn. 444, Eg. 79, 466, Gþl. 12 (where it is different from sý
slumaðr);
erkibiskups á., N. G. L. i. 175. COMPD: ármanns-réttr, m. the right
of an á., i. e. the fine to be paid for molesting an ármað
r, N. G. L. i. 70.
ár-mánaðr, m. a year-month, i. e. a month, Stj. 320.

ár-menning, f. [ármaðr], stewardship, the office
or the province,
Orkn. 444, Fms. iv. 268; sýslur ok á., Hkr. i. 303.
ár-morgin, adv. [A. S. ærmorgen], early to-morrow,
 Am. 85.
árna, að, I. [A. S. yrnan, pret. arn, proficisci; cp. Icel. árr,
evrendi, etc.], as a neut. verb, only in poetry and very rare, to go forward;

úrgar brautir á. þú aptr héðan, Fsm. 2, Gg
. 7, Fms. iv. 282, vi. 259; hvern
þann er hingað árnar, whoever comes here, Sighvat, &Oacu
te;. H. 82. II.
[A. S. earnian, to earn; Germ, erndten], act. verb with acc. and
gen.: 1. with acc. to earn, get, Lat. impetrare; hvat &thor
n;ú árnaðir í
Jötunheima, Skm. 40; hon ... spurði, hvat hann árnar, ... wha
t he had
gained, how he had sped (of a wooer), Lv. 33; á. vel, to make a go
od
bargain, Fms. vi. 345: reflex., þykir vel árnast hafa, they
had made a
good bargain, Bret. 40. 2. with gen. of the thing, to intercede fo
r,
pray; á. e-m góðs, to pray for good to one, bless him; á. e-m íls, to
curse one, Fas. iii. 439; lífs, to intercede for one's life, M
agn. 532;
<PAGE NUM="b0045">
<HEADER>ÁRNAÐR -- ÁSMOÐR. 45</HEADER>
griða, id., Sturl. ii. 224; var þat flestra manna tillag
a, at á. Gizuri kvánfangsins,...
to favour him, to give him the bride, Fms. iv. 33; á. e-s
við Goð, to intercede for one with God (of Christ and the saints)
, Bs. i.
352. ii. 32.
árnaðr, m., theol. intercession, Th. 7. COMPDS: &aac
ute;rnaðar-maðr, m. an
intercessor, esp. of Christ and the saints, Magn. 504. árnaðar
-orð,
n. intercession, K. Þ. K. 76, Grág. ii. 166, Bs. i. 181.
árnan and -un, f. intercession, = árnaðr,
Fms. vi. 352, Bs. i. 180, Fbr.
126, 655 xii, Ver. 22, 625. 81.
árnandi, part, an intercessor, Fms. x. 318, Hom. 149.
ár-næmi, n. a Norse law term, perh. qs. örnæmi [n
ema], indemnity; á.
um skuldafar, N. G. L. i. 177, cp. 182.
árofi (arovi), a, m. a Norse law term; of doubtful origin, perh. a

kin
to oróf and öræfi, an aged witness, a freeborn man, bor
n and bred in the
district, who must have been at least twenty years of age at the death of
his father. He was produced as a witness (as an old document in modern
times) in lawsuits about local questions as to possession of landed property,
(cp. in mod. Icel. usage the witness of 'gamlir menn'); thus defined,--þ&a
acute;
skal hann fram fara óðalsvitni sín, arova þrjá, &
thorn;á er tvítugir vóru þá er
faðir þeirra varð dauðr, N. G. L. i. 87, (ok óðalbo
rnir í því fylki, add.
Gþl. 298); skal hann setja þar dóm sinn ok kveðja hann ja
rðar jafnt sem
hinn þar væri, ok leiða (produce) arova sína &thor
n;ar ok öll vitni, sem hinn
þar væri, N. G. L. i. 94.
ÁRR, m. [Ulf. airus; Hel. eru; A. S. ar; cp.
Icel. eyrindi, A. S. ærend,
Engl. errand], a messenger; old gen. árar (as ásar f
rom áss); dat. æri
(Fms. xi. 144); acc. pl. áru, Hkv. 1. 21, Og. 25, Greg. 35, later &aacute
;ra;
nom. pl. ærir, Pd. 35 (12th century), later árar, v. Lex. Poët
.: very rare
and obsolete in prose, except in a bad sense, but freq. in old poetry: also
used in the sense of a servant, Lat. minister, famulus; konungs &a
acute;rr, Guðs
árr, Lex. Poët.; Ásu úrr, Ýt. 25. 2. the
ol., in pl.: α. the angels;
Guð görir anda áru sína, Greg. 35; engla sveitir, þ
at eru ærir ok höfuð-ærir,
id. β. evil spirits; now almost exclusively used in this sens
e;
fjandinn ok hans árar, Fms. vii. 37; satan með sínum ár
um, ii. 137; cp.
djöfli, viti, ár (dat.) og álf, öldin trúði s
ú, Snót 140. γ. used of the
number eleven, ærir eru ellefu, Edda 108.
árr, adj., Lat. matutinus; at arum degi, Hom. 121. Cp. &aac
ute;r (adv.) II.
ár-risull, adj. one who rises early, Fms. vi. 241.
ár-salr and ársali, a, m. [a foreign word, introduce
d from Britain],
precious hangings of a bed, Eb. 262, Edda 18 (ársali); ársa
l allan, Gkv.
2. 26; allan ársala, Js. 78; an obsolete word. II. in the east of
Icel. ársali [ár, annona, and selja] means annual produc
e, the stores or
crop of a year.
ár-samr, adj. fertile, Ver. 17.
ár-sáinn, part. early sewed, Hm. 87.
ár-sima, n. metal wire, Eg. (in a verse). Cp. A. S. &aci

rc;r.
ár-skyld, f. yearly rent, D. N. iii. 195 (Fr.)
ár-sæli (and ársæld), f. a blessing o
n the year, plenty; svá var mikil
á. Hálfdanar, so great was the plenty during his reign, Fag
rsk. 2.
ár-sæll, adj. happy or blest in the year, fortunat
e as to season, an epithet
of a king; good or bad seasons were put on the king's account, cp. Fms.
i. 51, xi. 294; góðr höfðíngi ok á., i. 198; &
aacute;. ok vinsæll, Fagrsk. 2, Bret.
100; allra konunga ársælstr, Fms. x. 175.
ár-tal, n. tale or reckoning by years, Vþm. 23
, 25.
ár-tali, a, m. the year-teller, i. e. the moon (po&e
uml;t.), the heathen year
being lunar, Alvm. 15.
ár-tekja, u, f. yearly rent, D. N. iv. 231 (Fr.)
ár-tíð, n. the anniversary of a man's death, Bs.
i. 139, Fms. v. 121, ix.
534, Bret. 70, Blas. 51. COMPDS: ártíðar-dagr, m. id
., Vm. 116.
ártíðar-hald, n. an anniversary mass, B. K. 8, 2
5. ártíðar-skrá,
f. an obituary, Vm. 4, Ám. 45; some of the Icel. obituaries are pu
blished
in H. E. at the end of the 1st vol. and in Langeb. Scriptt. Rer. Dan.
ár-vakr, adj. (and árvekni, f. mod.), early awake
, early rising, Lv.
43, Sks. 19: the name of one of the horses of the Sun, Edda, Gm. 37.
ár-vænligr, adj. promising a good season, Sks. 335.
ár-vænn, adj. id., Fms. i. 92, ii. 76.
á-ræða, dd, to dare, have the courage to do, to attac
k, cp. ráða á., Sturl.
iii. 256.
á-ræði, n. courage, daring, pluck, Eg. i, Korm. 2
42, Al. 9, Nj. 258, Ísl.
ii. 325: attack, veita e-m á., to attack, Hom. 113. COMPDS:
áræðis-fullr,
adj. daring, Fas. i. 119. áræðis-lítill, a
dj. of small courage,
Hkr. ii. 79. áræðis-maðr, m. a bold man, Grett. 141
A, Fbr. 149.
áræðis-mikill, adj. daring, Sturl. iii. 21, Rd. 2
85. áræðis-raun,
f. proof of courage, pluck, Fms. vi. 166. áræðis-snar
r, adj. of great
courage, Al. 9.
a-ræðiligr, adj. and -liga, adv. [ráða, to
guess], likely, probable, Glúm.
385, Gísl. 60, Clem. 28. β. daring, dangerous, Fas. ii
i. 165. γ. ekki
áræðiligt = ekki árenniligt, not easy to face, Fm
s. viii. 64.
á-ræðinn, adj. daring, Sks. 299.
ása, að, a mod. sea term, to move the yard of a sail.
á-saka, að, to accuse, censure; with acc., Fms. ii. 174
, Bs. i. 786, Stj.
129, H. E. i. 500.
á-sakan and ásökun, f. a charge, censure, Fms. ii. 225, H. E. i. 404.
COMPOS: ásakanar-efni, n. a matter for censure, Th. 77. 
ásakanar-orð,
n. a word of reprimand, Stj. 500.
á-sakari, a, m. an accuser, Th. 76.
á-samt, adv. along with: 1. loc., in the phrase, ver
a á., to be together
(now saman), esp. of married people, Sturl. 199, Fms. i. 198, cp.
Skm. 7. β. koma á., to agree, (in mod. usage, koma vel
, illa, saman,
to be on good, bad terms); þat kom lítt á., they d
isagreed, Fms. iv.
369; þau kómu vel á., they lived happily together, of
married people, Nj.
25, (in mod. usage, þeim kom vel saman); kómu allar ræður
á. með
þeim, Eg. 750; svá sem þeim kemr á. (impers.), as i
s agreed on by
them, Jb. 116.
á-sannast, dep. to prove true, (mod. word.)
á-sauðr, ar, m. a ewe, Dipl. v. 10, Hrafn. 6, 8, Vm. 9.
á-sáld, n. a sprinkling, metaph. of a snow storm,
 Sturl. iii. 20.
á-sáttr, adj. part, agreed upon, Edda 10, Grá
g. i. 1.
ás-brú, f. the bridge of the Ases, the rainbow, Edda
.
ás-drengr, m. a pillar (drengr, a short pillar), N.
G. L. ii. 283.
ás-endi, a, m. theend of a beam, Ld. 280.
á-seta, u, f. a sitting upon, settlement, esp. = áb&
uacute;ð, tenure of a farm, Bs. i.
730. ásetu-garðr, m. (Icel. ábýlisjörð)

, a tenant's farm, D. N. iv. 581 (Fr.)
á-setning, f. a putting on, laying on; á. stolunnar,
the investment of...,
Fms. iii. 168: in mod. usage, masc. ásetningr, purpose, design;
 and also
ásetja, tt, to design.
ás-garðr, m. the residence of the gods (Ases), Edda; al
so the name of a
farm in the west of Icel.: the mod. Norse 'aasgaardsreid' is a corruption
from the Swed. åska, thunder.
ás-grindr, f. pl. the rails surrounding the ásgar&et
h;r, Edda 46.
á-sigling, f. a sailing upon, Gþl. 518, N. G. L. i. 6
5, ii. 283.
á-sjá (old form ásjó, Niðrst. 5, Hom. 35)
, f., gen. ásjá, the mod. gen.
úsjár seems only to occur in late or even paper MSS. I. 
a looking
after, help, protection; ætla til ásjá, to hope for i
t, Lv. 75, Ld. 42,
Fms. i. 289; biðja e-n ásjá, to ask one for help, protectio
n, Nj. 26 (Ed.
ásjár prob. wrongly); sækja e-n til ásjá, t
o seek one's help, Bs. i. 82 (ásjár
the paper MSS.) β. superintendence, inspection; með speki
ráðum ok
á., Fms. x. 178; með á. Magnúss konungs, Js. 23, Hom. 3
5. II.
one's look, appearance, shape, Fms. i. 97; í manns ásj&oacu
te;, in the shape of
man, Niðrst. 5 (= ásýnd). COMPD: ásjá-m&a
acute;l, n. pl. a matter worthy
of consideration, Ísl. ii. 159, Band. 15.
á-sjáligr, adj. handsome, pretty, Ísl. ii. 20
8, Art. 98.
á-sjón, f. superintendence, inspection, Js. 46; gen.
ásjónar, used as
adv. = eye's view (= sjónhending), in a straight direction,
Vm. 135.
á-sjóna (ásjána older form, Ld. 122, N
iðrst. 6), u, f. one's look, aspect,
countenance; líkami Njáls ok á., Nj. 208; kvenna v&aeli
g;nst bæði at ásjánu
(appearance) ok vitsmunum, Ld. 122; greppligr í á., ugly
looking, Fms.
i. 155; yfirbragð ok á., 216, Greg. 45. β. form, shape
; í þraels ásjánu
(in form like a slave) festr á kross, Niðrst. 6; andi Drottins
í dúfu á.,
in form like a dove, 686 B. 13; engill í eldligri á., Hom.
81, Eluc.
17. γ. = Lat. persona; eigi skaltú líta &aacut

e;. í dómi, Hom. 19 (non
accipies personam in judicio).
á-skelling, f. [skella á, to chide], chiding,
Niðrst. 6.
á-skilnaðr, m. [skilja á, to disagree], disco
rd, Fas. iii. 335, B. K. 121,
Stj. 13, 8. β. separation [skilja, to part], Stj. 130.
á-skoran, f. (áskora, u, f., Fagrsk. 171, bad readin
g?), an earnest
request, challenge, Nj. 258, Fs. 22, Boll. 342.
á-skot (áskaut, Sks. 416; áskeyti, Tho
m. 83), n. a shot at, only
used in pl.; at menn fái eigi mein af áskotum þeirra, by
their heavy fire
(of arrows), Fms. viii. 201; sva mikil á., at menn megi eigi í v&i
acute;gskörðum
vera, so hard shooting that..., Sks. l. c.
ás-kunnigr, adj. akin to the gods, Fm. 13.
á-skurðr, ar, m. carving, in wood or stone, Bs. i. 680.
β. carving
of meat, (mod.)
á-skynja, adj. ind., in the phrase, verða e-s á., used
in old writers in
the sense to learn, of arts or knowledge, á. íþr&oacu
te;tta, Fær. 46, Fms. ii.
270, Sks. 25, 53, 573; with dat., Fb. i. 462: now only used of news, to
bear, be aware; not of learning, sensû proprio.
á-skynjandi, part, id., Barl. 24.
ás-lákr, m., poët, a cock, Edda (Gl.): a pr. na
me, Fms., Landn.
á-sláttr, m. an attack; á. djöfuls, Hom.
68; mod. a feeler, a vague
proposition.
ás-liðar, m. pl. [liði, a champion], the champio
n of the Ases, Skm. 34.
ás-megin (ásmegn, Edda 15, 29), n. gener. the div
ine strength of the
Ases, but esp. used of Thor in the phrases, at færast í &aacute
;., vaxa á., neyta
á., when he displayed his strength as a god by grasping the hammer
Mjölnir, by putting on the gloves, or the girdle (megingjarðar, q. v.),
Edda 15, 60, 61, Hým. 31.
ás-megir, m. pl. = ásliðar, Vtkv. 7.
ás-móðr, m. the divine strength of Thor, shewn i
n his wrath by
thunder and lightning; því næst sá hann eldingar ok &t

horn;rumur stórar; sá
hann þá Þór í ásmóði, Edda 58
; the proper name Þormóðr is equivalent
to ásmóðr, cp. Landn. 307 (the verse).
<PAGE NUM="b0046">
<HEADER>46 ÁSOKN -- ÁSYNIS.</HEADER>
á-sókn, f. an impetuous unreasonable desire after a thin
g, (common
word.)
á-spyrna, u, f. a pressing against with the feet, Grett. (i
n a verse).
ás-ríki, n. the power of the Ases, Kristni S. Bs. 10
.
ÁSS, m. [Ulf. ans = GREEK; cp. Lat. asser, a pole
], gen. áss, dat. ási,
later ás, pl. ásar, acc. ása: 1. a pole, a main r
after, yard; α.
of a house; selit var gört um einn as, ok stóðu út af &aa
cute;sendarnir, Ld. 280;
Nj. 115, 202; drengja við ása langa (acc. pl.), Fms. vii. 54, Sks. 42
5, Pm.
11, Dipl. iii. 8, Hom. 95; sofa undir sótkum ási, Hkr. i. 43; cp.
Caes.
Bell. Gall. 5. ch. 36, Fs. 62: in buildings áss gener. means the main
beam,
running along the house, opp. to bitar, þvertré, a cross-beam, v. mæniráss,
brúnáss, etc.: the beams of a bridge, Fms. ix. 512; in a sh
ip, beitiáss, a
yard of a sail: also simply called áss, Ýt. 23, Fs. 113; vind&
aacute;ss, a windlass
(i. e. windle-ass, winding-pole). 2. metaph. a rocky ridge,
Lat. jugum,
Eg. 576, Fms. viii. 176. Ás and Ásar are freq. local names in Icel
and and
Norway. COMPD: áss-stubbi, a, m. the stump of a beam, Sd. 1
25.
ÁSS, m. [that the word existed in Goth, may be inferred from the
words of Jornandes--Gothi proceres suos quasi qui fortunâ vincebant non
pares homines sed semideos, id est Anses, vocavere. The word appears
in the Engl. names Osborn, Oswald, etc. In old German pr. names with
n, e. g. Ansgâr, A. S. Oscar: Grimm suggests a kinship between &aac
ute;ss,
pole, and áss, deus; but this is uncertain. In Icel. at lea
st no such
notion exists, and the inflexions of the two words differ. The old gen.
asar is always used in the poems of the 10th century, Korm. 22 (in a
verse), etc.; dat. æsi, in the oath of Glum (388), later ás; nom. p
l.
æsir; acc. pl. ásu (in old poetry), æsi (in prose). The old d
eclension
is analogous to árr; perhaps the Goth, form was sounded ansus; it
certainly was sounded different from ans, GREEK]:--the Ases, gods,

either
the old heathen gods in general, or esp. the older branch, opp. to the new
one, the dî ascripti, the Vanir, q. v., Edda 13 sqq. β.
the sing, is used
particularly of the different gods, e. g. of Odin; ölverk Ásar, t
he brewing
of the As (viz. Odin), i. e. poetry, Korm. 208 (in a verse); of Loki,
Bragi, etc.; but GREEK it is used of Thor, e. g. in the heathen
oaths, segi ek þat Æsi (where it does not mean Odin), Glúm. 3
88;
Freyr ok Njörðr ok hinn almátki Áss, Landn. (Hb.) 258: in
Swed. åska
means lightning, thunder, qs. ás-ekja, the driving of the As, viz. Thor:
áss as a prefix to pr. names also seems to refer to Thor, not Odin, e. g.
Ásbjörn = Þorbjörn, Asmóðr = Þorm&oacute
;ðr (Landri. 307 in a verse). In
Scandinavian pr. names áss before the liquid r assumes a t,
and becomes
ást (Ástríðr, not Ásríðr; Ástr
áðr = Ásráðr); and sometimes even before
an l, Ástlákr -- Áslákr, Fb. i. 190; Á
stleifr -- Ásleifr, Fms. xi. (Knytl. S.)
COMPDS: ása-gisling, f. hostage of the Ases, Edda 15. &a
acute;sa-heiti,
n. a name of the Ases, Edda (Gl.) Ása-Þorr, m. Tho
r the As 'par
excellence,' Edda 14, Hbl. 52. ása-ætt, f. the race o
f Ases, Edda 7.
áss, m. [a French word], the ace at dice, in the game kv&aa
cute;tra, q. v., Sturl.
ii. 95, Orkn. 200: mod. also the ace in cards.
ÁST, f., old form &aolig;st, [Ulf. ansts = GREEK; A. S. 
est or æst; O. H. G.
anst; old Fr. enst; cp. unna (ann), to love]:--love, aff
ection; mikla ást
hefir þú sýnt við mik, Eg. 603; fella ást til e-s
, to feel love to, Sturl. i.
194, Fms. x. 420; líkamleg ást, 656 A. ii. 15, Ver. 47: with the a
rticle,
ástin, or ástin mín, my dear, darling, pet, love, a
term of endearment
used by husband to wife or parents to child; her er nú ástin m&iac
ute;n, Sighvatr
bóndi, Sturl. ii. 78. β. in pl. love between man and woman
, the affection
between man and wife; vel er um ástir okkar, sagði hón, Nj
. 26; takast
þar ástir miklar, Ld. 94 (of a newly-wedded pair), 298: love of
a woman,
þá mælti Frigg, ok spurði hverr sá væri me&e
th; Ásum er eignast vildi ástir
hennar ok hylli, Edda 37: metaph. the white spots on the nails are called
ástir, since one will have as many lovers as there are spots, Ísl.
Þjóðs.,
Fél. ix; vide elska, which is a more common word. COMPDS: ástafundr,
m. = ástarfundr, Lex. Poët. ásta-lauss, adj. lovele

ss, Helr. 5.
ástar-andi, a, m. spirit of love, H. E. i. 470. á
star-angr, m. grief
from love, Str. 55. ástar-atlot, n. pl. = ástarh&oacute
;t. ástar-augu, n.
pl. loving eyes, v. auga; renna, lita ástaraugum til e-s, to lo
ok with loving
eyes, Fms. xi. 227, Ísl. ii. 199. ástar-ákefð, f. passion, Str. ástar-band,
n. band of love, 656 C. 37. ástar-brími, a, m. fe
rvent love, Flov.
36. ástar-bruni, a, m. ardent love, Stj. ástar-el
dr, m. fire of love,
Bs. i. 763, Greg. 19. ástar-fundr, m. affectionate meeting,
Fms. xi.
310. ástar-gyðja, u, f, the goddess of love (Venus), Ed
da (pref.)
149, Al. 6. ástar-harmr, m. grief from love, Stj. 4. &aa
cute;star-hirting,
f. chastisement of love, 671 C. ástar-hiti, a, m. passio
n,
Greg. 19. ástar-hót, n. pl. the shewing kindness and lov
e, Pass. 12.
23 (sing.) ástar-hugi, a, and -hugr, ar, m. love, affect
ion, Bs. i. 446,
Fms. i. 34, Stj. 126. ástar-hygli, f. [hugall], devotion, B
s. i. 48.
ástar-ilmr, m. sweetness of love, Str. ástar-kve&
eth;ja, u, f. hearty
greeting, Sturl. ii. 185. ástar-kveikja, u, f. a kindler of
love, Al.
57. ástar-logi, a, m. flame of love, Hom. 67. ást
ar-mark, n.
token of love, Greg. 46. ástar-orð, n. pl. words of
love; mæla ástar
orðum til e-s, to speak in words breathing love, 655 xxxi. &aacute
;star-pallr,
m. step of love, 656 A. i. 10. ástar-reiði, f. anger
from love,
Sks. 672. ástar-samband, n. band of love, Stj. ás
tar-sigr,
m. victory of love, Str. ástar-sætleikr, m. sweetn
ess of love, Hom.
13. ástar-várkunn, f. compassion, sympathy, Greg. 72
. ástar-vekka,
u, f. the dew of love (poët.), Hom. 68. ástar-verk, n.
charity,
Sks. 672, Magn. 468. ástar-vél, f. Ars Amatoria, of
Ovid so called,
Str. 6. ástar-vili, ja, m. desire, passion, Str. 27. &aa
cute;star-vængr, m.
wing of love, Hom. 48. ástar-þjónusta, u, f. service of love, Hom. 2,
Fms. ii. 42. ástar-þokki, a, m. affection for, inclinatio
n, of a loving
pair, Fms. ii. 99, Fær. 63. ástar-æði, n. fury
of love, Bær. 7.
á-staða, u, f. [standa á], an insisting upon, An
n. 1392, Thom. 37.

á-stand, n. state, (mod. word.)
ást-blindr, adj. blind from love, Lex. Poët.
ást-bundinn, part. in bonds of love, Str. 36, 55.
á-stemma (&aolig;stemma), u, f. damming a river, D. I. i. 2
80.
ást-fólginn, part. beloved, dear to one's heart, warmly
beloved; á.
e-m, Fms. vi. 45, xi. 3.
ást-fóstr, rs, m. love to a foster-child, (also used
metaph.) in phrases
such as, leggja á. við e-n, to foster with love, as a pet chil
d, Fms. iii. 90;
fæða e-n ástfóstri, to breed one up with fatherly car
e, x. 218.
ást-gjöf, f., theol. grace, gift; á. Heilags An
da, Skálda 210, Skv. i. 7,
Andr. 63; in pl., Magn. 514.
ást-goði, a, m. a darling, good genius; hann þ&oa
cute;tti öllum mönnum á.,
he (viz. bishop Paul) was endeared to all hearts, Bs. i. 137: the
old Ed.
reads ástgóði, endearment, which seems less corr
ect, v. goði: goði in
the sense of good genius is still in use in the ditty to the Icel. game
'goða-tafl' (heima ræð eg goða minn).
ást-hollr, adj. affectionate, Sks. 687 B.
ást-hugaðr, adj. part, dearly loving, Njarð. 380.
á-stig, n. a treading upon, Sks. 400, 540: a step, 6
29.
ást-igr, adj., contr. forms ástgir, ástgar, etc., dear, lovely, Vsp. 17.
ást-kynni, n. a hearty welcome, Am. 14.
ást-kærr, adj. dearly beloved.
ást-lauss, adj. loveless, heartless, = ástalauss, Ho
m. 43.
ást-leysi, n. want of love, unkindness, Hrafn. 5.
ást-menn, m. pl. dearly beloved friends, Sturl. 1. 183, Hkr
. iii. 250,
Stj. 237, Blas. 44.
ást-meer, f. a darling girl, sweetheart, Flov. 28.
ást-ráð, n. kind (wise) advice, Fms. ii. 12 (iro

nically), Skálda 164,
Hom. 108, Hým. 30.
á-stríða, u, f. passion, (mod. word.)
ást-ríki, n. paternal love; in the phrase, ekki haf&
eth;i hann á. mikit af föður
sínum, i. e. he was no pet child, Fms. iii. 205, Ld. 132; á
. Drottins, 655 v. 2.
ást-ríkr, adj. full of love; á. Faðir, of
God, Mar. 3, 24.
ást-samliga, adv. (and -ligr, adj.), affectionately,
Hkr. iii. 250, Fms.
ix. 434, Fas. i. 91, 655 xxvii. 25, Sks. 12, Sturl. i. 183, Hom. i, Stj.
ást-samr, adj. id., Hom. 58, Sks. 12.
ást-semð, f. love, affection, Hkr. iii. 261, Fms. x. 40
9: ástsemðar-ráð,
n. = ástráð, Sks. 16, Anecd. 30: ástsemðar-verk,
 n. a work of love,
Sks. 673: ástsemðar-vinátta, u, f. loving friendship
, Sks. 741.
ást-snauðr, adj. without love, Lex. Poët.
ást-sæld, f. the being loved by all, popularity, &Iac
ute;b. 16.
ást-sæll, adj. beloved by all, popular, Íb. 16
, Fms. xi. 317.
á-stunda, að, to study, take pains with, H. E. i. 504,
514.
á-stundan, f. pains, care, devotion, Fms. i. 219; hafa &aac
ute;. (inclination)
til Guðs, Bær. 12; til illra hluta, Stj. 55, Sks. 349, 655 xxxii, Thom
. 335.
ást-úð, f. [properly ásthúð, C
lem. 40, contr. from ást-hugð, from
hugr or hygð, cp. ölúð, þverúð, harðu&e
th;, kind, stubborn, hard disposition;
v. A. S. hydig], love, affection, Rb. 390. COMPDS: ást&u
acute;ðar-frændsemi,
f. affectionate kinship, Sturl. ii. 81. ástúðar-vinr
, m. a dear
friend, Fms. vi. 198, v. l. aldavinr, a dear old friend.
ást-úðigr, adj. loving, Eg. 702, Fms. i. 55: as
neut., ástúðigt er með
e-m, they are on friendly terms, Ld. 236.
ást-úðligr, adj. lovely, Fms. vi. 19, Bs. i. 74,
Stud. i. 2: as neut., á.
er með e-m, to be on terms of love, Lax. 162.
ást-vina, u, f. a dear (female) friend, Thom. 14.

ást-vinátta, u, f. intimate friendship, Eg. 728.
ást-vinr, ar, m. a dear friend; Þórólfr
gekk til fréttar við Þór ástvin
sinn, Eb. 8, Fms. i. 58, Thom. 10.
ást-þokki, a, m. = ástarþokki, Fms. vi. 341.
á-stæði, n. [standa á], no doubt a bad reading, E
g. 304: cp. ástæða,
u, f. (a mod. word), argument, reason.
Ás-ynja, u, f. a goddess, the fem, of Áss; Æsi
r ok Ásynjur, Vtkv. i,
Edda 21.
á-sýn, f. countenance, presence; kasta e-m burt fr&a
acute; sinni á., Stj. 651:
appearance, shape, Hom. 155; dat. pl. used as adv., hversu var hann
ásýnum, how did he look? Hom. 91; ágætr at &ae
lig;tt ok á., fair of race and
noble, Hkr. i. 214: gen. sing, used as adv., minna ásýnar, 
apparently less,
Grág. ii. 29. 2. metaph. a view, opinion; með rangri &a
acute;., Sks. 344.
á-sýna, ð, to shew, Fms. v. 345.
á-sýnd, f. = ásýn, and dat. pl. and gen. sing
, used in the same way, v.
above, Fms. i. 101, v. 345, x. 228, Fs. 4, Ld. 82: metaph. the face, of
the earth, Stj. 29, 276.
á-sýnis, adv. apparently, Sturl. i. 1, Fms. x. 284.
<PAGE NUM="b0047">
<HEADER>ÁSYNT -- ÁVERK. 47</HEADER>
á-sýnt, n. adj. [sjá á], to be seen, visib
le; ef eigi verðr á., if no marks
(of the blow) can be seen, Grág. ii. 15; þat er á
., evident, Sks. 185.
á-sækni, n. (ásækinn, adj. vexatious), vexation, Finnb. 240.
á-sælast, d, dep. (ásælni, f.), á. e-n,
to covet another man.
á-sætni, f. [sitja], tarrying long, Ísl. ii. 4
40 (of a tiresome guest).
ÁT, n. [éta, át, edere, A. S. &aelig-acute
;t], the act of eating, in the phrase, at
öldri ok at áti, inter bibendum et edendum, Grág. ii.
170, N. G. L. i. 29;
át ok drykkja, Fas. ii. 552, Orkn. 200; át ok atvinna, Stj. 143: o
f beasts,
kýr hafnaði átinu, the cow (being sick) would not eat,
Bs. i. 194.
áta, u, f. 1. food to eat, but only of beasts, a
prey, carcase; húð
ok áta, of a slaughtered beast, N. G. L. i. 246; svá er þar
ekki þrot
ærinnar átu (for seals), Sks. 176; þar stóð &uacut
e;lfr í átu, Jd. 31. 2.
eating; góðr átu, 'good eating,' Sks. 136, 137.
3. medic. a cancer,
and átu-mein, n. id., Fél. ix. 190; the old word is eta, q.
v. COMPD:
átu-þýfi, n. a law term, eatable things stolen, Gr&aa
cute;g. ii. 192.
á-tak, n. (átaka, u, f., Hom. 17), [taka á],
touching: gen. átaks, soft,
hard, etc. to the feeling; svá á. sem skinn, Flov. 31, Magn
. 522: medic.
touching, v. læknishendr, Stj. 248: pl. grips, át&oum
l;k ok sviptingar, in
wrestling, Fas. iii. 503, Fms. xi. 442.
á-tala, u, f. [telja á, incusare,], a rebuke, rep
rimand, N. G. L. i. 309;
esp. in pl., Fms. v. 103, ix. 384, Hkr. ii. 6, Fær. 218: át&ouml
;lu-laust, n.
adj. undisputed, Jb. 251.
átan, n. [cp. úátan], an eatable, N. G. L. i.
19.
á-tekja, u, f. (átekt, f., Fbr. 151, Thom. 273), pro
p. touching; in pl.
metaph. disposition for or against a thing, liking or disliking
, Bjarn. 54
(cp. taka vel, illa á e-u).
á-tekning, f. touching, Stj. 35.
át-frekr, adj. greedy, voracious, Hkv. 2. 41.
át-girni, f. greediness of food, Hom. 72, and átgjar
n, adj. greedy.
átján, older form áttján, as shewn by
assonances such as, áttján
Haraldr sáttir, Fms. vi. 159, in a verse of the middle of the 11th
century [Swed. adertan; Dan. atten; Engl. eighteen; Germ. a
chtzehn]:-eighteen, Edda 108, Hkr. ii. 289, N. G. L. i. 114.
átjándi, older form áttjándi, eight
eenth, Hom. 164, N. G. L. i. 348.
átján-sessa, u, f. [cp. tvítug-, þrítug
sessa], a ship having eighteen rowing benches, Fms. ix. 257, xi. 56.
á-troð, n. (átroði, a, m., Hom. 95), a treading
upon, Magn. 468:
metaph. intrusion, Hom. 95.
á-trúnaðr, ar, m. [trúa á], belief, cr
eed, religion; forn á., the old
(heathen) faith, Nj. 156, Fms. v. 69, K. Á. 62, Joh. 62
3. 18, Eb. 12:
átrúnaðar-maðr, m. a believer, [trúma
ðr], Andr. 66.
ÁTT, f. a family, race, v. ætt and compds.
ÁTT and ætt, f., pl. áttir and ættir [Ge
rm. acht = Lat. ager, praedium,
a rare and obsolete word in Germ.], plaga caeli, quarter; just as quar
ter
 refers to the number four, so átt seems to refer to eight: átt properly
means that part of the horizon which subtends an arc traversed by the sun
in the course of three hours; thus defined, -- meðan sól veltist urn
átta ættir,
Sks. 54; ok þat eru þá þrjár stundir dags er s&o
acute;l veltist um eina sett, id.;
the names of the eight áttir are, útnorðr á., northwest; norðr á., north;
 landnorðr á., north-east; austr a., east; landsu&e
th;r á., south-east; suðr á.,
south; útsuðr á., south-west; vestr á., west; four of which (the compounds)
are subdivisions; átt is therefore freq. used of the four only, Loki g&ou
ml;rði
þar hús ok fjórar dyrr, at hann mátti sjá &oac
ute;r húsinu í allar áttir, ... to all
(i. e. four) sides, Edda 39: or it is used generally, from all sid
es, þá drífr
snær ór öllum áttum, Edda 40; drífa þeir t
il ór öllum áttum (= hvaðanæva), Hkr. i. 33; norðrætt, Edda 4, 23; hence a mod. verb &aac
ute;tta, að;
á. sik, to find the true quarter, to set oneself right, cp. Fr. s'orienter.
 COMPDS: átta-skipan, f. a division of the átt,
Sks. 37. átta-skipti,
n. id. átta-viltr, adj. bewildered.
ÁTTA, card, number [Sansk. ashtan; Goth, ahtau; Gr.
GREEK ; Lat.
octo; A. S. eahta; Germ, acht], eight, Landn. 73, E
dda 108.
áttandi and áttundi, old form átti, or
d. number eighth, Lat. octavus;
 við (hinn) átta mann, Landn. 304; hálfr átti t&oum
l;gr, Clem. 47; átti dagr
Jóla, Fms. iii. 137, Rb. 8, K. Á. 152, 218. The form áttand
i occurs early,
esp. in Norse writers, N. G. L. i. 10, 348, 350, Sks. 692 B: in Icel. writers
with changed vowel áttundi, which is now the current form, Mar. 656 A. i,
Hkr. ii. 286, where the old vellum MS. Ó. H. 173 has átta.
áttar- (the compd form of ætt, a family), v. æt
t.
átta-tigir (mod. áttatíu as an indecl. single
word), eighty, Landn.
123, Edda 108; vide tigr.
átta-tugasti, the eightieth, Sturl. ii. 156 C, = átt
ugandi, q. v.
átt-bogi and ættbogi, a, m. lineage, Landn. 35
7, Eluc. 26, Stj. 425,
Fms. i. 287, Post. 686 B. 14.
átt-feðmingr, m. measuring eight fathoms, Vm. 80, Am. 6
0.
átt-hagi, a, m. one's native place, home, country, where on
e is bred and
born; í átthaga sinum, Ld. 40, Fs. 61: freq. in pl.
átt-hyrndr, adj. octagonal, Alg. 368.
átt-jörð and ættjörð, f. -- &aacute
;tthagi, Ísl. ii. 186, A. A. 252: in mod.
usage = Lat. patria, and always in the form ætt-.
átt-konr, m., poët. kindred, Ýt. 21.
átt-leggr and ættleggr, m. lineage, Stj. 44.
átt-lera, adj. degenerate, v. ættlera.
átt-mælt, n. adj. name of a metre, a verse containing eight
lines, each
being a separate sentence, Edda (Ht.) 125.
átt-niðr, m. kindred, Hým. 9.
átt-runnr, m., poët. kindred, Hým. 20.
átt-ræðr, adj. [for the numbers twenty to seve
nty the Icel, say tvítugr,
... sjautugr; but for eighty to one hundred and twenty, átt
ræðr, níræðr,
tíræðr, tólfræðr]. 1. temp, numberin
g eighty years of age, (hálfáttræðr, that of seventy-six to eighty): á
. karl, an octogenarian, Ld. 150.
Eighty years of age is the terminus ultimus in the eyes of the law; an
octogenarian is no lawful witness; he cannot dispose of land or priesthood (goðorð) without the consent of his heir; if he marries without the
consent of his lawful heir, children begotten of that marriage are not to
inherit his property, etc.; ef maðr kvángast er á. er eðr
ellri, etc., Grág. i.
178; á. maðr né ellri skal hvárki selja land né
gorðorð undan erfingja sinum,

nema hann megi eigi eiga fyrir skuld, 224; ef maðr nefnir vátta ... m
ann
tólf vetra gamlan eðr ellra ... áttröðan eðr yngr
a, ii. 20. 2. loc.
measuring eighty fathoms (ells ...) in height, breadth, depth ...:
also of a
ship with eighty oars [cp. Germ, ruder], Eg. 599, Vm. 108; vide &a
acute;ttærr.
átt-stafr, m., poët. kindred, Hkv. I. 54.
attugandi = áttatugasti, Stj. (MS. 227), col. 510.
áttungr, m. I. [atta], the eighth part of a whole, e
ither as to
measure or number; cp. fjórðungr, þriðjungr, etc., Rb. 488;
á. manna,
N. G. L. i. 5: as a Norse law term, a division of the country with regard
to
the levy in ships, Gþl. 91, N. G. L. i. 135. II. [átt or &ae
lig;tt, familia],
poét. kindred, kinsman; Freys á., the poem Hlt., Edda 13, &
Yacute;t. 13, 14,
Al. 98 (esp. in pl.), v. Lex. Poët.: áttungs-kirkja, u, f. a church belonging to an áttungr (in Norway), N. G. L. i. 8.
átt-vísi and ættvísi, f. genealogica
l knowledge or science, Skálda 161,
169, Bárð. 164, Bs. i. 91, Fms. vii. 102; the áttvísi f
ormed a part of the
old education, and is the groundwork of the old Icel. historiography,
esp. of the Landnarna.
átt-æringr, m. an eight-oared boat (now proncd. &aacu
te;ttahringr), Vm. 109.
átt-ærr, adj. [ár, remus], having eight oar
s, Eg. 142, 600 A.
át-vagl, in. a glutton, Germ. freszbauch.
á-valr, adj. round, sloping, semi-rotundus; cp. síva
lr, rotundus [from
völr or from oval (?)]; it seems not to occur in old writers.
áv-alt and ávallt, adv. always, Lat. sempe
r, originally of-allt (from
allr)= in all; but as early as the 12th century it was sounded as ofvalt
or
ávalt, which may be seen from this word being used in alliteration to 
v in
poems of that time, þars á valt er vísir bj&oa
cute;, Kt. 16; vestu á valt at trausti,
Harmsól verse 59; styrktu of valt til verka, Leiðarv. 3
4 (the MS. reads
ávalt): even Hallgrim in the 17th century says, víst &aacut
e; valt þeim vana
halt | vinna, lesa ok iðja. In MSS. it is not unfreq. spelt ofvalt, a
s a single
word, e. g. Bs. i. 150-200; yet in very early times the word seems to have
assumed the present form ávalt, proncd. á-valt, as if from &aac
ute; and valr: ofalt,
of allt, Orkn. 90, Fms. v. 205, Fbr. 77, 87, Fær. 22: of valt, Eluc. 3, Bs
. i.
349, Fms. v. 160: ávalt or ávallt, freq. in the old miracle book,
-- Bs. i-335,
343, 344, 345, 351, Hom. MS. Holm. p. 3, Hoin. (MS. 619), 129, Grág.
(Kb.) 116, Landn. 86, Fms. xi. 112, etc. etc., -- through all the Sagas and
down to the present day: cp. the mod. alltaf (per metath.), adv. always.
á-vani, a, m. habits, (mod. word.)
á-vant, n. adj. in the phrase, e-s er á., wanted, needed
, missed, Ld. 26,
Hkr. ii. 34, Korm. 92.
á-varðr, adj. [from á- intens. and verja, part, vari&et
h;r, contr. varðr, protectus], an interesting old word; with dat., a. e-m, protected by one, but
only used of a man in relation to the gods, in the phrase, goðum ávar
ðr,
a client or darling of the gods, used as early as by Egil, Ad. 20,
and also
three or four times in prose; at hann mundi Frey (dat.) svá a. fyrir
blótin, at hann mundi eigi vilja at freri á milli þeirra, G&
iacute;sl. 32; skilja
þeir at þeir ern mjök ávarðir goðunum, Ró
m. 292; so also of God, ef
hann væri svá á. Guði, sem hann ætlaði, Bs. i.
464.
á-varp, n. (cp. verpa tölu á, to count): 1. a computation, calculation, in
round numbers; þat var á. manna, at fyrir Norðnesi mundi eigi f
æra falla
en þrjú hundruð manna, Fms. viii. 143, x. 64, 139; kallaðr
ekki vænn maðr
at ávarpi flestra manna, in the suggestion, account of most people, Bs. i.
72. 2. in mod. usage, an address, accosting, Lat. allocutio; and ávarpa,
að, to address, Lat. alloqui; cp. the old phrase, verpa or&eth
;i á e-n, alloqui.
á-vaxta, að, to make to wax greater, make productive: o
f money, a. fé,
to put out to interest, Nj. III: pass. -ask, to increase, Fms. i.
137, Stj. 12.
á-vaxtan, f. a making productive, Stj. 212.
ávaxt-lauss, adj. unproductive, barren, Al. 50.
á-vaxtsamligr, adj. (and -liga, adv.), productive, H
om. 10.
ávaxt-samr, adj. , productive, Stj. 77, 94: metaph., H. E.
i. 513.
á-ván, f. (now ávæningr, m.), a fain
t expectation or hint; segja e-m
á. e-s, to give some hint about it, Grág. ii. 244.
á-veiðr, f. river fishery, D. I. i. 280.
á-verk, n. I. as a law term, a blow (drep); thus def
ined, -- þat
er drep annat er á. heitir ef maðr lýstr mann svá at bl
átt eðr rautt verðr
eptir, eðr þrútnar hörund eðr stökkr undan hold,
eðr hrýtr ór munni eðr
ór nösum eðr undan nöglum, Grág. ii. 15; the lesser
sort of drep (blow),
<PAGE NUM="b0048">
<HEADER>48 AVERKI -- B.</HEADER>
14; but in general use áverk includes every bodily lesion, a colle
ctive expression for wounds and blows (sár and drep); lýsa s&aolig
;r eðr drep ok kveða á hver á. eru, i. 35; bauð h&uacu
te;skarlinn honum í móti öxi ok á., Bs. i. 341, vide &
aacute;verki below. II. in pl. work in a household; göra br&u
acute;ar ok vinna þau á., Grág. ii. 277: of unlawful
work, e.g. cutting trees in another man's forest; verðr hann þá
útlagr þrem mörkum ok sex aura á., ef hann veit eigi,
at þeir eigu báðir, 292.
á-verki, a, m. I. a law term, lesion in general, pro
duced by a weapon or any deadly instrument, more general than the neut.; l&yacut
e;si ek mér á hönd allan þann áverka; ... s&aacu
te;r, ef at sárum görist; víg, ef at vígi görist,
Grág. ii. 32, Nj. 86, Fær. 223, Sturl. i. 148. II. (Norse)
the plant of a household, produce of a farm; landskyld heimilar ló
ð (Lat. fundus) ok allan áverka þann er í kaup &t
horn;eirra kom, ... as agreed upon between landlord and tenant, Gþl
. 329; skipta görðum eptir jarðarhöfn (Lat. fundus) ok
öllum áverka (including buildings, fences, crop, etc.), 380;
skal hann löggarð göra ... ok vinna þann áverka &aacu
te; landi hins þar er hvárki sé akr né eng, 277. &bet
a;. unlawful; útlegð ok sex aura áverki, Grág. ii. 296;
hvervetna þar sem maðr hittir á. í mörk sinni, &th
orn;á skal hann burt taka at ósekju, Gþl. 363. COMPDS: &a
acute;verka-bót, f. compensation for an averki (II. β.),
Gþl. 363. áverka-drep, n. a stroke, blow producing &a
acute;verki (I.), Grág. ii. 16. áverka-maðr, m. a pe
rpetrator of an áverki (I.), Grág. ii. 13. áverka-m&
aacute;l, n. an action concerning averki (I.), Grág. ii. 96, N
j. 100.
á-viðris, mod. áveðra (áveðras
amr, adj.), adv. on the weather side, Fms. viii. 340, 346, 378.
á-vinna, vann, to win, make profit, v. vinna á.
á-vinningr, m. profit, gain, Fms. xi. 437, Gþl. 212.
á-vinnt, n. adj. a naval term, prob. from the phrase, vinda &aacut
e; e-n, to turn upon one in a rowing race, or of giving way in a sea-figh
t; ef Orminum skal því lengra fram leggja sem hann er lengri en &ou
ml;nnur skip, þá mun á. um söxin, ... then they in t
he bow will have a hard pull, will be hard put to it, Fms. ii. 308, Thom. 17
, 58; þá görðist þeim á. er næstir l&aa
cute;gu, their ranks begun to give way, Sturl. iii. 66 (of a sea-fight);
ætla ek þat mund er ek renn frá Haraldi unga, at yðr afbu
rðarmönnum mun á. þykkja eptir at standa, Orkn. 474.
á-virðing, f. blame, fault.
á-vist, f. abode, = ábúð, Bs. i. 725.
á-vita, adj. ind. in the phrase, verða e-s á., to be
come aware of, learn, Andr. 623. 80, Fms. x. 171; á. mannvits eð
r íþrótta, Sks. 26.
á-vitull, m. a law term, the indicia of a thing; skuli &tho
rn;eir rannsaka allt; ok svá göra þeir, ok finna þar &ou
ml;ngan ávitöl (acc.), Fær. 186; grunar hann nú, at ker
ling muni hafa fengit nokkurn (MS. wrongly nokkura, acc. fem.) ávital, hv
err maðr hann er, Thom. 158.
á-víga, adj. ind. in the phrase, verða á., of a
chief on whose side most people are killed in a battle, in respect to the pairin
g off of the slain in the lawsuit that followed; þat vóru lög
þá, þar at (in the case that) menn féllu jafnma
rgir, at þat skyldi kalla jamvegit (they should be paired off, no
compensation, or 'wergeld,' should be paid, and no suit begun), þót
t manna munr þætti vera; en þeir er á. urðu skyldi
kjósa mann til eptir hvern mæli skyldi, Glúm. 383; vide Sir
Edm. Head, p. 93.
á-vísa, að, to point at, indicate, Lex. Poë
t.
á-vísan, f. an intimation, indication, Stj. 78 (of instinct), Fas. iii. 541; epitaphium þat er á., 732. 15.
á-vít, [víti], n. pl., ávítan,
f., Thom. 246, Th. 19 (mod. ávítur, f. pl.), a reprimand
, rebuke, castigation; ávíta, gen. pl., Fær. 23; bera &a
acute;vít (acc. pl.), Sks. 541, Hkr. ii. 200, Hom. 43. COMPDS: &aacute
;víta-laust, n. adj. blameless, Sks. 802, Hom. 160. &aacut
e;víta-samligr and ávít-samligr, adj. blamabl
e, Sks. 577. ávít-samr, adj. chiding, severe, zealo
us, Bs. i. 392, Greg. 64.
á-víta, að, to chide, rebuke; á. e-n, Fs.
58; á. e-n um e-t, Fms. x. 372, Landn. 51; á. e-t (acc. of the th
ing), Bs. i. 766: pass., Hom. 84.
á-væni, n. (ávæningr, m.) = áván,
Gþl. 51.
á-vöxtr, ar, m., dat. ávexti, acc. pl. ávö
xtu (mod. ávexti), prop. 'on-wax,' 'on-growth,' i.e. fru
it, produce, growth, Stj. 35, Fms. ix. 265: metaph., á. kviðar &t
horn;íns, 655 xiii. β. metaph. interest, rent [cp. Gr. GREEK]
, Grág. i. 195; verja fé til ávaxtar, Fms. v. 194, 159, iii
. 18: gain, Bs. i. 141. COMPDS: ávaxtar-lauss, adj. unp
roductive, Grág. i. 173, Fms. x. 221. ávaxtar-tíund,
 f. a Norse law term, a sort of income tax, opp. to höfuðt&i
acute;und; nú er hverr maðr skyldr at göra tíund s&aacute
; er fjár má afla, bæði h. (tithe on capital) ok
á. (tithe on interest), N. G. L. i. 346.
á-þekkr, adj. similar, Fms. ii. 264, xi. 6, Vsp. 39.
á-þétti, n. or áþéttr, ar,
m. a law term in the COMPD áþéttis-orð or &aa
cute;þéttar-orð, n. defamatory language, invective,
liable to the lesser outlawry, Grág. (Sb.) ii. 143, Valla L. 204.
á-þjá, ð, to oppress, Eg. 8, Fms. i. 21.
á-þján, f. oppression, tyranny, oppressive rule, Eg. 14, 47, Fms. v. 26: servitude, heavy-burdens (= álögur
), vii. 75, x. 416 (where áþjánar, pl.), Sks. 79, v.l. (c
oercion). COMPD: áþjánar-ok, n. the yoke of ty
ranny, Al. 7.
á-þrætni, f. mutual strife, Stj. MS. 227, col.
491.
á-þyngd, f. exaction, oppression, Js. 13.
á-þyngja, d, á. e-m, to oppress one.
á-þyngsli, n. a burden, (mod. word.)
B (bé) is the second letter. In the Phenician (Hebrew) alphabet th
e three middle mutes, b, g, d, etc., follow in unbroken order after a. In the Greek the same order is kept; in Latin, and hence in all European al
phabets, a confusion arose, first, by giving to the UNCERTAIN (the old Greek gam
ma) the value of k (c), and thereby throwing g out of its o
riginal place: secondly, by placing e and F (identical in form wit
h UNCERTAIN, the old Greek digamma) immediately after the d; thus, instea
d of the old Greek (and Hebrew) a, b, g, d, e, f, we got a, b, c, d, e
, f, g, etc. In the old Slavonian alphabet v (vidil) was inserted bet
ween the b and g (Grimm Introd. to lit. B). In the old Runic alpha
bet the order became still more disjointed; the common rude Scandinavian Runes h
ave no special g or d, and their b is put between t
and l, nearly at the end of the alphabet (... t, b, l, m, y). In a
ll the others b kept its place at the head of the consonants, immediately
after a, which stands first in almost all alphabets.
A. Among the vowels a begins more words than any other vowel: it c
ontains the three great prepositions, af, at, and á, which,
with their compounds, along with those of al- and all-, make up m
ore than half the extent of the letter; it abounds in compound words, but is com
paratively poor in primitive root words. Again, b is in extent only surpa
ssed by the consonants h and s; in regard to the number of root wo
rds it is equal to them all, if not the foremost. It is scanty in compounds, has
no prepositions, but contains the roots of several large families of words, as,
for instance, the three great verbs, bera, bregða, and búa; besides
many of secondary extent, as binda, bíða, biðja, etc.; and a grea
t number of nouns. The extent of b is greatly reduced by the fact, that t
he Scandinavian idioms have no prefix be-, which in the German swells the
vocabulary by thousands (in Grimm it takes up about 300 pages); the modern Swed
es and Danes have during the last few centuries introduced a great many of these
from modern German; the Icel. have up to the present time kept their tongue pur
e from this innovation, except in two or three words, such as betala or b&iacute
;tala (to pay), befala or bífala (to commend), behalda or b
íhalda (to keep), which may, since the Reformation, be found in th
eol. writers; the absence of the prefix beis indeed one of the chief ch
aracteristics of the Icel. as opposed to the German; the English, influenced by
the northern idiom, has to a great extent cut off this be-, which abounds
in A. S. (v. Bosworth, A. S. Dictionary, where about 600 such words are recorde
d); even in the Ormulum only about thirty such words are found; in South-English
they are more frequent, but are gradually disappearing. Again, b repres
ents p in Scandinavian roots; for probably all words and syllables beginn
ing with p are of foreign extraction; and the same is probably the case i
n German and English, and all the branches of the Teutonic (vide Grimm D. G. iii
. 414); whereas, in Greek and Latin, p is the chief letter, containing ab
out a seventh of the vocabulary, while b contains from one seventieth to
one ninetieth only. It might even be suggested that the words beginning with 
b in Greek and Latin are (as those with p in the Teutonic) either ali
ens, onomatopoëtics, provincialisms, or even cant words.
B. PRONUNCIATION. -- The b is in Icel. sounded exactly as in Engli
sh: I. as initial it is an agreeable sound in all the branches of the Teu
tonic, especially in the combinations br and bl, as in 'bread, bro
ther, bride, bloom, blithe, blood, bless,' etc. etc. The Greek and Roman, on the
other hand, disliked the initial b sound; but the difference seerns to b
e addressed to the eye rather than the ear, as the π in modern Greek is sound
ed exactly as Icel. b, whilst β is sounded as Icel. v; thus t
he Greek GREEK in Icel. rendered phonetically by vísundr, but GREEK (bisk
up, bishop) is in all Teutonic dialects rendered by b, not p, probably because the Greek π had exactly this sound. II. but althou
gh agreeable as the initial to a syllable, yet as a middle or final letter b in Icel. sounds uncouth and common, and is sparingly used: 1. after a
vowel, or between two vowels, b is never sounded in Icel. as in modern G
erman geben, haben, laub, leben, leib, lieb; in all those cases the Icel.
spells with an f, sounded as a v. Ulfilas frequently uses b, e.g. graban, haban, saban, ïba, gabei, etc.; yet in many cases he vacill
ates, e.g. giban, graban, gêban, grôbun, tvalib, but gaf and gr&ocir
c;f, etc. So gahalaiban on the Gothic-Runic stone in Tune, but hlaifs, Ulf., Luk
e vi. 48. The Greek and Latin abound in the use of the b (bh) in t
he middle of syllables and inflexions (-bus, -bills, -bo): in Icel. only
a double b may be tolerated, but only in onomatopoëtic or uncouth wo
rds, as babbi (pa of a baby), bobbi (a scrape), stubbi (Germ. s
tumpf), lubbi (Germ. lump), nabbi (a knob), krabbi (a crab
), gabb, babbl, babbla, etc.; cp. similar words in English. 2. joined
to a consonant; α. in old Swedish b is inserted between m
and r or m and l (as in mod. Greek μρ and μ&lambd
a; are sounded μβρ and μβλ, e.g. Swed. domber, kom
ber, warmber, hambri, gamblar = Icel. dómr, komr (venit), varm
r, hamri, gamlar: Swed. kumbl and kubl (Icel. kuml, monumentum
) are used indifferently. Even in old Icel. poems we find sumbl = suml, s
ymposium, simbli = simli, Edda i.
<PAGE NUM="b0049">
<HEADER>B -- BAÐMR. 49</HEADER>
256 (Ed. Havn.): mp is only found in adopted words, as in kempa (cp. Germ
. kampf), lampi (Lat. lampas), and is almost assimilated into p
p (kappi): mb is tolerated in a few words, such as umb, lamb, dramb,
dumbr, kambr, vömb, timbr, gymbr. strambr, klömbr; cp. the Engl. la
mb, comb, timber, womb, where the b is not pronounced (except in the
word timber); in limb, numb the b is not organic (cp. Icel.
limr, numinn); it occurs also in a few diminutive pet names of children, Simbi
= Sigmundr, Imba= Ingibjörg. In the 16th and 17th centuries the Germans use
d much to write mb or mp before d or t, as sambt or sampt (una cum), kombt or kompt (venit
); but this spelling again became obsolete. β. the modern High Germa
n spells and pronounces rb and lb, werben, korb, kalb, halb, etc.,
where the middle High German has rw and lw, korw, kalw; the moder
n Scandinavian idioms here spell and pronounce rf, lf, or rv, lv,
e.g. Dan. kalv, Swed. kalf, vitulus; the Icel. spells with f, arfi
, kálfr, but pronounces f like v. Yet in Icel. rb, lb are found in a few old MSS., especially the chief MS. (A. M. folio 107) of the
Landnáma, and now and then in the Sturlunga and Edda: nay, even to our o
wn time a few people from western Icel. speak so, and some authors of mark use i
t in their writings, such as the lexicographer Björn Halldórsson, e.
g. álbr, kálbr, hálbr, sjálbr, silbr, úlbr, k
ólbr, orb, arbi, karbi, þörb, = álfr, etc.; only the wo
rd úlbúð, qs. úlfúð, is used all over Icel.
γ. fl and fn are in mod. Icel. usage pronounced bl
 and bn, skafl, tafl, nafli, = skabl, tabl, nabli; nafn, höfn, s
afn, nefna, = nabn, höbn, sabn, nebna; without regard whether the radical c
onsonant be f or m, as in nafn and safn, qs. namn and samn. This p
ronunciation is in Icel. purely modern, no traces thereof are found in old vellu
m MSS.; the modern Swedes, Danes, and Norse pronounce either mn (the Swed
es spell mn where Icel. use fn or bn) or vl (Dan.),
ffl (Swed.) δ. fð is in Icel. commonly pronounce
d as bð, e.g. hafði, hefð, sofðu = habði, hebð, s
obðu; yet a few people in the west still preserve the old and genuine pronun
ciation vd (havdu, sovdu, not habðu, sobðu), even in the phrase,
ef þú (si tu), proncd. ebðú. The prefixed particl
es of- and af- are often in common speech sounded as ob-, ab-, if prefixed to a word beginning with b or even m, l, e.g. ofbo
ð, afburðr, afbindi, aflagi, afmán, as obboð, abbindi, Hm. 13
8; abbúð, Korm. 116; abburðr, Fms. x. 321; ablag, abmán: g
ef mér, lofa mér, proncd. gébmér or gémm&eacu
te;r, lobmér or lommér (da mihi, permitte mihi); af m&eacut
e;r (a me), proncd. abmér or ammér; but only in common lang
uage, and never spelt so; cp. Sunnan Póstur, A.D. 1836, p. 180, note * *.
ε. b = m in marbendill = marmennill.
C. According to Grimm's Law of Interchange ('Lautverschiebung'), if we pl
ace the mute consonants in a triangle thus:
UNCERTAIN
the Scandinavian and Saxon-Teutonic form of a Greek-Latin root word is to be sou
ght for under the next letter following the course of the sun; thus the Greek-La
tin f (φ) answers to Icel. and Teutonic b; the Greek-Latin 
b (β), on the other hand, to Teutonic p. Few letters present so
many connections, as our b (initial) does to the Greek-Latin f, ei
ther in whole families or single words; some of the instances are dubious, many
clear: GREEK, cp. Icel. balkr; GREEK, Lat. far, cp. barr; GREEK, GREEK, L
at. f&o-short;rare, cp. bora; GREEK, cp. barki; GREEK, GREEK, cp. bifa;
GREEK, GREEK, Lat. f&e-short;ro, cp. bera, borinn; GREEK, cp. byrðr;
GREEK, GREEK, Lat. f&u-short;gio, cp. beygja, boginn, bugr; GREEK, Lat. f&a-long;gus, cp. bók, beyki; GREEK, GREEK, Lat. fulgere, fulgur
, cp. blik, blika; GREEK, Lat. fl&a-long;re, cp. blása, b&oacu
te;lginn, Lat. follis, cp. belgr; GREEK, Lat. fl&o-long;s, cp. bl&
oacute;m; GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, cp. bani, ben; GREEK, cp. barmr; GREEK, GREEK, cp
. borg, byrgja; GREEK, GREEK, cp. birta; GREEK, Lat. fr&a-long;ter, cp.
bróðir; GREEK, cp. brunnr; GREEK, cp. brattr (brant), brandr; GREEK,
cp. brá; GREEK, GREEK, cp. brúk; GREEK, Lat. f&i-long;o, f&u-sh
ort;i, cp. búa, bjó, Engl. to be, and the particle b
e- (v. Grimm s.v. be- and bauen); GREEK, Lat. f&o-short;liu
m, cp. blað; GREEK, Lat. f&o-short;cus, cp. baka: moreover the La
t. f&a-short;cio, -f&i-short;cio, cp. byggja; fastigium, cp. bust;
favilla, cp. bál; f&e-short;rio, cp. berja; f&e-short;
rox, f&e-short;rus, cp. ber-, björn; fervere, cp. brenna; f&
i-long;dus, foedus, cp. binda; findo, f&i-long;di, cp. bíta, b
eit; fl&a-short;gellum, cp. blaka; flectere, cp. bregða; f
luctus, cp. bylgja; f&o-short;dio, cp. bauta, Engl. to beat;
fundus, cp. botn; fors, forte, cp. 'burðr' in 'at burðr;'
frango, fr&e-long;gi, fr&a-short;gor, cp. breki, brak, brjóta; fraus (fraudis), cp. brjóta, braut; fr&u-long;ges, fructus
, cp. björk; fulcio, cp. búlki; fr&e-short;mo, cp.
brim; frenum, cp. beisl, Engl. bridle; frons (frondis), cp
. brum; -- even frons (frontis) might be compared to Icel. brandr
and brattr, cp. such phrases as frontati lapides; -- f&a-long;tum, f&
a-long;ma, cp. boð, boða, etc. The Greek GREEK, GREEK might also be
identical to our blin blíðr. The change is irregular in word
s such as Lat. pangere, Icel. banga; petere = biðja; parcer
e = bjarga; porcus = börgr; GREEK, cp. bekkr; probably owing to
some link being lost. β. in words imported either from Greek or Roma
n idioms the f sometimes remains unchanged; as the Byz. Greek GREEK is f
engari, Edda (Gl.); sometimes the common rule is reversed, and the Latin or Gree
k p becomes b, as episcopus = biskup; leopardus = hl
ébarðr, Old Engl. libbard; ampulla = bolli; cp. also Germ. 
platz = Icel. blettr; again, plank is in the west of Icel. sounded b
lanki: on the other hand, Latin words such as bracca, burgus are probably
of Teutonic or Celtic origin. γ. the old High German carried this
interchange of consonants still farther; but in modern High German this intercha
nge remains only in the series of dental mutes: in the b and g ser
ies of mutes only a few words remain, as Germ. pracht (qs. bracht)
, cp. Engl. bright; Germ. pfand, cp. Engl. bond; otherwise
the modern Germans (High and Low) have, just as the English have, their braut
, bruder, brod, and butter, not as in old times, prût, e
tc.
D. In the Runic inscriptions the b is either formed as RUNE, so in
the old Gothic stone in Tune, or more commonly and more rudely as RUNE in the S
candinavian monuments; both forms clearly originate from the Greek-Roman. The Ru
nic name was in A. S. beorc, i.e. a birch, Lat. betula; 'be
orc byð blêda leâs ..., ' the A. S. Runic Poem. The Scandinavian
name is, curiously enough -- instead of björk, f. a birch, as we sh
ould expect -- bjarkan, n.; the name is in the old Norse Runic Poem denot
ed by the phrase, bjarkan er lauf grænst lima, the b. has the gr
eenest leaves, cp. also Skálda 177: both form and gender are strange
and uncouth, and point to some foreign source; we do not know the Gothic name fo
r it, neither is the Gothic word for the birch (betula) on record, but an
alogously to airþa, hairþa, Icel. jörð, hjör&et
h;, björk would in Gothic be sounded bairca, f.; the Scandinavian fo
rm of the name points evidently to the Gothic, as a corruption from that languag
e, -- a fresh evidence to the hypothesis of the late historian P. A. Munch, and
in concord with the notion of Jornandes, about the abode of the Goths in Scandin
avia at early times. Thorodd (Skálda 166) intended to use b as a
sign for the single letter, B for a double b, and thus wrote uBi =
ubbi; but this spelling was never agreed to.
babbl, n., bábilja, u, f. a babble; babbla, a

ð, to babble.
BAÐ, n. [in Goth. probably baþ, but the word is not pres
erved; A. S. bäð, pl. baðo; Engl. bath; Germ.
bad; cp. also Lat. balneum, qs. badneum (?); Grimm even sug
gests a kinship to the Gr. GREEK] :-- bath, bathing. In Icel. the word is
not very freq., and sounds even now somewhat foreign; laug, lauga, q.v., being
the familiar Icel. words; thus in the N. T. Titus iii. 5. is rendered by endrget
ningar laug; local names referring to public bathing at hot springs always bear
the name of laug, never bað, e.g. Laugar, Laugarnes, Laugardalr, Laugarvatn,
etc. The time of bathing, as borne out by many passages in the Sturl. and Bs.,
was after supper, just before going to bed; a special room, baðstofa (bat
hroom), is freq. mentioned as belonging to Icel. farms of that time. Bathing
in the morning seems not to have been usual; even the passages Sturl. ii. 121,
125 may refer to late hours. This custom seems peculiar and repugnant to the sim
ple sanitary rules commonly observed by people of antiquity. It is, however, to
be borne in mind that the chief substantial meal of the ancient Scandinavians wa
s in the forenoon, dagverðr; náttverðr (supper) was light,
and is rarely mentioned. Besides the word bað for the late bath in t
he Sturl. and Bs., baðstofa is the bathroom; síð um kveldi
t, í þann tíma er þeir Þórðr ok Einar
r ætluðu at ganga til baðs, Sturl. iii. 42; um kveldit er hann var
genginn til svefns, ok þeir til baðs er þat líkaði,
ii. 117, 246, iii. 111; þat var síð um kveldit ok vóru m
enn mettir (after supper) en Ormr bóndi var til baðs farinn, o
k var út at ganga til baðstofunnar, Bs. i. 536; eptir mált&iac
ute;ðina (supper) um kveldit reikaði biskupinn um baðferð
ir (during bathing time) um gólf, ok síðan for hann &ia
cute; sæng sína, 849; hence the phrase, skaltú hafa mj&uacut
e;kt bað fyrir mjúka rekkju, a good bathing before going to bed, of one to be burnt alive, Eg. 239. In Norway bathing in the forenoon is menti
oned; laugardags morguninn vildu liðsmenn ráða í bæi
nn, en konungr vildi enn at þeir biði þar til er flestir v&aelig
;ri í baðstofum, Fms. viii. 176; snemma annan dag vikunnar ..., and a
little below, eptir þat tóku þeir bað, vii. 34, iii. 171
; þá gengr Þéttleifr til baðstofu, kembir s&eacute
;r ok þvær, eptir þat sk&oelig;ðir hanu sik, ok váp
nar, Þiðr. 129, v.l.; Icel. hann kom þar fyrir dag (before da
ybreak), var Þórðr þá í baðstofu, S
turl. ii. 121, 125; vide Eb. 134, Stj. 272. COMPDS: bað-ferð, f.
time for bathing, Bs. i. 849. bað-hús, n. a bathinghouse, G. H. M. ii. 128 (false reading), vide Fs. 149, 183. bað-k&aac
ute;pa, u, f. a bathing-cloak, Sturl. ii. 117. bað-kona,
u, f. a female bathing attendant, N. G. L. iii. 15. bað-stofa,
u, f. (v. above), a bath-room, Eb. l.c., Bs. i. l.c., Þiðr. l.
c., Fms. viii. l.c., Sturl. ii. 121, 167, iii. 25, 102, 176, 198. baðstof
u-gluggr, m. a window in a b., Eb. l.c., Sturl. l.c. In Icel. the bat
hing-room (baðstofa) used to be in the rear of the houses, cp. Sturl. ii. 19
8. The modern sense of baðstofa is sitting-room, probably from its be
ing in modern dwellings placed where the old bathing-room used to be. The etymol
ogy of Jon Olafsson (Icel. Dict. MS.), baðstofa = bakstofa, is bad. In old
writers baðstofa never occurs in this modern sense, but it is used so in the
Dropl. Saga Major :-- a closet, room, in writers of the 16th century, Bs
. ii. 244, 256, 504, Safn. 77, 92, 95, 96.
baðast, að, dep. (rare), to bathe, Fms. iii. 171; in commo
n Icel. act., baða höndum, to gesticulate, fight with the arms,
as in bathing.
BAÐMR, m. [Goth. bagms; A. S. beam, cp. Engl. hornbe

am; Germ. baum], a tree, only used in poetry, v. Lex. Poë
t., never in prose or
<PAGE NUM="b0050">
<HEADER>50 BAGALL -- BALDRSBBA.</HEADER>
common language, and alien to all Scandin. idioms: it seems prop, to
be used of the branches of a tree (in flower); hár b., the high
tree, Vsp.
18; á berki skal þær rista ok á baðmi viðar, S
dm. 11 (referring to the
lim-rúnar). Even used metaph. = gremium, sinus; er þá
Véa ok Vilja
| létztu þér Viðris kvæn | báða &iacute
; baðm um tekið, when thou tookest both
of them into thy arms, embraced them both, Ls. 26; vaxi þér &aa
cute; baðmi
(bosom) barr, Hkv. Hjörv. 16. Cp. hróðrbaðmr (barmr i
s a bad reading),
Vtkv. 8, a fatal twig.
BAGALL, m. [Lat. baculus] , an episcopal staff, crozier, Fm
s. i. 233,
iii. 168, Bs. i. 42, Vm. 68.
bagga, að, to hinder, with dat.
BAGGI, a, m. [Engl. bag, baggage; Germ, pack, gepäck],
a bag,
pack, bundle, Edda 29, Eg. 218, Fms. ii. 197, Fas. ii. 516.
bagi, a, m. inconvenience; baga-legr, adj. inconvenient.

baglaðr, part. [cp. bagr, begla], broken, maimed, Fas. iii. 19
5.
bagr, adj. [cp. bágr], awkward, clumsy, clownish, opp. to h
agr, q. v.,
Fas. iii. 195: baga, u, f., in mod. usage means a plain common ditty;
böguligr and amböguligr, adj., means awkward.
BAK, n. [A. S. bäc], Lat. tergum, back, Eg. 218, Edda
29, 30, Hkr.
i. 337: in metaph. phrases, bera sök á baki, to be guilty, G&
thorn;l. 539;
leggja bleyðiorð á bak e-m, to load, charge one with being a c
oward. Fas.
ii. 530; hafa mörg ár á baki, to 'carry a weight of years'
 Ísl. ii. 456: of
horseback, léttr á baki, Sturl. ii. 195; fara á bak, to
mount; stíga af baki,
to dismount, Eg. 397, Grág. ii. 95: in other relations, as adv., a
t hurðarbaki, behind the door; at húsa-baki, at the back of the houses;
 að fjalla-baki,
behind the mountains; handar-bak, the back of the hand. 2.
á bak or
á baki used as a prep. or as an adv.; á bak (acc.) if denoting mot
ion, á
baki (dat.) if without motion: α. loc. behind, at the back of; &aac
ute; baki
húsunum, Háv. 49, Nj. 28; at baki þeim, at their back
, Eg. 91, Nj. 261,
262, 84, Eg. 583; Hrútr kveðst þat ætla, at hans skyldi l
ítt á bak
at leita, he should not be found in the rear, Ld. 278; berr á baki
,
unbacked, helpless, in the proverb, Nj. 265, Grett. 154: metaph., ganga
á bak e-u, orðum, heitum ..., to elude, evade one's pledged word, Fms.
ii. 209, Ísl. ii. 382; göra e-t á baki e-m, in one's absen
ce, behind one's back,
N. G. L. i. 20; á bak aptr ( = aptr á bak), backward; falla
; á b. a., Eb.
240, Nj. 9, Eg. 397, Háv. 48 new Ed.; til baks, better til baka, to ba
ck,
Sturl. ii. 203; brjóta á bak, prop, to break one's back, Fm
s. viii. 119;
to break, subdue, and also to make void, annul; brjóta &aac
ute; bak Rómverja,
to 'break the back' of the R., defeat them, 625. 65; Heiðrekr vildi &
ouml;ll rúð
fóður síns á bak brjóta, Fas. i. 528. β. te
mp. with dat. past, after;
á bak Jólum, after Yule, Fms. viii. 60; á b. J&oacut
e;nsvöku, ix. 7: metaph.,
Héðinn kvaðst eigi hirða hvat er á bak kæmi, 
H. said he did not care
for what came after, Fas. i. 402; muntú eigi vera mót Nj&aacut
e;li, hvat sem
á b. kemr, Nj. 193.
baka, að, [Gr. GREEK, cp. also the Lat. focus; A. S. bacan;
 Engl. to
bake; Germ. backen.] 1. prop. to bake; b. brauð, N.
G. L. i.
349; b. ok sjóða, to bake and cook, Gþl. 376. In Icel. s
teikja is to
roast; baka, to bake; but in mod. usage steikja may also be used of
baking on embers, opp. to baka, baking in a pan or oven; elda ofn til
brauðs ok b., Hom. 113; b. í ofni, Fas. i. 244; people say in Icel. s
teikja
köku (on embers), but baka brauð. 2. metaph. and esp. in the
reflex. bakast, to bake, i. e. to warm and rub the body and limbs,
at a
large open fire in the evening after day-work; v. bakeldr and bakstreldr;
v. also the classical passages, Grett. ch. 16, 80, Fms. xi. 63, 64 (Jómsv
.
ch. 21), Orkn. ch. 34, 89, 105, Hkr. iii. 458. In Icel. the same fire
was made for cooking and warming the body, Ísl. ii. 394, Eb. ch. 54, 55;
hence the phrase, hvárt skal nú búa til seyðis (is a
fire to be made for
cooking) ... svá skal þat vera, ok skaltú eigi þur

fa heitara at baka, it
shall be hot enough for thee to bake, Nj. 199 (the rendering of Johnsonius
is not quite exact); skaltú eigi beiðast at baka heitara en ek mun
kynda, Eg. 239: used of bathing, bakaðist hann lengi í lauginni, Gret
t.
ch. 80, MS. Cod. Upsal. This 'baking' the body in the late evening before
going to bed was a great pastime for the old Scandinavians, and seems
to have been used instead of bathing; yet in later times (12th and 13th
centuries) in Icel. at least bathing (v. above) came into use instead of it.
In the whole of Sturl. or Bs. no passage occurs analogous to Grett. l. c. or
Jómsv. S. β. bóndi bakar á báðar kinnr, 
blushed, Bs. ii. 42; þanneg sem
til bakat er, as things stand, Orkn. 428; bakaði Helgi fótinn,
H. baked
the (broken) leg, Bs. i. 425; vide eldr. γ. (mod.) to cause, inflic
t; b.
e-m öfund, hatr, óvild (always in a bad sense): af-baka means
to distort,
pervert. II. to put the back to, e. g. a boat, in floating it,
(mod.)
bakari, a, m. a baker, Stj. 200. bakara-meistari, a, m. 
a masterbaker, Stj. 201.
bak-borði, a, m. (bakborð, m., Jb. 407 A), [Dutch baakb
ord], the
larboard side of a ship, opp. to stjórnborði, Fb. i. 22, Jb. l. c
., Fms.
vii. 12, Orkn. 8.
bak-brjóta, braut, to violate, transgress, B. K. 108.
bak-byrðingar, m. pl. the crew on the larboard side, opp. to s
tjórnbyrðingar, Fms. viii. 224.
bak-byrðr, f. a burden to carry on the back, Ísl. ii. 3
64.
bak-eldr and bakstreldr, m. an evening fire to bake the body an
d limbs
at (v. baka); sitja við bakelda, Fs. 4, Orkn. 112, 74, Korm. 236, Grett.
91: metaph., bændr skulu eiga ván bakelda, they shall get it hot
enough,
Fms. viii. 201; göra e-m illan bakeld, 383, ix. 410. bakelda-hrif,
n. pl. rubbing the back at a b., Grett. l. c. A. As the evening bakeld
ar
are not mentioned in the Sturl., it may be that bathing had put them out
of use because of the scarcity of fuel.
bak-fall, n. falling backwards, Fas. iii. 569: esp. in pl. in the
phrase, róa
bakföllum, to take a long pull with the oars, i. 215: milit. atta
ck from
behind = bakslag, Fms. viii. 115, ix. 405.
bak-ferð, f. mounting on horseback, Grett. 91 A.
bak-ferla, að, [ferill], prop, to step backwards; þat (v

iz. the word ave)
sýnir öfgað, bakferlað (read backwards) nafnit Eva, 6
55 xxvii. 18, to
break, annul; b. ofbeldi e-s, Stj. 233; at b. þat allt er Domitianus h
afði
boðit, 623. 13; rjúfa ok b., to break and make void, Sturl. i.
171 C.
bak-hlutr, m. the hind part, Stj. 253, Fs. 48.
bak-hold, n. pl. the flesh on the back of cattle, Grett. 91.
bak-hverfask, ð, reflex, to turn one's back upon, abandon, Eg.
20, v. l.
bak-jarl, m., milit. a foe attacking in the rear, Sturl. iii. 66,
Karl. 164.
bakki, a, m. [Engl. and Germ, bank], a bank of a river, wat
er, chasm, etc.;
árbakki, sjávarbakki, marbakki, flæðarbakki, Gísl
. 54; síkisbakki, gjárbakki; út eptir áinni ef Hákon stæði á bak
kanum, Fms. vi. 282, ix. 405,
Nj. 158, 224: Tempsar b., banks of the Thames, Fms. v. (in a verse). 2
.
an eminence, ridge, bank; gengu þeir á land ok kómu u
ndir bakka einn,
Dropl. 5; hann settist undir b. í hrísrunni, Bjarn. 15; cp. skotba
kki, butts
on which the target is placed; setja spán í bakka, to put up a
target, Fms.
ii. 271. β. heavy clouds in the horizon. 3. [ = bak], the
back of
a knife, sword, or the like, opp. to edge; blað skilr bakka ok egg, J&oacute
;nas,
Grett. 110 new Ed. COMPDS: bakka-fullr, adj. full to the bank,
brim-full; bera í b. lækinn, a proverb, cp. Lat. ligna in si
lvam ferre,
and Engl. to carry coals to Newcastle. bakka-kólfr, m., pro
b. a
bird-bolt, thick arrow without a point, to be shot from a cross-bow, Fms.
iii. 18. bakka-stokkar, m. pl. the stocks on which a ship is built,
Gþl. 80, Hkr. i. 293.
bak-klæði, n. tapestry, Hkr. iii. 437.
bak-lengja, u, f. the dark stripe along the back of cattle, Grett.
91,
Eg. 149, v. l.
bak-máligr (and bakmáll), adj. backbiting, Ho
m. 34, 656 B. 1.
bak-mælgi, f. and bakmæli, n. backbiting, Hom.
86; liable to the
lesser outlawry, Grág. ii. 145.
bak-rauf, f. anus, a cognom., Fms. vii. 21.

bak-sárr, adj. a horse with a sore back, Lv. 58.
bak-sig, n., medic, exania, Fél. ix.
bak-skiki, a, m. a back flap, a cognom., Bjarn. 12.
bak-skyrta, u, f. the back flap of a skirt, Fms. vii. 21.
bak-slag, n. a back-stroke, attack in rear, Fms. viii. 399.
bak-sletta, u, f. and bakslettr, m., Al. 27, 44; acc. pl. bakslett
u,
90: milit. an attack in rear, Fms. viii. 319, ix. 357: drawback, a
t rétta
þann bakslett, Al. l. c.
bak-spyrna, d, to spurn or kick against; N. T. of 1540 (Act
s ix. 5)
GREEK is rendered by b. móti broddunum.
bak-stakkr, m. the back part of a cloak. Fas. ii. 343.
bakstr, rs, m. baking, Fms. ix. 530: baked bread, pund b.,
B. K. 89,
esp. wafer, Bs. ii. 15: a poultice, fomentation, i. 786: warmin
g, heating,
ii. 10. COMPDS: bakstr-brauð, n. baked bread, B. K. 89. bak
strbuðkr, m. a box in which wafers were kept, Pm. 5. bakstr-eldr,
v. bakeldr. bakstr-hús, n. a bake-house, Fms. ix. 531. b
akstrjárn, n. an iron plate for baking sacramental wafers, Vm. 15,
37.
bakstr-kona, u, f. a female baker, N. G. L. iii. 15. bakstr-mun
nlaug, f. a vessel in which wafers were kept, Dipl. iii. 4. bakstrsveinn, m. a baker boy, N. G. L. iii. 15.
bak-verkr, m., medic, a pain in the back, lumbago, Nj. 130, F&eacu
te;l. ix.
bak-verpast, ð and t, dep., b. við e-m, to turn the back to, s
et at defiance, Stj. 362, 431, 449, Eg. 20.
bak-þúfa, u, f. a horse block.
BAL, n. vagina, in poems of the 15th century.
bala, d and að, to drudge, live hard, (cant word.)
baldakin, and bad forms baldrsskinn (the skin of Balder!) a
nd
baldskin [from Baldak, i. e. Bagdad], a baldaquin, canop
y, Bs. i. 713,
803, Sturl. iii. 306, Fms. x. 87, Dipl. v. 18, Vm. 52, 97, 117, Ám. 44,
Hb. 544, 22. COMPDS: baldrskinns-hökull, m., literally a surplice
of b., Ám. 87. baldrskinns-kápa, u, f. a cape of

b., Ám. 15.
baldinn, adj. [A. S. beald], untractable, unruly, Grett. 90
A, Fms. xi.
445; cp. bellinn, ballr, ofbeldi.
BALDR, rs, m. [A. S. baldor. princeps, seems to be a different roo
t from
the Goth. balþs, A. S. bald, which answers to the Icel. ball
- or bald- without, r], prop. = Lat. princeps, the best, foremost; in compds as m
ann-baldr,
her-baldr, fólk-baldr. β. meton. the god Balder, because of his nobl
e
disposition, Edda. Baldrs-bra, f. Balder's eye-brow, botan. cot
ida
foetida, Ivar Aasen ballebraa and baldurbraa, pyrethrum inodorum,
Edda 15; the B. is there called the fairest and whitest of all flowers (a
llra
grasa hvítast). Perhaps the eye-bright or euphrasy.
<PAGE NUM="b0051">
<HEADER>BALDRAST -- BARÐ. 51</HEADER>
baldrast and ballrast, að, dep. [cp. Germ. poltern; Ivar Aasen
baldra,
 Ihre ballra = strepere], to make a clatter; þeir sneru hestunu
m ok böldruðust sem þeir væri úráðnir hvárt &tho
rn;eir skyldi ríða, Sturl. iii. 279: adding
saman, þeir böllruðust saman, Ingv. 34.
baldrekr, m. (for. word), a belt, baldrick, Lex. Poët.
BALI, a, m. a soft grassy bank, esp. if sloping down to the shore,
Grett. 116 A.
BALLR, adj. [Goth, balþs, audax, may be supposed from Jornan
des,
ob audaciam virtutis baltha, id est audax, nomen inter suos acceperat,
109; Ulf. renders GREEK by balþis, f., and balþjan is aude
re; in Icel.
the lþ (lth) becomes ll; A. S. beald, audax; E
ngl. bold] :-- bard, stubborn:
 only used in poetry, and not in quite a good sense, as an epithet of a
giant, Hým. 17; böll ráð, telling, fatal schemes,
Hom. 27 ; ballir draumar,
bad, deadly dreams, Vtkv. I; ballr dólgr, Haustl.; böll &thor
n;rá, heavy grief,
 Ls. 39, etc., vide Lex. Poët. [So old German names, Bald, Leopold, etc.]
BALSAM, m. (now always n.), a balsam, Bs. i. 143, (for. word.)
bana, að, [bani; Gr. root (GREEK] , to kill, with dat.,
ef griðungr banar
manni, Grág. ii. 122, Rb. 370, Fms. iii. 124; b. sér sjálfr
, to commit
suicide, Ver. 40; metaph., Hom. 17.
BAND, n. pl. bönd, [binda; Ulf. bandi, f. GREEK ; O. H. G. pfand,
 whence the mod. Dan. pant; N. H. G. band; Engl. band a
nd bond; Dan.
baand.] I. prop. in sing. any kind of band; mjótt ba
nd, a
thin cord, Edda 20, Grág. ii. 119. β. a yarn of wool, v. bandvetlingar. γ. metaph. a bond, obligation; lausn ok b. allra vand
amála,
Fms. v. 248, Bs. i. 689. II. in pl. also, 1. bonds, fetters,
 Lat. vincula; í böndum, in vinculis, Bs. i. 190,
Fms. ii. 87, 625. 95: theol.,
synda bönd, 656 A; líkams bönd, Blas. 40. 2. a bond,
confederacy;
 ganga í bönd ok eið, to enter into a bond and oath,
Band. 22; cp.
hjónaband, marriage; handaband, a shaking of hands, etc. 3.
poët, the gods, cp. hapt; of providence ruling and uniting th
e world,
Hkm. 10; banda vé, the temples, Hkr. i. 204; at mun banda, at t
he will
of the gods, 210; vera manu bönd í landi, the gods (i. e.
lares tutelares)
are present in the land, Bs. i. 10; gram reki bönd af löndum, E
g. (in a
verse); blóta bönd, to worship the gods; vinr banda, the f
riend of the
gods; bönd ollu því, the gods ruled it, Haustl.; vi
de Lex. Poët., all the
instances being taken from heathen poems. Egilsson suggests a reference to the imprisoning of the three gods, Odin, Hænir, and Loki, mentioned Edda 72; but bönd is that which binds, not is bound; (
band
means vinculum not vinctus.) 4. metric, a kind of intricate
intercalary
burden (klofastef). This seems to be the meaning in the word Bandadrápa, where the burden consists of five intercalary lines occurring
in sets of three verses | Dregr land at mun banda || Eirikr und sik
geira | veðrmildr ok semr hildi || gunnblíðr ok réð s&
iacute;ðan | jarl goðvörðu
hjarli; but as this metrical term is nowhere else recorded, the name of
the poem may have come from the word 'banda' (gen. pl. deorum),
 Hkr. i. 210 sqq. COMPDS: banda-dagr, m. vincula Petri, the 1st of
August, Fms. vi. 222. banda-menn, m. pl. confederates, Band. 5
,
and many other modern compds. banda-ríki, n. (mod.) the United
States. banda-þing, n. the late German Bund, etc.
banda, að, [cp. Ulf, bandvian = GREEK and bandva, vexillum;
 Germ, banner; is probably alien to binda], to make a sign wit
h the
hand, esp. in the phrase, b. móti, to drive back sheep or flocks,
Háv. 41,
Fas. ii. 124, v.l. The chief MSS., however, spell bannaði; the word is
at present freq., but only in the above phrase, or gener. to remonstrate
slightly against as by waving the hand; v. benda.

bandingi, ja, m. a prisoner, Stj. 200, Fms. vi. 16, 623. 25.
band-vetlingr, m. a knitted woollen glove, Fms. iii. 176; and b
andvöttr, id., a horse's name, Gísl. 19.
BANG, n. hammering, Sturl. iii. 256; mod. also banga, a&eth
;, [Scot.
and North. E. to bang], to hammer.
bang-hagr, adj. knowing a little how to use the hammer, Sturl. ii.
195.
BANI, a, m. [Ulf. banja = GREEK; A. S. bana; Engl. bane;
 O. H. G.
bano; v. ben below]. I. bane, death, natural or violent (properly
violent); Egill tók sótt þá er hann leiddi til bana,
Eg. 767; lostinn öru
til bana, Fms. i. 118; kominn at bana, sinking fast, of a sick person, vi
i.
166. II. a bane, and so = bana-maðr, a slayer; fjögurra
manna b., Nj. 8, Grág. ii. 88, Ld. 326; pl., N. G. L. i. 163: the phrase,
verða e-m at bana, to slay one, may refer to I. or II: poët, 
fire is called
bani viðar, the bane of wood, and bani Hálfs, the bane of k
ing Half, Ýt. 6;
the winter is bani orma, the bane of worms, etc., Lex. Poët.
COMPDS:
bana-blóð, n. blood shed in death, Stj. 432. bana-da
gr, m. the
day of death, Fas. i. 52. bana-drykkr, m. a baneful potion, poison
,
 Fms. i. 18. bana-dægr, n. =banadagr (freq.), Fas. i. 160. b
anahögg, n. a death-blow, mortal wound, Nj. 8, Eg. 193. banakringla, u, f. vertebra colli, atlas (in animals). bana-lag, n
.
stabbing to death, Sturl. iii. 62. bana-maðr, m. a slayer, Fms. i.
215. bana-orð, n. death, in the phrase, bera b. af e-m, to
put one to
death, slay in fight, Edda 42; betra þykir mér frændi at
þiggja b. af þér
en veita þér þat, Ld. 222, Bs. i. 106; kenna e-m b., to ch
arge one with
slaying one, N. G. L. i. 306. bana-ráð, n. pl. the planning a
person's
death, a law term, Grág. ii. 116; eigi réð ek honum b., Nj
. 21; slá
banaráðum við e-n, Ld. 218. bana-sár, n. a morta
l wound, Nj. 9,
Eg. 258. bana-skot, n. a mortal shot, Jb. 324. bana-sótt
, f.
death-sickness, the last sickness, Jb. 192, Ísl. ii. 38, Gull&thor
n;. II, Bs. i. 426.
bana-spjót, n. pl. in the poët, phrase, berast banaspjótum ep
tir, to be
deadly enemies, Glúm. 354, Hkr. iii. 76. bana-sæng, f. the death-bed.
 bana-sök, f. a deed worthy of death, Fms. i. 199. ban
a-tilræði, n. a
mortal attack, Fas. i. 406. bana-þúfa, u, f., in the phr
ase, drepa fótum
í banaþúfu, to stumble against a fatal mound, Anal. 1
79, Hdl. 28.
banlaga-ráð, n. = banaráð, Str. 14.
BANN, n. [cp. Ulf. bandva; Hel. bann, mandatum; Engl. ba
n; Germ.
bann; A. S. geban; mid. Lat. bannum] , prob. of fore
ign origin: 1.
eccles. excommunication, interdict; minna b. (excommunicatio minor), þat
sem forboð er kallat á Norrænu, K. Á. 226 (App.); meira
b. (excommunicatio major), Ann. A. D. 1255; England í banni, id. A. D. 1208; Bs.,
H. E.
several times. 2. in secular sense, prohibition of trade or interc
ourse;
leggja b. fyrir mjöl eðr vöru, N. G. L. i. 204, 103; cp. farbann,
forbidding ships to set sail. 3. gener. a protest, prohibition, in p
hrases,
boð ok b., Gþl. 76; lof né b., Eg. 349; leggja b. fyrir, to
prohibit, Ísl.
ii. 265. 4. =bannan, a curse, swearing. The notion of jurisdiction common in Germany (v. Grimm) is unknown in the Scandin. idioms;
yet the Laufás' Edda, Ed. A. M. i. 586, v.l. 14, has bann as one of
the names of the earth, cp. the O. H. G. banz, regio. The passage G&iacut
e;sl.
16, náttlangt né lengra banni, is an GREEK and probably cor
rupt, = á
lengr or the like; lengra banni might, however, be equivalent to lengra
meli, bann here denoting spatium temporis, a while. COMPDS: bannsatkvæði, n. a sentence of excommunication, H. E. i. 465. bannsáfell and -áfelli, n. the condemnation of excommunic
ation, H. E. ii. 70.
banns-dómr, m. a ban-doom, sentence of excommunication, H.
E. ii.
74. banns-mál, n. a case liable to excommunication, H.E. i.
254.
banns-pína, u, f. the punishment of excommunication, H. E.
i. 477.
banns-spjót, n. a spear of excommunication, H. E. ii. 77. bannsverk, n. an act liable to excommunication, H. E. i. 390.
banna, að, [A. S. bannan =jubere; Germ, bannen; mid. La
t. bannire] , to
forbid, hinder, prohibit (freq.); b. e-m e-t, or with infin., Fms. i. 254,
Nj. 157, Ld. 256, Orkn. 4; b. fiskiför, Grág. ii. 350, N. G. L. i. 1
17. 2.
to curse, [Scot, ban], with dat., Stj. 37: with acc., Hom. 31, Stj
. 199,
Post. 656 A, ii. 12: reflex., bannast um, to swear, Sturl. ii. 126, Fms.
viii. 174. 3. = banda, to stop, drive back; hann sá tr&ouml
;ll við ána,
þat b. honum, ok vildi taka hann, Fas. ii. 124.

bannan, f. swearing, Bs. ii. 134. bannanar-orð, n. i
d., Stj. 153.
bann-bóla, u, f. a bull of excommunication, Anecd. 8.
bann-færa, ð, to place under ban, K. Á. 134, Stur
l. ii. 3.
bann-setja, tt, id., K. Á. 64, Sturl. ii. 3, H. E. i. 471;
part. pass, under
ban, accursed, Fas. iii. 423, Stj. 417.
bann-setning, f. an excommunication, Sturl. ii. 3. bannsetninga
rsverð, n. the sword of excommunication, H. E.
bann-syngja, söng, to pronounce the ban of excommunication, F
ms.
ix. 486.
ban-orð, n. = banaorð, Fms. x. 400, Bret. 76.
ban-væni, f., medic, prognosis mortis, Fcl. ix.
ban-vænligr, adj. mortal, deadly, Bret. 56, Edda 154.
ban-vænn, adj. deadly, Eg. 34. 2. medic, deadly si
ck, just before
death; ok er dró at því at hann (the sick) var b., when all hope of life
was gone, Eg. 126, Fms. i. 86; snerist um allt sárit svá at Gr
ettir görðist
b., Grett. 153.
BARAR, mod. börur, f. pl. [A. S. bär; Hel. bara;
Engl. bier and
barrow; Lat. feretrum], a hand-bier; borinn í b&ouml
;rum um fjallit, Fms.
vii. 9, Bs. i. 352: sometimes to be carried on horseback (by two horses),
báru þeir Guðmund í börum suðr til Hvít&
aacute;r, ... bararnar hrutu ofan,
Bs. i. 508 (Sturl. ii. 49 C spells barir): esp. the funeral bier, hearse,
to
be carried on horseback, lagði þegar kistuna í bunar barar, 655
xxii, Fms.
x. 149; mæddust hestarnir undir börunum, Finnb. 322, cp. líkb&
ouml;rur; now
also liggja á nátrjám (nátré) in like sense.
The sing, in D. N. i. no. 70
is perh. a bad reading.
bar-axlaðr, adj. part, high-shouldered, with sharp prominent shoul
der
bones, Fms. vii. 321.
bar-átta, u, f. [North. E. barett obsolete], gener. a fi
ght, contest: α.
a row, Gþl. 176. β. a fight, battle, Fas. i. 26.
γ. now freq., esp. =
strife, contest. COMPDS: baráttu-maðr, m. a warrior,
 þiðr. 67.
baráttu-samr, adj. troublesome, Barl. 137.
barberr, m. (for. word), a barber, N. G. L. iii. no. 15.
BARÐ, n. [identical in etymology but not in sense to Lat. barba,
 Engl. beard, Germ, bart; the Scandin. dialects all call the b
eard skegg;
Swed. skägg; Dan. skj&oelig;g; barð in the sense of barba
is quite alien from
the Scandin. idioms; the passages, Edda 109 (skegg heitir barð) and
höggva börðum í gras, Id. UNCERTAIN 12, a poem of the end o
f the 13th century,
are isolated instances: bart in Dan. is a mod. word] :-- Lat. ora,
margo: α. a brim of a helmet or hat (hjálmbar&
eth;, hattbarð), Fas. iii.
341. β. the verge, edge of a hill (holtbarð, túnba
rð, brekkubarð,
hólbarð, etc.), freq. in local names of farms in Icel. γ
. the wing or
side fin of some fishes, e. g. whales, cp. barðhvalr; of flat fishes,
raja
<PAGE NUM="b0052">
<HEADER>52 BARÐA -- BARNGETNAÐR.</HEADER>
pastinaca (skötubarð). 8. the beak or armed prow of ships, esp. ships'
of war, [cp. A. S. barda, a beaked s hi p]; so barded, o
f a horse in armour;
hence Barði or Júrnbarði is the name of a sort of ram in o
lden times,
e. g. the famous Járnbarði (Iron Ram) of carl Eric, described,
Fms. ii.
310; cp. also Fb. i. 280: the s tem, Gr. artiprj, Jb. 398;
róa fyrir barð
e-rn, to thwart one, Gþl. 519, Eg. 386, Fms. vii. 195; skulu v&eacu
te;r binda
akkeri fyrir barð hverju skipi, xi. 66, ii. 273, Lex. Poët. t. several
compds are used in Icel. referring to parts of the head, e. g. hökubarð
,
kinnbarð, kjálkabarð, o r a genae, maxillae, but wi
thout any notion of
' beard, ' cp. Isid. granos et cinnabar Gothorurn, 19. 23; the cinnabar and
the present Icel. kinnabarð seem to be etymologically identical.
barða, u, f. a kind of axe (barbata), Edda (Gl.)
bar-dagi, a, m., prop, a ' battle day, ' cp. eindagi, málda
gi, skildagi: 1. a law term, a beating, flogging, thrashing; ef'maðr lystr
mann þrjú högg eðr þrim fleiri, þat heitir b.
fullr, N. G. L. i. 73, Grág.
ii. 155, Post. 656 B, Blas. 42. 2. a fight, battle (very freq.) =
orrosta, Eg. 745, Nj. 45, etc.: metaph. a calamity, scourge (theol.),
Sks. 112, 328, Fms. v. 214, Bs. i. 70. COMPDS: bardaga-frest, n.
dela y of battle, Al. 24. bardaga-fyst, f. eagerness to give ba
ttle,
 Al. 24. bardaga-gjarn, adj. tager for battle, Stj. 230. bardagaguð, n. n god of battle, Mars, Al. 33. bardaga-gyðja, u, f. a
goddess of battle, Eellona, Al. 41. bardaga-laust, n. adj. -without
battle, Al. 14. bardaga-list, f. the a rt of war, Stj. 45, Al.
4. bardaga-lykt, f. the c l os e of a battle, Al. 5. bardaga-ma&e
th;r, m. a
warrior, Fms. vi. 56, Stj. 456. bardaga-stef, n. and bardaga-
stefna, u, f. a term, fixed meeting for a fight, Al. 54, P'ms. ix. 488.
barð-hvalr, m. a so rt of whale, Sks. 124, Edda (Gl.)
barði, a, m. a ship, asortofram, v. above, Fms. ii. 310, Edda
(Gl.) p.
a sort offish (Germ, bartfiscb), Edda (Gl.) -y- a' shield,
Edda (Gl.)
barð-mikill, adj. w ith a great barð (S.), epithet of a sh
ip, Hkr. iii. 268.
bar-efli, n. a club, (common word.)
bar-eyskr, adj. from Barra, one of the Hebrides, Grett.
BARKI, a, m. [Gr. (þápvyg; alien from the South-Teut.
idioms?], the
windpipe, weazand. Eg. 508, Fas. i. 131, Fms. i. 217, vii. 191, Nj. 156:
metaph. / he stem of a boat; cp. háls, sviri. COMPDS: barka-k&yacu
te;li, n.
Adam's apple, 65. 1. 382. barka-lok, n. epiglottis. barka-op, n. glottis.
BARKI, a, m., mid. Lat. barca, a sort of small ship (for. word), F
ms.
vii. 82. barka-bazi, a, m., a cognom., Sturl.
bark-lauss, adj. without bark (börkr), Lex. Poët.
BARLAK, n. (for. word), barley, Edda (Gl.); the Icel. common
word is bygg, Dan. byg, Swed. bjugg.
bar-lómr, m. wailing, complaining, v. lómr.
barm-fagr, adj. with fine sides, epithet of a ship, Lex. Poet,
barmi, a, m., poet, a brother, prop. / rater geminus, not q
s. åSt\(þós,
 vide the following word, Lex. Pout.
BARMR, m. [Gr. (poppus; cp. Ulf. barms = KO\TTOS and
arrjoos;
 O. H. G. param; liel. barm; A. S. barm; all in the sense of gremi
um:
 this sense, however, is entirely unknown to old Icel. writers, who only
apply the word in like sense as barð, namely, Engl. brim; Lat. o r
a] :-- a
b mrc: a. the bri m of a vessel (fotubarmr, poUbarmr, etc.), Bs. ii.
173;
hence barma-fullr, adj. or fullr á barma, /z/ ll tothe brim; the rim of a
bell, Pm. 106. P. also the edge of a brook or well (lækjarbarmr, br
unnbarmr): a chasm (gjárbarmr). y. fhe border of the shore; ey
barmr, o ra
instdae, Hervar. S. (in a verse); vikrbarmr; also used in many local names
of farms in Icel. 8. the wing of anything; lyptingarbarmr, the gunwale
of the stern; kastalabarmr (wing of a castle] , Orkn. (in a ve
rse); barmr
hvarma, the edge of the eye-lids, Lex. Poët. t. the flaps of
a thing;
reif hann allan í sundr ok kastaði bönnunum á eldinn, Fms
. iv. 339
(rare if not an air. \(y.) f. the notion of gremium, bosom, only
appears after the Reformation, and even then rare; cp. the bosom of a
coat, e. g. geyma e-t á barmi sér; hsegri, vinstri b., etc.; sting
a hendinni
i sinn eigin barm, Exod. iv. 6. barma, að, b. sér, to lament,
is also a
mod. word, Germ, barmen qs. bearmen; vide, however, baðmr.
barm-tog, n. a rope for contracting the nets during fishing, Ivar Aasen
barma, Gþl. 427.
BARN, n. pl. born, [Ulf. barn; O. H. G. parn; A. S. beam; S
cot,
and North. E. bairn; cp. bera and Lat. parire] :-- a bairn, ch
ild, baby.
 This word, which in olden time was common to all the Teut. idioms,
was lost in Germany as early as the 13th century (Grimm, s. v.); in
the South of England it went out of use at an early time, and was
replaced by ' child;' even the Ormulum uses barn only four times, else always
' child. ' In North. E. bairu is still a household word, and freq. in popular
Scottish writers, Burns, Walter Scott, etc. In the whole of Scandinavia it
is in full and exclusive use; the Germ. ' kind' is in Icel. entirely unkn
own
in this sense, v. the funny story Ísl. jþjóð. ii. 535; (
' kind' in common Icel.
means a sheep.) In Danish barn is the only word which, like the Icel.,
changes the radical vowel in pl. into ö (born). Proverbs referring to
barn; barnið vex en brókin ekki; þetta verðr aldri barn &ia
cute; brók; bráð er
barnslundin (barnæskan); nema börn hvað ú bæ er titt
; allir hafa börnin
verið; því laera börnin málið að þa&e
th; er fyrir þeim hatt; tvisvar verðr
gamall maðrinn barn; bragð er at þá barnið fmnr; snemni
a taka börn til meina; Guð gefr björg með barni, cp. Eggert (B
b.) 1. 14; sex born,
daetr þrjár ok þrjá sonu, Nj. 30, Ísl. ii. 198,
Vsp. 36; eiga þrjá sonu
barna, Fms. xi. 43; og svíkjast um að eiga börn, Eggert (Bb.) 1.
14; vera
með barni, to be with child, Fms. ii. 212, i. 57, 68, Ísl. ii.
197; fara
með barni, to gowith child, Nj. 130; frá blautu barni, from
a child,
 Fms. iii. 155; unni honum hvert barn, every c hild, i. e. 
every living creature,
loved him, i. 17; hvert mannsbarn, e very man: metaph. (rare), off
spring,
 Niðrst. IO: barn, barnið gott, börn, barnið mitt (rticv
ov, TÍKVO) is with
many a favourite term of endearment in talking with another, Látum l&iacu
te;ða
og bíða, börn, Pal Vid. in a popular ditty: eptirlætisbarn
, a pet, spoilt
child; olbogabarn, a bard-treated child; oskabarn, a child of adop
tion;
 sveinbarn, a boy; meybarn, a girl; ungbarn, a baby. CO
MPDS: barnabörn, n. pl. grand-children, Grág. i. 185. bama-eign, f. p

rocreation
of children, v. barneign. barna-f&oelig;ri, n. the phrase, ekki b., no ta
sk
for children, fjórð. 97 (1860). barna-gaman, n. child's play, El. I.
barna-karl, m. child's friend, nickname of an old pirate; hann var
vikingr mikill, hann let eigi henda börn á spjótsoddum sem &t
horn;á var
víkingum títt, því var hann b. kallaðr, he was
a great pirate, but he did
not spit babies as pirates then used to do, wherefore he was called b.,
Landn. 308; in mod. usage, one who has many children, mesti b.
barna-kensla, u, f. fathering a child upon one (kenna e-m barn), N. G. L.
i. 410: mod. training children in a school. bama-leikr, m. a child's
play, Grett. 107 A, vide barnleikr. barna-messa, u, f., now barnadagr, m. Holy Innocents' Day, Dec. 28, N. G. L. i. 377. barnamold, f. argilla apyra, also called Pétrs mold, argilla St. Pet
ri, Eggert
Itin. p. 125. barna-mosi, a, m., botan. sphagnum cymbifolium, Hjalt.
barna-skap, n. in the phrase, hafa ekki b., to be nobab y, Fs. 138.
barna-spil, n. a childish play, Fas. i. 88 paper MS.; spil is a Germ. for
.
word. barna-vipr, n. childish trifles, gewgaws, Ld. 122. barnaþattr, m. the section of law concerning infants, baptism, etc., in
the Icel.
Jus. Eccl., K. þ. K. 8. barns-aldr, m. childhood. Eg. 118, Fms. ii.
267.
barns-bein, n. in the phrase, frá blautu b., v. above, Al. 71. barnsfarir, f. pl. in the phrase, deyja af barnsförum, to die in childbed.
 barns-full, za] . pregnant, Pr. 185, -- a rude phrase; Icel.
now say, kálffull
kýr, but not barnsfull kona. barns-fylgja, u, f., medic, secundinae, a
baby's caul, Björn. barns-gratr, m. the cry of a baby, Fms. x. 2
18.
barns-hafandi, part, pregnant, Jb. 114. barn. 8-h. ufa, u, f. a baby's
cap, D. N. barns-lik, n. a baby's corpse, Hkr. iii. 184. barns-m&aacu
te;l,
n. babble, El. 15. barns-skirsl, f. i/// awt baptism, N. G.
L. i. 131
(Norse). barns-sótt, f. = jóðsótt, the pains of chil
dbirth, Bs. i. 327.
barns-útkast, n. and barns-útburðr, m. exposure of infants,
 N. G. L.
i. 303. barns-verk, n. child's work, Fms. ix. 35.
barna, að, to get with child, Nj. 98: metaph. in the phrase, a
ð barna
söguna, to interrupt a tale while being told.
barn-aldr, m. childhood, Hkr. ii. 35.
barn-alinn, part, native, Bs. i. 808.
barn-beri, a, m. pregnant, with child, N. G. L. i. 317.
barn-burðr, ar, m. cbildbearing, childbirth, Grág. i. 3
75.
barn-bær, f. capable of bearing children, opp. úbyrja

, Grág. i. 323,
Stj. 89: pregnant, Grág. i. 294.
barn-dómr, m. childhood, Stj. 195, 25, 655 xxx. 21.
barn-eign, f. getting children, Stj. 196: metaph. children,
furðu ilia b.
gat Loki, Edda 20; vera or b., to be past childbearing.
barn-eskja, u, f. [Goth, barni s ki], childhood, Hom
. 122.
barn-faðir, m. a child's alleged father, H. E. ii. in. barnamóðir was in popish times the name for a priest's concubine.
barn-fóstr, n. ' bairn-fostering, ' a kind of adoption in o
lden times;
at bjóða e-m b., t o o^ er b. to another man, is
a standing custom in the
Sagas; men of wealth, but of low birth, in order to get security for
their property, offered barnfóstr to noblemen, as in Ld. ch. 16 and ch.
28, Hænsa jbór. S. (ísl. ii. 125), Hard. S. ch. 9 (Ís
l. ii. 23); or it was done
as a matter of policy, it being regarded as a homage to be the fosterfather of another man's son; því at sá er mselt at sá
sé útignari sem
öðrum fostrar barn, Fms. i. 16; ok er sá kallaðr æ min
ni maðr, er
Öðrum fóstrar barn, Ld. 108; thus Jon Loptsson offered b. to the
young Snorri, in order to soothe the wounded pride of his father Sturla,
Sturl. i. 106; Ari Frodi was fostered by Hall í Haukadal, íb.; Nja
l
offered to adopt as a son the young Hoskuld, in order to atone for the
slaying of his father, Nj. ch. 95; cp. also the interesting story of the
kings Harold and Athelstan and the young Hacon, Fms. i. I. c.: as a
matter of friendship, Ld. 144, Bs. i. 73, 74, Sturl. i. 223, Ld. 25, and
many other instances. COMPD: barnfostr-laun, n. pl. a reward,
fee for b., N. G. L. i. 91.
barn-fóstra, u, f. a foster-mother of a child, Mar.; now a nurse.
barn-fóstri, a, m. a foster-father, Eg. 401, Ísl. ii
. 144.
barn-fúlga, u, f. (now in Icel. meðgjöf), pa y/b r the maintenance of a
child, N. G. L. I 30.
barn-f&oelig;ddr, adj. part, native, Bs. i. 80; borinn ok b., b
orn and bred.
barn-f&oelig;ði, n. nativity; eiga b., to be a native,
Fr.
barn-getnaðr, m. the procreation of children, Grág. i.
349, Greg. 29:
pregnancy, Stj. 514.
<PAGE NUM="b0053">
<HEADER>BAENGOÐR -- BAUGR. 53</HEADER>
barn-góðr, adj. fund of children.
barn-gælur, f. pl. lulling sounds, nursery rhymes, Fas. ii.
234.
barningr, m. [berja], thrashing, v. lamabarning: now, 'thrashin
g the
water, ' i. e. h a rd pulling against wind and tide.
barn-lauss, adj. childle s s. Eg. 318, Grág. i. 185,
Landn. 1. 304, Hkr. i. 99.
barn-leikar, m. pl. child's play; leika barnleikum, of play-fellow
s, Bs.
i. 417, 473, Fms. vi. 403, Sturl. i. 62.
barn-leysi, n. the bein^- childless, Stj. 428, Mar. 656.
barn-ligr, adj. childish, Sks. 153.
barn-maðr, m. the bearer of a baby tobe christened; þar
á at ala
likmenn ok barnmenn, Vm. 77.
barn-skikkja, u, f. a child's cloak, Sturl. iii. 278.
barn-skírn, f. the christening of infants, K. jþ. K.
14. barnskirnarorð, n. pl. formula in b., 655 xi.
barn-sæng, f. childbed, H. E. i. 492.
barn-teitr, adj. glad as a child, Hym. 2.
barn-ungr, adj. very young, youthful, Fms. ii. 98, Mirm. 31.
barn-úmagi, a, m. an orphan child, Grug. i. 305.
barn-úmegð, f. minority, Grug. 1. 305.
barn-æði, n. childishness, Fél. 12. 56, transl. o
f Iliad ix. 491.
barn-&oelig;ska, u, f. childhood, Eg. 116, Grág. ii. 392, F
ms. i. 4, x. 273;
bráð er b., the youth is impatient, a proverb, cp. Am. 75.
BARR, n. [Norse and Swed. barr means the needles of the fir or
pine,
 opp. to ' lauf' or leaves of the ash, eon; cp. barlind, taxus bac
caia, and
barskógr, ' needle-wood, ' i. e. fir-wood, Ivar Aasen]. 
I. the needles
 or spines of a fir-tree; the word is wrongly applied by Snorri, Edda
II,
who speaks of the ' barr' of an ash; -- Icel. has no trees. In Hm. 50
(Norse poem ?) it is correctly used of a pine, hrörnar þöll er s

tendr þorpi
á, hlýrat henni börkr ne b., Hkv. Hjörv. 16, Edda 11. II. = barley,
[Scot, and North. E. bear, A. S. bere, is four-rowed barley, a
coarse kind;
bigg in North. E. and Scot, is six-rowed barley, also a coarse kin
d: cp.
' the . B i gg-market, " a street in Newcastle-upon-Tyne: barlog, swee
t wort,
 made of barley, Ivar Aasen]; bygg heitir með mönnum, en barr me&et
h;
goðum, me w c all it'bygg, ' but gods' bear, ' which shews tha
t barr sounded
foreign, and that bygg was the common word, Alvm. 33; Edda (Gl.) 231
has b. under sáðsheiti, v. Lex. Poët. Common phrases in Icel., a
s bera
ekki sitt barr, of one who will never again bear leaves or flourish, metaph.
from a withered tree: so Persarum vigui rege bcatior is rendered, lifs
míns blómgaðra bar, en buðlungs Persa var, Snot 129. barle
gr, adj.
vigorous,
barr, adj. read y (paratus), Jd. 13: strong, vigorous, Lex. Pout.
barr-haddaðr, adj. barley-haired, poet, epithet of the earth,
Lex. Poët.
barri, a, m. a grove, Skm. 39.
bar-skeptr, adj. high-shafted, of an axe; breiðüx b., Bs.
i. 658.
bar-skógr, m. needle-wood.
bar-smíð, f. thrashing, flogging, Bs. i. 792, Gr&aacute
;g. i. 456: pl. fight,
row, lb. 12, Grág. ii. 114.
BARÚN, in. [for. word, mid. Lat. bar o; A. S. b eo rna s], a baron; heita
þeir hersar eðr lendir menn í Danskri tungu, greifar í S
axlandi, en barónar í Englandi, Edda 93, THom., Art.; the title was introduced in
to
Norway by king Magnus, A. 0. 1277, vide Ann. s-a-' Gþl-512. barúnanafn, n. the title o/'b., Ann. 1. c.
barúnia, u, f. a barony. THom. 36.
bar-viðr, m. the wood of the fir, D. N. (Fr.) iii. 473.
bar-viðri, n. a beating storm, Sturl. iii. 127.
basinn, m. [for. word], ba s i n xylinum, a tree, Ed
da (Gl.) ii. 256.
BASMIR, f. pl. an an. \ey. in a verse in Hervar. S. (Ed. 1847), p.
56;
bauð ek þér bróðir basmir óskerðar, f&oac

ute; ok fjöld meiðma; a dub. word,
cp. Germ, besem, Engl. besom; mod. Germ, be s en, No
rth Germ, besemer,
 Dan. bismer (Icel. reizla), which are all connected. Ivar Aasen reco
rds
a Norse word ba s m or basma; the Norse basm means twenty threads of
the warp (ba s m here means l oo m ?) :-- the Ed
. in Fas. i. 207 gives a wrong
spelling óskir tvær (qs. óskertar), and skips the word basrn
ir.
bassi, a, m. a bear, Lex. Poët.
BAST, n.; besti (Vkv. 12) seems to be a dat. masc. from böstr; in
Germ, the word is freq. used masc.; the passage 1. c. is perh. to be restored
thus -- þeir er af létu besti (tiliae) byr sima (annulos)
, who did pull the
rings from the cord? (cp. v. 8); [Engl., A. S., and Germ, ba s t] :-- ba s t,
the inner bark of the lime-tree; bast at binda, Rm. 9; bast no band, G&th
orn;l.
386, N. G. L. i. 59; sá þeir á bast bauga drcgna, Vkv. 7.
basta, að, to bind intoa parcel, D. N. ii. 560 (Fr.), Fms. v.
301.
bastarðr, m. bastard, appears for the first time as the cognom
. of
William the Conqueror. The etymon is dubious; Grimm suggests a
Scandinavian origin; but this is very doubtful; the word never occurs
in Scandinavian writers before the time of William, sounds very like
a foreign word, is rarely used, and hardly understood by common people
in Icel.; neither does it occur in A. S. nor O. H. G.; so that Adam of
Bremen says, iste Willelmus quem Franci bastardum vocant; whence
the word seems to come from some southern source; cp. the Játv. S. (Ed.
1852), and Fl. iii. 463 sqq.; the MS. Holm, spells bastarðr, the Fb. basthardr. 2. name of a sword, Fms. vii. 297, referring to A. D. 1163. 3. a kind
of cloth, in deeds of the I4th and 151:1 centuries,
Vm. 46, 136, D. N. ii. 165.
bastari, a, m. a bastbinder, D. N. ii. 246.
bast-bleikr, adj. pale as bast, Fms. vii. 269, v. 1.
bastl, n. turmoil; bastla, að, to turmoil.
bast-lína, u, f. a cord of bast, Eg. 579.
bast-taug, f. a tie or cord of bast, Eg. 579, v. I.
bast-vesall, adj. = bastbleikr, Karl. 167.
bast-öx, f., prob. a false reading, Fas. 11. 177, v-'• b&aacute
;töx.
BATI, a, m. improvement, advantage, Fs. 155, Grett. 113 A, Fas. ii
.
247, Grág. (Kb.) i. 160. bata-ván, f. hope of convalescence, re
covery
of health, cp. Grág. I. e.; cp. also ábati, gain.
batna, að, [v. bati; Ulf. gabatnan] , to improve, get bette
r, Nj. 52, Grág.
i. 206. 2. impers. medic, term; c-rn batnar, one recovers, Fms. iv
.
369, v. 22; the disease is added in gen., e-m b. sins meins, sjúkleika,
sóttar, Bs. i. 343, Hkr. ii. 312, Eb. 280: at present also with nom.:
proverb, batnanda manni er bezt að lifa.
batnaðr, ar, m. improvement, 623. 15, 110111. 50, 134, Hkr. 11
. 178:
convalescence, Grág. ii. 45.
batnan, f. id., Lex. Poët.
baug-bót, f. a law term, compensation (v. baugr II.), Grug.
ii. 173.
baug-b&oelig;tandi, pl. -endr, part, a law term, / h os e who h
ave to pay the
 baugr (II.); opp. to baugþiggendr, the receivers, Grág.
ii. 172.
baug-eiðr, m. theoath upon the sacred temple ring in heathen t
imes;
b. Óðinn hygg ek at unnit hafi, hvat skal hans trygðum trú
a, Hm. no;
cp. the phrase, vinna eið at baugi, v. baugr below; the baugeiðr of heat
hen
times answers to the Christian bókciðr and vinna eið at bó
k, to swear,
laying the band upon the Gospel.
baug-gildi, n. a law term, the ' weregild' to be paid to the ' agnates
' of
the slain; opp. to nefgildi, the same amount to be paid to the 'cognates;
'
 defined, Grág. (Bt.) ii. 176, N. G. L. i. 186: metaph. agnatic re
lationship, vera or b. eðr nefgildi, lifa í b. etc., to be an agnate
 or a cognate, id.
bauggildis-menn, in. pl. agnates who are bound to pay and receive the
bauggildi, Grág. ii. 180.
baug-gildingr, m. = bauggildismaðr, cp. nefgildingr, Grág. ii.
178.
baug-gildr, adj. payable, fit to pay as bauggildi, N. G. L. i. 176
.
BAUGR, m. [the root bjiig -- bang -- bog; A. S. beág; O. ll. G.
pottc
= armilla; lost in N. H. G. and in Engl.] I. a ring, armlet, e
sp.
in olden times to be worn on the wrist plain, without stones: o. the
sacred temple ring (stallahringr) on the altar in heathen temples; all oaths
were' to be made by laying the hand upon the temple ring; at sacrificial
banquets it was to be dipped in the blood, and was to be worn by the
priest at all meetings. The ring was either of gold or silver, open
(mótlaus), its weight varying between two, three, and twenty ounces (the
last is the reading of Eb. new Ed. p. 6, v. 1., the classical passages in
the
Sagas are -- Eb. I. e. (and cp. 44), Glúm. 388, Landn. (Hb.) 258, þ
órð. S.
94 (Ed. 1860); cp. also the note at the end of the new Ed. of Eb., referring
to an interesting essay of the Norse Prof. Holmboe upon the matter,
Christiania, A. D. 1864. p. baugr is at present in Icel. used of a
spiral ring without a stone (e. g. a wedding ring); the third finger is
called baugfingr, transl. from Lat. digitus annuli, for the wearing of
wedding rings is not in use in Icel. (unless as a Dan. imitation). Icel.
also say einbaugr, tvibaugr, a single or double spiral ring. II
.
metaph. in olden times, before minted gold or silver came into use, the
metals were rolled up in spiral-formed rings, and pieces cut off and
weighed were used as a medium of payment; hence, in old times,
baugr simply means money, used in the poets in numberless compounds;
hringum hreytti, hjó sundr baug, Rm. 35; cp. baugbroti, baugskyndir,
baugskati, baughati, one who breaks, throws, hates gold, epithets of prin
ces,
etc., v. Lex. Poët. A. S. poetry abounds in epithets such as, beaggeafa,
dator awri; the Heliand speaks of ' vunden gold. ' In the law the
payment of weregild is particularly called baugr, v. the compounds: baugatal
is the Icel. section of law treating of the weregild, Grág. ii. 17
1-188;
höfuôbaugr, lögbaugr (a le^ al bang, lawful pay
ment). In the Norse
law vide esp. N. G. L. i. 74 sqq., 184 sqq. 2. the painted circle on the
round shield (clypeus); á fornum skjoldum var titt at skrifa rön
d þá er
b. var kallaðr, ok er við þann baug skildir kendir, Edda 87, Eg. 6
99;
often embellished with scenes from the mythical age. Some poems arc
preserved or on record, describing such shields, two Berudrapur by Egil
(bera, a shield), Haustlong by Thjodolf, R. agnarsdrapa by Bragi Gamli
(of the 9th and loth centuries). Some of these poems were among the
chief sources used by Snorri in composing the Edda. The shield is metaph.
called baugr, Edda (Gl.) 3. afish-hook; man eigi þú draga Le
viathan
á öngli eðr bora kiðr hans með baugi (very rare, if not
an air. Ae-y.), Post.
686 C. ?. 4. the phrase, eiga (kost) a baugi, to have (a single) chanc
e
left; þótti þat vera et mesta hætturáð a
t berjast, en sá mun á baugi, ef eigi
er szzt, there will be no other chance unless we come to terms, Sturl. ii
i. 244;
þii munt eiga slíkan á baugi bratt, th o?/ wilt so
on have the very same chance
(viz. death), the turn will come to thee, Nj. 58; mi mun ek eiga &tho
rn;ann á
baugi, at..., there will be no other chance for me, than ..., Orkn. 46; c
p.
einbeygðr kostr, dira necessitas, 58; kvaðst þá liel
dr vilja liggja
<PAGE NUM="b0054">
<HEADER>54 BAUGABEOT -- BÁSS.</HEADER>

henni, ef sá væri á baugi, if there were no other chance,
 Fas. ii. 150. The
explanation of this metaphor is doubtful, cp. Vkv. verses 5 and 7 (?), or
is the metaphor taken from the weregild ? 5. baugr also occurs
in mod. usage in many compds, astron. and mathem., spor-baugr, the
ecliptic; hádegisbaugr, a meridian. COMPDS: bauga-brot, n. pl.
cut
off pieces of baugr, b a d money, Band. 12. bauga-xnaðr, m
. =
bauggildismaðr, N. G. L. i. 81, 82, 186. bauga-tal, n. the section
of law about weregild, Grág. ii. 171-188: 0. fixing of the weregil
d,
 Grág. i. 158. baugs-helgi, i. personal sacredness, (one's death t
o be
atoned for by a weregild); þræll á b. á sér
ef hann fylgir drottni sinum
til þings ..., N. G. L. i. 70.
baug-reið, f. a law term, an official inspection (in Norway) to measure
the breadth of the highway, defined, Gþl. 412-414.
baug-rygr, jar, f. pl. ir, a law term, an only daughter entitled to
receive and pay weregild, in default of heirs male. The Norse law
defines thus, ef hon er einberni, ok til arfs komin, þar til er hón
sezt
á brúðstól, ... up to her wedding day, N. G. L.
i. 184, 92: the Icel. law
does not limit the right to her marrying; sú er kona ein er bæð
i skal
baugi bæta ok baug taka, ef hon er einberni, en sú kona heitir b.,
en hon er dóttir hins dauða, Grág. ii. 183.
baug-þak, n. [þekja baug], a law term, ' baug-covering, ' i. e. the
supplemental payment to be added in due proportion to the amount of
weregild (baugr), defined, Grág. ii. 171, 172; hence' at baugþaki'
metaph.
means in addition, to boot; þá kom at honum síðan
at b. brotfallit, he
was taken with fits of epilepsy to boot, Bs. i. 336.
baug-þggjandi, pl. -endr, part, a receiver of weregild.
BAUKA, að, [Swed. bö k a], prop, to dig, to rum
mage; hann b. til
fiskanna, viz. in order to steal them, Grett. 137; aldri skal ek í belgin
n
bauka, says the giant in the tale, Ísl. bjóðs. ii. 458.
BAULA, u, f. a cow, Bs. i. 635. COMPDS: baulu-fall, n. the
carcase of a slaughtered cow, Bs. i. 593. baulu-fótr, m. cow's foo
t,
 cognom., Sturl. iii, 71; mod. baula, að, to low.
BAUN, f. [A. S. bean, cp. Lat. / ab a], a be an, G&t
horn;l. 544, Rb. 394.
bauna-lögr, m. bean-broth, Karl. 452.
bausn, f. the fore fins of a shark, Björn.

BAUTA, the remnant of an obsolete strong verb analogous to hlaupa -Wjóp, [A. S. b ea t an; Engl. be a t; Germ. botzen, pulsare] , tohunt, beat; bautu,
1st pers. pl. pres. indie., Fms. v. 83 (0. H. 1853 spells bavtu); svá bav
tu
vér bjornuna, so ' dowe beat (chase) the bears, Gs. 13: part. pass
, bautinn,
beaten, slain, Lex. Poët. s. v. sverðbautinn; Farbauti, beate
r of ships, is
the name of the giant father of Loki; hylbauti, beater of the waves, a
ship, Edda (Gl.); cp. Swed. bauter, strings for catching birds, Ihre.
bauta-steinn, Snorri (Hkr.) constantly uses the pl. form, but
bautaðarsteinn, Fagrsk. 19, ^nd bautarsteinn, Hm. 72; m. the stone
monuments of the olden age, esp. in Sweden and Denmark; the Hávam&aac
ute;l
1. c. (sjaldan bautarsteinar standa brautu nær, nema reisi niðr at ni&
eth;) tells
us that these stones used to be placed along the high roads, like the sepulchral monuments of old Rome; cp. the standing phrase on the SwedishRunic stones -- her skal standa steinn ' naer brautu;' or, má eigi' braut
arkuml' (a roa d monument) betra verða; the high roads of old Sw
eden
seem to have been lined with these monumental stones; even at the
present time, after the destruction of many centuries, the Swedish-Runic
stones (of the nth and I2th centuries) are counted by thousands. A
great collection was made and drawings executed during the I7*h
century (Buræus, etc.), but only published A. D. 1750, under the name
of Bautil. The etymology of this word is much contested; some
render it by ' s t on e s of the slain' (bauta, to slay), but this is contradicted
by the passage in Hm. 1. c. and by the inscriptions themselves. The
bauta stones were simply monuments erected by the piety of kindred
and friends without any respect to sex or manner of death, either in war,
on sea, or through sickness; some were even erected to the memory
of living persons. They were usually tombstones; but many of them
are memorial stones for men that died in foreign lands, Greece, Russia,
the British Islands, etc. Neither is Snorri right in saying (Hkr. pref.)
that the bautasteinar belonged to the old burning age (brunaöld), and
were replaced by the cairns (haugar) in the subsequent cairn age
(haugaöld) -- þá skyldi brenna alla dauða menn ok reisa ep
tir bautasteina, en síðan er Freyr hafði heygðr verit at Uppsölum
þá görðu
margir höfðingjar eigi síðr hauga en bautasteina. Sví
ar tóku lík hans ok
var hann brendr við á þá er Skúta heitir, þ
ar vóru settir bautasteinar
hans, Hkr. Yngl. ch. 17 -- the passage in Hávamál and the monument
s
refute this statement. The great bulk of the Scandinavian bauta stones
seem to be of the nth and even 12th century. In Icel. no stones of that
time are on record: var hann þá her heygðr skamt frá bse
num, ok settir
upp bautasteinar, þeir er enn standa her, Hkr. i. 269; hávir bautas
teinar
standa hjá haugi Egils ullserks, 153, -- where Fagrsk. reads, í &t
horn;au skip
var lagðr í valrinn, ok orpnir þar haugar utan at; þar st
endr ok bautaðarsteinn (= bautarsteinn in Hm. ?) hár sem Egill fell, p. 19; -- en eptir a
lia
þá menn er nokkut mannsmót var at, skyldi reisa bautasteina,
ok hélzt
sa siðr lengi síðan, Hkr. Yngl. ch. 8. It is worth remarking that
the
Word ' bautasteinn' never occurs out of Icel. literature, and there only in the
above passages, viz. once in the old Hm., once in the Fagrsk.,
four times in the Hkr., whence it has passed over to modern writers.
The word is most probably only a corruption from brautarsteinar,
lapides viae, (by dropping the r); cp. the analogous Swedish word,
brautarkuml, monumentum viae, which occurs in the inscriptions
themselves.
BÁÐIR, adj. pron. dual, gen. beggja, neut. bæði rare
ly, (Norse);
báði, gen. báðra, sometimes occur in MSS. of the I4th cent
ury, but
both of them are Norse forms, [Goth, b a i, baioþs; A. S. ba; Engl. both;
Germ, beide; cp. also Gr. a/j. (pai, Lat. a mb o] :-- bo
th, Nj. 82, Sturl.
iii. 314, Eg. 257, Grág. i. 368, N. G. L. i. 33, Ísl. ii. 348, Fms
. x.
118, etc. etc.
BÁG-1, a, m. (not bagi), an adversary, Stor. 23, Lex. Po&eu
ml;t.
bágindi, n. pl. distress, difficulties.
bágliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), adversely, Vígl. 30.
bág-lundr, adj. ill-disposed, bad-tempered, Lex. Poët.
bágr, adj. uneasy; honum verðr bag höndin, Fas. ii
i. 370: eiga bágt
is now in Icel. to be poor, bard up: bag-staddr, adj. distressed.
bágr, m. [cp. Hel. bâgan -- contender e, and Icel. b&
aelig;gja below], contest,
strife, in such phrases as, fara í bag, to come athwart; for &
iacute; bag með
þeim, they came a cross, Bjarn. 28; í bága (pl
.), Bs. i. 622; brjóta bag við
e-m, to make a struggle against, Al. 49; Pali postuli braut þar hel
zt bag
við ávalt er öðrum þótti torveldast, Post. 656
C. 24, Fms. viii. 42; koma
í bága við, to come intostrife or collision with.
bág-ráðr, adj. difficult to deal with, Fms. ii.
II.
bág-rækr, adj. difficult to drive, of geese, Grett. 9
0.
BÁKN AKN, n. for. word [A. S. been; O. H. G. pauhan]
, a beacon, v;
sigrbákn: bákn now means a bi g', monstrous thing.
bákna, að, [A. S. bêcnan] , to beckon; &th
orn;eir báknuðu vápnunum til
þeirra Hákonar, Fms. vii. 276, xi. 366.
BÁL, n. [old Scot, b a le, i. e. a beacon-fagot, Lay of Last Minstrel 3.
27 note]. I. aflame, Nj. 199, Ld. 100, Stj. 45 (freq.) IT.
 Lat. rogus, a pyre, funeral pile; hlaða b., rogum struere, Eb. 314, 2645
Fms. v. 328, esp. for burning dead bodies; a funeral pile in the old
heathendom, til brands eðr báls, an old law term, a d urnam, N
. G. L. i.
50: the phrase, vega e-n á bal, or, bera á bal, to carry tothe
pyre,
Vkv. 14, cp. Vþm. 54, Fas. i. (Hervar. S.) 487; graphical description of
those funerals, vide Edda 37, 38 (Baldrsbrenna), Fas. i. (Völs. S.) 204;
cp. 333, Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 27; cp. also the funeral of the mythical king
Sigurd Ring, recorded by Arngrim Lærde in his Supplementum ad Compendium Hist. Norv. MS. (composed A. D. 1597), probably taken from
a lost leaf of Skjöldunga Saga (Sögubrot), and mentioned by Munch,
Norske Folks Hist. i. 274: mod. of a foaming wind, wrath, etc. -bálviðri, n. and balhvass, bálreiðr, adj., etc.
bál-för, f. a funeral, Edda 37.
bál-gerð, f. id., Edda (Ub.) 288 (Ed. 1852).
bálki, a, m., v. the following word.
BÁLKR, old form b^lkr, Grág., dat. bselki, N. G. L. i. 399,
acc. pl.
bcólku or bálku, Lex. Poët. [A. S. b a l e], a
balk, partition [cp. naval bulkheads]; b. um þveran hellinn, of a cross w a ll, Fms. iii. 2
17, Fas. ii. 333,
Grett. 140; sá studdi höndunum á bálkinn, of a balk
of wood across
the door, Orkn. 112. /3. a low wall in a stall or house, N. G. L. &uacute
;
399, 2. metaph. a law term, a section in a code of law; þjóf
a bálkr,
Kristindóms b., etc., criminal, ecclesiastical law ..., Grá
g., Jb. y.
a body, a host, in compds as frændbálkr, ættbálkr,
herbálkr; s^ndist
honum úárenniligr b. þeirra, of a host in line of battle, Bs
. i. 667;
a pr. name. COMPDS: balkar-brot, n. the breaking a fence, crib, Gpl.
350, 391. bálkar-lag, n. a sort of metre (from a pr. name Balkr),
Edda (Hi.) 142.
BÁRA A, u, f. [berja ?], a wave, billow, v. alda; as a rule
bára denotes
the smaller waves caused by the wind (on the surface of larger
billows), alda the rollers or swell, Bs. ii. 82, Fas. i. 186, Fms. x. 324 (of
a breaker = boði), Gkv. 1. 7: the proverb, sigla milli skers ok báru,
cp,
inter Scyllam et Cbarybdin, Fms. ii. 268, Fb. iii. 402; sjaldan er ein
báran stök, there i s seldom a single billow: of misfo
rtune, cp. Aesch.
Prom. 1015 KOJCUV rpiKVfiia., cp. also Ísl. þjóðs
. i. 660. p. metaph.
of undulations or rough stripes on the surface of a thing, e. g. t
he crust
of a cheese, Fs. 146; a scull, cp. Eg. 769: baruskel, f. c a rd/ a testð
cordatapectinata, a shell, Eggert Itin. p. 1010. COMPDS: barn-fall;
n. a swell at sea, Al. 50. baru-skel, f., v. above. baru-skot, n.
waves from a fresh breeze, wrinkling the surface of the sea, Hkr. i. 59.
baru-stormr, m. an unruly sea, Stj. 89. báru-stórr, adj. the waves
running high, Bs. ii. 82, Fas. i. 72; vide mót-bára, object
ion.
bár-óttr, adj. waved, of a skull, Eg. 769.
bása, að, = bæsa, to drive cattle into a stall, G
ísl. 104.
bás-hella, u, f. a stone w a ll between two stalls in a
cowhouse,
 Grett. 112.
BÁSS, m. [Ulf. bansts -- ajroOrjier); A. S. bós; Eng
l. provincial boose; Germ, banse] , a boose or stall in
a cowhouse; kýr á bási, binda kú á b&aacu
te;s, etc., Bjarn. 32, Bs. 5. 171; a cow and a bas go together, e. g. in the . n
ursery rhyme lulling children to sleep; sou, sofi... selr í sjá...
kyr á
<PAGE NUM="b0055">
<HEADER>BÄSUNA -- BEINL 55</HEADER>
bási, köttr í búri..., cp. the Engl. in the cow's b
oose, Bosworth s. v.; has,
bás is an interj. exclam. for driving cows into stall: also used in Icel.
of
basins formed in rocks, e. g. at the foot of a waterfall; in local names,
Básar, Básendar, etc.: the phrase, hafa sér markaðan b&
aacute;s, to have one's
course of life marked out, Ísl. Jjjóðs. i. 538; einginn ve
it sér ætlaðan bás
í örlaganna solli, n o o ne knows what boose is kept for h
im in the turmoil
of the fates, Grönd. 194; vide bjarnbass.
BÁSUNA, u, f. (for. word), bassoon, Fas. ii. 511.
bát-festr, f. a rope by which a boat is made fast, Jb. 398,
655 xvii.
bát-lauss, adj. and bátleysi, n. being without a boat, Eb. 142, Jb. 399-
bát-maðr, m. a boatman, Hkr. iii. 128, Fms. vi. 320.

BÁTR,, m. [a Scandin. and Low Germ, word used in A. S., Engl.,
Dutch, but alien to O. H. G. and middle H. G.; even Luther (v. Grimm
y. v.) never uses the word; it was later introduced into mod. High Germ.,
but has a foreign sound there, (Engl. t answers to High Germ, z); the
word is in Germ, borrowed from Dutch or English] :-- a boat, either
a small open fishing vessel or a shi p- boat. In Icel. only small
boats
are called so, those of two or four oars; an eight-oared boat is a
'ship, ' Eg. 121, 373, Eb. 142, Nj. 122, Jb. 398, Bs. 1. 422, 423: in
phrases, ausa bat sinn, Fms. vii. 331; sjá fyrir báti sínum
, to go
one's own course, to mind erne's own business, Sturl. iii. 247: alliteration, eiga bygð í báti, metaph., Bs. i. 422. COMPDS: bá
ts-borð,
n. the s ide of a boat, Sturl. i. 119. báts-farmr, m. a
boat's freight,
 Ann. 1342.
bát-stafn, m. a boat's prow, Fms. viii. 223.
beð n. c bed in a garden, (mod. and rare, cp. reitr.)
beð-dúkr, m. a bed-covering, Dipl. iii. 4.
beðja, u, f., poet, a wife, bed-fellow, Lex. Poët.
beð-mál, n. pl. a curtain lecture, Hm. 85.
BEÐR, jar, m. pl. ir, [Ulf. badi; Hel. bed; A. S. be
dd; Engl. bed;
Germ, belt] , a bed; in Icel. sæng is the common word, be&et
h;r poët. and
rare; in the N. T. Kp&fi&a. rov is always rendered by sæng
(tak sæng
þína og gakk, Mark ii. 9); beðr is used in alliterative phrases
, e. g. beor
eðr blaeja, Jb. 28; í beðjum eðr bólstrum, N. G. L. i.
351; deila beð ok
blíðu, (pi\6rr)Ti KOÍ tiivrj, Od. v. 126; and mostly in
the sense of bolster;
 saxit nam í beðinum staðar, Ld. 140, Gísl. 114: the s
ea-shore is poet.
called sævar-beðir (sofa ek né mátta'k sævarbe&eth
;jum á, Edda 16 (in a
verse); hvíl-beðr, a resting bed, Akv. 30; rísa upp vi&
eth; beð, to lift the
body against the pillow, Bkv. 2. 23: the conjugal bed, bjó&eth
;a á beð, Ls.
52; sitja á beð, Gh. 19; ganga á beð e-m, to marry,
14: pl., sofa á
beðjum, Hm. 96, loo: metaph. a swelling sea, lauðr var lagt &iacu
te; beði
(acc. pl.), Fms. vi. 180 (in a verse); cp. skýbólstrar, ' bolst
er-clouds, '
heavy piles of cloud. COMPDS: beðjar-dýna, u, f. a feather-bed
,
 Vm. 177. beðjar-ver, n. a bolster case, Dipl. 4.
beð-vina, u, f. = beðja, Lex. Poët.

begla, u, f. [bagr], a bungle; sem b. hjá fögru sm&iac
ute;ði, hence the name
Rimbegla, Rb. (pref.)
BEIÐA, dd, [cp. A. S. beade; Old Engl. bead-roll, bidding-p
rayer,
bedes-man; biðja, bað, beðið, Lat. orare, and b&iacut
e;ða, beið, beðit, Lat.
expectare.] I. t o as k, beg, with the notio
n of right; almost
as a law term, to request [but biðja, ora re]; b. e-n e-s, or
b. e-m (for
one) e-s; beiða griða Baldri, Edda 36, Gs. verse 2; beiða s&eacu
te;r bjargkviðar búa sína fimm, Grág. i. 113, 275; b. sonar b&oac
ute;ta, Nj. 21; b. e-s
af e-m, Fms. i. 47: with acc., in the law term, b. lögbeiðing, to m a ke a
lawful request, Grág. (freq.); ef hann vill eigi eið vinna &thorn
;á er hann er
beiddr (requested) þá verðr hann sekr urn þat t&oa
cute;lf mörkurn, þá er hann
beiddr (requested) er hann er beðinn (asked), K. b. K. 146: ad
ding ut,
b. e-s út, to request the payment of a right, etc., Gþl. 375
; b. til e-s, t o
request, 656 B. p. reflex., beiðast, to request on one's own behal
f; b. laga,
Ld. 76; fars, Grág. i. 90; griða, Fms. viii. 423, x. 172, Nj. 10, 76,
Eg.
239, Fms. i. ii: in active sense, Land. 293; beiðast út réttar
sins, t o
c l a im as o ne's ri^ ht, Gþl. 187: with infi
n., Grág. i. 489: with ' at' and a
subj., Fms. i. 12, Grág. i. 7. II. [Dan. bede], as a huntin
g term,
to hunt, chase; b. björnu, to hwnt bear s: part, beiddr and b
eiðr,
bunted about, Gísl. 112; hann kvað sveininn hafa verið ili
a beiddan, Fs.
69, Mirm. 39: the phrase by Kormak, sá er bindr beiðan (i. e. beiddan
)
hiin, seems to mean one who pinions the young hunted bear, viz. as if it
were sheep or cattle, Edda 96 (in a verse), symbolical of the earl Sigurd,
a mighty Nimrod, who surpassed the wild deer in strength and swiftness;
beiðr (= beiddr) for ek heiman at biðja þín Guðr&uacute
;n, Am. 90, seems to
mean hunted by love, amore captus: the verse of Kormak, -- bands man
ek beiða rindî, fascinating, charming woman (1), by whom the po
et is
made prisoner in love; cp. the poët. compds beiði-hlökk, beiði
-sif,
beiði-rindr, all epithets of women, Lex. Poët., v.
beiðing and beiðning (Mar. Fr.), f. request, demand, El. I
I: waiting,
 Fms. viii. 151 (dub. reading).
beiðni, f. a request, demand, Fms. i. 208; pl., 655 iii. 4; ho

lds b., carnal
lust, Hom. 17, 25 (Lat. petulantia).
beiðsla, u, f. a request, demand, Sturl. iii. 231, Sks. 772. b
eiðsluxnaðr, m. a person asking, Sks. 776, Anecd. 88.
BEIGR or beygr, m. fear; hafa b. af e-m (freq.) :-- beiguðr, m
.
a n athlete, one who inspires fear (?), Edda.
BEIMAR, m. pl. [etym. uncertain], poet, men, heroes, the followers
of king Beirni, according to Edda 109; it is more likely that it is a relation to Engl. bea w, beaming, and means illustrious, Lex. P
oët.
BEIN, n. a word common to the Teut. idioms and peculiar to them j
[the Goth, word is not on record, as Luke xxiv. 39 and John xix. 36 are
lost in Ulf.; A. S. ban; Engl. bone; Germ, bein; Swed. -Dan
. ben (been).
 Sansk., Gr., Lat., and the Slav, languages agree in a totally different
root; Sansk. asihi; Gr. oariov; Lat. os; the Slav, branch all with
an
initial c, cp. the Lat. cosia. Vide Grimm (s. v.), who suggests a
relation to Gr. jSeuVu;; but the native Icel. words beinn, rectus, and beina,
promovere, are more likely roots; the original sense might thus be cru
s,
 Gr. er/ceAos, but Lat. os the secondary one] :-- a bone. I. s
pec.
the le g" from the knee to the foot; freq. in Swed. and Dan., but very
rare and nearly obsolete in Icel., where leggr is the common word;
hosa strengd at beini, Eg. 602, Fms. x. 331; kálfar á beinum fram,
N. G. L. i. 339. II. gener. = Lat. os, a bone, but originally
the bones with marrow (Germ, knocben), as may be inferred from the
passages, pa er mergund ef b. er í sundr til mergjar, þat er mergr
er i,
Grág. ii. II, i. 442, Fms. vii. 118, Vápn. 21, Fas. i. 66, V&iacut
e;gl. 20; stór
bein í andliti, with a strongly-marked, high-boned face, Band. 7,
whence
stórbeinóttr, q. v.; viðbeina, a collar-bone; höfu
ðbein, pl. he a d- b on e s,
the scull around the temples and the forehead; er gamlir grisir skyldu
halda mér at höfuðbeinum, Grett. (in a verse); strjúka h&
oacute;'fuðbeiniu;
málbein, o s loquendi, a small bone in the head; hence the phrase,
láta
málbeinið ganga, of one talking incessantly and foolishly: met
aph.
in phrases, lata ganga með beini, to deal blows to the very marrow,
deal severely, Ld. 230; hafa bein í hendi (the Danes say, have bee
n
i n&oelig;sen), to have a boned hand, i. e. strength and power, Hrafn
. 10, Al.
29. 2. pl. relics, remains (ashes); the phrase, bera bein, to repose,
rest, be buried; far þú út til islands, þar mun &t
horn;ér auðit verða beinin at
bera, Grett. 148, Nj. 201; ok iðrast nú að aptr hvarf að bera
b. blú við
hrjóstr, Bjarni, 57 :-- of the reli cs of saints, Bs. 468, 469; he
nce beinafærsla, u, f. removal of bones (translatio); in the Catholic age, w
hen
churches were removed, the churchyard was dug up and the bones removed
also, vide Eb. (in fine), Bjarn. 19, K. b. K. 40, Eg. (in fine). COMPDS:
beina-vatn, n. water in which relics have been washed, Bs. ii. 173. F&eac
ute;l.
ix. records many medic, terms; beina-griud, f. a skeleton; bein-át
a,
u, f. necrosis, caries ossiitm; bein-brot, \\. fractura ossium, Lv
. 68, Grág.
ii. 17; bein-kröm, f. rachitis: bein-kveisa, u, f. osteocopus; beinsullr, in. sarcostosis; bein-verkir, m. pl. lassitudo febrilis doloros
a
universalis, Gísl. 48, cp. Fél. ix. As a poet, circumlocution,
the s to ne is
foldar bein, bone of the earth; sævarbein, bone of the sea,
Hit., Edda (Ht.)
19, 23; cp. the Gr. myth of
beina, d. I. to stretch out, to put into motion; b. flug, o
f birds,
to stretch the wings for flight, Edda 13, Orkn. 28; b. skrið, of a se
rpent,
Stj. 98; b. raust, to lift up the voice, speak loud, Gísl. 57. 
II.
metaph. to promote, forward; b. for (ferð) e-s, to help one forwar
ds,
 Fms. vi. 63, Grág. i. 343, Bret. 38; b. til með e-m, to lend
one help; ek
vii b. til með þér baenum mínum, / will ass i s t thee in my prayers, Bs. i.
472; b. e-u til e-s, to contribute to a thing; þessu vii ek b. til
brennu
þinnar, Fb. i. 355; b. at með e-m, to help, assist one; hlauptu
her ut,
ok mun ek b. at með þér, Nj. 201; b. at e-u, to lend a hand
to, Bjarn.
64; b. fyrir e-m, to entertain, of alms or hospitable treatment (whence
beini); b. fyrir fátækum, Post. 656
bein-brjóta, braut, to bre a kone's bones, B&
aacute;rð. 167.
bein-brot, n. the fracture of bone, v. above.
bein-fastr, adj., b. sár, a wound to the bone, Stud. ii. 22
2, 655 xi.
bein-fiskr, m., v. beitfiskr.
bein-gjald, n. a law term, compensation for a lesion of bone, N. G
. L.
i. 172.
bein-gróinn, part, healed (of a bone fracture), Fas. ii. 29
5.
bein-hákall, m. squalus maximus.
bein-hinna, u, f. periosteum.
bein-högg, n. a blow injuring the bone, opp. to svoðu s&a
acute;r, Stud. i. 13.
beini, m. help, but exclusively used of hospitable entertainmen
t, kind
treatment, hospitality; vinna, veita, e-m beina, Eb. 268; þykir yð
r eigi
sá b. beztr, at yðr sé borð sett ok gefinu náttver&
eth;r ok síðan fari þér
at sofa, Eg. 548; ofgorr er beininn, t oo much trouble taken, too much
attendance, Lv. 38 (Ed. badly 'beinan'); höfðu þar blí
ðan beina, Fms.
ii. 248, iv. 336; mikit er mi um beina þinn, w hat hospitable treatment
I
ísl. ii. 155, Bjarn. 53 -- 55, Fas. i. 79: ganga um beina, to w a it upon
the guests, in old times (as at present in Icel.) an honourable task; in
great banquets the lady or daughter of the house, assisted by servants,
did this office; bórhildr (the daughter) gékk um beina, ok b&aacut
e;ru þaer
Bergþóra (the mother) mat á borð, Nj. 50, cp. Lv. 1. c.,
Fms. xi. 52; Hit
(the hospitable giantess) gékk um b., Bárð. 174; þið
randi (the son of
the house) gékk um beina, Fms. ii. 194; -- but it is added, 'because h
e
was humble and meek, ' for it was not regarded as fit work for a man; cp.
þá er konur gengu um b. um dagverð, Sturl. i. 132. COMPDS: bein
a<PAGE NUM="b0056">
<HEADER>56 BEINAMAÐR -- BEKKR.</HEADER>
bót, f. accommodation, comfort for guests; þar var mörg
u við slegit til
b., 625. 96; sagði at honum þætti þat mest b. at eldr v&ae
lig;ri kveyktr fyrir
honurn, Fas. i. 230; bar var jafnan nýtt mjöl haft til beinab&oacute
;tar, Sturl.
i. 23. beina-maor, m. a promoter, H. E. ii. 93. beina-spell,
n. spoiling of the comfort of the guests, Bs. i. 313, Sturl. i. 22. beina
burfi, adj. ind. in need of hospitable treatment, Fas. iii. 373.
bein-knúta, u, f. a joint bone, Bs. ii. 82.
bein-kross, n. a cross of bone, Magn. 512.
bein-lauss, adj. without bone, Fas. i. 251.
bein-leiðis, adv. directly, Fas. iii. 444.
bein-leiki, a, m. hospitable treatment, Lv. 5, Eg. 577, Fas. i. 77
.
BEINN, adj., compar. beinni, superl. beinstr or beinastr. I. Gr.
öpøos, Lat. rectits, opp. to wry or curved, in a st
raight line; b. rás, a
straight course, Sks. 217; beinstr vegr, the straigbtest, shortest way, Fms.
ix. 361, Bs. ii. 132 (very freq.): ueut. beint, beinast, used as adv.
straight; sem beinst á þá, Eg. 386; svá beint,
straight on, 742: just,
þat kom mér beint (just) i hug, Fms. vi. 213, 369, 371;
b. sextigi skipa,
precisely sixty ships, xi. 114; mi beint, just now, iv. 327; var h
ann þá
beint í undlati, just breathed his last, vi. 230. 2. metaph. ho
spitable;
 Dagstyggr tok við honum forkunnar vel, ok var við hana hinn beinast
i,
Sturl. ii. 125; varla náðu þeir at stíga af baki, sv&aac
ute; var bóndi beinn við
þá, Ísl. ii. 155; Björn var allbeinn við hann um kv
eldit, Fms. ii. 84;
var kerling hin beinasta í öllu, Fas. iii. 394: also as epithet of t
he inn
or house, þar er svá beint (suc h hospitality), at varla &th
orn;ykkja þeir hafa
komit í beinna stað, ... in a more hospitable botise, i. 77; s
váfu af þá
nótt, ok vóru þeir í allbcinum stað, Eb. 268. 
II. [bein, crus] ,
 in compds, berbeinn, bare-legged, Hbl. 6: as a cognom. of king Magnu
s
from the dress of the Highlanders assumed by him, Fms. vii; harðbeinn,
hard-legged, cognom., Ld.; mjóbeinn, tape-legged, a nicknam
e, Landn.;
Kolbeinn, pr. name, black-legged; hvitbeinn, white-legged, pr. nam
e,
Landn., etc.
BEINN, m. e&o ny, Edda (Gl.), v. basinn.
bein-serkr, m., medic. ' bone-jack, ' an abnormal growth, by which
the
under part of the thorax (the lower ribs) is attached to the spine; as
a cognom., Fas. iii. 326; cp. Bjorn s. v.
bein-skeyti, n. a straight-shooting, good shot, Fms. vii. 120, v.
337,
viii. 140, v. I.
bein-skeyttr, adj. straight-shooting, a good shot, Fms. ii. 320.
bein-stórr, adj. big-boned, Sturl. i. 8.
bein-stökkull, m. a sprinkle (stökkull) of bone,
Am. 105.
bein-vaxinn, part, straight-grown, tall and slim.
bein-veggr, m. a wedge of bone, A. A. 270.
bein-verkr, v. bein.
bein-viði, n. and beinviðr, m. ebony, Sks. 90, Bser. 16; L
at. ilex.
bein-víðir, m. s ali ne arbuscula, Hjalt.
bein-vöxtr, m. bone-growth, bonyness; lítill (mikill)
beinvöxtum, of
small (big) frame, Bs. i. 328.
beiska and beiskja, u, f. bitterness, harshness, sourness, Sks. 53
2 B.
beiskaldi, a, m., Lat. acerbus, a nickname, Sturl.
beiskleiki, a, and beiskleikr, s, m. bitterness, harshness, sourness;
 Marat, þat er b., Stj. 290, Rb. 336 of sulphur: metaph. acrimony, b. i
brjósti, Post. 656 C; hjartans b.; bitr b., Stj. 51, 421, Sks. 730 B, Mag
n.
502, Bs. i. 743.
beiskliga, adv., esp. in the phrase, grata b., t o w eep bitter
ly, Fms. x.
367, Th. 6, the Icel. transl. of Luke xxii. 62; grenja (to h ow l)
b., Fms.
x. 256: bitterly, grimly, bera sik b. her í móti, Stj. 143.
beiskligr, adj. bitter.
BEISKR, adj. [Dan. beedsk; Swed. besk; it is always spelt w
ith s
(not 2) in the MSS., and cannot therefore well be traced to bita, qs.
beitskr] :-- bitter, sour, acrid; salt vatn ok b., Stj. 93; beiskar s&uac
ute;rur, bitter
herbs, 279. Exod. xii. 8; b. drykkr; amara, þat er b. at vóru m
áli, 421,
625. 70, Sks. 539: metaph. bitter, Th. 6: exasperated, grim, angry,
 smalamaðr sagði Hallgerði vígit; hon varð beisk vi&e
th;, Nj. 60, Al. 122.
BEISL, n. a bridle, freq. in old vellum MSS. spelt beils, Fs. 128,
62,
Fms. x. 86, xi. 256 C; with z, beizl or mod. beizli, Sks. 84, 87 new Ed.,
N. G. L. ii. 115, Grett. 122, Fms. viii. 52, v. 1., Fas. ii. 508; beisl (wilh
s), Karl. 4, Grág. i. 439 (Kb. and Sb.), Stj. 206, Nj. 33, Fms. x.
86,
Flov. 26, etc. The word is not to be derived from bita; this may with
certainty be inferred from comparison with the other Teut. idioms, and
even in the Roman tongues we find r after the first letter: A. S. brid
le
 and bridels; O. H. G. brittill; Dutch bridel; Engl. bridle; these forms
seem to point to the Lat. / ren wm; the Scandin. idioms seem to have
elided the r; Swed. betsel; Dan. bidsel; Icel. beils
and beisl or bei z l; many
words referring to horse taming and racing are not genuine Scandinavian,
but of foreign extraction; so is söðull, saddle, derived from A.
S. sa'So l,
Lat. sedile. COMPDS'. beisl-al, f. bridle-rein, Flov. beisl-hringr
,
m. bridle-ring, Fs. 62. beisl-tamr, adj. w sed tothe bridle, Gr&aa
cute;g. i.
439. beisl-taumar, m. pl. bridle-reins, Fms. xi. 256, Sturl. iii. 314;
cp. bitull.
beisla, að, to bridle, Stj. 206.
BEIT, n. I. pasturage, Grág. ii. 224, 263, 286; &aac
ute; beit, grazing: [in England the rector of a parish is said to have '
the bite' of the
churchyard.] COMPDS: beitar-land, n. a pasture land. beitarmaðr, m. owner of a pasture, Grág. ii. 286, Jb. 245. beitar-to
llr,
m. a toll or fee for pasturage. II. poet, a ship, Lex.
BEIT, f. a plate of metal mounted on the brim, e. g. of a drinking
horn, the carved metal plate on an old-fashioned saddle, Fms. iii. 190;
skálir með gyltum beitum, B. K. 84, Bs. ii. 244; cp. Caes. Bell. Gall
. 6.
28 (Germani urorum cornua) a labris argento circumcludunt.
beita, u, f. bait, Bs. ii. 179, Hým. 17, Edda 38; now esp.
for fish, and
used in many compds, e. g. beitu-fjara, u, f. the shore where shell-fish
for bait are gathered; beitu-lauss, adj.; beitu-leysi, n., etc.
BEITA, tt, [v. bita, beit, mordere], prop, mordere facer e.
I. t o
graze, feed sheep and cattle; the animals in dat., b. svínum, Gr&a
acute;g. ii.
231; nautum, Eg. 721: the pasture in acc., b. haga, Grág. ii. 224,
225; engi, 228; afrétt, 302, 329; land, 329, Eg. 721: absol., Grág
. ii.
249: with ' i' and dat., b. í skógi, 299: ' í' with acc., b
. svínum í land
annars manns, 231: b. upp land (acc.), t o s poil the pasture by grazi
ng,
lay it bare; beittust þá upp allar engjar, Eg. 712: with dat.,
b. upp (t o
consume) engjum ok heyjum, Fms. vi. 104. II. to handle,
manage a (cutting) instrument; with dat., b. skutli, a harpoon, Fbr.
144;
sverði, a sword, Fms. viii. 96, xi. 270; vápnum, 289. III. a
nautical term, to cruise, prop, to let the ship 'bite' the wind; u
ndu þeir
segl sin ok beittu út at Njcirvasundum allfagran byr, Orkn. 356; beita
þeir í brott frá landinu, Ld. 76; fengu þeir beitt fyr
ir Skotland, the y
sailed round, weathered S., Eg. 405; beittu þá sem þve
rast austr fyrir
landit, 161; b. undir veðrit, to tack, Vb. i. 511; b. í haf &u
acute;t, Orkn.
402: metaph., varð jafnan þeirra hlutr betri, er til hans hnigu, en hi
nna,
er frá beittu, who steered away from him, Fms. viii. 47. IV.
a hunting term, to bunt (cp. bciða), the deer in acc., the dogs or
hawks in dat.; b. e-n hundum, to set hounds on him; konungr sagði
at hann skyldi afklæða, ok b. hundum til bana, Fms. ii. 173, x. 326;
beita haukum, to chase with hawks, Fas. 1. 175: to chase, sv&aacut
e; beitum
vér björnuna, Hkr. ii. 369 MS. B, vide bauta; hann ... hafði bei
tt fimm
trönur, be had caught Jîve cranes, Fagrsk. 77, where Hkr. 1. c
. has ' veitt;'
svá beitu vér bjarnuna á mörkinni norðr, sagði
hann, O. H. L. 70, cp.
above; verðr Salomon konungr varr at dýr hans eru beitt, biðr. 23
1;
þeir beita bar mart dýr, hjörtu ok bjornu ok hindr, 232: metap
h. and
reflex., b. e-m, sögðu þeir mundu eigi þeim birni bcitast,
at deila um
mál hans við ofreflismenn slika, the y sa id the y w
ould not bunt that bear,
 01k. 34: metaph., b. e-n brügðum, vélum, vólræ
ðum..., to hunt one
down with tricks or schemes; þykist þér nú
allmjök hafa komizt fyrir
mik í viti, ok beittan brögðum í þessu, Ísl.
ii. 164; vélum, 623; lilögum,
Sks. 22; illu, Fas. i. 208: recipr., við höfum opt brögðum bei
zt, ...
schemed against each other, Fms. xi. 263; stundum beittust þau velræðum, i. 57. p. to bait; the bait in dat., the angle in acc. V.
to yoke to, of horse or cattle for a vehicle, the cattle almost always in
acc.;
þá vóru yxn fyrir sleða beittir, Eb. 172; bjó s&e
acute;r vagn ok beitti hest, Fms.
x. 373, Gkv. 2. 18; ok beittu fyrir tvá sterka yxn, Eb. 176, Grett. 112,
Stj. 206: with dat., b. hestum, vagni, to drive; but acc., beittu, Sigur&
eth;r,
hinn blakka mar, S. saddle thy black steed, Ghv. 18: metaph., b. e-n
fyrir e-t, to pwto ne at the head of it, Sks. 710: reflex., beitast fyrir
e-t, t o
lead a cause, to manage it, Ld. 196, Fms. viii. 22, Hkr. ii. 168. VI.
to hammer iron or metal intoplates, v. beit,
beit-fiskr, m. fish to be caught with bait, in the phrase, bita m&
aelig;tti b.
ef at borði væri dreginn, Fbr. í So, Gísl. 135 reads bei
nfiskr, no doubt
wrongly: the proverb denotes a fine game, one played with slight trouble.
beiti, n. pasturage, Fbr. 65 (1852).
beiti, n., botan. eri c a vulgaris, heather, ling, commonly
beiti-lyng,
Hm. 140.
beiti-áss, m., naut. term, a sail-yard, Fms. ii. 230, iii.
26, Hkr. i. 159.
beitill, m. (v. góibeitill), botan. equisetum arvense, mare's t
ail, Hjalt.
beiting, f. grazing, Grág. ii. 224, Gullþ. 19, Landn.

289, Ld. 148.
beitinga-mál, n. a lawsuit about right of grazing or pasturage,
 Landn.
287, (Ed. betting, badly.)
beiti-teigr, m. a tract of pasturage, Grág. ii. 227i 24^beit-lostinn, part, mounted with a metal rim, B. K. 84, D. N. i. 5
37
(of a book).
beit-stokkr, m., cognom., Fms. viii, 327.
beittr, adj. sharp, cutting (= bitr), of cutting instruments, Eg.
746 (freq.)
bekkjast, ð and t, dep. to envy one, in the phrase, b. til vi&
eth; e-n, t o
s eek a quarrel with, Grett. 127; the metaphor from guests (beggars)
elbowing one another off the benches, cp. Hm. 31.
bekkju-nautr, m. a bench-fellow^, Fms. ii. 48.
bekk-klæði, n. the covering of a bench, Fms. vii. 307, J
s. 78.
BEKKR, jar, m. pl. ir, gen. pl. ja, dat. jum, [A. S. benc; Engl.
bench, bank; Germ, bank; Dan. bcenk; Icel. per assimil. 
kk; the Span.
banco is of Teut. origin] :-- a bench, esp. of the long benches in
an
old hall used instead of chairs; the north side of a hall (that looking
towards the sun) was called æðri bekkr, the upper bench (Gl. 33
7, Ld.
294); the southern side úæðri bekkr, the lower (inferior) be
nch, Nj. 32,
Eg. 547, Fms. iv. 439, xi. 70, Glúm. 336, Ld. I. e.; thus sitja á
enn
<PAGE NUM="b0057">
<HEADER>BEKKJARBOT -- BERJAMOR. 57</HEADER>
æðra or úæðra bekk is a standing phrase: the placing
of the benches differed in Icel. and Norway, and in each country at various time
s; as regards the Icel. custom vide Nj. ch. 34, Sturl. i. 20, 21, the banquet at
Reykhólar, A. D. 1120, ii. 182, the nuptials at Flugumýri, Lv. ch
. 13, Ld. ch. 68, Gunnl. S. ch. 11, Ísl. ii. 250, cp. Nj. 220: á b
áða bekki, on both sides of the ball, Ísl. ii. 348, cp.
Gísl. 41 (in a verse), etc.: as to foreign (Norse) customs, vide esp. Fa
grsk. ch. 216, cp. Fms. vi. 390, xi. (Jómsv. S.) 70, Glúm. ch. 6,
Orkn. ch. 70, Sturl. ii. 126; see more minutely under the words skáli, &o
uml;ndvegi, pallr, etc.; breiða, strá bekki, is to strew or cover the benches in preparing for a feast or wedding; bekki breiði (im
per. pl., MS. breiða), dress the benches! Alvm. 1; bekki at str&aacut
e;, Em. verse 1; standit upp jötnar ok stráit bekki, Þkv. 22;
brynjum um bekki stráð, the benches (wainscots?) covered with coat
s of mail, Gm. 44: in these phrases bekkir seems to be a collective name for
the hall, the walls of which were covered with tapestry, the floor with straw,
as in the Old Engl. halls. The passage Vtkv. 10 -- hveim eru bekkir baugum s&aac
ute;nir -- is dubious (stráðir?); búa bekki, to dress the b
enches; er Baldrs feðr bekki búna veit ek at sumblum, Km. 25; bre
itt var á bekki, brúðr sat á stól, Ísl. &
THORN;jóðs. ii. 466; vide brúðarbekkr. COMPDS: bekkjarbót, f. the pride of a bench, a bride, cognom., Landn. bekk
-jar-gjöf, f. 'bench-gift,' an old custom to offer a gift to the
bride whilst she sate on the bride's bench at the wedding festival, Ld. 188, cp
. Fms. ii. 133, and in many passages in Fritzner from D. N. it seems to be synon
ymous with línfé (lín, a veil), as the bride's face
on the wedding day was veiled; ganga und líni is a poët. phrase used
of the bride on the bridal bench, yet Fms. x. 313, línfé eða
b. 2. as a law term, cp. Engl. bench; the benches in the lögr
étta in Icel. were, however, usually called pallr, v. the Grág. 3. the coloured stripes in a piece of stuff.
BEKKR, s, and jar, m. [North. E. beck; Germ, bach; Dan. 
bæk; Swed. bäck], a rivulet, brook. In Icel. the wo
rd is only poët. and very rare; the common word even in local names of the
10th century is lækr (Lækjar-bugr, -óss, etc.); Sökkva-b
ekkr, Edda, is a mythical and pre-Icel. name; in prose bekkr may occur as a Nors
e idiom, Fms. vi. 164, 335, viii. 8, 217, Jb. 268, or in Norse laws as in G&thor
n;l. 418. At present it is hardly understood in Icel. and looked upon as a Danis
m. The phrase -- þar er (breiðr) bekkr á milli, there is a b
eck between, of two persons separated so as to be out of each other's reach
-- may be a single exception; perhaps the metaphor is taken from some popular be
lief like that recorded in the Lay of the Last Minstrel, note to 3. 13, and in B
urns'Tam o' Shanter -- 'a running stream they dare na cross;' some hint of a lik
e belief in Icel. might be in Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 356. It is
now and then used in poetry, as, yfir um Kedrons breiðan bekk, Pass. 1. 15.
COMPDS: bekkjar-kvern, f. a water-mill, B. K. 45 (Norse). bekkj
ar-rás, f. the bed of a beck, Stj. MS. col. 138.
bekk-skrautuðr, m. (cp. bekkjarbót), the pride of the bench
, epithet to Bragi, Ls. 15.
bekk-sögn, f., poët. the people seated in a hall, G&iacu
te;sl. (in a verse).
bekk-þili, n. the wainscoted walls of a hall, Em. 1.
BEKRI, a, m. a ram, Lex. Poët.; in prose in the form, brj&oac
ute;ta bekkrann, to break the ram's neck, Grett. 149: now also bekra, að, to bleat, Dan. bræge (rare).
belg-bera, u, f. a 'wallet-bearer,' a beggar, wretch, in swearing;
vándar belgberur, wretches! Nj. 142, v. 1., or a monster,
v. the following word.
belg-borinn, part, a monster child, without any trace of face, N.
G. L. i. 339.
belgja, ð, [Hel. belgan, irâ inflari], to inflate, pu
ff out, Fms. iii. 201, Anal. 200; b. augun, to goggle, Bár&eth
;. 171: to drink as a cow.
BELGR, jar, m. pl. ir, [Lat. follis; Ulf. balgs = GREEK; A.
S. bälg; Dutch balg; Engl. belly]:-- the skin,
taken off whole (of a quadruped; hamr is the skin of a bird, hams that of a sna
ke), nauts-belgr, katt-belgr,otrs-belgr, melrakka-belgr, hafr-belgr, Grág

. i. 500, 501, Fas. ii. 516 (of a bear), Edda 73 (otter): they were used as b
ags, in which to carry flour (mjölbelgr), butter (smjörbelgr), liq
uids (vínbelgr), curds (skyrbelgr), herbs (jafnabelgr), or the like, (bul
gos Galli sacculos scorteos appellant, Festus); í laupum eða belgjum,
Gþl. 492, cp. Grett. 107, and the funny taunt in Fms. xi. 157 -- veri&eth
; get ek hafa nökkura þá er þaðan munu hafa bori&eth
; raufóttara belginn (i. e. more of scars and wounds) en sv&aacute
; sem þú hefir borit, því at mér þykir sj
á bezt til fallinn at geyma í hveitimjöl, the rebuke of a lad
y to her sweetheart on his having fled out of battle with whole skin fit to keep
flour in it, cp. also Nj.141. 2. bellows (smiðju-belgr), Edda
70, þiðr. 91. 3. the curved part of a letter of the alp
habet, Skálda 177. II. metaph., letibelgr, a lazy fellow, F
él. 12. 53: belgr also denotes a withered, dry old man (with a ski
n like parchment), with the notion of wisdom, cp. the proverb, opt ór sk&
ouml;rpum belg skilin orð koma, and, a little above, opt er gott þat e
r gamlir kveða, Hm. 135; böl vantú bróðir er þ&
uacute; þann belg leystir, opt ór þeim (þurrum?) belg b
öll ráð koma, ... deep schemes often come out of an old skin,
 Hðm. 27: the proverb, hafa skal ráð þó ó
r refsbelg komi, take good advice, even if coming from an old fox-skin! G
ullþ. ch. 18. People say in Icel. lesa, tala, læra í belg, to read, talk, learn in a bag, to read or talk on foolishly, or t
o learn by rote; cp. the tale about the orðabelgr, Ísl. Þj&
oacute;ðs. ii. 479; cp. Asbjörnsen, Norse Tales, New Coll. Chr. 1856. 2. botan. gluma, Hjalt.
beli, a, m. belly, a cognom., Fas. i. 347: botan. legumen.
beli, n. dat. bellowing; með beli ok öskri, Fas. iii. 413
.
belja, að, to bellow, Vápn. 21, Hkr. i. 319, Eb. 320.
beljan, f. bellowing, lowing, Grett. 112, Bær. 19.
BELLA, ball, a defect. strong verb [cp. Lat. pello, Gr. GREEK,], to hit, hurt, tell upon; with dat., ekki má ófeigum bella, i
. e. one not fated to die is proof against all shots, Ísl. ii. 305
; tólf berserkjum, þeim er þeir ætluðu, at ekki mun
di b., Fas. iii. 140, 149; ok ætluðu sér ekki b. mundu, Ver. 1O
; ball þér nú, Bófi (did it strike thee?) ...
Ball víst, sagði hann, ok ball hvergi meir en þú hug&eth
;ir, Eb. 240; þykir nú sem þeim muni ekki b., Sturl. iii. 237
.
bella, d, [A. S. bealdjan; Hel. beldjan], to deal with one in a certain way, esp. of unfair dealing; with dat., hvar viti menn sl&ia
cute;ku bellt við konungmann, who did ever see a king thus dealt with, Eg. 415; hvat skal ek göra við biskup, er slíku hefir bellt, .
.. who has dared to deal thus, Orkn. 252; hver ... mun hafa þessu b
ellt, at brjóta guð várn Bal, Stj. 391. Judges vi. 99; but mor
e freq. in poetry, bella svikum, to deal in treason, Hallfreð; lygi,
Þkv. 10; bragði, Am. 55; b. glaumi, gleði, to be in high spirit
s, Gkv. 2. 29; cp. mod. bralla, að, brellur, f. pl. tri
cks.
belli-bragð, n. knavish dealing, a trick, Grett. 91, Þor
st. hv. 46.
bellinn (mod. brellinn), adj. trickish, Grett. 22 new Ed.

bell-vísi, f. trickishness, Finnb. 294.
BELTI, n. [Lat. balteus; Engl. belt], a belt, esp. a
belt of metal (silver) or embroidered, esp. belonging to a woman, Ld. 284, Stur
l. iii. 189, Nj. 2, 24: belonging to a man, with a knife fastened to it, Fs. 101
,
Fms. iv. 27; kníf ok belti ok vóru þat góðir grip
ir, Gísl. 54, Fms. ix. 25, Fb. ii. 8, Nj. 91. COMPDS: belta-drá
ttr, m. a game, two boxers tied together with one girdle, also in use
in Sweden: hence a close struggle, Fms. viii. 181. beltis-púss
, m. a belt-pocket, Gullþ. 47, Sturl. l. c., Art. 70. beltis
-staðr, m. the belt-waist, Gísl. 71, Fms. iv. 56. In poetr
y the sea is called the belt of islands or of the earth. 2.
Belti, Mare Balticum, is derived from the Lithuanian baltas = albus. 3. astron. a zone, himinbelti, hitabelli, kuldabelti.
BEN, jar, f. pl. jar (neut., N. G. L. i. 387; stór ben, acc. pl. n
., Gísl. (in a verse), v. bani above. I. a wound; as a law
term, esp. a mortal wound (cp. bani); thus defined, skal ILLEGIBLE l&yacu
te;sa, en ben ef at bana verðr, Grág. ii. 18, 29, 70; benjar á
hinum dauða manni, 28; svá skal nefna vátta at sárum s
em at benjum, 30; and in the compds, benja-lysing, f. a sort of corone
r's inquest upon a slain man, Grág. ii. 29; benja-váttr, m. a sort of coroner's jury, defined in Grág. ii. 28 -- þe
ir eigu at bera, hve margar benjar eru, they have to give a verdict how many
mortal wounds there are; en búakviðr (the jury) hverir san
nir eru at; benja-vætti, n. the verdict of a benjavát
tr, Grág. id. II. yet commonly 'ben' means a small bleeding wou
nd; þeirri blóðgri ben, er Otkell veitti mér &aacute
;verka, Nj. 87, Sd. 139, Fs. 144, in the last passage, however, of a mortal woun
d. It is now medic. the wound produced by letting blood. In old poetry it
is used in a great many compds.
bend, f. = ben, N. G. L. i. 159, 166.
benda, u, f. a bundle, Gþl. 492: now metaph. entanglement
. 2. a bond, tie, v. höfuðbenda: naul. term, a sta
y.
benda, d, laler t, [Goth. bandvian], to beckon, give a sign wit
h the hands or eyes: wilh dat., hann bendi þeim at fylgja s&eac
ute;r, Hom. 113, K. Þ. K. 37, Orkn. 426: metaph. to forebode, betoken, Hom. 137, Skálda 170, Stj. 101: with acc. of the thing, Akv. 8.
benda, d, mod. t, [band], Lat. curvare, to bend; b. sverð um k
né sér, Fms. x. 213; benda boga, to bend a bow, Grág
. ii. 21, Fas. ii. 88, 330; b. upp, Nj. 107; benda hlífar, Rm. 39; prob.
= Lat. flectere, nectere, to join, as in mod. usage, b. tunnu, to hoop
a tub: recipr., bendast á um e-t, to strive, contest about, F
ms. viii. 391, v. l.: metaph. to give away, Al. 44.
bendi, n. a cord, Fms. iii. 209.
bendill, m., dimin. a small cord, string, Edda 231. 2. a so
rt of seed, Edda (Gl.)
bending, f., Lat. nutus, a sign, token, Rb. 348, Fms. i. 10; bo&et
h; ok b., Stj. 36: foreboding, betokening, Fms. vii. 195, Ld. 260.
benja, að, to wound mortally, Fm. 25.
ben-lauss, adj. free from wounds, N. G. L. i. 357.
ben-rögn, n. an GREEK Nj. 107 (cp. the verse, p. 118), bloody rai
n, a prodigy, foreboding, slaughter, plague, or like events, cp. Eb. ch. 51,
Dl. verse 1.
benzl, n. a bow in a bent state; taka boga af benzlum, to unben
d a bow, Str. 44.
BER, n., gen. pl. berja, dat. jum, [Goth, basi; A. S. beria; Germ.beere; cp. also the A. S. basu]:-- a berry, almost a
lways in pl., Grág. ii. 347; lesa ber, to gather berries, Jb. 310,
Bs. i. 135:-- distinguished, vinber, the vine-berry, grape; esp. of Icel
. sorts, bláber, the bleaberry, bilberry, whortleberry; aðalbl
áber, Vaccinium myrtillus; krækiber, empetrum; einirb
er, juniperus; hrútaber, rubus saxatilis; jarðarber, strawberry; sortuber or mulningr, arbutus, Hjalt. COMPDS: berja-h
rat, n. the stone in a berry. berja-mór, m. baccetum
; fara á b., to go. a-black-
<PAGE NUM="b0058">
<HEADER>58 BERJAVIN -- BERA.</HEADER>
berrying. berja-vín, n. berry-wine (cp. Engl. goo
seberry-, elderberry-wine), Bs. i. 135.
BERA, u, f. I. [björn], a she-bear, Lat. ursa;
the primitive root 'ber' remains only in this word (cp. berserkr and berfjall),
björn (q. v.) being the masc. in use, Landn. 176, Fas. i. 367, Vkv. 9: in m
any Icel. local names, Beru-fjörðr, -vík, from Polar bears; fem.
names, Bera, Hallbera, etc., Landn. II. a shield, poët., the
proverb, baugr er á beru sæmstr, to a shield fits best a ba
ugr (q. v.), Lex. Poët., Edda (Gl.); hence names of poems Beru-drápa
, Eg.
bera, að, [berr, nudus], to make bare, Lat. nudare; hon beraði líkam sinn, Bret. 22: impers., berar hálsinn (a
cc.), the neck became bare, Bs. i. 624.
BERA, bar, báru, borit, pres. berr, -- poët, forms with the s
uffixed negative; 3rd pers. sing. pres. Indic. berrat, Hm. 10; 3rd pers. sing. p
ret. barat, Vellekla; 1st pers. sing. barkak, Eb. 62 (in a verse); barkat ek, Hs
. 8; 2nd pers. sing. bartattu; 3rd pers. pl. bárut, etc., v. Lex. Po&euml
;t. [Gr. GREEK Lat. ferre; Ulf. bairan; A. S. beran; Germ,
gebären; Engl. bear; Swed. bära; Dan. bæ
re].
A. Lat. ferre, portare: I. prop, with a sense of motion, to bear, carry, by means of the body, of animals, of vehicles, etc., with a
cc., Egil tók mjöðdrekku eina mikla, ok bar undir hendi s&eacute
;r, Eg. 237; bar hann heim hrís, Rm. 9; konungr lét bera inn kistu
r tvær, báru tveir menn hverja, Eg. 310; bera farm af skipi, to
unload a ship, Ld. 32; bera (farm) á skip, to load a ship, Nj.
182; tóku alla ösku ok báru á á (amnem)
út, 623, 36; ok bar þat (carried it) í kerald, 43, K
. Þ. K. 92; b. mat á borð, í stofu, to put the meat o
n table, in the oven; b. mat af borði, to take it off table, Eb.
36, 266, Nj. 75, Fms. ix. 219, etc. 2. Lat. gestare, ferre, denoti
ng to wear clothes, to carry weapons; skikkja dýr er konung
r hafði borit, Eg. 318; b. kórónu, to wear the crown, F
ms. x. 16; atgeir, Nj. 119; vápn, 209: metaph., b. ægishjálm
, to inspire fear and awe; b. merki, to carry the flag in a battle
, Nj. 274, Orkn. 28, 30, 38, Fms. v. 64, vi. 413; bera fram merki, to advance
, move in a battle, vi. 406. 3. b. e-t á hesti (ábur&et
h;r), to carry on horseback; Auðunn bar mat á hesti, Grett. 10
7; ok bar hrís á hesti, 76 new Ed.; þeir báru &aacute
; sjau hestum, 98 new Ed. II. without a sense of motion: 1. to
give birth to; [the root of barn, bairn; byrja, incipere; bur&
eth;r, partus; and burr, filius: cp. Lat. par&e-short;re; a
lso Gr. GREEK Lat. ferre, of child-bearing.] In Icel. prose, old as well
as mod., 'ala' and 'fæða' are used of women; but 'bera,' of cows and s
heep; hence sauðburðr, casting of lambs, kýrburðr; a c
ow is snembær, siðbær, Jólabær, calves early, la
te, at Yule time, etc.; var ekki ván at hon (the cow) mundi b.
fyr en um várit, Bs. i. 193, 194; kýr hafði borit kálf
, Bjarn. 32; bar hvárrtveggi sauðrinn sinn burð, Stj. 178: the pa
rticiple borinn is used of men in a great many compds in a general sense, aptrbo
rinn, árborinn, endrborinn, frjálsborinn, goðborinn, höld
borinn, hersborinn, konungborinn, óðalborinn, samborinn, sundrborinn,
velborinn, úborinn, þrælborinn, etc.; also out of compds, mu
n ek eigi upp gefa þann sóma, sem ek em til borinn, ... entitled
to by inheritance, Ld. 102; hann hafði blindr verit borinn, born bli
nd, Nj. 152, Hdl. 34, 42, Vsp. 2: esp. borinn e-m, born of one, Rm. 3
9, Hdl. 12, 23, 27, Hðm. 2, Gs. 9, Vþm. 25, Stor. 16, Vkv. 15; borinn
frá e-m, Hdl. 24: the other tenses are in theol. Prose used of Christ, ha
ns blezaða son er virðist at láta berast hingað í heim
af sinni blezaðri móður, Fms. i. 281; otherwise only in poetry,
eina dóttur (acc.) berr álfröðull (viz. the sun, regarded
as the mother), Vþm. 47; hann Gjálp um bar, hann Greip um bar ...,
Hdl. 36: borit (sup.), Hkv. 1. 1. β. of trees, flowers; b. á
vöxt, blóm ..., to bear fruit, flower ... (freq.); bar aldinv
iðrinn tvennan blóma, Fms. ix. 265; cp. the phrase, bera sitt barr, v
. barr. 2. denoting to load, with acc. of the person and dat. of t
he thing: α. in prop. sense; hann hafði borit sik mjök v&a
acute;pnum, he had loaded himself with arms, i. e. wore heavy armour, Stu
rl. iii. 250. β. but mostly in a metaph. sense; b. e-n ofrafli, ofrm
agni, ofrliði, ofríki, magni, to bear one down, to overcome, oppre
ss one, by odds or superior force, Grág. i. 101, ii. 195, Nj. 80, Hkr
. ii. 371, Gþl. 474, Stj. 512, Fms. iii. 175 (in the last passage a dat. p
ers. badly); b. e-n ráðum, to overrule one, Nj. 198, Ld. 296;
b. e-n málum, to bearhim down (wrongfully) in a lawsuit, Nj. 151;
b. e-n bjóri, to make drunk, Vkv. 26: medic., borinn verkjum, s&oa
cute;tt, Bjarn. 68, Og. 5; bölvi, Gg. 2: borne down, feeling heavy pains
; þess er borin ván, no hope, all hope is gone, Ld. 250;
borinn sök, charged with a cause, Fms. v. 324, H. E. i. 561; br&aac
ute;ðum borinn, to be taken by surprise, Fms. iv. 111; b. fé,
gull á e-n, to bring one a fee, gold, i. e. to bribe one, N
j. 62; borinn baugum, bribed, Alvm. 5; always in a bad sense, cp. the law
phrase, b. fé í dóm, to bribe a court, Grág.
, Nj. 240. 3. to bear, support, sustain, Lat. sustinere, lolera
re, ferre: α. properly, of a ship, horse, vehicle, to bear,
be capable of bearing; þeir hlóðu bæði skipin se
m borð báru, all that they could carry, Eb. 302; -- a ship 'be
rr' (carries) such and such a weight; but 'tekr' (takes) denotes a
measure of fluids. β. metaph. to sustain, support; dreif &th
orn;annig svá mikill mannfjöldi at landit fékk eigi borit, Hk
r. i. 56; but metaph. to bear up against, endure, support grief, sorrow,
etc., sýndist öllum at Guð hefði nær ætlað h

vat hann mundi b. mega, Bs. i. 139; biðr hann friðar ok þykist ekk
i mega b. reiði hans, Fms. iii. 80: the phrase, b. harm sinn í hlj&oa
cute;ði, to suffer silently; b. svívirðing, x. 333: absol.
, þótti honum mikit víg Kjartans, en þó bar han
n drengilega, he bore it manfully, Ld. 226; er þat úvizka, a
t b. eigi slíkt, not to bear or put up with, Glúm. 3
27; b. harm, to grieve, Fms. xi. 425: in the phrases, b. sik, b. af s&eac
ute;r, berask, berask vel (illa, lítt), to bear oneself, to bear up ag
ainst misfortune; Guðrúnu þótti mikit fráfall
Þorkels, en þó bar hon sköruliga af sér, she
bore her bravely up, Ld. 326-328; lézt hafa spurt at ekkjan bær
i vel af sér harmana, Eb. 88; berask af; hversu bersk Auðr af um br&o
acute;ðurdauðann? (how does she bear it?); hón bersk af l&
iacute;tt (she is much borne down) ok þykir mikit, Gísl. 24;
niun oss vandara gört en öðrum at vér berim oss vel (Lat.
fortiter ferre), Nj. 197; engi maðr hefði þar jamvel borit
sik, none bad borne himself so boldly, Sturl. iii. 132; b. sik vel upp, to bear well up against, bear a stout heart, Hrafn. 17; b. sik beiskliga (
sorely), Stj. 143; b. sik lítt, to be downcast, Fms. ii. 61
; b. sik at göra e-t, to do one's best, try a thing. III. in
law terms or modes of procedure: 1. bera járn, the ordeal of be
aring hot iron in the hand, cp. járnburðr, skírsla. This c
ustom was introduced into Scandinavia together with Christianity from Germany an
d England, and superseded the old heathen ordeals 'hólmganga,' and 'ganga
undir jarðarmen,' v. this word. In Norway, during the civil wars, it was es
p. used in proof of paternity of the various pretenders to the crown, Fms. vii.
164, 200, ix. Hák. S. ch. 14, 41-45, viii. (Sverr. S.) ch. 150, xi. (J&oa
cute;msv. S.) ch. 11, Grett. ch. 41, cp. N. G. L. i. 145, 389. Trial by ordeal w
as abolished in Norway A. D. 1247. In Icel. It was very rarely mentioned, vide h
owever Lv. ch. 23 (paternity), twice or thrice in the Sturl. i. 56, 65, 147, and
Grág. i. 341, 361; it seems to have been very seldom used there, (the pa
ssage in Grett. S. l. c. refers to Norway.) 2. bera út (hence &uac
ute;tburðr, q. v.), to expose children; on this heathen custom, vide
Grimm R. A. In heathen Icel., as in other parts of heathen Scandinavia, it was a
lawful act, but seldom exercised; the chief passages on record are, Gunnl. S. c
h. 3 (ok þat var þá siðvandi nokkurr, er land var allt al
heiðit, at þeir menn er félitlir vórn, en stó&eth
; ómegð mjök til handa létu út bera börn s&ia
cute;n, ok þótti þó illa gört ávalt), Fs.
Vd. ch. 37, Harð. S. ch. 8, Rd. ch. 7, Landn. v. ch. 6, Finnb. ch. 2, &THORN
;orst. Uxaf. ch. 4, Hervar. S. ch. 4, Fas. i. 547 (a romance); cp. Jómsv.
S. ch. 1. On the introduction of Christianity into Icel. A. D. 1000, it was res
olved that, in regard to eating of horse-flesh and exposure of children, the old
laws should remain in force, Íb. ch. 9; as Grimm remarks, the exposure m
ust take place immediately after birth, before the child had tasted food of any
kind whatever, and before it was besprinkled with water (ausa vatni) or shown to
the father, who had to fix its name; exposure, after any of these acts, was mur
der, cp. the story of Liafburga told by Grimm R. A.); v. Also a Latin essay at t
he end of the Gunnl. S. (Ed. 1775). The Christian Jus Eccl. put an end to this h
eathen barbarism by stating at its very beginning, ala skal barn hvert er borit
verðr, i. e. all children, if not of monstrous shape, shall be brought up
, N. G. L. i. 339, 363. β. b. út (now more usual, hefja &
uacute;t, Am. 100), to carry out for burial; vera erfðr ok tit borinn
, Odd. 20; var hann heygðr, ok út borinn at fornum sið, Fb. i. 12
3; b. á bál, to place (the body and treasures) upon the pile, the mode of burying in the old heathen time, Fas. i. 487 (in a verse); var ho
n borin á bálit ok slegit í eldi, Edda 38.
B. Various and metaph. cases. I. denoting motion: 1. 'bera'
is in the Grág. the standing law term for delivery of a verdict by a
jury (búar), either 'bera' absol. or adding kvið (verdict)

; bera á e-n, or b. kvið á e-n, to give a verdict against,
declare guilty; bera af e-m, or b. af e-m kviðinn, to give a verdict
for; or generally, bera, or b. um e-t, to give a verdict in a case; b
era, or b. vitni, vætti, also simply means to testify, to witness,
Nj. 111, cp. kviðburðr (delivering of verdict), vitnisburðr (
bearing witness), Grág. ii. 28; eigi eigu búar (jurors) enn at b. um þat hvat lög eru á landi hér, the j
urors have not to give verdict in (to decide) what is law in the country, cp
. the Engl. maxim, that jurors have only to decide the question of evidence, not
of law, Grág. (Kb.) ch. 85; eigi eru búar skildir at b. um hvatve
tna; um engi mál eigu þeir at skilja, þau er erlendis (abr
oad) hafa görzt, id.; the form in delivering the verdict -- höfum
vér (the jurors), orðit á eitt sáttir, berum &aa
cute; kviðburðinn, berum hann sannan at sökinni, Nj. 238, Gr&aacute
;g. i. 49, 22, 138, etc.; í annat sinn báru þeir á Fl
osa kviðinn, id.; b. annattveggja af eðr á; b. undan, to disch
arge, Nj. 135; b. kvið í hag (for), Grág. i. 55; b.
lýsingar vætti, Nj. 87; b. vitni ok vætti, 28, 43, 44; b. lj
úgvitni, to bear false witness, Grág. i. 28; b. orð, to bear witness to a speech, 43; bera frændsemi sundr, to prove th
at they are not relations, N. G. L. i. 147: reflex., berask ór v&aeli
g;tti, to prove that oneself is wrongly summoned to bear witness or to
give a verdict, 44: berask in a pass. sense, to be proved by evidence, ef vanefni b. þess manns er á hönd var lýst, Gr&aacu
te;g. i. 257; nema jafnmæli berisk, 229; þótt þé
r berisk þat faðerni er þú segir, Fms. vii. 164; hann kva
ðst ætla, at honum mundi berask, that he would be able to get evide
nce for, Fs. 46. β. gener. and not as a law term; b. á, b
. á hendr, to charge; b. e-n undan, to discharge, Fs. 95; e
igi erum vér þessa valdir er þú berr á oss, Nj.
238, Ld. 206, Fms. iv. 380, xi. 251, Th. 78; b. e-m á brýnn, t
o throw in one's face, to accuse, Greg. 51; b. af sér, to deny; eigi mun ek af mér b., at... (non diffitebor), Nj. 271;
<PAGE NUM="b0059">
<HEADER>BERA. 59</HEADER>
b. e-m gott vitni, to give one a good..., 11; b. e-m vel (illa) sögu
na, to bear favourable (unfavourable) witness of one, 271. 2. t
o bear by word of mouth, report, tell, Lat. referre; either absol. or
adding kveðju, orð, orðsending, eyrindi, boð, sögu, nj&oac
ute;sn, frétt..., or by adding a prep., b. fram, frá, upp, fyrir;
b. kveðju, to bring a greeting, compliment, Eg. 127; b. erindi (s&iac
ute;n) fyrir e-n, to plead one's case before one, or to tell one's err
and, 472, 473; b. njósn, to apprise, Nj. 131; b. fram, to d
eliver (a speech), talaði jungherra Magnús hit fyrsta erindi (
M. made his first speech in public), ok fanst mönnum mikit um hversu &u
acute;bernsliga fram var borit, Fms. x. 53; (in mod. usage, b. fram denotes gram
m. to pronounce, hence 'framburðr,' pronunciation); mun ek &th
orn;at nú fram b., I shall now tell, produce it, Ld. 256, Eg. 37;
b. frá, to attest, relate with emphasis; má þat fr&aa
cute; b., Dropl. 21; b. upp, to produce, mention, tell, þótt
slík lygi sé upp borin fyrir hann, though such a lie be told h
im, Eg. 59; þær (viz. charges) urðu engar upp bornar
(produced) við Rút, Nj. 11; berr Sigtryggr þegar upp eri
ndi sín (cp. Germ. ojfenbaren), 271, Ld. 256; b. upp gátu,
to give (propound) a riddle, Stj. 411, Fas. i. 464; b. fyrir, to plead
 as an excuse; b. saman ráð sín, or the like, to consul
t, Nj. 91; eyddist þat ráð, er þeir báru saman

, which they had designed, Post. 656 A. ii; b. til skripta, to confess
 (eccl.), of auricular confession, Hom. 124, 655 xx. II. in a metapho
rical or circumlocutory sense, and without any sense of motion, to keep, hold
, bear, of a title; b. nafn, to bear a name, esp. as honour or distin
ction; tignar nafn, haulds nafn, jarls nafn, lends manns nafn, konungs nafn, b&o
acute;nda nafn, Fms. i. 17, vi. 278, xi. 44, Gþl. 106: in a more metaph. s
ense, denoting endowments, luck, disposition, or the like, b. (ekki) gæfu,
hamingju, auðnu til e-s, to enjoy (enjoy not) good or bad luck, etc.; at Þórólfr mundi eigi allsendis gæfu til b. u
m vináttu við Harald, Eg. 75, 112, 473, Fms. iv. 164, i. 218; &uacute
;hamingju, 219; b. vit, skyn, kunnáttu á (yfir) e-t, to bring w
it, knowledge, etc., to bear upon a thing, xi. 438, Band. 7; hence ve
l (illa) viti borinn, well (ill) endowed with wit, Eg. 51; vel hyggjandi
borinn, well endowed with reason, Grág. ii; b. hug, traust, &aacut
e;ræði, þor, til e-s, to have courage, confidence ... 
to do a thing, Gullþ. 47, Fms. ix. 220, Band. 7; b. áhyggju, &o
uml;nn fyrir, to care, be concerned about, Fms. x. 318; b. ást, el
sku til e-s, to bear affection, love to one; b. hatr, to hate: b.
svört augu, to have dark eyes, poët., Korm. (in a verse); b. sn
art hjarta, Hom. 5; vant er þat af sjá hvar hvergi berr hjarta sitt
, where he keeps his heart, Orkn. 474; b. gott hjarta, to bear a proud
heart, Lex. Poët., etc. etc.; b. skyndi at um e-t, to make speed wi
th a thing, Lat. festinare, Fms. viii. 57. 2. with some sense
of motion, to bear off or away, carry off, gain, in such phrases a
s, b. sigr af e-m, af e-u, to carry off the victory from or in ...
; hann hafði borit sigr af tveim orrustum, er frægstar hafa verit, 
he had borne off the victory in two battles, Fms. xi. 186; bera banaorð
af e-m, to slay one in a fight, to be the victor; Þorr berr banaor&
eth; af Miðgarðsormi, Edda 42, Fms. x. 400: it seems properly to mean, to bear off the fame of having killed a man; verðat svá r&iacut
e;k sköp, at Regin skyli mitt banorð bera, Fm. 39; b. hærra, l&ae
lig;gra hlut, 'to bear off the higher or the lower lot,' i. e. 
to get the best or the worst of it, or the metaphor is taken from a s
ortilege, Fms. ii. 268, i. 59, vi. 412; b. efra, hærra skjöld, to
carry the highest shield, to get the victory, x. 394, Lex. Poët.; b. h&
aacute;tt (lágt) höfuðit, to bear the head high (low), i.
e. to be in high or low spirits, Nj. 91; but also, b. halann brat
t (lágt), to cock up or let fall the tail (metaph. from cat
tle), to be in an exultant or low mood: sundry phrases, as, b. bei
n, to rest the bones, be buried; far þú til Íslands,
þar mun þér auðið verða beinin at b., Grett. 91 A
; en þó hygg ek at þú munir hér b. beinin &iacu
te; Norðrálfunni, Orkn. 142; b. fyrir borð, to throw overboard
, metaph. to oppress; verðr Þórhalli nú fyrir
borð borinn, Th. was defied, set at naught, Fær. 234; b. brj&o
acute;st fyrir e-m, to be the breast-shield, protection of one, Fms. vii.
263: also, b. hönd fyrir höfuð sér, metaph. to put one'
s hand before one's head, i. e. to defend oneself; b. ægishj&aa
cute;lm yfir e-m, to keep one in awe and submission, Fm. 16, vide A. I. 2
. III. connected with prepp., b. af, and (rarely) yfir (cp. afburðr,
yfirburðr), to excel, surpass; eigi sá hvárttveggja f&e
acute;it er af öðrum berr, who gets the best of it, Nj. 15; en &
thorn;ó bar Bolli af, B. surpassed all the rest, Ld. 330; þa
t mannval bar eigi minnr af öðrum mönnum um fríðleik, a
fi ok fræknleik, en Ormrinn Langi af öðrum skipum, Fms. ii. 252;
at hinn útlendi skal yfir b. (outdo) þann sem Enskir kalla m
eistara, xi. 431: b. til, to apply, try if it fits; en er þeir b&aa
cute;ru til (viz. shoes to the hoof of a horse), þá var sem h&aelig
;fði hestinum, ix. 55; bera til hvern lykil at öðrum at portinu, Th
om. 141; b. e-t við, to try it on (hence viðburðr, experim
ent, effort): b. um, to wind round, as a cable round a pole or the li
ke, Nj. 115; þá bar hann þá festi um sik, made it f
ast round his body, Fms. ix. 219; 'b. e-t undir e-n' is to consult one, ellipt., b. undir dóm e-s; 'b. e-t fyrir' is to feign, use as excus
e: b. á, í, to smear, anoint; b. vatn í augu s&e
acute;r, Rb. 354; b. tjöru í höfuð sér, Nj. 181, Hom
. 70, 73, cp. áburðr; b. gull, silfr, á, to ornament with g
old or silver, Ld. 114, Finnb. 258: is now also used = to dung, b. á völl; b. vápn á e-n, to attack one with sha
rp weapons, Eg. 583, Fms. xi. 334: b. eld at, to set fire to, Nj. 122
; b. fjötur (bönd) at e-m, to put fetters (bonds) on one, Fms.
x. 172, Hm. 150: metaph. reflex., bönd berask at e-m, a law term, the ev
idence bears against one; b. af sér, to parry off; Gyrðr b
err af sér lagit, G. parries the thrust off, Fms. x. 421; cp. A. I
I. 3. β. IV. reflex., berask mikit á (cp. áburðr),
to bear oneself proudly, or b. lítið á, to bear one
self humbly; hann var hinn kátasti ok barst á mikit, Fms. ii.
68, viii. 219, Eb. 258; b. lítið á, Clem. 35; láta af b
erask, to die; Óttarr vill skipa til um fjárfar sitt &aacut
e;ðr hann láti af b., Fms. ii. 12: berask fyrir, to abide in a pla
ce as an asylum, seek shelter; hér munu vit láta fyrir b., Fas
. iii. 471; berask e-t fyrir, to design a thing, be busy about, barsk han
n þat fyrir at sjá aldregi konur, Greg. 53; at njósna um hva
t hann bærist fyrir, to inquire into what he was about, Fms. iv. 18
4, Vígl. 19. β. recipr. in the phrase, berask banaspjó
t eptir, to seek for one another's life, Glúm. 354: b. vápn
á, of a mutual attack with sharp weapons, Fms. viii. 53. γ.
pass., sár berask á e-n, of one in the heat of battle beginning to get wounds and give way, Nj. :-- berask við, to be prevented, no
t to do; ok nú lét Almáttugr Guð við berast kir
kjubrunnann, stopped, prevented the burning of the church, Fms. v. 144; e
n mér þætti gott ef við bærist, svá at h&oac
ute;n kæmi eigi til þín, vi. 210, vii. 219; ok var þ&aa
cute; búit at hann mundi þegar láta hamarinn skjanna honum,
en hann lét þat við berask, he bethought himself and did not
, Edda 35; því at mönnum þótti sem þann
ig mundi helzt úhæfa við berask, that mischief would thus be
best prevented, Sturl. ii. 6, iii. 80.
C. IMPERS. :-- with a sort of passive sense, both in a loc. and temp. sense, and
gener. denotes an involuntary, passive motion, happening suddenly or 
by chance: I. with acc. it bears or carries one to a place,
 i. e. one happens to come; the proverb, alla (acc.) berr at sama bru
nni, all come to the same well (end), Lat. omnes una manet nox; ba
r hann þá ofan gegnt Özuri, he happened to come in his cour
se just opposite to Ö., Lat. delatus est, Dropl. 25: esp. of 
ships or sailors; nú berr svá til (happens) herr
a, at vér komum eigi fram ferðinni, berr oss (acc.) til Ísland
s eðr annara landa, it bore us to I., i. e. if we drive or 
drift thither, Fms. iv. 176; þá (acc. pl.) bar suðr &iacute
; haf, they drifted southwards, Nj. 124. β. as a cricketing t
erm, in the phrase, berr (bar) út knöttinn, the ball rolls out, Gísl. 26, cp. p. 110 where it is transit.; berr Gísli ok &uacut
e;t knöttinn, vide Vígl. ch. 11, Grett. ch. 17, Vd. ch. 37, Hallfr.
S. ch. 2. γ. Skarpheðin (acc.) bar nú at þeim, 
Sk. came suddenly upon them, Nj. 144; bar at Hróaldi þegar alla
n skjöldinn, the shield was dashed against H.'s body, 198; ok skyldu
sæta honum, ef hann (acc.) bæri þar at, if he should per c
hance come, shew himself there, Orkn. 406; e-n berr yfir, it bears one, i. e. one is borne onwards, as a bird flying, a man riding; þ&oa
cute;ttist vita, at hann (acc.) mundi fljótara yfir bera ef hann riði
en gengi, that he would get on more fleetly riding than walking, Hrafn.
7; hann (acc.) bar skjótt yfir, he passed quickly, of a flying met
eor, Nj. 194; e-n berr undan, escapes. 2. also with acc. followed
by prepp. við, saman, jafnframt, hjá, of bodies coinciding or
covering one another: loc., er jafnframt ber jaðrana tungls ok s&oacu
te;lar, if the orb of the moon and sun cover each other, Rb. 34; þa
t kann vera stundum, at tunglit (acc.) berr jafht á millum vár ok
sólar (i. e. in a moon eclipse), 108; ber nokkut jaðar (acc.) þ
ess hjá sólar jaðri, 34; Gunnarr sér at rauðan kyrt
il (acc.) bar við glugginn, G. sees that a red kirtle passed before the w
indow, Nj. 114; bar fyrir utan þat skip vápnaburð (acc.) he
iðingja (gen. pl.), the missiles of the heathens passed over the ship
without hurting them, flew too high, Fms. vii. 232; hvergi bar skugga (acc.) &a
acute;, nowhere a shadow, all bright, Nj. 118; þangat sem helzt m&a
acute;tti nokkut yfir þá skugga bera af skóginum, where t
hey were shadowed (hidden) by the trees, Fms. x. 239; e-t berr fram (
hátt), a body is prominent, Lat. eminet; Ólafr konun
gr stóð í lyptingunni, bar hann (acc.) hátt mjök,
king O. stood out conspicuously, ii. 308; b. yfir, þótti mj&
ouml;k bera hljóð (acc.) þar yfir er Ólafr sat, the s
ound was heard over there where O. sat, Sturl. i. 21; b. á milli, 
something comes between; leiti (acc.) bar á milli, a hill hid the
prospect, Nj. 263: metaph., e-m berr e-t á milli, they come to dis
sent, 13, v. 1.; b. fyrir augu (hence fyrirburðr, vision), of a v
ision or the like; mart (acc.) berr nú fyrir augu mér, ek s&eacute
; ..., many things come now before my eyes, 104; hann mundi allt þa
t er fyrir hann hafði borit, i. e. all the dream, 195; eina nó
tt berr fyrir hann í svefni mikla sýn, Fms. i. 137, Rd. 290; vei&e
th;i (acc.) berr í hendr e-m (a metaphor from hunting), sport falls to
one's lot; hér bæri veiði í hendr nú, her
e would be a game, Nj. 252; e-t berr undan (a metaphor from fishing, hunting
term), when one misses one's opportunity; vel væri þá ... at
þá veiði (acc.) bæri eigi undan, that this game shoul
d not go amiss, 69; en ef þetta (acc.) berr undan, if this breaks d
own, 63; hon bað hann þá drepa einhvern manna hans, heldr e
n allt (acc.) bæri undan, rather than that all should go amiss, Eg.
258: absol., þyki mér illa, ef undan berr, if I miss it, Nj
. 155; viljum vér ekki at undan beri at..., we will by no means miss i
t..., Fms. viii. 309, v. 1. The passage Bs. i. 416 (en fjárhlutr s&aa
cute; er átt hafði Ari, bar undan Guðmundi) is hardly correct, fj
árhlut þann would run better, cp. bera undir, as a law term, below.
II. adding prepp.; b. við, at, til, at hendi, at móti, til ha
nda ..., to befall, happen, Lat. accidere, occurrere, with dat. of
the person, (v. atburðr, viðburðr, tilburðr); engi hlut skyldi
þann at b., no such thing should happen as..., Fms. xi. 76; sv&aacu
te; bar at einn vetr, it befell, x. 201; þat hefir nú v&iacu
te;st at hendi borit, er..., Nj. 174; þó þetta vandræ&e
th;i (acc.) hafi nú borit oss (dat.) at hendi, Eg. 7; b. til handa, id
., Sks. 327; bar honum svá til, so it befell him, Fms.
<PAGE NUM="b0060">
<HEADER>60 BERA -- BERJA.</HEADER>
425; at honum bæri engan váðaligan hlut til á veginum, that nothing dangerous should befall him on the way, Stj. 212; bæri
þat þá svá við, at hann ryfi, it then perchance
might happen, that ..., 102; þat bar við at Högni kom, 169,
172, 82; raun (acc.) berr á, it is proved by the fact, event, Fms.
ix. 474, x. 185. 2. temp., e-t berr á, it happens to fall on .
..; ef þing (acc.) ber á hina helgu viku, if the parliament
falls on the holy week (Whitsun), Grág. i. 106; ef Crucis messu (acc.
) berr á Drottins dag, Rb. 44; berr hana (viz. Petrs messu, June 29) aldr
ei svá optarr á öldinni, 78; þat er nú berr oss
næst, what has occurred of late, Sturl. iii. 182: b. í m&oac
ute;ti, to happen exactly at a time; þetta (acc.) bar í m&oa
cute;ti at þenna sama dag andaðist Brandr biskup, Bs. i. 468; b. saman
, id.; bar þat saman, at pá var Gunnarr at segja brennus&oum
l;guna, just when G. was about telling the story, Nj. 269. 3. meta
ph. of agreement or separation; en þat (acc.) þykir mjök saman
b. ok þessi frásögn, Fms. x. 276: with dat., bar öllum s&
ouml;gum vel saman, all the records agreed well together, Nj. 100, v.l.;
berr nú enn í sundr með þeim, Bjarna ok Þorkatli
at sinni, B. and Th. missed each other, Vápn. 25. 4. denoti
ng cause; e-t (acc.) berr til ..., causes a thing; ætluðu &thor
n;at þá allir, at þat mundi til bera, that that was the re
ason, Nj. 75; at þat beri til skilnaðar okkars, that this will
make us to part (divorce), 261; konungr spurði, hvat til bæri &uac
ute;gleði hans, what was the cause of his grief? Fms. vi. 355; &thorn
;at berr til tunglhlaups, Rb. 32. β. meiri ván at brát
t beri þat (acc.) til bóta, at herviliga steypi hans ríki, i
.e. there will soon come help (revenge), Fms. x. 264; fjórir eru &
thorn;eir hlutir er menn (acc.) berr í ætt á landi hé
r, there are four cases under which people may be adopted, Grág. i
. 361. γ. e-t berr undir e-n, falls to a person's lot; hon &
aacute; arf at taka þegar er undir hana berr, in her turn, 179; mik
la erfð (acc.) bar undir hana, Mar. (Fr.); berr yfir, of surpassing,
Bs. ii. 121, 158; b. frá, id. (fráburðr); herðimiki
ll svá at þat (acc.) bar frá því sem aðrir
menn, Eg. 305; er sagt, at þat bæri frá hve vel þeir m&
aelig;ltu, it was extraordinary how well they did speak, Jb. 11; bar &tho
rn;at mest frá hversu illa hann var limaðr, but above all, how...,
 Ó. H. 74. 5. with adverbial nouns in a dat. form; e-t berr br
áðum, happens of a sudden; berr þetta (acc.) nú a
llbráðum, Fms. xi. 139; cp. vera bráðum borinn, to be t
aken by surprise (above); berr stórum, stærrum, it matters a
great deal; ætla ek stærrum b. hin lagabrotin (acc.), they a
re much more important, matter more, vii. 305; var þat góðr
kostr, svá at stórum bar, xi. 50; hefir oss orðit svá
mikil vanhyggja, at stóru berr, an enormous blunder, Gísl.
51; svá langa leið, at stóru bar, Fas. i. 116; þat berr
stórum, hversu mér þóknast vel þeirra ath&aelig
;fi, it amounts to a great deal, my liking their service, i.e. I do gr
eatly like, Fms. ii. 37; eigi berr þat allsmám hversu vel m&eac
ute;r líkar, in no small degree do I like, x. 296. β.
with dat., it is fitting, becoming; svá mikit sem landeiganda (dat
.) berr til at hafa eptir lögum, what he is legally entitled to, Dip
l. iii. 10; berr til handa, it falls to one's lot, v. above, Grág.
i. 93. III. answering to Lat. oportet, absolutely or with an adve
rb, vel, illa, with infinit.; e-m berr, it beseems, becomes one; berr &th
orn;at ekki né stendr þvílíkum höfuðfeðr
, at falsa, Stj. 132; berr yðr (dat.) vel, herra, at sjá sannindi &aa
cute; þessu máli, Fms. ix. 326; sagði, at þat bar eigi Kr
istnum mönnum, at særa Guð, x. 22; þá siðu at m&
eacute;r beri vel, Sks. 353 B: used absol., berr vel, illa, it is beseeming,
proper, fit, unbeseeming, unfit, improper; athæfi þat er vel ber
i fyrir konungs augliti, 282; þat þykir ok eigi illa bera, at ma&eth
;r hafi svart skinn til hosna, i.e. it suits pretty well, 301: in case of
a pers. pron. in acc. or dat. being added, the sentence becomes personal in ord
er to avoid doubling the impers. sentence, e.g. e-m berr skylda (not skyldu) til
, one is bound by duty; veit ek eigi hver skylda (nom.) yðr (acc.) be
r til þess at láta jarl einn ráða, Fms. i. 52: also leav
ing the dat. out, skylda berr til at vera forsjámaðr með honum, v
ii. 280; eigi berr hér til úviska mín, it is not that I
am not knowing, Nj. 135. IV. when the reflex. inflexion is added to t
he verb, the noun loses its impers. character and is turned from acc. into nom.,
e.g. þar (þat?) mun hugrinn minn mest hafa fyrir borizt, this is
what I suspected, fancied, Lv. 34; cp. hugarburðr, fancy, and et berr fyrir e-n (above, C. I. 2); hefir þetta (nom.) vel í m&oacut
e;ti borizt, a happy coincidence, Nj. 104; ef svá harðliga kan
n til at berask, if the misfortunes do happen, Gþl. 55; barsk s&uac
ute; úhamingja (nom.) til á Íslandi, that mischief happe
ned (no doubt the passage is thus to be emended), Bs. i. 78, but bar þ
á úhamingju ...; þat (nom.) barsk at, happened, Fms.
x. 253; fundir várir (nom.) hafa at borizt nokkurum sinnum, vii. 256; &th
orn;at barsk at á einhverju sumri, Eg. 154; bærist at um sí&
eth;ir at allr þingheimrinn berðist, 765, cp. berast við, berask f
yrir above (B. V.): berast, absol., means to be shaken, knocked about; va
r þess ván, at fylkingar mundu berast í hergöngunni, that they would be brought into some confusion, Fms. v. 74; Hrólfr g
ékk at ramliga, ok barst Atli (was shaken, gave away) fyrir orku s
akir, þar til er hann féll. Fas. iii. 253; barst Jökull allr f
yrir orku sakir (of two wrestling), Ísl. ii. 467, Fms. iii. 189: vide B.
IV.
D. In mod. usage the strong bera -- bar is also used in impersonal phrase
s, denoting to let a thing be seen, shew, but almost always with a negati
ve preceding, e.g. ekki bar (ber) á því, it could (can) not be seen; að á engu bæri, láta ekki
á bera (to keep tight), etc. All these phrases are no doubt altera
tions from the weak verb bera, að, nudare, and never occur in old wr
iters; we have not met with any instance previous to the Reformation; the use is
certainly of late date, and affords a rare instance of weak verbs turning into
strong; the reverse is more freq. the case.
ber-bakt, n. adj., ríða b., to ride bare-back, i.e. 
without saddle, Glúm. 362.
ber-beinn, adj. bare-legged, Fms. vii. 63, Harbl. 5.
ber-brynjaðr, part. without coat of mail, Sd. 146, Bs. i. 541.
ber-dreymr, now berdreyminn, adj. [draumr], having 'bare' (
i.e. clear, true) dreams as to the future, v. Ísl. Þj
óðs. ii. 91, Ísl. ii. 91, Fb. iii. 447, Gísl. 41.
berendi, n. = berfé, N. G. L. i. 70, 225.
ber-fé, n. a female animal, opp. to graðfé, Gr&a
acute;g. i. 426, Jb. 431.
ber-fjall, n. 1. [ber = björn and fjall, fell = pel
lis], a bear-skin, Vkv. 10 (2). 2. [berr, nudus, and f
jall, fell = mons], a bare fell or rocky hill, (now
freq.)
ber-fættr, adj. bare-footed, bare-legged, Bs. i. 83, Hkr. ii
. 259, Fms. vii. 63, x. 331. COMPD: berfættu-bræðr, m. pl
. a minorite, bare-footed friar, Ann. 1265.
BERG, n. [Ulf. bairga = GREEK; A. S. biorh; Germ. berg; Dan. bjærg; Swed. berg; cp. bjarg and borg, in Swed. and
Dan. berg means a mountain gener., = Icel. fjall; in Icel. berg is a spe
cial name] :-- a rock, elevated rocky ground, as in lögberg; vað
berg, a rock on the shore where the angler stands; móberg, a cl
ay soil, saxum terrestri-arenaceum fuscum, Eggert Itin.; þursaberg is
a sort of whetstone, cp. Edda 58; and heinberg, hone-stone, id.; s
ilfrberg, silver-ore, Stj.; á bergi, on a rock or rocky
platform. β. a rock, boulder; varð b. eitt undir h&ou
ml;fði honum, Flov. 31. γ. a precipice = björg; fra
man í bergi, Fms. vii. 8l, Eg. 581, Hkr. i. 151; meitilberg.
berg-búi, a, m. a berg-dweller, i.e. a giant, Landn.
271, Barð. 164.
berg-danir, m. pl. the Danes, (inhabitants) of rocks, gi
ants, Hým. 17.
berg-hamarr, m. a rocky projection, Hom. 117.
berg-hlíð, f. the side or slope of a b., Fms. vi
ii. 57, = Icel. fjallshlíð.
berg-högg, n. a quarry, Þjal. 8; cp. berhögg.
bergi-biti, a, m. a bit to taste, Sturl. ii. 132.
bergiligr, adj. inviting to taste, Sks. 528.
berging (bergning, Eluc. 20), f. tasting, taste, Stj. 292,
Hom. 53, Magn. 486, Eluc. 54.
bergisamligr, adj. = bergiligr, Sks. 528.
BERGJA, ð, [A. S. beorgan; Lat. gustare], to taste; with dat., Þórgunna vildi öngum mat b., Th. would taste
no food, Eb. 262; b. ölvi, Ls. 9; þeir bergðu engu nema snj&
oacute;, Fms. viii. 52, 303, Stj. 268, Andr. 70; b. Guðs holdi ok bló
ði, in the holy supper, 655 xviii; b. dauða, to taste death, Post
. 656 C, Fb. i. 323; fá margir sjúkir menn heilsu, er b., that
drink, Fms. i. 232, iii. 12, Hom. 82; b. á e-u, Stj. 39, Fas. i. 246;
b. af, Sks. 106, Blas. 43; cp. bjarga, bjargast við e-t, e.g. Eb. 244, Eg.
204, Clem. 26, Fs. 174.
berg-mál, n. an echo, also called dvergmál. bergmála, að, to echo.
berg-rifa, u, f. a fissure in a rock, Symb. 56.
berg-risi, a, m. [ep. berga-troll in the Norse tales], a hill-g
iant, Hkr. i. 229; hrímþursar ok bergrisar, Edda 10, 15; hon (G
erðr) var b. ættar, 22; mikit fólk hrímþursa ok be
rgrisar, 38, Gs. 9, 23.
berg-skor, f. pl. ar, [cp. Scot. scaur], a chasm in a rocky hil
l, Hkv. 2. 20, Fms. vii. 202, Stj. 450. 1 Sam. xiii. 6.
berg-snös, f. [from snös = a projection, Gullþ. 50
, ch. 4, not nös, nasus], a rocky projection. Eg. 389, Gull&t
horn;. 8, l.c., Fas. i. 156 spelt bergnös, Sæm. 131.
berg-tollr, m. a rock-toll, paid for catching fowl thereon, Sturl.
iii. 225.
berg-vörðr, m. a watch, look-out for rocks and cliffs; ha
lda b., Jb. 407.
ber-hendr, adj. bare-handed.
ber-höfði, berhöfða or berhöfðaðr,
adj. bare-headed, Stat. 299.
ber-högg, n. [berr, nudus, or rather = berghögg,
metaph. for a quarry], in the phrase, ganga á (í) b. vi&et
h; e-n, metaph. to make open fight, deal rudely with, Fms. xi. 248, Ld. 1
42; Jóann gekk á b. at banna, St. John interdicted openly,
625. 93, in all those passages 'á:' in mod. usage 'í,' so Greg. 80
, Sturl. ii. 61, Þorst. Síðu-H. 7.
berill, m. a barrel for fluids (for. word), Stj. 367.
BERJA, barði, pres. berr; sup. bart, barzt, O. H. L. 24, Bret. 48, 64
, Fms. viii. 214, 215, xi. 16, and later barit, barizt; part. fem. barið, Am
. 84; barðr, fem. börð, Sturl. iii. 154; mod. barinn; either form m
ay now be used: [Lat. ferio. The word is not found in Ulf., and seems to
be unknown in Germ. and Engl.; it is lost in mod. Dan.] I. act. to str
ike, beat, smite, with acc., Fms. vii. 227, Eg. 582: as a punishment, b. h&u
acute;ð af e-m, to scourge one, N. G. L. i. 85: to thrash to death
, 341; b. grjóti, to stone, of witches, Am. 84, Ld. 152, Eb. 9
8, Gísl. 34: to castigate, b. til batnaðar, Hkr. ii. 178; cp.
the sayings, einginn verðr óbarinn biskup, and, vera barðr til b&
aelig;kr, Bs. i. 410; b. steinum í andlit e-m, to throw stones in one'
s face, 623. 31; b. e-u saman vápnum, sverðum, skjöldum, kne
fum, to dash weapons ... against each other, Fms. vii. 204; b. gull, t
o beat gold, x. 206; sem barit gull,
<PAGE NUM="b0061">
<HEADER>BERKJA -- BETIU. 61</HEADER>
like beaten gold, Ísl. ii. 206; b. korn, to thresh corn, Ma
gn. 520:
metaph. to chide, scold, b. e-n illyrðum, ávítum, Nj. 6
4, Hom. 35 :-- with
'á', 'at', to knock, rap, strike, b. á hurð, á d
yrr (or at dyrum), to rap,
knock at a door, Th. 6; b. sér á brjóst, to smite
on one's breast, in
repentance, Fms. v. 122; b. at hurðu, Sturl. iii. 153; b. til e-s, á
e-m, to
give one a thrashing, Dropl. 23; er þú á konum barði
r, Hbl. 38; hjartað
barði undir síðunni, to beat, of the heart, Str. 6 (but hj
artsláttr, throbbing
of the heart), in mod. use reflex., hjartað berst, hjartað barði
st í brjósti
heitt, Pass. 2. 12: in the phrase, b. í brestina, to cry off a bargain
, the
metaphor is taken from hammering the fissure of a ring or the like, in
order to hide the fault, Nj. 32. II. reflex., berjask, [cp. Fr. se
battre; Germ, sich schlagen], to fight, Lat. pugnare, B
oll. 360, Rd. 296,
Fms. x. 86, Ísl. ii. 267, Fas. i. 255, Íb. 11: of a duel, ok &thor
n;at með, at vit
berimk her á þinginu, Eg. 351; b. við e-n, to fight with, Fms. xi. 86;
b. á e-t, Lat. oppugnare, á borgina, i. 103, vii. 93, Stj.
(freq.), seems to
be a Latinism; b. til e-s, to fight for a thing; at b. til Englands, t
o
invade England, Ísl. ii. 241, v. l.; b. orrostu, Lat. pugnam pugna
re,
 Fms. vii. 79: of the fighting of eagles, Ísl. ii. 195. III. i
mpers.,
with dat., it dashes against; skýja grjóti barði &iacut
e; augu þeim, the hailstones
dashed in their eyes, Jd. 31; honum barði við ráfit kirkjunna
r, he dashed
against the roof, Bs. i. 804; þeim barði saman, they dashed aga
inst each
other, id.
BERKJA, t, to bark, bluster; with dat., b. yfir e-u, AI. 24; er os
s hefir
lengi í sumar berkt, Hkr. iii. 386; hefir þú stórt be
rkt við oss, Fms. xi.
87, [cp. barki, digrbarkliga.]
ber-kykvendi, n. a she-beast, Fms. xi. 94.
ber-kyrtlaðr, adj. without cloak, wearing the kyrtill only,
 Fms. ii. 29.
ber-leggjaðr and berleggr, adj. bare-legged, Fms. vii.
63, x. 415.
ber-ligr, adj. and berliga, adv. I. [berr, nudus], open, manifest,
Hom. 134; adv. openly, Fms. iv. 234, ix. 447, Ísl. ii. 317; compar
.,
Clem. 46. II. [berr, bacca] , fruitful, Stj. 15.
berlings-áss, m. [from Swed. bärling, a pole, bar] 
, a pole; b. þrettán
álna langr, Fms. iii. 227, GREEK, l. c., [cp. berling, in Engl. ca
rpentry,
the cross rafter of a roof.]
ber-málugr and bermáll, adj. bare-spoken, outspok
en, Fms. x. 420.
ber-mælgi, f. bare-speech, freedom of speech, Fms. vi. 178.
ber-mæli, n. pl. = bermælgi, Fms. ix. 333, Hkr. iii. 77.
ber-mæltr, part. = bermálugr, Fms. xi. 53, Hkr. iii. 97.
bernska, u, f. [barn], childhood, childishness; proverb, br&aacute

;ðgeð er
bernskan, Fms. vi. 220; vera í b., Nj. 30, Fms. vii. 199, Sks. 596.
COMPDS: bernsku-bragð, n. a boyish trick, Grett. 92, Sturl. ii
i. 124.
bernsku-maðr, m. a youth, childish person, Hkr. ii. 156.
bernskligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), childish, Fms. v. 245, Sks.
553, 153,
Magn. 434.
bernskr, adj. [Ulf. barnisks], childish, Fms. i. 22, vii. 2
37, ix. 249,
Hom. 50.
ber-orðr, adj. = bermáll.
BERR, adj. [A. S. bär; Engl. bare; Germ, bar; S
lav. bos; Litt.
bosus; the Goth word is not on record, but was prob. sounded basus;
 the radical form is b-s, not b-r, and it is consequently diff
erent from Lat.
-perio (in aperio), or bera, ferre, v. Grimm s. v.]; :-- La
t. nudus, bare,
naked; albrynjaðr svá at ekki var bert nema augun, Fms. vii. 45;
beran
vápnastað, Nj. 9; undir berum himni, under the bare sky, in open a
ir,
sub dio, Karl. 544; á beru svæði, in open field; ber
sverð, naked swords,
 Fms. i. 266; UNCERTAINða berum hestum = berbakt, Dl. ii. 2. meta
ph.
naked, unprotected, Grág. ii. 8; berr er hverr á baki nema
sér bróður eigi
(a proverb), Nj. 265. β. uncovered, open, clear, manifest; se
gja með
berum orðum, in clear words, Stj. 447; verða berr at e-u, to b
e convicted
of a thing, 656 A, 25; berar jartegnir, Fms. ii. 221; góran sik beran
at
e-u, to shew openly, mostly in a bad sense, xi. 55; vóru berastir
í því
Þrændir, the Th. were most undisguised in it, Hkr. ii. 57; g&
ouml;ra bert,
to make known, lay bare, Fms. i. 32, vii. 195.
ber-serkr, s, m., pl. ir: [the etymology of this word has been much
contested; some -- upon the authority of Snorri, hans menn fóru 'bryn&das
h-uncertain;julausir,'
Hkr. i. 11 -- derive it from 'berr' (bare) and 'serkr' [cp. sark,
Scot, for shirt]; but this etymology is inadmissible, because 'serkr' is
a
subst. not an adj.: others derive it from 'berr' (Germ, bär = ursus)
,
which is greatly to be preferred, for in olden ages athletes and champions
used to wear hides of bears, wolves, and reindeer (as skins of lions in
the south), hence the names Bjálfi, Bjarnhéðinn, Úlfh&e
acute;ðinn, (héðinn,
pellis,) -- 'pellibus aut parvis rhenonum tegimentis utuntur, 'Caes. Bell
.
Gall. vi. 22: even the old poets understood the name so, as may be
seen in the poem of Hornklofi (beginning of 10th century), a dialogue
between a Valkyrja and a raven, where the Valkyrja says, at berserkja
reiðu vil ek þik spyrja, to which the raven replies, Úlfh&eacut
e;ðnar heita, they
are called Wolfcoats, cp. the Vd. ch. 9; þeir berserkir er Úlfh
éðnar vóru
kallaðir, þeir höfðu vargstakka (coats of wild beasts)
fyrir brynjur, Fs.
17 :-- a 'bear-sark,' 'bear-coat,' i. e. a wild warrior or cham
pion of the
heathen age; twelve berserkers are mentioned as the chief followers of
several kings of antiquity, e. g. of the Dan. king Rolf Krake, Edda 82;
a Swed. king, Gautr. S. Fas. iii. 36; king Adils, Hrólf. Kr. S. ch. 16 sq
q.;
Harald Hárfagri, Eg. ch. 9, Grett. ch. 2, Vd. l. c. (Hornklofi, v. above)
;
the twelve sons of Arngrim, Hervar. S. ch. 3-5, Hdl. 22, 23; the two
berserkers sent as a present by king Eric at Upsala to earl Hakon of
Norway, and by him presented to an Icel. nobleman, Eb. ch. 25. In
battle the berserkers were subject to fits of frenzy, called berserksgangr
(furor bersercicus, cp. the phrase, ganga berserksgang), when they
howled like wild beasts, foamed at the mouth and gnawed the iron rim
of their shields; during these fits they were, according to popular belief,
proof against steel and fire, and made great havoc in the ranks of the
enemy; but when the fever abated they were weak and tame. A
graphical description of the 'furor bersercicus' is found in the Sagas,
Yngl. S. ch. 6, Hervar. S. l. c., Eg. ch. 27, 67, Grett. ch. 42, Eb. ch. 25, Nj.
ch. 104, Kristni S. ch. 2, 8 (Vd. ch. 46); cp. also a passage in the poem
of Hornklofi | grenjuðu berserkir, | guðr var þeim á sinnum
, | emjaðu
Úlfhéðnar | ok ísarn gniiðu -- which lines recall t
o the mind Roman
descriptions of the Cimbric war-cry. In the Icel. Jus Eccles. the berserksgangr,
as connected with the heathen age, is liable to the lesser
outlawry, K. Þ. K. 78; it is mentioned as a sort of possession in Vd. ch.
37, and as healed by a vow to God. In the Dropl. S. Major (in MS.)
it is medically described as a disease (v. the whole extract in the essay
'De furore Bersercico,' Kristni S. old Ed. in cake); but this Saga is
modern, probably of the first part of the 17th century. The description
of these champions has a rather mythical character. A somewhat different
sort of berserker is also recorded in Norway as existing in gangs
of professional bullies, roaming about from house to house, challenging
husbandmen to 'holmgang' (duel), extorting ransom (leysa sik af hó
lmi),
and, in case of victory, carrying off wives, sisters, or daughters; but in
most cases the damsel is happily rescued by some travelling Icelander,
who fights and kills the berserker. The most curious passages are Glúm,
ch. 4, 6, Gísl. ch. 1 (cp. Sir Edm. Head's and Mr. Dasent's remarks in
the prefaces), Grett. ch. 21, 42, Eg. ch. 67, Flóam. S. ch. 15, 17; accor
ding
to Grett. ch. 21, these banditti were made outlaws by earl Eric,
A. D. 1012. It is worth noticing that no berserker is described as a
native of Icel.; the historians are anxious to state that those who appeared
in Icel. (Nj., Eb., Kr. S. l. c.) were born Norse (or Swedes), and they
were looked upon with fear and execration. That men of the heathen age
were taken with fits of the 'furor athleticus' is recorded in the case of
Thorir in the Vd., the old Kveldulf in Eg., and proved by the fact that the
law set a penalty upon it. Berserkr now and then occurs as a nickname,
Glúm. 378. The author of the Yngl. S. attributes the berserksgangr to

Odin and his followers, but this is a sheer misinterpretation, or perhaps the
whole passage is a rude paraphrase of Hm. 149 sqq. In the old Hbl. 37
berserkr and giant are used synonymously. The berserkers are the representatives
of mere brute force, and it therefore sounds almost blasphemous,
when the Norse Barl. S. speaks of Guðs berserkr (a'bear-coat' or c
hampion
of God), (Jesus Kristr gleymdi eigi hólmgöngu sins berserks), 54
,
197. With the introduction of Christianity this championship disappeared
altogether.
bersi, a, m. a bear, Grett. 101 A, Fas. ii. 517, Sd. 165, Finnb. 2
46: the
phrase, at taka sér bersa-leyfi, to take bear's leave, i. e. to
ask nobody (cp.
'to take French leave'): freq. as a nom. pr., and hence in Icel. local
names.
ber-skjaldaðr, adj. bare of shield, i. e. without a shield,
 Nj. 97.
ber-svæði, n. an open field.
ber-syndugr, adj. (theol.), a sinner, publicans and 'sinners,' Gre
g. 33,
Post. 656, H. E. i. 585.
ber-sögli, f. [bersogull, adj.], a free, frank speech; hence
ber&dash-uncertain;söglis-vísur,
f. pl., name of a poem by Sighvat, Fms. vi. 38 sq.
ber-yrði, n. pl. plain-speaking, Fms. vii. 161.
BETR, adv., compar. to vel; and BEZT, elder form bazt, supe
rl.,
better, best: 1. compar., er betr er, luckily, happily, Fms
. ix. 409,
Ld. 22; b. þætti mér, I would rather, Nj. 17; v&aacute
;nu betr, Lat. spe
melius, Fms. ii. 101; b. úgört, better not to do, Ld. 59;
hafa b., to get
the better of it, Fb. i. 174: adding gen., þess b., er ..., so much
the better
..., Sks. 426: denoting quantity, more, leggit fram b. hit mikla skip
it,
advance it farther, better on, Fms. ii. 307; engi maðr tók b.
en í öxl honum,
v. 67; b. en tuttugu menn, ix. 339; þrjú hundruð ok þr&ia
cute;r tigir ok sex
b., to boot, Rb. 88; ekki máttu sumir menn b. en fá sta&eth
;ist, i. e. they
could do no more, were just able to keep up against him, Fms. xi. 136; ef
hann orkar b., if he can do more, Grág. (Kb.) ch. 128; nú m
á hann
b., but if he is able to do more..., id. 2. superl., bazt búið
, best
equipped, Fas. ii. 523; with a gen., bezt allra manna, Eg. 34; manna
bezt, Nj. 147; kvenna bezt hærð, Landn. 151; bazt at báðir
væri, cp.
Germ, am besten, am liebsten, soonest, Eg. 256.

betra, að, to better, improve, Ld. 106; betrask, to become
better, Fms.
iii. 160: impers., ef eigi betraðist um, Rd. 277; þeir sögðu,
at konungi
betraðist mjök, that the king was much better, Fms. ix. 215.
betran, f. a bettering, improving, esp. in theol., Fms. vi. 217, S
tj. 158:
alliter., böt ok betran.
betr-feðrungr, m. a man better than his father, Fms. vi. 286.
BETRI, betra, compar., and BEZTB, baztr, batztr, the superl.
<PAGE NUM="b0062">
<HEADER>62 BEYGJA -- BINDA.</HEADER>
to 'góðr,' which serves as the posit. :-- in the compar. the primitiv
e a becomes e; thus old poets of the beginning of the 11th centur
y, as Sighvat, rhyme betri -- setrs; the old form batri however occurs, 655 xx.
4: in the superl. the a was kept till the end of the 12th century. Sighva
t rhymes, last -- bazti; old vellum MSS. now and then still spell with a
(bazt, baztr ...), Glúm. 371, Heið. S. Ísl. ii. 324, Gr&aacute
;g. ii. 165, 252, Fms. xi. 214, 220, Hm. 13, 26, 47, Hkv. Hjörv. 39, Lb. 12
, Pd. 11, Ýt. 27, 625. 42, Fms. x. (Ágrip) 418; baþztra (baz
tra), gen. pl., 398, 401 (but betþt, 385); bazta (acc.), Eluc. 36: sing. f
em. and neut. pl. bözt, with a changed vowel, bözt heill, n. pl., Skv.
2. 19; böztu (böþtu), pl., Fms. x. 401, 403, 415: it is spelt w
ith z, tz (in Ágrip even þt), or zt, in mod. s
pelling often s, as in mod. Engl., and pronounced at present as an s, [Goth. batizo, superl. batisto; A. S. batra and bet
sta, besta; Engl. better and best; Germ. besser and 
beste] :-- better, best; meira ok betra, Nj. 45, 193; betri, Dipl. v.
18; beztr kostr, Nj. 1, Eg. 25; beztr bóndi, Ld. 22. β. k
ind, friendly towards one; with dat., er honum hafði baztr verit, 625. 4
2; er mér hefir beztr verit, Fms. vii. 274: er þér fyrir &th
orn;ví bezt ..., it is best for thee, thou doest best to accept it, Nj. 225; því at þinn hlutr má eigi verða betri e
n góðr, 256; betra byr ok blíðara, 625. 4: with gen., me&e
th;an bezt er sumars, during the best part of the summer, Sks. 29, etc. e
tc., v. góðr.
beygja, ð, [baugr], to bend, bow, Fms. ii. 108, iii. 210, x. 1
74: metaph., b. e-m krók, to make it crooked for one, the metaphor
taken from a game or from wrestling, Ld. 40.
beygla, u, f. to dint, of plate, metal, etc., Sturl. ii. 221.
BEYKI, n. beech-wood; beykir, m. a cooper, v. bu&eth
;kr.
beyla, u, f. a hump, Lat. gibbus, swelling, Björn, cp.
Snót 98.
beyrsta and beysta, t, [old Dan. börste; Swed. b&ou
ml;sta], to bruise, beat; b. korn, to thresh, Fms. xi. 272; t
he alliterated phrases, berja ok b., to flog, Hom. 119; b. ok bíta
, Grág. ii. 118; b. bakföllum, to pull hard, beat the waves with
the oars, Am. 35.
beysti, n. [Swed. böste], a ham, gammon of bacon, &THO
RN;iðr. 222.
beytill, m., v. góibeytill, equisetum hiemale, a cognom., L
andn.
beztr, baztr, bezt, bazt, v. betri and betr.
BIBLIA, and old form BIBLA, u, f. the Bible, Am. (Hb.) 10.
BIÐ, n. pl. [A. S. bid], a biding, waiting, delay; sk&o
uml;mm bið, Al. 118: patience, mikit megu biðin (a proverb), 119,
623. 60; vera góðr í biðum, to be patient and forbeari
ng, Bs. i. 141; liggja á bið (biðum?), to bide the events,
 Fms. x. 407: in mod. usage fem. sing., lífið manns hart fram hle
ypr, hefir það enga bið, Hallgr.
biða, að, to bide a bit, Stj. 298, Bs. ii. 123: with gen.
(= bíða), ok biðuðu þeirra, Fagrsk. 138, Nj. (Lat.) 110
note k, 135 note o.
biðan, f. = bið, H. E. ii. 80.
bið-angr and biðvangr, m. a biding, delay, Fms. ix.
259, v.l.
biðill, m., dat. biðli, pl. biðlar, a wooer, suitor, F
ms. ii. 8.
BIÐJA, bað, báðu, beðit; pres. bið; imperat. b
ið and biddu; poët. forms with suff. neg. 1st pers. pres. biðkat ek
, Gísl. (in a verse): [Ulf. bidian = GREEK, GREEK; A. S. biddia
n; Old Engl. bid, bede (in bedes-man), and 'to bid one
's beads;' Germ. bitten, beten; cp. Lat. petere] :-- to
beg; with gen. of the thing, dat. of the person; or in old writers with inf
in. without the particle 'at;' or 'at' with a subj.: α. with infin.
, Jarl bað þá drepa hann, ... bað hann gefa Hallfreði g
rið, Fms. iii. 25; hann bað alla bíða, Nj. 196; bað &thor
n;á heila hittast, Eg. 22, Fms. vii. 351; Skapti bað Gizur (acc.) sit
ja, Nj. 226; Flosi bað alla menn koma, Nj. 196, Hdl. 2; inn bið þ&
uacute; hann ganga, Skm. 16, Ls. 16; b. e-n vera heilan, valere jubere, G
m. 3, Hkv. 1, 2: still so in the Ór. 65 (biðr ek Ólaf bjarga m
ér) of the end of the 14th century; mod. usage prefers to add the 'at,' y
et Hallgrímr uses both, e.g. hann bað Pétr með hryggri lun
d, hjá sér vaka um eina stund, Pass. 4. 6; but, Guð bið eg
nú að gefa mér náð, id. β. with 'at' a
nd a subj., b. viljum vér þik, at þú sér, Nj. 2
26, Jb. 17: without 'at,' Pass. 6. 13, 3. 12. γ. with gen., b. mata
r, Grág. i. 261; er þér þess ekki biðjanda. Eg. 42
3; b. liðs, liðveizlu, föruneytis, brautargengis, Nj. 226, 223, &Ia
cute;sl. ii. 322; bænar, Fms. iv. 12; b. e-m lífs, griða, g&oac
ute;ðs, böls, to beg for the life ... of one, Háv. 39, Fm
s. iii. 25, Edda 38, Hm. 127; b. fyrir e-m, to beg, pray for one, Nj. 55;
b. e-n til e-s, to request one to do a thing, Grág. i. 450, Fms.
v. 34: spec. to court (a lady), propose, with gen. as object of th
e thing and person here coincide, b. konu, b. sér konu, Eg. 5, Nj. 2, Rm.
37. 2. to pray (to God), absol., hann bað á þessa lund,
Blas. 41; b. til Guðs, Sks. 308, Fms. iii. 48; b. bæn sinni (dat.), to pray one's prayer, 655 xvi, Hom. 114; b. bæn sína, id.,
 Blas. 50. β. reflex., biðjask fyrir, to say one's prayer
s, Nj. 196; er svá baðst fyrir at krossi, Landn. 45, 623. 34, Ork
n. 51; biðjast undan, to excuse oneself, beg pardon, Fms. vii. 351: t
he reflex. may resume the infin. sign 'at,' and even an active may do so, if use
d as a substitute for a reflex., e.g. biðr Þórólfr at fa
ra norðr á Hálogaland, Th. asked for furlough to go to H., Eg. 35.
bið-lund (and biðlyndi, Hom. 26. transl. of Lat. longan
imitas), f. forbearance, patience, Hom. 97, Stj. 52, Pass. 8. 13, 15,
15. 13. COMPDS: biðlundar-góðr, adj. forbearing, F
b. ii. 261. biðlundar-mál, n. a thing that can bide, as to
which there is no hurry, Grett. 150.
bið-stund, f. (biðstóll, Bs. i. 292 is prob. a fals
e reading), biding a bit, Bs. i. 292, 704, Fms. viii. 151, Thom. 104.
BIFAST, ð, mod. að, dep. [Gr. GREEK, GREEK, cp. Lat. paveo, fe
bris; A. S. beofan; Germ. beben], to shake, to tremble: 1. in old writers only dep., bifðisk, Þkv. 13, Hkv. 23, &THOR
N;d. 17; bifaðist, Gísl. 60, Grett. 114: to fear, en þ&o
acute; bifast aldri hjartað, Al. 80. 2. in mod. usage also act. to
move, of something very heavy, with dat., e.g. eg gat ekki bifað &thorn
;ví, I could not move it.
bifr, m., in the compd úbifr, m. dislike, in the phr
ase, e-m er ú. að e-u, one feels a dislike to. COMPD: bifrstaup, n. a cup, Eb. (in a verse).
bifra, u, f. [A. S. beber, befer], a beaver (?), a cognom.,
Fms.
bif-röst, f., the poët. mythical name of the rainbow, Ed
da 8, (via tremula); but Gm. 44 and Fm. 15 read bilröst.
bifu-kolla (byðuk-, Safn i. 95), u, f. leontodon taraxacum,
 Hjalt. 254.
BIK, n. [Lat. pix; Gr. GREEK; A. S. pic; Engl. pitch; Germ. pech; a for. word], pitch, Stj. 46; svartr sem. b., Nj. 19
5, Orkn. 350, Rb. 352. COMPD: bik-svartr, adj. black as pitch.
bika, að, to pitch, Stj. 58, Ver. 8.
BIKARR, m. [Hel. bicere; Engl. beaker; Scot. bicker;
Germ. becher; Dan. bæger, cp. Gr. GREEK; Ital. bicchiere
], a beaker, large drinking cup, Dipl. v. 18: botan. perianthium, Hjalt.
BIKKJA, u, f. a bitch; þann graut gaf hann blauðum hundu
m ok mælti, þat er makligt at bikkjur eti Þór, Fms. ii.
163: as an abusive term, Fs. 54, Fas. i. 39; so in mod. Icel. a bad horse is ca
lled. COMPDS: bikkju-hvelpr, m. a bitch's whelp, Fms. ix. 513. 
bikkju-sonr, m. son of a b., Fas. iii. 607. bikkju-stakkr, m.
the skin of a b., Fas. iii. 417: all of these used as terms of abuse.
bikkja, ð, t, [bikka, to roll, Ivar Aasen], to plunge into
water; hann bikði í sjóinn, he plunged overboard, F
ms. x. 329; bikti sér út af borðinu, ii. 183; cp. Lapp. puo
kljet = to plunge.
BIL, n., temp. a moment, twinkling of an eye; í þv&ia
cute; bili, Nj. 115; þat bil, that very moment, Stj. 149, 157, Fms.
i. 45. β. loc., Lat. intervallum, an open space left; b. er
þarna, Fas. ii. 67; orðin standa eiga þétt (namely in wri
ting), en þó bil á milli, an Icel. rhyme. γ. th
e poetical compds such as biltrauðr, bilstyggr, bilgrönduðr ..., (a
ll of them epithets of a hero, fearless, dauntless,) point to an obsolete
sense of the word, failure, fear, giving way, or the like; cp. bilbugr,
bilgjarn, and the verb bila; cp. also tímabil, a period; millibil,
distance; dagmálabil, hádegisbil, nónbil, etc., 
nine o'clock, full day-time, noon-time, etc. II. fem. pr. name of 
a goddess, Lex. Poët.
bila, að, pres. bil (instead of bilar), Fas. ii. 76 (in a verse), 
to fail; Þórr vill fyrir engan mun bila at koma til einv&iacut
e;gis, Th. will not fail to meet, Edda 57; Þorsteinn kvað pat e
igi mundu at bila, Th. said that it should not fail, he should not fail in do
ing so, Lv. 33: with dat., flestum bilar áræðit, a proverb,
Fms. ii. 31 (Ld. 170), Rd. 260. 2. impers., e-n bilar (acc.), Finnb. 338
(in mod. usage impers. throughout), to break, crack, þá er
skipit hljóp af stokkunum, þá bilaði í skarir nok
kurar, Fms. viii. 196; reiði b., Grág. ii. 295; b. at e-u, id., Gþl. 369; bil sterka arma, my strong arms fail, Fas. ii. l.c.
bil-bugr (bilsbugr, Fas. iii. 150), m. failing of heart; in
the phrase, láta engan bilbug á sér sjá (finna), to stand firm, shew no sign of fear, Fms. viii. 412, Grett. 124, Fas. iii.
150, Karl. 233; fá b. á e-m, to throw one back, Karl. 80.
bil-eygr, adj. a nickname of Odin, of unsteady eyes, Edda (Gl.)
bil-gjarn, adj., occurs only in the compd úbilgjarn, overbearin
g.
bil-röst, f. via tremula, the rainbow, v. bifröst.
bil-skirnir, m. the heavenly abode of Thor, from the flashing o
f light, Edda.
bilt, prob. an old n. part. from bila; only used in the phrase, e-m ver&e
th;r bilt, to be amazed, astonished; en þá er sagt, at &THOR
N;ór (dat.) varð bilt einu sinni at slá hann, the first tim
e that Thor's heart failed him, Edda 29; varð þeim bilt, Korm. 40,
Nj. 169.
bimbult (now proncd. bumbult), n. adj., only in the phrase, e-m ve
rðr b., to feel uneasy, Gísl. 33, of a witch (freq., but regar
ded as a slang word), mér er hálf bumbult ...
BINDA, batt, 2nd pers. bazt, pl. bundu, bundit; pres. bind; 3rd pers. ref
lex. bizt; imperat. bind, bind þú; 2nd pers. bittú, bitt &th
orn;ú, Fm. 40: [Goth., A. S., Hel. bindan; Engl. bind; Germ
. binden; Swed. binda, 2nd pers. bandt; in Icel. by assimil
ation batt; bant, however, Hb. 20, 32 (1865)] :-- to bind: I. prop
. to bind in fetters, (cp. bönd, vincula; bandingi, priso
ner), Hom. 119, Fms. xi. 146, Gþl. 179: 1. to tie, fasten, t
ie up, b. hest, Nj. 83; naut, Ld. 98, Bs. i. 171; b. hund, Grág. ii.
119; b. við e-t, to fasten to; b. stein við háls e-m, 655
xxviii; b. blæju við stöng, Fms. ix. 358; b. skó, þv
engi, to tie the shoes, Nj. 143, Þorst. St. 53, Orkn. 430: to bi
nd in parcels, to pack up, b. varning, Fms. iii. 91, ix. 241 (a pun); b. hey
, to truss hay for carting, Nj. 74; klyf, Grett. 123; b. at, til, to b
ind round a sack, parcel, Fms. i. 10; to bind a book, (band, bindi, volume, are mod. phrases), Dipl. i. 5, 9, ii. 13. β. medic. to bind wounds, to bind up, b. sár, Eg. 33, Bs. i. 639, Fms. i. 46 (
cp. Germ. verbinden); b. um, of fomentation, Str. 4. 72: metaph. phrase,
eiga um sárt at b., to have a sore wound to bind up, one feeling s
ore; hefir margr hlotið um sárt at b. fyrir mér, i.e. I hav
e inflicted deep
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<HEADER>BINDANDI -- BITI. 63</HEADER>
wounds on many, Nj. 54: the proverb, bezt er um heilt at b., or eiga um h
eilt at b., to bind a sound limb, i.e. to be safe and sound; &thor
n;ykir mér bezt um heilt at b., I think to keep my limbs unhurt, to ru
n no risk, Fms. vii. 263. 2. with a notion of impediment; b.
skjöld sinn, to entangle the shield: metaph., bundin (closed, shu
t) skjaldborg, Sks. 385. II. metaph. to bind, make obligatory;
leysa ok b., of the pope, Fms. x. 11: to make, contract a league, friend
ship, affinity, wedding, fellowship, oath, or the like; b. ráð, to
resolve, Ld. 4, Eg. 30; samfélag, lag, vináttu, eið, teng
dir, hjúskap, Fms. i. 53, iv. 15, 20, 108, 210, ix. 52, Stj. 633, K. &Aac
ute;. 110: absol. with a following infin., binda (fix) þeir Þ
órir at hittast í ákveðnum stað, Ísl. ii. 14
7. III. reflex, to bind, engage oneself, enter a league; leikmenn
höfðu saman bundizt at setjast á kirkjueignir, Bs. i. 733; binda
sk (b. sik) í e-u, to engage in a thing; þótt hann v&
aelig;ri bundinn í slíkum hlutum, 655; at b. sik í veraldli
gu starfi, id.; hann bazt í því, at sýslumenn yðr
ir skyldu eigi koma á mörkina, Eg. 71; em ek þó eigi &t
horn;essa búinn, nema fleiri bindist, unless more people bind themselv
es, enter the league, Fær. 25, Valla L. 216; bindast í banns at
kvæði, H. E. i. 465; binda sik undir e-t, with a following infin. t
o bind oneself to do, Vm. 25; b. sik við e-t, id., N. G. L. i. 89
; bindask e-m á hendi, to bind oneself to serve another, esp. of t
he service of great personages; b. á hendi konungum, Fms. xi. 203, x. 215
, Bs. i. 681, Orkn. 422; bindast fyrir e-u, to place oneself at the head of a
n undertaking, to head, Hkr. iii. 40; Öngull vildi b. fyrir um atf&ouml
;r við Gretti, Grett. 147 A. 2. with gen., bindask e-s, to refrain
from a thing; eigi bazt harm ferligra orða, i.e. he did not refrain
from bad language, 655. 12; b. tára (only negative), to refrain fr
om bursting into tears, Fms. ii. 32; hlátrs, Sks. 118; b. við et, id., El. 21; b. af e-u, Stj. 56.
bindandi and bindendi, f. (now neut., Thom. 68), abstinence, Stj. 147, 625. 186, Fms. i. 226, Hom. 17. COMPDS: bindendis-tími, a, m. a time of abstinence. bindandis-lif, n. a life of b., Stj. 147, 655 xiii. bindandis-maðr, m. an ascetic, Bs. ii.
146; mod. a teetotaler.
bindi, n. a sheaf, = bundin, N. G. L. i. 330; mod. a volume, (cp. Germ. band.)
BINGR, m. a bed, bolster, Korm. (in a verse), prop. a heap
of corn or the like, (Scot. bing,) Nj. 153; vide Lex. Poët.
birgðir, f. pl. stores, provisions, Sturl. ii. 225, Fær.
53, Fas. ii. 423.
birgiligr, adj. well provided, Bs. i. 355.
BIRGJA, ð, to furnish, provide; skal ek víst b. hann at
nökkuru, Nj. 73; segir Sigurðr, at hann mun b. þá með
nökkuru móti, Fær. 237; hann birgði þá ok um
búfé, Ld. 144; nú vil ek b. bú þitt at m&aacu
te;lnytu í sumar, Hrafn. 9. [In the Edd. sometimes wrongly spelt with 
y, as it is quite different from byrgja, to enclose.]
birgr, adj. [O. H. G. birig, fertilis; unbirig, sterilis: s
ometimes in Edd. wrongly spelt byrgr: this form however occurs Bs. i. 868, MS. t
he end of the 15th century] :-- provided, well furnished; b. at kosti, Gr
ett. 127 A, Sd. 170; viltú selja mér augun? Þá er ek
verr b. eptir, Fas. iii. 384.
BIRKI, n. collect. = björk, birch, in COMPDS: birki-raptr,
 m. a rafter of birch-wood, Ísl. ii. 153. birki-viðr, m. birch-wood, Grág. ii. 355.
birkja, t, to bark, strip; b. við, Jb. 235, Stj. 177; cp. Gkv.
2. 12, birkinn viðr (= birki viðr?), Fms. viii. 33; b. hest, to flay
a horse.
BIRNA, u, f. a she-bear, Stj. 530, Fs. 26, Magn. 476: astron., Rb.
468; b. er vér köllum vagn, 1812. 16. birnu-gætir, m.
the name of one of the constellations, 1812. 18.
BIRTA, t, [Ulf. bairhtian], to illuminate, brighten, Stj. 1
5; b. sýn, 655 xxx; b. blinda, id. 2. impers., þokunni birti
r af, the fog lifted, Hrafn. 6: to brighten with gilding or col
ouring, a ship, þá var birt allt hlýrit, cp. hlýr
bjartr and hlýrbirt skip, Fms. iv. 277. 3. metaph. to enlighten
; birta hjörtu vár, Hom. 67, Rb. 390: to make illustrious, Skálda 204. β. to reveal, manifest, Fms. iv. 132, vi
ii. 101: with dat., birti hann &aolig-acute;st sinni, x. 418. γ. re
flex, to appear; birtist þá skaði þeirra, Fms. vii
. 189, v. 344, Stj. 198, Ann. 1243; b. e-m, Fms. i. 142.
birti, f. and mod. birta, u, f. [Goth, bairhti], brightn
ess, light, the old form birti is used Luke ii. 9, in the N. T. of 1540, and
the Bible of 1584, and still kept in the 11th Ed. of Vidal. (1829); otherwise b
irta, Pass. 8. 19, 41. 10; birta also occurs Stj. 81, Fb. i. 122; but otherwise
birti in old writers; birti ok fegrð, Fms. v. 344, x. 347; birti ægis,
the gold, Edda 69; tunglsins birti, Stj. 26, Fms. i. 77.
birting, f. brightness, Sks. 26, 656 A: metaph. manifestation,
revelation, Th. 76, Stj. 378, Barl. 199: vision, 655 xxxii. 2.
day-break. COMPD: birtingar-tíð, f. time of revela
tion, Hom. 63.
birtingr, m. a fish, trutta albicolor, Edda (Gl.): a nickname, Fms
. vii. 157: pl. illustrious men, Eg. (in a verse).
BISKUP, m., in very old MSS. spelt with y and o (byskop), b
ut commonly in the MSS. contracted 'bUNCERTAIN,' so that the spelling is doubtfu
l; but biscop (with i) occurs Bs. i. 356, byscop in the old fragm. i. 391
-394; biskup is the common form in the Edd. and at present, vide Bs. i. ii, Stur
l. S., Íb. [Gr. GREEK; A. S. biscop; Engl. bishop; Germ. bischof] :-- a bishop. Icel. had two sees, one at Skalholt, erected
A.D. 1056; the other at Hólar, in the North, erected A.D. 1106. They were
united at the end of the last century, and the see removed to Reykjavik. Biogra
phies of ten of the bishops of the 11th to the 14th century are contained in the
Bs., published 1858, and of the later bishops in the Biskupa Annálar (fr
om A.D. 1606), published in Safn til Sögu Íslands, vol. i. and Bs. i
i, and cp. farther the Biskupaæfi, by the Icel. historian Jón Halld
órsson (died A.D. 1736), and the Hist. Eccl. (H. E.). by Finn Jonsson (Fi
nnus Johannæus, son of the above-mentioned Jón Halldórsson).
During two hundred years of the commonwealth till the middle of the 13th centur
y, the bishops of Skalholt and Hólar were elected by the people or by the
magnates, usually (at least the bishops of Skalholt) in parliament and in the l
ögrétta (the legislative council), vide the Hungrv. ch. 2 (valinn ti
l b. af allri alþýðu á Íslandi), ch. 5, 7, 13, 16
, Sturl. 2, ch. 26, Kristni S. ch. 12, Íb. ch. 10, Þorl. S. ch. 9,
Páls. S. ch. 2, Guðm. S. ch. 40, Jóns S. ch. 7 (þ&aacute
; kaus Gizurr biskup Jón prest Ögmundarson með samþykki al
lra lærðra manna ok úlærðra í Norðlendinga
fjórðungi). Magnús Gizurarson (died A.D. 1237) was the last p
opularly elected bishop of Skalholt; bishop Gudmund (died A.D. 1237) the last of
Hólar; after that time bishops were imposed by the king of Norway or the
archbishop. COMPDS: biskupa-búningr, m. episcopal apparel,
Sturl. i. 221. biskupa-fundr, m. a synod of bishops, Fms. x. 7.
biskupa-þáttr, m. the section in the Icel. Jus Eccl. refe
rring to the bishops, K. Þ. K. 60. biskupa-þing, n. a
council of bishops, Bs. i. 713, H. E. i. 456. biskups-brunnr, m. a
well consecrated by bishop Gudmund, else called Gvendarbrunnar, Bs. bisk
ups-búr, n. a 'bishop's-bower,' chamber for a bishop, Sturl. i
i. 66. biskups-dómr, m. a diocese, Fms. vii. 173, xi. 229,
Íb. 16, Pr. 107: episcopate, Fms. i. 118. biskups-dóttir
, f. a bishop's daughter, Sturl. i. 207. biskups-dæmi, n
. an episcopal see, Sturl. i. 204, iii. 124: the episcopal office,
23, Bs. i. 66, etc. biskups-efni, n. bishop-elect, Bs. i, cp. ii.
339. biskups-frændi, m. a relative of a bishop, Sturl. ii.
222. biskups-garðr, m. a bishop's manor, Fms. ix. 47. bisku
ps-gisting, f. the duty of entertaining the bishop on his visitation,
Vm. 23. biskups-kjör, n. pl. the election of a bishop, Bs. i
. 476. biskups-kosning, f. id., Sturl. i. 33, Fms. viii. 118, v.l.
biskups-lauss, adj. without a bishop, Fb. iii. 445, Ann. 1210. biskups-maðr, m. one in the service of a bishop, Fms. ix. 317. biskups-mark, n. the sign of a bishop; þá gerði Sa
binus b. yfir dúkinum ok drakk svá öröggr (a false readi
ng = kross-mark?), Greg. 50. biskups-mágr, m. a brother-in-law
of a bishop, Fms. ix. 312, v.l. biskups-messa, u, f. a mass celebr
ated by a bishop, Bs. i. 131. biskups-mítr, n. a bishop's m
itre, Sturl. ii. 32. biskups-nafn, n. the title of a bishop, F
ms. x. 11. biskups-ríki, n. a bishopric, diocese, Ann. (Hb
.) 19, Fms. xi. 229, Sturl. ii. 15. biskups-sekt, f. a fine to be paid
by a bishop, N. G. L. i. 350. biskups-skattr, m. a duty to be pai
d to the bishop in Norway, D. N. (Fr.) biskups-skip, a bishop's sh
ip: the bishops had a special licence for trading; about this matter, vide t
he Arna b. S. Laur. S. in Bs. and some of the deeds in D. I.; the two sees in Ic
el. had each of them a ship engaged in trade, Fms. ix. 309, v.l.; vide a treatis
e by Maurer written in Icel., Ný Fél. xxii. 105 sqq. biskups-sk
rúði, a, m. an episcopal ornament, Fms. ix. 38. biskups
-sonr, m. the son of a bishop, Sturl. i. 123, Fms. x. 17. biskupsstafr, m. a bishop's staff, Bs. i. 143. biskups-stofa, u, f. a bishop's study, Dipl. ii. 11. biskups-stóll, m. an epis

copal seat, bishopric, Jb. 16, K. Á. 96, Fms. x. 409. biskups-s&ya
cute;sla, u, f. a diocese, episcopate, Fms. vii. 172. biskups-tign
, f. episcopal dignity, Bs. i. 62, 655 iii, Sks. 802, Sturl. i. 45. biskups-tíund, f. the tithe to be paid to the bishop in Iceland,
 v. the statute of A.D. 1096, D. I. i, Íb., K. Þ. K. 150 (ch. 3
9), K. Á. 96. biskupstíundar-mál, n. a lawsuit re
lating to the bishop, H. E. ii. 185. biskups-vatn, n. water conse
crated by bishop Gudmund, Bs. i. 535. biskups-veldi, n. episcopal
power, Pr. 106. biskups-vígsla, u, f. the consecration of
a bishop, Fms. viii. 297, Bs. i. 61.
biskupa, að, to confirm, Hom. 99; biskup er skyldr at b. b&oum
l;rn, K. Þ. K. 62; Guðmundr biskup biskupaði hann tvævetran,
Sturl. iii. 122; tók Glúmr skírn ok var biskupaðr &iac
ute; banasótt af Kol biskupi, Glúm. 397: now in Icel. called a&eth
; ferma or staðfesta or even kristna börn.
biskupan, f. confirmation; ferming er sumir kalla b., K. Á.
20, ch. 3.
biskupligr, adj. episcopal; b. embaetti, Stj. 556, Sks. 781, 655 x
xxii. (not fit for a bishop.)
BISMARI, a, m. [for. word; Germ, besem, besen; Dan. bismer;
v. Grimm s.v.], a steelyard, Gþl. 526, Dipl. iii. 4. COMPD: bis
mara-pund, n. a sort of pound, N. G. L. iii. 166.
bissa, u, f., Lat. byssus, a stuff, Bær. 21.
bistr, adj. [Swed. bister], angry, knitting one's brows, St
url. iv. 82, v.l., cp. Bs. i. 750, Pass. 21. 1.
BIT, n. bite, Lat. morsus; at tönnunum er bitsins v&aa
cute;n, Skálda 163: of cutting instruments, sax vænligt til bits, F
s. 6: of insects, mýbit, bite of gnats, Rd. 295; bit flugdý
ra, 655 xxx; dýrbit, a fox killing lambs, Bs. ii. 137. β. pasture = beit, N. G. L. i. 246.
bita, að, to divide (a ship) with cross-beams (biti); s
kip þrennum bitum út bitað, Sturl. iii. 61. β. t
o cut food, meat into bits.
bit-bein, n., cp. Engl. bone of contention; hafa ríki &thor
n;essi lengi at öfund orðit ok bitbeinum, Fær. 230.
biti, a, m. 1. a bit, mouthful (cp. munnbiti); konungr &aac
ute;t nökkura bita af hrosslifr, Fms. i. 37, Játv. 26, Rd. 283: in t
he phrase, biðja
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<HEADER>64 BITILL -- BJARGA.</HEADER>
bitum, to go begging, Grág. i. 278. 2. an eye-tooth
= jaxl, q.v., [Swed. betar]; eru vér ok svá gamlir, ok sv&a
acute; bitar upp komnir, i.e. we are no longer babies, have got our eye-teeth
, Fms. viii. 325. 3. a crossbeam, girder in a house, Ld. 316,
Gþl. 346: in a ship, Lat. transtrum, Fms. ix. 44, Sturl. iii. 61.
bitill and bitull, m., dat. bitli, the bit of a bridle, Stj
. 84, 397, Hkr. i. 27, Hkv. 2. 34, Akv. 30, Fms. iv. 75, Hkr. ii. 31.
bitlingr, m. a bit, morsel; the proverb, víða koma Hall
gerði bitlingar, cp. Nj. ch. 48; stela bitlingum, to steal trifles, S
turl. i. 61, v.l.; bera bitlinga frá borði, as a beggar, Fas.
ii. (in a verse).
bitr, rs, adj. biting, sharp, Korm. 80, Eg. 465, Fms. ii. 255.
bitra, u, f. bitterness, a cognom., Landn.
bitrligr, adj. sharp, Korm. 80, Fbr. 58: metaph., Ísl. ii.
(in a verse).
bit-sótt, f. contagious disease, poët., Ýt. 17.
bit-yrði and bitryrði, n. pl. taunts, N. G. L. i. 2
23.
bí, bí, and bíum, bíum, interj. lul
laby!
BÍÐA, beið, biðu, beðit; pres. bíð; imp
erat. bíð, 2nd pers. bíðþú, bíddu, [Ul
f. beidan; A. S. bidan; Engl. bide; O. H. G. bitan]
:-- to bide. I. to bide, wait for: with gen., b. e-s, to
wait for one, Eg. 274; skal slíkra manna at vísu vel b., s
uch men are worth waiting for, i.e. they are not to be had at once, Fms. ii.
34; the phrase, bíða sinnar stundar, to bide one's time: with
héðan, þaðan, to wait, stand waiting, bí&eth
; þú héðan, unz ek kem, 656 C. 35; þaðan bei&e
th; þengill, Hkv. 1. 22: also, b. e-s ór stað, Lex. Poët.
The old writers constantly use a notion 'a loco,' þaðan, hé&eth
;an, or stað, where the mod. usage is hér, þar, 'in loco:' abso
l., Fms. x. 37, Nj. 3. II. to abide, suffer, undergo, Lat. pati
; with acc., b. harm, Nj. 250; skaða, Grág. i. 459, 656 C; &aacut
e;mæli, to be blamed, Nj. 133; bana, dauða, hel, to abide de
ath ..., to die, Hm. 19, Fms. vi. 114; ósigr, to abide defeat, be
defeated; svá skal böl bæta at bíða annat meira
(a proverb), Fb. ii. 336, Al. 57: sometimes in a good sense, bíða el
li, to last to a great age, 656 A; b. enga ró, to feel no peace
, be uneasy, Eg. 403; b. ekki (seint) bætr e-s, of an irreparable loss
, Ísl. ii. 172. III. impers., e-t (acc.) bíðr, there
abides, i.e. exists, is to be had, with a preceding negative; hv&aac
ute;rki bíðr þar báru né vindsblæ, there
is felt neither wave nor blast, Stj. 78; beið engan þann er r&aac
ute;ða kynni, there was none that could make it out, 22; varla bei&et
h; brauð eðr fæðu, was not to be had, 212; slægas
tr af öllum þeím kvikendum er til bíðr á jar
ðríki, 34. Gen. iii. 1. IV. part. pl. bíðendr, v. andróði.
bíðandi, f. a biding, waiting, delay, Fms. ii. 216.
bí-fala, að, [Germ. befehlen], to recommend, command
, Bs. i. 145 note 7, from paper MS., v. Introd. p. 48.
bíldr, m., and bílda, u, f. an axe, Edda (Gl.
); an instrument for bleeding: bíld-spor, n. a scar as f
rom a b., Bs. i. 367. 2. a sheep witb spotted cheeks: b&iac
ute;ld-óttr, adj. (sheep) spotted on the cheeks, Rd. 240.
bíld-ör, f. a blunt arrow, a bolt, Fms. ii. 320, x. 36
2.
bí-lífl, n. [A. S. biliofa], luxury, Al. 17,
34, 45.
bí-standa, stóð, [Goth. bistandan; Germ. beis
tehen], (for. word), to assist, Stj. MS. 227, col. 102.
bísundr, m. (for. word), a besant (Byzantius), a coi
n, El. 2.
BÍTA, beit, bitu, bitið; pres. bít; imperat. bít
, 2nd pers. bittú; poët. forms with the negative, beitat, Eg. (in a
verse); subj. bítia, Hkv. 2. 31, [Ulf. beitan; Engl. bite;
Germ. beizen] :-- to bite, Lat. mordere: I. properly
, 1. with the teeth, Eg. 508, N. G. L. i. 351; b. menn (of a dog), Gr&aac
ute;g. ii. 119; b. skarð ór, Eg. 605: of a horse, N. G. L. i. 392: fo
xes killing sheep, Bs. ii. 138, N. G. L. ii. 34 (wolf) :-- to sting, of w
asps, gnats, Landn. 146. 2. of grazing animals; b. gras, lauf, skó
g, Grág. ii. 229, (hence beit, pasture); hvar hestar þ&iacut
e;nir bitu gras, Fs. 57: absol. to graze, Karl. 71. 3. of sharp in
struments, weapons (vápnbitinn); engir vóru ósárir n
ema þeir er eigi bitu járn, except those whom iron could not bit
e, Eg. 33; sverðit beit ekki, did not cut, Nj. 45, Edda 7; lj&aac
ute;rnir bíta, 48; fótrinn brotnaði en eigi beit, the swor
d did not cut but broke the leg, Bjarn. 66. β. e-m bítr,
one's weapon (scythe) cuts well, bites; allt bitu honum ann
an veg vápnin, Eg. 93. 4. of a ship, to cruise; hér
er skip ... er vér köllum bíta (bite the wind) allra s
kipa bezt, the best sail, Fs. 27: impers., beit þeim eigi fyrir Rey
kjanes, they could not clear cape R., Landn. 30. 5. in fishing, to bite, take the bait; bítr vel á um daginn, the fisbes d
id bite, Ld. 40; bíta mætti beitfiskr, q.v. 6. b&iacute
;ta á vörrinni, to bite the lip as a token of pain or emotion
, Nj. 68; hann hafði bitið á kampinum, had bitten the beard, 209. II. metaph.: α. of frost, cold, sickness, and
the like. β. to bite, sting, hurt; hvat mun oss heldr b. or&
eth; hans, why should his speech sting us any more? Grett. 95 A; eigi vei
t ek prestr, nema orðin þín hafi bitið, thy words have b
it, Fms. vii. 39. γ. as a law term; sekt, sök bítr,
the guilt strikes the convict, when brought home to him, hence sakbitin
n, guilty; pá menn er hvártveggja hafa bitið, lög,
réttindi ok svá dómar, convicted in the face of law and
justice, Sks. 655 B; um þau mál sem sekt bítr, i.e. 
unlawful cases, liable to punishment, K. Á. 148; um þat er sekt
bítr, Grett. 133 A (new Ed. 1853), Sks. 655. δ. b. á
e-n, to cut deep, affect, make an impression upon; the phrase, lá
ta ekki á sig b., to stand proof against all; þetta l&eacute
;t Kjartan á sik b., K. felt pain from it, Ld. 204; láttu &
thorn;etta ekki á þik b., do not mind it, id.; rennr þ
at öðrum opt mjök í brjóst, er á suma b&iacut
e;tr ekki (of the conscience), 655 xi. ε. e-t bítr fyrir,
something 'bites off,' i.e. is decisive, makes a thing impossible
or out of question; þat annat (the other reason) er þ&
oacute; bítr skjótara, which is still more decided against it, Fms. ii. 266; þeir kváðust þenna kost eigi vilja, ok
kváðu þat tvennt til vera er fyrir beit, two decided obstacl
es, reasons against it, Sturl. iii. 47; þú ert miklu &oelig;ri
maðr at aldri, en svá at vér hafim her lögtekna í
Jómsborg, ok bítr þat fyrir, that puts it out of question
, makes it impossible, Fms. x. 93; Þorgilsi þykir nú &tho
rn;etta ráð mega fyrir bíta, Th. thought this would be quit
e sufficient, -- fyrir hlíta would here be better, -- Ld. 264; &thorn
;eir höfðu jafnan minna hlut ór málum, þó &t
horn;etta bití nú fyrir, they always got the worst of it, thoug
h this was a thorough beating, Fas. i. 144; (þat er) lögmanni ok
lögréttumönnum þykir fyrir b., seems a decisive proof,
cuts the case off at once, N. G. L. ii. 21; b. e-m at fullu, to prove fa
tal to, tell fully upon; hafa mik nú at fullu bitið hans r&aacute
;ð, Fs. 8; Njáls bíta ráðin, a proverb quoted by Ar
ngrim in Brevis Comment., written A.D. 1593, denoting the sagacity of Njal's sch
emes; beit þetta ráð, it was effective, Fs. 153; e-m b&i
acute;tr við at horfa, Band. 7 C, is no doubt a false reading, = bý&e
th;r, which is the reading l.c. of the vellum MS. 2845, vide bjóða. III. recipr. of horse fight, Rd. 298.
bí-tala, be-tala, að, to pay, (mod.); cp. Germ. beza
hlen.
bja, interj. fie! bía, to defile.
bjagaðr, part. wry, deformed, cp. bagr. bjag-leitr, adj
. ugly, deformed, Fas. ii. 149.
bjalla, u, f. a bell, certainly an Engl. word imported into Icel.
along with Christianity; bjöllu gætir, the keeper of the bell,
is a nickname given by the heathen Icel. to a missionary, A.D. 998, Kristni S.
(in a verse): hann vígði klukkur ok bjöllur, Bs. i. 65, Fms. i.
233: bjalla is now esp. used of small bells, e.g. on the horns of sheep, but klu
kka of a church bell; cp. dynbjalla, Grett.
bjannak, n. an GREEK; þat var háttr hans ef hann (viz. Odin)
sendi menn sína til orrostu eðr aðrar sendifarar, at hann lag&et
h;i áðr hendr í höfuð þeim ok gaf þeim bj
annak, trúðu þeir at þá mundi vel farast, Ý
ngl. S. ch. 11; it is commonly interpreted as benedictio, but it is no do
ubt the Scot. bannock, from Gael, banagh, an oat-cake; cp. Lat. panis. The whole passage in the Hkr. points to Christian rites and ideas br
ought into the pagan North, but which are here attributed to Odin, (cp. the brea
king of bread and the Eucharist.)
BJARG, n. [Ulf. bairgahei = GREEK; A. S. beorg; Germ. be
rg; lost in Engl.], rocks, precipices: 1. neut. pl. björg
, precipices (in a collect. sense), esp. on the sea-side, cp. flug
abjörg, sjófarbjörg, hamrabjörg; precipices covered with g
ulls and sea fowls are called bjarg, e.g. Látrabjarg, Þórisb
jörg, mostly in pl., Bs. ii. 111, Fms. 275, Orkn. 312. 2. sing. r
ock; bjargit hafði nýliga sprungit frá einum hellismunna,
Fms. i. 230; vatn ór bjargi, water out of a rock, 655 xii, Nj. 264
, Fas. ii. 29. β. in sing. it chiefly means an immense stone
(cp. heljarbjarg), a boulder; hann hefir fært þat bjarg &iacu
te; hellisdyrnar, at ekki má í hellinn komast, Fms. iii. 223; einn
stein svá mikinn sem bjarg væri, Gísl. 31; hve stór
björg (pl.) at sá hestr dró, Edda 26; at svá ungr ma&e
th;r skyldi hefja svá stórt bjarg, Grett. 93.
BJARGA, barg, burgu, borgit; pres. bergr, pl. björgum; imperat. bjar
g; pret. subj. byrga: in mod. use after the Reformation this verb is constantly
used weak, bjarga, að, pres. bjargar, pret. bjargat; the only remnant of the
old is the sup. borgit, etc. In Norway this weak form occurs very early, e.g. b
jargar, servat, Hom. 17; in Icel. the weak seldom occurs before the 15th
century; bjargaðist, Fs. 143, and bjargat (sup.) = borgit, Lv. 11, are proba
bly due to these passages being left in paper MSS.; the weak bjargaði, howev
er, occurs in a vellum MS. of the 15th century, Þorf. Karl. 388; 1st pers.
pres. bjarga, Fms. xi. 150 (MS. 13th century) seems to be a Norse idiom, [Goth.
bairgan; Hel. bergan; A. S. beargan; cp. birgr] :-- to
save, help; with dat., bergr hverjum sem eigi er feigr (a proverb), Sturl. i
ii. 220; sá er öldum bergr, who saves mankind, viz. against
the giants, i.e. Thor, Hým. 22; nema Þorgeirr byrgi honum, Rd. 295:
absol., Guð barg (by God's grace) er konungrinn varð eigi s&aacu
te;rr, Fms. v. 268: in theol. sense, vildu þeir eigi snúast til m&i
acute;n at ek byrga þeim, 656 C. 23, Hom. l.c.: impers., e-m er borgit, is saved, comes safe and sound out of danger, Fær. 178, Hkv. Hjö
rv. 29. 2. a law term; b. sök, máli, to find a point of de
fence; hann bergr þeim kosti sökinni, at ..., Grág. i. 40;
bergsk hann við bjargkviðinn, he is free by virtue of the verdict, 36; borgit mun nú verða at lögum, i.e. there will be some
means of putting it right, Lv. 11, Nj. 36. 3. special phrases; b. ski
pshöfn, to pick up the shipwrecked, Þorf. Karl. l.c., Fms. xi.
412; skipi, to haul a ship out of the reach of tides and waves, Gr&aacut
e;g. ii. 385; hval, to drag a dead whale ashore, Gþl. 461: to he
lp labouring women (v. bjargrúnar), Sdm. 9; b. nám (v. n&aacut
e;bjargir), to render the last service to a dead body, 33; b. kúm,
to attend cows casting calf, Bjarn. 32; b. búfé, to mil
k ewes, N. G. L. i. 10; b. brókum, cacare, Fms. xi. 150. II
. recipr. of mutual help; bjargast at allir saman, to be saved all in com
mon, Hkr. ii. 347. III. reflex., bjargask vel, to behave well, kee
p the heart up, esp. in cold or hunger; Oddr bargst vel á fjallinu (
in snow storm), Sturl. iii.
<PAGE NUM="b0065">
<HEADER>65 BJARGAURAR -- BJÓÐA.</HEADER>
215, Orkn. 324, of one shipwrecked; b. úti, of cattle, to graze, N
. G. L. i. 25; b. sjálfr, to gain one's bread, Grág. i. 294
; b. á sínar hendr (spýtur), to support oneself with one
's own hands, Fms. ii. 159: of food or drink, cp. bergja; Snorri goði fa
nn, at nafni hans bargst lítt við ostinn, that he got on slowly ea
ting the cheese, Eb. 244; hann spurði, hví hann byrgist sv&aacute
; lítt (v. l. mataðist svá seint), ... why he ate so slowly
, id.; verði þér nú at bjargast við slíkt
sem til er, you must put up with what you can get, Germ. für lie
b nehmen, Eg. 204; hon bað fyrir þær matar ok burgust &thorn
;ær við þat, Clem. 26; hon bjargaðist (= bargst) lítt
við þá fæðu er til var, she could hardly eat the
food they had (v. l. hjúkaðist), Fs. 174. Part. borginn, u
sed as adj. and even in compar.; impers., erat héra (héri = hegri
= duck) at borgnara þótt hæna beri skjöld, the
drake is none the better off though a hen shield him, metaph. of a craven,
Fs. 174, Fms. vii. 116: [Early Engl. to borrow = to save, 'who borrowed
Susanna out of wo,' Sir Guy of Warwick.]
bjarg-aurar, m. pl. = bjargálnir, Mag. 160.
bjarg-álnir, f. pl. means enough for support, bjarg&aacu

te;lna-maðr, m. a well-to-do man.
bjarg-festr, f. a rope or cord used to save men, Vm. 44.
bjarg-hagr, adj. a dexterous carpenter or smith for household w
ork, Glúm. 355; cp. Sturl. ii. 195.
bjarg-högg, n. = berghögg, hewing rocks to make a roa
d, Bárð. 166.
bjarg-kviðr, m. a law term, a verdict of acquittal given by five n
eighbours for the defendant, proving an alibi or the like, and produced duri
ng the trial; the b. seems to be, in its strict sense, synonymous with heimilisk
viðr or heimiskviðr, q.v., cp. Grág, i. 60, 61, where it is defin
ed; fimm búar skulu skilja um bjargkviðu alla, heimilis-búar &
thorn;ess manns er sóttr er, nema ..., vide also 48, 49, 53, 55, 56, etc.
bjarg-leysi, n. starvation, destitution, Grág. i. 238, G&th
orn;l. 272, Band. 43.
bjarg-ráð, n. pl. a law term, help or shelter given
to an outlaw, in the phrase, úalandi, úráðandi &oum
l;llum bjargráðum, Grág. ii. 162, etc., Nj. 40.
bjarg-rifa, u, f. a rift in a rock, Eg. 390, Stj. 450.
bjarg-rúnar, f. pl. runes for helping women in labour, Sdm.
9.
bjarg-rýgr, jar, f. pl. ir, a Norse law term, a female witness
in a case of paternity, defined, N. G. L. i. 358.
bjarg-ræði, n. and bjargræðisvegir, m. pl. 
means for support.
bjarg-skora, u, f. a scaur or scar on a hill, Anal. 177, An
n. 1403, Hkr. iii. 323.
bjargs-maðr, m. a hard-working man, Bs. i. 309.
bjarg-snös, f. = bergsnös, a crag. Fas. i. 324, Eg. 389,
v.l.
bjarg-vel, adv. well enough, Fms. viii. 68, 126, v.l.
bjarg-vættr, f. (in mod. usage m.), [bjarg, mons, or bjarga,
servare], a helping friendly sprite, a good genius, answering to
the Christian good angel; according to the heathen belief, the country, e
sp. hills and mountains, were inhabited by such beings; in the northern creed th
e bjargvætter are generally a kind of giant of the gentler kind: in mod. u
sage, a supporter, helper in need; muntu verða mér hinn mesti
(masc.) b., Fas. ii. 438, vellum MS. of 15th century; en mesta (fem.) b., B&aacu
te;rð. 168, new Ed. 12.
bjarg-þrota, adj. destitute of means to live.
BJARKAN, n. the Runic letter B, Skálda, v. Introduction.
BJARKEY-, in the word bjarkeyjar-réttr, m. town-law,
used as opposed to landslög or landsréttr, county-law, Sks.

22; sökin veit til landslaga en eigi til bjarkeyjarréttar, Fms. vii.
130; vide N. G. L. i. 303-336. It is an illustration of this curious word, that
the Danes at present call a justice 'birkedommer,' and the district 'birk;' cp.
local names, as in Sweden,--in Birchâ civitate regiâ, Johann. Magnu
s 542 (Ed. 1554); civitas Birchensis, 556; in Birchâ civitate tum maxima,
541; in Norway, Bjarkey is one of the northern islands, whence the famous Norse
family Bjarkeyingar took their name; v. Munch, the pref. to Norge's Beskrivelse.
Etym. uncertain; hedged in with birch (?).
BJARMI, a, m. the beaming or radiance of light, not the lig
ht itself; sólar-bjarmi, dags-bjarmi; very freq. in mod. usage; no instan
ces from old writers are on record; akin to brími, bjartr, etc. II. pl. Bjarmar (and Bjarmaland n., bjarmskr adj.), name of a people or tribe of t
he Russian empire, the Perms of the present day; vide K. Alfred's Orosius i. 1,
14 sq., Ó. H. ch. 122, Fas. ii. 511 sqq.
bjarnar-, v. björn.
bjarn-báss, m. a pit for catching bears, Gþl. 457; us
ed proverb., Hkr. i. 235.
bjarn-dýri, and mod. bjarndýr, n. a bear, Fms
. vi. 298, Nj. 35, Fs. 27, 148, 182.
bjarn-eggjan, f. the egging a bear on to figbt, a Norse law term,
of a brutal provocation, N. G. L. i. 74.
bjarn-feldr, m. a bear's fell, bear-skin cloak, Vm. 91, Pm. 120, J
m. 28.
bjarn-fell, n. id., Vm. 22, Ám. 81.
bjarn-gjöld, n. pl. 'bear-gild,' reward for killing a bear, F
s. 150.
bjarn-húnn, m. a young bear, Þórð. 17 (Ed.
1860).
bjarn-ígull, m. echinus terrestris urseus, Rb. 348, Hb. 29
(Ed. 1865).
bjarn-ólpa, u, f. an outer jacket of bear-skin, Korm. 114.
bjarn-skinn, n. a bear-skin, B. K. 83, Ld. 114, Korm. 112.
bjarn-staka, u, f. a bear-skin, Edda (pref.) 151.
bjarn-sviða, u, f. a large knife for killing bears, Eb. 298, F
as. iii. 546.
bjarn-veiðar, f. pl. bear-hunting. N. G. L. i. 46.
bjarn-ylr, s, m. bear's warmth, the vital warmth of an ice-bear; i
t was believed in Icel. (vide Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 610) that a
child born on the hide of an ice-bear would be proof against frost and cold; pe
ople hardy against cold are therefore said 'to have bear's warmth' (bjarn
yl), vide Háv. 39.
bjart-eygr and -eygðr, adj. bright-eyed, Fms. iv. 38, B
s. i. 66, Hkr. iii. 184, Ó. H. 245.

bjart-haddaðr, adj. a fair-haired lady, Lex. Poët.
bjart-leikr, in. brightness, Hom. 60, Rb. 336, Fms. i. 228, Magn.
468.
bjart-leitr, adj. of bright countenance, bright-looking, Fms. v. 3
19.
bjart-liga, adv. (and -ligr, adj.), clearly, Stj. 26.
bjart-litaðr, adj. = bjartleitr, Hkv. Hjörv. 27.
BJARTR, adj. [Ulf. bairts = GREEK; A. S. beorht; Engl. b
right; Hel. berht; in Icel. per metath. bjartr; cp. birti, etc.], 
bright; Lat. clarus is rendered by bjartr, Clar. 128; bjart lj&oacute
;s, Fms. i. 96; bjart tunglskin, Nj. 118; sólskin, Fms. ii. 300; veðr
, i. 128: of hue, complexion, b. líkami, Hkr. iii. 179, Nj. 208; hön
d, Bb. 3. 20. 2. metaph. illustrious; með b. sigri, Fms. x. 25
3; in a moral sense, Stj. 141.
bjart-viðri, n. bright weather, Bárð. 175.
BJÁLFI, bjálbi, a, m. a fur, skin, Fms. v. 207, 236;
esp. in the cornpds hrein-bjálfi, geit-bjálbi, flug-bjiálb
i, Haustl. 12. Etym. uncertain, perh. a Slav. word. 2. used as a pr. name
, Landn.
BJÁLKI, a, m. [Hel. balco; Swed. and Dan. bjelke; Ge
rm, balke; prob. akin to bálkr], a balk, beam, Gþl.
i. 346.
BJOÐA, bauð, buðu, boðit; pres. byð; pret. subj. by&e
th;a; pret. sing, with the suffixed negative, bauðat, Edda 90 (in a verse);
the obsolete middle form buðumk, mibi obtulit, nobis obtulerunt, occu
rs in Egil Höfuðl. 2; [Ulf. biudan; A. S. biodan; Engl. bid; Germ. bieten; Swed. biuda; Dan. byde] :-- Lat. offerre, proferre, with dat. of the person, acc. of the thing: I. to bid, offer; þeir höfðu boðit honum laun, they had
offered him rewards, Fms. i. 12; Þorsteinn bauð at gefa Gunnlaugi
hestinn, Ísl. ii. 213; b. grið, to offer pardon, Fms. i. 181;
þeir buðu at gefa upp borgina, ix. 41; bauð hann þeim, at g
öra alla bændr óðalborna, i. 20; býðr, at hann
muni görast hans maðr, xi. 232; en ek býð þér &
thorn;ó, at synir mínir ríði með þér,
Nj. 93; Írar buðu sik undir hans vald, Fms. x. 131. 2. reflex,
to offer oneself, volunteer one's service; buðusk honum þar m
enn til fylgðar, Fms. ix. 4; mun ek nú til þess bjóð
ask í sumar á þingi, Ld. 104, Sks. 510; þeim er &thorn
;á býðsk, Grág. i. 284; Þóroddr bauðsk
til þeirrar farar, Hkr. ii. 247; ef þú býðsk &iac
ute; því, Fms. xi. 121. 3. metaph., b. ófrið, &oa
cute;jöfnuð, rangindi, liðsmun, of ill usage, Ld. 148, Rb. 418; b.
e-m rangt, to treat one unjustly, Hom. 155: with an adverb, b. e-m s&aeli
g;miliga, to treat one in seemly sort, Ld. 66; b. á boð e-s, to outbid one, N. G. L. iii. no. 49. II. to bid, invite, cp. boð, a banquet; prob. ellipt., hospitality or the like being
understood; Özurr bauð þeim inn í búðina at dre
kka, Nj. 4; heim vil ek b. þér í sumar, 93; honum var bo&eth
;it til boðs, 50; hann bauð þá þegar þar at ver
a Gizuri Hallssyni, Bs. i. 128; gékk Bárðr móti honum o
k fagnaði honum, ok bauð honum þar at vera, Eg. 23; b. mönnum
til boðs, to bid guests to a banquet, wedding, or the like, Ld. 104.
III. to bid, order, Lat. imperare, cp. boð, bidding
; sem lög buðu, as the law prescribed, Fms. i. 81; sv&aacute
; bauð oss Guð, Post. 645. 88; b. af landi, to order one out of the l
and, make him an outlaw, Fms. vii. 20; b. af embætti, to depose, Sturl. ii. 119; b. út, a Norse milit. term, to call out, levy, c
p. útboð, a levy; b. út leiðangri, b. út li&
eth;i, skipum, to levy troops, ships, Fms. i. 12, 61, vi. 219, 251, 400,
x. 118, Eg. 31, cp. N. G. L. i. ii; b. e-m crendi, to commit a thing to one'
s charge, Fms. vii. 103; b. varnað á e-u, or b. til varnanar, 
to forbid, xi. 94, Edda 59: with prepp., b. e-m um (cp. umboð, charge
), to delegate to one, commit to one's charge; þeim manni er bi
skup hefir um boðit, at nefna vátta, K. Þ. K. 64; þess ma
nns er biskup bauð um at taka við fé því, K. &Aacute
;. 96, Sks. 460 B; hann keypti til handa Þorkatli þá hluti er
hann hafði um boðit, the things that he had given charge about,
Grett. 102 A; Hermundr bauð nú um Vermundi, at vera fyrir sína
hönd, Rd. 251. 2. eccl. to proclaim, announce, esp. as rende
ring of mid. Lat. praedicare; b. sið, trú, Kristni, to proc
laim, preach a new religion, Nj. 156, 158, Fms. i. 32; b. messudag, sunnudag
, to proclaim a holy day, N. G. L. i. 348. IV. of a mental state,
to bode, forebode; e-m býðr hugr (cp. hugboð, forebodin
g), one's heart bodes, Fms. v. 38, 24, Eg. 21; mér bý&e
th;r þat eitt í skap (my heart bodes), at þú v
erðir meira stýrandi en nú ertu, Bs. i. 468; mér by&eth
;r þat fyrir, which makes me forbode, Fms. ii. 193; e-m bý&e
th;r hugr við (whence viðbjóðr, dislike), to abhor,
dislike; er honum hafði lengi hugr við boðit, Bs. i. 128. 2.
 impers., mér býðr ávallt hita (acc.) er ek kem &ia
cute; þeirra flokk, a boding comes over me, i.e. I feel uneasy,
whenever ..., Fms. iii. 189; mér bauð ótta (acc.), I fe
lt a thrilling, Bs. i. 410; b. úþekt, to loathe, Grett.
111 A; b. þekt, to feel pleasure; bauð þeim mikla þ
ekt er þeir sá líkit, Bs. i. 208: the phrase, e-m bý&
eth;r við at horfa, of a frame of mind, to be so and so minded; mikli
r eru þér frændr borði, ef yðr býðr sv&aac
ute; við at horfa, Band. 7 (MS. 2845). β. the phrase, þat
býðr, it
<PAGE NUM="b0066">
<HEADER>66 BJÓÐR -- BLAKKFJALLR.</HEADER>
beseems, becomes; eptir þat fer veizla fram, eptir því
sem býðr, as is due, Fms. x. 15, Fb. l.c. has byrjaði; se
m býðr um svá ágætan höfðingja, Fms. x.
149. V. with prepp.; b. fram, Lat. proferre, to produce; b. fram
vitni, to produce a witness, Eg. 472; með fram boðnum fégj
öfum, Sturl. iii. 232; b. upp, b. af hendi, to give up, leave off; &
thorn;á býðr hann upp hornit, gives up the horn, will not d
rink more, Edda 32; b. undan, a law term, to lay claim to; er þ
á kostr at b. undan þeim manni varðveizluna fjárins, Gr&
aacute;g. i. 196; eigi skal undan manni b., áðr undir mann kemr f&eac
ute;it, id.; cp. the following chapter, which treats 'um undan-boð fj&aacute
;r;' nú eru þeir menn svá þrír, at eigi b&yacut
e;ðr undan fjárvarðveizluna, viz. who are privileged guardians of
the property of a minor, viz. father, brother, mother, and who cannot be outbid
den, 192; b. við, a trade term, to make a bid; b. við tvenn ver&e
th;, to bid double, Ld. 146; ek býð þér jafnm&oum
l;rg stóðhross við, id.; at þú byðir Rúti
bróður þínum sæmiliga, 66; kaupa svá j&oum
l;rð sem aðrir menn b. við, N. G. L. i. 95: b. fyrir is now more usu
al. VI. part. pass. boðinn used as an adj., esp. in the alliterative
phrase, vera boðinn ok búinn til e-s, to be ready and willing to d
o a thing, to be at one's service; skulu vér bræðr vera b&u
acute;nir ok boðnir til þess sem þér vilit okkr til n&yac
ute;ta, Eg. 50; til þess skal ek boðinn ok búinn at ganga at &t
horn;eim málum fyrir þina hönd, Ld. 792.
BJÓÐR, m.; as the word is used masc. in A. S. as well as in Ul
f., we have in Haustl. 5 to alter breiðu bjóði into breiðum b
jóði; [Ulf. biuds = GREEK; A. S. beôd; Hel. b
iod; O. H. G. biud.] I. Lat. mensa, a table, Rm. 4, 28,
29, Haustl. l.c. II. soil, ground, cp. the Fr. plateau; &a
acute; Engla bjóð, on English ground, Höfuðl. 2; &aac
ute;ðr Börs synir bjóðum um ypðu, Vsp. 4.
bjóðr, m. [bjóða], poët. one who invites, Lex. Poët; cp. also compds such as við-bjóðr, disgust,
 from bjóða við.
bjór-blandinn, part. mixed with beer, El. 21.
BJÓRR, m. [O. H. G. pior or bior; Low Germ, and mod.
Germ, bier; Fris. biar; A. S. bior; Engl. beer], no
doubt a word of German extraction, öl (öldr), ale, being the f
amiliar word used in prose :-- bjór hardly ever occurs, vide however Hkr.
iii. 447, Bk. 48, 89, 96 (Norse); and is a foreign word, as is indicated even b
y the expression in the Alvismál--öl heitir með mönnum, en
með Ásum bjór, ale it is called by men, by gods beer: b
jór however is very current in poetry, but the more popular poems, such a
s the Hávamál, only speak of öl or öldr, Hm. 11, 13, 65,
80, 132, 138.
BJÓRR, m. [Lat. fiber; A. S. beofar], a beaver, esp. the beaver's skin, Eg. 71, in the phrase, b. ok savali. 2. a triangular cut off piece of skin, [cp. provincial Swed. bjaur]
; þat eru bjórar þeir er menn sníða ór sk&o
acute;m sínum fyrir tám eðr hael, Edda 42; still used in Icel.
in that sense. II. metaph. a small piece of land (an GREEK as it
seems); bjór lá ónuminn fyrir austan Fljót, Landn. 2
84.
BJÓRR, m., must be different from the preceding word, synonymous w
ith brjóstþili, a wall in a house, a party wall, but also in
the 13th and 14th centuries freq. a costly tapestry used in halls at fes
tivals and in churches; hrindum hallar bjóri, let us break down the wa
ll of the hall, Hálfs S. Fas. ii. (in a verse); eingi var bjó
rrinn milli húsanna, there was no partition between the houses, St
url. iii. 177; gengu þeir í stofuna, var hón vel tjöldu
ð ok upp settir bjórar, 229; annarr hlutrinn stökk útar &
iacute; bjórinn, svá at þar varð fastr, Háv. 40.
β. of a movable screen between choir and nave, of cloth or co
stly stuff, different from tjöld (hangings) and reflar; hann l&eacut
e;t Atla prest penta allt ræfr innan, ok svá allan bjórinn,
Bs. i. 132; kirkja á tjöld umhverfis sik með tvennum bjór
um, Vm. 153; kirkja tjölduð sæmiligum tjöldum ok þr&ia
cute;r bjórar, 171, D. I. i. 402; bjórr framan um kór, tj&o

uml;ld um alla kirkju, Pm. 103; b. slitinn blámerktr yfir altari, 108, Bs
. ii. 476, 322; vide bjórþili.
bjór-sala, u, f. beer-keeping, N. G. L. iii. (Fr.)
bjór-salr, m. a beer-hall (A. S. beor-sele), Vsp. 41
.
bjór-skinn, n. a beaver-skin, Eg. 55, 57, Fms. x. 379.
bjór-tappr, m. a tapster, beer-house keeper, N. G. L. iii.
13.
bjór-tjöld, n. tapestry, = bjórr, Vm. 135: b. u
m sönghús, id.
bjór-tunna, u, f. a beer-tun, barrel of beer, Bs. i. 389.
bjór-verpill, m. a beer-cask, Jb. 378.
bjór-þili, n. a party wall, = bjórr; b. var &i
acute; milli ok vóru gluggar á, Vápn. Ný Fél.
xxi. 124, Bs. ii. 322, v.l.
bjúga, n. (pl. bjúgu), a sausage, v. mörbj&uacu
te;ga, Bs. i. 357, 810.
bjúg-leikr, m. crookedness, MS. 1812. 18.
bjúg-leitr, adj. of crooked countenance (nose), Rb.
344.
bjúg-nefjaðr, adj. with a hooked nose, Fms. i. 155.
BJÚGR, adj. bowed, hooked, crooked, bent; fætr l&aacu
te;gu bjúgir við lendar, Hom. 114; með bjúgum þornum
, Sks. 419; hann var b. á baki, he sat bent or bowed (fr
om age) on horseback, Fs. 183; b. í vexti, Eg. 710; með bj
úgum hring, Sks. 198, Rb. 344, Band. 9: metaph., hvárt er yðr
þykir bjúgt eðr beint (MS. brátt), whether it seems t
o you crooked or straight, i.e. whether you like it or not, Fms. viii
, 436: cp. boginn, baugr, etc.
bjúgr, s, m., medic., Lat. tumor; in many compds: skyr-bj&u
acute;gr, scorbuticus, Engl. scorbutic; vind-bjúgr, tumo
r aereus; vatns-bjúgr, tumor oedematosus, Fél. ix. 197.
BJÖRG, f., gen. bjargar [v. bjarga], help, deliverance, out of ne
ed or danger, e.g. feeding the hungry, saving one's life; unlawful 'b
jörg' is that of giving help to an outlaw, who is 'úráðan
di öllum bjargráðum,' one on whom no help must be bestowed, neit
her food, shelter, nor ferry; Grág. in several passages, and there common
ly used in plur. (bjargir) when in this particular sense; it was liable to a hea
vy punishment, and the case was to be summoned before the Fifth Court, Gr&aacute
;g. Þ. Þ. ch. 25, Ld. 42. β. lögmæt björ
g, a lawful point of defence in pleading in the Court (v. bjarga sök
), Grág. i. 73. 2. means of subsistence, stores, provisions, fo
od; fjögurra (átta) missera b., Grág. i. 197, 286. 3. a freq. pr. name of a woman, Ingibjörg, Þorbjörg, Guðbj&
ouml;rg, etc.; in Swed.-Dan. '-borg,' as in Ingeborg, etc. COMPDS: bjargar-la

uss, adj. starving. bjargar-leysi, n. = bjarg-leysi, Band. 15.
bjargar-vist, f. serving for food and clothing, Hrafn. 6; cp. bja
rgræði (above).
BJÖRK, f., gen. bjarkar, [A. S. beorc; Swed. björk; Dan. and Scot. birk; Engl. birch; Germ. birke; Lat. b
etula; v. birki], a birch, Edda (Gl.), Bs. ii. 5, Jb. 236. In compds
bjarkar-.
BJÖRN, m., gen. bjarnar; dat. birni, pl. n. birnir; acc. björnu
, mod. birni, [an enlarged form, cp. Goth, biari, by which word Ulf. rend
ers the Gr. GREEK, Titus i. 12; A. S. bera; Engl. bear; Germ, b
är; but Swed. and Dan. björn] :-- a bear; hví
ta-björn, the white bear or ice-bear; and skóg-bj&ouml
;rn, híð-björn, við-björn, the black bear or 
wood-bear, Germ. wald-bär; the ice-bear was unknown in Europe ti
ll the discovery of Iceland at the end of the 9th, and Greenland at the end of t
he 10th century. The very first ice-bear was brought to Europe by Ingimund the O
ld as a gift to the king of Norway about A.D. 900, Landn., Fs. (Vd.) 27; Isleif,
the first bishop of Iceland, also brought one as a present to the German empero
r about A.D. 1050, Bs. i. 61, Hv. ch. 2; cp. the little story of Audun in Fms. v
i. 297-307, Sks. 186, Sturl. iii. 82, Grág. ii. 181, Am. 17, where a hv&i
acute;tabjörn is mentioned, Fs. (Flóam. S.) 148; as to the black bea
r, vide esp. Grett. ch. 23, Finnb. ch. 11, Glúm. ch. 3, Fas. i. 50; cp. a
n interesting paper, 'Waldbär und Wasserbär,' by Konrad Maurer, upon t
his subject. Björn and Bjarni are freq. pr. names; also in compd. names, &T
HORN;orbjörn, Ásbjörn; and as a prefix, Bjarngrímr, Bjar
nhéðinn, etc.; vide Landn. (Gl.) COMPDS: bjarnar-broddr, m., b
otan. nartheticum, Hjalt. 166. bjarnar-hamr, m. the hide, shape
of a bear. Fas. i. 53. bjarnar-híð, n. a black bear's
lair, N. G. L. i. 35. bjarnar-hold, n. the flesh of a bear, F
as. i. 54. bjarnar-hrammr, m. a bear's paw, Rb. 382, Ver. 26. b
jarnar-slátr, n. meat of a slaughtered bear, Fas. i. 54: botan
., Ivar Aasen records bjonnabær, rubus caesius; bjonnakamb, osmu
nda spicans; bjonnmosa, polytrichum commune. For popular tales of the
bear vide Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 608-611.
BLAÐ, n. [A. S. bläd; Germ. blatt; Hel. blad. Ulf. renders the Gr. GREEK by laufs, Engl. leaf, Icel. lauf.
 The Engl. say a blade of grass or corn, a leaf of a tree; an
d so, in Icel., herbs or plants have blað, trees lauf] :-- a leaf; bl
öð þess grass er ... heitir, Pr. 472; blöð á lauk
, Hervar. S. (in a verse): metaph. a veil, svá er mér sem h
angi b. fyrir auga, Fms. iii. 126. 2. of leaf-like objects, a leaf in
a book, Germ. blatt, (never lauf, cp. blaðsiða, u, f. a pa
ge), Rb. 210, Ísl. ii. 460: of a painted diptych or the like, þ
ar eru blöð tvau pentuð, Pm. 103. β. the skirt o
f a kirtle (skaut), Stj. 481, Eb. 226, Orkn. 474: Icel. now say kjól-laf,
the skirt of a coat. γ. a blade, in various connecti
ons: the flat part of a thing, the blade of an oar, árar-blað,
N. G. L. i. 59: of a rudder, Fms. ix. 503; knífs-bíað, the
blade of a knife, Bs. i. 385: a sword's blade is in mod. usage called 'bla&
eth;,' but in old writers brandr; spón-blað, the mouth-piece o
f a spoon; herðar-blað, the shoulder-blade, etc. Botan., bla&e
th;ka, u, f., e.g. horblaðka, menyanthes: hófblaðka, caltha palustris; but rjúpnalauf, dryas, Hjalt.: bla&eth
;kr, m. in eyrna-blaðkr, ear-lap.
blaðra, að, prob. an onomatopoëtic word, like Lat. blater
are, Scot. blether, Germ. plaudern, in the phrase, b. tungunni

, to talk thick, Hom. 115; tungan var úti ok blaðraði, Fbr
. 77 new Ed.; hann blaðraði tungunni ok vildi við leita at mæl
a, Fms. v. 152: metaph. to utter inarticulate sounds, bleat, as a sheep.
blaðr, n. nonsense.
blaðra, u, f. a bladder, Pr. 472: a blain, watery swelling,
 Stj. 273, Bs. i. 182. blöðru-sótt, f. a stone in
the bladder, Pr. 475.
BLAK, n. a slap; fyrir pústr (a buffet) fjóra
r merkr, fyrir blak (a slap) tvær merkr (as a fine), Gþl. 177
, 187.
blaka, að, to slap, Ann. 1394. 2. neut. to wave, flu
tter, of the wings of birds, b. vaengjum, to flutter with the wings,
Stj. 74: of the leaves on a tree moved by a soft breeze, lauf viðarins blaka
ðu hægliga, Barl. 161; austan blakar laufið á þann li
nda, Fornkv. 129; blakir mér þari um hnakka, Fms. vi. 376 (in a ver
se). In mod. usage, blakta, að or t, is freq. used of leaves, of the
flaring of a light, ljós blaktir á skari, the flame flutters on
the wick; hence metaph., öndin blaktir á skari, Snót 128
; blaktir önd á brjósti, 121: the phrase, blaktir ekki h&aacu
te;r á höfði, not a hair moves on one's head.
blaka, u, f. a veil of silk, Fas. iii. 337; a pan, Mar. 153
: now also = blaðka, v. above s.v. blað.
blakk-fjallr, adj. black-skinned, epithet of a wood-bear, Akv. 11.
<PAGE NUM="b0067">
<HEADER>BLAKKR -- BLÄMÆR. 67</HEADER>
blakkr, m. (for. word), a sort of measure, N. G. L. i. 324.
blakkr, m., poët, a horse, cp. Blanka, the mythical horse of
Thideric (Dietrich) of Bern, Lex. Poët.
BLAKKR, adj. [A. S. blac; Engl. black; O. H. G. plak: in Icel. svartr, as in A. S. and other kindred tongues swart, etc., rep
resents the Lat. niger; while blakkr corresponds to the Lat. ater, dea
d or dusky black], in poetry used as an epithet of wolves, etc., Lex.
Poët., in prose it is very rare, Fas. iii. 592; hence blekkja, to defra
ud: the mod. Icel. blek, n. ink, Swed. blak, Dan. blæ
k, come from blakkr, corresponding to Lat. atramentum, Str. 63 (blez)
, Pr. 474. II. = bleikr, pale; blakkr hestr, Ghv. 18 (perh. corrup
t for bleikr, pale, cp. fölvan jó, Hkv. 2. 47), the colour of
death; to dream of riding on a pale horse forebodes death, Bjarni 136; on a red
horse a bloody death, Fs. (Vd.) 67.
blakra, að, [blakra, Ivar Aasen, to shake, of leaves],
to blink; b. augum, Hom. 89; now blakta, að, e.g. b. augum, to move the eyes, and also used of the beating of the heart; h&oacut
e;n fann að hjartað blaktaði, in the story of the Beauty and the Bea
st (Skrýmslið Góða), Kvöldv. ii. 176: blakra væ
ngjum = blakta vængjum, to flutter with the wings, Barl. 88; of sa
ils, Úlf. 3. 14.
bland, n. in the adverbial phrase, í bland, among, Dan. 
i blandt, Bs. i. 802, Stj. 231, Matth. xiii. 25, (rare in mod. usage.)
BLANDA, in early Icel. poetry and prose a strong verb; pres. 1st pers. bl
end, Ls. 3; 3rd pers. blendr, Grág. ii. 389; reflex. blendsk, Symb. 30; p
ret. 1st pers. blétt, Am. 79, Greg. 50; reflex. blézk, Orkn. 104 (
in a verse from about A.D. 1046); pl. bléndu, bléndum, Ls. 9, Greg
. 60, Edda 47; reflex. bléndusk, Hkm. 8; subj. reflex. bléndisk, M
art. 129; blandinn (freq.), Sdm., Ýt., etc., vide Lex. Poët., Sk&aac
ute;lda 164; but in the 13th century and later the weak form (blanda, að) pr
evailed in all tenses except the part. pass., where the old blandinn = blanda&et
h;r may still be used, though the weak is more common; imperat. blanda, Pr. 471,
472, N. G. L. i. 12; pres. blandar, 13; part. blandaðr, Sks. 349, Pr. 470,
472 (MS. about A.D. 1250), [Ulf. blandan, a redupl. verb; A. S. bland;
 Engl. blend; O. H. G. blantan; lost in N. H. G.; Swed. bla
nda] :-- to blend, mix, the beverage in acc., the mixed ingredient in
dat.; b. mjöð (drykk), eitri, meini, Greg. l.c.; drottning ok B&aacute
;rðr blönduðu þá drykkinn ólyfjani, Eg. 210: ad
ding 'við,' lítið (acc. instead of dat.) verðr ok við bla
ndit, Skálda 164; maturt blandin við upsa-gall, Pr. l.c.; þar f
ellr Jórdan í gegnum, ok blendsk eigi (does not blend) vi&e
th; vötnin, Symb. l.c.; tak skógar súru ok blanda (imperat.)
við fornt vín, Pr. l.c.; b. með, id., Rb. 164; b. saman, to mix together, Pr. l.c. II. metaph. to mix together, of fe
llowship or association, but partic. used of carnal intercourse, cp. the Gr. GRE
EK, Lat. misceri; b. mötuneyti (dat.) við e-n, to eat togethe
r with one, N. G. L. l.c.; blandask í samfélagi, to associa
te with, Mart. l.c.; vér megum eigi hjálp né heilsu af
Guði fá, nema vér blandimk við hans orð, 625. 181; &th
orn;eir blönduðusk þá meir við mannfólk enn n&u
acute;, they had more intercourse with, Fas. i. 391: to have carnal in
tercourse, vár skal éingi blandask við búfé,
N. G. L. i. 18; þat fell í hórdómum, ok blöndu&
eth;usk við þær konur er af heiðnum þjóðum
vóru, Sks. 588. III. part. blandinn is used as an adj. with
the notion mixed, mingled, bad, of temper, character, manner; Helgi var
blandinn mjök (had a mixed, mingled creed), hann trúði &a
acute; Krist, en hét á Þór til harðraeða ok s
jófara, Landn. 206; þú ert maðr vaskr ok vel at þ&
eacute;r (thou art bold and brave), en hon er blandin mjök, but s
he is a woman of mixed report, Nj. 49.
blanda, u, f. any mixture of two fluids, Fs. 145 (of watery blood)
; but esp. a beverage of hot whey mixed up with water, Vm. 60, Fms
. ix. 360. Blanda also is the local name of a stream of glacier water in the nor
th of Icel., v. Landn. β. metaph. the name of a book, miscellanea
; skal sjá skrá ... heita B., því at saman er bl
andað skyldu tali ok úskyldu, Rb. 4, v.l., in MS. Am. 625, 4to. bl
öndu-horn, n. a cup of blanda, a cognom., Landn. 278.
blandan, f. mixing, N. G. L. i. 153.
blasa, t; sup. blasað, [Engl. blaze], of places, in the phrase
, b. við, to lie full and open before the eye (mod.)
blauð-hugaðr, adj. soft of heart, cowardly, Fbr. 108.
blauð-klæddr, part. soft-clad, b. mann, a rendering of M
atth. xi. 8, a man clothed in soft raiment, 625. 95.
blauð-liga, adv. and -ligr, adj. cowardly, Hkr. iii. 16
2.
BLAUÐR, adj. [A. S. bleâðe; Scot. blate = 
bashful, shy; Hel. blothi; Germ. blöde; cp. Goth. bla
uþjan = GREEK, and Hel. blôdan = infirmare], it p
roperly means soft, weak, Lat. mollis, Gr. GREEK, and is opposed t
o hvatr, brisk, vigorous; hence the proverb, fár er hvatr er hr&ou
ml;rask tekr, ef í barnæsku er blauðr, Fm. 6, cp. Fms. viii. 49
. β. metaph. blauðr means feminine, hvatr masculine, but only used of animals, dogs, cats, fishes; hvatr-lax = hæingr = s
almo mas; bleyða, u, f., is a dam, and metaph. a coward; b
lauðr is a term of abuse, a bitch, coward; hafi hendr á (hundi
num, add. p. 149) ok drepi þótt b. sé, take the dog and k
ill it, though it be a bitch, Gísl. 63; blauðir hundar, Fms. ii.
163, xi. 10. 2. metaph., Hallgerðr mælti við Gunnar, jafnko
mit er á með ykkr, er hvárttveggi er blauðr (a taunt addre
ssed to the beardless Njal), Nj. 59; bíð nú ef þú
ert eigi b., Nj. 205, cp. Skr. 114, 496, in the last passage used = blautr; bla
uðir eru vér nú orðnir, Niðrst. 6.
blaut-barn, n. a baby, in the phrase, frá blautbarns beini
= blautu barns beini, Barl. 41.
blaut-fiskr, m. a fresh fish, cod, Bs. i. 853.
blaut-holdr, adj. having soft, smooth flesh; mær b., Karl. 4
79.
blaut-hugaðr, adj. faint, soft-minded, Glúm. 309.
blaut-leikr, m. effeminacy, Stj. 345.
blaut-lendr, adj. soft, moist-soiled, Fms. v. 230.
blaut-liga, adv. and -ligr, adj. faintly, effeminate, Stj.
362; b. kossar, 417; b. kvæði, soft, amorous ditties, Bs. i. 23
7.
BLAUTR, adj. [A. S. bleât = miser; Germ. blozs
= nudus; Scot. blait = nudus (Jamieson); Dan. blö
d; Swed. blödig = soft; the Dan. and Swed. blott, blotted, = stripped, are borrowed from Germ.; Ivar Aasen distinguishes between blaú = shy, and blaut = wet, damp; blauðr
and blautr are no doubt only variations of the same word]. I. soft, Lat. mollis, in a good sense; this sense of the word remains only in a
few compds, v. above, and in a few phrases, e.g. frá blautu barns beini,
from babyhood, Fms. iii. 155, Magn. 522, Al. 71; b. fiskr, fresh
(soft) fish, Bs. i. 853, opp. to harðr (dried) fiskr; i
n Swed., however, it means soaked fish: in poetry, b. sæing, a s
oft bed, Gísl. (in a verse): of stuffs, but only in less classical wr
iters or translated romances; b. purpuri, Bret. 32; lerépt, Sks. 400 A; d
únn, Mart. 126; blautir vindar, soft breezes, Sks. 214 B: a singl
e exception is, Edda 19, fjöturinn var sléttr ok b. sem silkir&aelig
;ma, soft and smooth as silk lace. 2. = blauðr, faint, imbe
cile; blautir menn, Al. 34, Fas. i. 161: a paraphrasis of blauðr in Fm.
6. II. but commonly metaph. = soaked, wet, miry, [cp. Swed. bl&
ouml;t, and the phrase, lägga sit hufuud í blöt, to beat
one's brains: cp. also bleyta, mud; bloti, thaw; blotna, 
to melt]; þar vóru vellir blautir, því at regn h&o
uml;fðu verit, Eg. 528; keldur blautar, 266; þeir fengu ekki blautt um
Valbjarnar-völlu, Bs. i. 509, etc.; cp. Scot. and North. E. soft road,
soft weather, = wet, Scott's Black Dwarf, ch. 3 note.
blá, f., pl. blár, an GREEK in a verse Ísl. ii. 233,
where it seems to mean the billows, blue waves. Ivar Aasen records 'b
laa' a Norse term for the blue horizon; cp. the Icel. phrase, &uacute
;t í bláinn (as from blár, m.), into the blue, of wh
at is thrown away, words spoken without need or end. In th
e east of Icel. blá means a meadow covered with snow half melted away, Er
ik Jonsson, Dict. s.v.
blá-ber, n. pl., botan., Lat. vaccinium, as a cognom., Ann.
1393; aðalbláber, vaccinium myrtillus, the bleaberry, Hjalt.
blá-brúnaðr, adj. dark blue coloured, of stuff,
Bs. i. 506.
blá-djúp, n. the blue sea, i.e. deep, open sea, Bs. ii. 179, 181.
blá-eygr and -eygðr, adj. blue-eyed, Nj. 29, Fms
. vii. 101, Hkr. iii. 250.
blá-fastr, adj. very strong, Karl. 551.
blá-fáinn, adj. with a blue polish [fá, to
paint], Sks., Rm. 26.
blá-feldr, m. a cloak of blue fur, N. G. L. i. 75.
blá-fjallaðr, adj. blue-black, epithet of the raven, La
ndn. (in a verse).
blá-góma, u, f. labrus luscus.
blá-gras, n. a sort of geranium, the g. pratense.
blá-grýti, n. blue hard stones rolled in the surf, E
ggert Itin. § 477.
blá-hattr, m. scabiosa, Ivar Aasen; a cognom., Stud. ii. 20
7.
blá-hvítr, adj. white-blue, Gh. 4.
blá-kaldr, adj. blue-cold, of purling water or iron, cp. th
e phrase, berja fram blákalt, hammering the iron cold, of obstinat
e, dogged reasoning.
blá-kápa, u, f. a blue cape or cloak. bl&a
acute;kápu-maðr, m. a blue cloaked man, Gísl. 37.
blá-kinn, f. with a blue (black) chin, Landn.
201.
blá-klukka, u, f., botan. campanula rotundi-folia, Hjalt.
blá-klæddr, part. blue-clad, Fms. iii. 116.
blá-leitr, adj. blue-faced, Karl. 5.
blá-lenzkr, adj. Ethiopian, from Bláland, n. Ethi

opia, Nigritia, and North-west Africa in general; Blálendingar, in. p
l. Ethiopians; cp. 625. 625, Al. 51, Rb. 568, Stj. 253, 254.
blá-maðr, m. a black man, negro, i.e. an Ethiopian, Al. 51, Orkn. 364 (referring to A.D. 1152), distinguished from the Saracens
and Arabians; three 'blámenn' were sent as a present to the German empero
r Frederic the Second, Fms. x. 3: in romances blámenn are mentioned as a
kind of 'berserkers,' q.v., Finnb. ch. 16, Kjalnes. S. ch. 15; cp. Scott's Ivanh
oe, note B.
bláman, f. the livid colour of a bruise, Stj. 46. Gen. iv.
23.
blá-mengdr and -mengjaðr, part, blue-mingled, Di
pl. i. 168.
blá-merktr, part. marked, variegated with blue, Vm. 149, 15
3.
blá-mær, f. [m&oelig;rr = moor, cp. landamæri,
borders, Caes. Bell. Gall, vi. ch. 23], the blue moor, an GREEK in
the Norse poet Eyvind Skáldaspillir as an epithet of the sea about A.D.
960, Hkr. i. 154; cp. Landn. 54, which reads borðmærar, and attributes
the verse to another poet. The word is still in use in Norway in the popular ph
rase, ut aa blaamyra: vide Ivar Aasen s.v. blaamyr, the sea.
<PAGE NUM="b0068">
<HEADER>68 XXX</HEADER>
blána, að, to become black, livid, Nj. 203 (iron in fir
e); Hkr. i. 103 (of
a plague-stricken corpse), Fms. ii. 42.
BLÁR, adj., fern, blá, neut. blátt, [Scot. b!a, which has the Icel. sense
of dark blue, livid: cp. A. S. bleov; Engl. bine; Germ, blau; Swed. -Dan.
blå: cp. also A. S. bleo = co lour], prop. Lat. li
vidtis; of the colour of
lead, Snot 231; blár sem Hel, cp. Engl. black as death, Eb. 314, c
p. Edda
13; of the livid colour caused by a blow, in the alliterative phrase, blarok blóðugr, Korm. 108; sárir eða lostnir svá bl&aac
ute;tt eðr rautt sc eptir, Grág.
ii. 13: blár is the colour of mourning, tjalda blám reflum, Fms. x
i. 17;
falda blá, to wrap the head in black, Ísl. ii. 351 (in a ve
rse); cp. kolblár,
Blámaðr, etc.; blár logi, a pale ' lowe, ' of a
witch's flame, Gullþ. 5: of
cloths; möttull, Nj. 24; kápa, 255; kyrtill, 184; murk, stripes, Ld.
•244. P. metaph. /oo li s h, insipid; cp. bluheimskr; hann er
ekki blur
innan, a popular phrase, he is no goose.
blá-rendr, adj. [rönd], blue-striped; braekr, Nj. 184.
BLÁSA, blós, bk'-su, blásit; pres. blæss, [Ulf

. blcsan, a redupl. verb;
Germ, blasen; Swed. bla s a; cp. Engl. blow (blast); A.
S. blâvan; Lat.
flare. ~] I. to blow, Lat. flare, of the win
d; the naut. alliterative
phrase, blásandi byrr, a fresh breeze, Fms. vii. 287; vindrinn bl&
aelig;s og
þú heyrir hans þyt, John iii. 8. 2. act. to blow a trumpet
, sound
an alarm, with dat. of the people and the instrument, the act of blowing in acc.; b. lúðri, Fms. vii. 287; var blásinn herblastr, s
o unded
an alarm, ix. 358; b. liði (troops) til ofanganngu, Orkn. 350, Br
et.
46; b. til stefnu, to a meeting, Fms. vii. 286; konungr let b. öllum
niünnum ór bænum, ix. 304; b. til þings, viii. 2IO; til
heraðstefnu, ix.
255, v. 1.: absol., þá bað hann b., sound the attack, vi
ii. 403. P. t o
hl ow the bellows; blásíu (imperat.) meir, Landn. 27
0 (in a verse), Edda
69, 70. Y- '0 welt, cast, the metal in acc.; hann bli's fyrstr manna
rauða á Islandi, ok var hïnn af því kallaðr Rau
ðabjörii, Landn. 'jï, cp.
Sks. 163; b. gullmalm, Bret. 4; sumir blésu ok steyptu af malmi Guos
Hkneski, Bad. 139; sem af glóanda járni því er &aacut
e;karliga er blúsit í eldi,
Fms. viii. 8; yxn tveir or eiri blásnir (cast), Bret. 22. S. to
swell,
blow tip; lótt sem belgr blásinn, Fms. x. 308. II. t
o breathe,
 Lat. spirare; svá sem andi blxsk af nmnni, Eluc. 4: to blo
w with the
mouth, hann blés í kross yfir drykk sinum, Fs. 103; bless hann
á bá og
sagði, með-takið þeir Heilagan Anda, John xx. 22; b. við,
to draw a
deep breath; hón blés við ok svarar, Clem. 50; jarl bl&eac
ute;s þá við mæðiliga,
Fs. 1O, Magn. 444: to sigh, of a sick man, Gísl. 47; b. halt vi&et
h;, Bjarn.
24: without ' við, ' Sturl. i. 20; b. eitri, eldi (of serpents or dragons),
t o
snort, Edda 42; of a horse, Greg. 49. 2. theol. to inspire; Gu&eth
;
bids sinum auda (dat.) í brjost honum, Fms. i. 142, 199; Guð bl&eacut
e;s henni
því í brjóst, Stj. 160 (cp. innblástr). 3. b.
mod e-m, to conspire
against one, Fms. vii. 164: in the phrase, ' to blow not a hair off one's
head, ' Jarl mælti, at eingi skyldi b. hár af höfði Sveini
, no one should dare
to make a hair move on his head, Orkn. 252. III. impers.: 1.
medic, t o ' boulne, ' swell, from sickness, wounds ..., the wound
or swollen
limb in acc.; hann svall svá ákafliga, at allan blés kvi&et
h;inn, Bs. i. 319; sár
Grims varð ilia, ok blés upp fótinn, Dropl. 36, Grett. 153; ha
nn blés
allan, Bs. i. ll6. 2. of land, to be laid bare, stripped of the turf by
 wind; hafði blásit hauginn ok lá silfrið bert, Fms. i
v. 57. 3. in
supine, and partic. the personal construction reappears; á Ormarsstö
ðum
þar sem er blásið allt, where all is stripped, barren, L
andn. 280; meltorfa
blásin mjök, stripped, barren, Hrafn. 27: medic., hin h&aelig
;gri geirvartan
var blásin upp, 655 xxxii. 10; hans horund var allt blásit, Fas. i
. 286,
Rb. 374; syndist fótrinn blásinn ok kolblár, Grett.
blá-saumaðr, part, blue-embroidered, Pm. 12.
blá-silfr, n. bad silver, opp. to skirt silfr; þrim t
igum sinna skal b.
vega móti gulli, tiu sinnurn skirt silfr móti gulli, 732. 16: the
proportion of bad to pure silver is thus as three to one.
blá-síða, u, f., cp. grásíða, a cogno
m., Ísl. ii. 52.
blá-stafaðr, adj. blue-striped; segl. b., Fms. x. 345.
blá-stjarna, u, f. the blue star, i. e. Hesperus, Sn
ot 131.
blástr, rs, m., dat. blæstri, blæsti, Hom. 47; pl. bi&
aacute;strar: 1. t o
bla s t, Sks. 213. 2. breath; b. af lopti, Eluc. 19; m&aacu
te;lit görisk af
blæstrinum, Skálda 170: the blast of a trumpet, Fms. ix. 30:
hissing of
serpents, breathing of whales (hvala blástr), Gullþ. 8: blow
ing a bellows,
 Edda 70. 3. medic, swelling, mortification, Nj. 209, Dropl. 36, Bs.
i. 182. COMPDS: blastr-belgri m. a bellows, Karl. 18. blástrhol, n. the blow-hole of a whale. blástr-horn (blástrarhorn
), n. a
trumpet, horn, 655. 8, Rb. 372. blástr-járn, n. blast iron, c a s t, not
wrought, Gnig. i. 501, Jb. 345. blástr-samr, adj. windy, Sks.
41.
blástr-svalr, adj. co ld blowing, Sks. 41, v. 1.
blá-tönn, f. a cognom. having a blue, black tusk, Fas.
ii. 390.
bleðja, að, [blað], prop, to prune, lop trees and plants, Bs. ii. 165,
N. G. L. i. 241: esp. in the metaph. phrase, b. af, to destroy, kill off one
by one; mun hann svá setla at b. hirðina, Fms. ii. 55, vii. 36, F
s. 96.
blegðr, m. [bleyg and blöyg, Ivar Aasen; Ge
rm, pflock; Engl. plug] ,
a plug, Krók. 56, where in pl.
bleik-álóttr, adj., bleikálingr, m., ana bleik&aacut

e;la, f. a dun horse with
a dark stripe down the back, Nj. 81, Sturl. ii. 145, Grett. 91.
bleik-hárr, adj. auburn, Hkr. iii. 174, P'ms. vii. 101.
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<HEADER>BLIKA -- BLOÐSPYJA. 69</HEADER>
blika, u, f. light clouds foreboding storms, such as the Engl. cal
l 'mare's tails,' (regn-blika, vind-blika), hence the saying, e-m l&iacut
e;zt ekki a blikuna, when matters look threatening; freq. in mod. usage, though
no instance is on record in old writers. 2. medic, pallor, Dan. blegesot, Fél. ix. 201.
blika, að, and blíkja, bleik, bliku, an old obsolete po
ët. form, of which only remain the forms, 3rd pers. pl. pret. bliku, ful
gebant, Vkv. 6, Fas. i. 186 (in a verse): infm., blíkja, Hkr. i. 96 (
in a verse); 3rd pers. pl. pres. blíkja, fulgent, Grág. ii.
170, in an old law form; part, blíkjanda, Edda 231, [Lat. fulgere; Germ, blicken, cp. blitzen; Engl to blink] :-- to glea
m, twinkle, Lat. micare; the stars 'blika,' the sun 'skín;' us
ed of arms, skildir bliku þeirra við hinn skarða mána, Vkv.
l.c.; bliku reið er Regin átti, Fas. l.c.; á baki létu
blíkja (of the shields), Hkr. l.c.; skildir blika við 1 Rauðaskr
iðum, Nj. 143, cp. Grág. ii. 170; blikuðu þar skildir vi&et
h;, Eg. 724; blika við sólu, Fbr. 156; blíkjanda (part.) b&oum
l;l, gleaming bale, of the hall of Hela, Edda l.c.
blik-hvítr, adj. white-gleaming, of a shield, Lex. Poë
t.
bliki, a, m. a drake; andar-bliki, æðar-bliki, etc.
blikna, að, [bleikr], to become pale, Fms. ii. 240, iv. 166, F
lov. 41.
blikra, að, [Ivar Aasen blikra, to flutter], to blink;
impers. with dat., kvaðst hann eigi hirða þó bónda b
likraði nokkut til hvat fyrir væri (= blöskraði, felt a sh
udder), Grett. 100 A (rare).
blinda, að, [Ulf. blindjan], to blind, deprive of sight, Fms. v. 268, vii. 207, Stj. 619: metaph. to deceive, Fms. ii. 46, v. 21
7, Gþl. 215.
blindi, f. indecl., mod. blindni, blindness, Stj. 620, Greg
. 35: metaph., Blas. 47: snjó-blinda, u, f. snow-blindness; n&aacu
te;tt-blinda, nyctalopia; dag-blinda, hemeralopia, Fél.
blindingr, m. a blind or hidden peg, of pegs used to pin pl
anks together edgeways, serving the same purpose as tongue and groove, Edda 232.
blindleikr, m. blindness, Fms. ii. 241, Stj. 122: metaph., H. E. i
. 462.
BLINDR, adj. [Ulf. blinds; A. S. and Engl. blind; O. H. G.
plint; Germ. blind; common to all Teut. idioms, whilst Gr. GREEK
and Lat. caecus are of different roots] :-- blind; blindr borinn,
born blind, Nj. 152, Fms. vi. 389: proverb, misjafnir eru blinds manns bi
tar: metaph., with gen., mjök er mannfólkit blint ens sauna um forl&
ouml;gin, blind as to the fate, Al. 23: neut. as adv., dark, ekki
er þat blint hvers þú eggjar, Fms. iv. 133; Einarr lét
sér þat blint vera, i.e. said that he knew nothing about it, viii. 10; Grettir segir at þeim var blint til þess at ætla,
a blind matter for them to guess at, Grett. 148 A: a thick storm is calle
d 'blind-bylr;' (but the Icel. call thick darkness 'niða-myrkr,' Dan.
bælgmörke); the Germans call blind what is hidden and cannot be seen; this is rare in Icel., yet blind-sker, a hidden skerry
 (rock) in the sea; cp. also blindingr.
blíða, u, f. [Ulf. bleiþei], literally blithen
ess, but in usage gentleness, grace, of a woman; alla blíð
u lét hón uppi við mik, Nj. 18; hófst þá e
nn at nýju b. (friendly intercourse) með þeim mág
um, Fms. ix. 450: in mod. usage, balminess of the air: fair words, blandishme
nt, Sks. 540. COMPD: blíðu-bragð, n. a token of gra
ce, caressing, Stj. 90, Fms. vii. 108: in a less good sense, of outward shew
, Fas. iii. 151, 209.
blíðask, að, dep. = bliðkask, Thom. 183.
blíðka, að, to render 'blithe,' caress, coax, Ld. 2
86: reflex., Stj. 142.
blíðkan, f. caressing, Stj. 186.
blíðleikr and -leiki, m. mildness, balminess, of
the air, Fms. x. 336, Rb. 336: blandishment, Pass. 31. 10.
blíðleitr, adj. of mild countenance, Fms. xi. 215, v.l.
blíðliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. blithely, graciously;
 taka, fagna e-m b., Nj. 4, Sks. 370, Fms. vii. 107, ix. 411.
blíð-lundaðr and -lyndr, adj. of gentle disposit
ion, Magn. 474.
blíð-lyndi, n. gentle disposition.
blíð-læti, n. caressing, Bs. i. 140, Greg. 51.
blíð-mæli, n. fair words, blandishments, Fms. x.
307, i. 109, Pass. 6. 6.
blíð-mæltr, adj. bland, Sturl. ii. 189, Fms. xi.
215, vii. 239.
BLÍÐR, adj. [Ulf. bleiþs, GREEK, misericors; and bleiþi, GREEK; gableiþjan, GREEK; A. S. bli&
eth;e; Engl. blithe; Hel. blithi = clarus, laetus] :-in usage, mild, gentle, soft; blíðr is a word of endearment, b
ut as it denotes the outward expression of mildness in the eyes, look, voice, it
also has a bad sense, bland, fawning, enticing: alliterative proverb, bl
íð er bætandi hönd; b. ok þekkr, Bs. i. 131; b. or&e
th;, Fms. x. 292; b. ok kátr, Eg. 45; blíð ok eptirmál,
mild and charming, of a wife, Nj. 13: of the air, blítt veðr,
mild, balmy, Fms. ii. 76, vi. 378: metaph., blítt ok strít
t, whether it pleases or not, in fine weather or foul, Sturl. i. 193; fyr

ir blíðu né stríðu, neither by fair nor foul mea
ns, 625. 95: agreeable, eigi blíð baksletta, Al. 90; e-m e
r blíðara, 'tis more pleasant for one, one is better pleased,
Fms. x. 353.
blíð-skapr, ar, m. mildness, kindness, friendly terms,
Fms. i. 102; með blíðskap, m. friendly terms, Eg. 740, Stj
. 192.
blíð-veðr and blíðviðri, n. mild
weather, 655 xii. 2, Thom. 167.
blíð-yrði, n. blandishment, Sks. 530, Fms. x. 292.
BLÍFA, [Germ. bleiben; akin to leifa, q.v.], to remain; this word was taken from Luther's Bible into Icel., and is used by theol. wr
iters; pret. sing, is never used, but pret. pl. blifu. Pass. 50. 4.
BLÍGJA, ð, [Swed. bliga = to gaze, stare], to
gaze; b. augum, Mirm. 70.
blígr, m. staring, gazing, a cognom., Eb.
blína, d, to store, gaze, [cp. A. S. blin.]
blístra, u, f. the month-piece of bellows, Vm. 177.
BLÍSTRA, að, to whistle, Fb. i. 553, Fas. iii. 337, Bre
t. 26: the phrase, b. í spor e-m, prob. a hunting term, to run whistli
ng after one, Korm. 62, Fms. viii. 60. 2. of snakes, to hiss,
Fr.
blístran, f. (blístr, n.), whistling, Mar. 61, Konr.
58 (Fr.): the mod. phrase, standa á blístri, to be swoln l
ike bellows, is curious, and indicates a relation between blása and bl&ia
cute;stra.
bljúgr, adj. [Swed. blyg], bashful, shy, modest, Pas
s. 16. 14 (penitent).
blossi, a, m. a flame, Dan. bluss, (mod.), Pass. 3. 2.
BLOTI, a, m. [blautr], a thaw, melting of snow (freq.)
blotna, að, to become moist or soft: metaph. to lose
courage; blotnar hann eigi við þat, Ísl. ii. 330, Fms. vii
i. 137.
BLÓÐ, n. [Ulf. bloþ, common to all Teut. idioms]
:-- the blood, Lat. sanguis; 'dreyri' is cruor; 'hlaut,' q.
v., is blood shed in sacrifice, cp. Eb. ch. 4, Nj. 107, Eb. 242, Fms. i.
46; nema, láta (mod. taka) b., to take, let blood (blóð
lát), vii. 269, Grág. ii. 133; ganga blóði, to have
a hemorrhage, Bs. i. 337: the phrase, blanda blóði saman, to m
ix blood together, Ls. 9, refers to the old heathen rite of entering fosterbrothership, defined in Gísl. 11, Fbr. 7, Fb. ii. 93, Fas. iii. 376: meta
ph. offspring, Stj. 47; hjart-blóð, heart's blood; dau
ða-blóð, life-blood, gore: metaph. compound words are rare
. In poets 'blood of Quasir' means poetry; the blood of the giant Ymir, the sea, vide Edda 47, 5. Fél. ix. 198, 199, records many medic, co
mpounds, blóðfall and blóðlát, menorrhagia;
blóðhella, congestio ad viscera; blóðkýli,
ulcus; blóðmiga, haematuria; blóðnasir, f.
pl. epistaxis; blóðrás, hemorrhagia; bló&
eth;sótt, dysenteria; blóðhrækjur, haemoptysi
s; blóðspýja, haematemesis, etc. Other COMPDS: b
lóða-brúðgumi, a, m., Stj. 42. Exod. iv. 25, the 'b
loody husband' of the Engl. text. blóðs-akr, in. the f
ield of blood, Matth. xxvii. 8. blóðs-litr, m. blood-co
lour, 656. 6, Eb. 26. blóðs-peningar, m. pl. the price
of blood, Matth. xxvii. 6. blóðs-úthelling, f. a
shedding of blood, Fas. i. 73.
blóð-band, n., mostly in pl. a bandage to stop bleeding, Bs. i. 625, 376.
blóð-bogi, a, m. a gush of blood, Nj. 210, Fms. vi. 419
, Sd. 178.
blóð-drefjar, f. pl. spatterings of blood, Grett. 111 A
.
blóð-drekkr, m. one who drinks blood, Fas. iii. 573: ep
ithet of a fox.
blóð-dropi, a, in. a drop of blood, Bs. i. 45, Fms. i.
270.
blóð-drykkja, u, f. drink of blood. Thom. 150.
blóð-fall, n. and blóðfalls-sótt, f.
bloody flux, dysentery, Bs. i. 317, ii. 108, 618.
blóð-flekkr, m. a fleck or stain of blood, Eb. 242.
blóð-fors, m. a gush of blood, Nj. 244.
blóð-fullr, adj. full of blood, Fbr. 12.
blóðga, að, to make bleed, Nj. 82: reflex, to be
come bloody, Str. 78.
blóði, a, m., poët. a brother, consanguineus, Edda
(Gl.), Haustl. 14.
blóðigr, adj., contr. blóðgir, -gum, etc.; in mod.
usage uncontracted through all cases, and so it is freq. in old writers, e.g. bl
óðigan (acc.), Bjarn. 50 vellum MS.; blóðugri (dat. f.), G
rág. ii. 192: bloody, Nj. 19, Ísl. ii. 771, etc.
blóð-kýll, m. a blood-bag; metaph. a blood-su
cker, a leech, Fms. ii. 317.
blóð-lauss, adj. (blóðleysi, n.), bloodle
ss, Str. 5.
blóð-lát, n. loss of blood, Hkr. ii. 24: medic,
blood-letting, bleeding, Fms. vii. 269, Str. 28, N. G. L. iii. 15.
blóð-látinn, part, having blood let, bled, Bs. i

. 848, Str. 27.
blóð-lifr, ar, f. pl. clotted blood, Nj. 171.
blóð-ligr, adj. bloody, Stj. 161.
blóð-litr = blóðslitr, Landn. 335.
blóð-lækr, jar, m. a river of blood, Fms. vi. 407
.
blóð-maðkr, m. a maggot bred in putrefying blood, S
tj. 91.
blóð-mikill, adj. plethoric.
blóð-nætr, f. pl. bloody nights; it may originall
y have been a law term, the night next after a murder or homicide; in the
proverb, blóðnætr eru hverjum bráðastar, i.e. th
e thirst for revenge rises highest during the bloody nights, Glúm. 34
4, Fs. 39, Bs. i. 142.
blóð-rauðr, adj. blood-red, Fms. i. 217, Art. 120.
blóð-rás, f. a 'blood-rush,' hemorrhagia, Ld. 14
0, Fms. x. 395, Pr. 473: mod. also circulation of blood.
blóð-refill, m. the point of a sword, Nj. 246, Eg. 216,
306, Hkr. i. 70; a curious word; does refill here mean a snake? cp. refi
l-stígar, semita serpentis; cp. also Korm. ch. 9.
blóð-reiðr, adj. very wrath, Fms. iv. 182.
blóð-risa, adj. ind. [Germ, blutrise = saucius, crue
ntus], bruised and bloody, Eb. 46; in the alliterative phrase, bl&aac
ute;r ok b., blue and bloody from blows, Grett. 147, Stj. 91: as to the
root, cp. hár-ramr, the outside, but hold-rosa, u, f. a tanner's
term, the inside of a skin; yet blóðrisa in the MSS. is not sp
elt with a y.
blóð-segi and blóðsigi, a, m. a clot of b
lood, Bs. i. 334, Fas. iii. 296.
blóð-skuld, f. blood-guilt, Pass. 2. 10, 25. 7.
blóð-sótt, f. monthly courses, Stj. 318, 256: dysenteria, Fél. ix. 199,
blóð-spýja, u, f. a spitting of blood, Fs. 153,
Ann. 1393.
<PAGE NUM="b0070">
<HEADER>70 BLÓÐSTJARNA -- BLÓTPRESTR.</HEADER>
blóð-stjarna, u, f. the bloody star, prob. Mars,
Rb. 110.
blóð-stokkinn, part. (mod. blóð-storkinn, stark with blood), gory all over, Bs. i. 626, Niðrst. 3.

blóð-straumr, m. a stream of blood, Fas. i. 499.
blóð-sveiti, a, m. a bloody sweat, Pass. 2. 12 (Luke xx
ii. 44).
blóð-tjörn, f. a pool of blood, Eb. 200.
blóð-vaka, u, f. [vekja blóð, cp. vökvi, m. fluid], a law term, the letting blood flow; svá hart at b. yr
ði, Bs. i. 871.
blóð-varmr, adj. blood-warm, warm as blood, Karl. 240.
blóð-ær, f. a sheep (ewe) fit for slaug
hter, Fms. xi. 36.
blóð-æsar, f. pl. (v. æsar), a bad reading instead
of blóðnætr, Bs. i. 142.
blóð-örn, m. 'blood eagle,' in the phrase 'r&iacut
e;sta b.,' to cut a blood eagle, a cruel method of putting to death in th
e heathen times, practised, as it seems, only on the slayer of one's father if t
aken alive in a battle: the ribs were cut in the shape of an eagle and the lungs
pulled through the opening, a sort of vivisection described in Orkn. ch. 8, Fas
. i. 293, 354 (Ragn. S.): so king Ella was put to death by the sons of Ragnar Lo
dbrok, Fms. iii. 225: it is called a sacrifice to Odin of the victim, cp. the ph
rase, ok gaf hann Óðni til sigrs sér, Orkn. l.c.; the old rite
'marka geirsoddi,' q.v., is analogous, not identical; cp. also upon the subject
Grimm D. R. A., and Hm. 139.
blóð-öx and -ex, f. bloody axe, a cognom. o
f king Eric, Fms.
BLÓM, n. [Ulf. bloma, Matth. vi. 28; Engl. bloom; Ge
rm. blume; A. S. blosma, Engl. blossom, answers to bl&oacu
te;mstr, qs. Lat. flos. The Icel. has not the primitive verb. Hel. bl&
ocirc;an; Germ, blühen] :-- a bloom, blossom, flower; hv&
iacute;t blóm á grasi, El. 24; lauf ok blóm ok aldin, 19; g
ras ok blóm, flowers, Edda 145 (pref.), Fms. v. 345; þ&oacut
e;tti honum á einum kvistinum fegrst b., Bárð. 164; ekki &thor
n;ótti henni blómit (the bloom or blossom on the tree) svá mikit á vera sem hón vildi, Ísl. ii. 14; k&oa
cute;róna af dýrligum blómum, Bret. COMPDS: blóma
-mikill, adj. rich-blossoming, Bárð. l.c. blóm-b
erandi, part. bloom-bearing, Stj. 14. blóm-beranligr, a
dj. id., Fms. iii. 174.
blómgan, f. blooming, flourishing, Stj. 29.
blómganligr, adj. blooming, Bs. ii. 183.
blómgast, að, dep. to flourish, Magn. 502, Sks. 610: pa
rt. blómgaðr, adj. which has blossom upon it, Fms. xi.
9.
blómi, a, m. [Ulf. bloma, m., Matth. vi. 28; v. blóm
]. 1. pl. blooms, blossoms, flowers; þar hrörna aldri f
agrir blómar, Clem. 40; hafa rauða blóma (acc. pl.), 655 xiv;
allskonar fagra blóma, Fms. x. 241; heilir blómar, flores integ

ri, Magn. 468; this use is now rare. 2. sing. blooming; &thorn
;at tré stendr ávalt síðan með blóma, in
full bloom, 656 A. 23. 3. esp. metaph. full bloom, prosperity;
stóð hagr hans með hinum mesta blóma, Ísl. ii. 14,
Band. 2, Fms. v. 346; í bloma aldrs síns (æsku blómi
), in the bloom of life, viii. 29, vii. 108 (with blooming face);
á þeirra veldi var b. mjök langa hríð, Ver. 45, Sks
. 758. 4. the yolk in an egg; the phrase 'lifa sem blómi &i
acute; eggi,' to live like the yolk in an egg, i.e. to live in perfect
comfort.
blómstr, rs, m. bloom, blossom; allan akrsins blómst
r, Stj. 29; sætan b., Sks. 630 B, 499; 'flos' is rendered by b., Stj. (pre
f.): in writers since the Reformation always neut.; allt eins og blómstri
ð eina, and glóandi blómstrið frítt, Hallgrí
mr, Snót 45; blóm and blómstr are synonymous, but bl&oacute
;mi in common usage is metaph. = prosperity.
BLÓRAR, a, m. [cp. Dan. blår, the refuse of flax, and
the phrase, at kaste een blår í öjnene, to throw dust in o
ne's eyes] in Icel. only used in the metaph. phrase, at göra e-t &iacut
e; blóra við e-n, to commit an offence behind another person s
o that suspicion falls upon him: and blóra-maðr, m., en ef sv&
aacute; verðr sem mér er grunr á at, dóttir þ&iac
ute;n sé með barni, þá eru þar fáir bl&oacu
te;ramenn, ok vil ek ganga við faðerni. Fas. iii. 344.
BLÓT, n. [Ulf. renders GREEK and GREEK by blutinassus, cp.
also A. S. compd words such as blôtmônad] :-- gener. worsh
ip, and worship including sacrifice, spec. a sacrificial f
east or banquet, used freq. in pl. when in general sense; the feasts
were, esp. the three great annual feasts, when the winter set in (Oct.), at Yule
time and mid-winter (Dec. or Jan.), and when the summer began (April), Ó
. H. ch. 94-96, Hkr. i. 139 sqq., Hák. S. G. ch. xvi sqq., and the verse
of Kormak, Hafit maðr ask né eski, id., Hkr. (Ó. T.) i. 272, F
ms. x. (Ó. T.) ch. 50, Fas. (Hervar. S.) i. 531, 512. Hervar. S. the last
chapter, Eb. ch. 10, Eg. 257, Fb. i. 22; at Uppsölum vóru bl&oacute
;t svá mikil í þann tíma, at hvergi hafa verit meiri
á Norðrlöndum, Fas. i. 255; þann vetr fékk Ing&oacu
te;lfr at blóti miklu ok leitaði sér heilla um forlög s&i
acute;n, Landn. 33, cp. Hým. 1, Vsp. 62; þar vóru á&e
th;r blót ok hörgar, Bs. i. 20 (Kr. S.), Fms. i. 131, Eb. 4; there a
re mentioned álfa-blót, dísa-blót, etc. 2. bl
ót, or more correctly bl&oelig;ti, n. an idol, amulet, engi ma&eth
;r skal hafa í húsum sínum, stalla, vit eðr blót
(bl&oelig;ti) ... nú ef blot (bl&oelig;ti) er funnit í hús
i láslausu, mat-blót (dough idol) eðr leir-blót
(clay idol) gört í mannslíki af leiri eðr deigi, &
thorn;á ..., N. G. L. i. 383, 389; cp. Fs. (Hallfr. S.) 97. II. me
taph. in Christian times the name of the heathen worship became odious, and bl&o
acute;t came to mean swearing, cursing, freq. in Sturl. and Bs., and in m
od. usage, Sturl. ii. 106, 152, iii. 101, Fs. (Vd.) 36, Gísl. The terms f
or swearing in the heathen times were 'troll, gramir,' etc., q.v.
BLÓTA, in old use a strong (and originally a redupl.) verb, bl&oac
ute;ta--blét--blétu--blótinn; pres. bl&oelig;t, and with th
e suffixed negative bl&oelig;tka (I worship not), Stor. 22 (the Ed. wrong
ly blotka, without change of vowel); this form also occurs K. Þ. K. (Kb.)
ch. 7, the Ed. 1853 has wrongly bl&oelig;t(a)r, but a few lines below bló
tar (weak), probably altered from bl&oelig;tr; pret. sing, blét, Hkr. (Yn
gl.) 56, 269; pl. blétu, 56; subj. blétim, 623. 61; imperat. bl&oa
cute;tt, Am. 75; part. blótinn, and sup. blótið are freq., Hkr
. i. 34, 35, 239, Landn. 47, Fas. i. 255: more freq. weak, blóta, að;
pres. blótar, blótast, Fas. i. 87, Fbr. 78; pret. blóta&et
h;i, Landn. 224, 291, 322, Bs. i. 6 (Kr. S.), Nj. 272, Gísl. 140, F&aelig
;r. 272, Fas. i. 463, 531, Bret., Fms. ii. 263, Hkr. i. 34, 35, Ísl. ii.
109, Fs. 50; only the weak sup. and part. are rare in old writers; blótu&
eth;, Hom. 153 (Norse); blótað (sup.), Bs. i. 5 (paper transcript): [
Ulf. blotan (redupl. verb) = GREEK, GREEK, cp. guþbloteins =
GREEK, guþblostreis = GREEK; A. S. blôtan = immola
re; O. H. G. blozan; the root is probably akin to bletsian, En
gl. to bless] :-- gener. to worship, to worship with sacrifice; wi
th acc. of the being worshipped, but dat. of the object sacrificed; thus b. hof,
lund, fors, goð, álfa, vættir, to worship temple, grove, fo
rce, gods, elves, beings; but b. mönnum, þrælum, kvikendum,
to sacrifice with men, thralls, beasts, i.e. to sacrifice, slay them:
 also used absol.: I. with acc. or absol. to worship; skal &TH
ORN;órólfr b. ok leita heilla þeim bræðrum, Eg. 25
7, 623. 61, Landn. 40, Hkr. i. 34 sqq., Fs. 41; heiðnar vættir, Nj. 27
2, Fær. 139, cp. Bret. 84, 94, Landn. 36, Ib. ch. 7, Bs. i. 25; b. til fri
ðar, sigrs, langlífis, árs, byrjar, to make a sacrifice for
peace, victory, long life, good season, fair wind, Hkr. i. 239, 34, 56, 11.
97, Fs. 173: of the worship of natural objects, at Giljá stóð
steinn (a stone), er (acc.) þeir frændr höfðu bl&oa
cute;tað, Bs. i. 5, Harð. S. Ísl. ii. 109; hann blótað
i lundinn, he worshipped the grove (cp. Tacitus, sacrum nemus), La
ndn. 224; hann blótaði forsinn, 291: worship of men (rare), Gr&iacute
;ms sonar þess er blótinn var dauðr fyrir þokkasæld
ok kallaðr Kamban, 47, Fb. ii. 7; þau vóru bæði bl&o
acute;tuð, Edda 83: b. hof, in the phrase, heiðnir menn hof b., Gr&aacut
e;g., Ísl. ii. 381; blót er oss ok kviðjat, at vér skul
um eigi b. heiðit goð, né hauga né hörga, N. G. L. i.
18: worship of animals, Ögvaldr konungr blét kú eina, Hkr. i
. 269, Fas. i. 255. β. with dat. (extremely rare); blótar han
n einum gölt (sic!), prob. corrupt = einn (acc.) gölt, Fas. i. 187 a p
aper transcript. II. with dat. to sacrifice; sacrifices of men are
recorded, Hkr. i. 34, 35, 56, 239, Gísl. 140, Eb. l.c., Fas. i. 452 (Her
var. S.): slaves and criminals were esp. sacrificed, thus representing the execu
tions of modern times; heiðingjar blóta enum verstum mönnum, ok
hrinda þeim fyrir björg ok hamra ...; enir heiðnu menn höf&e
th;u þá stefnu, ok tóku þat ráð at b. tveim
mönnum ór hverjum fjórðungi, Bs. i. (Kr. S.) 23: captive
s, Ó. H. ch. 131; kom þat ásamt með þeim at hafa H
allfreð til blóta, Fs. 102; b. þrælum, Fms. x. 323; b. m&
ouml;nnum ok fé, Fs. (Vd.) 50, Am. 75, Fms. i. 174: a sort of self-immola
tion is recorded Fb. ii. 72. III. to curse, swear, vide bló
t II; with dat. or absol., hann blótar hestunum, Fbr. 78; eigi kví
ði ek því þótt biskup blóti mér e&et
h;r banni, Bs. i. 708; blótuð verð þú, Hom. 153: ref
lex, blótask, to go about swearing, Fms. viii. 294: vide Maurer, B
ekehr. ii. 195 sqq.
blótan, f. sacrificing, 623. 57. II. cursing, swe
aring, Fms. viii. 293.
blót-auðigr, adj. rich in sacrifices; b. hof, Mart. 116
.
blót-bað, n. a sacrificial bath, Post. 138.
blót-biskup, m. a heathen priest, Bret. 34 (Laocoon), Fms.

x. 323.
blót-bolli, a, m. a sacrificial bowl, Fms. ii. 309.
blót-dómr, m. idolatry, Stj. 106.
blót-drykkja, u, f. a sacrificial feast, Fms. x. 393, cp. E
g. 257.
blót-fé, n. a sacred or accursed thing, Stj.
363 (Josh. vii. ii), Edda 83.
blót-goði, a, m. a heathen priest, Post. 656 B. 10, Hkr
. i. 8.
blót-gröf, f. a sacrificial den in which to kill the v
ictim, Fs. 49, 50.
blót-guð, m. a heathen god, Fms. ii. 76.
blót-gyðja, u, f. a heathen priestess, Hkr. i. 8.
blót-haugr, m. a sacrificial mound or cairn, cp. N.
G. L. i. 18; defined Fms. v. 164; about cairns of that kind among the Perms (Bja
rmar), vide Fms. iv. 299, cp. also Hkr. i. 16.
blót-hús, n. a heathen house of worship, sometimes l
ess than the 'hof,' used like Christian chapels for private worship, Fms. ii. 26
3, Ísl. ii. 109: a temple in general, Stj. 391.
blót-jarl, m. a surname of the heathen earl Hacon, Fms. ii. 122.
blót-kálfr, m. the golden calf, Stj. 312.
blót-kelda, u, f. a fen near the heathen temples, in which
animals (or men) were killed by drowning, Ísl. (Kjaln. S.) ii. 404.
blót-klæði, n. garments used at sacrifices, Fs. 4
2.
blót-kona, u, f. = blótgyðja, Stj. 428.
blót-lundr, m. a sacred grove, Fms. xi. 382, Stj. 391, cp.
Landn. 222.
blót-maðr, m. a heathen worshipper, Bret. 57, Eg. 179,
Fms. i. 294, 263, Andr. 65.
blót-matr, m. the meat of the victims, Hkr. i. 139.
blót-naut, n. an ox
Fms. iii. 132, Fas. i. 255; hence in
oacute;tneyti, n. 2. a
ice connected with the old holmgang,
;sl. 80.
worshipped and enchanted, Hkr. i. 269,

mod. use a mad bull is called bl&
bull to be sacrificed, a heathen sacrif
q.v., Eg. 506, cp. Korm. 212, 214, G&iacute
blót-neyti, id., Fas. i. 425.
blót-prestr, m. a heathen priest, Sks. 575.

<PAGE NUM="b0071">
<HEADER>BLÓTRISI -- BOÐSKAPR. 71</HEADER>
blót-risi, a, m. an enchanted champion (?), GREEK, Korm. 24
2.
blót-skapr, m. idolatry, heathen worship, sacrifice, Fms. i
. 31, xi. 134, Stj. 650, N. G. L. i. 351: things belonging to worship, St
j. 391, Fagrsk. 28, Fms. v. 239.
blót-skógr, m. = blótlundr, Stj. 650, Róm. 19
9.
blót-spánn, m. divining rods or chips used at
sacrifices, cp. Tacitus Germ. ch. x, and Amm. Marc. xxxi. 2. in the phrase, fel
la blót-spán, ramos sortidicos jactare; þá fel
di hann b. ok vitraðist svá, at hann skyldi hafa dagráð at
berjast, Fagrsk. 40, in the passage of Vellekla (the source of the narrative) t
he poet uses the word teinn lautar, qs. hlautar-teinn, the rod of the sacrifi
cial blood, cp. the phrase, kjósa hlaut-við, Vsp. 62; and hrista
teina, Hým. 1; þá feldi Önundr blótspán t
il, at hann skyldi verða víss ..., Landn. 193; síðan var f
eldr blótspánn, ok gékk svá fréttin, at..., F
as. i. 526, 452 (Hervar. S.)
blót-staðr, m. a place of heathen sacrifice, Hom. 175,
Hkr. i. 6, Fms. xi. 40, Fagrsk. 29.
blót-stallr, m. a heathen altar, Stj. 391.
blót-tré, n. a sacred tree, Mart. 115.
blót-trygill, m. [trog], a sacrificial trough, Fs. 108.
blót-veizla, u, f. a sacrificial banquet, Hkr. i. 139, Fms.
i. 35, iv. 237.
blót-viðr, m. = blótlundr, Greg. 80.
blót-villa, u, f. a heathen heresy, Fms. x. 243.
blót-völlr, m. a bewitched field; eigi munu vér
Nú optar ganga appá b. þinn, Fms. viii. 157.
blunda, að, to doze; éta blundandi, Edda 72; cp. mod. g
anga blindandi, to go blinking, half asleep; b. augum, to shut the eye
s, Bs. ii. 481.
BLUNÐR, m. sleep, dozing: slumber, a nickname, Landn. 80.
blund-skaka, að, to blink with the eyes, Stj. 81.
blund-stafir, m. pl. rods causing sleep, in the phrase, bregða
blund-stöfum, to awake, Sdm. 3; cp. stinga svefnþorn, &Iacute
;sl. Þjóðs.
blygð, f. [bljúgr], shame, Grett. 159 A, Vígl. 2
0. COMPD: blygðar-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.), blameless,

Grett. 161 A.
blygða, ð, to put to shame, Fas. iii. 655, Fms. iii. 89. &
beta;. reflex, to be ashamed, Sks. 494; = bleyðast, to lose heart, Fas. iii. 411; b. sín, to be ashamed, to repent, (mod.)
blygðan, f. shame, disgrace, nakedness, Pass. 24. 3. COMPD: blygðunar-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.), impudent.
blygjast, ð, = blygðast, Sks. 494, v. l.
BLYS, n. [Dan. blus], a torch, Dipl. iii. 4, Bs. i. 804.
BLÝ, n. [Germ. blei; O.H.G. pli; Lat. plumbum
] , lead; sökkva sem b., Blas. 49, Dipl. v. 18. COMPDS: bl&yacute
;-band, n. a leaden band, Fms. x. 172. blý-kleppr, m.
a plummet, Rb. 472. blý-ligr, adj. leaden, 732. II.
blý-skeyti, n. a leaden missile, Stj. 74, Pr. 401. bl&ya
cute;-steyptr, part, cast in lead, Sks. 392. blý-stika,
u, f. a leaden candlestick, Vm. 38. blý-stokkr, m. a le
aden box, Sd. 191. blý-bungr, adj. heavy as lead.
blý-þekja, þakði, to thatch, i. e. roof,
with lead, Bs. i. 235.
blæða, dd, to bleed, to flow, of blood, Pr. 473; bl&aeli
g;ddu nasar hans (blóð-nasir), Bs. i. 521: impers., e-m blæ&eth
;ir, one loses blood, Grág. ii. II, Sturl. iii. 113, Sd. 139, Eb.
242: absol., laust hana í andlitið svá at blæddi, Nj. 18
: metaph. phrase, e-m blæðir e-t í augu, it bleeds into one'
s eyes, i. e. one is amazed at a thing.
blæja, u, f. [cp. Germ, blege=limbus, prob. derived from A.
S. bleoh=colour; prob. an Engl. word, cp. Enskar blæjur, Eb. 256]:-a fine, coloured cloth; hon hafði knýtt urn sik blæju,
ok vóru í mörk blá, Ld. 244: a burial sheet, Am
. 101, Gkv. 1. 13, Grág. i. 207: the cover of a bed, Gg. 7, 25, Rm
. 20, Bb. 1. 12, Eb. l. c.: cover of an altar table, Vm. 65, Dipl. iii. 4
: poët., hildar b., a shield, the b. of the mast=the sail, et
c.: mod. a veil. COMPDS: blseju-endi, a, m. the end of a b.
, Ld. l. c. blæju-horn, n. the corner of a b., Ld. 246. b
læju-hvalr, m. [Germ. bleie], a kind of whale, alburnus,
Edda (Gl.)
BLÆR, m. [cp. Engl. to blare], a gentle breeze, puff of a
ir, esp. with a notion of warmth; b. hitans, Edda 4: kenna blæ (to
feel a draft) á andliti sér. Clem. 35; vinds blær, Stj.
78; þá kom kaldr blær (a cold stream of air) á
Skutu or jarðhúsinu, Rb. 319: poet, the blue sky, the pure air
, undir blæ himins blíðan, Pass. 25. 10; blærinn h&yacute
;rnar við dægrið hvert, Bb. 1. 18. 2. in mod. usage metaph.
the air, character of a speech, writing, or the like; sögu-bl&aelig
;r, frásagnar-blær, rit-blær. II. a ra m, Edda
(Gl.), hence bl&oelig;sma.
bl&oelig;sma, adj. ind. [blær, a ram], a ewe or go
at at heat, Grág. i. 427, Fbr. 212, Stj. 178; cp. yxna of a cow, brey
ma of a cat, r&oelig;ða of a sow.
blökku-maðr, m. [blakkr], a blackamoor, sometimes a ne

gro, (mod.)
BLÖKU-MENN, m. pl. Walachians, and Blökumanna-land, Walachia, Fms. v. 283; hann sviku Blakumenn í útfaru, Br
oc. Runstone, p. 179.
BLÖSKRA, að, to blench: 1. absol., hann brá
sér eigi við né blöskraði, Fms. vii. 157; hygg at va
ndlega hvárt ek b. nökkut, xi. 150, and so also Jomsv. 47, and Fb. i
. 198. 2. e-m blöskrar--ok bað þá at hyggja hv&aacu
te;rt honum blöskraði nökkuð, Sturl. iii. 43--ought perhaps to
be ' hann;' the mod. use is constant, ' e-m b.,' one blenches, is shocked a
t a thing.
BOBBI, a, m. a snail-shell, Eggert Itin., hence metaph. puzzle, in the phrase, komast í bobba, to get into a puzzle.
BOÐ, n. [Ulf. buzns; Germ. bote, gebot; cp. bjó&
eth;a]. 1. a bid, offer; konungr bauð (offered) at f&aa
cute; Gunnari kvánfang ok ríki mikit...Gunnarr þakkaði k
onungi boð sitt, Nj. 46; bjóða boð fyrir e-n, to make bids
 or offers for one, Lv. 25, Vígl. 28; hvat er í boð
i, what is the bidding? metaph. from an auction, O. H. L. 71. 2. a feast, wedding, banquet, to which the guests are 'bidden;' veizlan f&oac
ute;r vel fram, en er boði var lokit, when the feast was past, Nj. 25
; fóru þeir allir til boðsins, the wedding feast, Fms. x
i. 106; skyldi boð vera at Marðar, Nj. 4; hafa e-n í boði s&i
acute;nu, to entertain at one's feast, Fms. i. 40; haust-boð, G&iacut
e;sl. 27. 3. [A. S. bebod], a bidding, commandment, Fms. ii
. 30, 168, xi. 246; boð ok bann, v. bann. β. the right of red
emption, a Norse law term; skal sá óðalsmaðr er bo&eth
;i er næstr brigð upp hefja, Gþl. 294; ok svá eigu &thorn
;ær boð á jörðum jafnt sem karlar, N. G. L. i. 92, 94,
237. 4. a message; göra e-m boð, to call for one,
N. G. L. i. 60. β. metaph. and a law term, a summons, being
an arrow, axe, or the like sent to call people to battle or council, as symbolic
al of the speed to be used, or of the punishment to be inflicted, if the summons
be not obeyed; cp. herör; so the Swed. budsticka or budkafle
, (till tings, till tings, budkaflen går kring borg och dal! Tegner), and
the fiery cross in the Lady of the Lake. In Icel., at least in the west part, a
small wooden axe is still sent from farm to farm to summon people to the mantals
-thing in the spring; vide Gþl. 433 sqq., Jb. 180, and the compds boðb
urðr, boðfall, boðskurðr, boðleið, etc. COMPDS: bo&et
h;s-maðr, m. a guest at a feast, wedding, Nj. 11, Fms. ii. 193. boðs-váttr, m. a witness to a boð, 4. β, N. G.
L. i. 237. boðs-vitni, n. id., N. G. L. ii. 99, v. l.
boða, að, 1. to announce, proclaim, esp. as renderi
ng of the eccl. Lat. praedicare, to preach the Gospel, as a missionary; b
. Kristni, to preach Christianity, Nj. 157; trú, 158, Fms. x. 298,
H. E. i. 510; sjáið, eg boða yðr mikinn fögnuð, Luk
e ii. 10. β hón boðaði Þangbrandi heiðni, N
j. 160. 2. to bid, order, with dat.; lét hann b. á s
inn fund öllum öldungum, Stj. 649; hann boðaði saman mörg
u stórmenni, Bs. i. 470; konungr boðaði honum á sinn fund,
the king bade him come, Fær. 131; b. e-n af löndum, to out
law one, bid him off the land, Fms. vii. 17, 21. 3. to bode, signi
fy; hvat þetta mundi boða, Eb. 270; e-m b. e-t, he has a forebo
ding of it; mundi þar til draga sem honum hafði fyrir boðat, E
g. 75: impers., e-m boðar ótta, one feels uneasy, Sturl. i. 10

9, where Bs. i. 410 spells bjóða ótta (better).
boða, u, f. = boð, a command, N. G. L. i. 237.
boðan, f. announcement; b. dagr Maríu, the feast of
the Annunciation, the 2nd of July, Mar.: preaching, proclaiming, 623
. 11.
boð-burðr, m. a carrying of the boð, 4. β, G&thor
n;l. 432, 436, Jb. 180.
boð-fall, n. dropping the boð, 4. β Gþl. 435, J
b. 182.
boð-fasta, u, f. a fast ordered by the canonical law, H. E. i.
393.
boð-ferð, f. the course of a boð, 4. β, H. E. i.
393.
boð-greizla, u, f. = boðburðr, Jb. 184, Gþl. 437 B; vid
e boðreizla.
boði, a, m. 1. [vide boð 4, cp. A. S. boda], a m
essenger, used in poetry; b. hildar, the messenger of war, Lex. Po&eu
ml;t.: in prose, Thom. 5, and in compds such as sendi-boði, a messenger, fyrir-boði, aforeboder. 2. esp. as a nautical term, a b
reaker ' boding' hidden rocks; þeir undruðust mjök þenn
a atburð, er b. féll í logni, þar er engi maðr vissi
, at b. hefði fallit fyrr, ok djúp var undir, Magn. 488, Fms. ix. 415
, x. 324, xi. 10, Eg. 161, Bs. i. 420, Grág. ii. 385: the phrase, vera se
m b. á skeri, like a breaker on a skerry (rock), of a hot-tempered
man, never at rest. COMPDS: boða-fall, n. the dash of breakers, Fas. iii. 506. boða-slóð, f. the surf of breakers, Orkn. 322.
boð-leggja, lagði, to offer for sale, Gþl. 302, v. l
.
boð-leið, f. a law term, the due course of a boð [4. &
beta;] from house to house, defined in Gþl. 432, N. G. L. i. 348, J
b. 181: in the phrase, fara (rétta) b., to go from house to house in d
ue course, skipping none: perhaps the true reading Nj. 185 is, fara boðl
eið til búðar; some MSS. have bónleið.
boð-ligr, adj. fit to be offered, Háv. 55.
BOÐN, f. [cp. A. S. byden = dolium, Icel. byðna; No
rse biðna, Ivar Aasen], one of the three vessels in which the
poet, mead was kept, Edda 47, etc., hence poetry is called the wave of the boðn, Lex. Poët.
boð-orð, n. order, bidding; Guðs b., Hom. 34, Ver. 25,
Bs. i. 67, Magn. 448: as a law term, an ordinance, K. Á. 192;=
penance in eccl. sense, K. Þ. K. 26: in mod. usage, esp. the Ten Co
mmandments (Tiu-laga-boðorð, or with the article, Boðorðin),
Sks. 671, cp. Pr. 437, where they are termed ' Laga-orð.' COMPDS: bo&eth
;orða-breytni, f. alteration of a b., Bs. i. 545. boðorða
-brot, n. breach of a b., Fms. vii. 108. boð-orða-maðr, m. a public officer, N. G. L. i. 409.

boð-reizla, u, f. = boðgreizla.
boð-rífr, adj. fair bidding, Fms. iii. 122 (poët.)
boð-seti (beð-seti, N. G. L. i. 315), a, m. a dub. Norse term, the benches in a law-court(?), the bar(?); hverr þeirra manna
er gengr fyrir boðseta (acc. pl.) fram, nema hann eigi at sækja eð
r verja, sá er sekr níu ertogum við konung ok bæjarmenn,
N. G. L. i. 323, 315; beðseti, qs. bekkseti (?).
boð-skapr, m. a bidding, ordinance, Stj. 82, H, E. i. 471, 677
. 6, Fms. ii. 61. II. in mod. usage, announcement.
<PAGE NUM="b0072">
<HEADER>72 BOÐSKURÐE -- BORÐPRYÐI.</HEADER>
boð-skurðr, m. [skera boð, to carve a boð, 4. &bet
a;], a message, summons to a meeting, N. G. L. i. 153.
boð-sletta (boð-slotti, a, m., Gþl. 200), also bo
ð-flenna, u, f. an intruder at a feast, an uninvited guest, Jb. 1
10.
boð-slóð, f.=boðleið, Jb. 181.
boð-stóll, m., in the phrase, hafa e-t á boðst&oacu
te;lum, to put a thing out for sale.
BOGI, a, m. [A. S. boga; Engl. bow; Germ, bogen], a bow, Nj. several times; skjóta af boga, 29, 96; benda b., Fas. ii.
88, Landn. 288, Fms. ii. 321, iii. 228; álm-bogi, hand-bogi, lásbogi, y-bogi, q. v. 2. metaph. an arch, vault, Sks. 116: the r
ainbow, Stj. 62: metaph., bera mál ór boga, to disentangle
a case, Sks. 654; himin-bogi, the sky; blóð-bogi, a gus
h of blood; regn-bogi, a rainbow; öln-bogi, an elbow. CO
MPDS: boga-dreginn, adj. bow-sbaped, curved. boga-háls, m. the tip of a bow, where the string is fastened, Al. 142, Fas. ii.
88. boga-list, f. archery, now used metaph. boga-mynd, f. the form of a bow, Fas. i. 271. boga-skot, n. bow-shot, sbooting
with a bow, Fms. ii. 169. boga-strengr, m. a bow-string, Nj.
115, 136. boga-vápn, n. a bow, Fms. viii. 184, v. 1.
boginn, adj. bent, bowed, curved, Al. 8; prop. a part. from a lost
strong verb bjúgan; cp. Goth. bjúgan=GREEK.
bog-maðr, m. a bowman, archer, P'as. i. 382, Ingv. 34, Lv. 63,
Fær. 56, Fms. vi. 413. bogmanns-merki, n. the zodiacal sign, Ar
citenens, Rb. 102.
bog-mannliga, adv. bowmanlike, Fms. ii. 450.
bogna, að, to become curved, bent, Hkr. ii. 365, Flov. 34: 
to give way, Fms. viii. 403, Al. 57.
bogra, að, to creep along bowed or stooping; þ&aa
cute; boru bograr (creeps) hann inn, Fas. i. 393; bogra fyrir e-m, to
bow before one, Þorst. St. 53.
bog-sterkr, -styrkr, adj. stark or strong at the bow, Hkr.

iii. 264.
bog-sveigir, m. bow-swayer, a nickname, Fas. ii.
BOKKI, a, m., means probably a he-goat, [cp. Germ. bock; Da
n. bukk; Engl. buck], a familiar mode of address; Höttr heiti
ek, bokki sæll, and, skaltu nú bana mér, bokki, my good
fellow, 'old buck,' Fas. i. 66; muntú festa, bokki, tindinn í
kambi mínum (the old woman addressing the bishop), Fb. iii. 446: st&aelig
;rri bokkar, bigger men, 352, vide stór-bokki.
bokkr, m. a buck, Lex. Poët.
bola, að, prop. to fell trees, to cut through the body (bolr),
Fas. i. 106. II. [boli, a bull], to bully; b. e-n ú
t, to push one out, as a bull with the horns: reflex, bolast, a wrestling
term, of two wrestlers pushing or butting at one another with the
ir heads.
boldang, n. a sort of thick linen, (for. word.)
bol-fimligr, adj. slender, agile of body, Fas. iii. 372.
bol-hlíf, f. a covering for the body, opp. to the helmet, B
s. i. 667.
BOLI, a, m. a bull, Boll. 336, Edda 99, Ísl. ii. 26; in Ice
l. esp. of a bull-calf, bola-kálfr, etc.
bol-járn=bolöx(?), Ingv. 13.
bol-klæði, n. pl. garments (coat, waistcoat) for
the body, Grett. 147 A.
BOLLI, a, m. [A. S. bolla], a bowl, Stj. 310, Rm. 4; bl&oac
ute;tbolli, a measure=UNCERTAIN ask, Gþl. 525: a pr. name, Ld.
BOLR and bulr, m. the bole or trunk of a tree, Sks.
555 B. 2. metaph. the trunk of a body, N. G. L. i. 80, Nj. 275, Fm
s. x. 213, ED. 244, Anec. 4: the phrase, ganga milli bols ok höfuðs &aa
cute; e-m, to go through between one's trunk and head, i. e. to knock
one quite dead, deal severely with, Ld. 244, Eb. 240. 3. an old-fa
shioned waistcoat.
bolungr, v. bulungr.
bol-vöxtr, m. the growth, form of the body; vel at bolvexti,
a well-grown, stout man, Bs. i. 66, Fas. iii. 605.
bol-öx, f. [Swed. bolyxa], a pole-axe; in present usag
e opp. to skaröxi, a carpenter's axe, Stj. 401. Judg. ix. 48, Fms. i
x. 357, Fbr. 179, Thom. 343, Ingv. 24, Vápn.
boppa, að, to wave up and down, onomatopoëtic and common.
BOPS, n. an onomatopoëtic word, [Germ, bumbs], bump or
plump; mikit fall, svá at b. kvað í skrokkinum, &THOR
N;órð. 16. β. the faint bark of a dog: also bop
sa, að.
bora, u, f. a bore-hole, Grett. 125, 133, Fas. i. 393, Vm. 65. COM
PD: boru-foli, a, m. a Norse law term, a stolen article put into a
n innocent man's house; even if officers ransacked a house without having their
persons searched, and find something, þá er b. ok liggr ekki b&uacu
te;anda við, then it is b. and the farmer is free, N. G. L. i.
255.
BORA. að, [Lat. fUNCERTAINrare; A. S. borian; Engl. 
bore; O. H. G. poran], to bore, to bore holes in, Fms. ix. 447
, Ld. 116, Edda 48, 49, Eb. 182, D. I. i. 243: metaph., b. atsúg at e-u,
to doa thing thoroughly, v. atsúgr: reflex., borast fram, to pr
ess one's way through a crowd, Fms. v. 180, Fb. ii. 112.
BORÐ, n. [Ulf. baurd, in fotubaurd=GREEK; Hel. bord=margo;
 A. S. borð; Engl. board]. 1. a board, plank
, Lat. tabula; tók hann þá borð ok lausa viðu
, ok rak um þvera stofuna, Grett. 140, N. G. L. i. 100. β. of
a ship, the side (cp. starboard, larboard); höggr hann &thorn
;á tveim höndum borð (sides) skútunnar, ok gengu &
iacute; sundr borðin (the planks) um tvau rúm, Nj. 19; þ
eir Erlingr hjuggu raufar í drómundinum, sumar í kafi ni&et
h;ri, en sumar uppi á borðunum, Fms. vii. 232, Nj. 42; hence the naut
ical phrases, á borð, on each side; á tvau borð, &a
acute; bæði borð, on both sides, Eg. 171; með endil&oum
l;ngum borðum, Fms. ii. 273, Eg. 122; leggja borð við borð=s&iac
ute;byrða, to lay a ship alongside of another, so as to board,
Fas. ii. 534; bera skip borði, to make the bulwarks rise, Fms. ii. 2
18; fyrir borð, overboard, Eg. 124, Fms. xi. 140; á borði,
on land, Jb. 327; borð 4 stjórn=stjórn-borði, t
he starboard side, Gþl. 518. The planks in a ship's side have differen
t names, e. g. aur-borð, skaut-borð, sól-borð. 2. meta
ph. phrases, at vera mikill (lítill, nokkur) borði, to be of a hig
h (or lowly) bearing, metaphor from a ship floating high out of, or d
eep in, the sea, Eg. 8, Sturl. iii. 196: verða (allr) fyrir borð borinn,
to be (quite) thrown overboard, i. e. ill-used, Eb. 126, Fæ
r. 234; verða allr fyrir borði, id., Ölk. 35; hans hlutr mun
di eigi fyrir borð vera borinn, id., Rd. 239; e-n brestr á bor
ði, to fail, be beaten (metaphor from rowing), Fms. ix. 507; taka ska
mt frá borði, to fall short, Lv. 45; ganga at borði vi&eth
; e-n, to come to terms, yield, submit, Bs. i. 889; gékk Egill tre
gt at borð um þetta mál, E. was hard, unyielding, 696; h
verigum skyldi úhætt, nema þeir gengi at borði við ha
nn, unless they came to terms with him, 727, 778; á annað bor
ð, on the other hand; harðr maðr á annat borð, 
a hard one to pull against, Fms. xi. 39: but also on the other hand, othe
rwise, else; hann vildi með engu móti kalla á Þorm&o
acute;ð sér til bjargar, þó at hann félli ofan &a
acute; annað borð, though he was sure to tumble down otherwise (i
. e. unless he called), Fbr. 88; hence freq. in mod. usage, e. g. ef eg á
annað borð göri það, i. e. if I do it at all: nav
ig., ganga til borðs, á borð, to go to one's business, Fag
rsk. 167, Bárð. 166. 3. [A. S. bord=labrum], the mar
gin between the rim of a vessel and the liquid; er nú gott berandi bo
rð á horninu, Edda 32; hence, fjöru-borð, the shore betwe
en high and low water, vide 33, 34; cp. the saying, fullt skal frömum b
era, þó skal borð á vera, i. e. it is clownish to bri
ng a cup full to the brim, and, fullt skal föntum bera og ekkert bor&et
h; á vera. II. a board, table, Lat. mensa; rí
sa frá borði, to rise from the board, from table, Rm. 17, or
simply and ellipt. rísa, 30; borð is freq. used in pl., as in the old
halls small tables were set at meal time, and removed after the meal; hence phr
ases, borð (pl.) ofan (upp) tekin, the tables being removed, cp. Virg
il's mensisque remotis, Nj. 176, Fms. i. 41, iv. 265, v. 126, Bs. i. 854,
Eg. 408; til þess er borð fóru brott, 551; setjast undir bor&e
th; (pl.), to sit down; sitja undir borðum, to be at table, Nj
. 68, Eb. 306; ganga undir drykkju borð, Fms. iii. 93; koma undir borð (
acc. pl.), 96; ganga til borða, iv. 114, 129; koma til borðs (sing.), 20
2, cp. Ó. H. 86, Fms. iv. 246; sitja yfir borðum, iii. 155, iv. 113;
sitja yfir matborði, v. 126, viii. 212; sitja yfir borð (acc. pl.), i
d., Bs. i. 843: the rhyming phrase, vera þar at orði, sem hann er
ekki at borði, vide Safn i. 91. It was the custom for kings or princes to gi
ve audience or receive poets whilst sitting at table, Fms. vi. 195, Eg. ch. 63.
β. maintenance at table (cp. Engl. board and lodging);
vera á borði með e-m, B. K. 124, D. N. (Fr.): of a chess-boar
d, Bs. i. 635. COMPDS: borða-munr, m. difference in the height
of ships (in battle), Fms. viii. 292, cp. 288. borða-víti, n. pl. a 'board-fee,' sconce, cp. víti, Fms. iii. 155. bor&et
h;s-tilgangr, m. going to table, Fms. iii. 155.
borða, að, to sit at table, eat, dine, Fas. iii. 219.
borð-búnaðr, m. table-service, Eg. 94, Fms. i. 292,
iv. 262, Orkn. 226.
borð-diskr, m. a plate, Fas. iii. 222, vide diskr; (now freq.)
borð-dúkr, m. a table-cloth, Nj. 176. Hkr. ii. 189, cp.
Fms. vi. 322, Rm. 28.
borð-fastr, adj. maintained at one's table, Sks. 259.
borð-fjöl, f. a plank, Sturl. ii. 109.
borð-færi, n., in the phrase, taka sér borðfær
i,=ganga til borðs, vide above, Grág. ii. 119.
borð-gestr, m. a guest at table.
borð-hald, n. one's 'board,' fare, Edda 23, Hkr. ii. 36, THom.
68.
borð-hár, adj. a ship rising high, Fms. ii. 314, Orkn.
362.
borð-hús, n. a room where the plate is kept, Dipl. iii.
4, v. 18, Sturl. iii. 191 C.
borð-hæð, f. the height of a ship out of the water,
Fas. iii. 260.
BORÐI, a, m. [cp. Engl. border; O.H.G. porto; Germ, 
borti; prob. akin to borð]:-- a border, Lat. limbus; byr&
eth;a á borða (acc.), t o embroider, Gkv. 2. 16; breg&e
th;a borða, to leave off embroidering, 17; rekja borða, to emb
roider, Heir. 1, Og. 18; b. ok hannyrðir, Fas. i. 430, 523; kona sat vi&
eth; borða, a lady sat embroidering, Fms. ii. 148; slá bor&et
h;a, to embroider, Fas. i. 113; cp. borða skögul, gná, et
c., a poët. circumlocution of a lady, Lex. Poët.: tapestry, b.
fimtigi alna, Dipl. iii. 4, Pm. 10, Bs. i. 77: of the tapestry of a church, esp.
the choir, Nj. 6. 2. poët. a shield, Lex. Poët.

borð-ker, n. a cup at table, loving-cup, Hkr. iii. 181; b. er
vá átta merkr, Bs. i. 76.
borð-kista, u, f. a box for keeping the table-service in, D. N
. (Fr.)
borð-knífr, m. a table-knife, Ann. 1339.
borð-leiðangr, m. a levy commuted for victuals (Norse), D.
N. (Fr.)
borð-lægr, adj., b. viðr, timber fit for cutting into pl
anks, Vm. 176.
borð-maðr, m. a table-companion, Sks. 262.
borð-mikill, m.=borðhár, Fms. ii. 50, Hkr. i. 238.
borð-prestr, m. a 'board-priest,' who says grace at a bishop's
table, Bs. ii. 129.
borð-prýði, n. the ornaments of a table, Fas. iii.
374.
<PAGE NUM="b0073">
<HEADER>BORÐSALMR -- BÓK. 73</HEADER>
borð-sálmr, m. a 'board-psalm,' grace, Bb. 1. 15 (Mark
xiv. 26).
borð-siðir, m. pl. rules for behaviour at table.
borð-skutill, m. a small movable table, Bs. i. 537, Mar.
borð-stokkr, m. the bulwarks of a ship, Grett. 125.
borð-stóll, m. a chair used at table, D. N.
borð-sveinn, m. a butler, waiter, Mag. 66; cp. skutilsveinn.
borð-tafl, n. a chess-board, Sturl. ii. 184, v.l.
borð-vegr, m. = borðstokkr, Bs. ii. 50, 179, Mar.
borð-vers, m. = borðsálmr, N. G. L. i. 406.
borð-viðr, m. boards, planks, Fms. viii. 374, D. N.
borð-þak, n. a 'thatch' or covering of planks, Hk
r. ii. 11.
borð-þekja, þakti, to cover with planks, Fms. v. 3
31.
borð-þili, n. the sides of a ship, Gkv. 1. 7.
BORG, ar, f., pl. ir, [Ulf. baurgs = GREEK, and once Nehem. vii. 2
= arx, castellum; A. S. burg, burh, byrig, = urbs and a

rx; Engl. borough and burgh; O. H. G. puruc, purc; lat
e Lat. burgus; Ital. borgo; Fr. bourg; cp. Gr. GREEK; the r
adical sense appears in byrgja, to enclose; cp. also berg, a hill,
and bjarga, to save, defend. Borg thus partly answers to town (properly
an enclosure); and also includes the notion of Lat. arx, Gr. GREE
K, a castle. Old towns were usually built around a hill, which was specia
lly a burg; the name is very freq. in old Teut. names of towns.] I. a small dome-shaped hill, hence the Icel. names of farms built near to
such hills, v. Landn. (Gl.) Hel. once uses the word in this sense, 81; v. the Gl
ossary of Schmeller; brann þá Borgarhraun, þar var bæri
nn sem nú er borgin (viz. the volcanic hill Eld-borg), Landn. 78; gö
ngum upp á borgina (the hill) ok tölum þar, Ísl.
ii. 216; er borgin er við kend, Landn. 127; Borgar-holt, -hraun, -dalr, -h&
ouml;fn, -fjörðr, -lækr, -sandr; Arnarbælis-borg, Eld-borg
(above) in the west of Icel. It may be questioned, whether those names are deri
ved simply from the hill on which they stand (berg, bjarg), or whether such hill
s took their name from old fortifications built upon them: the latter is more li
kely, but no information is on record, and at present 'borg' only conveys the no
tion of a 'hill;' cp. hólar, borgir og hæðir, all synonymous, N
úm. 2. 99. II. a wall, fortification, castle; en fyrir inna
n á jörðunni görðu þeir borg (wall) umhver
fis fyrir ófriði jötna ... ok kölluðu þá b
org Miðgarð, Edda 6; cp. also the tale of the giant, 25, 26; borg &Aacut
e;sa, Vsp. 28; þeir höfðu gört steinvegg fyrir framan hellis
munnann, ok höfðu sér þat allt fyrir borg (shelter, for
tification), Fms. vii. 81; hann let göra b. á sunnanverðu Mo
rhæfi (Murrey), Orkn. 10, 310, 312, 396, Fms. i. 124, xi. 393, Eg.
160; the famous Moussaburg in Shetland, cp. Orkn. 398. III. a city, esp. a great one, as London, Hkr. ii. 10; Lisbon, iii. 234; York, 156; Dublin,
Nj. 274; Constantinople, Fms. vii. 94; Nineveh, Sks. 592; Zion, Hom. 107, etc.
This sense of the word, however, is borrowed from the South-Teut. or Engl. In Sc
andin. unfortified towns have -bæ or -by as a suffix; and t
he termin. -by marks towns founded by the Danes in North. E. COMPDS: b
orgar-armr, m. the arm, wing of a fort, Fms. v. 280. borgar-greifi
, a, m. a borough-reeve, bur-grave (Engl.), Stj. borgar-gör&e
th;, f. the building of a fort, Edda 26, Fms. viii. 180. borgar-hl
ið, n. the gate of a fort, Edda 26, Stj. 350, Hkr. i. 217, Ver. 2
5. borgar-hreysi, n. the ruins of a fort, Karl. 101. borgar-kle
ttr, m. a rock on which a fort is built, Fms. viii. 284. borgar-ko
na, u, f. a townswoman, Stj. 426. borgar-lið, n. a garr
ison, Ver. 96. borgar-lím, n. lime for building a fort,
Bret. 106. borgar-lýðr, m. townsfolk, Fms. viii. 416,
v.l. borgar-maðr, m. a townsman, citizen, Eg. 244, Fms. i. 103
, Sks. 649, mostly in pl., Lat. concivis is rendered by b., Hom. 17. b
orgar-múgr, m. the mob of a city, Fas. i. 4. borgar-m&uacut
e;rr, m. a city-wall, Stj. 352. borgar-siðr, m. city-ma
nners, urbanity, Clem. 27. borgar-smíð, f. the building
of a town (fort), Stj., cp. Edda 28. borgar-staðr, m. 
the site of a town, Edda 152. borgar-veggr, m. the wall of a fort
 (town), Orkn. 376, Fms. i. 104, Hkr. i. 217, Ver. 24. Borgar-&th
orn;ing, n. the fourth political subdivision (þing) of Norway, founded
by St. Olave, cp. O. H. L. 23, and Munch's Geography of Norway. borga-skipan
, f. a (geographical) list of cities, Symb. 32.
borga, að, [Engl. to borrow and bargain; Germ. borge
n; related to byrgja and bjarga; O. H. G. porgen only means parcer
e, spondere, not mutuare. In Icel. the word is of foreign origin; the
indigenous expressions are, lána, ljá, to lend; gjalda, to pay; selja, veðja, to bail, etc.; the word only occurs in lat
er and theol. writers] :-- to bail; vil ek b. fyrir Árna biskup me
ð mínum peningum, Bs. i. 770 (thrice): now obsolete in this sense. 2. to pay, as in Matth. xviii. 25; but in old writers this sense har
dly occurs.
borgan, borgun, f. bail, security, Bs. i. 749, 770, Dipl. v. 14, S
tj. COMPD: borganar-maðr, m. a bailsman, Bs. i. 770, Jb. 112,
Band. 33 new Ed.
borgari, a, m. [for. word; Germ. bürger; Dan. borger],
a citizen, N. G. L. iii. 144; rare and hardly before A.D. 1280. COMPD:
borgara-réttr, m. civic rights, id.
borg-firzkr, adj. one from the district Borgarfjörðr, Lan
dn.
borg-hlið, f. = borgarhlið, Edda 30, Bret. 94.
borgin-móði, a, m., poët name of the raven, bold of mo
od, Lex. Poët.
borgin-orðr, adj. cautious in words, reticent, reserved ( = or
ðvarr), Fms. vi. 208: at present b. and borgin-mannligr, adj., mean vainglorious, braggart.
borr, m. (com. bor-járn, n.), a borer; stórvi
ðar-borr, skipa-borr, Od. ix. 384: metaph. the pipe of a marrow-bone,
Eg. (in a verse). II. a less correct form of börr, q.v.
BOSSI, a, m. [Swed. buss, cp. Germ. bursch], a boy, fell
ow; occurs once in the Jomsv. S., Fms. xi. (in a verse), from A.D. 994. It i
s still in use in Icel. in the compd word hvata-buss, a boyish fellow
who is always in a bustle; hence also hvatabuss-legr, adj. hurried
.
BOTN, m. [Lat. fundus; A. S. botm; Engl. bottom; Hel
. bodm; Germ. boden; Swed. batten; Dan. bund] :-- the bottom; of a vessel, tunnu-botn, kistu-botn, etc., Nj. 133, Sturl. ii.
107, Hkr. ii. 245: the bottom of other things, e.g. of a haycock, Eb. 32
4; marar-botn, the bottom of the sea. β. the head of a bay
, firth, lake, dale, or the like; fjarðar-botn, vatns-botn, vágsbotn, dals-botn: Botn is a local name in Icel., Fms. xi. 125: in pl. even = b
ays, nú er at segja hvat móts gengr við Grænaland &o
acute;r botnum þeim er fyrir eru nefndir, MS. A. M. 294; Hafs-botnar, Trol
la-botnar, the Polar Sea between Greenland and Norway; the ancients fanci
ed that these bays were the abode of the giants.
botn-hola, u, f. a pit; in the phrase, at vera kominn í bot
nholu, to have got into a hole, i.e. into a scrape, metaphor from
fox-hunting, Sturl. ii. 62, Fms. viii. 186.
bóand-, v. búand-.
BÓFI, a, m. [Germ. bube, büberl, spitzbube, v. Grimm],
a knave, rogue, in Icel. only in a bad sense; cp. the rhyming phrase, &
thorn;jófar og bófar, thieves and knaves; no reference from
old writers is on record (though it is common enough at the present day), excep
t that in Eb. it is used as a nickname, Freysteinn Bófi; in Swed. it occu
rs as a pr. name, Baut. 1478, 1483.
bóg-limir, m. pl., poët. = arms, Lex. Poët.

bóg-lína, u, f. bow-line, Edda (Gl.)
BÓGR, m., old acc. pl. bógu, Nj. 95, Fms. v. 163, etc.: mod
. bóga; old dat. bægi, Hlt., Vkv. 31, Stj. 249, [A. S. bôg
; Dan. boug; Engl. bow of a ship; and in Old Engl. bowres are the muscles of the shoulder] :-- the shoulder of an anima
l, (armr of a man); á hinum hægra bæginum, Stj. 249; ek hj&oa
cute; varginn í sundr fyrir aptan bóguna, Nj. l.c., Fms. l.c.; l&a
elig;r uxans tvau ok báða bógana, the shoulder-piece of the
ox (the Ob. bóguna), Edda 45; cp. b&oelig;gsli or bæxli, th
e shoulder of a whale or dragon, v. Lex. Poët. :-- the bow of a
ship, v. bóglína above. 2. mod. metaph. of the side of a person or thing; á hinn, þann bóginn, on this, on th
at side; á báða bóga, on both sides, etc.
BÓK, ar, f. [Lat. f&a-long;gus; Gr. GREEK; A. S. b&ocirc
;c; Engl. beech; Germ. buche (fem.); Swed. bok; Dan. böge, etc.] :-- a beech, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët. Owing to t
he absence of trees in Icel., the word rarely occurs; moreover the collect. beyk
i, n., is more freq.
BÓK, gen. bókar, but also in old writers bækr, pl. b&
aelig;kr, [Ulf. renders by bôca the Gr. GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, etc.;
A. S. bôc; Engl. book; Germ. buch (neut.); Swed. b
ok; Dan. bog: the identity between bók f&a-long;gus and
bók liber seems certain; the gender is in all Scandinavian idioms
the same; modern German has made a distinction in using buche fem., 
buch neut.; both are akin to the Gr.-Lat. f&a-long;gus, GREEK; cp. al
so the analogy with Gr. GREEK and Lat. liber (book and bark
): bók-stafr also properly means a beech-twig, and then 
a letter. In old times, before the invention of parchment, the bark of trees
was used for writing on]: -- a book. I. the earliest notion, how
ever, of a 'book' in Scandin. is that of a precious stuff, a textile fabric with figures, or perhaps characters, woven in it; it occurs three or four tim
es in old poems in this sense; bók ok blæja, bjartar váð
ir, Skv. 3. 47; bækr (bekr) þínar enar bláhvítu
ofnar völundum (of bed-sheets?), Hðm. 7, Gh. 4: bók-r
únar, Sdm. 19, may refer to this; or is it = runes engraven on bee
ch-wood? II. a book in the proper sense. Icel. say, rita and s
etja saman bók (sögu), to write and compose a book (story); old writers prefer saying, rita 'á' bók (dat. or acc.
) instead of 'í,' perhaps bearing in mind that the earliest writings were
on scrolls, or even on stones or wooden slabs -- barbara fraxineis pingatur
runa tabellis; they also prefer to use the plur. instead of sing. without re
gard to volumes (as in Engl. writings); það finst ritað &aa
cute; bókum, Fms. i. 157; á bókum Ara prests hins Fr&oacute
;ða, iii. 106; historia ecclesiarum á tveim (sjau) bókum, Dipl
. v. 18; á bókum er sagt, Landn. (pref.); á bókum En
skum, id.; á bók þessi (acc.) lét ek rita fornar fr&a
acute;sagnir, Hkr. (pref.); but svá segir í bók þeirr
i sem Edda heitir, Skálda 222; þá hluti sem frammi standa &i
acute; bók þessi, 159; svá sem hann (viz. Ari) hefir sj&aacu
te;lfr ritað í sínum bókum, Ó. H. 188; þei
r er Styrmir reiknar í sinni bók, Fb. ii. 68; hér fyrr &iac
ute; bókinni. III. a book, i.e. a story, history (Sa
ga), since in Icel. histories were the favourite books; cp. Íslendinga-b&
oacute;k, Konunga-bók, bók Styrmis; Landnáma-bók; b&
aelig;kr þær er Snorri setti saman, Sturl. ii. 123. It is used of th

e Gospel in the law phrases, sem búar virða við bók, vinna
eið at bók (bókar-eiðr), of a verdict given or an oath ta
ken by laying the hand upon the Gospel, Grág. (Þ. Þ.) several
times; as the Engl. phrase 'to swear on the book' is common; of a code (
of law) = Jóns-bók, after A.D. 1272 or 1281,
<PAGE NUM="b0074">
<HEADER>74 BÓKAGULL -- BÓNDAHLUTR.</HEADER>
Bs. i. 720, 723, vide Ann. those years; hafa bók even means to hold th
e book, i.e. to hold the office of lögmaðr (law-man, judg
e); Þórðr Narfa son hafði bók, Ann. (Hol.) A.D.
1304; á bókarinnar vegna, on the part of the book, i.e. 
the law, D. N. ii. 492. Mod. phrases: skrifa, rita, semja bók, to
write it; lesa í bók, to read it; but syngja á b
ók, to sing from a book; fletta bók, to turn over the l
eaves; líta, blaða, í bók, to peruse, look into
a book (hann lítr aldrei í bók, he never looks into
a book); lesa bók ofan í kjölinn, to read a book caref
ully, v. lesa bók spjaldanna í milli, to read it from end t
o end :-- sálma-bók, flokka-bók, a hymn-book; k
væða-bók, ljóða-bók, a book of poems;
sögu-bók, of histories; lög-bók, of laws;
Guðs orða-bók, God's word-book, a religious book :-- also
of MSS., Flateyjar-bók (Cod. Flateyensis), Orms-bók, Uppsa
la-bók, Konungs-bók, Staðarfells-bók, Skálholtsbók, etc. :-- phrases relating to books: það er allt á e
ina bókina lært, all learnt from the same book, i.e. all
of one piece (esp. denoting one-sidedness); blindr er bóklauss ma&eth
;r, blind is a bookless man; læra utan-bókar, to learn wi
thout book, by heart; bókvit, 'bookwit,' knowledge got from books;
 mannvit, mother-wit, common sense; allra manna vit er minna en &thor
n;eirra er af bókum taka mannvit sitt, Sks. 22 :-- also, setja e-n til b
ækr, to set one to book, i.e. put one to school in order to make hi
m priest; berja e-n til bækr, to thrash one to the book, i.e. into
learning, Bs. i; a book has spjöld, boards; kjöl, keel, back
; snið, cut; brot, size. COMPDS: bóka-gull,
n. gold for gilding books, Vm. 117. bóka-görð, f.
the transcription (or writing) of books, Bs. i. 168. b&
oacute;ka-kista, u, f. a book-box, Bs. i. 423, D. I. i. 402, Vm. 71.
bóka-lectari, a, m. a reading-desk, lectern, Vm. 91. b&o
acute;ka-list, f. book-lore, learning, scholarship, Bs. i. 127. b&
oacute;kar-blað, n. a leaf of a book, Mar. bókar-b&oacu
te;t, f. an appendix to a book, 1812. 72. bókar-eiðr, m. an oath upon the Gospel, Dipl. ii. 2. bókar-eiðstafr,
 m. the wording of a b., D. N. bókar-lag, n. a lawfu
l prize fixed in the code, Dipl. v. 5. bókar-skeyting, f. a
written deed, Gþl. 225. bókar-skrá, f. an old
scroll, Am. 100. bókar-stóll, m. a reading-desk, Vm. 22, 9. bókar-tak, n. the touching the Gospel in takin
g an oath, D. N. bókar-vitni, n. witness upon the Gospel, G
þl. 400, Jb. 276, D. N. bóka-skápr, m. book-shelve
s, (mod.) bóka-steinn, m. paint to illuminate MSS., Bs.
i. 341. bóka-stokkr, m. a book-case, Pm. 112.
bóka, að, to affirm by oath on the book (Gospel)
, Gþl. 151; bókaðr eiðr, vitni, = bókareiðr, D.
N. i. 81, ii. 230: mod. to record, register.

bók-fell, n. [A. S. bôcfell], 'book-skin,' parchme
nt, vellum, Skálda 165, Vm. 12, Dipl. v. 18: an A. S. word, as writin
g materials were imported from abroad.
bók-fróðr, adj. book-wise, learned, Barl. 129.
bók-fræði, f. book-knowledge, Stj. 46, Bs. i. 138
, Barl. 12.
bók-hlaða, u, f. a library, (mod.)
bók-lauss, adj. (bók-leysi, n.), book-less, void
of learning, Bs. ii. 125, Mar. 145; = utanbókar, Clem. 60.
bók-lest, f. [lesa], a legend of the saints, N. G. L. i. 34
7.
bók-ligr, adi. bookish, literary, Bs. i. 680.
bók-list, f. book-lore, learning, Stj. 84, Sks. 16.
bók-ljóst, n. adj., so bright that one cannot see to rea
d, Ann. 1341.
bók-lærðr, part. book-learned, Hom. 160: the c
lergy, Grág. ii. 165.
bók-mál, n. the book language, learned language, i.e
. Latin, Hom. 138: en at bókmáli (in Latin) verða öll hun
druð tíræð, Sks. 57, Rb. 54, 516; Heilagt b., the Holy S
criptures, Str.; blót þau sem fyrirboðin eru at bókm
áli, i.e. in the canon of the church, N. G. L. i. 351.
bók-mánuðr, m. a calendar month, Clem. 22.
bók-nám, n. (bók-næmi, Bs. i. 793), 
book-training, learning; setja e-n til b., Bs. i. 793; vera at b., to be
a-reading, opp. to at riti, a-writing, 91, 265.
bók-rúnar, v. bók.
bók-saga, u, f. a written narrative; hlýða b&oac
ute;k sögum, Bs. i. 108.
bók-setja, setti, to commit to writing, Sks. 6.
bók-skygn, adj. sharp-sighted at reading a book, Sturl. ii.
185.
bók-speki, f. book-wisdom, Greg. 17.
bók-stafr, m. [Hel. bôcstabo; A. S. bócst&a
elig;v; Germ. buchstabe], a letter of the alphabet, Ská
lda 168, Hom. 1.
bók-sögn, f. = bóksaga, Stj. 6.
bók-tal, n. a 'book-tale,' written computation, Rb. 4.

bók-vit, n. 'book-wit,' learning, erudition, Bs. i. 793, Ac
ts xxvi. 24.
bók-víss, adj. 'book-wise,' a scholar, Landn. 13, Bs
. i. 65. (a cognom.)
BÓL, n. [A. S. botl and bolt, byld, = aedes, mans
io; cp. bytlian = aedificare; Engl. to build. In Scandi
n. contracted in the same way as nál for nadal: böl and b&
ouml;ll are very freq. in Dan. local names, and even mark the line of Scandi
n. settlements] :-- 'built,' i.e. reclaimed and cultivated land, a far
m, abode, esp. in Norway, where ból answers to Icel. jörð, D
an. gård; the value of the Norse farms is denoted by merkr-b&oacute
;l, eyris-ból, or the like; taka bóli, to take a farm, G&th
orn;l. 328, 354. In Icel. this sense is almost obsolete, and only remains in suc
h words as, ból-staðr, ból-festa; in local names as, Hör&
eth;u-ból, Sæ-ból, Lauga-ból, Ból-staðr, B
reiðaból-staðr; in such phrases as, á bygðu ból
i (opp. to wilderness), hvergi á bygðu bóli, i.e. nowhere,
nowhere among men; and in a few law passages, Grág. ii. 279, Fms. x.
153, Otherwise, in Icel. ból and bæli denote the lair or 
lying place of beasts or cattle; ból and kvía-ból, t
he place where sheep and cows are penned; bæla fé, to pen sh
eep during the night. β. a den, Eg. 41, Fas. iii. 345, cp
. Edda 74 (the lair of a serpent); tóku sumir heyhjálma nok
kura ok görðu sér af ból, a bed of hay, Fms. vii.
296; liggja í bólinn, to lie a-bed, of a lazy fellow; cp. b
æli.
BÓLA, u, f. a blain, blister (cp. Engl. boil), Stj.
272, Mar. 655 xxxii. 2. small pox, Ann. 1349: also bólna
-sótt, f., Ann. 1310, 1347.
bóla, að, impers., b. á e-u, to be just visible.
BÓLA, u, f. the boss on a shield, a for. word, perhaps the
Lat. bulla, Valla L. 213.
ból-festa, u, f. abode, Gþl. 354: in the phrase, taka
sér b., to abide.
bólginn, part, of a lost strong verb, swoln, Fas. iii. 307;
b. sem naut, Bs. 1. 644: metaph. swollen with anger, reiði b., b. il
sku, Mar.; so, b. af retði, Fas. iii. 630; cp. bylgja, belgr.
bólgna, að, [Engl. 'boulne,' Levins Manipul.], to 'b
oulne,' grow swollen, Mar.: metaph., 655 xi. 2.
ból-göltr, m. a pig kept in the homestead, Nj. 109, v.
l.
ból-skapr, m. household, D. N. (Fr.)
ból-staðr, m. a homestead; hon á þar b&oac
ute;lstaði mikla, Edda, where Ed. A.D. 1848 has bústaði, which is
a more household Icel. word; hálfan b., half the farm, Grá
g. i. 396, ii. 222 A. COMPD: bólstaðar-görð, f. th
e building a homestead, Eg. 130.
BÓLSTR, rs, [A. S. bolster; Germ, polster], a bol

ster, N. G. L. i. 351, 362, Am. 6, Gkv. 1. 15: rare and poët., metaph.
in pl. piles of clouds, Bjarni 59; also ský-bólstrar.
BÓN, f. [A. S. bene; Engl. boon, in Chaucer bone], a petition, Fas. i. 408, Ann. 1418; cp. bæn. COMPDS: b&oac
ute;nar-maðr, m. a beggarman, H. E. ii. 585. bóna-vetr,
 m. begging winter, Ann. l.c.
BÓNDI, a, in.: older form búandi, or even b&oacut
e;andi, pl. búendr or bóendr; gen. búanda, bóand
a; dat. buöndum, bóöndum, Edda 28, Grág. i. 370, 371. &O
acute;. H. 203, 209-211, 215, Nj. 14, 220; búanda (gen. pl.), 211, 212, 2
15-217, 220; búöndum, 219; bóandi, Grág. i. 114, 157,
187, 377, Nj. 52; but the common Icel. form is bóndi, pl. bændr; ge
n. dat. pl. in old writers either bónda, bóndum, or as at present
keeping the æ throughout all plur. cases (bænda, (gen.) b&ael
ig;ndum): properly a part. act. from búa (turned into a noun subst., cp.
frændi, fjándi), A. S. buan; Germ, bauer, and theref
ore originally a tiller of the ground, husbandman, but it always involve
d the sense of ownership, and included all owners of land (or b&ua
cute;, q.v.). from the petty freeholder to the franklin, and esp.
the class represented by the yeoman of England generally or the states
man of Westmoreland and Cumberland: hence it came to mean the master of t
he house, A. S. bond and hûsbond, Engl. husband.
I. a husbandman. The law distinguishes between a grið-maðr
a labourer, búðsetu-maðr a cottager, and a b&uacut
e;andi or bóndi a man who has land and stock. In the Icel. Common
wealth only the b. (but neither cottager or labourer) could act as judge or n
eighbour who gave witness in acquittal of a culprit (cp. þingheyjandi)
; the griðmaðr could only partly be admitted to the tylptarkviðr, no
t to the búakviðr, Grág. i. 35, 114; ek ryð þessa tv
á menn ór kviðburðinum fyrir þá sök, at
þeir eru búðsetu-menn en eigi bændr, Nj. 236; cp. l.c. be
low, where the distinction between both is defined. The Norse law, on the other
hand, distinguishes between hersir or lendir menu (barons) and búa
ndi, cp. the interesting passage Fms. vi. 279 (verðr mér þ&aacu
te; lends manns nafn ekki at virðingu; nú vil ek heldr heita b&oacute
;ndi sem ek á ætt til); the Norse hauldr- or óðals-b&oac
ute;ndi nearly answers to the Engl. 'yeoman.' In the more despotic Norway
and Denmark, as in continental Europe, 'bóndi' became a word of contempt
, denoting the common, low people, opp. to the king and his 'men' (hirð), th
e royal officers, etc.; just as the Engl. boor degenerated from A. S. 
gebur, Germ, bauer, Dutch boer; and in mod. Dan. bönde
r means plebs, a boor; such is the use of bóndi in the Fms., e
sp. Sverr. S. and Hák. S. In the Icel. Commonwealth the word has a good s
ense, and is often used of the foremost men -- Sighvatr bóndi, Sturl. ii.
78; Rafn bóndi (i.e. Sveinbjarnarsson), Bs. i. Rafn. S. several times; R
útr talaði þá til Marðar, hugsa þú sv&a
acute; um bóndi (Mord Gigja), Nj. 3; optar hefir þú glað
ari verit, búndi, en nú, 174 (of Flosi); Njáll bóndi
, id.; Þorsteinn bóndi, Illugi bóndi, Gunnl. S. Ísl.
ii; Björn bóndi, Safn i. 657; Björn bóndi Einarsson (J&o
acute;rsalafari), Ann. 1393; Ari bóndi, Daði bóndi, Bs. ii. 47
4, 505; it is only opp. to the clerks (clergy) or knights, etc. This notion of t
he word (a franklin) still prevails in the mind of Icelanders. 2.
a husband, A. S. hûsbond; eigi var skegglauss Þorvaldr
bóandi þinn, Nj. 52, Grág. i. 371, 377, Fms. i. 149; hj&aac
ute; hvílu búanda þíns, Nj. 14. [The learned Icel. cl
ergyman Eyjulf on Vellir (died A.D. 1747) has written a short essay upoii the wo
rd bóndi, Icel. MSS. Bodl. no. 71.] COMPDS: -- (in mod. use always b&ael
ig;nda- if pl., bónda- if sing.) -- bónda-bani, a, m. a
slayer of a bóndi, Fms. vi. 104. bónda-ból, n. (
bónda-bær, m.), a farm, Grett. 96 A. bóndadóttir, f. a bóndi's daughter, Eg. 24, Sn&oacute
;t 18. bónda-eiðr, m. a bundi's oath, Gþl.
67. bónda-far, n. a bóndi's ferry-boat, Hkr.
ii. 292. bónda-fé, n. a provincial fund, Gþl
. 11. bónda-fólk, n. a class of bændr, Fms. vi
i. 293. bónda-fylking (búanda-), f. a host of b&aeli
g;ndr, Fms. viii. 126. bónda-herr, m. an army of bænd
r, Fms. i. 162. bónda-hlutr. m. = bóndatíund.
<PAGE NUM="b0075">
<HEADER>BÓNDAHUS -- BRAGAFULL. 75</HEADER>
Fr. bónda-hus, n. a bóndi's house, K. Þ
. K. 26. bónda-hvíla, u, f. a bóndi's bed,
 El. 9. bónda-kirkja (búanda-), u, f. the church bel
onging to the bóndi in Thingvalla, where the parliament was he
ld; and búanda-kirkjugarðr, m. the churchyard to that churc
h, vide Nj. and Grág. This church was erected about the middle of the
11th century, vide Kristni S., Fms. vi. 266. bónda-kona, u, f. a good wife of a bóndi, Gþl. 511. bónda-laus, ad
j. husband-less, widowed, Stj. 420. bónda-lega, u, f. th
e burial place of bændr, N. G. L. i. 368. bónda-lið,
n. = bóndaherr, Fms. ii. 48. bónda-ligr, adj. farmer-li
ke. bónda-múgr, m. a crowd, host of bændr,
Fms. xi. 248. bónda-nafn, n. the name, title of bón
di, Fms. vi. 279, Gþl. 106. bónda-réttr (búand
a-), m. the right of a bóndi, Fms. ix. 135. bónda-safna&
eth;r (-samnaðr) = bóndamúgr, Hkr. ii. 307, Fms. vi
i. 320. bónda-skapr, m. the state of the bændr, opp.
to the clergy, Bs. i. 590. bónda-son, m. the son of a b&oac
ute;ndi, Eg. 232. bónda-tala, u, f., vera í b., to be to
ld or counted among bændr, Fas. ii. 326. bónda-t&iacu
te;und, f. tithe to be paid by bændr, Vm. 104. bóndaungi, a, m. a young bóndi, Hkr. iii. 275. bónda-val,
 n. the elite of bændr; var þá gott b., there w
ere choice bændr to be found, Sturl. i. 130, Landn. 236. b&o
acute;nda-ætt, f. a bóndi's extraction, Fms. vi.
278.
bón-leið, f. a begging path; in the phrase, fara b., to go begging from house to house, Nj. 185: in mod. use, fara bónarv
eg (að e-m) is to entertain, v. however boðleið.
bón-orð, f. wooing, courtship; hefja b. við, to
woo; síðan hóf Þórólfr bónor&et
h; sitt við Sigurð ok bað Sigríðar dóttur hans, Eg
. 38, 97; vekja b., Ld. 99, Nj. 17. COMPDS: bónorðs-för,
f. a wooing journey; fara b., to go a-wooing, Nj. 16. bó
norða-mál, n. the business of wooing, Ld. 92. As to wooing
and courtship in old times, cp. Ld. ch. 7, 23, 68, Nj. ch. 2, 9, 13, 27, 33, 98
, Gunnl. S. ch. 5, 9, Hænsa Þ. S. ch. 10, Glúm. ch. 11, Lv. c
h. 5, Harð. S. ch. 3, Eb. ch. 28, 41, Vd. ch. 3, 12, Korm S. ch. 7, G&iacute
;sl. 9, Hallfr. S. ch. 4, Bs. i. 53-56 (the story of bishop Ísleif), &THO
RN;orl. S. ch. 5, Sturl. i. 197, 198, 200, 206-208 (the two sisters there), etc.
The meeting of the parliament, where people from all parts of the island were g
athered together, was a golden opportunity for 'bónorð' (v. the passa
ges above). 2. = begging, Gísl. 85.
BÓT, ar, f., pl. bætr, [Ulf. bota; A. S. bôt
; Engl. boot, booty, to boot; O. H. G. puoz; Germ. büs
se; akin to bati, better, etc.] :-- bettering, improvement: 1. a cure, remedy, mental as well as bodily, from sickness, loss, so
rrow, etc.; fá bót e-s, meina, Fms. vii. 251, ix. 427, Fas. i. 175
; allra meina bót; vinna e-m b., to comfort one, Landn. 212; bera
til bóta, to amend, Fms. xi. 236; berja ... e-n til ób&oacu
te;ta is to beat ... one so that he never recovers from it. 2. as
a law term, almost always in pl., atonement, compensation, and esp. = man
n-bætr, weregild, cp. vígs-bætr, sak-bætr, etc.,
Fms. vii. 36, Hrafn. 4, 9, Eb. 106, Ísl. ii. 272, and in endless cases i
n Grág. (Vl.) and Nj.: bætr and mann-gjöld are often used indi
scriminately, e.g. tvennum bótum, or tvennum manngjöldum, a doubl
e weregild; cp. also the phrase, halda uppi bótum, to discharge, p
ay the b.; the sing. is rare in this sense, Nj. 58, Grág. ii. 182. 3. in such phrases as, e-t berr til bóta (impers.), it is a comfo
rt, satisfaction, Nj. 58, Fms. x. 264; (mikilla) bóta vant, very s
hortcoming, Ld. 328. 4. a patch, of an old torn garment; engin
n setr bót af nýju klæði á gamalt fat, Matth. ix.
17; svört bót var milli herða honum, Sturl. ii. 230. COMPDS: bóta-lauss, adj. a law term, 'bootless,' getting no redress;
hafa sár bótalaust, Rd. 269: irreparable, Fms. i. 264, Hom.
121. bóta-maðr, m. a law term, a man who has to receive 'bætr' for hurt or damage suffered, Ann. 1372, Gþl. 160; hence &oa
cute;bótamaðr, exlex, an outlaw, who has forfeited his right to 'bætr.' bóta-verðr, adj. worth redress, Fbr. 33
.
BÓTI, a, m. [Fr. botte; a for. word], a boot, Nj. 19
0, Fms. vii. 186, N. G. L. iii. 13.
bót-leysi, n.; lemja e-n til b. = til óbóta above, G
rett. 154.
bót-sama, ð, to make better, repair, Grág. i. 12
3, ii. 335.
bót-þarfi (-þarfa), adj. ind. needing 'b
ætr' or satisfaction, Fms. vii. 154, Sturl. iii. 123.
braga, að, of the northern lights, to flicker, Bjarni 69.
BRAGÐ, n. [cp. bregða]. I. the fundamental notion is that
of a sudden motion: 1. temp. a while, moment, cp. auga-brag
ð; in adverb, phrases, af bragði, at once, Hrafn. 17, Gs. 18, Am.
2; af (á) skömmu bragði, shortly, Fms. vi. 272, viii. 23
6, 348; í fyrsta bragði, the first time (rare), Gþl. 532
, Js. 129; skams bragðs, gen. used as adv. quickly, in a short time,
Bs. i. 336, 337, Fms. viii. 348, v.l.; cp. 'at a brayd,' 'in a brayd,' Engl. Bal
lads. 2. loc. a quick movement; við-bragð (cp. bregða
við), knífs-bragð (cp. bregða sverði), a slash with a
knife. 3. metaph. in many phrases, verða fyrri (skjótari)
at bragði, til bragðs, to make the first move; þeir hafa or
ðit fyrri at b. at stefna en vér, Nj. 241, Bs. ii. 106; svá at
þú verðir skjótari at b. at veiða þenna n&iac
ute;ðing, Fms. i. 206, ix. 288; vera í bragði með e-m, to
lend one a helping hand, mostly in something uncanny, Gísl. 5, Bs. i.

722; snarast í bragð með e-m, id., Ld. 254; taka e-t brag
ðs, til bragðs or bragð, to take some step to get clear out o
f difficulties, Nj. 263, 199, Fms. ix. 407, Grett. 75 new Ed.; þat var b.
(step, issue) Atla, at hann hljóp ..., Háv. 53; úvit
rligt b., a foolish step, Nj. 78; karlmannligt b., a manly issue,
194; gott b., Fs. 39; úheyriligt b., an unheard-of thing, Finnb. 2
12. II. [bregða A. III], a 'braid,' knot, stitch, chiefly in p
l.; hekla saumuð öll brögðum, a cloak braided or sti
tched all over, Fms. ii. 70; fáguð brögðum, all broid
ered, v. 345, Bret. 34; rístu-bragð, a scratched character. 2. in wrestling, bragð or brögð is the technical phrase fo
r wrestlers' tricks or sleights; mjaðmar-bragð, leggjar-br
agð, hæl-bragð, klof-bragð ..., the 'bragð' of the hip,
leg, heel ..., Edda 33; [fang-bragð, wrestling], hence many wres
tling terms, fella e-n á sjálfs síns bragði, to thro
w one on his own bragð. 3. gen. a trick, scheme, device, [
A. S. brægð, bræd; Engl. braid = cunning, S
hakesp.], chiefly in pl., með ymsum brögðum, margskyns brög&et
h;, Fas. i. 274, Fms. x. 237; brögð í tafli, a trick in the g
ame, a proverb, when things go not by fair means, Bs. ii. 318; ferr at fornu
m brögðum, in the old way, Grett. 79 new Ed.: but also sing., s&
eacute;r konungr nú bragð hans allt, Fms. xi. 106; hafði hann sv&
aacute; sett bragðit, x. 305, Eg. 196 (a trick); ek mun finna brag&et
h; þar til, at Kristni mun við gangast á Íslandi, Hkr. i
. 290; bragð hitta þeir nú í, Lv. 82. β. wit
h a notion of deceit, a trick, crafty scheme; með brögðum, with tricks, Hkr. ii; búa yfir brögðum, to brood over w
iles, Fas. i. 290; hafa brögð undir brúnum, to have craf
t under one's eyebrows, look crafty, Band. 2; undir skauti, under one's c
loak, id., Bs. i. 730; beita e-n brögðum, metaphor from hunting, to deal craftily with one, Rm. 42, Ísl. ii. 164; hafa brögð
við e-n, Njarð. 382, 378; vera forn í brögðum, old i
n craft, of witchcraft, Ísl. ii. 399: hence such phrases as, brag&eth
;a-karl, a crafty fellow, Grett. 161; bragða-refr, a cunning fox; brögðóttr, crafty, etc. In Swed. 'bragder' mea
ns an exploit, action, whilst the Icel. implies some notion of subtlety
or craft; yet cp. phrases as, stór brögð, great exploits,
Fb. ii. 299; hreysti-brögð, hetju-brögð, great deeds,
(above I. 3.) III. [bregða C; cp. A. S. bræd, Engl. b
reath], countenance, look, expression; hón hefir hvíti
ok b. várt Mýramanna, Ísl. ii. 201, v.l.; þannig er b
ragð á þér, at þú munir fás sv&iacut
e;fast, thou lookest as if ..., cp. brögð undir brúnum ab
ove, Fms. ii. 51; heilagleiks b., to look like a saint, Bs. i. 152; &thor
n;at b. hafði hann á sér sem, Ld. 24; ekki hefir þ&uacut
e; b. á þér sem hérlenzkir menn, Fms. x. 227; þ
annig ertu í bragði sem ..., thou lookest as if ..., Ís
l. ii. 149; með illu bragði, ill-looking, Sturl. i. 170; með
hýru, glöðu b., Bs. ii. 505; með beztu bragði, stern,
 Pass. 21. 1; með hryggu bragði, with gloomy look; með be
tra bragði, in a better mood, Nj. 11; bleyði-mannligr í b.
, cowardly, Fms. ii. 69: metaph., Sturla görði þat brag&et
h; á, at hann hefði fundit ..., S. put that face on a thing, S
turl. ii. 176. IV. [bergja, gustare], taste; vatns-brag&eth
;, beisku-bragð, bitter taste, of water; ó-bragð, a bad
flavour, etc. 2. [ = bragr], mode, fashion; in vinnu-br&ouml
;gð, working; hand-bragð, handicraft; lát-bragð
, manners; trúar-brögð, pl. religion, mode of faith; afla-brögð, mode of gaining one's livelihood, etc.: very freq
. in mod. usage, but in old writers no instance bearing clearly upon the subject
is on record; cp. however the phrase, bragð er at e-u, a thing is palpab
le, tangible: lítið bragð mun þar at (it must be ver
y slight) ef þú finnr ekki, Ld. 136; ærit b. mun at &thor
n;ví, Nj. 58; görðist þar at svá mikit b., it we
nt so far that ..., Fms. i. 187, Grett. 158 new Ed.
bragða, að, I. = braga, of light, Sks. 202 B. II. [
Engl. to breathe], to give signs of life, of a new-born babe, of o
ne swooning or dying; þá fæddi hón barnit, ok fanst ei
gi líf með, ok hér eptir bragðaði fyrir brjósti
nu, i.e. the infant began to draw breath, Bs. i. 618, ii. 33; þat b
ragðar sem kvikt er, Þiðr. 114. III. to taste = berg
ja, freq. in mod. usage.
bragð-alr, m. a brad-awl, used in Icel. for producing fire, bragðals-eldr, m. fire produced by a b., Bs. i. 616; hann t&oacu
te;k b. millum tveggja trjó, ii. 176.
bragð-illr, adj. ill-looking, Fms. x. 174.
bragð-lauss, adj. (-leysi, f., medic. pallor), pale,
insipid.
bragð-ligr, adj. expedient, Karl. 451: mod. well-looking.
bragð-mikill, adj. expressive looking, Sturl. iii. 129.
bragð-samr, adj. crafty, El.
bragð-vísi, f. craft, subtlety, Edda 110.
bragð-vísligr (and -víss), adj. cunning,
Fms. ii. 140.
BRAGGA, að, [Engl. brag], to throw off sloth, Bb. 1. 24
.
Bragi, a, m. the god of poetry Bragi, also a pr. name: in pl. b
ragnar, poët, heroes, men, Edda, Lex. Poët.; cp. A. S. b
rego = princeps.
BRAGR, ar, m. [akin to bragð, braga, bragi, etc.] I. best,
foremost; b. kvenna, best of women, Skv. 2. 15; Ása b., bes
t of Ases, Skm. 34; b. karla eðr kvenna, Edda 17: only used in poetry or
poët, language, cp. the A. S. brego (princeps) Egypta, No
rðmanna, Israelita, Gumena, Engla, etc. :-- hence the compd bragar-fu
ll or braga-full, n. a toasting cup, to be drunk esp. at funer
al feasts; it seems properly to mean the king's toast (cp. Bragi = pri
nceps), i.e. the toast in the memory of the deceased king or earl, which was
to be drunk first; the heir to the throne rose to drink this toast, and while d
oing so put his feet on the footstool of his seat and made a solemn vow (st&iacu
te;ga á stokk ok strengja heit); he then for the first time took his fath
er's seat, and the other guests in their turn made similar vows. For a graphic d
escription of this heathen sacred custom, vide Yngl. S. Hkr. i. 49, Hervar. S. F
as. i. 417 and 515,
<PAGE NUM="b0076">
<HEADER>76 BRAGARBOT -- BRAUTARGENGI.</HEADER>

Hkv. Hjörv. 32, Ragn. S. Fas. i. 345. It is likely that the b. was mostly u
sed at funeral banquets, though the passages in the Ragn. and Hervar. S. (cp. al
so Hænsaþ. S. ch. 12) seem to imply its use at other festivals, as w
eddings; cp. also the description of the funeral banquet, Hkr. i. 231, where 'mi
nni hans' (the toast of the dead king) answers to bragarfull; cp. also th
e funeral banquet recorded in Jómsvik. S., where the Danish king Sweyn ma
de the vow 'at bragarfulli' to conquer England within three winters. This is sai
d to have been the prelude to the great Danish invasion A.D. 994, Fagrsk. 44, an
d Hkr. to l.c. The best MSS. prefer the reading bragar- (from bragr, princeps
), not braga-. II. nearly like Lat. mos, a fashion, habit of life,
 in compds as, bæjar-bragr, heimilis-bragr, híbýla-bragr
, house life; sveitar-bragr, country life; bónda-bragr, 
yeoman life; héraðs-bragr, lands-bragr, etc. Icel. say good or ba
d bæjarbragr, Bb. I. 15. III. poetry; gefr hann (viz. Odin)
brag skáldum, Hdl. 5, Edda 17: in mod. usage chiefly melody or 
metre. COMPDS: bragar-bót, f. a sort of metre, Edda 130
: mod. palinode. bragar-fræði, f. prosody, Icel.
Choral Book (1860), pref. 7. bragar-laun, n. pl. a gift for a poem
dedicated to a king or great person, Eg. 318, Ísl. ii. 223, 230 (Gunnl.
S.), etc. bragar-mál, n. pl. poetical diction, Edda 134; o
f using obsolete poët. forms, Skálda 189.
BRAK, n. [Ulf. brakja = GREEK; A. S. and Hel. ge-bræc; cp. Lat. fragor], a creaking noise, Hkr. iii. 139, Bár&et
h;. 160, Fms. ii. 100.
braka, að, [cp. Ulf. brikan = GREEK; A. S. brecan; Engl
. to break; Lat. frangere] :-- to creak, of timber, Hom. 15
5, Fs. 132, Gísl. 31, Fas. ii. 76.
brakan, f. a creaking, Fms. iv. 57.
BRAKUN, m. [Engl. word], a broker, Fms. v. 183; O. H. L. 56 reads
brakkarnir.
BRALLA, að, to trick, job; hvat er það sem börn
ei b., Jón. Þorl.
BRAML, n. (bramla, að), a crash, Safn i. 93, Ísl
. Árb. v. ch. 128.
BRANA, u, f. a freq. name of a cow, [brana = juvenca, cited
by Du Cange from old Spanish Latin deeds; it probably came into Spain with the
Goths.] brönu-grös, n. pl., botan. Satyrium Albidum; in
Icel. lore this flower plays the same part as the German alraun or Englis
h mandrake; the b. are also called 'Friggjar-gras' (Frigg = Freyja, the g
oddess of love), and 'elsku-gras,' flower of love, as it is thought to cr
eate love between man and woman, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 648. Gen
. xxx. 14.
branda, u, f. a little trout: the Manks call the salmon braddan
.
brand-erfð, f. a Norse law term, originating from the heathen age whe
n dead bodies were still burnt, vide arfsal, a sort of clientela, giving life
-long support to a man; 'til brands eðr báls,' i.e. ad urnam, and inheriting him when dead; defined N. G. L. i. 50.
brand-gás, f. anas tadorna, Edda (Gl.)

brand-krossóttr, adj. brindled-brown with a white cross on the
forebead (of an ox), Brand. 59; cp. bröndóttr, a brind
led ox.
BRANDR, m. I. [cp. brenna, to burn; A. S. brand (rar
e)], a brand, firebrand; even used synonymous with 'hearth,' as in
the Old Engl. saying, 'este (dear) buith (are) oun brondes,' E. E
ngl. Specimens; b. af brandi brenn, Hm. 56; at bröndum, at the fire-side
, 2, Nj. 195, 201; hvarfa ek blindr of branda, id., Eg. 759; cp. eldi
-brandr. 2. [cp. Dan. brand, Germ, brand], a flame;
til brands, ad urnam, N. G. L. i. 50 (rare); surtar-brandr, jet; v
. brand-erfð. II. [A. S. brand, Beow. verse 1454; Scot. bra
nd = ensis; cp. to brandish], the blade of a sword; bra
st þat (viz. the sword) undir hjaltinu, ok fór b. grenjandi nið
r í ána, Fas. ii. 484, Korm. 82, Eb. 238, Fms. i. 17, Bs. ii. 12;
víga-brandr, a war-brand, a meteor. III. a freq. pr. name o
f a man, Brand.
B. On ships, the raised prow and poop, ship's beak, (svíri
and brandr seem to be used synonymously, Konr. S. l.c.); fellr brattr breki br&o
uml;ndum hærri, the waves rise high above the 'brandar,' Skv. 2. 17
; brandar af knerri (a b. on a merchant-ship), Grett. 90 new Ed.,
Fms. ix. 304; hann tók um skipstafninn; en menn hans tóku af hendr
hans, því at bráð var eigi af brandinum (sing. of the 'high prow' of a ship), viii. 217; leiddist mér fyrir Þ&oacut
e;rsbjörgum, er brandarnir á skipum Bagla stóðu í
augu mér, 372, 247; gyltir brandar ok höfuð, Konr., where some M
SS. 'höfuð ok svirar.' 2. ships' beaks used as ornaments over
the chief door of dwellings, always in pl.; af knerri þeim eru branda
r veðrspáir fyrir dyrum, before (above?) the door, Landn. 231, cp. Grett. 116, where it can be seen that the b. were two, one at
each side of the door; hann sá fatahrúgu á bröndum, heaps of clothes on the b., 179; b. ákafliga háfir fyrir h&o
uml;llinni svá at þeir gnæfðu yfir bust hennar (b. exc
eeding high over the door so that they rose above the gable), gyltir v&oacut
e;ru knappar á ofanverðum bröndunum, Konr. S.: these doors are h
ence called branda-dyrr, Sturl. ii. 106, iii. 200, 218.
brand-reið, f. [A. S. brandreda], a grate, Stj. 310, 31
5, Exod. xxx. 3, xxxvii. 26, Mar. 50; steikja á b., to roast on a grat
e, Mar. (Fr.)
brand-skjöldóttr, adj. of cattle, brindled, red and white
spotted.
brand-stokkr, m. a dub. GREEK a high trunk of a tree in the middle
of the hall of the mythical king Völsung, Fas. 1. 119; Vr. 142 reads botst
okk.
branga, u, f. an GREEK and dub., Hðm. 21: cp. old Germ. brang
= pracht.
brasa, að, to braze (Shakesp.), to harden in the fire:
cp. brösur, f. pl. in the metaph. phrase, eiga í brösum,
to be always in the fire, always quarrelling.
BRASS (cp. brasaðr, Fms. viii; brasi, ix. 8), m. [cp. G
erm, bras = epulae; Swed. brasa; Dan. brase = to

roast; Engl. to braze], a cook, an GREEK, Am. 59.
brasta, að, [Germ, brasten], to bluster. Band. 8.
bratt-gengni, f. skill in climbing, Fms. ii. 275.
bratt-gengr, adj. skilful in climbing, Fms. ii. 169: steep,
Greg. 62.
bratt-leitr, adj. with projecting forehead, Fb. i. 540.
BRATTR, adj. [A. S. brant, bront; Swed. brant; North. E. brant and brent], steep, of hills, etc.; brött brekka, a 'brent' hill, Hrafn. 20; bárur, high waves, Sks. 40: metap
h., bera bratt halann, metaphor from cattle, to carry the tail high (in m
od. usage vera brattr), opp. to lægja halann, to droop the tail, &I
acute;sl. ii. 330, cp. Hkv. Hjörv. 20; reynt hefi ek fyr brattara, cp. Lat.
graviora passus, I have been in a worse plight, Ann. 56; einatt hefi ek
brattara átt, Grett. 133: mér hefir opt boðizt brattara, i
d., etc.,--a metaphor from mountaineers.
bratt-steinn, m. a stone column, Hým. 29.
BRAUÐ, n. [A. S. bread; Engl. bread; Germ, brod;
Dan. bröd]. This word, which at present has become a household word
in all branches of the Teutonic, was in early times unknown in its present sens
e: Ulf. constantly renders GREEK as well as GREEK by hlaibs; Engl. loa
f; A. S. hlâf; the old A. S. poetry also has hlâf,
and the old heathen Scandin. poems only hleifr, Hm. 40, 51, Rm. 4, 28. I
n Engl. also, the words lord, lady,--A. S. hlâfvord, hlâfd
ige, which properly mean loaf-warder, loaf-maid,--bear out the remark
, that in the heathen age when those words were formed, breâd, in t
he sense of panis, was not in use in England; in old A. S. the word is on
ly used in the compd beobreâd of the honeycomb (Gr. GREEK), cp. En
gl. bee-bread; O. H. G. bibrod; Germ, bienenbrod; and this
seems to be the original sense of the word. The passage in which doubtless the
Goths used 'braud,' Luke xxiv. 42--the only passage of the N. T. where GREEK occ
urs--is lost in Ulf. Down to the 9th century this word had not its present sense
in any Teut. dialect, but was, as it seems, in all of them used of the honeycom
b only. The Icel. calls thyme 'bráð-björg' or 'broð-bjö
rg' (sweet food?); cp. the Lat. 'redolentque thymo fragrantia mella;' the
root of 'brauð' is perhaps akin to the Lat. 'fragrare.' The transiti
on from the sense of honeycomb to that of bread is obscure: in present usage the
'bread' denotes the substance, 'loaf' the shape; b. ok smjör, Eg. 204; b.
ok kál, Mar.; heilagt b., Hom. 137; the Icel. N. T. (freq.) 2. 
food, hence metaph. living, esp. a parsonage, (mod.) The cures
in Icel. are divided into þinga-brauð and beneficia.
brauð-bakstr, m. bread-baking, Greg. 55.
brauð-diskr, m. a bread-plate, Post. 686 B.
brauð-görð, f. bread-making, Stj. 441.
brauð-hleifr, m. a loaf of bread, Greg. 57, Orkn. 116.
brauð-járn, n. a 'bread-iron,' Scot. and North. E. g
irdle, D. N.
brauð-kass, n. a bread-basket, Fms. ii. 164.

brauð-moli, a, m. a crumb of bread, Stj. 155.
brauð-ofn, m. a bread-oven, H. E. i. 394, N. G. L. ii. 354.
brauð-skífa, u, f. a slice of bread, Andr. 68.
brauð-skorpa, u, f. a bread-crust.
brauð-sneið, f. = brauðskífa.
brauð-sufl., n. spice eaten with bread, Anal. 180.
brauk, n., braukan, f. cracking, Konr. 30, Mag. 5; cp. Brak
.
BRAUT, f., dat. brautu, pl. ir, [a purely Scandin. word, formed from b
rjóta, braut, as Engl. road from Ital. rotta, via rupta
] :-- a road cut through rocks, forests, or the like, and distinguished f
rom vegr, stigr, gata (path, track); Önundr konungr lét brj&o
acute;ta vegu um markir ok mýrar ok fjallvegu, fyrir því var
hann Braut-Önundr kallaðr, Hkr. i. 46; ryðja b., to cut a road, Ísl. ii. 400; braut ... eigi breiðari en götu breidd, Eg. 5
82. II. as adv. away, either with or without the prep. 'á'
or 'í,' á braut or á brautu, which is the old
est form; but the common form in the old writers is brot, or with a doubl
e consonant, brott; later by metath. burt, burtu [Dan.-Swed. bo
rt], which are the mod. forms, but not found in very early MSS.: it occurs i
n a verse in the Skálda -- reið Brynhildar bróðir | 'bort'
sá er hug né 'skorti:'--braut, brautu; braut hvarf or sal s&aelig
;ta, Korm. (in a verse), Hm. 88; þraut, fer ek einn á brautu, Grett
. (in a verse); in the Grág. freq., esp. in the old fragment Ed. A.D. 185
2, pp. 19-26, where Kb. reads brott; the Miracle-book, Bs. i. 333 sqq., constant
ly gives braut; so also Ó. H. vellum of the middle of the 13th century: b
rott, Eg. 603, Nj. 132, Grág. i. 275: burt, burtu, in MSS. of the 15th ce
ntury; the MSS. freq. use an abbreviated spelling UNCERTAIN (UNCERTAIN denoting
ro and or), so that it is difficult to see whether it is to be rea
d brot or burt or bort. It is used with or without notion of motion; the acc. fo
rms braut, brott, burt, originally denote going away; the dat. brautu, bu
rtu, being away; but in common use both are used indiscriminately; &thorn
;at var brott frá öðrum húsum, far off from other bous
es, Eg. 203; vera rekinn brott (braut), to be driven away, Nj. 132; f
ara braut, to go away, Fms. x. 216; af landi brott, Grág. i. 275,
331, 145, 258, 264, cp. also Nj. 10, 14, 26, 52, 196, Fms. ix. 431, Eg. 319, 370
, and endless instances. COMPDS: brautar-gengi, n. a law term, help, f
urtherance, Ísl. ii. 322, Ld. 26 (advance-
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<HEADER>BRAUTARMOT -- BREGÐA. 77</HEADER>
ment). brautar-mót, n. pl. a meeting of roads, Gr&aa
cute;g. ii. 114; cp. þjóð-braut, a high road; vetrar-bra
ut, via lactea, etc. brautar-tak, n. a law term, bail, security
, N. G. L. i. 44.
brautin compds, v. brott.
brautingi, a, m. a beggar, tramp, Hbl. 6, Fms. ii. 73: the proverb
, bráð eru brautingja erindi, the tramp cannot afford delay, F

as. ii. 262, cp. Hm. 2; the poor had in old times to go from house to house; cp.
göngu-maðr, föru-maðr; therefore misery and trampin
g are synonymous, e.g. válaðr, miseria; cp. A. S. v&ael
ig;dl = ambitus :-- not till the establishment of Christianity were p
oor-rates and other legal provisions made for the poor.
BRÁ, f. [Ulf. braw; A. S. bræv; Engl. brow;
 Germ. brau], an eye-lid; brár (gen. sing.), Edda 15;
brár (nom. pl.), 6; brám (dat. pl.), Vþm. 41; brá (ge
n. pl.), Ad. 5; cp. Baldrs-brá, Gull-brá, Ísl. Þj&oac
ute;ðs.: in poetry the eyes are called brú-tungl, -máni, -s&oa
cute;l, -geisli, moon-, sun-beam of the brow; tears are brá-regn,
-drift, rain of the brow; the head brá-völlr, field of th
e brow, etc., Lex. Poët.
BRÁD, f. [A. S. brad; Germ, brat], meat, raw fles
h, esp. venison; blóðug bráð (a law term), 
raw meat, Grág. ii. 192, N. G. L. i. 82; brytja í brá&e
th;, to chop into steaks, Fb. i. 321: pl. metaph. prey of beasts,
varmar bráðir, Hkv. 2. 41, Fas. i. 209; villi-bráð, ven
ison; val-bráð, black spots on the face. II. s&oacu
te;l-bráð, sun-burning.
BRÁÐ, n. tar, pitch, Fms. viii. 217, Anecd. 60, Vm. 21,
Sks. 28, Krók. 57; fúna undir bráðinu, Fær. 195.
BRÁÐ, f. (broþ, Bs. i. 341), denoting haste (cp. bráðr), but only used in adverb. phrases, í brá&
eth;, at the moment, Sturl. i. 58, Ld. 302, Bs. l.c.; bráð ok
lengðar (mod. í bráð og lengd), now and ever, Fms.
i. 281. II. in many compds, meaning rash, sudden, hot. COMPDS: 
bráða-bugr, m. in the phrases, göra, vinda bráðabug at e-u, to hasten to do a thing, without a moment's delay, Grett. 98.
bráða-fangs, gen. used as adv. at once, in great haste, Fms. iv. 230. bráða-sótt, f. sudden illness, a pla
gue, Fms. vii. 155, Játv. 26: chiefly of cattle, murrain, G&th
orn;l. 498. bráða-þeyr, m. a rapid thaw, Eg. 766.
bráð-björg (commonly proncd. blóð-berg,
n.), f. thyme, Hjalt., Björn.
bráð-dauði, a, m. a sudden death, Hom. 12.
bráð-dauðr, adj. dead in a moment, in the phrase, v
erða b., to die suddenly, Ver. 47, Fms. i. 18, Ísl. ii. 45, 59
, Stj. 196.
bráð-endis, adv. of a sudden, Ld. 192, Fms. viii. 199.
bráð-fari, adj., verða b., to travel in baste, Kr&o
acute;k. 59.
bráð-feginn, adj. exceeding glad, Fms. xi. 256.
bráð-feigligr (-feigr), adj. rushing to death, F
s. 74.
bráð-fengis = bráðafangs, Fms. xi. 35, Orkn. 28 old
Ed.
bráð-fengr, adj. hot, hasty, Fms. vi. 109.

bráð-geðr, adj. hot-tempered, Fms. vi. 220, 195.
bráð-görr, adj. early ripe, of a young man, Fms. v
ii. 111, xi. 328.
bráð-görviligr, adj. of early promise, Glúm
. 338.
bráð-hættligr, adj. most dangerous, Lv. 59.
bráð-kjörit, n. part. hastily chosen, Sturl. iii.
151.
bráð-kvaddr, part. suddenly 'called;' verða b., 
to die suddenly.
bráð-lauss, adj. not pitched, Hkr. ii. 281.
bráð-látinn, part. = bráðdauðr, Fms. xi.
444.
bráð-látr, adj. eager, impatient, Bs. i. 172.
bráð-liga (bráðla, brálla), adv. s
oon, hastily, at once, Sks. 596, N. G. L. i. 12, Fms. x. 419, i. 29: quic
kly, ii. 180, Hkr. i. 111: rashly, Bs. i. 722, Sks. 775.
bráð-litið, n. part. [líta], göra b. á
e-t, to look (too) hastily at a thing, Fms. v. 284, Fbr. 1
41.
bráð-lyndr, adj. hot-tempered, Anecd. 48.
bráð-læti, n. impatience, Bb. 3. 29.
bráð-mælt, n. part. hastily spoken, Eg. 251.
bráðna, að, to melt, of snow, etc., Fms. iii. 193,
Rb. 356.
bráð-orðr, adj. hasty of speech, Lv. 85, Bjarn. 14.
BRÁÐR, adj., neut. brátt, [Swed. bråd; Dan
. brad; cp. bráð], sudden, hasty: the allit. law phrase
, b. bani, a sudden, violent death, Nj. 99, Fms. v. 289, Sks. 585 (of sui
cide); b. atburðr, a sudden accident, Fms. x. 328: metaph. hot-tem
pered, eager, rash, bráð er barn-æskan (a proverb), Am. 75;
b. barns-hugir, id., Bev. Fr.; b. í skaplyndi, Nj. 16, Hm. 21; &t
horn;ú hefir verið hölzi b. (too eager, too rash), &iacut
e; þessu máli, Vápn. 13; b. ok ákafr, rash and hea
dlong, Fms. ix. 245; b. hestr, a fiery horse, Bs. i. 743. II.
brátt, bráðum, and bráðan used adverb., soon, sh
ortly; þá var brátt drukkinn einmenningr, Eg. 551; br&aa
cute;tt fanst þat á, it could soon be seen that ..., 147; v&
aacute;nu bráðara (Lat. spe citius), (mod., vonum b.), very
soon, in a very short time, Fms. xi. 115; sem bráðast, as soo
n as possible, the sooner the better, Eg. 534: the phrase, e-t berr br&aacut
e;ðum (or bráðan) at, a thing happens of a sudden, with th
e notion of surprise, 361; en öllum féllusk hendr (i.e. were star
tled), at bráðan bar at, as it came so suddenly, Hkr. ii.
152, cp. Orkn. 50.
bráð-ráðinn, part. suddenly or rashly dec
ided, Fms. ii. 25, Fær. 236; b. tíðindi, sudden news, Fms. v. 289; bráðrakinn, Lex. Poët., seems only to be a bad re
ading = bráðráþinn, the lower part of the þ
having been obliterated.
bráð-reiðr, adj. very wrathful, Barl. 25.
bráð-ræði, n. rashness, Fs. 53; glappaverk ok
b., 184, Fms. ii. 25.
bráð-sinnaðr, adj. hot-tempered, Nj. (Lat. Vers.) 2
19, v.l. (mod. word.)
bráð-sjúkr, adj. taken suddenly ill, Fms. vi. 10
4.
bráð-skapaðr, adj. part. of hasty disposition, Stur
l. iii. 123, Nj. 219, v.l., Fas. iii. 520: mod. skap-bráðr, hot-te
mpered.
bráð-skeyti, n. rashness, Sks. 250, Karl. 495.
bráð-skeytligr, adj. rash, Str. 9.
bráð-skeyttr, adj. rash, Fms. vi. 109, Ísl. ii.
316, Karl. 341, 343.
bráð-sýnn, adj. soon seen, Fr.
bráðung, f. hurry, O. H. L. 19: gen. bráðung
ar, as adv. of a sudden, Fms. xi. 70; af bráðungu, at a mo
ment's notice, 27.
bráð-þroska (-aðr), adj. early ripe, early
grown (þroski, growth), Finnb. 222, v.l., Fs. 126.
BRÁK, f., Engl. brake (v. Johnson), a tanner's implement
, in the form of a horse-shoe, for rubbing leather, Eggert Itin. 339: a nick
name, Eg. bráka, að, in the phrase, brákaðr reyr, a bruised reed, Isaiah xlii. 3.
BREÐI, a, m. [Norse bræ], a glacier, common in No
rway, where the glaciers are called 'bræer' or 'fonn;' in Icel. an GREEK,
Fas. (Völs. S.) i. 116.
BREF, n. [for. word, from Lat. br&e-short;ve, like Engl. and Germ.
brief; Dan. brev], in Icel. proncd. with a long e, br&
eacute;f :-- a letter, written deed, rescript, etc. Letter-writing is
never mentioned in the true Icel. Sagas before the end of the old Saga time, ab
out A.D. 1015. Bréf occurs for the first time as a sort of dispatch in the negotiation between Norway and Sweden A.D. 1018; lét þau f
ara aptr með bréfum þeim er Ingigerðr konungs dóttir
ok þau Hjalti sendu jarli ok Ingibjörgu, Ó. H. ch. 71; br&eac
ute;f ok innsigli Engla konungs (viz. king Canute, A.D. 1024), ch. 120: a royal
letter is also mentioned Bjarn. 13 (of St. Olave, A.D. 1014-1030). The earliest
Icel. deeds on record are of the end of the 11th century; in the D. I., Sturl.,
and Bs. (12th and 13th centuries) letters of every kind, public and private, are
freq. mentioned, vide D. I. by Jon Sigurdsson, Bs. i. 478-481, etc., Fms. vii-x
, Sturl. freq. [In the Saga time, 'orð ok jartegnir,' words and tokens, is a standing phrase; the 'token' commonly was a ring; the instances are many
, e.g. Ld. ch. 41, 42, Bjarn. 7, Gunnl. S.; cp. the interesting passage in the m
ythical Akv. verse 8, where the sister ties one hair of a wolf in the ring--h&aa
cute;r fann ek heiðingja riðit í hring rauðan--as a warning t
oken; cp. also the story of the coin used as a token in Gísl. ch. 8. In t
he old Sagas even runes are hardly mentioned as a medium of writing; but v. rune
.] COMPDS: bréfa-bók, f. a register-book, N. G. L.
ii. 409. bréfa-brot, n. breach of ordinances, H. E. i. 422,
Bs. i. 706. bréfa-görð, f. letter-writing, Bs. i.
475, Fms. ix. 260. bréfa-maðr, m. a letter-carrier, public
courier, Fms. ix. 20. bréfa-sveinn, m. a letter-boy, F
ms. ix. 467.
bréfa, að, to give a brief account of, Fms. ii. 257, Al
. 66.
brefer, n. breviary, Dipl. v. 18, Vm. 8.
bréf-lauss, adj. briefless, without a written document, Th.
78.
bréf-sending, bréfa-sending, f. a sending of letters, Fms. viii. 111.
bréf-setning, f. the composition of a letter, Fms. viii. 29
8.
BREGÐA, pret. sing. brá, 2nd pers. brátt, later br&aacu
te;st; pl. brugðu, sup. brugðit; pres. bregð; pret. subj. brygði
: reflex, (sk, z, st), pret. brásk, bráz, or brást,
pl. brugðusk, etc.: poët, with the neg. suff. brá-at, brá
sk-at, Orkn. 78, Fms. vi. 51.
A. ACT. WITH DAT. I. [A. S. bregdan, brædan; Old Engl. and S
cot, to brade or braid; cp. bragð throughout] :-- to move s
wiftly: 1. of a weapon, to draw, brandish; b. sverði, t
o draw the sword, Gísl. 55, Nj. 28, Ld. 222, Korm. 82 sqq., Fms. i. 4
4, ii. 306, vi. 313, Eg. 306, 505; sverð brugðit, a drawn sword,
746; cp. the alliterative phrase in Old Engl. Ballads, 'the bright browne
(= brugðinn) sword:' absol., bregð (imperat.), Korm. l.c.: b. kn&iacute
;fi, to slash with a knife, Am. 59; b. flötu sverði, to turn
it round in the band, Fms. vii. 157; saxi, Bs. i. 629: even of a thrust, b.
spjóti, Glúm. 344. 2. of the limbs or parts of the body, to move quickly; b. hendi, fingri, K. Þ. K. 10, Fms. vi. 122; b. augu
m sundr, to open the eyes, iii. 57, cp. 'he bradde open his eyen two,' En
gl. Ballads; b. fótum, Nj. 253; b. fæti, in wrestling; b. grön
um, to draw up the lips, 199, Fms. v. 220. 3. of other objects; b.
skipi, to turn the ship (rare), Fms. viii. 145, Eb. 324; b. e-m á
eintal, einmæli, to take one apart, Fms. vi. 11, Ölk. 35; b.
sér sjúkum, to feign sickness, Fagrsk. ch. 51; bregða s
ér in mod. usage means to make a short visit, go or come for a
moment; eg brá mér snöggvast til ..., etc. 4. addi
ng prepp.; b. upp; b. upp hendi, höndum, to hold up the hand, Fms. i
. 167; b. upp glófa, 206, Eb. 326: b. e-m á lopt, to lift aloft
, Eg. 122, Nj. 108; b. e-u undan, to put a thing out of the way, to hide
it, Fas. i. 6; undir, Sturl. ii. 221, Ld. 222, Eb. 230: b. e-u við (b. v
ið skildi), to ward off with ..., Vápn. 5; but chiefly metaph
. to put forth as an example, to laud, wonder at, etc.; þínu
m drengskap skal ek við b., Nj. 18; þessum mun ek við b. Ás
laugar órunum, Fas. i. 257; nú mun ek því við b.
(I will speak loud), at ek hefi eigi fyr náð við þi
k at tala, Lv. 53: b. e-u á, to give out, pretend; hann brá
á því at hann mundi ríða vestr til Miðfjar&e
th;ar, Sturl. iii. 197, Fms. viii. 59, x. 322. β. to deviate from, disre
gard; vér höfum brugðit af ráðum þín
um, Fær. 50, Nj. 13, 109, Ísl. ii. 198, Grág. i. 359; b. af
marki, to alter the mark, 397. 5. to turn, alter, change; b
. lit,
<PAGE NUM="b0078">
<HEADER>78 BREGÐA -- BREKKA.</HEADER>
litum, to change colour, to turn pale, etc., Fms. ii. 7, Vígl. 24;
b. sér við e-t, to alter one's mien, shew signs of pain, emotion,
 or the like, Nj. 116; b. e-m í (or b. á sik) e-s líki,
to turn one (by spell) into another shape, Bret. 13; at þ&
uacute; brátt þér í merar líki, Ölk. 37;
hann brá á sik ýmissa dýra líki, Edda (pref.)
149. II. to break up or off, leave off, give up; b. b&uac
ute;i, to give up one's household, Grág. i. 153, Eg. 116, 704; b.
tjöldum, to break up, strike the tents, Fms. iv. 302; b. samvist, to part, leave off living together, ii. 295; b. ráðahag, to b
reak off an engagement, esp. wedding, 11; b. boði, to countermand a f
east, 194; b. kaupi, to break off a bargain, Nj. 51, Rd. 251; b. s&ya
cute;slu, to leave off working, Fms. vi. 349; b. svefni, blundi, to aw
ake, Sdm. 2; smátt bregðr slíkt svefni mínum, Lv. 5
3; b. tali, to break off talking, Vápn. 22; b. orustu, to break
off the battle, Bret.: esp. freq. in poetry, b. hungri, föstu, sulti,
to break or quell the hunger (of the wolf); b. gleði; b. l&ia
cute;fi, fjörvi, to put to death, etc., Lex. Poët. 2. to break faith, promise, or the like; b. máli, Grág. i. 148;
trúnaði, Nj. 141; brugðið var öllu sáttmál
i, Hkr. ii. 121; b. heiti, Alvm. 3: absol., ef bóandi bregðr við
griðmann (breaks a bargain), Grág. i. 153. 3. reflex.,
bregðask e-m (or absol.), to deceive, fail, in faith or friendship; G
unnarr kvaðsk aldri skyldu b. Njáli né sonum hans, Nj. 57; bre
gðsk þú oss nú eigi, do not deceive us, Fms. vi.
17; vant er þó at vita hverir mér eru trúir ef fe&eth
;rnir b., ii. 11; en þeim brásk framhlaupit, i.e. they failed in
the onslaught, vii. 298; þat mun eigi bregðask, that cannot fa
il, Fas. ii. 526, Rb. 50; fáir munu þeir, at einörð si
nni haldi, er slíkir brugðusk við oss, Fms. v. 36, Grett. 26 new
Ed. III. [A. S. brædan, to braid, braider], to 'braid,' k
not, bind, the band, string being in dat.; hann bregðr í fiskinn
öðrum enda, he braided the one end in the fish, Finnb. 220; h&oa
cute;n brá hárinu undir belli sér, she braided her hair
under her belt; (hann) brá (untied) brókabelti s&iacute
;nu, Fas. i. 47; er þeir höfðu brugðið kaðli um, w
ound a cable round it, Fms. x. 53; hefir strengrinn brugðizk lítt
at af fótum honum, the rope had loosened off his feet, xi. 152: bu
t also simply and with acc., b. bragð, to braid a braid, knit a knot,
Eg. (in a verse); b. ráð, to weave a plot, (cp. Gr. GREEK, La
t. suere), Edda (in a verse); in the proper sense flétta and r&iac
ute;ða, q.v., are more usual. 2. in wrestling; b. e-m, the antagonist
in dat., the trick in acc., b. e-m bragð (hæl-krók, sveiflu, e
tc.) 3. recipr., of mutual strife; bregðask brögðum, to p
lay one another tricks; b. brigzlum, to scold one another, Grá
g. ii. 146; b. frumhlaupum, of mutual aggression, 13, 48; bregðask um e-t, to contest a thing, 66, cp. i. 34. 4. part., brugðinn við e
-t, acquainted with a thing; munuð þit brátt brugðni
r við meira, i.e. you will soon have greater matters to deal with, Fs
. 84; hann er við hvárttveggja b., he is well versed in both,
Gísl. 51. IV. metaph. to upbraid, blame, with dat. of the p
erson and thing; fár bregðr hinu betra, ef hann veit hit verra (a pro
verb), Nj. 227; Þórðr blígr brá honum þv&ia
cute; (Thord threw it in his face), á Þórsnesþi
ngi, at ..., Landn. 101; Kálfr brá mér því &ia
cute; dag, Fms. vi. 105; b. e-m brizglum, Nj. 227.
B. NEUT. OR ABSOL. without a case, of swift, sudden motion. I. b. &aacute
; e-t, as, b. á leik, gaman, etc., to start or begin sporting,
playing; Kimbi brá á gaman, K. took it playfully, i.e.
laughed at it, Landn. 101; b. á gamanmál, Fms. xi. 151; &t
horn;eir brugðu á glímu ok á glens, they started wre
stling and playing, Ld. 220; bregðr hann (viz. the horse) á leik,
the horse broke into play, ran away, Fms. xi. 280; Glúmr svara&et
h;i vel en brá þó á sitt ráð, Glum gave
a gentle answer, but went on in his own way, Nj. 26, Fas. i. 250: the phras
e, hönd bregðr á venju, the hand is ready for its old work, Edda (Ht.) verse 26, cp. Nj. ch. 78 (in a verse). 2. b. við, to
start off, set about a thing without delay, at a moment's notice, may in En
gl. often be rendered by at once or the like; brá hann við skj
ótt ok fór, he started off at once and went, Fms. i. 158; &
thorn;eir brugðu við skjótt, ok varð þeim mjök vi&
eth; felmt, i.e. they took to their heels in a great fright, Nj. 105; &th
orn;eir brugðu við skjótt, ok fara þaðan, 107; breg&eth
;r hon við ok hleypr, Grett. 25 new Ed., Bjarn. 60; hrossit bregðr n&uac
ute; við hart, id.; en er Ólafr spurði, at Þorsteinn haf&et
h;i skjótt við brugðit, ok hafði mikit fjölmenni, Ld. 22
8. β. b. til e-s, þá brá Ingimundr til utanfer&e
th;ar, Ingimund started to go abroad, Sturl. i. 117; b. til Grænlan
ds ferðar, Fb. i. 430. II. reflex, to make a sudden motion with th
e body; Rútr brásk skjótt við undan högginu, N
j. 28, 129; b. við fast, to turn sharply, 58, 97; bregðsk (= breg
ðr) jarl nú við skjótt ok ferr, the earl started at onc
e, Fms. xi. 11; hann brásk aldregi við (he remained motionless
) er þeir píndu hann, heldr en þeir lysti á stokk
eðr stein, vii. 227. 2. metaph. and of a circumlocutory character; ei
gi þætti mér ráðið, hvárt ek munda sv&a
acute; skjótt á boð brugðisk hafa, ef ..., I am not sur
e whether I should have been so hasty in bidding you, if ..., Ísl. i
i. 156; bregðask á beina við e-n, to shew hospitality towards,
 Fms. viii. 59, cp. bregða sér above. β. b. yfir, 
to exceed; heyra þeir svá mikinn gný at yfir brás
k, they heard an awful crash, Mag. 6; þá brásk &thorn
;at þó yfir jafnan (it surpassed) er konungr talaði, Fms
. x. 322, yet these last two instances may be better read 'barst,' vide bera C.
IV; bregðask úkunnr, reiðr ... við e-t, to be startled at
the novelty of a thing, v. 258; b. reiðr við, to get excited, ang
ry at a thing, etc.
C. IMPERS. I. the phrase, e-m bregðr við e-t, of strong emotions,
fear, anger, or the like; brá þeim mjök við, er þau
sá hann inn ganga, it startled them much, when they saw him come in, Nj. 68; Flosa brá svá við, at hann var í andliti st
undum sem blóð, 177; en þó brá fóstru Melk
orku mest við þessi tíðindi, i.e. this news most affecte
d Melkorka's nurse, Ld. 82; aldri hefi ek mannsblóð sé&eth
;, ok veit ek eigi hve mér bregðr við, I wot not how it will t
ouch me, Nj. 59; brá honum svá við, at hann gerði f&ou
ml;lvan í andliti ... ok þann veg brá honum opt sí&et
h;an (he was oft since then taken in such fits), þá er v&iac
ute;gahugr var á honum, Glúm. 342; en við höggit br&aacut
e; Glæsi svá at ..., Eb. 324; Þorkell spurði ef honum hef
ði brugðit nokkut við þessa sýslu.--Ekki sjám v&
eacute;r þér brugðit hafa við þetta, en þ&oacut
e; sýndist mér þér áðr brugðit, Fms. x
i. 148. β. bregða í brún, to be amazed, shocked
, Fms. i. 214; þá brá Guðrúnu mjök &iacu
te; brún um atburð þenna allan saman, Ld. 326, Nj. 14; þa
t hlægir mik at þeim mun í brún b., 239; nú bre
gðr mönnum í brún mjök (people were very much sta
rtled), því at margir höfðu áðr enga fr&eac
ute;tt af haft, Band. 7. II. with prepp. við, til, í, af; of a
ppearances, kynligu, undarliga bregðr við, it has a weird look, looks
uncanny, of visions, dreams, or the like; en þó bregðr n&
uacute; kynligu við, undan þykir mér nú gaflaðit hv&
aacute;rt-tveggja undan húsinu, Ísl. ii. 352, Nj. 62, 197, G&iacut
e;sl. 83; nú bregðr undrum við, id., Fms. i. 292. III. e-m bregðr til e-s, one person turns out like another, cp. the Da
nish 'at slægte en paa;' þat er mælt at fjórðungi b
regði til fóstrs, the fostering makes the fourth part of the man, Nj. 64; en því bregðr mér til foreldris míns,
in that I am like my father, Hkr. iii. 223; er þat líkast,
at þér bregði meir í þræla ættina en &
THORN;veræinga, it is too likely, that thou wilt show thyself rather to
be kith and kin to the thrall's house than to that of Thweræingar, F
b. i. 434; b. til bernsku, to be childish, Al. 3. β. breg&eth
;r af vexti hans frá öðrum selum, his shape differs from that
of any other seals, Sks. 41 new Ed. (afbrigði). IV. to cease;
 e-u bregðr, it ceases; svá hart ... at nyt (dat.) breg&et
h;i, (to drive the ewes) so fast that they fail (to give milk), Grág. ii. 231; þessu tali bregðr aldri (= þetta tal
bregzk aldri), this calculation can never fail, Rb. 536; veðrá
ttu (dat.) brá eigi, there was no change in the weather, Grett. 91
; skini sólar brá, the sun grew dim, Geisü 19; fj&ouml
;rvi feigra brá, the life of the 'feys' came to an end (poët.
), Fms. vi. 316 (in a verse); brá föstu, hungri, úlfs, ara, the hunger of wolf and eagle was abated, is a freq. phrase with the poets.
V. of a sudden appearance; kláða (dat.) brá á h
varmana, the eye-lids itched, Fms. v. 96: of light passing swiftly by,
 þá brá ljóma af Logafjöllum, Hkv. 1. 15; lj
ósi bregðr fyrir, a light passes before the eye; mey br&aacut
e; mér fyrir hvarma steina, a maid passed before my eyes, Sn&oacut
e;t 117; þar við ugg (dat.) at þrjótum brá, i.e. the rogues were taken by fear, 170.
breið, f. = breiða.
breiða, dd, [Ulf. braidjan; Germ. breiten], to 'broa
den,' unfold; b. feld á höfuð sér, to spread a clo
ak on the head, Nj. 164; b. út, to lay out for drying, Sd. 179
, Ld. 290, Fbr. 17, chiefly of hay; b. völl and b. hey a völl, Jb. 193
; b. e-t yfir e-n, to cover one in a thing, chiefly of the bed-clothes, N
j. 20, Fms. viii. 237; b. út hendr, to stretch out the hands, vii
. 250, Th. 9; b. faðm, id., Rm. 16, Pass. 34. 2; b. borð (mod., b
. á borð), to lay the cloth on the table, Bs. ii. 42.
breiða, u, f. a drift, flock, of snow, hay, or the like; also
fjár-breiða, a flock of white sheep; ábreiða, a
cover, etc.
breið-bælingr, m. a nickname, a man from Breiðab&oac
ute;lstað, Sturl.
breidd, f. [Goth. braidei], breadth, Alg. 372, Grág.
i. 498, Symb. 22, Fms. x. 272: metaph., Skálda 175.
breið-dælskr, adj. from Broaddale in Iceland, Landn., Nj
.
Breið-firðingr, in. a man from Broadfirth in Iceland, Nj.,
Landn., etc.
breið-firzkr, adj. belonging to, a native of Broadfirth, Landn
., etc.
breiðka, að, to grow broad, Krók. 52.
breið-leiki (-leikr), a, m. breadth, Stj. 56.
breið-leitr, adj. broad of face, aspect, Hkr. ii. 405, Grett.
90 A.
BREIÐR, adj. neut. breitt, [Ulf. braids; Scot. brade; A
. S. brâd; Engl. broad; Germ. breit], broad, L
d. 276, Nj. 35, 91, Grág. i. 500, Fms. iv. 42, vi. 297; fjörðr b
. ok langr, Eb. 8; breiða stofa, b. búr, the broad chamber, Di
pl. iii. 4, v. 2. β. á breiðan, adv. in breadth, F
ms. viii. 416, x. 13: neut. as adv., standa breitt, to spread over a wide spa
ce, Edda 10.
breið-vaxinn, part. broad-framed, stout, Grett. 89.
breið-öx, f. [old Dan. breth ôxa; Germ. breitaxt
; A. S. brâd æx], a broad axe, N. G. L. i. 101, Fm
s. ix. 33, Ísl. ii. 210, v.l., Bret. 84, Bjarn. 36, Orkn. 360; 'brand-ox,
' Ed. l.c., is a false reading.
BREK, n. a law term, a fraudulent purchase of land, liable to the
lesser outlawry, Grág. ii. 241, 242: hence the proverb, sá hafi b.
er beiðist, let him have b. that bids for it, i.e. volenti
non fit injuria, Grett. 135 new Ed., Fas. iii. 202. 2. pl. freaks
, chiefly of children; að barna þinna brekum skalt | brosa ei n&ea
cute; skemtan halt, Húst. 49.
breka, að, to keep asking, of importunate requests, Fms. vi. 2
46: the proverb, látum barn hafa þat er brekar, Þiðr. 51,
110: neut., b. til e-s, Al. 114.
BREKAN, n. [Gael. braecan = tartan], a stitched bed cover.
brek-boð, n. a fraudulent bidding (of land), Grág. ii.
242.
breki, a, m., poët. a breaker, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët.
BREKKA, u, f. [Swed. and Engl. brink], a slope, Orkn. 244,
Eg. 766, Gísl. 33, Glúm. 395; b. brún, the edge of a slo
pe, Sturl. ii. 75; hvel, Sks. 64,
<PAGE NUM="b0079">
<HEADER>BREKKUBRUN -- BRIGÐA. 79</HEADER>
freq. in local names in Icel.: as a law term, the hill where public meetings
were held and laws promulgated, etc., hence the phrase, leiða í b
rekku, to proclaim a bondsman free; ef þræli er gefit frelsi,
ok er hann eigi leiddr í lög eðr b., Grág. i. 358. COMPD
S: brekku-brún, v. above. brekku-megin, n. strength to c
limb the crest of a hill.
brek-laust, n. adj. fraudless, Grág. i. 137, 200.
brek-ráð, n. pl. a law term, an attempt at fraudulent acqui
sition (v. brek), Glúm. 347, Boll. 352.
brek-sekð, f. a law term, a fraudulent, mock outlawry in order
to disable one from pleading his case, defined Grág. i. 121.
brek-vísi, f. an importunate request. Ld. 134.
brella, u, f. a trick; veiði-brella, a ruse, brellin
n, adj. = bellinn.
brengla, að, to distort, = beygla, Fas. iii.
BRENNA, an old obsol. form brinna; pret. brann, 2nd pers. brant, m
od. branst; pl. brunnu; sup. brunnit; pres. brenn, 3rd pers. brennr; old bre&eth
;r, Grág. ii. 295, Fms. vii. 20 (in a verse); brenn (dropping the r), Hm. 56; with the neg. suffix, brennr-at (non urit), 153, [Ulf. bri
nnan; A. S. byrnan; Early Engl. to 'brenn;' Germ. brennen;
 the strong form is almost obsolete in Germ.] :-- to burn: 1.
of a light; þeir þóttust sjá fjögr ljós b.
, Nj. 118, Fas. i. 340; hrælog brunnu (blazed) af vápnum &th
orn;eirra, Bs. i. 509: of a candle, to burn out, eigi lengr en kerti &tho
rn;at brennr, Fas. i. 341, 342; cp. Fms. viii. 276. 2. to be consumed
by fire; kyrtillinn var brunninn, Fms. xi. 420; nú breðr við
ara en hann vildi, the fire spreads wider than he would, Grág. l.c
. β. of a volcano; er hér brann hraunit, er nú st&ouml
;ndu vér á, Bs. i. 22; brann þá Borgarhraun, Landn. 7
8, Ann. several times. γ. b. upp, to be burnt up. Grá
g. i. 459, K. Þ. K. 42; b. inni, to perish by fire, Gþl. 252,
Nj. 198, 200. δ. to fester, Fms. xi. 288. ε.
to be scolded, Eb. 198; skulu grónir grautar dílarnir &tho
rn;eir er þú brant, 200. 3. metaph. in the phrase, e-t or es hlutr brennr við, one's lot or portion of meat gets burnt
in the cooling, one gets the worst of it; broth 'brennr við,' is bur
nt: ortu bændr þegar á um bardagann (they made an onsl
aught), en þó brann brátt þeirra hlutr við, but it grew soon too hot for them, Fms. iv. 250; Sigurðr kvað sitt
skyldu við brenna, quoth Sigurd, he would get the worst of it, i.e. it would never do, Fær. 236: the phrase, e-t brennr fyrir, or e-t ra
utt brennr fyrir, of bright hopes, rautt mun fyrir b. ok til virðingar sn&ua
cute;a, Fs. 68; mun enn nokkut fyrir b. er þér komit heim, Fas. iii
. 81.
brenna, d, with acc. to burn; b. bál, to burn or 
light a balefire, Hervar. S. (in a verse). 2. to destroy by fire, devast
ate, Fms. xi. 391, Ann. 1329, 1289: b. upp, to burn up, Eg. 49; b. en inni, to burn one alive, Nj. 115, Grág. ii. 128, Landn. 215, v.l
. 3. medic, to cauterise (of hot iron), Grág. ii. 133; b. e
-m díla, to burn spots on one's back, body (medic.), Bs. 1. 644. β. metaph. to brand one's back; eigi þurfu Danir at h&ae
lig;last við oss Norðmenn, margan díla höfum vér bren
t þeim frændum, Hkr. iii. 148; b. e-m illan díla, id.,
Fbr. 190 (in a verse). γ. b. kol, to burn, i.e. make cha
rcoal (cp. charcoal-burner), Grág. i. 200. δ. par
t., brennt silfr, gull = skírt silfr, gull, pure silver, gold, K.
Þ. K. 172, 152; eyrir brendr (= eyrir brends silfrs), mörk brend, Fm
s. ix. 421, Hkr. iii. 12; b. gull, Fms. xi. 77.
brenna, u, f. fire, burning, Grág. ii. 129, Nj. 158, 199; N
jáls brenna, Blundketils brenna, etc., Ann. 962, 1010: the burning of
a dead body, Edda 38 (= bálför). β. astron., accordi
ng to Finn Magnusson (Lex. Mythol.) Sirius is called Loka brenna, the conflag
ration of Loki, referring to the end of the world. COMPDS: brennu-ma&eth
;r, m. an incendiary, Nj. 203. brennu-mál, n. action
for fire, Nj. 210. brennu-saga, u, f. a tale of a fire, Nj. 2
69. brennu-staðr, m. the place where a fire has been, Gr&aacut
e;g. ii. 128. brennu-sumar, n. a summer of fires, Sturl. i. 165. brennu-vargr, m. a law term, an incendiary (outlawed), defined N. G
. L. i. 46, Sturl. iii. 261.
brennandi, m. fire, Fms. i. 63 (in a verse).
brennir, m. id., Edda (Gl.)
brenni-steinn (brennu-steinn, brenna-steinn), m. brimstone, sul
phur, Sks. 391; Icel. sulphur mentioned in the 12th and 13th centuries, Arna
b. S., D. I., H. E., etc.; b. logi, a sulphur lowe or flame, Rb.
336; b. vatn, a sulphur well, Stj. 91; b. þefr, a smell of brims
tone, id.
BRESTA, pret. brast, pl. brustu; part. brostinn; pres. brest, [A. S. b
erstan, per metath.; Engl. to burst; Germ. bersten; Swed. b
rista; Dan. briste] :-- to burst, be rent; jörðin bra
st (the earth burst) undir hesti hans, Nj. 158; steinninn brast, the r
ock was rent, Bs. i. 5. β. to break with a crash; brast &
thorn;ú boginn í tvá hluti, Hkr. i. 342, Gísl. 81; b
restr röng, the rib of a barrel creaks, Jb. 398: the hoops of
a vessel bresta (burst), Fs. 132; skulfu lönd, en brustu bönd
(of a tub), Jón Þorl. 2. to crash, of the sound alone
; hófarnir brustu í veggjunum, the hoofs dashed against the wal
l, Grett. 25 new Ed.; hvat brast þar svá hátt, Hkr. i. 3
42; þá brast strengr á skipi, then twanged the bowstring
on the ship, Fms. i. 182; brestandi bogi, the twanging bow, Hm. 84. β. to burst forth, of a stream, avalanche, or the like; brestr
flóð, of an avalanche, Gísl. 33; skriða brast, 
id., Fms. v. 250; blóð brestr út, the blood bursts out,
 from a blow, N. G. L. i. 342. γ. a milit. term, flótti
brestr, the ranks break in flight, when the host is seized by panic; &tho
rn;á brast flótti í liði Flosa, Nj. 246; er meginfl&oac
ute;ttinn brast, Fms. viii. 229; brast þá flótti á Vi

ndum, xi. 233; bardagi brestr, the battle bursts out, begins, (rare and a
s it seems GREEK.), Fas. i. 34. δ. b. or b. á, to burst or break out, a storm, gale, cp. Bs. i. 78 (vide however s.v. bera C.
IV): b. or b. út, to ebb, but only of the first turning of the tid
e, Bb. 2. 15; augu b., the eyes break in death, v. auga; hence helbrosti&
eth; auga. II. impers., e-n (acc.) brestr e-t (acc.), one lacks, falls
short of; brast Sigríði (acc.) fimm tigi hundraða, Dipl. v.
3; ef oss brestr á borði, if we fall short, get the worst of it, Fms. ix. 507; eigi brestr mik árædi, Fs. 62; á mið &t
horn;au er aldri mun fisk (Ed. wrongly fiskr) b., Bárð. 169; ef eitt
orð (acc.) brysti, Fms. iv. 71; hann vissi þessa sína ætl
an brostna (frustrated), Bs. i. 289; þat mun aldri b., that will
never fail, Grett. 24 new Ed.: hamingjuna brestr, Fms. vi. 155 (Ed. haming
jan).
brestr, m. pl. ir, (old acc. pl. brestu, Jd. 25), an outburst, crash, Eb. 230, of a blow against a metal ring; steinarnir kómu saman, ok va
rð þar við b. hár, Glúm. 375 (cp. heraðs-brestr,
vá-brestr), Fms. xi. 6, 7, Fbr. 148, Hkr. i. 342; her-brestr, the cra
sh produced by a sort of powder (cp. Albertus Magnus), Bs. i. 798, 799; &iac
ute; þeim eldi léku laus björg stór sem kol á af
li, svá at í þeirra samkomu urðu brestir svá st&o
acute;rir, at heyrði norðr um land (of a volcano), 803; mátti hey
ra stóra bresti, i.e. the clash of spears, Flov. 33. II. a chink, fissure, esp. in jewellery; b. á gulli, Vkv. 25, cp. 24; v&
oacute;ru gimsteinar svá heilir at eigi var b. á þeim, Joh.
623. 20; kom mér þá í hug, at b. hafði verit &aac
ute; hringnum, ... fleiri brestina, Ld. 126; cp. the phrase, berja í bres
tina, v. berja, to cry off a bargain, Nj. 32. 2. metaph. a crac
k, chink; bresti er í þeim ráðahag hafa verit, Ld. 1
28. β. want, loss; hvert ábati eðr b. í var
ð, Fms. xi. 441; þar eptir fylgir b. bús, Bb. i. 12; hýb
ýla-brestr, domestic misfortune, Gísl. 79. III. a
rattle (hrossa-brestr).
bretta, tt. [brattr], to turn upwards; b. halann, Hkv. Hjörv.
20; cp. bera halann bratt: in mod. use of the clothes, sleeves, etc., to fol
d up; b. nefið, brýrnar: hence brettur, f. pl. comical
contortions of the face.
breyma, used as adj. ind., b. köttr, a she-cat at heat.
breysk-leikr (-leiki), m. weakness of body, Stj. 21: in mor
al sense, Magn. 504, K. Á. 200.
BREYSKR, adj. (akin to brjósk), properly brittle: b. leirpo
ttr, a brittle earthen pot, Sks. 543; kerin b., Stell. 1. 72: chiefly met
aph. in moral sense, weak, infirm; andinn er fús, en holdið er
b. . Matth. xxvi. 41, Stj. 55, 248, Sks. 688. 13: in mod. writing often spelt w
ith i.
BREYTA, tt, [braut, via], to alter, change: bregða impl
ies the notion of breach, breyta simply denotes change: with dat.; b. farveg (of
a river), to form a new channel, Grág. i. 350, Nj. 4, Ld. 158, Fm
s. ii. 158, Fb. i. 292; flestar Þjóðir þurfa at b. (tr
ansform) nafni hans til sinnar tungu, Edda 14; þá vóru s
njóvar miklir ok breyttir (changed, become impassable) vegir allir
, Eg. 543, Rb. 262 (where the acc. is wrong;). β. reflex., hafa &tho
rn;au ekki breyzk síðan, they have not changed since, Fms. vii
i. 5. γ. to vary; b. háttum, to vary the metre, Edda 121; b. hári sínu, to dress the hair, Greg. 45; b. m
álum, to speak rhetorically, dress one's words, Fms. vi. 392; r&ea
cute;ttr ok b., plain and artificial, Edda 120; úbreyttr, plain
. II. metaph., absol. without case, to conduct oneself, act, do, b
ehave; ef við breytum svá, if we do so, Nj. 202, Ís
l. ii. 181, Fms. i. 150; b. eptir e-m, to imitate, Symb. 15; b. til e-s,
to attempt, Grág. ii. 94. 2. in mod. use chiefly in moral s
ense, to behave, conduct oneself; b. vel, illa, kristilega, cp. breytni,
N. T., Vidal., Pass.
breyti-liga, adv. strangely, Fs. 42, Korm. 54. Lv. 77, Fms. vi. 37
4.
breyti-ligr, adj. strange, Sturl. iii. 302.
breyting, f. change, N. G. L. i. 382.
breytinn, adj. variable, Post. 645. 90.
breytni, f. change; göra b. á um e-t, to make an al
teration in a thing, Fas. iii. 155, Mag. 5, Fs. 98; b. í klæ&e
th;naði, fashion, N. G. L. iii. 262: new fashion, Grág.
i. 338; ný-breytni, Snót 68; hann kvaðst eigi nenna enn um si
nn at hafa þessa b., he said that he was not yet minded to, viz. to
be baptized, Fs. 77, Nj. 13 (shape, nature). 2. in mod. usage chi
efly moral conduct, acting; eptir-breytni, imitation.
Brezkr, adj. Welsh, Fms., etc.; mod. British.
BRIGÐ, f. [bregða A. H.], a law term, 'jus retrahendi,' a righ
t to reclaim, chiefly of landed property; eiga b. til lands; fyrnist þ
á eigi brigðin, then the right of reclamation will not be lost, Grág. ii. 202 sqq.; cp. Landbrigð and Landbrigða-þ&aacute
;ttr, one of the sections of the law; cp. also óðals-brigð (Norse
), vide Gþl. 295 sqq.: also brigð á dómi, change of a
doom or sentence, Sks 588 B: kaupa e-t í brigð við annan, to purchase a thing already bought by another man, Rd. 252; engi brigð
(neut. acc. pl. enga?) mun ek her á göra, where brigð nearly mea
ns protest, Fms. ii. 25. 2. gener. breaking, breach; vin&aa
cute;ttu-brigð, breach of friendship, fickleness, Hm. 83. COMPD: b
rigðar-maðr, m. a law term, one whose lands are escheated, but ma
y be redeemed, Grág. ii. 253, Gþl. 290.
brigða, ð, (mod. að), [bregða], a law term, to escheat
; with acc., b. land, lönd, Grág. ii. 202 sqq.; b. e-m frelsi, to abrogate, i. 203; b. fé (of the forfeiture of a deposit),
183. In the Norse sense, vide Gþl. 295 sqq., Jb. 188 sqq., Dipl. v. 16. 2. with dat. (irreg.), b. jörðu, Gþl. 300: to make void,
 b. dómi, 23; b. sáttmáli, Stj. 382: part, brigð
andi = brigðarmaðr, Grág. ii. 204.
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<HEADER>80 BRIGÐI -- BRJÓTA.</HEADER>
brigði, n. = brigð, Anecd. 14, Mk. 144: cp. compds lit-brigði
, gloaming; veðr-brigði, change of weather; af-brigði,
etc.
brigði-ligr (brigðligr), adj. and -liga, adv. va

riable, Stj. 117, Sks. 203, 627 B, 677. 8, 2.
brigð-kaup, n. a void bargain, because of another man having a
prior right of purchase, N. G. L. iii. 177.
brigð-lyndi, f. fickleness, Hkr. iii. 273.
brigð-lyndr, adj. fickle, Sturl. iii. 123.
brigð-mæli, n. breach of promise, Korm. 56, Fms. vii. 30
5.
brigðr, adj. faithless, fickle, Hm. 90, 125; brigt (unsafe) þyki mér at trúa Þrándi, Fær. 226.
brigð-ræði, n. fickleness, a whimsy, Edda 110 (new E
d. i. 544, note 26).
brigð-ull, adj. variable, fickle, unsafe, Fas. iii. 456.
brigð-verpi, n. a cast in another man's fishery, Gþl. 42
6.
brigzla, að, (derived from brigð and bregða), to upbraid, with dat. of the person and thing; b. oss því, at vér ..
., Fms. ii. 227; honum sé því brigzlat, that it be thrown
in his teeth, Fær. 100, Al. 2: with acc. of the thing (rare), Stj. 42
, Anecd. 30: in mod. use, b. e-m um e-t, Mar. 153 (Fr.): absol., b. e-m ok h&ael
ig;ða, Mar. l.c. II. medic. of broken bones (brixla saman) when they
are only rudely healed.
brigzli and brigzl, n., chiefly in pl. blame, shame, Stj. 1
76. Gen. xxx. 23; b. ok álygi, Hom. 76, Fms. i. 270, ii. 69; eilíf
t b., everlasting shame, x. 222; færa e-m e-t í brigzli, to throw a thing in one's teeth, Lv. 59; hafa at brigzlum, Nj. 223; brigzla
-lauss, blameless, Fms. viii. 136. II. medic. callificatio ossi
um, the callus left after bone-fractures.
brigzl-yrði, n. pl. words of blame, Nj. 223, v.l.
BRIM, n. [A. S. brim = aestus], surf, Fær. 174
, Eg. 99; boðar ok b., Grág. ii. 385; sker ok b., Eg. 161, Landn. 84,
276, Hkr. i. 228. β. poët, the sea.
brim-gangr, m. the dashing of surf, Ann. 1312.
brim-hljóð, n. the roar of surf.
brimill, m. pl. lar, [bremol, Ivar Aasen], phoca fetida mas, also called brim-selr = útselr, a big sort of seal, Höfu&et
h;l. 5: Brimils-gjá, a local name.
brim-lauss, adj. (-leysa, u, f.), surfless, calm, N. G. L.
i. 139.
brim-orri, a, m. anas nigra, a duck, Edda (Gl.)
brim-rót, n. furious surf.
brim-saltr, adj. salt as the sea.

brim-sorfinn, part. (rocks) surf-worn, Eg. 142.
brim-steinn, m. brimstone (?), a nickname, Fms. ix.
brim-stormr, m. a gale raising surf, Stj. 26, 89.
brim-tog, n. a rope used to tug a boat through the surf, Gþl
. 427.
BRINGA, u, f., Lat. sternum, the chest (brjóst, pectus), Nj. 24, Eb. 182, Eg. 719: the phrase, e-m skýtr skelk í bring
u, one gets frightened, Eg. 49, Fb. i. 418. β. the breast
-piece, brisket, Stj. 310. Exod. xxx. 27, = bringu-kollr. γ. me
taph. a soft grassy slope, hence Gull-bringur, the golden slopes,
whence Gullbringu sýsla in Icel. COMPDS: bringu-bein, n. the br
east-bone, Finnb. 256. bringu-breiðr, adj. broad-chested,
Ld. 296, Sturl. ii. 133. bringu-kollr, v. above. bringu-sár, n. a wound in the chest, Sturl. ii. 138, Ld. 140. bringu-teinar,
m. pl. = bringspalir, Fas. iii. 392.
bring-spelir, m. pl. (mod. bringspalir, Ísl. ii. 55, 447, o
r bringsmalir, f. pl.), the 'breast-rails, breast-bars,' the brisket or part where the lower ribs are joined with the cartilago ensiformis
(the hertespone of Chaucer), Ísl. l.c., Fms. ii. 151, Gullþ.
21; bringspölum (dat.), Grág. ii. 16; bringspölu (acc.), G&iac
ute;sl. 106; bringspala (gen.), Sturl. i. 140; bringspeli (acc.), Grett. 123 new
Ed.: often in such phrases as, finna til (to feel pain) fyrir bringsp&ou
ml;lunum; [cp. Fr. espalier.]
brinni, a, m. a flame, Haustl. 13.
BRIS, n., medic. schirrus, gristle, Fél. ix. 208: the phras
e, bíta á brisinu, metaphor from a gristly piece of meat.
BRÍK, f., gen. ar, pl. bríkr, [Engl. brick; Fr. b
rique; Swed. bricka; Dan. brikke = chess-man in a game
], properly a square tablet, e.g. altaris-brík, an altar-piece,
 Vm. 10, Bs. ii. 487: in the Sagas often of a low screen between the
pillars (stafir), separating the bedrooms (hvílurúm) from the chie
f room, Gþl. 345, Fms. v. 339, Sturl. ii. 228, iii. 219, Korm. 182 :-- in
mod. usage brík means a small tablet with carved work, one at the
foot and one at the head of a bed, (höfða-brík, fóta-br&i
acute;k.) β. in Norway (Ivar Aasen) used of a small table pla
ced at the door; in this sense it seems to be used Bs. i. (Laur. S.) 854. COMPDS
: bríkar-búningr, m. and bríkar-klæði,
bríkar-tjald, n. covering for a tablet, D. I. i. 268, Vm. 10,
24. bríkar-nef, n. a nickname, Bs. i.
brími, a, m. fire, poët., Edda (Gl.): brímir
, m., poët, a sword, Lex. Poët.: a mythic. abode, Vs
p. 43.
brjá, ð, (cp. braga), to flicker, Stj. 389, Þi&et
h;r. 114; brjándi birti, Bs. ii. (in a verse). brjándi, par
t. flickering, Stj. 389.
brjál, n. showy trifles, in a poem of A.D. 1410; cp. or&eth
;a-brjál, showy words.
brjála, að, to flutter; to confound, disorder: reflex.,

Orkn. 204 old Ed. (mod. word). brjálaðr, part. one derange
d of mind.
BRJÓSK, n. [Swed. and Dan. brusk], gristle, cartilage, Fas. i. 351; bein eða b., Grág. ii. 12, 120.
BRJÓST, n. (brysti, provinc. Icel.), [Ulf. brusts, f. pl. =
GREEK and GREEK; A. S. breost; Engl. breast; Hel. briost,
n. pl.; Swed. bröst; Dan. bryst, n.; Germ, brust, f.]
:-- the breast; b. ok kviðr, Eg. 579, Nj. 95; önd í brj&o
acute;sti, K. Þ. K. 26; Lat. uber, a woman's breast, in pl., f&aeli
g;ða barn á brjósti, feed a bairn at the breast, Bs. i.
666, Str. 18, Stj. 429: mod. chiefly in pl. = Lat. mammae; hafa barn &aa
cute; brjóstum; brjósta-mjólk, milk from the breast;
brjósta-mein, medic. ulcus or abscessus mammarum, F&eacute
;l. ix. 202; brjósta-verkr, mastodynia (of women), id. II.
with the ancients the breast was thought to be the abode of the mind, as well as
of feeling, hence it is poët, called hug-borg, mun-strönd, reið r
ýnis, minnis knörr, etc., the castle, strand, wain, ship of mind,
of thought, of memory, etc., vide Lex. Poët., Edda 105, Höfuð
l. 1, Stor. 18; thus brjóst freq. metaph. means feeling, temper, dispo
sition; hafa ekki b. til e-s, to have no heart for it; kenna í
brjósti um e-n, to 'feel in the breast' for one, feel compassion for;
 mun hann vera þrályndr sem faðir hans, en hafa brjó
st verra, a harder heart, Sturl. iii. 144, Bs. ii. 70, 41; láta ei
gi allt fyrir brjósti brenna, of a hardy, daring man; e-m rennr í
brjóst, of a light slumber, esp. of one sick. β. the front
, of a wave, Bs. i. 484; b. fylkingar, of a line, Eg. 268, Fms. v. 77. &g
amma;. metaph. the breast-work or protector of one; b. ok hlíf
skjöldr, Hom. 95; bera (vera) b. fyrir e-m, to be one's defender, to shi
eld one, Fms. vii. 263, x. 235; the phrase, vinna eið fyrir brjós
ti e-s, on one's behalf, Gþl. 484.
brjóst-afl, n. strength of chest, Sks. 372.
brjóst-barn, n. a child at the breast, Stj. 227, Fs. 154.
brjóst-björg, f. a breast-plate, Sks. 406.
brjóst-bragð, n. compassion, Barl. 4.
brjóst-búnaðr, m. a breast ornament, brooch, Js.
78.
brjóst-drekkr, m. = brjóstbarn, Grág. i. 240.
brjóst-fast, n. adj. fixed in the heart, Fms. xi. 433.
brjóst-festa, t, to fix in mind, Barl. 142.
brjóst-friðr, m. peace of mind, 655 xxvii. 16.
brjóst-gjörð, f. a saddle-girth, Stj. 397. Judg. v
iii. 26, Lv. 82.
brjóst-góðr, adj. (brjóst-gæði,
n. pl.), tender-hearted.
brjóst-heill, adj. having a sound chest, Fbr. 94, Mar. 655

xxxii.
brjóst-kringla, u, f. a 'breast-disk,' brooch, Vkv. 24, 34.
brjóst-leysi, n. heart-sinking, prostration, Bs. i. 387.
brjóst-megin, n. strength of mind or heart, Bs. i. 2
38, Mag. 88.
brjóst-mikill, adj. broad-chested, Sks. 227 (of waves).
brjóst-milkingr, m. a suckling, Matth. xxi. 16.
brjóst-reiðr, adj. enraged, Þiðr. 116.
brjóst-reip, n. a breast-rope, girdle, a nickname, Orkn.
brjóst-stofa, u, f. a front room, D. N. (Fr.)
brjóst-sullr, m. a tubercle in the lungs, Greg. 74.
brjóst-sviði, a, m. heartburn, Fas. iii. 392, Fé
l. ix.
brjóst-veiki, n. (brjost-veikr, adj.), chest-disease, Fél. ix,
brjóst-veill, adj. having a delicate chest.
brjóst-vit, n. mother-wit, Bs. i. 164, Pass. 44. 17.
brjóst-vitra, u, f. id., Bs. ii. 11.
brjóst-þili, n. = bjórþili, a front wall, Sturl. ii. 66, Hom. 94.
brjóst-þungt, n. adj., Bs. i. 644, (-þyngsli an
d -þreyngsli, n.), asthma.
BRJÓTA, pret. braut; 2nd pers. brautt is obsolete; commonly brauzt
or brauztu, Ó. H. 24 (in a verse), Fms. vi. 139 (in a verse of A.D. 1050
); pl. brutu; sup. brotið; pres. brýt: [this word does not occur in U
lf. and is unknown in Germ.; the A. S. has breâtan, breôtan,
but rarely and in the sense to destroy, demolish: but the Scandin. dialec
ts all have it; Swed. bryta; Dan. bryde; whereas the Goth, brai
can, Germ. brechen, Engl. break are unknown to the Scandin. id
ioms. Du Cange records a Latin-Spanish britare = destruere; it is
therefore likely that it came into Spain with the Goths, although Ulfilas does n
ot use it] :-- to break; with acc., Nj. 64, Bs. i. 346; þeir brutu
báða fótleggi í honum, Hom. 115; sumir brutu (hurt) hendr sínar, sumir fætr, Bs. i. 10; ef maðr brýtr t
ennr or höfði manns, Grág. ii. 11; hvárz þat er h&o
uml;ggit, eðr brotið, cut or broken, id.; þeir kómu
við sker ok brutu stýri, Fms. ix. 307; Þormóðr kva&e
th; betra at róa minna ok brjóta ekki, Grett. ch. 50: phrases as,
b. á bak, to break the back, Fms. vii. 119; á háls,
the neck, Vígl. 21; b. í hjóli (hveli), to break
on the wheel, of capital punishment, Fms. xi. 372, Hom. 147; í &thorn
;eim hring stendr Þórs steinn, er þeir menn vóru brotn
ir um (on which the men were broken) er til blóta vóru haf&
eth;ir, Eb. 26. 2. denoting to destroy, demolish; b. skurðgo&e
th;, Fms. x. 277, Bs. i. 10; þeir höfðu brotið hof en kristna
ð land, Fms. i. 32; Valgarðr braut krossa fyrir Merði ok öll he
ilög tákn, Nj. 167. β. b. skip, to shipwreck (ski
p-brot); brutu þar skipit allt í span, Nj. 282, Ld. 8, Landn. 149:
absol., hón kom á Vikarsskeið, ok braut þar, 110: n&uacu
te; er á (a river) brýtr af annars manns landi, Gþl.
419; cp. land-brot. 3. adding prepp.; niðr, sundr, af, upp, to bre
ak down, asunder, off, or the like; sá er niðr braut alla Jerusal
em, 673. 51; b. niðr blótskap, Fms. iii. 165, viii. (pref.); brutu &t
horn;á Baglar af brúna, B. broke the bridge off, x. 331; b.
sundr, ix. 482; b. upp, to break up; þeir brutu upp þilit, E
g. 235; þeir brutu upp búr hans (of
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<HEADER>BRJÓTR -- BROTTHLAUP. 81</HEADER>
burglars), 593; b. upp kirkju, Fms. ix. 12; b. upp hlið, to break up a fe
nce, K. Þ. K. 84. β. b. upp, to break up a package,
unpack; brýtr hann nú upp gersemar sínar, Fær
. 6 :-- as a naut. term, b. upp means to bring out victuals for the mess,
Dan. bakke op; jarl ok hans menn b. upp vistir ok setjast til matar, Fms
. xi. 147: milit., b. upp vápn means to take arms, prepare for battle (in a sea fight); brjóta upp vápn sín ok berjask, F&ael
ig;r. 85; menn brutu upp um annan öll vápn, Fms. vi. 313 (in a verse
). γ. b. or b. saman, to fold (clothes or the like); b. sund
r, to unfold, Nj. 171: in mod. usage also b. bréf, to fold a le
tter (hence brot, to denote the size of a book); b. upp bréf,
to break a letter open, Barl. 181; b. blað, to fold down a leaf in
a book, etc.; b. út, to break (a channel) through, Landn. 65 (of a river); þá var út brotinn óssinn,
Bs. i. 315. 4. various metaph. phrases; b. bág við, to fig
ht, v. bágr, Fas. i. 43; b. odd af oflæti sínu, to br
eak the point off one's pride, to humble oneself, Nj. 94 (where to disgra
ce oneself); b. straum fyrir e-u, to break the stream for one, metaph
or from a post or rock in a stream, to bear the brunt of battle, Orkn. 34
4; b. bekrann, vide bekri, Grett. 5. metaph. to break, violate, l&
ouml;g, rétt, etc.; mun ek þó eigi fyrir þínar
sakir brjóta lögin né konungs tignina, eða svá lan
dsréttinn, Fms. iv. 263; en þér, konungr, brutuð lö
g á Agli, you broke the law in Egil's case, Eg. 416, Fms. x. 401;
at þú brjótir lög þín, xi. 93; engi sky&ia
cute;di annars ráð brjóta, Bret.; b. á bak, to infri
nge, Fas. i. 528 (cp. lög-brot, laga-brot); b. af við e-n, to wr
ong one, iii. 551: in theol. sense, H. E. i. 460 (vide af-brot, mis-brot, crime, sin): absol. to transgress, brjóta þau ok b&aeli
g;ði, ok göra hórdóm, K. Á. 134. β. de
noting force, to force, compel; b. menn til Kristni, Ld. 178, Fms. i. 142
; til trúar, Fs. 98; til hlýðni, to force to submission; allt landsfólk var undir brotið ríki þeirra, all pe
ople were brought under their rule, Fms. iv. 64; hón er í hern
aði ok brýtr undir sik víkinga, Odd. 22; b. konu til svefnis,
a law term, violare, Grág. i. 338. II. reflex., with prepp.
í, ór, um, út, við, or adv. braut; brjótask, to break in, out, etc.; hann brauzk í haug Hrólfs Kraka, Land
n. 169; brjótumk vér þá burt ór húsinu,
to break out of the house, Fas. i. 88; brjótask á, to b
reak in upon, press; Önundr brauzk á hurðina, Onund tried
to break in the door, Fs. 101, Fms. vii. 187; b. fram, to break forth, Bb.; b. milli, to break out between, Bs. i. 634; b. út, to
break out, esp. in the metaph. sense of plague, disease, fire, or the like;
er út brýzk vökvi ok úhreinindi, Greg. 22 (út-b
rot, a breaking out, eruption); b. um, to make a hard struggle (e.
g. of one fettered or pinioned); því harðara er hann brauzk um,
Edda 20; björn einn brauzk um í vök, Fs. 146; af ofrgangi elds
þess er um brýtsk (rages) í grundvöllum landsin
s, Sks. 151; b. við e-t, to struggle (wrestle) hard against
; þeir brutusk við skóga eðr stóra steina, of en
raged berserkers, Fas. i. 515: metaph. to fight hard against, hann brauzk
við heiðinn lýð, Fms. xi. 396; b. við ofrefli, to fig
ht against odds, Ísl. ii. 394: absol. to strive hard, Stj. 411
; Hákoni jarli var ekki mikit um at b. við borgargörðina, Haco did not care to exert himself much about making the burg, Fms. ix. 46:
with dat., b. við e-u, to fight against (in a bad sense); b. við
gæfu sinni, to break with one's good luck, iv. 233; b. við for
lögunum, to struggle against fate, Fs. 20; b. í e-u, to be
busy, exert oneself in a thing; eigi þarftú í þes
su at brjótask lengr, i.e. give it up, Fms. iii. 102; þv&iac
ute; at þessi maðr Ólafr brýzk í miklu ofrefli, this man Olave struggles against great odds, iv. 77. 2. recipr., &t
horn;eir rérust svá nær, at brutusk árarnar fyrir, that they broke one another's oars, Fms. viii. 216. III. impers. in
a pass. sense; skipit (acc.) braut í spán, the ship was broken
to pieces, Ld. 142; skip Þangbrands braut austr við Búlands
höfða, Nj. 162; tók út skip Þangbrands ok braut mj&
ouml;k, Bs. i. 15: of a house, or the like, destroyed by wind or wave, þ&a
acute; braut kirkju (acc.), the church was blown down, 30: the phrase, st
raum (acc.) brýtr á skeri, the stream is broken against a skerr
y (rock); strauminn braut á öxlinni, the stream broke
against his shoulders, Grett. 140 (the new Ed.), the old Ed. straumrinn -not so well; lá (acc.) brýtr, the surf breaks, abates, Edda
(Ht. verse 78). IV. part. brotinn, broken; sverð slæ o
k brotin, Hkr. i. 343: as adj. in such compds as fót-brotinn, vængbrotinn, háls-brotinn, hrygg-brotinn, etc., with broken leg, wing,
etc.
brjótr, m. one that breaks, a destroyer, mostly in compds o
r poët., Hým. 17, Lex. Poët.
BROÐ, n. [Engl. broth; Germ. brod], broth: still
used in the east of Icel.: occurs in the compd word broð-gýgr, a
broth-cook, in a verse in the Laufás Edda, and wrongly explained in L
ex. Poët, to be = brauð-gýgr.
brodd-geiri, a, m. a spear-formed piece (geiri, goar) of
land, Dipl. iv. 15, Grett. 89, new Ed. brot- wrongly.
brodd-högg, n. a blow from a pike, Fms. ix. 528.
BRODDR, m. [A. S. brord; O. H. G. brort; Goth. brozds is suggested], a spike, Eg. 285. β. a kind of shaft,
freq. in Lex. Poët., Fms. vii. 211, Fas. ii. 118; handbogi (cross-bow) með tvennum tylptum brodda, N. G. L. ii. 427; örfa skeptra (shaf
ts) eðr brodda, i. 202. γ. a sting, of an insect, Gr
önd. 46: metaph., dauði, hvar er þinn b., 1 Cor. xv. 55. &delt
a;. of the spikes in a sharped horse-shoe or other shoe, mannbroddar,
ice-shoes, Þorst. Hv. 46, Eb. 238, 240, Acts ix. 5; in a mountaine
er's staff (Alpen-stock), Bárð. 170. 2. metaph. [cp. O.
H. G. prurdi = ordo], milit. the front (point) of a col

umn or body of men, opp. to hali, the rear; b. fylkingar and f
ylkingar broddr, Al. 56, 32; cp. ferðar-broddr, farar-broddr, Ld. 96, of a t
rain of cattle and sheep. β. the phrase, vera í broddi l&iacu
te;fsins, to be in the prime of life, Al. 29. γ. the milk
 of cows and ewes immediately after calving and lambing. δ. bot
an. a spike on a plant.
brodd-skot, n. a shot with a shaft (b.), Fms. viii. 359, ix. 528.
brodd-spjót, n. a pike in the form of a bayonet, Fas. ii. 2
9.
brodd-stöng, f. a (mountaineer's) pole with an iron
spike, Valla L. 212.
brodd-ör, f. a shaft, = broddr, Fas. ii. 344.
BROK, n. bad, black grass; hence Brok-ey, an island, Landn.; cp. broki, a, m. a nickname, Fms. ix.
brokkari, a, m. [brocarius = a cart, Du Cange], prop. a
cart-horse, hence a trotter, Karl. 48; from brokk, n. a tr
ot; brokka, að, to trot; freq. but of foreign origin.
BROKKR, m., prop. a badger (?), [Germ., Scot., and Old Engl. br
ock.] β. the name of a dwarf, Edda. 2. a trotte
r, of a horse.
BROSA, brosti; pres. brosi; sup. irreg. brosat, -- to smile; &thor
n;á brosti Rútr, Nj. 35, Fms. ii. 197; b. at e-u, to smile at a
thing; at því brosi ek, at ..., id., Þór&e
th;. 26, Orkn. 374, Fms. v. 178; b. við, to smile in reply; Guðr
ún leit við honum ok brosti við, Ld. 246, Fms. vi. 359; b. l&iacu
te;tinn þann, Lat. subridere, iv. 101.
brosa, u, f. so in old writers, in mod. usage always bros, n., -a smile: in the phrase, mæla, svara, með (við) brosu, t
o reply with a smile; við brosu, Sturl. ii. 195; með brosu, Orkn. 46
4.
bros-leitr, adj. of smiling face, Þjal. 18.
bros-ligr, adj. comical, Sturl. i. 24, Fms. iii. 113.
BROSMA, u, f. gadus monopterygius, a fish, Norse brosme, Ed
da (Gl.)
BROT, n. [brjóta, cp. O. H. G. broti = fragilitas],
gener. a broken piece, fragment: 1. esp. in pl., gimsteina brot, 6
23. 20, 544. 39; brota-silfr, old silver broken to be recast; nú e
ru tekin Grásíðu brot, Gísl. 18; gullhringrinn stö
kk í tvá hluti, ok þá er ek hugða at brotunum ...
, Ld. 126; trogs brotin, 655 xxi; brutu bar í Víkinni ok ætl
uðu at göra sér skip ór brotunum (a wrecked ship), Grett.
88: in the compds um-brot, fjör-brot, a hard struggle, convulsions, ago
ny; land-brot, desolation of land by sea or rivers. 2.
metaph. only in pl. violation; lagabrot, breach of law; mis-brot,
af-brot, transgression, freq. in theol. writers: arithm. fractions; tuga-brot, decimals, etc. 3. sing. breaking, bein-brot, q
.v.; sigla til brots, to run ashore under full sail, Eg. 405 (skips-brot)
; cp. haugs-brot, hrygg-brot. β. a fragment; sögu-brot,
the fragment of a tale, story; bókar-brot, the fragment of a MS
. and the like. γ. a shallow place in a river, a firth,
where the stream breaks and widens, Grág. ii. 346. δ. medic.
in the phrase, falla brot, to have an epileptic fit; for the etymology s
ee brotfall below: it is not qs. braut (away) because it is constantly sp
elt with an o, even in MSS. that give 'braut' constantly, e.g. the Miracl
e-book, Bs. i. 332-356; hann féll í brot, ok vissi þá
ekki til sín löngum, 335, 336: a skin eruption (út-br
ot). ε. a sort of sledge of felled trees = broti; l&eacute
;t hann þá færa undir hann brot (a lever?) ok við
þetta kómu þeir honum upp ór dysinni, Eb. 315, Mar. 89
(Fr.)
brot-fall, n. [Ormul. broþþ-fall], an epileptic fit
; the spelling in the Ormulum shews the true etymology, viz. bróð
-fall or bráð-fall, a sudden fall; brot- is an etymologizing b
lunder, 544. 39; féll sveinninn niðr ok hafði brotfall, 655 xxx;
hann görði sér órar, ok lét sem hann félli
í brotfall, Landn. (Hb.) 214, Bs. i. 335, 317, 120, where spelt brottfall
, COMPD: brotfalls-sótt, f. id., Fms. v. 213, Bs. i, 317.
brot-feldr, adj. epileptic, Karl. 547.
brot-hljóð, n. a crashing sound.
brot-hættr, adj. brittle; b. gler, brittle glass.
broti, a, m. trees felled in a wood and left lying, Fms. vii. 320;
þröngvar merkr ok brota stóra, viii. 31, 60, ix. 357.
brot-ligr, adj. guilty, Fms. xi. 444, Jb. 55, 112, 339.
brotna, að, [brotinn], to be broken, Lat. frangi, Nj. 1
9, K. Þ. K. 54, Fms. iv. 263; b. í span, to be broken to pieces,
 Eg. 405. This word is used instead of pass. to brjóta.
brotning, f. breaking, Hom. 137; rendering of Gr. GREEK, Acts ii.
42.
BROTT- [vide braut II] :-- away, in many compds.
brott-búningr, m. preparation for departure, Ísl. ii
. 59, Fms. ix. 128.
brott-ferð, f. an away-going, departure, Fms. i. 69, Gr&aacute
;g. i. 274, Sks. 337, Fs. 7, Eg. 750. brottferðar-öl, n. a pa
rting banquet, Hkr. i. 216.
brott-flutning (mod. -ingr, m.), f. carrying off, Grett. 88
, Fms. viii. 251.
brott-fúsliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), eager to depart,
Hkr. ii. 100.
brott-fúss, adj. eager to depart, Fms. xi. 128.
brott-fýsi, f. eagerness to come away, Fb. i. 188.
brott-færsla, u, f. transportation, Grág. ii. 358, 37

9, Jb. 219.
brott-för, f. = brottterð, Eg. 587, Fms. ix. 129, Grág. i
. 151. COMPDS: brottfarar-leyfi, n. leave to go away, vacation, Or
kn. 60, Hkr. ii. 158. brottfarar-öl, n. = brottferðaröl, Fm
s. i. 58.
brott-ganga, u, f. departure, Fms. v. 183.
brott-gangr, m. = brottganga. β. a law term, divorce,
Ld. 134 (spelt brautgangr). brottgangs-sök, f. a divorce-case.
brott-hald, n. a going away, Fms. vii. 197.
brott-hlaup, n. a running away, Fms. iv. 265, Eg. 422.
<PAGE NUM="b0082">
<HEADER>82 BROTTHVARF -- BRUNDR.</HEADER>
brott-hvarf, n. disappearance, Fms. ix. 341.
brott-höfn, f. law term, a taking off, Grág. i. 217, 3
32, 420.
brott-kváma, u, f. a going away, Fms. ii. 298.
brott-laga, u, f., naut. a retiring, after battle, opp. to atlaga,
Fms. ii. 297.
brott-reið, f. a riding away, Sturl. iii. 25.
brott-rekstr, rs, m. a driving away, expulsion, Stj. 43.
brott-sending, f. a sending away, Stj. 41.
brott-sigling, f. a sailing away, Fms. ii. 95.
brott-söngr, m. divine service performed out of the curate's own
parish, Bs., Sturl., D. I.
brott-taka, u, f. (-tekning, f.), a taking away, Ann. 1218.
brott-tækiligr, adj. removable, Stj. 4.
brott-varp, n. a throwing away, Sks. 388.
brott-vist, f. (-vera, u, f.), a being away, absence, Fms. vii. 48
.
bróðerni, n. brotherhood, Lat. fraternitas, Bs. ii. 72,
Mar. 24 (Fr.)
BRÓÐIR, gen. dat. acc. bróður; pl. nom. acc. br&ael
ig;ðr, gen. bræðra, dat. bræðrum: in mod. common usage i
rregular forms occur, as gen. sing. bróðurs; nom. sing., and gen. dat
. acc. are also sometimes confounded, esp. in keeping the nom. form bró&e
th;ir through all cases, or even the reverse (but rarely) in taking bró&e
th;ur as a nom.; another irregularity is acc. pl. with the article, bræ&et
h;ur-nar instead of bræður-na, which latter form only survives in writ
ing, the former in speaking. There is besides an obsolete poetical monosyllabic
form bræðr, in nom. dat. acc. sing, and nom. acc. pl.; gen. sing, br&a
elig;ðrs; cp. such rhymes as bræðr -- æðri, in a verse o
f Einar Skúlason (died about 1170); bræðr (dat.) Sinfjötla
, Hkv. 2. 8, as nom. sing., Fagrsk. 54, v. l. (in a verse), etc., cp. Lex. Po&eu
ml;t. This form is very rare in prose, vide however Nj., Lat. Vers. Johnsonius,
204, 333, v. 1., and a few times in Stj., e. g. síns bræðr, sin
n bræðr, 160; it seems to be a Norse form, but occurs now and then in
Icel. poetry even of the 15th century, e. g. bræðr nom. sing, rhymes w
ith ræðr, Skáld H. 3. 11, G. H. M. ii. 482, but is quite strang
e to the spoken language: [Gr. GREEK Lat. fr&a-long;ter; Goth, br&ocir
c;þar; A. S. brôðar; Engl. brother; Germ. bruder; Swed.-Dan. broder, pl. brödre] :-- a brother: prov
erbs referring to this word -- saman er bræðra eign bezt at sjá
, Gísl. 17; einginn or annars bróðir í leik; mó&
eth;ur-bræðrum verða menn líkastir, Bs. i. 134: a distincti
on is made between b. samfeðri or sammæðri, a brother having th
e same father or mother, Grág. i. 170 sqq.: in mod. usage more
usual al-bróðir, brother on both sides; hálf-br&oacute
;ðir, a half-brother; b. skilgetinn, frater germanus mó
ður-bróðir, a mother's brother; föður-bró&
eth;ir, a father's brother, uncle; afa-bróðir, a grand-uncl
e on the father's side; ömmu bróðir, a grand-uncle on
the mother's side; tengda-bróðir, a brother-in-law: in famili
ar talk an uncle is called 'brother,' and an aunt 'sister.'
The ties of brotherhood were most sacred with the old Scandinavians; a brotherle
ss man was a sort of orphan, cp. the proverb, berr er hverr á baki nema s
ér bróður eigi; to revenge a brother's slaughter was a sacred
duty; nú tóku þeir þetta fastmælum, at hv&aacute
;rr þeirra skal hefna annars eðr eptir mæla, svá sem &tho
rn;eir sé sambornir bræðr, Bjarn. 58: the word bróðu
rbani signifies a deadly foe, with whom there can be no truce, Hm. 88, Sdm. 35,
Skm. 16, Hdl. 28; instances from the Sagas, Dropl. S. (in fine), Heiðarv. S.
ch. 22 sqq., Grett. S. ch. 50. 92 sqq., E ch. 23, Ld. ch. 53 sqq., etc. The sam
e feeling extended to foster-brotherhood, after the rite of blending blood has b
een performed; see the graphical descriptions in Fbr. S. (the latter part of the
Saga), Gísl. ch. 14 sqq., etc. The universal peace of Fróði i
n the mythical age is thus described, that 'no one will draw the sword even if h
e finds his brother's slayer bound,' Gs. verse 6; of the slaughter preced
ing and foreboding the Ragnarök (the end of the world) it is said, that brothers will fight and put one another to death, Vsp. 46.
II. metaph.: 1. in a heathen sense; fóst-bróðir, fos
ter-brother, q. v.; eið-bróðir, svara-bróðir, '
oath-brother;' leik-bróðir, play-brother, play-fellow: con
cerning foster-brothership, v. esp. Gísl. ii, Fbr., Fas. iii. 375 sqq., H
ervar. S., Nj. 39, Ls. 9, the phrase, blanda blóði saman. 2. i
n a Christian sense, brother, brethren, N. T., H. E., Bs. β.
a brother, friar; Svörtu-bræðr, Blackfriars; Berf&a
elig;ttu-bræðr, q. v.; Kórs-bræðr, Fratres Canonic
i, Bs., etc.
COMPDS: I. sing., bróður-arfr, m. a brother's inheri
tance, Orkn. 96, Fms. ix. 444. bróður-bani, a, m. a bro
ther's bane, fratricide, Ld. 236, Fms. iii. 21, vide above. bró&et
h;iir-baugr, m. weregild due to the brother, N. G. L. i. 74. br&oa
cute;ður-blóð, n. a brother's blood, Stj. 42. Gen. iv.
10. bróður-bætr, f. pl. weregild for a brother,
Lv. 89. bróður-dauði, a, m. a brother's death, G&ia
cute;sl. 24. bróður-deild, f. = bróðurhluti, Fr. bróður-dóttir, f. a brother's daughter, niece, Gr&
aacute;g. i. 170, Nj. 177; bróðurdóttur son, a brother's so
n, N. G. L. i. 76. bróður-dráp, n. the slaying o
f a brother, Stj. 43, Fms. v. 290. bróður-gildr, adj. e
qual in right (inheritance) to a brother, Fr. bróður-gjöl
d, n. pl. = bróður-bætr, Eg. 312. bróður-hefn
d, f. revenge for the slaying of a brother, Sturl. ii. 68. br&oacu
te;ður-hluti, a, m. the share (as to weregild or inheri
tance) of a brother, Grág. ii. 175. bróður-kona,
 u, f. a brother's wife, K. Á. 142. bróöur-kv&a
acute;n, f. id., N. G. L. i. 170. bróður-lóð
, n. a brother's share of inheritance. bróður-son,
m. a brother's son, nephew, Nj. 122, Grág. i. 171, Gþl. 239,
240; bróðursona-baugr, Grág. ii. 179. II. pl., br&a
elig;ðra-bani, v. bróðurbani, Fbr. 165. bræðra-b
úr, n. a friar's bower in a monastery, Dipl. v. 18. br&aeli
g;ðra-börn, n. pl. cousins (agnate), Gþl. 245. br&a
elig;ðra-dætr, f. pl. nieces(of brothers), Gþl. 246.
bræðra-eign, f. property of brothers, Gísl. 17. bræðra-garðr, in. a 'brothers-yard,' monastery, D. N.
bræðra-lag, n. fellowship of brethren, in heathen sense
= fóstbræðralag, Hkr. iii. 300; of friars, H. E., D. I.; br
otherhood, Pass. 9. 6. bræðra-mark, n. astron., the Gemi
ni, Pr. 477. bræðra-skáli, a, m. an apartment for
friars, Vm. 109. bræðra-skipti, n. division of inherita
nce among brothers, Hkr. iii. 52, Fas. i. 512. bræðra-synir, m. pl. cousins (of brothers), Gþl. 53.
bróður-ligr, adj. brotherly, Fms. ii. 21, Hom. 26.
BRÓK, pl. brækr, [Lat. braca, only in pl.]; this word
is of Celtic origin, and identical with the Gaelic braecan = tartan: 
I. tartan or party-coloured cloth, from Gaelic breac = ver
sicolor. Roman writers oppose the Celtic 'braca' to the Roman 'toga;' Gallia
Bracata, Tartan Gaul, and Gallia Togata; 'versicolore sagulo, bracas, te
gmen barbarum indutus,' Tac. Hist. 2, 20, where it exactly answers to the Scot,
tartan, the national dress of Celts; a similar sense remains in the Icel.
names lang-brók, a surname to a lady because of her tall stature, Nj., L
andn.; há-brók, the poët. name of the hawk, from his chequere
d plumage (?), Gm. 44; loð-brók, the name of the famous mythical Dani
sh king, shaggy coat, though the reason for the name is otherwise given i
n Ragn. S. ch. I; the name of the Danish flag of war Dannebrog, qs. Danabrók, pannus Danicus.
II. breeches. Scot, breeks, the sing, denoting one leg; f&o
acute;tinn ok brókina, Eb. 242; ok let hann leika laust knæt &iacut
e; brókinni, Fms. vii. 170: pl. skyrtu gyrða í brækr, H&
aacute;v. 39, Ld. 136, Stj. 63. Gen. ix. 22, Fbr. 160, Fms. xi. 150, Vápn
. 4; leista-brækr, breeches with the socks fixed to them. Eb. 1. c.
; blárendar (blue-striped) brækr, Nj. 184; the lesser outlaw
ry might be inflicted by law on a woman wearing breeches, v. the curious passage
in Ld. 1. c. ch. 35; the passage, berbeinn þú stendr ok hefir brau
tingja görvi, þatkiþú hafir brækr þín
ar, bare-legged thou standest, in beggarly attire, without even thy breeches
on, Hbl. 6 -- the poet probably knew the Highland dress; cp. also the story
of king Magnús of Norway (died A. D. 1103); hann hafði mjök &tho
rn;á siðu um klæða búnað, sem títt var &i
acute; Vestrlöndum (viz. Scotland), ok margir hans menn, at þeir geng
u berleggjaðir, höfðu stutta kyrtla ok svá yfirhafnir, ok k&
ouml;lluðu margir menn hann Berbein eðr Berfætt, Fms. vii. 63: pro
verbs, barnið vex, en brókin ekki, the bairn grows, but the breeks
not, advice to mothers making the first pair of breeks for a boy, not to ma
ke them too tight; þetta verðr aldri barn í brók, thi
s will never be a bairn in breeks, i. e. this will never do.
COMPDS: bróka-belti, n. a breeches belt, to keep them up, S
ks. 405. Fas. i. 47, Sturl. iii. 190. bróka-vaðmál, n.
cloth or stuff for b., Rd. 246. brókar-sótt,
f. nymphomania, Fél. ix.
brók-lauss, adj. breekless, Fms. viii. 448.
brók-lindi, a, m. a girdle (lindi) to keep up the b.
, Fbr. 160, Ld. 78.
bruðningr, m. [bryðja), hard bad food, Snót 216.
brugðning, f. (m., Stj. l. c., v: l.), [bregða]. breach, viola
tion. Stj. 548, 656 A, Skálda 183.
brugg, n. brewing, N. G. L. iii. 197. 2. metaph. machin
ation, scheming, Mar. 52, Thom. 37.
BRUGGA, að. [Germ, brauen; A. S. brewan; Engl. brew;
 Dan. brygge; Swed. brygga] :--to brew, but rare in thi
s sense, the current word being heita or göra öl, to heat or make ale; cp. öl-hita, öl-görð, cooking, making ale. 2. metaph. with dat. to trouble, confound; b. sáttm&aa
cute;li, Stj. 652: more often with acc., 610: to concoct, scheme (in a ba
d sense, freq.)
brugginn, part, brewed, an GREEK Vtkv. 7 (b. mjöðr): the
sole relic of a strong verb answering to the A. S. breovan, bráv,
and the old Germ. strong verb.
bruggu-kanna, u, f. a brewing can, Fr.
bruggu-ketill, in. a brewing kettle, Fr.
brullaup, v. brúðkaup.
BRUM, I. neut. a bud, Lat. gemma; þá hi
t fyrsta tók brum at þrútna um várit á öl
lum aldinviði til laufs, Sks. 105; af bruminu, Bs. ii. 165; birki-brum, a
birch-bud, Eyvind (in a verse), Lex. Poët.
II. metaph. and masc. spring, only in the phrase, öndverð
an brum (acc.), in the early spring time, Sighvat (in a verse); í
öndverðan brum þinna daga, Bs. ii. 7. β. a moment,
 in the phrase, í þenna (sama) brum; í þenna brum
kom Hringr Dagsson, in the description of the battle at Stiklastað, Ó
. H. 218, cp. Fms. v. 81 (where v. l. tíma); ' í þessu bruni
,' Fms. ix. 24. is certainly a misspelling for ' í þenna brum:' cp.
also the compd word nýa-brum, novelty, newfangledness.
brumaðr, part, budded, Lex. Poët.
bruna, að, to advance with the speed of fire; b. fram, of a st
andard in the heat of battle, Mag. 2: of ships advancing under full sail, Fins,
viii. 131, 188: freq. in mod. usage, Helius rann upp af því fagra v
atni, og brunaði fram á það eirsterka himinhvolf, Od. iii.
1. Bb. 3. 18.
brundr, m. [Germ. brunft, semen animalium, Sti. 45. brund-<

PAGE NUM="b0083">
<HEADER>BRUNI -- BRÚÐKAUP. 83</HEADER>
tíð, f. the time when the ewes are blæsma (in Ice
l. usually the month of December), Bs. i. 873, Vm. 80.
BRUNI, a, m. [cp. Ulf. brunsts; Engl. to burn, burning], burning, heat; sólar-bruni, Hkr. i. 5; þá er hús
it tók at falla ofan af bruna (from the fire), Orkn. 458; reykr e&
eth;r b., Nj. 201, Sks. 197. β. a barren heath or burnt l
ava-field as a local name in the west of Icel. 2. metaph. a burnin
g passion, mostly in bad sense; b. öfundar, of envy, Fms. ii. 14
0; losta b., of lust, K. Á. 104; but also trúar b., fire
of faith (but rarely), Fms. v. 239: medic. caustic, 655 xi. 2. COMPD
S: bruna-belti, n. the torrid zone. bruna-dómr, m. a sentence to be burnt, Stj. 46. bruma-flekkr, m. a burnt fleck (spot), Fms. xi. 38. bruna-hraun, n. a burnt lava-field, Bárð. 179. bruna-vegr = brunabelti, Sks. 197. bruna-&thor
n;efr m. a smell of burning, 656 B. Bruna-öld, f. the
Burning-age, i.e. the heathen time when the dead were burnt, precedin
g the Hauga-öld (Cairn-age) according to Snorri, Hkr. pref.; at v&ea
cute;r munim hafna átrúnaði várum þeim er feð
r várir hafa haft fyrir oss, ok allt foreldri, fyrst um Bruna-öld, o
k síðan um Hauga-öld, i. 141: the 'Burning-age' is in Scandin. p
re-historical; relics are only found in the mythological time (v. above s.v. b&a
acute;l) and in law phrases and old sayings, such as branderfð, q.v., til br
ands ok báls, v. brandr: 'brendr' is synonymous to 'dead' in the old Hm.;
at kveldi skal dag leyfa, konu er brend er, praise no wife till she is 'burn
t' (i.e. buried), 70; and blindr er betri en brendr sé, n&yacu
te;tr mangi nás, better to be blind than burnt, i.e. better bli
nd than dead and buried, 80; but it does not follow that burning was used at
the time when the poem was composed; the saving had become proverbial.
brunn-lækr, m. a brooklet coming from a spring, = bæja
rlækr, Grág. ii. 289, Jb. 247, Ísl. ii. 91, Fms. ii. 201.
brunn-migi, a, m. 'mingens in puteum,' a kind of hobgoblin who pollute
d the wells, Hálfs S. ch. 5. Fas. ii. 29, mentioned only here, and un
known to the present Icel. legends :-- name of the fox, Edda (Gl.); cp. t
he proverb, skömm hundum, skitu refar í brunn karls, shame on the
hounds, the foxes defiled the carl's burn, Fms. vii. 21.
BRUNNR (old form bruðr), m. [Ulf. brunna; A. S. b&ae
lig;rne; Scot. and North. E. burn; O. H. G. brunna; Germ. b
runn, all of them weak forms, differing from the Scandin.-Icel. brunnr; Dan.
brönd; Swed. brunn] :-- a spring, well; the well was
common to all, high and low, hence the proverbs, (allir) eiga sama til brunns a
ð bera, i.e. (all) have the same needs, wants, wishes, or the
like; allt ber að sama brunni, all turn to the same well, all bear the sa
me way, Grett. 137; seint að byrgja brunninn er barnið er í d
ottið, it is too late to shut the well when the bairn has fallen in;
cp. the Engl. proverb, 'It is useless to lock the stable door when the steed is
stolen.' In mythol., the brunnr of Mímer (Edda 10, 11) is the wel
l of wisdom, for a draught of which Odin pawned his eye; probably symbolical of
the sun sinking into the sea; the pit Hvergelmir (Edda 3) answers to the Gr. Tar
tarus; Stj. 612, Fms. ii. 83: the word may also be used of running water,
though this is not usual in Icel., where distinction is made between brunnr and
lækr, Grág. ii. 289, vide brunn-lækr. 2. metaph. a

spring, fountain; b. hita (the sun), A. A. 5; esp. theol. of God, Christ, b
. gæzku, miskunnar ..., Greg. 33; með brunni Guðlegrar spekðar
, 673 A. 49; b. mælsku, Eluc. 56.
brunn-vaka, u, f. a third horn in the forehead of an ox with which he ope
ned the ice during winter to get at the water; hit fjórða horn st&oac
ute;ð ór enni, ok niðr fyrir augu honum, þat var b. hans, L
d. 120.
brunn-vatn, n. spring-water, Bs. ii. 177.
brunn-vígsla, u, f. consecration of wells, Bs. i. 450, cp.
Ísl. Þjóð.
brutla (brutl, n., brutlan, f.), að, [brytja] :-- to
waste, spend, esp. in trifles; prop. to chop.
BRÚ, gen. brúar; nom. pl. brúar, Grág. i. 149
, ii. 277, Eg. 529; brúr, Bs. i. 65 (Hungrvaka), is a bad spelling, cp. L
andn. 332 (Mantissa); mod. pl. brýr, which last form never occurs in old
writers; dat. sing, brú, gen. pl. brúa, dat. brúm: [A. S. brycg and bricg; Scot. brigg; Germ. brücke; Dan
. bro; cp. bryggja] :-- a bridge, Sturl. i. 244, 255, 256, iii. 24
. In early times bridges, as well as ferries, roads, and hospitals, were works o
f charity, erected for the soul's health; hence the names sælu-hús
(hospital), sælu-brú (soul-bridge). In the Swedish-Ru
nic stones such bridges are often mentioned, built by pious kinsmen for the soul
s of the dead, Baut. 41, 97, 119, 124, 146, 559, 796, 829, 1112, etc. The Icel.
Libri Datici of the 12th century speak of sheltering the poor and the traveller,
making roads, ferries, churches, and bridges, as a charge upon donations (s&aac
ute;lu-gjafir); þat fé þarf eigi til tíundar at telja,
er áðr er til Guðs þakka gefit, hvart sem þat er til
kirkna lagit eðr brúa, eðr til sælu-skipa, K. Þ. K.
142, cp. D. I. i. 279, 402. COMPDS: brúar-fundr, m. the battle
at the Bridge, Sturl. ii. 256 (A.D. 1242). brúar-görð, f. bridge-making, Grág. ii. 266. brúar-sporðr,
m. [sporðr, the tail of a fish], tête-de-pont, Germ. brückenkopf, whereas the Icel. takes the metaphor from fishes touching
the banks with their tails, Nj. 246, Bs. i. 17.
brúa, að, to bridge over, Fms. i. 123: metaph., Sks. 78
8.
brúða, u, f. a doll, puppet, Fms. xi. 309; stólbrúða (literally chair-bride), the pillar in carved wor
k on the side of an old-fashioned chair; in Fbr. 98 the head of Thor was carved
on the chair; Gríma kona Gamla átti stól einn mikinn, en &
aacute; brúðum stólsins var skorinn Þórr, ok var
þat mikit líkneski, cp. the classical passage Eb. ch. 4; var h&aacu
te;r hennar bundit við stólbrúðurnar, Bárð. 175
(in the vellum MS. distinctly bruðrnar UNCERTAIN): a distinction in form an
d inflexion is always made between brúðr, a bride, and br&uacu
te;ða, puppet; hence the saying, 'to sit like a brúða,' i.
e. motionless, not stirring a limb; bláum skrýddr skrúð
a, skikkanlegri en brúða, more quiet than a b., Sig. Pé
t. 229; the sense of GREEK and GREEK in Greek is analogous.
brúð-bekkr, m. the bride's bench; in old wedding feasts
the bride and bridesmaids were seated on the bride's bench, the bride in
the middle; the ladies were seated on the pallr or þverpallr (the dais
 or ladies' bench), turning their faces to look down the hall; the b
rúðbekkr was the seat of honour, and the central part of the dais; cp
. the phrase, brúðr sat 'a midjum palli,' i.e. 'á brú&e
th;bekk,' Ld. 296, Sd. 151, Lv. 37, Ísl. ii. 250, Nj. 50; vide bekkr, pp.
56, 57.
brúð-fé, n. a bride's fee; cp. the 'duty to the
priest and clerk' in the Engl. service; the bride's fee is mentioned in t
he beautiful heathen poem Þrymskviða (our chief authority in these mat
ters), 29, 32; where it is a fee or gift of the bride to the giant maid. It seem
s to be a fee paid by the guests for attendance and waiting. Unfortunately there
is a lacuna in verse 29, the last part of which refers to the bekkjargjöf
(vide 57); the poem is only left in a single MS. and the text cannot be restored
. It is carious that Þkv. 32 calls this fee 'shillings,' cp. Germ.
braut schilling (Grimm); it shews that the bride's fee was paid in small
pieces of money.
brúð-férð and brúð-för, f. a bride's journey, Landn. 304, cp. Fs. 124, Rd. 255, Fms. iv. 180, Eg. 701
, Grág. i. 441 A; as a rule the bridegroom was to carry his bride home, o
r she was carried home to him, and the wedding feast was held at the house and a
t the cost of the bridegroom or his parents. The bride came attended and followe
d by her bridesmaids, friends, and kinsmen, sometimes a host of men; hence origi
nate the words brúðferð, brúðför, and perhaps eve
n brúðhlaup, etc. 'Dress the hall! now the bride is to turn homeward
with me,' says the bridegroom-dwarf in the beginning of the poem Alvísm&a
acute;l; so the bride Freyja travels to the wedding at the giant's, Þkv.,
cp. Rm. 37; -- báðu hennar, ok heim óku, giptu Karli, g&eacute
;kk hón und líni, Ld. ch. 7, Nj. ch. 34, Harð. S. ch. 4, Sturl
. iii. 181 sqq. In some cases, to shew deference to the father of the bride, the
feast might be held at his house, Nj. ch. 2 (skyldi boð vera at Marðar)
, ch. 10, 14, Lv. ch. 12; cp. the curious case, Sturl. i. 226. In Icel., where t
here were no inns, the law ordered that a bride and bridegroom, when on the brid
e's journey, had the same right as members of parliament on their journey to the
parliament; every farmer was bound to shelter at least six of the party, suppos
ing that the bride or bridegroom was among the number, K. Þ. K. 94. One wh
o turned them out was liable to the lesser outlawry, Grág. i. 441.
brúð-gumi, a, m. [Ulf. uses bruþfaþs, not bruþguma; A. S. brydguma; Hel. brudigomo; O. H. G. 
prutigomo; Germ. bräutigam; Dan. brudgom; Swed. brudgu
mme; from brúðr, a bride, and gumi, a man = Lat. homo; the Engl. inserts a spurious r, bridegroom] :-- a 'bride's
man,' bridegroom; svá sem gumi er kallaðr í brú&et
h;för, Edda 107, Grág. i. 175, Nj. 25, Sturl. iii. 182, Ísl.
ii. 250. COMPD: brúðguma-reið, f. a 'bridegroom's ride;
' at weddings the bridegroom, as the host, had to meet his guests (boðsm
enn) a quarter of a mile from his house; here he entertained them in tents, wher
e they remained and enjoyed themselves till evening; when darkness began to set
in, the party rode home in a procession drawn up two and two; this was called br
úðguma-reið. The last bridegroom's ride on record in Icel. was th
at of Eggert Olafsson, just a hundred years ago, at his wedding at Reykholt in t
he autumn of 1767 A.D. A minute description of this last Icel. b. exists in a MS
. (in the possession of Maurer, in Munich). An interesting treatise upon the wed
ding feasts in Icel. in the Middle Ages, down to the 18th century, is among the
Icel. MSS. in the Bodleian Library, no. 130.
brúð-hjón, n. pl. the wedding pair.
brúð-hvíla, u, f. a bridal bed (lectus nuptia

lis), Bret.
brúð-kaup and brul-laup, n. a wedding feast, bridal;
 these two words are identical in sense, but different in etymology; br&u
acute;ðkaup, prop. bride's bargain, refers to the old notion, tha
t marriage was a bargain or purchase, not that the bride was bought herself, but
the word refers to the exchange of mundr (by the bridegroom) and heimanfylgja (
by the bride's father), vide these words; hence the allit. phrase, mey mundi key
pt, and mundr and mey ('mund' and maid); again, brullaup, [
qs. brúð-hlaup, bride's leap, cp. Germ. brautlauf, M. H
. G. brûtlouf, Swed. bröllopp, Dan. bryllup; Gr
imm mentions an A. S. brydlop (not found in Grein's Glossary or Bosworth'
s A. S. Dictionary); the full form brúðhlaup scarcely occurs in very
old MSS., it is found in the Játv. S. MS. A.D. 1360, but only assimilated
, Grág. i. 303, 311, l. i] refers either to the bride's journey = br&uacu
te;ðför, or to some bridal procession on the wedding day, probably the
first; but in fact both words are only used of the wedding feast, the Eng
l. 'bridal,' A. S. bryd-eala. At the wedding feast the contract, though a
greed upon at the espousals (festar), was to be read: to make a lawful 'br&uacut
e;ðkaup' there must be at least six guests -- þá
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<HEADER>84 BRÚÐKAUPSFERÐ -- BRYGGJA</HEADER>
er brullaup gert at lögum, ef lögráðandi fastnar konu, enda
sé sex menn at brullaupi et fæsta, ok gangi brúðguminn
i ljósi í sama sæing konu, Grág. i. 175; rá&et
h;a b., to fix the wedding day. Nj. 4; vera at brullaupi, Ld. 70; drekka
b., to drink, i. e. hold, a wedding, 16, Fms. iv. 196; koma
til b., Sturl. iii. 182; göra b., Fms. i. 150; göra b. til, to wed
, Eg. 160, Landn. 243; veita b., Eb. 140: as to the time of wedding, vide Gr
ág. i. 311. COMPDS: brúðkaups-ferð, f. = br&uacute
;ðferð, Sturl. iii. 177. brúðkaups-görð, f.
holding a wedding, Fs. 21, K. Þ. K. 114, N. G. L. i. 16. br&uac
ute;ðkaups-klæði, n. a wedding-garment, Matth. xxii. ii
. brúðkaups-kostr, m. the cost of a wedding, D. N. iv.
174. brúðkaups-stefna, u, f. a wedding meeting, we
dding feast, Nj. 40, Fms. ii. 49, vi. 395. brúðkaups-veizla, u, f. a wedding feast, Fms. vii. 278, ix. 345, Hkr. iii. 404. br&
uacute;ðkaups-vitni, n. a marriage-witness, Gþl. 224.
brúð-kona, u, f. a bridesmaid; hafi bann (viz. the brid
egroom) brúð-menn, en hon (the bride) brúð-konur, N. G. L.
i. 27: þá skal hann (the bridegroom) sitja millum brúðm
anna, en hon (the bride) millum brúð-kvenna, ii. 305.
brúð-maðr, m. a bridegroom's man, N. G. L. i. 27: c
ollect. the bridesmen and bridesmaids when on a bride's journey, Gr&aacut
e;g. i. 436, Eg. 201, Rd. 270.
brúð-messa, u, f. the marriage-service, H. E. i. 527.
BRÚÐR, f., dat. acc. brúði; pl. brúðir:
[Ulf. renders the Gr. GREEK by bruþs, Matth. x. 35 (where th
e Gr. word means nurus); John iii. 29 (where it means bride) is lo
st in UIf., but no doubt 'bruþs' was also used there: A. S. bryde;
Engl. bride; O. H. G. prut; Germ, braut; Dan.-Swed. Brud
] :-- a bride; Germans use 'braut' in the sense of betrothed,
but Icel. call a girl festar-mey (betrothed) from the espousal till she s
ets out for the wedding journey, when she becomes 'bride'; in mod. usage the wor
d only applies to the wedding day; konur skipuðu pall, ok var brú&eth
;rin döpr, Nj. 11; sat Hallgerðr á palli, ok var brúð
rin allkát, 18; var brúðrin í för með þe
im, 50; brúðr sat á miðjum palli, en til annarrar handar &
THORN;orgerðr dóttir hennar, 51; brúðr sat á midjan
pall ok Þorlaug á aðra ok Geirlaug á aðra (the ladi
es' seat of honour was nearest to the bride on her right and left hand), Lv. 37;
konur sátu á palli, ok sat Helga hin Fagra næst brú&
eth;inni, Ísl.. ii. 251. β. in a wider sense, the bridesm
aids ( = brúðkonur) sitting on the 'bride's bench' are called 
brides; sat þá Þorgerðr (Ed. and MSS. wrongly Þ
órhalla) meðal brúða, then Thorgerda was seated among t
he 'brides,' i. e. on the bride's bench, being herself bride,
Ni. 51; cp. also Þkv. 25, hvar sattu 'brúðir' (acc. pl.) b&iacu
te;ta hvassara? Answ., sáka ek brúðir bíta en breið
ara: in poetry, girls, maids in general. Lex. Poët.: metaph.
and theol., b. Guðs, b. Kristi = the church, H. E., Vidal., etc. COM
PDS: brúðar-bekkr, m. = brúðbekkr. brú&e
th;ar-efni, n. a bride to be, bride-elect, Bárð. 17
5. brúðar-gangr, m. the bridal procession; both the pr
ocession to and from the church (first the maids and women, then the ladies, and
the bride, as the chief person, last); and again, the procession of the bride a
nd ladies from the bride's room (brúðarhús) into the hall, whe
re the men were assembled with the bridegroom. After grace had been said, both i
n the stofa, to the men, and in the bride's-bower, to the ladies, two dishes wer
e served; a toast, called Heilags Anda skál or Heilags Anda minni (Hol
y Ghost's toast), perhaps a continuation of the heathen Bragarfull, was then
given; at this signal the marshal (siðamaðr) went up to the bride's roo
m and summoned the brides (ladies) to come down to the stofa and join the men; t
his was the second procession. The bride then sat on the bride's chair, and ever
y one took his lady, and the feast went on in common. This custom is obsolete, b
ut the word remains: a slow, stately walk, with an air of importance in measured
steps, is called in Icel. a 'bride's walk,' like that of brides o
n a wedding day; [cp. Germ. brautgang.] brúðar-hús,
 n. a bride's chamber, the room where the bride and ladies were seate
d at a wedding during the morning and the beginning of the wedding feast, 625. 1
67. brúðar-lín, n. the bride's veil; the bride was vei
led during the wedding, and according to Þkv. 19 she took the veil when sh
e set out for the 'brúðför.' This was the only time in life when
a woman was veiled, hence ganga und líni, to walk under veil, 
to be veiled, is synonymous with to wed, marry; giptu Karli, g
ékk hón und líni, Rm. 37; setjask und ripti, id., 20
; bundu þeir Þór þá brúðar lín
i, Þkv. 191, 15; laut und línn, lysti at kyssa, he (viz. the
bridegroom) louted under the veil, him list to kiss, 27; Guðr&uacute
;n (the bride) sat innar á þverpalli, ok þar konur hja henni,
ok hafði lín á höfði, i. e. she sat wearing a vei
l, Ld. 296. brúðar-stóll, m. the bride's chair, N. G. L. i. 184.
BRÚK, n. dried heaps of sea-weed, Bs. i. 527, Sturl. ii. 69
, Njarð. 380, Fms. vi. 376 (in a verse): metaph. big words, Grett. 10
1 C.
BRÚKA, að, [cp. Lat. Fr&u-long;gi, frux, fruc
tus, frui; A. S. brucan; (Germ. brauchen; Dan. bruge
; Swed. bruke, borrowed from Germ.] :-- to use, with acc., bor
rowed from Germ. through Dan.; it seems not to have come into use before the 17t
h century; it never occurs in the Icel. N. T., and even not in Pass.; in V&iacut
e;dalín (died A. D. 1720) it is used now and then; and at present, althou
gh used in common talk, it is avoided in writing. It is curious that the languag
e has no special expression for to use, Lat. uti (hafa, beita neyt
a, or other words indirectly bearing that sense are used); derived forms--as 
brúkandi, brúkanligr, adj., óbrúkanligr,
adj. unfit, useless--are used, but sound ill. brúkan, f. use, is preferred for brúk, n., Dan. brug = use, etc.
BRÚN, f., old pl. brýnn, mod. brýr; the old form rem
ains in the phrase, bera e-m e-t á brýn (qs. Brýnn) :-- 
eye-brow (brá = eye-lid), Fms. xi. 274; kom (the blow)
á brúnina, ok hljóp hón ofan fyrir augat.... bindr u
pp brúnina, Þorst. St. 49; ór brúnunum ofan nefið
, Ísl. ii. 368; skegg ok brýnn, Stj. 318; brá eðr br&ua
cute;na. Edda 109. β. in reference to frames of mind; to lift the e
ye-brows denoting a pleasurable state; to drop them, a moody frame; in phrases,
bregða í brún ; (brýnn?), to be amazed, v. breg&
eth;a; lypta brúnum, to lift the eye-brows, to be glad, cheerfu
l, Fs. 18: hóf þá upp brún (impers.), their fa
ces cleared, Bs. i. 637, Eg. 55; síga lætr þú br&y
acute;nn fyrir brár, cp. the Engl. to knit the brows, Hkv. Hj&ouml
;rv. 19; er hann sá at Þórr lét siga brýnnar o
fan fyrir augun, Edda 28; hleypa brúnum. id., Eg. 305, hence l&eac
ute;tt-brýnn. glad; þung-brynn, moody; brún-&o
uml;lvi, id.; hafa brögð undir brúnum, to look uncanny
, Band.; vera (so and so) undir brún at líta, to look so an
d so, esp. in an uncanny sense, Nj. 55, Orkn. 284; bera e-m e-t á br&
yacute;nn (vide bera B. 1. β), Greg. 51, Rd. 241. II. metaph
. the brow of a fell, moor, etc. (fjalls-brún, heiðar-br&uacut
e;n, veggjar-brún); is-brún, the edge of ice; á fram
anverðri brúninni, efstu brúninni, on the mountain edge
, Sturl. i. 84: the first beam of day in the sky (dags-brún), litil br&ua
cute;n af degi; lands-brún, the 'lands-brow,' i. e. the fir
st sight of a mountain above the water. COMPDS: brúna-bein, n. p
l. the bones of the brow, Sturl. i. 180, Heiðarv. S. (in a verse). brúna-mikill, adj. heavy-browed, Eg. 304. brúna-s
íðr, adj. having long overhanging brows. Eg. 304, v. 1. brúna-skurðr, m. cutting the hair straight across the brows (as in the later Roman time), Ld. 272.
BRÚN, f. a kind of stuff or tapestry (for. word), Vm. 24, 3
1, 146, 177, Pm. 25, Bs. i. 762.
brúnaðr, adj. (dark) coloured, Fms. viii. 217, Sks. 286
.
brún-áss, m. the wall-plate, i. e. the beam (
áss) along the edge (brún) of the walls on which the
cross-beams rest, Nj. 114, 202, Bs. i. 804.
brún-gras, n. 'brown-grass,' probably Iceland moss, Finnb.
214; or = brönngrös, q. v. (?)
brún-hvítr, adj. white-browed, epithet of a fair lad
y, Hým. 8.
brún-klukka, u, f. 'brown-bell,' name of an insect found in
stagnant pools, Eggert Itin. § 600.

brún-móalóttr, adj. (a horse) of mouse-grey colou
r with a black stripe down the back, Hrafn. 5.
BRÚNN, adj. [A. S. brún; Germ. braun], bro
wn, Hkr. iii. 81, Fas. iii. 336; brún klæði, black dress
, of the dress of a divine, Bs. i. 800: 'svartr' is never used of a horse, b
ut brúnn, dark-brown, whereas a bay is jarpr, Nj. 167, Gret
t. 122 A, Bs. i. 670, cp. Sturl. ii. 32; a black horse is called Brúnn, a
mare Brúnka; dökk-brúnn, rauð-brúnn, dark-brow
n, red-brown, etc. The word is not much in use.
brún-síðr, adj. = brúnasíðr, with
overhanging brows, Þiðr. 179.
brún-ölvi, adj. a word spelt in different ways, found in abou
t three passages. brúnölr, Bjarn. 62; brúnvolvi, Fb.
i. 186; brúnvaulfi, iii. 357; brúnölvi, Fms. xi. 114; br&uacu
te;nölfr, Jómsv. S. 32 (Ed. 1824) :-- frowning, with a wolfis
h brow, look, [from brún and úlfr, a wolf.]
BRÚSI, a, m. a buck, he-goat, Edda (Gl.): name of a
giant, Fms. iii. 214. In Norway (Ivar Aasen), a lock of hair on the forehead of animals is called 'bruse.' In Icel. α. an earthen
jar, to keep wine or spirits in (cp. Scot. greybeard, Scott's Monaste
ry, ch. 9), no doubt from their being in the shape of a bearded head. Thi
s has given rise to the pretty little poem of Hallgrím called Skeggkarlsv
ísur, Skyldir erum við Skeggkarl tveir, a comparison between Man and
Greybeard (Skeggkarl = Beard-carle); cp. leir-brúsi = brúsi
; flot-brúsi, Hym. 26. β. a bird, columbus maximus, c
alled so in the north of Icel., but else heimbrini, Eggert Itin. § 556. II. a pr. name of a man, Landn.
brúskr, m. a 'brush,' tuft of hair, crest of
a helmet, etc.
brú-steinn, m. pavement, Eb. 120.
brydda, dd, [broddr], to prick, point: α. 
to sharp or rough a horse, in shoeing him, Hm. 89: to spit, pin, Sturl. iii. 85 C. β. to shew the point; svá langt
sem bænar-krossinn á Sævarlandi bryddir undan Melshorni, of a
view, just shewing the point, Dipl. iii. 11: metaph. to prick, torment, Str. 25; b. á illu, ójafnaði, to shew, utter, evil, injustice. II. to line a garment,
(akin to borð, borði.)
brydding, f. lining, N. G. L. iii. no. 2 and 10, D. N., freq. in m
od. use.
bryðja, u, f. a sort of trough, Stj. 178. Gen. xxx. 38. II
. a rude woman, a hag, v. the following word.
BRYÐJA, bruddi, brutt, no doubt qs. brytja, prop. to chop with the
teeth, used of chewing biscuits or other hard brittle food: cp. provincial
Ital. rottà, which is used in the very same sense, from Lat. ru
mpere, as bryðja comes from brjóta, brytja.
BRYGGJA, u, f. [v. brú, Scot. brigg], a pier, lan
ding-stage, gangway, Eg. 75, 530, Hkr. ii. 11, Ld. 190, Fms. i. 158,
ix. 478, 503, xi. 102. The piers were movable, and were carried about in trading
ships; hence such phrases as, skjóta bryggjum (skut-bryggja), to shoo
t out the gangway,
<PAGE NUM="b0085">
<HEADER>BRYGGJUBUÐ -- BUKLARAFETILL. 85</HEADER>
for embarking or loading the ship. 2. seldom = bridge, D. I. i. 4
04. In English local names, Stanfurðu-bryggja, Lundúna-bryggja, St
amford-bridge, London-bridge, Hkr., Fms. vi. COMPDS: bryggju-b&ua
cute;ð, f. a pier-shop, N. G. L. iii. no. 49. bryggju-f&oacut
e;tr, m. the head (end) of a pier, a cognom., Fms. bryggju-ker, n. a tub at the pier, Fms. x. 153. bryggju-lægi, n. a
lying with the gangway shot out, Grág. i. 92, Hkr. ii. 213. bryg
gju-mangari, a, m. a 'bridge-monger,' shopkeeper at a landi
ng-pier, N. G. L. iii. bryggju-sporðr, m. the end, hea
d of a pier, Grág. i. 92, Eg. 121, Fms. iv. 41.
bryn-brók, f. war-breeches, Sks. 405.
bryn-glófi, a, m. a war-glove, gauntlet, N. G. L. i. 247, E
l., Karl., etc.
bryn-hattr and -höttr, m. and -hetta, u, f. a war-h
at, Al. 78, Karl. 179, 239.
bryn-hosa, u, f. war-hose, greaves, Stj. 461, Sks. 405. 1 S
am. xvii. 6.
BRYNJA, u, f. [Ulf. brynio; A. S. burn; Hel. bry-nio; O. H. G. brunja; Swed. brynja; Dan. brynie] :-- a coat
of mail, in olden times woven of rings (hringa-brynja, ring-mail), h
ence in poetry called hring-skyrta, a chain-mail sark or shirt, wi
th epithets such as 'iron sewed, knit, woven,' and the like, Lex. Poët.: th
e breast-plate, spanga-brynja (Fms. vii. 264, viii. 95, 388), is of later date,
viz. of the time of the Crusades and the following ages, vide Fms. i. 43, ii. 30
9, iv. 65, vi. 410, 411, vii. 45, 46, viii. 403, xi. 137, v. 1. etc. etc., Bs. i
. 526, 528, 624. COMPDS: brynju-bítr, m. mail-biter, name
of a sword, Sturl. brynju-bönd, n. pl. cords to fasten the b
., Karl. brynju-hattr and -hetta = brynhattr. brynju-h&aacute
;lsbjörg, f. a hauberk, brynju-hringr, m. the ring of
a coat of mail, Fas. i. 197. brynju-lauss, adj. without a coat of
mail, uncovered, Sturl. ii. 146, Fms. vi. 416 (in a verse). bryn
ju-meistari, a, m. a smith of a b., N. G. L. ii. 246. brynju-rokk
r, m. a coat [Germ. rock] of mail, Karl.
brynja, að, to cover with a coat of mail, Róm. 219; mos
tly in part. pass. brynjaðr, wearing a coat of mail, Fms. v. 1
61, Orkn. 148: reflex. to put on a coat of mail, El. 103.
bryn-klungr, m. a sort of weapon, = Lat. lupus, Sks. 419.
bryn-knífr, m. a war-knife, dirk, Sks. 406.
bryn-kolla, u, f. = mid. Lat. collare, a collar of mail, Fm
s. viii. 404.
brynna, t, [brunnr], to water cattle, with dat. of the beasts; b.
nautum, Skálda 163, Dropl. 34.
bryn-stakkr, m. a mail-jacket, Fær. 110, Lv. 107.

bryn-stúka, u, f. a mail-sleeve, Fms. ii. 323, viii. 387.
bryn-tröll, n. a sort of halberd, Ld. 148, Valla L. 208, Eg.
121, 122, K. Þ. K. 170, Thom. 343, Stj. 461. 1 Sam. xvii. 7, where the tra
nslator says of the spear of Goliah -- slikt er mí kallat b.
bryn-þvari, a, m. a sort of halberd, probably synonymous to
bryn-tröll, defined in Eg. 285, Fas. iii. 387.
BRYTI, old gen. brytja, mod. bryta, m. [A. S. brytta = villicus
; old Dan. bryde] , a steward, bailiff. This word occurs twic
e or thrice in Icel. books, of the bailiffs, of private farms, Nj. 201, &
THORN;orf. S. Karl. 408, Fs. 147; also of the two bishops' bailiffs, Bs.
i. 247, 477, 839, 848, where bryti is inferior to ráeth;smaðr, a s
teward, and denotes the head-labourer in the bishop's homestead. In D
enmark it was more in use, cp. a treatise of N. M. Petersen ('Bonde og Bryde') u
pon the subject, publ. in Ann. for Nord. Oldk. 1847; even used in Denmark as a p
r. name, as Steward, Stewart in the Brit. Isles, Hkr. i. 228; bryt
a eðr hinum bezta manni er í bæ er staddr, Gþl. 428: the
bryti was in Norway the head-bondsman, tveir þrælar, þj
ónn ok bryti, N. G. L. i. 70, 36.
brytja, að, [brjóta-brotinn; A. S. bryttjan = to deal out], to chop, esp. of butcher's meat, Ísl. ii. 337; svá bry
tju vér grísina, Sd. 163; b. búfé, Al. 80, Stj. 411.
Judg. xiv. 6 (as he would have 'rent' a kid); b. niðr,
to cut down, as a carcase, Fms. vii. 123; b. mat, to chop meat, v
iii. 221.
brytjan, f. chopping, Grág. i. 148, 466.
bryt-skálm, f. a chopper, Gísl. 80.
bryt-trog, n. a butcher's trough, Þryml. 3. 60.
brýna, d, [brún], to whet, sharpen, 'bring
to an edge'; b. ljá, kníf, sverð, to whet a scythe
, knife, sword, Edda 48, Ísl. ii. 348, Fs. 62. β. naut. to drag a boat or ship half a-shore, put her on the 'edge' of the sea-board; b. upp skipi, Nj. 19, Fs. 145, 147, Fm
s. viii. 333, v. 1. 2. metaph. to egg on, incite, Al. 33.
brýna, u, f. whetting; mowers call 'brýna' the amoun
t of mowing done before the scythe wants whetting again.
brýni, n. a whetstone, Ísl. ii. 348, Fas. iii. 43, 4
4. 2. metaph. spices (rendering of the Lat. incitamenta gulae), Róm. 306.
brýning, f. a whetting, sharpening, esp. metaph. 
egging on, sharpening; ek veit görst um yðr sonu mína
, þurfi þér brýningina, Ld. 240; segir, at þ&aac
ute; hefði þeir tekið brýningunni, Hkr. ii. 239.
brýnligr, adj. = brýnn.
brýnn, adj. [brún], prop, 'edged'; but only used met
aph. prompt, ready; ef brýn féföng lægi f

yrir, ready means, Fms. iv. 298; brýn mála-efni, an evid
ent, plain case, Ld. 66, Gísl. 119, 123; brýn sök,
a just, cogent cause, Sturl. iii. 237; brýn vörn, 
a clear case of defence, Band. 15 new Ed.; brýnt erindi, a pressin
g errand, business; brýnn byrr, a straight, fair win
d, Skúlda 163, Fagrsk. 173 (in a verse). 2. [brún, 
brow], having such or such a brow, in compds, þung-brýnn
, létt-brýnn, sam-brýnn, q. v.
bræða, dd, [bráð], to melt, Sks. 145; b. j&ou
ml;kul, snjó, ís, Fms. iii. 180, ix. 355, K. Á. 6; b. l&yac
ute;si, to make oil. 2. metaph. to hurry; nú seinka
ða ek, en þú bræddir heldr, I tarried, but you hurried
, Dropl. 25. 3. [bráð, n.], to tar, pitch;
b. hús, skip, timbr, kirkju, etc., Fms. i. 291, v. 331, Vm. 62, Eg. 90, N
. G. L. ii. 247, Gþl. 81.
bræði, f. [bráðr], anger, ire, temp
er, Eluc. 41; í bræði, in a passion, Fms. vii. 130,
Pass. 8. 14; með bræði, with ire, Stj. 153. br&oelig;&e
th;i-mæli, n. pl. angry language, Sks. 25.
bræðrunga, u, f. [bróðir], a female first cousin,
 Grág. i. 346, Fms. vii. 274, Post. 656 A. ii. 15.
bræðrungr, m. [bróðir], a first cousin (ag
nate), Grág. i. 171, ii. 172; also = bræðrunga; hón
var bræðrungr, he was first cousin, Ásnýjar, Gret
t. 87. COMPDS: bræðrungs-barn, n. child of a first cousin, Gþl. 244. br&oelig;ðrungs- and bræðrunga-baug
r, m. the share of weregild due to first cousins, N. G. L. i. 75, Gr&
aacute;g, ii. 185.
brækja, u, f. a brackish, bad taste. brækir
, m. a cognom., Landn.
bræklingar, m. pl. [brók], 'breechlings,' a nickname
of the Irish, Morkinsk. (Fr.)
brækta, t, [Dan. br&oelig;ge; Ivar Aasen, bræka, br
&oelig;kta], to bleat; b. sem geit, to bleat like a she-goat,
Fbr. 212 (rare).
bræla, d, [Fr. brûler], to burn, in the allit.
phrase, brenna ok bræla.
bræla, u, f. thick smoke and fire (= svæla).
brögðóttr, adj. [bragð], crafty, cunning, Eg.
283, Glúm. 379, Háv. 56.
brögðu-ligr, adj. cunning-looking, Mag. 7.
BRÖLTA, t, [bratl and bratla, Ivar Aasen], to tumbl
e about (as a cow in a bog), Ld. 328, Nj. 27, Jómsv. S. (Ed. 1824), p
. 38 (breylti); Fms. xi. 129 has a false reading breysti. brölt, n.
a tumbling about.
brörr, m. [A. S. br&oelig;r], a briar, Haustl. 14; the
explanation given in Lex. Poët. is scarcely right.

BRÖSK, n. a noise, crackling, Eb. 97 new Ed. note 1.
bröstuliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), in the phrase, láta b.
, to brag, Sturl. i. 140 C, [cp. braska = to twist, Ivar Aasen.]
budda, u, f. a purse, (mod.)
BUÐKR, bauðkr, Art. 7, mod. contr. baukr, m. [a for. word
derived from Gr. GREEK; mid. Lat. apotheca; Ital. bottega;
Fr. boutique; O. H. G. buttick; mod. Germ. böttich; he
nce Germ. böttcher, Dan. bødker, mod. Icel. beykir = a cooper] :-- a box, originallv a box to keep herbs and bals
ams in; tvá buðka með balsamum, Bs. i. 872, Mar. 43: buðkr no
kkurr er húsfreyja átti, Glúm. 378, Stj. 215: Bauka-J&oacut
e;n, Pillbox-John, was a nickname given to a bishop in Icel. for having m
ade money by dealing in medicine-boxes; kölluðu óvinir hans hann
Bauka-Jón, sögðu hann hafa selt i smá-baukum, þat
er hann léti sem væri dýrindi nokkur, Espol. Árb. 168
5; hence prob. banka, q. v. COMPD: bauka-gröss, n. pl. herbs kept
in a box, Str.
buðlungr, m. a king, poët., Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët.
buffeit, n. [Engl. buffet], a buffet, Gisl, 27.
buffeita, tt, (for. word), to buffet, Bær. 20, Mar. 60.
buga, að, to bow; in fishing for trout with nets people in Ice
l. say, buga fyrir, to draw the net round; but mostly used metaph. and in
compds, vfir-buga, to bow down, subdue; 3rd pers. pret. reflex. bugusk,
from an obsolete strong verb bjúga, baug, occurs in Eyvind, bugusk &aacut
e;lmar, bows were bent, Fms. i. 49.
bugða, u, f. a bow or bent, of a serpent's coil.
BUGR, m. pl. ir, a bowing, winding; so Icel. call the bi
ght or bend of a river, brook, creek, or the like; renna í bug
um, to fiow in bights, hence ár-bugr, lækjar-bugr: the bi
ght (inside) of a ring, finger, bow-string, etc.; í bug hringinum, Eg
. 306; b. fingranna, Sturl. i. 189; grípa í bug snærum, po&e
uml;t, to grip the bight of the bow-string, Jd. 27: the scythe has &thorn
;jó-bugr, q. v.: the concave side of the sails, sá af landi
í bug allra seglanna, Fms. vii. 94: a curve, disorder, of
a line of men or ships (in battle), rétta þann bug, er á var
orðinn flotanum, i. 174; hence the phrase, aka e-m á bug, vide aka;
vinda (göra) bráða-bug að e-u, to make haste, Grett.
98 A: á bug, Scot. abeigh (aloof), Úlf. 3. 27; meinbugir, impediments. β. convexity; b. jarðar, Rb.
468, unusual in this sense.
bugt, n. bowing, servile homage: bugta, að, t
o make many bows, Snót 163. β. a bight, bay, Dan. bugt (for. and rare). γ. [boughtes, Spencer]
= bugða, Fms. iii. 190, or false reading = beit (?).
BUKKR, m. [A. S. bucca; Engl. buck; Germ. bock; Swed
.-Dan. bukk; cp. bokki] :-- a he-goat, rare; hafr is the common wo
rd, Stj. 177, Ó. H. 15 :-- Lat. aries, a battering ram, Al.
89. COMPDS: bukka-blóð, n. the blood of he-goats, 544

. 39. bukka-skinn, n. the skin of he-goats, Sks. 184. bukka-v
ara, u, f. id., Bs. ii. 177, Sks. 184.
bukk-ram, n. a buck-ram, ram, Vm. 124, Dipl. iii. 4 (a for.
word). COMPD: bukkrams-hökull, m. the scapular of a ram, Vm
. 70.
BUKL, n. [mid. Lat. bucula], the boss of a shield, Al. 40,
(a for. word.)
buklari, a, m. [Fr. bouclier], a buckler, shield, Sk
s. 374, Eg. 202, Fms. viii. 170, 317, ix. 533, Fas. i. 179, Sturl. ii. 44, 221,
etc. COMPDS: buklara-bóla, u, f. the boss of a buckler, St
url. i. 196. buklara-fetill, m. the strap of a buckler, Sturl, i.
147.
<PAGE NUM="b0086">
<HEADER>86 BULLA -- BÚA.</HEADER>
bulla, að, to boil up; b. og sjóða; cp. Lat. ebu
llire: metaph. to chat, talk nonsense, and bull, n. nonsens
e :-- all mod.
bulla, u, f. the shaft in a churn or pump, bullu-f&oacut
e;tr, m. a pr. name, Grett.
bulungr, m., proncd. buðlungr, [bolr, bulr], a pile of logs
, fire-wood, Stj. 593, Ísl. ii. 417.
bumba, u, f. [onomatopoëtic, cp. Engl. bomb, to boom, etc.],
a drum, Stj. 289, Sks., Al., Karl., Fas. iii, etc. 2. the bell
y of a tub, kettle, or any big jar; ketil-bumba, Od. viii. 436.
BUNA, u, f. [akin to ben], a stream of purling water; lækjar
-buna, vatns-buna: bunu-lækr, m. a purling brook, Jón
as 137; blóð-buna = blóðbogi. 2. one with the st
ocking hanging down his leg, ungartered; a cognom. (Björn buna), Landn.
buna, að, to gush out, of blood, water-spring, etc.
BUNDIN, n., mod. byndini, Pass. 17. 27, [binda], a sheaf, bundl
e, Stj. 192. Gen. xxxvii. 7, Greg. 40; korn-bundin, a sheaf of corn,
Blanda MS.
bunga, u, f. elevation, convexity.
bunki, a, m. a heap, pile, v. búlki.
bunungr, m. a sort of whale, Edda (Gl.)
burdeiga, að, (a for. word; vide burt), to tilt, Þið
r.
BURÐR, ar, m. pl. ir, [Engl. birth; Hel. giburd; Germ.
geburt; cp. bera A. II] :-- birth, esp. of the birth of Christ; fr
á Guðs, Drottins, Krists burði, Bs. i. 112, 145, 158, 173; fr&aac
ute; hingað-burði Christi, id., 64, 75, 79, 85; til burðar Ch
risti, Rb. 84: of men, sótt burðar = jóðsótt, la
bours, K. Á. 104. 2. of domestic animals, calving, lambing,
 hence sauð-burðr, the lambing-time; þeim kúm er

bezt búast til burðar, Bs. i. 194. 3. birth, the thing bor
n, an embryo; Fíllinn gengr tvö ár með burðinum,
Stj. 70; at þær (viz. the ewes) skyldi sinn burð geta, 178; f&ae
lig;ða sinn burð, 97; með konum leysisk burðr (abort), Bs. i. 79
8. 4. in pl. birth, extraction; heiðinn at burðum (MS. sin
g.), heathen by birth, Ver. 40; burðir ok ætt, kith and kin
, Fms. i. 83; er ekki er til Noregs kominn fyrir burða sakir, ix. 389; H
ákon jarl hafði burði til þess, at halda foðurleifð
sinni, ok hafa jarlsnafn, i. 223; þykkjumk ek hafa til þess bur&eth
;i ok frænda styrk, Eg. 474; hence in mod. usage burðir means one's
'physique,' strength; burðamaðr mikill, a mighty strong man;
hafa litla burði, to have little strength; yfir-burðir, super
ior strength (cp. bera yfir), and afburðir, q.v. II. the beari
ng of limbs, body; lima-burðr, fóta-burðr, höfuð-bur
ðr. III. [bera C], the compds at-burðr, við-burðr, til-bu
rðr, hop, accident; fyrir-burðr, vision. IV. answer
ing to bera A. I, vide byrðr, and compds like á-burðr. β.
 saman-burðr, comparison. COMPDS: burða-munr, m. di
stance of birth, Fs. 125. burðar-dagr, m. a birthday, Hom.
106; b. Maríu, the nativity of the Virgin Mary, Rb. 8. bur&eth
;ar-maðr, m. a bearer, Fms. i. 271. burðar-sveinn, m.
an errand-boy, Fms. vii. 222. burðar-tími, a, m. bir
th-time, Stj. 97; natal hour, 101.
burðugr, adj. [Germ. ge-bürtig], of high birth, Gr
ett. 161 A, Stj. 238 (unclass.)
burgeiss, m. [Fr. bourgeois; Chaucer burgeis; a for. word,
of Teut. origin, from burg] :-- a burgess, Fas. iii. 358: in mod.
usage, a big man.
buris, m. (a for. word), borax, N. G. L. iii.
burkni, a, m. [Scot. bracken or breckan, cp. Engl. brake
,], the common fern, Hjalt.
BURR, m., gen. ar, pl. ir, a son, akin to bera and barn, but po&eu
ml;t., being used in prose only in allit. phrases such as, eigi buri við b&o
acute;nda sínum, Stj. 428; sem burr eðr bróðir, Fms. xi. 7
5; áttu börn og buru (acc. pl.) grófu rætr og muru is a
standing peroration of Icel. nursery tales, Ísl. Þjóðs.
ii. 319, vide Lex. Poët.: else in prose only used in the weak form in the
compd words tví-buri, twins; þrí-buri, three at a
birth, (in modern statistics even fleir-buri.)
BURST, f. I. [A. S. byrst, Germ. borste; Swed. b&
ouml;sta], a bristle, Hb. (1865) 22; but also of a hog's back
and bristles, Edda 70; cp. Gullin-bursti, Gold-bristle, the mythic
al hog of the god Frey; Fas. i. 532 (of the sónargöltr, the sacre
d hog); Fms. v. 165: the phrase, draga bust ór nefi e-m, to draw a
bristle out of one's nose, to cheat, gull one, Ölk. 36, does not occur
anywhere else that we know of; the Engl. say, 'to lead one by the nose,' in muc
h the same sense. II. metaph. the gable of a house (hús-bur
st), Hkr. iii. 14 (of a shrine), Mar. 106, Konr. 57; og gogginn á bustinn
i brýnir (of a raven sitting on the top of a house and whetting his bill)
, Sig. Breiðfjörð. COMPDS: bursta-kollr, m. bristle-scalp
, a nickname, Nj. 181. burstar-hár, n. bristly hair, Fa
s. i. 105.
bursti, a, m. a brush, Dipl. v. 18 :-- from bursta, að,

to brush.
burst-ígull, m. a hedge-hog, Thom. 145, 147; vide bjarn&iac
ute;gull.
BURT-, v. brott-.
BURT, [Ital. bagordo; Fr. bohourt; bord in Chaucer; vide Du
Cange s.v. bohordicum], in the phrase, ríða burt, to ride
a tilt; hence burt-reið, f. a tilt, tournament, Bær.
17, Fas. ii. 295, Karl., Þiðr., etc.; freq. in romances. COMPDS: b
urtreiðar-maðr, m. a tilter, Mag. 8, Fas. iii. 241. burtre
iðar-vápn, n. a tilt-weapon, Fas. ii. 281. burt-st&ouml
;ng, f. a lance for tilting, Mag. 8, Fas. iii. 369, Karl., etc.
busi, a, m. a bad, clumsy knife.
BUSSEL, n. (a for. word), a cask, bushel, Art. 99.
BUST, n. a kind of fish, Edda (Gl.)
BUSTL, n. bustle, Ísl. ii. 59, Snót 217; of a fish splashing in the water, Bb. 2. 28: bustla, að, to bustle, sp
lash about in the water.
BUTTR and butraldi, a cognom., Dipl. v. 26, Fbr.: short, cp
. bútr; Dan. butted.
BUZA, u, f. [a for. woid; mid. Lat. bussa; O. H. G. buzo; D
utch buise; Engl. herring-buss], a sort of merchant-ship, F
ms. vii. 289, ix. 304, xi. 425; freq. in the Ann. of the 14th century; it occurs
first A.D. 1251, then 1299: in the 14th century, during the Hanseatic trade wit
h Icel., nearly every ship was called buza, vide Ann. COMPD: buzu-skip, n
. = búza, Ann. 1251, etc., Hkr. iii. 118.
BÚ, n. [Hel. bû = domicilium; O. H. G. bû; mod. Germ. bau = tillage, cultivation; Hel. also uses beo or beu, = seges, cp. also Teut. bouwt = messis, in Schme
ller Heliand Glossary :-- the root of this word will be traced more closely unde
r the radical form búa; here it is sufficient to remark that 'b&ua
cute;' is an apocopate form, qs. 'bug' or 'bugg;' the root remains unaltered in
the branch to which Icel. bygg, byggja, and other words belong] :-- a house; bú and bæ (býr) are twins from the same root (bua); b&ae
lig;r is the house, bú the household; the Gr. GREEK (GREEK)
embraces both; þeir eta upp bú mitt, Od. i. 251; biðla til m&o
acute;ður minnar og eyða búi hennar, 248; bú mitt er &aacu
te; förum, iv. 318; gott bú, ix. 35; etr þú upp b&uacut
e; hans bótalaust, xvi. 431; svo hann er fær uni að veita b&uac
ute;inu forstöðu, xix. 161; hús og bújörð, og g&
oacute;ðan kvennkost, xiv. 64; the Prose Translation by Egilsson. In the Nor
thern countries 'bú' implies the notion of living upon the produce of the
earth; in Norway and esp. in Icel. that of living on the 'milk' (málnyta
) of kine, ewes, or she-goats; þat er bú, er maðr hefir m&aacut
e;lnytan smala, it is 'bú' if a man has a milking stock, Gr
ág. i. 158; the old Hm. says, a 'bú,' however small it be, is bett
er to have than not to have; and then explains, 'though thou hast but two she
-goats and a cottage thatched with shingle, yet it is better than begging;'
Icel. saying, sveltr sauðlaust bú, i.e. a sheepless household star
ves: 'bú' also means the stores and stock of a household; g&ou
ml;ra, setja, reisa bú, to set up in life, have one's own hearth,
Bs. i. 127, Bb. 1. 219, Sturl. i. 197, Eb. 40; bregða búi, to give
up farming or household; taka við búi, to take to a fa
rm, Sturl. i. 198; eiga bú við e-n, to share a household with
one, 200; ráðask til bús, id.; fara búi, to remo
ve one's household, flit, 225; hafa bú, hafa rausnar-bú, 226;
eiga bú, iii. 79, Eg. 137: allit. phrases, börn og bú, Bs. ii
. 498; bóndi er bú-stólpi, bú er landstólpi,
the 'bóndi' is the stay of the 'bú, ' the 'b&
uacute;' is the stay of the land; búa búi sínu, Fas.
iii. 312; búa umegðar-búi, to have a heavy household (
many children), K. Þ. K. 90; hafa kýr ok ær á b&uacute
;i, Nj. 236: housekeeping, in the phrase, eiga einkis í bú
at biðja, to have plenty of everything, Bs. i. 131, 132; bæ&et
h;i þarf í búit mjöl ok skreið, Nj. 18: home, ho
use, reið Hrútr heim til bús síns, 4; á b&u
acute;i, adv. at home, Fms. iv. 256, Hm. 82. 2. estates; ko
nungs-bú, royal demesnes; þar er bú hans vóru,
Eg. 42, 43, Landn. 124, fara milli búa sinna, to go from one estate t
o another, id.; eiga bú, to own an estate. 3. the st
ock in a farmstead; sumir lágu úti á fjöllum me&e
th; bú sín, Sturl. iii. 75; drepa niðr bú, höggva
bú, taka upp bú, to kill or destroy one's stock, Fms
. ix. 473, Stj. 90. COMPDS: bús-afleifar, f. pl. remains of sto
res, Grág. i. 299. bús-búhlutir, m. pl. imple
ments of husbandry, Grág. i. 200, 220, 221, Dipl. iii. 14, Bs. i, D.
I. (freq.) bús-efni, n. pl. household goods, Sturl. i. 197.
bús-far, n. = búfar, Bs. i. 477. bús-forr&aacute
;ð, n. pl. management of household affairs, Sturl. i. 131, Grett.
107. bús-gagn = búgagn, Jb. 166. bús-hagr, m
. the state, condition of a 'bú,' Fas. ii. 469. bús-hlut
ir = búsbúhlutir, Hrafn. 22. bús-hægindi,
n. pl. comfortable income derived from a 'bú,' Bs. i. 688, Hrafn.
22. bús-kerfi, n. movables of a household, Grág. ii.
339 A, 249, where búskerfi, an obsolete and dubious word. bústilskipan, f. the settling of a household, Fms. ii. 68. bús
-umsvif, n. pl. the care, troubles of a 'bú,' business,
Band. ii. bús-umsýsla, u, f. the management of a 'b
ú,' Ld. 22. Eg. 333, 334. Band. l.c.
BÚA, pret. sing. bjó, 2nd pers. bjótt, mod. bj&oacut
e;st; plur. bjoggu, bjöggu, and mod. bjuggu, or even buggu; sup. búi
t, búið, and (rarely) contr. búð; part. búinn; pret
. subj. bjöggi, mod. byggi or bjyggi; pres. sing, indic. bý; pl. b&u
acute;m, mod. búum: reflex. forms býsk or býst, bjós
k or bjóst, bjöggusk, búisk, etc.: poët, forms with suff
ixed negative bjó-at, Skv. 3. 39: an obsolete pret. bjoggi = bjó,
Fms. ix. 440 (in a verse); bjöggisk = bjósk, Hom. 118. [Búa i
s originally a reduplicated and contracted verb answering to Goth. búa
n, of which the pret. may have been baibau: by bûan Ulf
. renders Gr. GREEK, GREEK; Hel. bûan = habitare; Germ. b
auen; Swed. and Dan. bo. The Icel. distinguishes between the strong n
eut. and originally redupl. verb búa, and the transit. and weak byggja, q
.v.: búa seems to be kindred to Gr. GREEK, GREEK (cp. Sansk. bhû
, bhavâmi, Lat. fui); byggja to Lat. f&a-short;cio, cp.
Swed. -Dan. bygga, Scot, and North. E. to 'big,' i.e. to build
; cp. Lat. aedificare, nidificare: again, the coincidence in sense wi
th the Gr. GREEK, GREEK, Lat. vicus, is no less striking, cp. the referen
ces s.v. bú above. Búa, as a root word, is one of the most interes
ting words in the Scandin. tongues; bú, bær, bygg, bygð, byggja
, etc., all belong to this family: it survives in the North. E. word to 'big,
' in the Germ, bauen (to till), and possibly (v. above) in the
auxiliary verb 'to be.']
<PAGE NUM="b0087">
<HEADER>BÚA. 87</HEADER>
A. NEUTER, to live, abide, dwell, = Gr. GREEK, Lat. habitare; sú synd sem í mér býr, Rom. vii. 17, 20; &iacute
; mér, þat er í mínu holdi, býr ekki gott, 18;
hann sem býr í ljósinu, 1 Tim. vi. 16; fyrir Heilagan Anda
sem í oss býr, 2 Tim. i. 14; Látið Christs orð r&i
acute;kulega búa meðal yðar, Col. iii. 16; þá tr&uac
ute; ... sem áðr fyr bjó í þinni ömmu Loide,
2 Tim. i. 5; þat hit góða sem í oss býr, 14; han
n sem býr í ljósinu, þar einginn kann til að koma
st, 1 Tim. vi. 16; hence íbúð, living in, etc.; in man
y of those passages some Edd. of N. T. use byggja, but búa suits better:
of a temporary abode, hann bjó í tjöldum, he abode in tent
s, Fms. x. 413. 2. a naut. term; þeir bjuggu þar um n&oac
ute;ttina, they stayed, cast anchor during the night, Fms. vii. 3: on boa
rd ship, to have one's berth, sá maðr bjó á skip
i næst Haraldi er hét Loðinn, 166; engi maðr skyldi b&uacut
e;a á þessu skipi yngri en tvítugr, x. 321. 3. to
live together as man and wife; henni hagar að b. við hann, 1 Cor. vi
i. 12; hagar honum hjá henni að b., 13; b. með húsfr&uacut
e; sinni, Stj. 47; b. við; Helgi prestr bjó við konu þ&aacu
te;, er Þórdís hét (of concubinage), Sturl. i. 141; b
ut búa saman, of wedded life, K. Á. 134. 4. b. fyrir, to
be present in the place: at Selþórir muni fyrir b. í hv
erju holti, Fms. iv. 260: recipr., sjór ok skúgr bjoggusk í
grend, Skálda 202, Baruch. 5. esp. (v. bú) to have a ho
usehold, cattle, sheep, and milk; hence búandi, bóndi, b&aelig
;r, and bú; búa við málnytu (milk), ok hafa k&ya
cute;r ok ær at búi, Nj. 236, Grág. i. 168, 335; b. b&uacute
;i (dat.), 153, K. Þ. K. 90; búa búi sínu, to 'big
ane's ain biggin,' have one's own homestead. β. absol., með
an þú vilt b., so long as thou wilt keep bouse, Hrafn. 9; b.
vel, illa, to be a good (bad) housekeeper; vænt er að k
unna vel að búa, Bb. 3. 1; Salomon kóngur kunni að b., 100
; fara að b., to begin housekeeping, 2. 6; b. á jörðu
, to keep a farm, gefa þeim óðul sín er á
bjoggu, Fms. i. 21. γ. búa á ..., at ..., i ..., with
the name of the place added, to live at or in a place; hann bj&o
acute; á Velli (the farm) á Rangárvöllum (the county),
Nj. 1; Höskuldr bjó á Höskuldstöðum, 2: hann b
jó at Varmalæk, 22; hann bjó undir Felli, 16; Gunnarr bj&oac
ute; at Hlíðarenda, 29; Njáll bjó at Bergþ&oacute
;rshváli, 30, 38, 147, 162, 164, 173, 174, 213, Landn. 39-41, and in numb
erless passages; Eb., Ld., Eg., Sturl., Bs., Ísl. ii, etc. (very freq.):
also b. í brjósti, skapi, huga e-m, to be, dwell in one's mind,
 with the notion of rooted conviction or determination, þess hins mikl
a áhuga, er þér býr í brjósti, Fms. iv.
80; því er mér hefir lengi í skapi búit, 78;
ekki muntu leynask fyrir mér, veit ek hvat í býr skapinu, L
v. 16. II. metaph. and with prepp.; b. um e-t, or b. yfir e-u, almost in
an uncanny sense, to brood over hidden schemes, designs, resentment, or t
he like; búa um hverfan hug, to be of a fickle mind, Skv. 3. 39; b
. eigi um heilt, to brood over something against one, to be insincere, Fm
s. xi. 365; b. um skoll, to brood over some deceit, id.; b. um grun, t
o be suspicious, ii. 87: in good sense, b. um eitt lunderni, to be of one
mind, Jb. 17; b. um þrek, hug, to have a bold heart, Lex. Po&e
uml;t.: b. í or undir e-u, to be at the bottom of a thing; en &iac
ute; þessu vináttu merki bjoggu enn fleiri hlutir, Ó. H. 125
; mart býr í þokunni (a proverb), many things bide in the
mist; en þat b. mest undir ferð Áka, at ..., Fms. xi. 45;
þóttusk eigi vita hvat undir myndi b., Nj. 62: b. yfir e-u, to b
rood over something, conceal; (ormrinn) bjó yfir eitri, i.e. the s
nake was venomous, Fms. vi. 351: the saying, lítill búkr b&yac
ute;r yfir miklu viti, little bulk hides mickle wit, Al.; b. yfir fl&aeli
g;rð ok vélum, to brood over falsehood and deceit, id.; b. yfi
r brögðum, Fas. i. 290: b. undir, við e-t, to live under or
with a thing, to bide, put up with; eiga undir slíkum ofsa at b.,
to have to put up with such insolence, Fms. xi. 248; at hart mun þ
ykkja undir at b., Nj. 90, 101; ok mun eigi við þat mega b., i.e. i
t will be too hard to bide, 164; því at bændr mátt
u eigi við hitt b., Fms. xi. 224. III. in a half active sense; b. at
e-u, or b. e-u (with dat.), to treat; þeir höfðu spurt hve
rn veg Þórólfr hafði búit at herbergjum þei
rra, how Th. had used their premises, Eg. 85; þeir bjoggu bú
i sem þeim líkaði (where with dat.), i.e. they treated it re
cklessly, Bs. i. 544; Haraldr jarl fór til bús Sveins, ok bj&
oacute; þá heldr úspakliga kornum hans, Orkn. 424 (in all pa
ssages in bad sense): búa vel saman, to live well together, be friendl
y, Fms. xi. 312; hence sam-búð, living together; b. vi&eth
; e-n, to treat one so and so; sárt býr þú vi&
eth; mik, Þóra, thou treatest me sorely, vii. 203.
B. ACTIVE, to make ready: the sense and form here reminds one of t
he Gr. GREEK: [this sense is much used in Old Engl., esp. the part. bone, boo
n, or boun, ready, ('boun to go,' Chaucer, etc.); in later Eng
l. 'boun' was corrupted into 'bound,' in such naut. phrases as 
bound for a port, etc.: from this part, the ballad writers formed a fresh ve
rb, to boun, 'busk ye, boun ye;' 'busk' is a remnant of the old reflex, b
úask, see Dasent, Burnt Njal, pref. xvi. note, and cp. below III.] I. to make ready, 'boun,' for a journey; b. ferð, för sí
na; and as a naut. term, b. skip, to make ready for sea; bjoggu þei
r ferð sína, Fms. ix. 453; en er þeir vóru búnir,
Nj. 122; ok vóru þá mjök brott búnir, they w
ere 'boun' for sea, Fms. vii. 101; bjó hann skip sitt, Nj. 128; en sk
ip er brotið, svá at eigi er í för búanda á
því sumri, i.e. ship unfit to go to sea, Grág. i. 92
; b. sik til göngu, to be 'boun' for a walk, Ld. 46; b. sik at keyra
, to make one ready for ..., Nj. 91. β. as a law term, b. s&o
uml;k, mál, or adding til, b. til sök, mál á hendr e-m
, to take out a summons against one, begin a lawsuit; b. mál &iacu
te; dóm, of the preliminaries to a lawsuit, hence málatilbú
ningr, in numberless cases in the Grágás and Sagas. γ. generally to prepare, make; b. smyrsl, to make ointments, Rb. 82
. 2. = Old Engl. to boun, i.e. to dress, equip; b. sik, 
to dress; svá búinn, so dressed, Fms. xi. 272; hence b&
uacute;ningr, dress (freq.); vel búinn, well-dressed, Nj. 3
, Ísl. ii. 434; spari-búinn, in holiday dress; illa b&uacut
e;inn, ill-dressed; síðan bjó hon hana sem hon kunni, she dressed her as well as she could, Finnb. 258; b. beð, rekkjur, 
to make a bed, Eg. 236; b. upp hvílur, id., Nj. 168; b. ö
ndvegi, hús, to make a high seat, dress a house for a feast, 175,
(hús-búnaðr, hús-búningr, tapestry); b&u
acute;a borð, to dress the table, (borð búnaðr, tab
le-service); b. stofu, Fms. iv. 75. β. búa til veizlu, to make 'boun' (prepare) for a feast, Eg. 38, Fms. vii. 307;
b. til seyðis, to make the fire 'boun' for cooking, Nj. 199; b. til v
etrsetu, to make 'boun' for a winter abode, Fms. x. 42; til-búa, a
nd fyrir-b., to prepare; eg fer héðan að til-b. yðr st
að, John xiv. 3; eignizt það ríki sem yðr var til-b&uac
ute;ið frá upphafi veraldar, Matth. xxv. 34. γ. b. um et, in mod. use with the notion of packing up, to make into a bundle, of p
arcels, letters, etc.; hence um-búningr and um-búðir, a pac
king, packing-cover; b. um rúm, hvílu, to make a bed; b
úa um e-n, to make one's bed; var búið um þ&aacut
e; Þórodd í seti, ok lögðusk þeir til svefns,
Th.'s bed was made on the benches, and they went to sleep, Ó. H.
153; skaltú nú sjá hvar vit leggumk niðr, ok hversu ek
bý um okkr (of the dying Njal), Nj. 701; er mér sagt at hann hafi
illa um búit, of a dead body, 51; þeir höfðu (svá)
um sik búit (they had covered themselves so) at þá m&
aacute;tti eigi sjá, 261; kváðu nú Guðrúnu e
iga at búa um rauða skör Bolla, said that G. would have to co
mb B.'s (her husband's) bloody head, Ld. 244; búa svá u
m at aldri mátti vökna, pack it up so that it cannot get wet,
Fms. vii. 225; Þórólfr lét setja upp skip ok um b&ua
cute;a, he had the ship laid up and fenced it round (for the winter), Eg.
199; b. um andvirki, to fence and thatch bay-ricks, Grág. ii. 335
: metaph. to manage, preserve a thing, Fms. ix. 52; aumlega búinn
, in a piteous state, Hom. 115. 3. to ornament, esp. with m
etals or artificial work of any kind, of clothes laced with gold; kyrtill hla&et
h;búinn, Ísl. ii. 434, Nj. 48, Vm. 129: of gloves, B. K. 84: of a
belt with stones or artificial work, Fms. xi. 271: of a drinking-horn, D. N. (Fr
.); but esp. of a weapon, sword, or the like, enamelled with gold or silver (gul
l-búinn, silfr-búinn); búin gulli ok silfri, Fms. i. 15; b&
uacute;inn knífr, xi. 271; vápn búit mjök, much orn
amented, ii. 255, iv. 77, 130, Eb. 226, 228. β. part., bú
inn at e-u, or vel búinn, metaph. endowed with, well endowed; at f
lestum í þróttum vel búinn, Nj. 61, Fms. x. 295; at a
uð vel búinn, wealthy, 410; vel búinn at hreysti ok all
ri atgörvi, Eg. 82; bezt at viti búinn, Fms. xi. 51. II. part
icular use of the part. pass, 'boun,' ready, willing; margir munu b&uacut
e;nir at kaupa, ready, willing to buy, Fms. vi. 218; hann kvaðsk &tho
rn;ess fyrir löngu búinn, Ld. 66, Fms. iii. 123; nefna vátta
at þeir eru búnir (ready) at leysa kvið þann af he
ndi, Grág. i. 54; vóru allir til þess búnir, Fms. xi.
360: compar., engir menn sýna sik búnari (more willing) ti
l liðveizlu, Sturl. i. 103: the allit. phrase, vera boðinn og búi
nn til e-s, vide bjóða VI: denoting fitted, adapted, ek em gam
all, ok lítt b. at (little fit to) hefna sona minna, Nj. 200; &tho
rn;ótt ek sé verr til b. en hann fyrir vanheilsu sakir, Fms. vii.
275; eiga við búið (mod. vera við búinn), to keep o
neself ready, to be on one's guard, Bs. i. 537. 2. on the point of
doing, about to do so and so; hann var búinn til falls, he was ju
st about to tumble, Fms. x. 314; en áðr þeir kómu va
r búið til hins mesta váða, ix. 444, v.l. β. n
eut. búið is used almost adverbially, on the point of, just about
to; ok búið við skipbroti, Ísl. ii. 245; búi&et
h; við váða miklum, Fms. ix. 310; sagði at þá va
r búit við geig mikinn með þeim feðgum, Eg. 158: this i
s rare and obsolete in mod. usage; and the Icel. now say, liggja við m&eacut
e;r lá við að detta, where an old writer would have said, ek var
búinn at detta; the sense would else be ambiguous, as búinn, vera
búinn, in mod. usage means to have done; ég er búinn
að eta, I have done eating; vera búinn að e-u (a work, bu
siness of any kind), to have done with it; also absol., eg er búin
n, I have done; thus e.g. vera b. að kaupa, fyrir löngu b., b. a
t græða, leysa, etc., in mod. sense means to have done, done long a
go; only by adding prepp. við, til (vera við búinn, til b&uac
ute;inn) the part. resumes its old sense: on the other hand, búinn in the
sense of having done hardly ever occurs in old writers. γ.
búð (búið) is even used adverbially = may be, may happe
n; with subj. with or without 'at,' búð, svá sé til
ætlað, may be, it will come so to happen, Nj. 114; bú&e
th;, dragi til þess sem vera vill, 185; búð, eigi fari fjarri &
thorn;ví sem þú gazt til, id., Ed. Johns. 508, note c
; búð, svá þykki sem ek grípa gulli við &thor
n;á, 9, note 3; búð, eigi hendi hann slík úgipta
annat sinn, 42; búð, ek láta annars víti at varnað
i verða, 106; búð, vér þurfim enn hlífanna, S
turl. ii. 137 (vellum MSS.; um ríð, Ed., quite without sense), cp. al
so Eb. 27 new Ed.: in mod. usage it is freq. to say, það er búi
ð, vel búið, albúið, etc., it is likely, most likel
y that ... δ. svá búit, adverbially, and proncd.
as if one word, as matters stand, or even temp. at present, as yet; eigi mun hlýða svá búit, i.e. it will not do 'so d
one,' i.e. something else must be done, Eg. 507; eigi munu þ&ea
cute;r fá at unnit svá búið, i.e. not as yet, Fm
s. vii. 270; stendr þar nú svá búit (i.e. unchange
d), um hríð, xi. 81; en berjask eigi svo búit, not figh
t as yet, Nj. 229; segja Eyjólfi til svá búins, the
y tell Eyolf the state of things, viz. that nothing had been done, G&
iacute;sl. 41; þeir skildu við svá búit; þeir l&ou
ml;gðu frá við svá búið, implying 'vain effort,
' Germ. 'unverrichteter Sache,'
<PAGE NUM="b0088">
<HEADER>88 BÚANDI -- BÚI.</HEADER>
Ísl. ii, Hkr. i. 340: at svá búnu, adverbially, as yet,
at present; hann kvaðsk eigi fýsask til Íslands at sv&aacu
te; búnu, Nj. 123, Fms. xi. 131; þenna draum segjum vér engu
m manni at svá búnu, this dream we will not tell to anybody as
yet, Nj. 212; en at svá búnu tjár ekki, Fas. i. 364. III. reflex. to 'boun' or 'busk' oneself, make oneself ready, equ
ip oneself; gengu menu þá á skip sín, ok bjoggusk
sem hvatligast, Fms. v. 15: adding the infinitive of a verb as predicate, bj&oa
cute;sk hann at fara norðr til Þrandheims, Eg. 18; or ellipt., where b
úask thus denotes the act itself, nú býsk hann út ti
l Íslands, i.e. he 'busked' him to go ..., Nj. 10; bjoggusk &thorn
;eir fóstbræðr í hernað, they went on a free-boot
ing trip, Landn. 31; seg Agli at þeir búisk þaðan fim
mtán, 94: or adding another verb denoting the act, in the same tense, bj&
oacute;sk Haraldr konungr úr Þrándheimi með skipalið
i, ok fór suðr á Mæri, he 'busked' him ... and went s
outh, Eg. 7; the journey added in gen., búask ferðar sinnar, Fms.
i. 3; búask menu ferða sinna, Ld. 177. β. denoting in
tention, hidden or not put into action; fór sá kurr, at Sk&uac
ute;li byggisk á land upp, Fms. ix. 483. 2. to prepare for a th
ing; búask við boði, veizlu, etc., Nj. 10, Korm. 10; b. (vel,
kristilega) við dauða sínum, andláti sínu, (eccl.)
to prepare for one's death, Fs. 80, Bs. i. 74; búask við vetr
i, to provide for the winter, get store in, Fms. xi. 415; b. við &uac
ute;friði, vii. 23. β. to be on one's guard, take steps to pr

event a thing; nú ríða hér úvinir þ&ia
cute;nir at þér; skaltu svá við búask, i.e. be
sure of that, make up thy mind, Nj. 264; bústu svá við, s
kal hann kveða, at ..., Grág. ii. 244. γ. such phrases a
s, búask um = búa um sik, to make one's own bed, encamp, make o
neself comfortable, Nj. 259; tjölduðu búðir ok bjög
gusk vel um, 219; var hörð veðrátta, svá at ekki m&aa
cute;tti úti um búask, Fms. x. 13. Ld. 348; in the last passage th
e verb is deponent. 3. metaph., b. við e-u, to expect, freq. i
n mod. usage; in phrases, það er ekki við að búast, 
it cannot be expected; búast við e-m, to expect a guest, o
r the like. β. to intend, think about; eg býst við
að koma, I hope to come; eg bjóst aldrei við þv&iac
ute;, I never hoped for that, it never entered my mind, and in numberless
cases. 4. passive (very rare and not classical); um kveldit er matr bj&o
acute;sk = er m. var búinn, Fms. ix. 364.
búandi, a, m. = bóndi, q.v.
búand-karl, m. a farmer; b. eðr þorpari, Fms. ii.
48, Eg. 49.
búand-ligr, adj. yeomanlike, sturdy, stout, Ld. 274.
búand-maðr, m. = búandi. Grág. i. 479, 480, Fms.
v. 77.
BÚÐ, f. I. [Engl. booth; Germ. bude; Dan.
bod: not from búa], a booth, shop; farmanna búð
ir, merchants' booths: setja búðir, Eg. 163; hafa bú&et
h;ir á landi, Grág. i. 91, the booths in the harbour being but tem
porary and being removed as soon as the ship went to sea. β. special
ly used of the temporary abodes in the Icel. parliament, where, as the meeting o
nly lasted two weeks a year, the booths remained empty the rest of the year; hen
ce tjalda (to dress) búðir, viz. during the session for the us
e of its owner. But every goði (priest) and every family had their ow
n 'booth,' which also took their names from a single man or ruling family, e.g.
Allsherjar b., Sturl. ii. 44; Snorra b., 125; b. Skapta, Nj. 220; b. Hafliða
, Sturl. i. 44: from families or districts, Ölfusinga b., Nj. 181; Mö&
eth;ruvellinga b., 182, 247; Skagfirðinga b., 182; Jöklamanna b., Sturl
. ii. 158; Austfirðinga b., 158, 159; Saurbæinga b., 82; Dalamanna b.,
Nj. 48; Mosfellinga b., 164; Rangæinga b., 48, 180; Ljósvetninga b
., 183, 223; Norðlendinga b., 228; Vatnsfirðinga b., 248; Vestfirðin
gu b., Bs. i. 21; Svínfellinga b., Lv. 18; Skarðverja b., Sturl. i. 1
99, etc.: other names, Byrgis-búð, 31; Grýta, ii. 45; Dilkr, 1
58; Valhöll, 126; Hlað-búð, 82, Nj. 244; Virkis-bú&et
h;, 247. As the alþing was a public meeting, other booths are also mention
ed, e.g. Trúða búðir, booths of Jugglers, Troubadours, Grág. ii. 84; Ölbúð, an Ale-booth, beer-shop,
Sturl. ii. 125; Sútara búð, a Souter's (cobbler's) b
ooth, Grág. ii. 84; Sverð-skriða b., a Tanner's booth,
id.; and Göngumanna búðir, Beggars' booths, a troop of b
eggars being an appendage to any old feast or public meeting, cp. Gísl. 5
4-56: the law (Grágás) forbade the sheltering of beggars at the pa
rliament, but in vain; see numberless passages referring to alþing or fj&o
acute;rðungsþing, esp. Grág. Þ. Þ., Nj., Sturl., G&
iacute;sl. l.c., Korm. S., Kristni S. A short treatise, called 'Catastasis of Bo
oths,' composed about A.D. 1700, is mentioned in Dasent's Burnt Njal; but it is
the mere work of a scholar, not founded upon tradition. As búð is opp
osed to bú, as a temporary abode to a permanent fixed one, so bú&e

th;setumaðr (búð-seta), a cottager, is opposed to b&oacute
;ndi; fara búðum is to change one's abode, Hkr. ii. 110. &g
amma;. in eccl., Tjald-búð is the Tabernacle. II. e
sp. in compds, í-búð, living in; sam-búð, living together; vás-búð, a cold berth, i.e. we
t and cold; hafa harða, kalda búð, to have a hard, cold ab
ode, Fms. x. 158 (belongs perh. to I.) COMPDS: búðar-dvöl
, f. dwelling in a booth, Sturl. i. 147. búðar-dyr,
n. pl. door of a booth, Lv. 11, Nj. 37, 165, Eb. 196, Grág. i. 31
. búðar-gögn, n. pl. implements of a booth, Gr&aac
ute;g. ii. 399, 402. búðar-hamarr, m. a pier or rock
for embarking, Eb. 196. búðar-ketill, m. a booth-kettl
e, Eb. 196. búðar-kviðr, m. a law term, a sort of v
erdict given by the inmates of a booth at the parliament, a kind of b&uacute
;akviðr, defined in Grág. ii. 84, 85, where it is laid down that the
inmates of the booths of shopkeepers, jugglers, and beggars cannot be summoned t
o serve on a jury, nor the dwellers in a booth which has not at least five inmat
es (five being a minimum in a jury). búðar-lið, n. the
inmates of a booth, Sturl. i. 32. búðar-maðr, m. an
inmate of a booth, Fær. 222. búðar-nagli, a, m. 
a booth-peg, Stj. 388. Judges iv. búðar-rúm, n. 
lodging in a booth, Grág. i. 24, ii. 55, Lv. 93. búðarsetumaðr, m. = búðsetumaðr, Nj. 236. búðarstaðr, m. a booth-stand, N. G. L. i. 342. búðar-su
nd, n. a passage, lane between two booths, Band. 5, Grett. 115. b
úðar-tópt, f. the walls of a (deserted) booth, without thatch, Rb. 274, Nj. 166, Ísl. ii. 194. búðar-v
eggr, m. the wall of a booth, Ld. 290, Eg. 724. búðar-v
irki, n. a fortification round a booth, Sturl. ii. 126, cp. Virkisb&u
acute;ð. búðar-vist, f. a lodging in a booth, Lv. 1
1. búðar-vörðr or búðar-verðr,
m. [verðr = cibus], the cooking and stewardship in a vessel, w
ork which the crew was bound to do in turn day by day; cooking and dairy work wa
s thought unworthy to be the sole business of a man, and therefore the sailors w
ere obliged to take it turn about, cp. Eb. 194, 196, 220 :-- metaph. meat, me
al, eigi hafða ek þina veðra ... mér til búð
arvarðar, the rams of thy flock I have not eaten, Stj. 181. Gen. xxxi
. 38; lofa mér at búa þér búðarvör&et
h;, 'let me set a morsel of bread before thee,' in the Engl. V., Stj. 493
. 1 Sam. xxviii. 22; ráða til b., to prepare for a meal, Fms.
v. 287, viii. 357; honum þótti þar gott til blaut-fisks ok b&
uacute;ðarvarðar, Bs. i. 853, D. N. i. 311, ii. 16, Fas. ii. 209.
bú-deigja, u, f. a dairy-maid; cp. deigja; (Norse.)
búð-fastr, adj. living in a booth, Grág. i. 32.
bú-drift, f. a drove of cattle, D. N.
búð-seta, u, f. living in a cottage. COMPD: b&uacute
;ðsetu-maðr, m. a cottager, answering to 'husmand' in Norway,
or búandi bóndi in Icel., Nj. 236, Grág. i. 294; vide b&oa
cute;ndi above.
búðu-nautr, m. a fellow inmate of a booth, Grág,
i. 34, 35.
bú-eyrir, m. value in stock, D. N.
bú-fang, n. domestic necessaries. K. Á. 176.

bú-far, n. household condition, Sturl. i. 216, Bs. i. 477.
bú-fellir, m. a failing of stock, starvation of stock, Bs.
i. 743.
bú-ferli, n. household, in the phrase, fara búferli,
or b. sínn, to move, change one's household and home; Ólaf
r fór þangað b. sínu, Eg. 138, Fms. iii. 107: esp. li
ve stock, Hallsteinn fór hit efra með búferli, Gullþ
. 12; hafði hann með sér skulda-lið (people, family) o
k b. (stock), Eb. 8: but sometimes the word is evidently used masc., a
n emigrant, mover of one's household, cp. Róm-ferlar; en búfer
la (v.l. búferlar) eigu utan at fara þeir er ómögum s&i
acute;num megu vörð um veita, Grág. ii. 409.
bú-ferski, n. = búskerfi, Grág. ii. 339 B.
bú-fé, n. live stock, esp. the milch kine, Di
pl. v. 28, Grág. i. 414, 427, ii. 301, Jb. 192, Eg. 532. COMPOS: b&uac
ute;fjár-eyrir, m. = búeyrir, Grág. i. 428. b&uacute
;fjár-ferð, f. = búdrift, D. N. búfjár-f&
oacute;ðr, n. food for cattle. Fms. v. 219. búfj&aacute
;r-gangr, m. = búfjárhagi, Grág. i. 435. búfj
ár-gildr, adj. a being in proper condition, of cattle, D. N. búfjár-hagar, m. pl. the pasture fields on an estate,
esp. the home-pastures or closes, used daily for the home cattle,
and opp. to afréttr, q.v.: hence the phrase in Nj., ríða upp
ór b., denoting a pale of about three or four miles, 34; í b., 
within the pale of the b., Glúm. 355. Eb. 54. búfjár
-hagr, m. the condition of stock, Vápn. 30. búfj&aac
ute;r-hald, n. the keeping of stock, Grág. i. 427. b&uacute
;fjár-lauss, adj. living without stock, Grág. i. 294.
búfjár-leiga, u, f. the rent of stock, Gþl. 62
. búfjár-matr, m. food for cattle, stores of fodder,
Fms. x. 400.
bú-félag, n. fellowship in housekeeping, Fb. ii. 340
.
bú-færsla, u, f. a removing of one's household, Landn
. 207.
bú-gagn, n. household utensils, B. K. 20.
bú-garðr, m. a farm, esp. a big one, Fms. iii. 85, 251,
xi. 422.
bú-görð, f. the making a household, Sturl. ii. 21,
Bs. i. 658.
bú-hlífð, f. a sparing of provender, Fms. v. 306
.
bú-hlutr = búsbúhlutr above.
bú-höldr, m. a thriving householder.
BÚI, a, m. [búa]. I. a dweller, inhabitant, o
nly in compds as haug-búi, hellis-búi, berg-búi, a dwell

er in cairns, caves, rocks, of a ghost or a giant; ein-b&uacu
te;i, an anchorite, a bachelor; himin-búi, an inhabitant of hea
ven, an angel; lands-búi, Lat. incola; ná-búi, a neighbour; í-búi or inn-búi, incola, Sn&oacu
te;t 71; stafn-búi, q.v. II. a neighbour = náb&uacut
e;i; kom Steinn at máli við Þorbjörn búa sinn, Kr&o
acute;k. 36; við Bárðr búi minn, Nj. 203; þau s&yacu
te;ndu búum sínum úþokkasvip, Fs. 31; Steinólf
r b. hans, Landn. 269; cp. búi-sifjar, búi-graðungr, bú
i-maðr (below), rare in this sense. 2. hence a law term in the Icel.
Commonwealth, a neighbour acting as juror; the law distinguishes between
neighbours of place and person; as, vetfangs-búar, neighbours of the p
lace where (e.g.) a manslaughter was committed; or neighbours either of d
efendant or plaintiff, e.g. heimilis-búar, home-neighbours, o
pposed to dómstaðar-búar, Grág. ii. 405, and þing
vallar-búar, neighbours of court or parliament: the number
of the neighbours summoned was various; in slight cases, such as compensation fo
r damage or the like, they were commonly five--sem búar fimm meta; in cas
es liable to outlawry they were usually nine, Grág. ii. 345; the verdi
ct of the neighbour is called kviðr, the summoning kvöð,
and kveðja búa, to summon neighbours; the cases esp. in the G
rágás and Njála are almost numberless. The standing Icel. l
aw phrase 'sem búar meta' reminds one of the English mode of fixing compe
nsation by jury. According to Konrad Maurer,
<PAGE NUM="b0089">
<HEADER>BÚAKVIÐBURÐR -- BYGG. 89</HEADER>
jury is of Scandinavian origin, and first appears in English law along with the
Normans after the Conquest; but this does not preclude an earlier usage in the S
candinavian parts of England. In the old Danish law they were called 'nævn
d,' in Sweden 'nämd;' cp. esp. Nj. ch. 142 sqq. and Grág. Þ. &
THORN;. and Vígslóði. The classical reference for this institu
tion, Grág. i. 167, Kb. ch. 85, is quoted p. 58 s.v. bera B. I. 1. COMPDS
: búa-kviðburðr, m. = búakviðr, Grág., N
j. búa-kviðr, m. a verdict of neighbours, opp. to tylpt
arkviðr, q.v., Nj., Grág. búa-kvöð, f. a su
mmoning of neighbours, Grág. ii. 52. búa-virðing, f
. a fixing compensation by verdict of neighbours, Grág. ii. 343. III. a pr. name of a man, Jómsv. S.; mod. Dan. 'Boye' or 
'Boy,' hence the mod. Icel. Bogi, Feðga-æfi, 27.
búi-griðungr, m. a neighbour's bull, Vápn. 46.
búi-maðr, m. a neighbour-man, Sturl. i. 82 C, 167.
bú-jörð, f. a farm, estate.
bú-karl, m. = búandkarl, Fms. v. 186, vi. 139.
bú-kot, n. a cottage, Hkr. iii. 131.
BÚKR, m. [Hel. bûc = alveus; Germ. bauch], the trunk, body, Eg. 289; esp. the trunk without the head, Nj.
123, Fms. i. 218, Bs. i. 625.
bú-lag, n. joint housekeeping, Sturl. i. 64, 75.
bú-land, n. [Hel. bûland = arvum], home lan

d, Grág. ii. 315, 324, Jb. 51.
bú-lauss, adj. having no 'bú,' opp. to búandi
, D. N. ii. 14, Jb. 12.
bú-leiga, u, f. rent of a 'bú,' H. E. i. 394.
BÚLKI, a, m., in mod. spelling bunki, heap [cp. a sh
ip's bunks]; this form occurs in the Hrokkinsk., a MS. of the 15th centur
y, vide the references below; [cp. Engl. bulk, in the naut. phrase, to
break bulk or begin to land a cargo] :-- the cargo or frei
ght of a ship; the allit. phrase, binda bulka, to bind bulk, shut the hol
d, just when the ship is bound for sea, and leysa b., to break bulk,
when in harbour; fyrir framan or aptan búlka, the b. was, namely, in the
middle of the ship, Fms. vi. 108, 378, 381, N. G. L. i. 340, 371, Eb. 196, Gr&aa
cute;g. i. 209, Nj. 134, Fms. ix. 145, 468, Bs. i. 422, Fbr. 53. COMPDS: b&ua
cute;lka-brún, f. the edge of the b. as it stood out of the sh
ip, Jb. 398, 407, Fbr. 62 new Ed., where a sailor kept the look out, Sturl. iii.
106. búlka-stokkar, m. pl. the bulwark fencing the b&uacut
e;lki in the middle of the ship, Edda (Gl.) In mod. usage, búlkast, að, to be bulky; búlka-legr, adj. bulky.
bú-maðr, m. a husbandman; góðr, mikill b., a
good householder, skilled husbandman, Band. 8, Finnb. 334.
bú-missa, u, f. loss in stock, Gþl. 389.
búnaðr, m., gen. ar, [búa.] I. household, hou
sekeeping, Bs. i. 76; reisa búnað -- reisa bú, Sturl. iii.
106; færa b. sinn -- fara búferli, to move one's household,
Jb. 288; búnaðar-maðr = búmaðr, O. H. L. 30; B&uacute
;naðar-bálkr, the name of the section in the code of law Jb. answerin
g to the Landbrigða þáttr of the Grág., treating of h
ousehold matters; and in mod. times the name of the very famous poem (of Egg
ert Olafsson), the Icel. 'Georgics' (marked Bb. in this Dict.) II. dre
ss, equipment, = búningr, Skálda 181, Fms. iv. 75, xi. 331; bu
t esp. with the notion of ornaments in gold, silver, tapestry, Nj. 131, E
g. 701 (of a shield); altaris dúkr glitaðr með búnaði,
Am. 95. β. baggage, luggage, Bjarn. 19. γ a
getting 'boun' (ready) for sea; in the naut. term, halda &aacu
te; búnaði sínum, Fms. ii. 254.
búnask, að, dep., in the phrase, e-m b. vel, illa, one has
good, bad, luck in his business as bóndi.
bú-nautn, f., in the phrase, til b., for household use, Vm.
96, D. I. i. 419.
búningr, m. [búa], dress, clothing, attire; hvers da
gs b., every day dress, K. Þ. K. 140; opp. to spari b., Sunday d
ress; karlmanns b., a man's dress; kvennmanns b., a woman's dress,
 etc., Nj. 190. β. equipment, of a ship; reiði ok b.,
Fms. v. 103: the dressing and arrangement of a table, Bjarn. 27. &gam
ma;. ornaments, laces, Nj. 48, v.l. COMPDS: búnings-b&oacut
e;t, f. dress-improvement, a piece of new or smart attire, Ld.
208, Fas. ii. 329. búnings-lauss, adj. without ornament, P
m. 65. búnings-munr, m. difference in apparel, Sturl. ii. 9
4.
bú-nyt, f. the milk of sheep and cattle, on a farm also mor

e usually called málnyt or málnyta, Jb. 375, Hkr. i. 110.
bú-prestr, m. a curate-farmer, Vm. 59.
BÚR, n. [Hel. bûr = habitaculum; A. S. b&uc
irc;r; Engl. bower; Scot. and North. E. byre; Germ. bauer], a word common to all Teut. idioms, and in the most of them denoting a ch
amber; this sense only occurs a few times in some of the old poems, esp. the
Völs. kviður, and even only as an allit. phrase, Brynhildr í b&
uacute;ri, Og. 18; björt í búri, Gkv. 2. 1: in prose now and
then in translations of foreign romances, El. 22. 2. in Icel. only in the
sense of larder, pantry (the North. E. and Scot. byre = cow-st
all); this sense is very old, and occurs in Hallfred, Fs. 89, where b&uacute
;ri (not brúði) is the right reading, as the rhyme shews--'stær
i' ek brag, fyrir 'búri;' skellr nú lass fyrir búrin &thorn
;eirra Reykdælanna, Bs. i. 512. 601, Ld. 242; defined, búr þa
t er konur hafa matreiðu í, Grág. i. 459. β. a
house where stores are kept = úti-búr, Nj. 74; now called skem
ma. In Icel. a game, in which children try to force open one's closed hand, is c
alled að fara í búr e-s, to get into one's larder.
bú-rakki, a, m. a shepherd's dog.
bú-ráð, n. household management, Nj. 51, Gr&aacu
te;g, i. 333.
bú-rán, n. a law term, a kind of burglary, theft, to
the amount of three cows at least, or three cows' value; defined
N. G. L. i. 180: metaph. damage, Bs. i. 350.
búr-brot, n. the breaking into a pantry, Sturl.
búr-dyrr, n. pl. a pantry-door, Bs. i. 601.
búr-hilla, u, f. a pantry-shelf, Glúm. 367.
búr-hringr, m. the door ring of a búrhurð, D. N.
búr-hundr, m. a pantry-dog, Fs. 89.
búr-hurð, f. the door of a 'búr,' Gpl. 344.
búri, a, m. and búr-hvalr, m. a sort of whale, ph
ysiter macrocepbalus Sks. 177 B: for a popular superstition as to this whal
e v. Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 629.
bú-risna, u, f. the keeping open-house, Sturl. i. 194.
búr-lykill, m. a pantry-key, Sturl. iii. 7.
búr-rakki, a, m. = búrhundr, Ld. 112.
bú-sifjar [qs. búi-sifjar, from búi, a nei
ghbour], f. pl. relation between neighbours; góðar b., 
a good neighbourhood, Karl. 536; the phrase, veita e-m illar, þungar b
., to be a bad neighbour, aggressive, Eg. 730, Fms. iii. 222; má v
era at þá batni b. okkar, Fs. 31.
bú-skapr, m. household life, state of life as 'bóndi
,' D. N.; cp. the saying böl er b., hrygð er hjúskapr, illt er e
inlífi, og að öllu er nokkuð.
bú-skjóla, u, f. a pail for measuring milk, Jb. 375.
bú-skortr, m. the failure of stores, Nj. 18.
bú-skylft, n. adj.; eiga b., to have an expensive household, Sturl. i. 136.
bú-slit, n., in búslits-maðr, m. a 'b&oac
ute;ndi' without homestead, Gþl. 330.
bú-slóð, f. cattle and chattels, household gear.
bú-smali, a, m. sheep and cattle, sometimes also including
horses; naut ok sauði ok annan b., Fs. 26; esp. the milch cattle,
 Ld. 96, where it is opp. to barren cattle, Fms. i. 151; vide smali.
bú-sorg, commonly proncd. búk-sorg, f. care for w
orldly affairs, esp. in a bad sense; thirst for gain.
bú-staðr (bóstaðr, Grág. ii. 222), m.
a dwelling, abode, Fs. 31; taka sér b., to fix one's abode, Eg. 127, Landn. 37, 56, Nj. 173.
bú-stjórn, f. management of household affairs, Eb. 2
04.
bú-stýra, u, f. a female housekeeper, Gullþ. 1
3, Háv. 39.
bú-sýsla, u, f. household business, Glúm. 335
, Ísl. ii. 68; búsýslu-maðr = búmaðr,
Eg. 2.
BÚTR, m. a log of wood. búta, að, to c
ut logs of wood.
bú-verk, n. dairy work in the morning and evening, milki
ng, churning, and the like, Fs. 72; vinna heima b. með móður
sinni (as a taunt), Fas. iii. 595; hence búverka, að, to do
the dairy work; búverka-tími, a, m. the time, morni
ng and evening, when dairy work is to be done: in the Grág. i. 147 b
úverk means generally every kind of household work, but esp. the
lower part of it.
bú-þegn, in. a husbandman, in allit. phrases, b&aelig
;ndr ok b., Fms. i. 33, Sks. 603; illr b., a bad husbandman, Fms. i. 69,
where it is used in a morally bad sense; elsewhere a bad householder, vi.
102, Skálda 203.
BYGÐ, f. [búa, byggja]. I. gener. habitation: 1. a settling one's abode, colonisation; Íslands b., colon
isation of Iceland, Íb. (begin.); Grænlands b., id. 2
. residence, abode; var þeirra b. ekki vinsæl, Ld. 136; t
he phrase, fara bygð, or bygðum, to remove one's house and home, chan
ge one's abode, Grág. i. 457, Nj. 25, 151; færa b. sína,
to remove, Fas. ii. 281; banna, lofa e-m bygð, to forbid or allow one's residence, Grág. l.c.; hitta b. e-s, abode, home, Band. 10: metaph., Hom. 16. II. inhabited land, opp. to ú
bygðir, deserts; but also opp. to mountains, wild woods, and the like
, where there are no human dwellings: bygð thus denotes the dwelli
ngs and the whole cultivated neighbourhood; thus in old Greenland there was
Eystri and Vestri bygð, the Eastern and Western colony, and &u
acute;bygðir, deserts, viz. the whole Eastern side of this polar land
, cp. Landn. 105, Antt. Amer., and Grönl. Hist. Mind, i-iii. In Norway dist
inction is made between bygðir and sætr, Fms. i. 5. Icel. say, snj&oac
ute;r ofan í b., when the mountains are covered with snow, but the lowlan
d, the inhabited shore, and the bottom of the dales are free; í Noregi er
lítil b. ok þó sundrlaus, i.e. Norway is thinly peopled,
 Fms. iv. 140, viii. 200, 202, 203, Eg. 68, 229, Orkn. 8: spec. = county
 = hérað, í b. þeirri er Heggin heitir, Fms. ix. 232
; b. þeirri er Strönd heitir, 358; heima í bygðum, G&thorn
;l. 34; miklar bygðir (great inhabited districts) vóru inn &ia
cute; landit, Fms. i. 226. COMPDS: bygðar-fleygr, adj. rumoured th
rough the bygð, Jb. 161. bygðar-fólk, n. the people
of a neighbourhood, Fms. ii. 88. bygðar-lag, n. a district, n
eighbourhood, county, Grett. 101 A, Jb. 223, Fs. 50. bygðarlags-ma&et
h;r, m. a neighbour, Stj. 197. bygðar-land, n. and in p
ossession or to be taken into possession, Stj. 74. bygðar-leyf
i, n. leave to settle, Fs. 31, Valla L. 208, Grág. i. 457. 
bygðar-lýðr, m. the people of a land, Bs. ii. 80. 
bygðar-menn, m. pl. id., Fs. 31, Stj. 649, Dipl. v. 19, Fms. i. 2
26, etc. bygðar-rómr, m. a rumour going about in the neighb
ourhood, Krók. 34. bygðar-stefna, u, f. a meeting of th
e neighbourhood, D. N.
bygð-fleygr, bygð-fleyttr, = bygðarfleygr, N. G. L. i. 389.
BYGG, n. [Scot. and North. E. bigg; Swed. bjugg; Dan. by
g; Ivar Aasen bygg; derived from byggja] :-- barley, a common
word over all Scandinavia, cp. Alm. 33, Edda (Gl.), Stj. 99, Bs. ii. 5, 532. 5;
vide barr II.
<PAGE NUM="b0090">
<HEADER>90 BYGGBRAUÐ -- BYRJA.</HEADER>
bygg-brauð, n. barley-bread, 655 xxi. 4.
bygg-hjálmr, m. a barley-rick, Magn. 516.
bygg-hlaða, u, f. a barley-barn, Stj. 344.
bygg-hleifr, m. a barley-loaf, Stj. 393, Rb. 82.
bygg-hús, n. a barley-barn, Orkn. 196.
byggi or byggvi, m. an inhabitant, obsolete, but in compds
as Eyr-byggjar, stafn-byggjar, fram-byggjar, aptr-byggjar, etc.
byggi-ligr, adj. habitable, Hkr. i. 108.
bygging, f. habitation, colonisation, Landn. 24, v.l., Stj. 176. 2. tenancy, letting out land for rent, H. E. i. 495: in compds, byg
gingarbréf, b. skilmáli, an agreement between tenant and landlo
rd. β. buildings or houses, Matth. xxiv. 1; scarce
ly occurs in old writers in this sense; cp. Dan. bygning, Scot. and North
. E. biggin, = building.
BYGGJA, older form byggva, ð, [for the etymology v. búa

], gener. to inhabit, settle, people, always in a transitive sense--not n
eut. as. búa--but often used absol. or ellipt., land being understood: α. to settle as a colonist; Hrollaugr bygði austr á
Síðu, Ketilbjörn bygði suðr at Mosfelli, Auðr byg&e
th;i vestr í Breiðafirði, Helgi bygði norðr í Eyja
firði, all these instances referring to the first settlers of Icel., &Iacute
;b. ch. 1. 2; en þat vas es hann tók byggva landit, id.; sumar &tho
rn;at er þeir Ingólfr fóru at b. Ísland, the summe
r before Ingolf settled in Iceland, ch. 6; Íngólfr ... byg&eth
;i fyrstr landit, i.e. Ingolf was the first settler, id.; so in numberles
s instances, esp. of the Íb. and Landn., e.g. Landn. 42, 334, Eb. 8, Hraf
n. 4, Eg. 99, 100; eptir Nóa-flóð lifðu átta menn &
thorn;eir er heiminn bygðu (peopled), Edda (pref.) β. 
to inhabit, live in a country; þesskonar þjóð es V&ia
cute;nland hefir bygt, Íb. ch. 6; þá er landit hafði sex
tigi vetra bygt verit, Landn. 321; þeir b. þat hérað &aa
cute; Vindlandi er Ré heitir, Fms. xi. 378, H. E. i. 494, Bret. 100: alli
t. phrases, á bygðu bóli, i.e. among men, where men live; bygðr bólstaðr, possessed land, Grág. ii. 214: t
he proverb, með lögum skal land byggja, with laws shall man build la
nd, i.e. law builds (makes) lands and home; and some add, en m
eð ólögum eyða; eyða (to lay waste) and byggja ar
e thus opposed to one another, Nj. 106; b. bæ, to settle on a farm;
segi ek af því fyrst hversu bærinn hefir bygzk í Sk&a
acute;laholti ... Ketilbjörn bygði þann bæ fyrstr er &iacut
e; Skálaholti heitir, Bs. i. 60; hann bygði bæ þann er &i
acute; Eyju heitir, Gísl. 91, where it does not mean to build houses, as in the mod. use of this phrase, but to settle, Lat. inhabitare.
 γ. in more special or law phrases, to dwell in, occupy;
b. sæng, to keep one's bed, sleep, Fas. i. 314; b. eina sæng
, of married people, Fms. ii. 134; b. með e-m, to cohabit, Stj. 176;
b. höll, to occupy a hall, Fms. vi. 147, x. 236; b. á skipum,
undir tjöldum, to live aboard ship, in tents, vii. 138; b. h&aacut
e;lfrými, a naut. term, viii. 199: metaph., cf Guð byggvir í &
thorn;eim, Eluc. 52, cp. also the references from the N. T. above under b&uacute
;a, where most of the Icel. Edd. use byggja. 2. to build a house,
ship, or the like, [Scot. and North. E. to big; Dan. bygge; Swed.
bygga]: this sense, common over all Scandinavia and North Britain, seems
not to occur in Icel. writers before the 15th century or the end of the 14th, b
ut is freq. at the present time; it occurs in the Ann. 1401, 1405, etc. Old writ
ers always say, reisa or göra hús, skip ..., not byggja. 3. r
eflex. to be inhabited; Ísland bygðisk fyrst ór Noregi,
Íb. ch. 1; Grænland fansk ok bygðisk af Íslandi, ch. 6;
hundraði ára fyrr en Ísland bygðisk af Norðmönnu
m, Landn. (pref.); en áðr Ísland bygðisk, id.; þ&aac
ute; er Ísland fansk ok bygðisk af Noregi, id. II. [Goth. b
ugjan, by which Ulf. renders GREEK, and once GREEK, which is elsewhere rend
ered by frabugjan; A. S. bycgean; Engl. buy; Hel. buggea
n] :-- to let out, esp. land or cottage; konungr má b. almenni
ng hverjum sem hann vill, Gþl. 453; ef umboðsmaðr konungs byggir j
arðar (acc.) konungs ... því at svá skal konungs jar&eth
;ir b. sem um aðrar jarðir skill í lögum, 336; nú byg
gir maðr dýrra (lets out at a higher rent) en vandi hefir &aac
ute; verit, 337; Ingimundr bygði þeim Hrolleifi bæinn í &
Aacute;si, Fs. 34; er þeir bygðu lönd sín eðr t&oacute
;ku sér hjú, Grág. i. 445; hann tók mikit af landn&a
acute;mi Una, ok bygði þat (parcelled it out) frændum s&i
acute;num, Landn. 244; byggja e-m út, to expel a tenant; b. e-m in
n, to settle a tenant on one's estate. 2. more properly, to len
d money at interest; þat er ok ef menn b. dautt fé, eðr kre
fja framar af þeim hlutum er menn ljá, en innstæða, K. &A
acute;. 204; engi skal b. dautt fé á leigu, Bs. i. 684; um okr, er
menn b. dautt fé, H. E. i. 459; Rútr ... bygði allt fé
it, R. put all the money out at interest, Nj. 11. 3. the peculiar
eccl. law phrase of the forbidden degrees; b. sifjar, frændsemi, to mar
ry into such or such degree; this phrase may refer to buying (cp. br&
uacute;ðkaup), or to cohabitation; þat er nýmæli,
at jafn-náit skal b. sifjar ok frændsemi at fimta manni hvár
t, i.e. intermarriage in the fifth degree is allowed, according to the decision
of the council of Lateran, A.D. 1215, Grág. i. 304; frændsemi er ei
gi byggjandi, i.e. is forbidden, 307, 308, 321, N. G. L. i. 350; en &thor
n;at var bannat með Ásum at b. svá náit at frænds
emi, Hkr. Yngl. ch. 4. III. part. as subst.
bygg-mjöl, n. barley-meal, Gþl. 100.
byggning = bygging, D. N. (freq.), Fr.
bygg-sáð, n. barley-seed, N. G. L. i. 385.
byggvandi, byggjandi, pl. byggendr, byggvendr, inhabitants, mostly
in poetry, Stj. 399, Haustl. 10.
byggvi-ligr = byggiligr.
bygill, m. [Germ. bügel], a stirrup, Gþl. 359.
bygsla, u, f. = bygging, D. N.
BYLGJA, u, f. [cp. Dan. bölge, Swed. bölja, akin
to bólginn, belgr], a billow, Stj. 27, Fs. 142, etc.
bylja, buldi, pres. bylr, old byll, to resound, roar, of a gale; b
yll í öllum fjöllum, Al. 35; buldi í hömrunum. Fas.
i. 425; freq. in mod. use.
byljóttr, adj. gusty, Bs. i. 138.
BYLR, m. pl. bylir, gen. sing. byljar or rarely byls, a squall, gust o
f wind; kom b. á húsit, Gísl. 22; þá er by
lirnir kómu, when the squalls passed over, Fms. viii. 52.
bylta, u, f. a heavy fall, Grönd. 147; bylting, f. 
a revolution; and bylta, t, with dat. to overthrow.
byrða, ð, I. [borði], to embroider, Gkv. 2. 16.
II. [borð], to board, in compds = sí-byrða, inn-by
rða, to pull on board; þykkbyrt, Fms. viii. 139.
byrða, u, f. a large trough, Stj. MS. 127, Ed. 178 reads bry&e
th;jum, N. G. L. i. 255, B. K. 52.
byrði, n. the board, i.e. side, of a ship. Edda (Gl.),
Jb. 147.
byrðingr, m. [old Dan. byrthing, from byrðr], a ship of
burthen, merchant-ship, Eg. 53, Nj. 281, Fær. 12, 195, 196, Fms. iv.
255, vii. 283, 286, 310, viii. 208, 274, 372, ix. 18, 44, 46, 299, 470, x. 25, x
i. 430, etc.; this is the genuine Scandin. word, wilst kjóll, kuggr, karf
i (q.v.) are all of foreign origin. COMPDS: byrðings-maðr, m. 
a merchant-seaman, Fær. 4, Fms. ix. 18. byrðings-segl, n. the sail of a byrðingr, Fms. iv. 259.
byrðr (mod. byrði), f., gen. ar, pl. ar, mod. ir, [bera A.
I.] :-- a burthen, Nj. 19, Edda 74, Fas. ii. 514, Fms. v. 22, vi. 153,
Fb. i. 74: hver einn mun sína byrði bera, Gal. vi. 5. β.
metaph. a burthen, task. Fms. ix. 330; hafi sá þá byr
ði er hann bindr sér sjálfum, 671. 1.
byrgi, n. [borg; A. S. byrgen = sepulcrum], an enclosure
, fence, Eb. 132; helvítis byrgi, the gates of hell, Stj. 420,
Post. 656 C. 6: metaph., b. hugar = hugborg, the breast, Hom. 148. COMPD
S: byrgis-kona, u, f. a concubine, N. G. L. i. 327 (where spelt bi
rg-), Bs. i. 663. byrgis-skapr, m. concubinatus, Fms. iii. 145.
byrging, f. a shutting up, Grág. ii. 110.
byrgja, ð, [borg; cp. A. S. byrgjan, byrian; Engl. to bury] :-- to close, shut; b. dyrr eðr vindaugu, Grág. ii. 286;
byrgja hús, Grett. 91 new Ed.; Hallfreðr byrgði húsit, Fms
. ii. 83; b. sinn munn, to shut one's mouth, Bs. i. 786; í byrg&e
th;um kviði sinnar móður, 655 xxvii. 10: metaph., byrgð syndu
m, overwhelmed with sins, Greg. 41. 2. adding prepp. aptr, inn, to shut; Grettir byrgði aptr húsit, Grett. l.c. MS. A; b. aptr g
arð, to shut a fence, Grág. ii. 283; b. aptr hlið á
garði, id., Jb. 242; b. inann inni í húsum, to shut
a man up in a house, Grág. ii. 110, Sks. 140; hvárki byrg&eth
;r né bundinn, 656 C. 32. 3. metaph. to hide, veil, of the
face of God, the sun, or the like; sólin því ljóma si
nn fékk byrgt, Pass. 44. 1; himna-ljósið var honum byrgt, 3. 2
; byrg þig eigi fyrir minni grátbeiðni, Ps. lv. 2. 4. th
e phrase, b. e-n inni, to shut one in, outwit; alla menn byrgir þ&
uacute; inni fyrir vitsmuna sakir, Fms. x. 247, xi. 31; b. e-n úti, to
leave one outside in the cold, and metaph. to prevent, preclude; b.
úti váða, to prevent mishap, x. 418, Sks. 44, Mar. 656
A. 18; byrg úti hræðsluna, Al. 25. 5. reflex., Fas. ii.
281. II. [borga], reflex. byrgjask, to be answerable for, vide &aa
cute;byrgjask.
-byrja in compd úbyrja.
BYRJA, að, [Swed. börja; lost in Dan., which has replaced
it by begynde; Germ. beginnen; and probably also extinct in the m
od. Norse dialects, vide Ivar Aasen, who seems not to have heard the word; it is
in full use in Icel. and is a purely Scandin. word; the root is the part. pass.
of bera A. II] :-- to begin. I. in the phrase, b. mál e-s,
to plead one's cause, O. H. L. 5; ek skal byrja (support) þ
itt mál, sem ek kann, Fs. 10, Fms. ii. 65; hann byrjaði hennar m&aacu
te;l við Ólaf konung, x. 310; með einum hundraðs-höf&eth
;ingja þeim er byrjaði mál hans, Post. 645. 96; hefir þ&u
acute; fram byrjat þitt erindi, 655 xxx. 13, Al. 159: this sense, however,
is rare and obsolete. II. to begin; b. ferð, to begin one'
s journey, to start, Edda 1, Fms. iv. 232, Eg. 106, Ld. 162; b. ræ&eth
;u, to begin a speech, Sks. 238; b. e-t upp, to begin, Bs. i. 825
: reflex., Rb. 210: the word is not very freq. in old writers, who prefer the wo
rd hefja, incipere, hence upphaf, beginning; in mod. writers hefja
is rather archaïc, but byrja in full use, and is used both as act., impers
., and reflex.; Icel. say, sagan byrjar, söguna byrjar, and sagan byrjast,
all in the same sense. III. [bera A. II], mostly in pass. to be begott
en, Lat. suscipi; Elias af hjúskap byrjaðr, Greg. 16; &aac
ute; þeim mánuðum er barn var byrjað, Grág. i. 340;
á þeirri sömu nótt sem hann byrjaðisk, Stj. 176; se
m þau hittusk á fjallinu Brynhildr ok Sigurðr ok hon (viz. the
daughter Áslaug) var byrjuð, Fas. i. 257; heldr ertu bráðr
að byrja þann er bein hefir engin, 250 (in a verse). IV. imper
s. with dat.: 1. [bera C. III], to behove, beseem, be due; sem kon
ungs-syni byrjar, Fms. i. 81; hann gefr sálu várri slíkan m
átt sem henni byrjar, Hom. 157; svá byrjaði (behoved) C
hristo að líða, Luke xxiv. 46; þat byrjar mér meir a
t hlýða Guði en mönnum, 623. 11; sem aðiljanum byrja&eth
;i, Grág. i. 394; sem þeim byrjaði at manntali, i.e. in due
proportion to their number, ii. 381; sem byrjar (as it behoves) hl&ya
cute;ðnum syni ok
<PAGE NUM="b0091">
<HEADER>BYRJUN -- BÆN. 91</HEADER>
eptirlátum, Sks. 12; er helzt byrjar kaupmönnum at hafa, 52. 2.
[byrr], the phrase, e-m byrjar vel, illa, one gets a fair, foul, wind; &t
horn;eim
byrjaði vel, Eg. 69; honum byrjaði vel, 78, Eb. 8; byrjaði þei
m vel um
haustið, Fms. iv. 293; þeim byrjaði illa, Eg. 158.
byrjun, f. beginning.
byrla, að, [A. S. byreljan and byrljan; whence the word
is probably
borrowed] :-- to wait upon, with dat., esp. to hand the ale at a b
anquet,
(answering to bera öl, Fs. 121); stóð þar upp Snjóf
rið dóttir Svása, ok
byrlaði ker mjaðar fullt konungi, Fms. x. 379, Hkr. i. 102; hann setti
annan mann til at b. sér, Post. 656 C. 32: metaph., hann byrlar optliga
eitr sinnar slægðar mannkyninu, Fms. ii. 137: to fill the cup,
síðan byrlar
hann í hornin, Fas. ii. 550: in mod. use, to mix a beverage, esp.
in bad
sense, by putting poison in it.
byrlari, a, m. [A. S. byrele], a cup-bearer, Fms. i. 291.
byr-leiði, n. a favourable course, Fms. x. 291, Sks. 175.
byr-léttr, adj. gently blowing, Hkr. ii. 143.
byr-leysa, u, f. lack of fair wind, or a foul wind, Ann. 13
92.
byrli, a, m. = byrlari, Fms. x. 302.
byr-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), promising a fair wind; &thorn
;ví at ekki er byrligt, Sd. 174, in the phrase, blása byrlega, to blow fair for one;
ekki b.
draumr, a bad dream, Fas. i. 14.
byr-lítill, adj. of a light (but fair) breeze, Fms.

iv. 297.
BYRR, gen. byrjar, nom. pl. byrir, acc. byri: [Swed.-Dan. bör
; cp.
usage of Gr. GREEK] :-- a fair wind; it is freq. used in pl., esp. in the
impers. phrase, e-m gefr vel byri (acc. pl.), one gets a fair wind, rarel
y,
and less correct, byr (acc. sing.), Nj. 10, Vápn. 9, but sing. Nj. 4, Eg.
98; byri gefr hann brögnum, Hdl. 3; með hinum beztuni byrjum, Bs. i.
781; bíða byrjar, Fms. i. 131; liggja til byrjar, to lie by for a
fair wind,
 Eg. 183; byrr rennr á, a fair breeze begins to blow; þ&
aacute; rann á byrr ok
sigldu þeir, Nj. 135, Eg. 158; þá féll byrrinn, Eb. 8;
þá tók byrr at
vaxa, Eg. 390: allit, naut. phrases, blásandi byrr, blíðr byrr
, beggja
skauta byrr; hagstæðr byrr, fagr byrr. hægr, óðr byrr
, Hm. 89; hraðbyri, etc.: also metaph., hafa góðan, mikinn, lítinn byrr, 
to be well, much,
little favoured: in poetry in many compds, byrjar drösull, the horse
of the
wind, a ship; byr-skíð, byr-rann. a ship; byrr always deno
tes the wind
on the sea. byrjar-gol, n. a fair breeze, Fms. ix. 21.
byrsta, t, [bursti], to furnish with bristles or spikes, Sk
s. 418; gulli byrstr,
Fas. i. 184. 2. metaph. the phrase, b. sik or byrstask, to raise the
bristles, to shew anger, Fms. ii. 174, Finnb. 248, Pass. 26. I.
byr-sæll, adj. having good luck, fair wind, Fms. x. 314.
byr-vænligr, byrvænn, adj. promising a fair wind, Orkn. 332,
Fms. ii. 5.
BYSJA, [Dan. buse; Swed. busa = to gush], to gush, a
defect, verb,
occurs only twice or thrice, viz. in pres. sing, býss, Ó. H. (in a
verse),
busti (pret. sing.), gushed, of blood, Hkv. 2.8; of tears, Edda (append.)
217: the infin. never occurs, and the word is never used in prose.
byssa, u, f. [Lat. pyxis], a box, Vm. 117, D. N.: mod. a
gun (Germ, büchse).
bytna, að, [botn], to come to the bottom, Krók. 20 new
Ed.: metaph.,
b. á e-m, to tell on or against one.
BYTTA. u, f. [Dan. bötte], a pail, small tub, K. &THOR
N;. K. 82, Stj. 444,
Fms. x. 54, Jm. 29, N. G. L. i. 3-27: of the bucket for baling a ship wit
h,
Fbr. 131, Grett. 95; hence byttu-austr, the old mode of pumping is
defined, Fbr. and Grett. 1. c.
byxa, t, to box, Bev. Fr.; byxing, f. boxing, Finnb.

344 (Engl. word).
BÝ, n. [Lat. apis; the Goth, word is not on record; A. S. beo; Engl.
bee; O. H. G. pia; Germ, biene, and older form beie,
Grimm i. 1367;
Swed.-Dan. bi] :-- a bee; the spelling in Icel. with ý is f
ixed by long usage,
and by a rhyme in the Höfuðl., Jöfurr sveigði ý | flugu
unda bý, where ý
(a bow) and bý (bee j) rhyme; because perhaps an etymology
from bú
floated before the mind, from the social habits of bees, Barl. 86; the
simple by is quite obsolete in Icel. which only uses the compd,
bý-fluga, u, f. a 'bee-fly,' bee, Edda 12, Stj. 91, 210, et
c.; bý-flygi,
n. id., Bs. i. 210, Stj. 411.
býfur, f. pl. the feet, with a notion of awkwardness; retta
býfur, to
stretch the legs out in an awkward manner; þar lá Kolfinnr son
hennar,
ok rétti býfur hölzti langar, Ísl. ii. 416: the passag
e Od. ix. 298 -GREEK -- Egilsson in his rhymed translation renders
graphically, ok meðal búfjár býfur rétti.
býli, n. [ból], an abode, mostly in compds, á
-býli, etc.
býll, adj. [ból], living, in compds, ár-b&yac
ute;ll, harð-býll, þung-býll.
býr, v. bær.
bý-skip, n. the ship of the bees, the air, sky, poët.,
Höfuðl. 17 (dub.)
BÝSN, n. [cp. A. S. bysen, bisen, which means example, whilst the
Icel. word means] a wonder, a strange and portentous thing; commonly
Used in pl., urðu hverskonar býsn, 625. 42; þar sem þessi
býsn (acc. pl.)
bar fyrir, Fms. xi. 13; þetta eru stór býsn, 64; slík
t eru banvæn býsn,
Fas. iii. 13 (in a verse); sing., Fms. xi. 10, 64: in mod. use fem. sing.,
Fb. i. 212, Pr. 76, 91; býsna-veðr, portentous weather, Fms. i
ii. 137; býsnavetr, a winter of portents, when many ghosts and goblins were about, Bs.,
Sturl. i. 115; býsna-sumar, in the same sense, Ann. 1203. In mod. use
býsna- is prefixed to a great many words in the sense of pretty
, tolerably, Germ, ziemlich; býsna-vel, b. góðr, la
ngr, fljótr, pretty well, pretty good, etc. in early writers the s
ense is much stronger.
býsna, að, to portend, bode; þetta býsnar
tjón ok sorg, Karl. 492; the
proverb, býsna skal til batnaðar, i. e. things must be worse befor

e they
are better, Old Engl. 'when bale is highest, bote is nighest,' Fms. v. 199,
(spelt bisna, O. H. L.); er býsna skal at betr verði, x. 261.
býta, tt, [bútr], to deal out, give, with dat. of th
e thing; býtti Hrafn
silfrinu, Fas. iii. 256: esp. býta út, or út býta, to give alms, Hebr. xiii.
16, Gal. vi. 6. β. to exchange, Dan. bytte; býttum vi&
eth; jörðum okkar,
Dipl. i. 12, H. E. i. 561.
býti, n. exchange, barter, Krók. 65; býtin
g, f. spending, Ann. 1408.
BÆÐI, [v. báðir, where in p. 54, col. 2, 1. 7, the w
ords 'rarely Norse'
should be struck out], used adverbially, both, Scot. ' baithh, 'wi
th conjunctions connecting two parts of a sentence: a. bæði, ... ok, both ... and;
bæði vitr ok framgjarn, both wise and bold, Nj. 6; b. bl&aacute
;r ok digr, Fms.
vii. 162; vitandi b&oelig;ði gott ok illt, knowing both good and evil, Stj. 145.
Gen. iii. 5; b. fyrir sína hönd ok annarra, Bs. i. 129; b. at viti o
k at öðru,
127; b. at lærdómi, vitrleik, ok atgörvi, in learning, wisd
om, and accomplishments, 130 (where the subdivision after bæði is triple); b. l
önd ok
kvikfé, Ísl. ii. 61; mun nú vera rofit bæði b&uac
ute;lkinn ok annat, Fms. vi.
381; bæði var at hann kunni betr en flestir menn aðrir, ok haf&eth
;i betri
færi á ..., Bs. i. 129; sometimes in inverse order, ok ... bæ
ði; hér og á
himnum bæði, Pass. 24. 7; fagrt ok fátítt b., Hom. 117;
undruðu ok
hörmuðu b., 120. β. bæði... enda, where the latter part
of the sentence, beginning with 'enda,' is of a somewhat disjunctive character, and
can scarcely be literally rendered into English; it may denote irony or
displeasure or the like, e. g. það er b. hann er vitr, enda veit hann
af því,
i.e. he is clever, no doubt, and knows it; b. er nú, jarl, at ek &
aacute; yðr
margan sóma at launa, enda vili þér nú hafa mik &iacu
te; hina mestu hættu, it
is true enough, my lord, that I have received many good things from you,
but now you put me in the greatest danger, i. e. you seem to intend to ma
ke
me pay for it, Fb. i. 193: or it denotes that the one part of a sentence
follows as a matter of course from the other, or gives the hidden reason;
b. mundi vera at engi mundi þora at etja, enda mundi engi hafa hest sv&aac
ute;
góðan, i. e. no one would dare to charge him, as there would hardl
y be
any who had so good a horse, Nj. 89.
bægi-fótr, m. [bágr], 'lame-foot,' a cognom.,

Eb.; Egilsson renders
GREEK (Od. viii. 349) by bægi-fótr.
bæging, f. thwarting, Finnb. 344.
bæginn, adj. cross-grained, Fms. iii. 95; bægni, f. peevishness; orðbæginn, q.v.; mein-bæginn, pettish.
bægja, ð, (an old pret. bagði, Haustl. 18), [bágr],
with dat. to make one
give way, push one back; tröll-konan bægir honum til fjallsins, B
s. i. 464;
b. skipi ór lægi, to push the ship from her moorings, Fms. v
ii. 114; b.
vist sinni, to change one's abode, remove, Eb. 252; þeim bæg&
eth;i veðr, of
foul wind, Eg. 245; honum bægði veðr, ok bar hann til eyja þ
eirra er
Syllingar heita, the weather drove him from his course, and he was carried
to the islands called Scilly, Fms. i. 145. β. absol. to binder;
ef eigi
b. nauðsynjar, Grág. i. 446. 2. metaph. to treat harshly, oppress
one, Bs. i. 550. 3. reflex. with the prep. við; b. við e-n, to qu
arrel;
þá vill hann eigi við þá bægjask, Ld. 56
; þá var við enga at bægjask
(none to dispute against) nema í móti Guðs vilja v&aeli
g;ri, Bs. i. 128. β.
bægjask til e-s, to contend about a thing, but with the notion of u
nfair
play; betra er at vægjask til virðingar en b. til stór-vandr&ae
lig;ða, Fms.
vii. 25. γ. impers., bægðisk honum svá við, at ..., things went so
crookedly for him, that..., Grett. MS.
bæki, v. beyki; bæki-skógr, m. a beech-wood,
 Fms. xi. 224.
bæklingr, m. [bók], a 'bookling,' little book, Lat. libellus, Bs. i. 59.
bæla, d, I. [bál], to burn = bræla, in the alli
t. phrase brenna ok b.,
671. 4, Fms. iv. 142, vi. 176; vide bræla, Fas. i. 4. II. [ból], to
pen sheep and cattle during the night; reflex., dýr bælask &iac
ute; þeim stöðum,
Greg. 68.
bæli, n. [ból], 1. in the Norse sense, a farm, dwelling, = býli,
Gþl: 452. 2. in the Icel. sense, a den, Fas. ii. 231, of a vulture'
s nest;
arnar-bæli, an eyry, a freq. local name of farms in Icel., Landn.;
drekabæli, orms-bæli, a dragon's lair, serpent's den, Edda; even u
sed of the lair
of an outlaw, Grett. 132 (Grettis-bæli), Ld. 250.

BÆN and bón, f. [biðja], prayer, request, boon
; these two words are
nearly identical in form, and sometimes used indiscriminately as to sense;
but in most cases they are different, bæn having a deeper sense, prayer
,
 bón, request, boon; we may say biðja e-n bónar, an
d biðja e-n bænar, but
the sense is different; only bæn can be used of prayer to God; göra e
-t at
bæn e-s, Fs. 38; er su bæn allra var, at ..., we all beg, that...
, Eg. 28;
skaltú veita mér bæn þó er ek mun biðja &th
orn;ik, Nj. 26; fella bæn at e-m,
to pray one earnestly, Ísl. ii. 305. β. prayer to God,
often in plur.; vera
á bænum, to be at prayers; hon var löngum um nætr
at kirkju á bæuum
sínum, Ld. 328; hann hellir út bænir fyrir dómst&oacu
te;l Krists, Hom. 13, 156;
bæn ok ölmusugjafir, Bs. i. 370, Pass. 4. 22, 44. 17: the phrase, ver
a e-m
góðr (illr) bæna (gen. pl.), to turn the ear (or a de
af ear) to one's prayers,
Hom. (St.) 95; ver mér nú svá bæna, sem þ&uacut
e; vilt at Guð sé þér á dómsdegi, Orkn. 174; Drottinleg bæn, the Lord's Prayer; kveld-baen, 
evening
<PAGE NUM="b0092">
<HEADER>92 BÆNAFULLTING -- BÖSTL.</HEADER>
prayer; morgun-bæn, morning prayer; lesa bænir s&iacut
e;nar. to say one's prayers,
etc. COMPDS: bæna-fullting, f. support of prayers, Fms. vi.
114.
bæna-hald, n. a holding of prayers, Landn. Hi, Gþl. 41
; baenahaldsmaðr, a man who prays to God, a religions man, Bs. i. 72, Hom. 154.
bæna-hús, n. a chapel, Grág. i. 459, Bs. i. 64
6; b. tollr, 647: a house
of prayer, Matth. xxi. 13. bæna-staðr, m. entreaty, intercessio
n,
prayer; þat er b. minn til allrar alþýðu, Nj. 189; ek
ætlaða, at þér
munduð láta standa minn b. um einn maun, Fms. vi. 101; göra e-t
fyrir
bænastað e-s, to do a thing because of one's intercession or prayer, Lv. 13:
supplication, Bs. i. 740; með beztu manna ráði ok b., G&th
orn;l. 13. bænarbréf, n. a letter of entreaty, Ann. 1330; bónar-br&eacu
te;f, 1392. bænarorð, n. pl. prayers, entreaties, Fs. 10, Fms. ii. 235, Sks. 515.
bæna, d, to pray, entreat one; bændi hann til at hann
skyldi, Fms. x.
387; prestr sá er baendr er. requested, K.Þ.K. 8, 40; &thorn
;ví ætla ek at senda
hann til keisarans sem hann bændi (asíed) sjálfr, Pos

t. 645. 98, cp. Acts
xxv. 25; grát-bæna, to pray 'greeting,' i.e. with tears. β. bæna sik,
(in mod. use) to cover the face with the hands in prayer.
bæn-heyra, ð, esp. theol. to hear one's prayer, N.T.
bæn-hús = bænahús, Pm. 41, Dipl. iii. 2, iv. 9,
Vm. 78.
bæn-rækinn, adj. diligent in prayer, Hkr. ii. 191.
BÆR, b&oelig;r, or býr, gen. baejar or b&yacut
e;jar; gen. biar also occurs, esp.
in Norse MSS. of the 14th century, Fb., but is rare and unclassical; pl.
-ir, gen. -ja, dat. -jum. In Icel. people say bær; in Norway bö in Swed.
and Dan. (always with y) by; the root word being búa, b&uac
ute;: this word
is very freq. in local names of towns and villages throughout the whole
of Scandinavia; and wherever the Scandinavian tribes settled the name
by or bö went along with them. In the map of Northern England
the
use of this word marks out the limits and extent of the Norse immigration, e.g.
the name Kirkby or Kirby; about twenty or thirty such are
found in English maps of the Northern and Midland Counties, denoting churches built by the Norse or Danish settlers, as Whitby, Grimsby,
etc., cp. Kirkjubær in Icel. In Denmark and Sweden local names
ending in -by are almost numberless. I. a town, village, th
is is the
Norse, Swed., and Dan. notion; þeir brenna býi at köldum kolum
,
Fms. xi. 122; til bæjarins (of Niðarós), vii. 30; of Bergen, vi
ii. 360,
438; Tunsberg, ix. 361; of the town residence of the earl of Orkney,
Nj. 267: allit., borgir ok bæi, castles and towns, Ann. 1349, etc.
etc.; baejar-biskup, a town-bishop, Fms. vii. 32; bæjar-prestr, 
a townpriest, D.N.; bæjar-lögmaðr, a town-justice, id.; b&ae
lig;jar-lýðr, bæjar-lið,
bæjar-menn, town's-people, Fms. viii. 38, 160, 210, Eg. 240, Bs. i.
78;
baejar-brenna, the burning of a town, Fms. x. 30; bæjar-bygð, a town-district, viii. 247; bæjar-gjald, a town-rate, N.G.L.
i. 328; bæjar-sýsla, a town-office, Fms. vi. 109; bæja
r-starf, id., Hkr. iii. 441; bæjar-seta, dwelling
in town, Ld. 73, Ísl. ii. 392. II. a farm, landed estate, this is the
Icel. notion, as that country has no towns; bær in Icel. answers to the
Germ, 'hof,' Norweg. 'ból,' Dan. 'gaard,' denoting a farm, or farmyard
and buildings, or both together; hence the phrase, reisa, göra, setja
bæ, efna til bæjar, to build the farmstead, Eb. 10, 26, 254,
Ld. 96, 98,
Fs. 26, Landn. 126, 127, Eg. 131, Gísl. 8, 28, Bs. i. 26, Þorst. hv
. 35;
byggja bæ, Bs. i. 60; the phrase, bær heitir..., a farm is ca
lled so
and so, Ísl. ii. 322, 323, 325, Ann. 1300, Hrafn. 22, Dropl. 5; the allit
.
phrase, búa á bæ..., Þorst. hv. 37; the passages are n
umberless, and
'bær' has almost become synonymous with 'house and home;' and as it
specially means 'the farm-buildings,' Icel. also say innan-bæjar, in-doors;
utan-bæjar, out-of-doors; í bæ, within doors; m
ilii baejar ok stöðuls, K.Þ.K.
78; milli bæja; bæ frá bæ, from house to house;
á bæ og af bæ, at home and
abroad: things belonging to a bær, bæjar-dyr, the doors of th
e houses,
the chief entrance; bæjar-hurð (janua); bæjar-veggr,
the wall of the
houses; bæjar-bust, the gable of the houses; bæjar-l&aeli
g;kr, the home-spring,
well; bæjar-hlað, the premises; bæjar-stétt, the pavement in the front of
the houses; bæjar-leið, a furlong, a short distance as between
two 'bæir;'
bæjar-sund, passage between the houses; bæjar-hús, 
the home-stead, opp.
to fjár-hús, etc., where cattle is kept, or barns and the like; fr
am-bær,
the front part of the houses; torf-bær, timbr-bær, a '
bær' built of turf
 or timber: phrases denoting the 'bær' as hearth and home, h&ea
cute;r sú Guð í
bæ, God be in this house, a form of greeting, cp. Luke x. 5; b&aeli
g;jar-bragr,
the customs or life in a house; nema börn hvað á b
æ er títt (a proverb).
bæra, ð, [bera, báru], to move, stir, esp. reflex
. to stir a limb, Bb.
3.31; enginn sá hans varir bærast, no one saw his lips move.
bæri-ligr, adj. fit, seemly, Stj. 141.
bærr, adj. due, entitled to, cp. Germ, gebührend; the proverb, b. er
hverr at ráða sínu, every one has a right to dispose of his
own property,
Ísl. ii. 145; vera b. at dæma um e-t, to be a fit judge in a mat
ter (a
proverb); unbecoming, Yt. 11.
bæsa, t, [báss], = bása, to drive cattle into stal
l, Gísl. 20; the saying,
fyrr á gömlum uxanum at b. en kálfinum, Fms. vi. 28.
bæsingr, m., prop, one born in a báss (q.v.); hence,
as a law term, the
child of an outlawed mother; þat barn er ok eigi arfgengt (that chi
ld is also
not entitled to inheritance), er sú kona getr er sek er orðin sk&
oacute;garmaðr,
þó-at hon geti við bónda sínum úsekjum, ok
heitir sá maðr bæsingr,
Grág. i. 178. Is not the name Bastard, which first occurs as. the
surname of the Conqueror, simply a Norman corruption of this Scandin. law
term? The son of an outlawed father was called vargdropi, q.v. 2.
poët. the name of a sword, Edda (Gl.)
BÆTA, tt, [bót; Ulf. bôtjan = GREEK; Hel. b&
ocirc;tian; A. S. bêtan;
O.H.G. bôzau; Germ. büssen] :-- to better, improve,
amend, also t o
restore, repair, Nj. 163, Gþl. 411; b. aptr, to restore, Gr&
aacute;g. ii. 336; b.
upp, to restore, atone for, Fms. ix. 43; b. at e-u, to repair, 367
; bæta ráð
sitt, to better one's condition, to marry, Nj. 2: theol. to better one
's life:
Guð bætti honum af þessi sótt, God restored him to hea
lth, Fms. ix. 391;
with gen. of the sickness, O.H.L. 84. β. to mend, put a patch on
a
garment. 2. reflex., e-m bætisk, one gets better, is restore
d to
health; at föður hans bættisk helstríð, Landn. 146
: absol., bættisk
honum þegar, he got better at once, Bs. i. 318, 319, 325: with gen.
,
baettisk Búa augna-verkjarins, Ísl. ii. 428 (rare); cp. heilsu-b&o
acute;t, recovery
of health. II. a law term, to pay weregild, the person slain
in acc., the money in dat.; Hrafnkell bætti engan mann fé, i.e. 
H. paid
no weregild whomsoever he slew, Hrafn. 4; ek vil engan mann fé b.,
9; Styrr vá mörg víg, en bætti engin (viz. víg),
S. slew many men,
but paid for none, Eb. 54; bæta þá menn alla er þar
létusk eðr fyrir
sárum urðu, 98; b. sakir (acc.) fé (dat.), Grág. ii. 16
9: the allit.
law term, b. baugum, to pay weregild, 174: the amount of money
in acc. to pay out, bæt heldr fé þat er þ&uacute
; ert sakaðr við hann, Fms.
iii. 22; ok á hann eigi þat at b., he has not to pay that, G
rág. ii.
168; b. öfandar bót, Gþl. 358: part. bættr, Eb. 98, 246.
2.
metaph. to redress, adjust; b. við e-n, or b. yfir við e-n, to
give one
redress, make good a wrong inflicted; hefir þú yfir bætt
við mik um
þetta bráðræði, Fms. ii. 25, xi. 434: also used in a
religious sense, skaltu
b. við Guð, er þú hefir svá mjök gengit af tr&u
acute; þinni, ii. 213 (yfír-bót,
repentance); b. sál, or b. fyrir sál sinni, to do for th
e health of the soul,
iv. 63, Fb. i. 345 Bs. i. 642 (in a verse); b. um e-t, to make a thing
better (um-bot, bettering, improvement), Orkn. 442: reflex., ekki b&a
elig;tisk
um, matters grow worse, Fms. ii. 53; b. við, to add to (vi&eth
;-bót, addition),
Húv. 45. 3. part. pass, used as adj. in compar.; ok er eigi
at bættra, þótt ..., things are no better, though ...,
Fms. vii. 36; þykir
mér Ólafr ekki at bættari, þótt..., i.e. it

is no redress for Olave's death,
though ..., Fas. ii. 410; er mér ekki sour minn at bættari &tho
rn;ótt Bolli sé
drepinn, my son's death is none the more atoned for though B. is slain,
Ld. 226. 4. part. act. as noun; bætandi, pl. -endr, a law term, 
one
who has to pay weregild, Grág. ii. 174, etc.
BÆXL, mod. bæxli, n. [bógr], the shoulder (Lat. armus) of a dragon,
whale, shark, or the like, Fms. vi. 351, Bret. 544.16, Gullþ. 7.
BÖÐ, f., gen. böðvar, [A. S. beadu], a battle
, only in poetry, in which
it is used in a great many compds; hence come the pr. names Böðvarr,
Böðvildr, Böðmóðr, vide Lex. Poët.
böðull, m., dat. böðli, [Dan. böddel], a
n executioner, (mod. word.)
böðvask, að, dep. to rave, Hðm. 21.
BÖGGR, m., dat. böggvi, an obsol. word, a bag; breið
r b., a big bag, in
a metaph. sense, Glúm. (in a verse): the dimin. böggull, m. a small bag, is
in freq. use as a nickname, Arn. S. Bs. i. bögla, að, to shri
vel, v. bagla.
BÖL, n., dat. bölvi, gen. pl. bölva, [cp. Goth, balva-v
esei and balveins
= GREEK, GREEK; A.S. balew; Engl. bale; Hel. balu; O.H.G. balv;
lost in mod. Germ, and Dan.] :-- bale, misfortune; allit. phrases, b&ouml
;l
and bót, 'bale' and 'bote;' bölva bætr, Stor. 22
; þegar böl er hæst er
bót næst, 'when bale is hest, bote is nest,' Morris, E. Engl
. Spec, 100;
svá skal böl bæta at bíða annat meira (a proverb),
Grett. 123, Fbr. 193;
böl er búskapr (a proverb).
böl-bæn, f. imprecation, Sks. 435, Anecd. 10.
böl-fengi, f. malice, O.H.L. 32.
böll-óttr, adj. ball-shaped, Sks. 634; b. eggskurn, St
j. 12; b. manna
höfuð, Fms. v. 343, Rb. 466.
BÖLLR, m., gen. ballar, dat. belli, [Engl. ball; O.H.G. ba
lla] :-- a
ball, globe: the ball, in the game of cricket, Gísl. 26 (in a vers
e, A.D.
963), but hardly ever used, knöttr being the common word: a globe, A
l.
18; b. jarðar, Sks. 205 B; b. sólar, id., v. 1.: the front of
a phalanx, belli
svínfylktar fylkingar, 384 B: a small body of men, Lat. globus,

 Fms. viii.
406, where some MSS. read bjöllr, probably to avoid the ambiguity: a
peak, mountain, in the local name Ballar-á, a farm in the west of Ice
land,
Eb. 2. anatom. the glans penis, Grág. ii. 16.
bölva, að, [Ulf. balvjan = GREEK], to curse, with
dat. or absol.,
Stj. 37, 199, Sks. 539, 549, Hom. 33. β. to swear, Sturl. iii
. 239.
bölv, n. swearing, (mod.)
bölvan, f. a curse, Stj. 37, 483: swearing, Fær.
239, Hom. 86.
böl-víss, adj. [Ulf. balva-vesei, Hel. balu-veso, =
diabolus], 'bale-wise,'
detestable, Hbl. 23:3 nickname, Hkv.
BÖRGR, m. [Dutch and Germ. barg; Engl. barrow], a b
arrow-hog,
Hd., Lex. Poët.
BÖRKR, m., gen. barkar, dat. berki, bark, Stj. 177, Pr. 473,
Am. 17;
börku (acc. pl.), N.G.L. i. 242: a pr. name of a man, Landn.
börr, m. a kind of tree, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët. II. a son = burr,
böruðr, m., poët, an ox, Edda (Gl.)
böstl, f., pl. böstlar, arrows, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Po&euml
;t.
<PAGE NUM="b0093">
<HEADER>C -- D. 93</HEADER>
C (cé), the third letter, has all along been waning in Icel. The e
arly
Gothic Runes (Golden horn) use RUNE for k, e.g. RUNE for ek, ego;
the
later common Runes have no c. The Anglo-Saxon Runes follow the
Gothic, and use c tor k, as cén, a torch.
A. SPELLING. -- The rule given by the first Icel. grammarian,
Thorodd (A.D. 1140), is curious; he says that he will follow the Scots
in using c with all the vowels, as in Latin, and then makes c serv
e
instead of k; but, though in other cases he makes the small capitals
serve for double consonants, e. g. uBi, braT, meN, haLar, döG, = ubbi,
bratt, menn, etc., he admits k to mark a double c, and spells söc sake,
but sök sank; lycia to shut, but lykja a knot; vaca to wake, but vaka
vagari; þecia to thatch, but þekia to know. Tho
rodd gives as his reason
that other consonants have different shapes as small or capital, but c is
uniform, whereas he says that k suits well for a double c, being a
Greek
letter itself, and having a shape similar to a double c, namely, RUNE; th
is
k or double c he calls ecc, but the single c he call
s ce, Skálda 108. The
second grammarian (about the end of the 12th century) only admits c
as a final letter, ranking with ð, z, or x, which are n
ever used as initials:
all these letters he calls 'sub-letters;' he thus writes karl, kona, kunna,
but vöc, söc, tac. Such were the grammatical rules, but in practice th
ey
were never strictly followed. As the Anglo-Saxon, in imitation of the
Latin, used c throughout for k, so the earliest Icel. MSS., influe
nced by
the Anglo-Saxon or by MSS. written in Britain, made free use of it, and
k and c appear indiscriminately; k is more frequent, but c is often used
between two vowels or after a vowel, e.g. taca, lécu, vica, hoc, etc. etc
.
In such cases, t and c (k) can often hardly be distinguishe
d; and readings
can sometimes be restored by bearing this in mind, e.g. in Bjarn. S.
(all our MSS. come from a single vellum MS.) the passage 'létu heim at
landinu' should be read 'lécu (léku) honum landmunir,' 16; ' s&aac
ute;ttvarr'
is 'sacvarr,' i.e. sakvarr, 51; cp. also such readings as bikdælir instead
of Hitdælir, Gullþ. 3; drickin = dritkinn, id. In Ad. 20 it is uncer
tain
whether we are to read veclinga- or vetlinga-tös, probably the former.
B. FOREIGN WORDS. -- Throughout the Middle Ages the spelling
remained unsettled, but k gained ground, and at the time of the Reformati
on,
when printing began, c was only kept to mark the double k,
ek (cut on one face), and in foreign proper names; but it was not
admitted in appellatives such as kirkja, klaustr, klerkr, kór, kross, kal
kr
or kaleikr, church (Scot, kirk), cloister, clericus, choir, cro
ss, calix, etc., or
in kista, kastali, kerti, keisari, kær, kærleiki, kyndill, kó
rona or krúna,
kurteisi, kumpan, kompás, kapítuli, cista, castellum, cern, cae
sar (as
appell.), carus, caritas, candela, corona, courtesy, company, compass,
chapter. All words of that kind are spelt as if they were indigenous.
The name of Christ is usually in editions of the N.T. and Vidal. spelt
Christus or Christur, but is always sounded as a native word Kristr or
Kristur, gen. Krists, dat. Kristi; in modern books it is also spelt so, and
almost always in hymns and rhymes, ancient as well as modern, e.g.
Stríðsmenn þá höfðu krossfest Krist | sk
iptu í staði fjóra fyrst, Pass. 36. I,
19.1, 3, 10.1, 14.1, 15.2, 16.1, 49.4; Postula kjöri Kristur þrj&aacu
te;, 41;
Stríðsmenn Krist úr kúpu færðu, 30.1; Framand
i maðr mætti Kristi | hér
má fínna hvern það lystir, 30.6, 46.12. Icel. als
o spell Kristinn, Kristilegr,
Christian; kristna, to christen, etc. β. in the middle
of syllables
k for c is also used in words of foreign origin, Páskar = P
ascha, Passover;
dreki = draco; leikmenn = laici; Sikley or Sikiley = Sicilia; Grikland
or Grikkland = Greece. In modern books of the last fifty years
ck is turned into kk; and even C in proper names is rendered by K,
except where it is sounded as S; thus Icel. spell Caesar, Cicero, Cyprus;
for Sesar, Sisero, Syprus, Silisia -- although even this may be seen in
print of the last ten or twenty years -- is a strange novelty. There
is but one exception, viz. the proper name Cecilia, which, ever since
the Reformation, has been spelt and pronounced Sesselja; where,
however, the name occurs in old writers, e.g. the Sturl. i. 52 C, it is
always spelt in the Latin form. Latin and foreign words are spelt with
c in some MSS. communis-bók, f. a missal, Vm. 52. concurrentis-öld,
f. dies concurrentes, Rb. crucis-messa = kross-messa, K.Þ.K.
&hand; A digraph ch = k is at times found in MSS., as michill = mikill,
etc. C is used in nearly all MSS. to mark 100; the Arabian figures,
however, occur for the first time in the Hauks-bók and the chief MSS.
of the Njála (all of them MSS. of from the end of the 13th to the beginni
ng
of the 14th century), but were again disused till about the time
of the Reformation, when they came into use along with print. An
inverted c (&c-reversed-long;) is sometimes in very early MSS. used as an
abbreviation
for con (kon), thus &c-reversed-long;ugr = konungr, &c-reversed-long;a = kona, &
c-reversed-long;or = konor = konur;
hence the curious blunder in the old Kd. of Páls. S., Bs. i. 140, viz. th
at
a bishop had to take charge of women and clergy instead of choir and
clergy, the word cór of the MSS. being mistaken for &c-reversed-long;
or (konor). In
MSS. of the 15th century c above the line is used as an abbreviation,
e.g. t&c-super;a = taka, t&c-super;r = tekr, m&c-super;ill = mikill, etc.
D
D (dé) is the fourth letter of the alphabet; it is also written &E
TH; ð (eð).
The Gothic Runes have a special sign for the d RUNE or RUNE, namely, a
double D turned together; this d is found on the Runic stone at Tune,
the Golden horn, and the Bracteats. The reason why this character was
used seems to have been that the Latin d RUNE was already employed to
mark the th sound (RUNE), which does not exist in Latin. The AngloSaxon Runes follow the Gothic; again, the common Scandinavian Runes
have no d, but use the tenuis t, to mark both d and t.
A. PRONUNCIATION, etc. -- The Icel. has a double d sound, one hard
(d) and one soft (ð commonly called 'stungið (cut) d&eacut
e;'); the hard d is
sounded as the Engl. d in dale, day, dim, dark; the soft ð as
the soft
Engl. th in father, mother, brother, but is only used as a final o
r medial,
though it occurs now and then in early MSS. to mark this sound at the
beginning of words, e. g. ðar, ðinn, ðegar, but very rarely.
B. SPELLING. -- In very early Icel. MSS. the soft d in the middle
or
end of words was represented by þ (th); thus we read, bloþ, f

aþir,
moþir, guþ, orþ, eymþ, sekþ, dypþ, etc., 
blood... depth, etc. Even
Thorodd docs not know the form ð, which was borrowed from the
A.S. at the end of the 12th century, and was made to serve for the soft
th sound in the middle or end of words, þ being only used at
the beginning
of syllables; but the old spelling with þ in the middle and at the
end of syllables long struggled against the Anglo-Saxon ð, and most old
vellum MSS. use ð and þ indiscriminately (bloþ and
bloð); some use þ as
a rule, e. g. Cod. Upsal. (Ub.) of the Edda, written about A.D. 1300,
Ed. Arna-Magn. ii. 250 sqq. At the beginning of the 14th century ð
prevailed, but again lost its sway, and gave place to d, which marks
both the hard and soft d sound in all MSS. from about A.D. 1350 sqq.
Thenceforward ð was unknown in Icel. print or writing till it was
resumed in the Ed. of Njála A.D. 1772 (cp. also the introduction to the
Syntagma de Baptismo, A.D. 1770), and was finally introduced by Rask
in common Icel. writing about the beginning of this century; yet many
old people still keep on writing d throughout (fadir, modir). On the othe
r
hand, Norse (Norwegian) MSS. (laws) never use. a middle or final þ;
and
such words as oþr, goþr in a MS. are a sure mark of its Icel. origin
.
C. CHANGES: I. assimilation: 1. ðd change into dd,
as in the feminines breidd, vídd, sídd, from breiðr, ví
ðr, síðr; pret. beiddi,
leiddi, ræddi, hæddi, hlýddi, etc., from beiða, ræ&
eth;a, hlýða, etc. 2.
ðt into tt, adj. neut., gott, ótt, brátt, leitt,
from góðr, óðr, bráðr,
leiðr. 3. the Goth, zd, Germ, and Engl. rd into dd in words
such as rödd = Goth. razda; oddr = Germ, ort; hodd = Engl. hoard,
Goth. huzd; gaddr = Goth. gazds, etc. Those words, however, are
few in number. II. the initial þ of a pronoun, if suffixed t
o the
verb, changes into ð or d, and even t, e.g. far-ðu,
gör-ðu, sjá-ðu, fá-ðu,
bú-ðu, = far þú (imperat.), etc.; kalla-ðu, tala-&et
h;u, = kalla þú, tala þú;
or kon-du, leid-du, bíd-du, sýn-du, sen-du, = kom þú,
leið þú, etc.; or t,
hal-tu, vil-tu, skal-tu, ben-tu, hljót-tu, = hald þú, vilt &
thorn;ú, skalt þú,
bend þú, hljót þu; and even so the plur. or dual -- ko
mi-ðið, haldi-ðið,
ætli-ðið, vilið-ið, göri-ðér, gangi-ð&
eacute;r, = komi þið ... gangi þér; or
following conjunctions, efað-ðú = ef að þú, s&ia
cute;ðan-ðú = síðan þú, áðrenððí = áðr en þú. III. change of d into ð: 1. d, whether
radical or inflexive, is spelt and pronounced ð after a vowel and an
r or f,
g, e.g. blóð, þjóð, biðja, leið, nau&

eth;, hæð, brúðr, bæði, borð, orð, gar&et
h;r,
ferð, görð, bragð, lagði, hægð, hafði, h&ouml
;fðum (capitibus), etc. This is
without regard to etymology, e.g. Goth, þiuda (gens) and 
þjuþ (bonum)
are equally pronounced and spelt 'þjóð;' Goth. dauþs and dêds, Icel.
dauði and dáð; Goth, guþ (deus) and g&ocir
c;ds (bonus), Icel. guð, góðr;
Goth. fadar, bruþar, Icel. faðir, bróðir, cp. Germ,
vater, mutter, but
bruder; Goth, vaurd and gards, Icel. orð, garðr; En
gl. burden and
birth, Icel. byrðr, burðr, etc. Again, in some parts of western I
cel. rð,
gð, and fd are pronounced as rd, gd, fd, ord, Sigurd, gerd
u (fac), bragd
(with a soft g, but hard d), hafdi (with a soft f and hard
d); marks of
this may be found in old MSS., e.g. Cod. Reg. (Kb.) of Stem. Edda. 2.
an inflexive d is sounded and spelt ð: α. after k, p, e.g. in pret. of
verbs, steypði, gleypði, klípði, drúpði, gapði
, glapði, steikði, ríkði, sekði,
hrökði, hneykði, blekði, vakði, blakði, etc., from stey
pa, klípa, drúpa,
gapa, glepja, steikja, ríkja, sekja, hrökkva, hneykja, blekkja, vekj
a, or
vaka, etc.; and feminines, sekð, eykð, dýpð, etc. β. after the liquids
l, m, n in analogous cases, valði, dulði, hulði, deilði,
and dæmði, sæmði,
dreymði, geymði, samði, framði, and vanði, brenði, etc.,
from dylja, deila,
dreyma, semja, venja, brenna, etc.; feminines or nouns, sæmð, frem&eth
;,
vanði (use), ynði (delight), anði (breath), syn
ð (sin): these forms are
used constantly in very old MSS. (12th century, and into the 13th); but
then they changed -- lð, mð, nð into ld, md, nd, and kð, pð into kt, pt,
etc. γ. after s (only on Runic stones; even the earliest Icel. MSS.
spell st), e.g. raisþi = reisti from reisa. In MSS. of the middle o
f that century,
such as the Ó.H., Cod. Reg. of the Eddas and Grágás, the ol
d forms
are still the rule, but the modern occur now and then; the Grágás
in
nineteen cases out of twenty spells sekð (culpa), but at times also '
sekt;'
<PAGE NUM="b0094">
<HEADER>94 DAÐRA -- DAGK.</HEADER>
kð, pð were first abolished; the liquids kept the soft d t
ill the end of the
century, and lð, mð, nð is still the rule in the Hauksb&oacut
e;k; though even the
chief vellum MS. of the Njála (Arna-Magn. no. 468) almost constantly uses
the modern ld, md, nd. As to kt and pt, the case is peculia
r; in early
times the Icel. pronounced dýpð or dýpþ etc. exactly as
the English at present
pronounce depth; but as the Icel. does not allow the concurrence of
two different tenues, the modern pt and kt are only addressed to t
he eye;
in fact, when ð became t, the p and k were at on
ce changed into f and
g. The Icel. at present says dýft, segt, just as he spells Septemb
er, October,
but is forced to pronounce 'Seft-,' 'Ogt-.' The spelling in old MSS.
gives sometimes a clear evidence as to the etymology of some contested
words, e.g. the spelling eykð (q.v.) clearly shews that the word is not
akin to Lat. octo, but is derived from auka (augere), because else
it
would have been formed like nótt, átta, dóttir, Lat. noc
t-, octo, Gr.
GREEK so anði, synð, shew that the d in both cases is inflexive,
not
radical, and that an, syn are the roots, cp. Gr. GREEK and Germ, s&uum
l;hnen;
but when editors or transcribers of Icel. MSS. -- and even patriotic imitators of the old style -- have extended the ð to radical ld, nd, and write
lanð, banð, hönð, valð, etc., they go too far and trespass
against the law
of the language. It is true that 'land' is in Icel. MSS. spelt 'lð,' but
the stroke is a mark of abbreviation, not of a soft d.
D. INTERCHANGE (vide p. 49): I. between Greek, Latin,
and Scandinavian there are but few words to record, GREEK = dóttir,
GREEK = dyr, GREEK = dyrr, GREEK and GREEK = dá and deyja, GREEK = d&iacu
te;ar,
GREEK = dalr (arcus), and perhaps GREEK = dómr; Lat. truncus = draugr,
trabere = draga. II. between High German on the one hand,
and Low German with Scandinavian on the other hand, a regular interchange has taken place analogous to that between Latin-Greek and
Teutonic; viz. Scandin.-Engl. d, t, þ answer to H.G. t, z, d, e.g. Icel.
dagr, Engl. day = H. G. tag; Icel. temja, Engl. t
ame = H.G. zähnen;
Icel. þing, Engl. thing = H.G. ding.
&hand; In very early Icel. MSS. we find the old Latin form d, which
sometimes occurs in the Kb. of the Sæm. Edda, but it is commonly UNKNOWN,
whence ð is formed by putting a stroke on the upper part, A.S. ð
this
shews that the ð is in form a d, not a þ (th); vide more on this subject
in the introduction to þ Thorodd calls the capital D edd, th
e d dé.
daðra, að, d. róunni, dat. to wheedle.
dafi, a, m. or dafar, f. pl. a dub. word, a shaft (?), Akv.
4, 14.
dafla, að, and damla, with dat. to dabble with the oar,
up and down,
metaph. from churning, Krók. 59 C. damla, u, f., is used of
a small
roll of butter just taken from the churn, það er ekki fyrsta damla
n sem
þú færð, Brúnn, Ísl. Þjóðs
. ii. 124.
dafna, að, to thrive well, a nursery term, used of babies. 
dafnan, f.
thriving; döfnunar-barn, etc.
daga, að, to dawn; eptir um morguninn er trautt var dagað,
Eg. 360;
þegar er hann sá at dagaði, Fms. v. 21; hvern daganda dag, Mar.
(Fr.):
impers., e-n dagar uppi, day dawns upon one, in the tales, said of hobgob
lins, dwarfs, and giants, uppi ertu nú dvergr um dagaðr, nú sk
ínn
sól í sali, Alm. 36, cp. Hkv. Hjörv. 29, 30; en Bár&et
h;dælingar segja hana
(acc. the giantess) hafi dagat uppi þá þau glímdu, Gre
tt. 141: single
stone pillars are freq. said in Icel. to be giants or witches turned into
stone on being caught by daylight, and are called Karl, Kerling, vide
Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 207 sqq.
dagan, dögur (deging, Sturl. i. 83 C), f. dawn, day
break; í dagan,
Edda 24; en er kom at d., 29; litlu fyrir d., 30, O.H.L. 51; um morguninn í d., Fms. ix. 258; í dögun, Eg. 261; i öndver&eth
;a d., Sturl. ii. 249.
dag-drykkja, u, f. a morning-draught, which was taken after the
dagverðr, Orkn. 276, Fas. iii. 42.
dag-far, n. a 'day-fare,' journey, used in dat. in the phrase, far
a dagfari
ok náttfari, to travel day and night, Fms. i. 203; hann hafði
farit norðan
dagfari, in a single day's journey, ix. 513. 2. mod. and theol. the
'journey of life,' daily course, conduct; hence dagfars-góðr, adj. good
and gentle.
dag-fasta, u, f. fasting by day, K.Þ.K. 106, Hom. 73.
dag-fátt, n. adj., in the phrase, verða d., to lose the day
light, to be over-taken by night, Fms. xi. 142, Rb. 376, Ver. 24.
dag-ferð, dag-för, f. a day's journey, Symb. 15, F
ms. xi. 440, Stj. 65.
dag-ganga, u, f. a day's walk, Fas. iii. 643.
dag-geisli, a, m. a day-beam, Bjarn. 46, name given to a lady-love
.
dag-langr, adj. [A.S. d&oelig;glang], all day long; d. erfi
ði, toil all day long,

Sks. 42; daglangt, all this day long, for this day, Eg. 485, Fms. ii. 268
.
dag-lát, n. pl. day-dreams, vide dreyma.
dag-leið, f. a day's journey, Fms. vii. 110, Hkr. i. 45; fara
fullum
dagleiðum, Grág. i. 48.
dag-lengis, adv. all day long, Korm. (in a verse), Karl. 481.
dag-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), daily, Fms. ix. 407, Sks. 42,
Dipl. iii. 14,
H. E. i. 432, Vm. 139.
dag-mál, n. (vide dagr), prop. 'day-meal,' one of the divis
ions of the
day, usually about 8 or 9 o'clock A. M.; the Lat. hora tertia is rendered
by 'er vér köllum dagmál, 'which we call d., Hom. 142;
cnn er ekki
liðit af dagmálum, Hom. (St.) 10. Acts ii. 15; in Glúm. 342 we
are told that the young Glum was very lazy, and lay in bed till day-meal every
morning, cp. also 343; Hrafn. 28 and O.H.L. 18 -- á einum morni milli
rismála ok dagmála -- where distinction is made between rism&aacut
e;l (rising
time) and dagmál, so as to make a separate dagsmark (q.v.) of each of
them; and again, a distinction is made between 'midday' and dagmal,
Ísl. ii. 334. The dagmal is thus midway between 'rising' and 'midday,' wh
ich accords well with the present use. The word is synonymous
with dagverðarmál, breakfast-time, and denotes the hour when t
he ancient
Icel. used to take their chief meal, opposed to náttmál, nightmeal or
supper-time, Fms. viii. 330; even the MSS. use dagmál and dagver&e
th;armál indiscriminately; cp. also Sturl. iii. 4 C; Rb. 452 says that at
full
moon the ebb takes place 'at dagmálum.' To put the dagmál at 7.30
A.M., as Pál Vídalin does, seems neither to acccord with the prese
nt use
nor the passage in Glum or the eccl. hora tertia, which was the nearest
hour answering to the Icel, calculation of the day. In Fb. i. 539 it is
said that the sun set at 'eykð' (i.e. half-past three o'clock), but rose at
'dagmál' which puts the dagmal at 8.30 A.M. COMPDS: dagmálastaðr, m. the place of d. in the horizon, Fb. I. dagmal
a-tið, f.
morning terce, 625. 176.
dag-messa, u, f. day-mass, morning terce, Hom. 41.
DAGR, m., irreg. dat. degi, pl. dagar: [the kindred word d&oelig;gr with
a
vowel change from ó (dóg) indicates a lost root verb analog
ous to ala,
ól, cp. dalr and dælir; this word is common to all Teutonic dialect
s;
Goth. dags; A.S. dag; Engl. day; Swed.-Dan. dag; Ger
m, tag; the
Lat. dies seems to be identical, although no interchange has taken place]
:-- a day; in different senses: 1. the natural day :-- sayings r
eferring
to the day, at kveldi skal dag leyfa, at eventide shall the day be praised,
 Hm. 80 ; allir dagar eiga kveld um síðir; mörg eru dags aug
u, vide
auga; enginn dagr til enda tryggr, no day can be trusted till its end; al
lr
dagr til stefnu, Grág. i. 395, 443, is a law phrase, -- for summoning was
lawful only if performed during the day; this phrase is also used metaph. = '
plenty of time' or the like: popular phrases as to the daylight are
many -- dagr rennr, or rennr upp, and kemr upp, the day rises, Bm. 1;
dagr í austri, day in the east, where the daylight first appears;
dagsbrún,
'day's brow,' is the first streak of daylight, the metaphor taken
from the
human face; lysir af degi, it brightens from the day, i.e. daylight is
appearing; dagr ljómar, the day gleams; fyrir dag, before d
ay; móti
degi, undir dag, about daybreak; komið at degi, id., Fms. viii
. 398;
dagr á lopti, day in the sky; árla, snemma dags, early i
n the morning,
Pass. 15. 17; dagr um allt lopt, etc.; albjartr dagr, hábjartr d., ful
l day,
broad daylight; hæstr dagr, high day; önd-verðr d., the early day =
forenoon, Am. 50; miðr dagr, midday, Grág. i. 413, 446, Sk
s. 217, 219;
áliðinn dagr, late in the day, Fas. i. 313; hallandi dagr, 
declining day; at
kveldi dags, síð dags, late in the day, Fms. i. 69. In the eve
ning the day
is said to set, hence dag-sett, dag-setr, and dagr setzt; in tales, ghost
s and
spirits come out with nightfall, but dare not face the day; singing merry
songs after nightfall is not safe, það kallast ekki Kristnum leyft a&e
th; kveða
þegar dagsett er, a ditty; Syrpuvers er mestr galdr er í fól
ginn, ok eigi er
lofat at kveða eptir dagsetr, Fas. iii. 206, Ísl. Þjó&et
h;s. ii. 7, 8: the daylight
is symbolical of what is true or clear as day, hence the word dagsanna, or
satt sem dagr, q.v. 2. of different days; í dag, to-day, Gr
ág. i. 16,
18, Nj. 36, Ld. 76, Fms. vi. 151; í gær-dag, yesterday; &iac
ute; fyrra dag, the day
before yesterday, Háv. 50; í hinni-fyrra dag, the third day
; annars dags,
Vígl. 23, Pass. 50. I; hindra dags, the hinder day, the day after to-m
orrow, Hm. 109; dag eptir dag, day after day, Hkr. ii. 313; dag fr&aacu
te; degi,
from day to day, Fms. ii. 230; hvern dag frá öðrum, id
., Fms. viii. 182;
annan dag frá öðrum. id., Eg. 277; um daginn, during t
he day; á dögunum.
the other day; nótt ok dag, night and day; liðlangan da
g, the 'life-long'
day; dögunum optar, more times than there are days, i.e. over
and over
again, Fms. x. 433; á deyjanda degi, on one's day of death, Gr
ág. i.
402. β. regu-dagr, a rainy day: sólskins-dagr, a sunny day
; sumardagr, a summer day; vetrar-dagr, a winter day; hátí&
eth;is-dagr, a feast day;
 fegins-dagr, a day of joy; dóms-dagr, the day of doom, jud
gment day, Gl.
82, Fms. viii. 98; hamingju-dagr, heilla-dagr, a day of happiness; gle&et
h;idagr, id.; brúðkaups-dagr, bridal-day; burðar-dagr,
a birthday. 3. in
pl. days in the sense of times; aðrir dagar, Fms. i. 216; ek &
aelig;tlaða ekki
at þessir dagar mundu verða, sem nú eru orðnir, Nj. 171; g&
oacute;ðir dagar,
happy days, Fms. xi. 286, 270; sjá aldrei glaðan dag (sing.),
never to
see glad days. β. á e-s dögum, um e-s daga eptir e-s daga,
esp. of
the lifetime or reign of kings, Fms.; but in Icel. also used of the lögsögumaðr, Jb. repeatedly; vera á dögum, to be alive;
eptir minn dag,
'after my day,' i.e. when I am dead. γ. calendar days, e.g.
Hvitadagar, the White days, i.e. Whitsuntide; Hunda-dagar, the Dog d
ays;
 Banda-dagr, Vincula Petri; Höfuð-dagr, Decap. Johannis; Geisla-dagr,
Epiphany; Imbru-dagar, Ember days; Gang-dagar, 'Ganging days,'
Rogation days; Dýri-dagr, Corpus Christi; etc. 4. of the weekdays; the old names being Sunnu-d. or Drottins-d., Mána-d., Týs-d.
,
Öðins-d., Þórs-d., Frjá-d., Laugar-d. or Þv&a
acute;tt-d. It is hard to understand
how the Icel. should be the one Teut. people that have disused the old
names of the week-days; but so it was, vide Jóns S. ch. 24; fyrir bau&eth
;
hann at eigna daga vitrum mönnum heiðnum, svá sem at kalla T&yac
ute;rsdag
<PAGE NUM="b0095">
<HEADER>DAGATAL -- DAN. 95</HEADER>
Óðinsdag, eðr Þórsdag, ok svá um alla vikudag
a, etc., Bs. i. 237, cp. 165.
Thus bishop John (died A.D. 1121) caused them to name the days as
the church does (Feria sccunda, etc.); viz. Þriði-d. or Þrið
ju-d., Third-day = Tuesday,
Rb. 44, K.Þ.K. 100, Ísl. ii. 345; Fimti-d., Fifth-day -Thursday, Rb. 42, Grág.
i. 146, 464, 372, ii. 248, Nj. 274; Föstu-d.,
Fast-day = Friday; Miðviku-d., Midweek-day = Wednesday, was bo
rrowed from
the Germ. Mittwoch; throughout the 12th and 13th centuries, however, the
old and new
names were used indiscriminately. The
question arises whether even the old names were not imported from
abroad (England); certainly the Icel. of heathen times did not reckon by
weeks; even the word week (vika) is probably of eccl. Latin origin
(vices, recurrences). It is curious that the Scandinavian form of Friday,
old Icel. Frjádagr, mod. Swed.-Dan. Fredag, is A.S. in form; 'Frj&
aacute;-,'
'Fre-,' can hardly be explained but from A.S. Freâ-, and would be a
n
irregular transition from the Norse form Frey. The transition of ja
into mod. Swed.-Dan. e is quite regular, whereas Icel. ey (in Frey
)
would require the mod. Swed.-Dan. ö or u sound. Names of week
days
are only mentioned in Icel. poems of the 11th century (Arnór,
Sighvat); but at the time of bishop John the reckoning by weeks was
probably not fully established, and the names of the days were still new
to the people. 5. the day is in Icel. divided according to the position of the sun above the horizon; these fixed traditional marks are
called dags-mörk, day-marks, and are substitutes for the hour
s of
modern times, viz. ris-mál or miðr-morgun, dag-mál, hádegi, mið-degi
or mið-mundi, nón, miðr-aptan, nátt-mál, vide these
words. The middle
point of two day-marks is called jafn-nærri-báðum, in modern pr
onunciation
jöfnu-báðu, equally-near-both, the day-marks following in
the genitive;
thus in Icel. a man asks, hvað er fram orðið, what is the time? and the
reply is, jöfnubáðu miðsmorguns og dagmála, half-w
ay between mid-morning and day-meal, or stund til (to) dagmála; hallandi dagm&aac
ute;l, or stund af
(past) dagmálum; jöfnu-báðu hádegis og dagm
úla, about ten or halfpast ten o'clock, etc. Those day-marks are traditional in every farm, and
many of them no doubt date from the earliest settling of the country.
Respecting the division of the day, vide Pál Vídal. s.v. Allr dagr
til
stefnu, Finnus Johann., Horologium Island., Eyktamörk Íslenzk (publi
shed
at the end of the Rb.), and a recent essay of Finn Magnusson. II. denotin
g a term, but only in compounds, dagi, a, m.,
where the weak form is used, cp. ein-dagi, mál-dagi, bar-dagi, skildagi. III. jis a pr. name, Dagr, (freq.); in this sense the dat. is
Dag, not Degi, cp. Óðinn léði Dag (dat.) geirs síns
, Sæm. 114. COMPDS:
daga-tal, n. a tale of days, Rb. 48. dags-brun, v. above. dagshelgi, f. hallowedness of the day, Sturl. i. 29. dags-ljós,
 n. daylight,
Eb. 266. dags-mark, v. above. dags-megin, n., at dags magni,
in full day, 623. 30. dags-munr, m. a day's difference; sv&
aacute; at d.
sér á, i.e. day by day, Stj.
dag-ráð, n. [A.S. dagrêd = daybreak], this word i
s rarely used, Eg.
53, 174, Fms. i. 131; in the last passage it is borrowed from the poem
Vellekla, (where it seems to be used in the A.S. sense; the poet speaks
of a sortilege, and appears to say that the sortilege told him to fight at
daybreak, then he would gain the day); the passages in prose, however,
seem to take the word in the sense of early, in good time.
dag-ríki, n. (dag-rikt, n. adj., N. G. L. i. 342, 343, v.l.
), in the
phrase, bæta sem d. er til, of the breach of a Sunday or a holy day, to pa
y
according to 'the day's might,' i.e. according to the time of the day at
which the breach is committed, N.G.L. i. 342, 343, 348, 349; or does
it mean 'the canonical importance' of the day (Fr.) ?
dag-róðr, m. a day's rowing, A.A. 272.
dag-sanna, u, f. true as day, Nj. 73, Fær. 169, Fas. i. 24,
cp. Eb. 60.
dag-setr (dag-sáter, Sturl. iii. 185 C), n. 'day-setting
,' nightfall; um
kveld nær dagsetri, Landn. 285; í d., Fms. v. 331, ix. 345; lei&eth
; til dagsetrs, Grett. III; d. skeið, Fms. ix. 383. dag-sett, n. adj. id., Háv.
40; vide dagr.
dag-sigling, f. a day's sailing, journey by sea, Rb. 482.
dag-skemt, f. a day's amusement, games, telling stories, or the li
ke,
Sturl. i. 63 C, (dagskemta, gen. pl.)
dag-skjarr, adj. 'day-scared,' shunning daylight, poët. epith
et of a
dwarf, Ýt. 2.
dag-slátta, u, f. a day's mowing, an Icel. acre field, meas
uring 900
square fathoms (Icel. fathom = about 2 yards), to be mown by a single
man in a day, Dipl. v. 28, Ísl. ii. 349.
dag-stingr, m. the 'day-sting,' daybreak, Greg. 57, (rare.)
dag-stjarna, u, f. the morning star, Lucifer, Al. 161, Sl. 39.
dag-stund, f. day time, a whole day, K.Þ.K. 6; dagstundar Le
ið, a
'Leet' (i.e. meeting) lasting a day, Grág. i. 122 :-- elsewhere dagst
und
means an hour in the day time = stund dags.
dag-stæddr, adj. fixed as to the day, Thom. 56, Fms. xi. 445
.
dag-tíð, f. [A. S. dagtid], day-service, 673. 60
, 625. 177, Sks. 19.
dag-veizla, u, f. help to win the day, = liðveizla, Fas. iii.
336.
dag-verðr and dög-urðr, m., gen. ar, pl. ir, [Dan. davre], 'daymeal,' the chief meal of the old Scandinavians, taken in the forenoon at
the time of dagmál, opp. to nátturðr or náttverðr (
mod. Dan. nadver), supper; corresponding as to time with the mod.
Engl. breakfast, as to
the nature of the meal with the Engl. dinner. The old Scandinavians
used to take a hearty meal before going to their work; cp. Tac. Germ.
22. An early and a hearty meal were synonymous words (vide árlegr);
the old Hávamál advises men to go to the meeting 'washed and with
full stomach' (þveginn ok mettr), but never to mind how bad their dress,
shoes, or horse may be; and repeats the advice to take 'an early meal'
even before visiting a friend, 32, cp. Hbl. 3. Several places in Icel. took
their name from the settlers taking their first ' day-meal, ' e.g. Dögurðar-nes, Dögurðar-á, Landn. 110, 111, cp. also Gísl
. 12. The Gr.
GREEK is rendered by dagverðr, Greg. 43. Matth. xxii. 4; but in the
Icel. N. T. of 1540 sq. GREEK is constantly rendered by kveld-mált&iacute
;ð;
eta dögurð, Landn. l.c., Nj. 175, Gísl. 1. c.; sitja yfir dagver
ði, Eg. 564,
577, Ísl. ii. 336, Fms. iv. 337, ix. 30; dögurðar borð, a
day-meal table,
 in the phrase, sitja at dögurðar borði, to sit at table
, Fms. i. 40, vi. 411,
Hkr. i. 153, iii. 157; dögurðar-mál and dögurðarm&aacut
e;l-skeið, the day-meal
time, time of the day-meal, Fms. viii. 330, v.l.; um morguninn at dagverðar máli, 443, Eg. 564, Edda 24, Hom. 91 (in pl.), O. H. L. 19.
COMPD: dagverðar-drykkja, f. = dagdrykkja, the drinking after
dagverðr, Fas. iii. 530, Mag. 3.
dag-villr, adj. 'day-wild,' i. e. not knowing what day it is, K. Á. 190,
N. G. L. i. 342.
dag-vöxtr, m. daily growth; in the phrase, vaxa dagvöxtu
m, to wax
day by day, Finnb. 216, Eb. 318.
dag-þing, n. and dag-þingan, f. a conference, A
nn. 1391; vera í d.
við e-n, Fms. iii. 201, Bs. i. 882, freq. in Thom.
dag-þinga, að, to hold conference with one, D. N., Thom.
(freq.)
dala, að, to be dented; dalaði ekki né sprakk, Eg.
769, cp. Fas. iii.
12 (the verse).
dal-búi (dalbyggi, Sd. 214), a, m, a dweller in a dale, Grett. 141 A.
dal-bygð, f. a dale-country, Stj. 380, Hkr. ii. 8.
dal-land, n. dale-ground, Grág. ii. 257.
DALLR, m. a small tub, esp. for milk or curds; bæði bytt
ur og dallar,
Od. ix. 222, Snót 99.

dalmatika, u, f. a dalmatic, Stj., Fms. iii. 168, Vm. 2, 123.
DALR, s, m., old pl. dalar, acc. dala, Vsp. 19, 42, Hkv. i. 46; the
Sturl. C still uses the phrase, vestr í Dala; the mod. form (but also use
d
in old writers) is dalir, acc. dali, Hkv. Hjörv. 28; old dat. sing, dali,
Hallr í Haukadali, Íb. 14, 17; í Þjórsá
rdali, í Örnólfsdali, 8, Hbl. 17;
mod. dal; dali became obsolete even in old writers, except the earliest,
as Ari: [Ulf. dais = GREEK Luke iii. 10, and GREEK vi. 39; A.S. d&aeli
g;l;
Engl. dale; Germ, tal (thal); cp. also Goth, dalaþ
 = GREEK and dala above;
up og dal, up hill and down dale, is an old Dan. phrase] :-- a dale; allit.
phrase, djúpir dalir, deep dales, Hbl. 1. c.; dali dögg&oacut
e;tta, bedewed dales,
 Hkv. 1. c.; the proverbial saying, láta dal mæta hóli,
let dale meet hill,
'diamond cut diamond,' Ld. 134, Fms. iv. 225: dalr is used of a dent
 or hole in a skull, dalr er í hnakka, Fas. iii. 1. c. (in a v
erse): the word
is much used in local names, Fagri-dalr, Fair-dale; Breið-dalr, Br
oaddale; Djúpi-dalr, Deep-dale; Þver-dalr, Cross-dale; Langi-dalr, Langdale; Jökul-dalr, Glacier-dale, (cp. Langdale, Borrodale. Wen
sleydale, etc.
in North. E.); 'Dale' is a freq. name of dale counties, Breiðatjarðar-da
lir,
or Dalir simply, Landn.: Icel. speak of Dala-menn, 'Dales-men' (as in
Engl. lake district); dala-fífi, a dale-fool, one brought up in a
mean or
despised dale, Fas. iii. 1 sqq.: the parts of a dale are distinguished, dalsbotn, the bottom of a dale, ii. 19; dals-öxl, the shoulder of a d
ale; dalsbrún, the brow, edge of a dale; dals-hlíðar, the sid
es, slopes of a dale; daladrög, n. pl. the head of a dale; dals-mynni, the mouth of a dale,
 Fms. viii.
57; dals-barmr, the 'dale-rim,' = dals-brun; dals-eyrar, the gravel be
ds
spread by a stream over a dale, etc. :-- in poetry, snakes are called dal
efishes, dal-reyðr, dal-fiskr, dal-ginna, etc., Lex. Poët. [It is
interesting
to notice that patronymic words derived from 'dale' are not formed with
an e (vowel change of a), but an &oelig;, æ (vowel ch
ange of ó), Lax-dr&oelig;lir,
Vatns-d&oelig;lir, Hauk-d&oelig;lir, Hit-d&oelig;lir, Sýr-dr&oelig;ll, Sv
arf-d&oelig;lir ..., the men
from Lax(ár)dalr, Vatnsdal, Haukadal, Hitardal, etc.; cp. the mod.
Norse Dölen = man from a dale; this points to an obsolete roo
t word
analogous to ala, ól, bati, bót; vide the glossaries of names to t
he
Sagas, esp. that to the Landn.] II. a dollar (mod.) = Germ.
Joachims-thaler, Joachims-thal being the place where the first dollars
were coined.
dalr, m., gen. dalar, poët. a bow. Lex. Poët.; this word
has a different
inflexion, and seems to be of a different root from the above; hence in
poetry the hand is called dal-nauð, the need of (force applied to) the bo
w,'
and dal-töng, as the bow is bent by the hand.
dal-verpi, n. a little dale, Nj. 132, Fms. vi. 136, Al. 41.
damma, u, f. [domina], a dame, Fr. (for. and rare); hence in mod.
use madama, madame.
dammr, m. a dam, D. N. COMPDS: damm-stokkr, m. a sluice.

damm-stæði, n. a dam-yard, D. N. (for. and rare).
dampr, danpr, m. [Germ, dampf], steam, (mod. word.)
2. a pr.
name, Rm., Yngl. S.
dan, m. [dominus], sir. D.N.; hence comes perhaps the mod. Icel. w
ord
<PAGE NUM="b0096">
<HEADER>96 DANSKR -- DAUÐDAGll.</HEADER>
of-dan, það er mér ofdan, 'tis too great a honour for me; else the word
is quite out of use.
Danskr, adj., Danir, pl. Danes; Dan-mörk, f. Denmark, i.e. the
mark, march, or border of the Danes; Dana-veldi, n. the Dan
ish empire;
Dana-virki, n. the Danish wall, and many compds, vide Fms. xi. Thi
s
adj. requires special notice, because of the phrase Dönsk tunga (the Dan
ish
tongue), the earliest recorded name of the common Scandinavian tongue.
It must be borne in mind that the 'Danish' of the old Saga times applies
not to the nation, but to the empire. According to the researches of
the late historian P.A. Munch, the ancient Danish empire, at least at
times, extended over almost all the countries bordering on the Skagerac
(Vík); hence a Dane became in Engl. synonymous with a Scandinavian;
the language spoken by the Scandinavians was called Danish; and
'Dönsk tunga' is even used to denote Scandinavian extraction in the
widest extent, vide Sighvat in Fms. iv. 73, Eg. ch. 51, Grág. ii. 71, 72.
During the 11th and 12th centuries the name was much in use, but as
the Danish hegemony in Scandinavia grew weaker, the name became
obsolete, and Icel. writers of the 13th and 14th centuries began to use
the name 'Norræna,' Norse tongue, from Norway their own mother
country, and the nearest akin to Icel. in customs and idiom. 'Swedish'
never occurs, because Icel. had little intercourse with that country,
although the Scandinavian tongue was spoken there perhaps in a more
antique form than in the sister countries. In the 15th century, when
almost all connection with Scandinavia was broken off for nearly a century,
the Norræna in its turn became an obsolete word, and was replaced
by the present word 'Icelandic,' which kept its ground, because the language
in the mean time underwent great changes on the Scandinavian

continent. The Reformation, the translation of the Old and New Testaments
into Icelandic (Oddr Gotskalksson, called the Wise, translated
and published the N.T. in 1540, and bishop Gudbrand the whole Bible
in 1584), a fresh growth of religious literature, hymns, sermons, and
poetry (Hallgrímr Pétrsson, Jón Vídalín), the
regeneration of the old
literature in the 17th and 18th centuries (Brynjólfr Sveinsson, Arni
Magnússon, Þormóðr Torfason), -- all this put an end to
the phrases
Dönsk tunga and Norræna; and the last phrase is only used to denote
obsolete grammatical forms or phrases, as opposed to the forms and
phrases of the living language. The translators of the Bible often say
'vort Íslenzkt mál,' our Icelandic tongue, or 'vort m&oacut
e;ður mál,' our
mother tongue; móður-málið mitt, Pass. 35. 9. The phra
se 'Dönsk
tunga' has given rise to a great many polemical antiquarian essays: the
last and the best, by which this question may be regarded as settled, is
that by Jon Sigurdsson in the preface to Lex. Poët.; cp. also that of
Pál Vídalín in Skýr. s.v., also published in Latin a
t the end of the old
Ed. of Gunnl. Saga, 1775.
DANZ, mod. dans, n. a word of for. origin; [cp. mid. Lat. dansa
re;
Fr. danser; Ital. danzare; Engl. dance; Germ. tanz, tanz
en.] This word
is certainly not Teutonic, but of Roman or perhaps Breton origin: the Icel.
or Scandin. have no genuine word for dancing, -- leika means 'to play' in
general: the word itself (danza, danz, etc.) never occurs in the old Sagas
or poetry, though popular amusements of every kind are described there;
but about the end of the 11th century, when the Sagas of the bishops
(Bs.) begin, we find dance in full use, accompanied by songs which are
described as loose and amorous: the classical passage is Jóns S. (A.D.
1106-1121), ch. 13. Bs. i. 165, 166, and cp. Júns S. by Gunnlaug, ch.
24. Bs. i. 237 -- Leikr sá var kær mönnum áðr en hi
nn heilagi Jón varð
biskup, at kveða skyldi karlmaðr til konu í danz blautlig kv&aeli
g;ði ok rægilig;
ok kona til karlmanns mansöngs vísur; þenna leik lét ha
nn af taka ok
bannaði styrkliga; mansöngs kvæði vildi hann eigi heyra n&eac
ute; kveða láta,
en þó fékk hann því eigi af komið með &
ouml;llu. Some have thought that
this refers to mythical (Eddic) poetry, but without reason and against
the literal sense of the passage; the heathen heroic poems were certainly
never used to accompany a dance; their flow and metre are a sufficient
proof of that. In the Sturl. (Hist. of the 12th and 13th century) dancing
is mentioned over and over again; and danz is used of popular ballads or
songs of a satirical character (as those in Percy's ballads): flimt (loose
song) and danz are synonymous words; the Sturl. has by chance preserved
two ditties (one of A.D. 1221, running thus -- Loptr liggr í Eyjum,
bítr lunda bein | Sæmundr er á heiðum, etr berin ein. St
ud. ii. 62, and
one referring to the year 1264 -- Mínar eru sorgirnar þungar sem bl
ý,
Sturl. iii. 317) sufficient to shew the flow and metre, which are exactly the
same as those of the mod. ballads, collected in the west of Icel. (Ögr)
in the 17th century under the name of Fornkvæði, Old Songs, and
now
edited by Jon Sigurdsson and Svend Grundtvig. Danz and Fornkvæði
are both of the same kind, and also identical with Engl. ballads, Dan.
kæmpeviser. There are passages in Sturl. and B.S. referring to this subjec
t -færðu Breiðbælingar Lopt í flimtun ok görðu
um hann danza
marga, ok margskonar spott annat, Sturl. ii. 57, cp. 62; Danza-Bergr, the
nickname of a man (Stud, ii), prob. for composing comic songs; danzagörð, composing comic songs; fylgðar-menn Kolbeins fó
ru með danzagörð, ... en er Brandr varð varr við flimtan þeirra, iii.
80; þá hrökti
Þórðr hestinn undir sér, ok kvað danz þenna vi
ð raust, 317. β.
a wake, Arna S. ch. 2; in Sturl. i. 23; at the banquet in Reykhóla
r, 1119,
the guests amused themselves by dancing, wrestling, and story-telling;
 þá
var sleginn danz í stofu, ii. 117; í Viðvík var gle&eth
;i mikil ok gott at vera;
þat var einn Drottins dag at þar var danz mikill; kom þar til
fjöldi manna;
ok ríðr hann í Viðvík til danz, ok var þar at
leik; ok dáðu menn mjök
danz hans, iii. 258, 259; honum var kostr á boðinn hvat til gamans sk
yldi
hafa, sögur eða danz um kveldit, 281; -- the last reference refers to t
he 21st
of January, 1258, which fell on a Sunday (or wake-day): in ballads and
tales of the Middle Ages the word is freq. :-- note the allit. phrase, dansinn
dunar, Ísl. Þóðs. ii. 8: the phrases, stiga danz; ganga
í danz; brúðir í
danz, dansinn heyra; dans vill hun heyra, Fkv. ii. 7. Many of the burdens
to the mod. Icel. ballads are of great beauty, and no doubt many centuries
older than the ballads to which they are affixed; they refer to lost love,
melancholy, merriment, etc., e.g. Blítt lætur veröldin, f&ouml
;lnar fögr fold | langt
er síðan mitt var yndið lagt í mold, i. 74; Út ert
þú við æginn blá, eg er
hér á Dröngum, | kalla eg löngum, kalla eg til þin
löngum; Skín á skildi
Sól og sumarið fríða, | dynur í velli er drengir &i
acute; burtu riða, 110; Ungan
leit eg hofmann í fögrum runni, | skal eg í hljóði
dilla þeim mér unm;
Austan blakar laufið á þann linda, 129; Fagrar heyrða eg ra
ddirnar
við Niflunga heim; Fagrt syngr svanrinn um sumarlanga tíð, | &tho
rn;á mun
list að leika sér mín liljan fríð, ii. 52: Einum un
na eg manninum, á meðan
það var, | þó hlaut eg minn harm að bera í ley
ndum stað, 94; Svanrinn
víða. svanurinn syngr viða, 22; Utan eptir firðinum, sigla fa
grar fleyr |
sá er enginn glaður eptir annan þreyr, 110; Svo er mér i
llt og angrsamt
því veldur þú, | mig langar ekki í lundinn me&e
th; þá jungfrú, Espol. Ann.

1549. The earliest ballads seem to have been devoted to these subjects
only; of the two earliest specimens quoted in the Sturl. (above), one is
satirical, the other melancholy; the historical ballads seem to be of later
growth: the bishops discountenanced the wakes and dancing (Bs. l.c.,
Sturl. iii), but in vain: and no more telling proof can be given of the
drooping spirits of Icel. in the last century, than that dancing and wakes
ceased, after having been a popular amusement for seven hundred years.
Eggert Olafsson in his poems still speaks of wakes, as an eyewitness;
in the west of Icel. (Vestfirðir) they lasted longer, but even there they di
ed
out about the time that Percy's ballads were published in England. The
Fornkvæði or songs are the only Icel. poetry which often dispenses wit
h
the law of alliteration, which in other cases is the light and life of Icel.
poetry; vide also hofmaðr, viki-vakar, etc. In the 15th century the r&iacute
;mur
(metrical paraphrases of romances) were used as an accompaniment to
the danz, höldar danza harla snart, ef heyrist vísan mín; hen
ce originates
the name man-söngr (maid-song), minne-sang, which forms the i
ntroduction
to every ríma or rhapsody; the metre and time of the rímur are
exactly those of ballads and well suited for dancing. An Icel. MS. of the
17th century, containing about seventy Icel. Fornkvæði, is in the Brit
.
Mus. no. 11,177; and another MS., containing about twenty such songs,
is in the Bodl. Libr. no. 130.
danza, mod. dansa, að, to dance, Sks. 705, not in Sturl
. and Bs., who
use the phrase slá danz; the verb danza occurs for the first time in the
ballads and rímur -- Ekki er dagr enn, vel d. vifin, Fkv. ii. 102.
danz-leikr, m. dancing, Sturl. i. 23.
dapi, a, m. a pool, Ivar Aasen: a nickname, Fms. viii.
DAPR, adj., gen. rs, of a person, downcast, sad, Nj. 11, Isl. ii.
248,
272, Band. 9: of an obicct, dreary, d. dagr, Am. 58; 'd. nætr, SI.
13;
döpr heimkynni, Hbl. 4, Fms. x. 214: the proverb, fyrr er d. en dauðr,
one droops before one dies, i.e. as long as there is life there is hop
e:
daprt böl, Pass. 44.3; döpr dauðans pína, Bs. ii. 501; d&ou
ml;pr augu, weak
eyes, Vídal. i. 25; augn-dapr, weak-eyed; hence depra or augndepra,
weak sight: a faint flame of a light is also called daprt, tvö d&oum
l;pur Ijós
sitt log, Jón Þorl. i. 146.
dapra, að, to become faint, in swimming; e-m daprar sund, h
e begins to
sink, Njarð. 374; more usually dep. daprask, Fbr. 160, Fas. iii. 508.
dapr-eygr, adj. weak-sighted, Bjarn. 63.
dapr-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), dismal, sad; hnipin ok d., &
Iacute;sl. ii. 196;

kona d., a dreary looking woman, Sturl. ii. 212; d. ásjóna,
a sad look,
Fms. i. 262; d. draumar, dismal dreams, vi. 404.
darka, að, to walk heavily, to trample, (a cant term.)
DARRAÐR, m., gen. ar, [A.S. dearod; Engl. dart; Fr. 
dard; Swed.
dart] :-- a dart, Hkm. 2 (in the best MSS.), cp. DL, where vefr da
rraðar
simply means the web of spears; the common form in poetry is darr,
n.,
pl. dörr, vide Lex. Poët., in mod. poetry dör, m., &Uacute
;lf. I. 16, 4. 47, 7.
61; the word is probably foreign and never occurs in prose. 2. a sort
of peg, Edda (Gl.)
dasask, að, [Swed. dasa], to become weary and exhausted, from cold
or bodily exertion, Bs. i. 442, Fær. 185, Fms. ii. 98, Orkn. (in a verse),
Sturl. iii. 20, O.H.L. 16; dasaðr, exhausted, weary, Ld. 380, Fas. ii
. 80,
Fms. viii. 55, Bb. 3. 24.
DASI, a, m. (dasinn, adj., Lex. Poët.), a lazy fellow,
Edda (GL),
Fms. vi. (in a verse).
datta, að. to sink, of the heart, Fbr. 37, vide detta.
dauð-dagi, a, m. a mode of death, Ísl. ii. 220, Lv. 68,
Fas. i. 88, Greg, 67.
dauð-dagr = dauðadagr, Bs. i. 643
<PAGE NUM="b0097">
<HEADER>DAUÐDHUKKINN -- DÄll, or</HEADER>
dauð-drukkinn, part, dead-drunk, Fms. xi. ioS, Orkn. 420.
dauð-færandi, part, death-bringing, 623. 26, Greg. 14.
dauð-hræddr, nd] . frightened to death.
DAUÐI, a, m. [Ulf. dauþits = Oávaros; A. S. d c a'S; Engl. death; Germ.
to d; Swed. and Dan. dö d] :-- death; the word
is used in the strong form
in all Teut. dialects from Gothic to English, but in Icel. it is weak, even
in the eaj-licst writers; though traces of a strong form (dauðr, s or ar)
are found in the phrase til dauðs (to death) and in compds, as mann-d
auðr:
cp. also Hm. 69, where dauðr seems to be a substantive not an adjective:
Fagrsk. 139 also writes dauðar-orð instead of dauða orð; an old
song, Edda
52, has Dvalins dauðs-drykkr = dauða-drykkr, i. e. the death-drink of
the
dwarf; the strong form also remains in such words as dauð-dagi, danð
hræddr, dauð-yfii, dauð-ligr, dauð-vána, which could no

t possibly be forms
of a weak daudi, Nj. 198; at dauða kominn, Fms. i. 32; d. for a hann,
Nj. 27; the references are numberless, though heathen proverbs and sayings prefer to use ' hel' or ' feigð, ' which were more antique, whereas dau
oi
recalls Christian ideas, or sometimes denotes the manner of death. 2.
medic, mortification. COMVDS: dauða-blóð, n. ' death-bl
ood, ' gore,
 Fe'L ix. dauða-bönd, n. pl. death-bonds, Greg. 48. dauð
a-dagr,
m. death's day, Nj. 109, Stj. 168. dauða-dá, n. a death swo
on, dauðadónir, m. death's doom, Sks. 736. dauða-drep, \\. plagne, Stj. 437,
438. dauða-drukkinn, adj. dead-drunk, Fms. ix. 22. cïaiiðadrykkr, in. a deadly draught, Fms. i. 8. dauða-dyrr, f. gates of
death. dauða-dæmdr, adj. doomed to death, Us. i. 222. dau&o
circ;afylgja, u. f. a ' death-fetch' an apparition boding one's death, Ni. 62.
v. 1.:
vide fylgja. dauða-hr&oelig;ddr -- dauðhræddr. clauða-kvö
l, f. the
death-pang, Mar. dauða-leit, f. searching for one as if dead. dau
ðalitr, m. colour of death. 623. 61. dauða-maðr, in. a man (loom
ed
to die, Fms. vii. 33; hafa e-n at dauðamanni. 656 A. I. 25, Eg. 416.
dauða-mark, -merki, id, n. a sign of death (opp. to lifs-mark), medic
.
de c a y or the like, Nj. 154, 656 C. 32; a type of death,
Hom. 108. dauðamein, n. death- si c k H e ss, Bs. i. 616. dauða
-orð (v. 1. and better dauðayrðr, f., from yrðr- urör, weird, fate), n. death, '
dea/h-weird, ' Ýt. 8.
dauða-ráð, n. ' death-rede, ' fatal counsel, Gísl.
35. dauða-róg, n.
deadly slander, Laiuln. 281. Dauða-sjór, m. the Dead Sea-. Rb., Symb.
dauöa-skattr, m. tribute of death, Niðrst. 6. dauða-skellr,
m. a
death-blow, 15s. ii. 148. dauða-skuld, n. the debt of nature, 655
xxxii.
19. dauða-slag, n. -- -dauðaskellr, Stj. 280. daxiða-slig, n. dea
dly
splay, a disease of horses, 15s. i. 389. dauða-snara, u, f. swa;v
of
death, Hom. 144. dauða-steytr, in. [Dan. stö d], = da
uðaslag, Bs.
ii. 182. dauða-stríð, n. the death-struggle. dauða-stu
nd,
f. the hour of death, Al. 163. dauða-svefn, n. a deadly swoon, fat
al
deep, as of one fated to die, Fas. iii. 608: medic, catalepsis, also
called
stjarti, Fiji. . x. 43. dauða-sök, f. a cause for death, a deed dese
rving
death, Fms. i. 48, iii. 20, vi. 383. dauða-tákn, n. a token of
death,
 Bret. 66, cp. 11. xx. 226. datiða-teygjur, f. pl. the death-spasms,
 Fél. ix. dauða-útlegð, f. penalty of death, St
url. ii. 2. dauðaverk, n. a ivork deserving death, (si. ii. 413.
dauð-leikr, m. mortality, Stj. 21, Greg. 17.
dauð-ligr, adj. deadly, Sks. 533, Hom. 52, Stj. 92, K. &Aacute
;. 202, Fms. xi- 437dauðr, adj. [Ulf. datijts; A. S. dead; Engl. dead; (&ic
irc;onn. todt; Dan.
d ot/1 :-- dead, Gnig. i. 140, Nj. 19; the phrase, verða d., to become dead,
 i. e. to die, 238, Jb. ch. 3, Am. yS; d. verðr hverr (a proverb)
, Fs. 114
(in a verse); falla niðr d., Fms. viii. 55: metaph. eccl., 623. 32, Hom. 79,
655 xiv. A; dauð tnia, Greg. 13, James ii. 17, Pass. 4. 33. 2. inanimate, in the law phrase dautt fé, K. Á. 204. P. medic, d
ead, of a
limb. 3. compds denoting manner of death, sæ-dauðr, vápn-dau&et
h;r,
sótt-dauðr; sjálf-dauðr, of sheep or cattle, - svidda, q.
v.: again, hálf-dauðr,
half dead; al-dauðr, quite dead; stein-dauðr, stone-dea
d; the ok! writers
prefer to use andaðr or latinn, and iu mod. vise daiini ii a gentler term, u
sed
of a deceased friend; daudr sounds rude and is scarcely used except of
animals; in like manner Germ, say abgelebt.
dauð-vána, adj. ind., and dauð-vænn, adj., medic, sinking fast, when
Ho hope of life is left, Grett. 155, Fms. vi. 31, U. K. i. 480.
dauð-yfli, n. (cp. Goth, daupublis ••- iinOavaTLOs,
t Cor. iv. 9), a c arc a s e, lifeless thing, Stj. 317 (Lev. xi. 38).
dauf-heyrask, ð, dep., d. við e-t, to tarn a deaf ear to,
Fms. xi. 134,
THom. 374.
dauf-heyrðr, adj. one who turns a deaf car to, 655 xxxi, Fms.
vi. 30.
daufingi, a, in. a drone, sluggard.
dauf-leikr, in. deafness, sloth. Fas. i. 7.
dauf-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), ' deaf-like, ' lonely, did!, Eg. 20
2, 762, Lv.
22, Fms. vi. 404 (dismal).
DAUFR, adj. [Gr. rw^Xos; Goth. daubs îrfncapcaptvos. Mark
viii. 17;
A. S. deaf; Engl. dea/; Germ, taub; Swed. di'if; Dan
. dih'] :-- deaf, 623.
57- Luke vii. 22: allit. phrase, daufr ok dumbi. deaf and dumb, Stj. 207;
dumbi s;i er ekki mælir, d. sa er i-kki heyrir, K. Á. 56; blindr e&
eth;r d.,
Gþl. 504, Mom. 120. 2. metaph., 15s. i. 728. p. (mod.) without
savour, -- daufligr.
daun-mikill, adj. stinking, Bs. ii. 23.
DAUNN, m. [Goth, dauns = oaM; cp. Swed. -Dan. duns!; O. H.
G.
dauns] :-- a smell, esp. a bad smell, Anecd. 8; illr d., R
b. 352; opp. to
ilmr (sweet smell), 623. 22; in Ub. 3. 27 used in a good sense.
daunsa or daunsna (mod. dunsna), að, in smell at, s-nijf at, e
sp. of
cattle; gékk Glæsir (an ox) at honum ok daunsnaði um hann, lib.
320.
daun-semð, f. = daunn, M:ir.
dauss, m. [mid. H. G. tûs; Fr. denx~\, the dice; kast
a daus, to cast a
die, Sturl. ii. 95. II. the rump, of cattle, Fas. ii. 510, cp. dot.
DÁ, n. [the root word of deyja, dauðrl. 1. catalepsy; I
cel. say,
liggja í dai or sem í dái, to lie motionless, withou
t stirring a limb and
without feeling pain; hann vissi þá ekki til sin longum, ok þ
úui þá sem
hann lægi í dái, Bs. i. 336, Fas. ii. 235: falla í da
, to fall into a senseless
state, Bs. i. 451. 2. it is medic, used of the relieving swoon, like
the sleep which follows after strong paroxysms, Fél. ix. 204; it is diffe
rent
from aungvit (swoon) or brotfall (epilepsy).
dá, ð, to admire, be charmed at, a word akin to the pre
ceding, denoting
a sense of fascination, a kind of entrancemetit (cp. dar); with acc., d&a
acute; e-t,
dáðu menu nijok danz hans, Sturl. iii. 259; dáðu þat
allir, 625. 96, Konr.
59 (Fr.); but esp. and in present usage only ilep., dust (mod. clúðsi
) að
e-u, Fms. ii. 192, xi. 429.
dá- is esp. in mod. use prefixed to a great many adjectives and ad
verbs,
denoting very; dá-góðr, very good; da-vel, ve
ry well; dá-værm,
dá-fallegr, v. below; da-fagr, very handsome; dá-lít
ill, in the west
of Icel. pronounced dultið, dulítill, very little.
DÁÐ, f. [Ulf. dr. ds, in missdedf. -- -ira. pa&a
ais, Germ, missethat, F. ngl.
mi-deed; A. ' S. d "'d; Engl. deed; 0. 11. G. tat; m
od. Germ, that; Dan.
daad\ :-- deed; allit. phrase, drygia duo, to do a daring deed, St
url.
iii. 7, 10; dáð ok drengskapr, Band, jo: cp. the compds ó-dx&e
th;i. a misdeed; for-dæða, an evil-doer; the adverbial phrase, at' si&
aacute;lfs-dáðum, of
one's own accord. p. valour; ef nokkur dáð er í per
, Fms. xi. 86,
623. 49: the word is not much in use. or merely poet, in compels as
dáð-framr, dáð-íimr, dáð-gjarn, d&aacute
;ð-göfugr, dáð-kunnr, dáðmildr, dáð-rakkr, dáð-sterkr, dáð-sæll, d
áð-vandr, etc., all of
them ' epitheta ornantia, ' bold, valiant. Lex. Poët., but none ot t
hem
can be used in prose without affectation.
dáði, a, in. a dainty. Snot 216.
dáð-lauss, adj. 'deedless'lubberly, Ld. 236, Lv. 53: impotent, Fél. ix. 204.
dáð-leysi, f. meanness, impotency, Grett. 131.
dáð-leysingi, a, m. (7 íj'oo d-/o r- n
a M^' ht, (/iî i/íc; a/í/1). a t
 V' b f r, Stnrl. iii. í 35.
dáð-rakkr, adj. bold, Sks. 358.
dáð-semi, dáð-samliga, v. dú-semi, etc.
dáð-vandr, adj. virtuous, Sks. 486.
dá-fallegr, adj. very pretty, Fas. iii. 3, v. 1.
dáindis-, pretty, rather, as an adverb, prefix to adjective
s and adverbs.
dáinn (v. deyja), dead, deceased, (freq.) P. masc. the name
of a
dwarf, Edda ((31.): cp. Dan. daane = to swoon.
dá-la, adv. very, quite; ekki d., not quite, Bjarn.
42.
dá-leikar, m. pl. (prop, charms), intimacy, Nj. 103.
dá-ligr. adj. (-liga, adv.), [Dan. daarlig] , bad; d
. tré, Sti. 24; d.
deyning, b a d smell. 51; d. lerð, Ld. 324; d. kostr, Fms. i.
202; d. dæmi,
Sks. 481: wretched (of a person), Magn. 494, Stj. 157, 473.
DÁLKR, m. [cp. moil. Germ, dolch, which word docs not appea
r in
Germ, till the i6lh century (Grimm); Bohcrn. and Pol. titlich; mod. Dan.
dolk] :-- the pin in the cloaks (fcldr) of the ancients, whence al
so called
feldar-dalkr, Glúm. ch. 8, Korm. ch. 25, Fms. i. 180, Gísl. 55, Hk
r. Hák. S.
Góða ch. 18; cp. also the verse I. e., where the poet calls it feldar
-stingr,
cloak-pin, cp. T. ic. Germ. ch. 17. 2. /he vertebrae of a fish's tail:
 it is a child's game iu Icel. to hold it up and ask, hvað cru margar &u
acute;rar á
borði nndir sporði ? whilst the other has to guess how many joints there
are,
cp. the Ital. game morra, Lat. ' micare digitis. ' p. a column
in a book.
dálpa, v. dafla.
dá-læti, n. fondness, intimacy.
dámaðr, adj. flavoured, Sks. 164.
dámgast (proncd. dángast), að, to get seasoned:
metaph. to thrive;
 hence, dámgan, döngun, f. thriving; döngvdigr, adj.
, etc.
dám-góðr, adj. well-flavoured, N. G. L. ii. 419.
DÁMR, m. [peril, akin to the Germ. dampf\, flavour; gö
rði síðan af
dám ekki góðan, Bs. i. 340; il'tr d., Konr. 57; the phrase, dr
aga dam af
e-u, to take a (bad) flavour from a thing; hver dregr dam af sinuin sessu
nautum: Icel. also use a verb dáma, að, in the phrase, e-m dumar ekki
e-t, i. e. to dislike, to loathe; a filthy person is called ó-d&aa
cute;nir, etc.
dánar-, a gen. form from dá or damn, in dánar-arfr,
m. a law term,
inheritance from one deceased, Hkr. iii. 222: dánar-bú, n.
estate of one
deceased; dánar-dagr, m. or dánar-d&oelig;gr, n. day, hour
of death, Fins,
i. 219, Hs. verse 44 (where it nearly means the manner of death); d&aacut
e;narfé, n. property of a person deceased, Grúg. i. 209, Fms. vi
. 392, cp. Dan.
dannefæ, but in a different sense, of property which is clai
med by no one,
and therefore falls to the king.
DÁR, n. scoff; in the allit. phrase, draga d. at e-m, to
make game of
one, Hkr. iii. 203; gys og dar, Pas?. 14. 2.
dár, adi. [d;i], scarcely used except in the neut. dátt, in
various plir ites;
<PAGE NUM="b0098">
<HEADER>98 DÄRA -- DELI.</HEADER>
e-iu verð dátt (or dátt uin e-t), numbness comes toone.
one is benumbed,
 623.:o; við þau tíðcndi varð honum svá d. s

em hanu væri stcini lostinn,
at those tidings he was a s ' dumbfounded' as if be bail been struck b
y a
stone, Bs. i. 471. P. in phrases denoting a charm or fascination e
xercised over another, always of uncertain and fugitive nature (cp. dá,
ð);
güra sér dútt við e-n (v. dú-leikar), to become
, very familiar with one, Korm.
38: svi'i var dá-tt með þeim at ..., they . so charme
d one another that...,
 Ni. 151; þá var mi í dátt efni koinit, i. e. 
they c awe tobe close friends,
 Sd. 138; varð mönnum dátl inn þat. people were, mu
ch charmed by it,
 Bjarn. g. 20, cp. Hm. 50. Y. Jar glevmsku-svcfn, a benumbing sleep
of forgetfulness, Pass. 4. n.
dára, að. to mock, make sport of, with acc., Fas. i. 9.
Sti. 22, 165, 199,
Grett. 139.
dári, a. in. [Germ, tor or tbor; Dan. d warf]
, a fool, buffoon. Fms. i. x.
272; clára-samlegr, ;u\\. foolish. Stj. 269; dára-skapr and
dáruskapr, in. mockery, Fas. ii. 337. Grett. 108 A, 144.
dá-sama, að, to admire, Fms. vi. 57, Magn. 504: dusamam
li, par'.,
FIDS. v. 23(j, Mar. 39; this word and the following are bv mod. theol.
writers much used of God. the grace of God.
dá-samligr, adi. (-liga, adv., Bs. i. 30/0, wonde r/i d,
glorious, Fms. x.
234, iv. 71; d. takn. 15s. i. 325, Magn. 504. 532, Clan. 46.
dá-semd and da-semi, f. glory, gracc. Mar. 33, 68, Post. 18
8. dásemðar-verk, n. work of glory: mikil em dásemðar verkin Dr
ottins,
great are the glorious works of the. Lord. cp. 1's. cxi. 2.
dá-vænn, adj. very pretty, Fær. 157, Fas. ii. 3
43.
deging, f. dawn, Eluc., Stnrl. i. 83 C.
deig, n. [1. It. dtiigs, m. (jtvpana: A. S. diig; Fn
gl. dough: Genii, teig;
Swed. de e""):•- -dough, Ann. 1337, Matth. xiii. 33, í
Cor. v. 6-8. Gal. v. 9;
the earliest trace of this word is the Goth, deigan. a strong verb bv whi
ch
Ulf. renders the Gr. nâafftiv, as also iiffT/tuicivus bv the part
, divans.
Tr\afffj. a by gadik in Róm. ix. 2O, and fir\aaOi; by gddigans in J Tim. ii. í 3:
to this family belong the following Icel. words, deigr (moist), deigja. d
ig;-n.
deigla, digull, the fundamental notion being plasticity: vi-lethe followi
ng.
deigja, u, f. a dai ry-w ai t/; this word i. - the humble m
other of the Engl.
lad y, c)s. l n- dy (vide p. 76. s. v. brauð). A. S. hhef-dige bread-maid: cp.
Norse bii-dei:;ja (q. v.). Chaucer's dey (a matter dey), and We^t Fngl.
day- (or dey-) house, a dairy. The deigia in old Norse farm
s was the
chief maid, but still a bondwoman, N. G. 1, . i. 70, 1!. E. i. 5 10: (ill erti'i
d.
dritin. Ls. 56, where it is curiously enough addressed to the daughter of
Bytrgvir (bygg -- -barley'), a handmaid ot the gods; deigja seems to mean
a baker-woman, and the word no doubt is akin to deig. dough, and G
oth,
deigan, to knead, the same person being originally both ilairy-womnn and
baker to the farm: in Icel. the word is never used, but it survives in th
e
Norse bu-deia, scuter-deia. agtar-deia, reid-deia (Ivar Aasen). and Swed.
deja. -- a dairy-maid.
deigja, u, 1. wetness, dump.
deigla, u, f. a crucible. Germ, tiegel. v. digull.
deigr, adj. ' doughy. ' damp, wet; Icel. say, vera d. í f.
i'irna, to br weftisb,
 less than vatr, wet, and mine than rakr. damp. P. soft, ol steel, and
niftaph. timid; d. brandr, Kb. 23S, jjiðr. 79; deigan skal ileigum bj
úða
(proverb), lláv. 40, Fms. i. 143 (in a verse), iii. 193, pl. 173.
deigull -- dignll, in.: deigul-mór, in. a sort of clay.
DEILA, d, [Goth, dailjan and ga-dailjan • - fj. (pt^fiv, j
j. tra?ii5uvai.
Siaipftv, etc.; A. S. dcclan; Engl. to deal; Germ, the/
l ev/; (.). H. G. lailja?i; Swed. dela; Dan, dele.] I. with acc. (nev
er dat.), to deal,
divide; the phrase, vilja Ixrði kjósa ok deila, will both choo
se and deal, of
unfair dealing, a metaphor taken from partners, e. g. fishermen, where one
makes the division into shares (deilir), and the others choose (kjósa) th
e
shares they like best, Ld. 38; deildr hlutr, a dealt lot. i. e. s hare
dealt or
allotted !o one, drag. i. 243; d. e-m e-t, to allot one a thing, to de
al out
to one, ii. 294: deila dögurð, d. mat (in mod. usage skamta), to
deid
out portions of food in a household. Is!, ii. 337; sér at þar v
ar inanni matr
deildr, Gísl. 47; þú kunuir aldregi d. monnum mat, Ls. 46: &
thorn;;i er maðr
;'i brot heilinn ef honum er eigi deildr matr á maltim. Gn'tg. i. 149; cp
.
the proverb, djarfr er hver inn deildan verð; d. fc. Skin. 22; d. bauga,
Rm. 20; d. e-t lit. to deal out, give, Fms. xi. 434. 2. of places, to
divide, bound; fírðir deila. the firths are the boundaries, Grág. ii.; j 7;
vatnsfoll (r iver s) d. til sjuvar. Eg. 131: sva vitt sem vatnsfoll deila
til
sjávar, Landn. 57. K. p. K. 34. P. used irnpers. as it seems; deil
ir
norðr vatnsfollum, í si. ii. 345; Ijiill þau er vatnsfoll deili
r at" milli hi'raða,
the fells that divide the waters, form the water-shed, between the counties.
 Grug. i. 432; þar er vikr deilir, Hit. 3. metaph. to distinguish,
discern; eptir þat s;'i sól, ok máttu þó. d. .
f. ttir, after that the sun broke forth,
and they could discern the airts (of heaven), Fb. i. 431, Fms. iv. 38;
deila liti, to discern colours (lit-deili). hence the proverb, eigi deili
r litr
kosti (acc. pl.), colour (i. e. l oo k, appearance) is no sure
test, Nj. 78:
metaph., d. vig, to act as umpire in a fight, tourney, or the like, Ls. 2
2:
we ought perh. to read deila (not beia) tilt með tveim, 38. 4. various
phrases, drila ser illan hint af, to deal on self a had share in, to deal bad
ly
in a thing, Ld. 152: the phrase, e-t deilir múli (impers.), it goe
s for a great
deal,:s of great importance. Us. 65. mod. usage skipta mali. miklu, etc.: d.
mill, to dealwith a thing, Hom. 34; d. mal e-s, to deal speech, to di
scuss or confer with one, 0. H. 82 (in a verse): d. e-n málum,
to deal, i. e.
speak, confer, with one, Krók. 36 C: d. orðspeki við e-n,
to deal, i. e.
contend in learning with one, Vþm. 55; n'mar, Rm. 42; eiga við
e-t
at d., to have to deal with a thing, Fms. viii. 288: the phrase, d. m&aac
ute;l
brotum, to deal piecemeal with a case, take a partial or false view of
a
thing, or is the metaphor taken from bad payment (in bauga-br*ot, q. v.) ?
Eb. 184; þeir ha fa eigi deilt þetta mál brotum, i. e. the
y have done it
thoroughly, have not been mistaken, Konr. 52: to share in a thing, o.
 knit ok kjütstykki, to share knife and meat, Grág., &Iac
ute;sl. ii. 487: the
phrase, d. hug, /o ' deal one's mind. ' pay attention to, with a notion o
f
deep concern and affliction; heil vertii Sváfa, hug skalt&u
acute; d., thy heart shall
tbou cleave, Hkv. lljorv. 40: deildusk hngir, svá at huskarlar h&eacu
te;ldu varla
vatni, their minds ivere so distraught, that the house-carles could hardly
forbear weeping, Fms. vi. (in a verse); hence a hardened man is called
lítill skapdeildar maðr, (Hugdeila, mind's concern, is the nam
e of a poem
of the 171)1 century): at þeir deildi enga uhsefu, that they should for
bear
dealing outrageously, Fms. i. 22; d. heiptir. to deal hatred, to hate
(poet.), Hkv. 41: d. afti, ofriki við e-n, to deal harshly and overbe
aringly u'itb one. Fms. i. 34; d. illyrðuni, ill-deil(!um. t o c hide, abuse one
another, Húv. 37, Ld. 158. II. neut. to be at feud, quarrel
;
 the saying, sjaldan veldr einn þegar tveir deila; deili grom við
þig, Hkv.
43; ek bað flogð d. við þau. Sighvat: d. til e-s, to quarre
l for a thing,
 Eg. 510: d. npp á e-n, to complain of one, Sij. 29.;. Exod. x
vii. 2, ' Why
chide ye with me?' P. impers., ef í þat deilir. if there be
dissent on
thai point, Grng. ii. 125; et í deilir með þeim, if they
dissent, i. 58. 2.
d. uni e-i, to contend about a thing, as a law term; þeir deildu (they hail a
lawsuit) um jarðir, Fms. iv. 201; þeir deildu nm landaskipti, 315;
þeir
deildu um land þat er var ... . Landn. 125; þeir dei'du inn levsingi
a-arf, JOO,
IOI: metaph., d. nm stafn, to come to a close fight, Orkn. 232. III.
reflex, to spread, branch off; vatnsfoll deilask milli héraða,
Grág. ii. 218;
svá viða sem lion (i. e. Christianity) deilisk \\m heim. Hom.
49. 2.
ineðan mér deilisk lílit til, as long as life be dealt
(i. e. granted) mt, Fins,
viii. 205; e-t deilisk af, a thing comes to pass, Hkr. iii. 55 (in a vers
e);
kölluðn þeir, at lengi muiuli viirn deilask al liti. that a lo
ng defence would
be dealt out, i. e. there woidd b, - a long struggle, Sturl. i. =, 9,
cp. the Goth.
afditiljan -- fo pay off; hugr deilisk (vide above): bat mun oss drjiigt
deilask, it will cost us dear. Am.
deila, u. f. disagreement, a contest, often as a law term, law
contest
(laga-deila, þing-deila), Ni. 90, Fms. i. 68. iv. í 19, 198. vi
. 136. viii. 1^6,
Sturl. i. 105, Eg. 367, Rd. 304, Ld. 204. COMPHS: deilu-gjarn.
adj. nuarrehMtie. -þórð. 59. deilu-niál, n. a
quarrel, Sturl. i. 30.
deilu-vænligr, adj. likely tolead to a quarrel. Eg. 725.
deild (deilj), deilð), f. a deal. dole, share. Edda 147: fara
at deildum, t o
be parcelled out. Orkn. 88, Ísl. ii. 337 (a portion of meat); giira d., t o ^ ive
a dole, N. (î. L. i. 142; the phrase. fVi illt or deildum, to get a
bad share,
be worsted. Sighv. it (in a verse). 2. dealings; harðar deildir,
h n rd
dealings, Fbr. (in a verse); sannar (leiKhr. jus! dealings. Lex. Po&e
uml;t.;
ill-deildir, ill dealings; grip-deildir, dealings of a robber, robbery
; skap-
dcild. temper. 3. seldom used ^\ fighting with weapons (N. G. L. i
.
64), but fre(|. ol" a Inu'si/it (Jiing-fleili!), Nj. 138. 141, 86, 36, Eg
. 738.
Fms. vi. 361, viii. -'fiS. Gþl. 47;: the parliamentary phrase, leggja m:il
i ileild, to 'lay a case under division' in court (cp. leggja mál
í gorð), a
phrase which recalls to mind the English parliamentary phrases ' division'
and 'divide. ' Sturl. (. 59; leggia mal til deildar, id., Laxd. 204 (MS.
. Ed.
deilu). P. cp. also local names, Deildar-Umga, -hvamrnr, -hialli, Landn.,
Sturl. -y. in Icel. a boundary river is often called Deild or I)eildar-a,
Deildar-lækr, etc.; or of other boundary places. Deildar-hvammr,
etc. 8. metaph. . í aora d., þriðiu d., etc., secondly, thir
dly, etc., Stj.
9, 21. coMi'ns: deildar-aríï, m. inheritance in shares, (&iac
ute;rág. i. 172.
dcildai'-lið, n. a strong body of men, so that some can be kept in
reserve, Fms. v. 14. deildar-maðr, v. da-ldarmaðr.
deili, n. pl. mark. -, whereby to discern one thing (person) from
another;
s;'i. þó "ill d. a. honum, all his features were visible, Fa
s. i. 298; the
metaph. phrase, kunna, vita, deili;'i e-n (e-m), to know the marks of a
thing (man), i. e. to know it so as to discern it from another thing;
vita
oil d. a, to know exactly; vita eingi d.;'i, to know nothing about, Eg. 185,
Fas. ii. í 13, Fms. v. 316.
deili-ker, n. a cup, Js. 78, cp. N. G. L. i. 211.
deiling, f. division, dealing.
deilir, m. a dealer. Lex. Poi:t.: arithm. divisor.
deili-steinn, in. a ' mark-stone, ' land-mark. I). N.
deill, m. [Germ, th c il; Goth, dail s; Engl. dea
l; Swed. -D. -ui. d if l, del],
I). N.; this word never occurs in old writers, and can scarcely be said to
be in use at present. Icel. use the fern, deild and deila, vide above.
dekr, n. [mid. Lat. di c ra], ten hides, H. K. 125.
2. \deck -- to dress] ,
flirtation, finery.
dekret, n. a decree (Lat. word). 15s. i. ArnaS.
dekstra, að. to coax fur one; in phrases as, verlu ekki að
d. harm, or
hann vill h'ita d. sig (of spoilt children).
deli, a. m. a dog, (cant word.)
<PAGE NUM="b0099">
<HEADER>DELLTNGB, -- DIMMA. 09</HEADER>
Dellingr, qs. deglingr, m. [dagr], . Da y. ' pr;X^, the fat

her of the Sun, Kdd. i.
demant, in. diamond, (mod.)
demba, d, with dat. to pour out.
demba, u, f. a pouring shower. p. awi s t (•
-- diimba), Ivar Aasen.
demma, u, f. [dammr], hi dam, D. N.; demning, f. damming, i
d.
denging (dengð, Grág. ii. 338), f. the whetting a scythe by
hammering the edge, Grág. i. 200.
dengir, m. fine who whets, a cognom., F'ms. x. 219.
dengja, d, [Swed. danga~\, to hammer and so whet a scythe;
d. Ija,
Grág. ii. 211.
dengsla, u, f. = denging.
dent-inn, adj. dainty. Snot (Stef. 01.) 212.
depill, in., dat. depli, [depil- a pond, little pool, from
dapi-=a pool.
 Ivar Aasen ], a spot, dot; hvitr, svartr d., O. II. L. 59: a dog wit
h spots
over the eyes is also called depill.
depla, að, d. auguin, to blink with (he eyes.
depra, u, f. [daprj, vide aug-depra or augn-tepra, p. 33.
der, n. the peak or, - h ri de of a cap.
des, f., gen. desjar, pl. desjar, = Scot. and North. E. da. s. s o
r de. ss (a bayrick), cp. also Gael, dai s, - menu cru við heygarð þin
n ok reyna desjarnar,
Boll. 348; hey-des, a hay-tlass, Bs. 54, Sturl. i. 83, 196: it exists in
local names as Desjar-myri in the cast, Des-ey in the west of Icel.
des, n. [cp. Swed. desman'] , musk, in the coinpd des-h&uac
ute;s, n. a smelling
box for ladies to wear on the neck, of gold or ivory.
DETTA, pret. datt, 2nd pers. da/, l, pl. duttu; part, dottinn; pres.
dett; pret. subj. dytti :-- to drop, fall: d. niðr dauðr, to d
rop dmvn dead,
 Fms. iii. 132; of a bird when shot, i 79; þeir tóku bra
ndana jalhskjott
sem ofan duttu, Nj. 2OI; spjótið datl or hendi, Kl. 91; duttu þ
a:r ofan,
they tumbled down, Fas. ii. 84; draga þ:i suinduin npp, en l&aacute
;la stundum
d., Karl. 161: to drop, die suddenly, sauðtY-naðr datt niðr u
nnvörpuni í
megrð, Bs. i. 873; þau hafa nú niðr dottiö í ho
r, tbf cattle dropped down
from starvation, 875: to sink, of the heart, Fbr. ioS: nietaph., lit'
dettr
or e-m, the life drops out of one, Fms. iii. 214: denoting to come on
suddenly, daudinn dettr;'i, Al. 90; láttu nidr d., cngn er nytt, ilro
p it, it is
all false, Fs. 159: the phrases, t-in dettr e-t í hug, a thing dro
ps i, ito
one's mind, i. e. one recollects it suddenly; d. ofan ylir on, to
be overwhelmed, amazed; d. í slufi. tn full in pieces (as a tub witho
ut hoops), to
be amazed: cp. datta, dotta.
dett-hendr, adj. a kind of metre, F. dda 124, 129: cp. Ht. -29.
dettr, in. the sound of a heavy body falling; heyra dett, Fms. iv.
168.
dett-yrði, n. dropping unregarded words, Minn.
DEYÐA, dd, [v. dauor; lilt", danjyan; Germ, tö 
de w; Swed. doda] :-to kill, put to death, with acc. . Ld. 54, Nj. 158, Fms. ii. 270: allit.,
deyða
ilium dauða, to put to an ill death, Clem. 57; dnepr ok deyðandi,
a law
term, Gvim. vogelfrei, Gþl. 137; dræpr ok deyðr, N. G. I.
, i. 351: metaph.
(theol.), Fms. ii. 238; d. sik, to mortify one's lusts, Bs. i. 167.
DEYFA, ð, [ v. daufr; Ulf. ga-danbjan; Germ, betiiuben;
Dan. d ov e;
Swed. d ii/ va] :-- -to make blunt; d. sverð, v;'ipu, e
ggiar (ot weapons blunted
by the look of a wizard), Korin. 220, Gísl. 80, Ísl. ii. 225; &tho
rn;ær er d.
sverð ok sefa, Sdrn. 27, Eg. 509 (in a verse), Dropl. 36, llm. 149, where
this power is attributed to Odin himself. 2. to • deave' (Scot, and
North. E.), i. e. stupefy; medic., d. hönd, Fas. iii. 396: me
taph. to soothe
 or . stupefy, d. sakar, to soothe, Ghv. 2. 23; d. sefa, Sdrn.
1. c. II.
=^Goth. datipjan, Germ. tar/fen, -- to dip; d. í vain, t
o dip in water,
 N. G. L. i. 339, 378, v. 1.; vide dvfa.
deyfð, f. '(deyfa, u, f.), [Ulf. ' d aM& i/xij, 
deafness, N. G. L. 1. 228;
numbness, having no savour.
DEYJA, pret. do, 2nd pers. dótt, later dost, pl. do, mod. don; pru
t,
dáinn; pres. dey, 2nd pers. deyr (in mod. familiar use deyrð): pret.
sub),
daei; in the south of Icel. people say dæði, inserting a spurious &oum
l;: old
poems with neg. suffix, deyr-at, dó-at; a weak pret. forTn deyði (
died)
 occurs in the Ann. 1400-1430, and was much used in biographies of
later centuries, but is borrowed from Dan. d u d e, unclassical an
d unknown
in the spoken tongue; Icel. alwavs say do: [the root is akin to dá, q. v.
,
Gr. ôávaros, etc.; Ulf. uses a part, divans, by which
lie sometimes renders the Gr. 6vrjrós, (þôapTÓs; iindivans = 
åOávaros, á(/)öapros; undiiianei
-- åQavaaía; but the Gr. Orfiaictiv he renders not by divan but by gasviltan; llel. uses do/an, but rarely; the A. S. seems not to know th
e
word, but uses sviltan, whereas in Icel. svelta means to starve, die o
f
hanger; the Engl. perhaps borrowed the verb to die from the Scandiu.,
whereas to starve (used by Chaucer = Germ, sterben) now means t
o die of
hunger or co ld] :-- to die: deyr fé, deyja frænd
r, Hin. 76; hann do af
eitri, 623. 27; er þat sügn manna, af hón hati af þv&iac
ute; dáit, Korin. 164;
hann do ór sárum, Fs. 120; þeir dó allir, Landn. 294;
do bar undir
ellifu naut, Bs. i. 320; hann dó litlu síðarr. Fms. i. 108; &t
horn;at áttu eptir
sem erfiðast er, ok þat er at d., Nj. 56: betra er at d. með sa'm&
eth; en hta
nieð sköinm, Orkn. 28: the proverb, deyia verðr hverr inn sinn, 
om/ies
nna manet nox: the allit. phrase, á deyjanda degi, l. d. 106, Grug. i
i.
207, Hkr. iii. 50: eccl., dauða deyia. Gen. iii. 3, Matth. xv. 4, 'let him
die the death, ' Engl. A. V.; d. góðuni, ilium dauða, to die a
good, bad death,
 etc.: it sometimes has in it a curious sense of motion, hann kaus at cl. &i
acute; 'Mælifell, Landn. 192; þeir Selþórir fr. Tndr d&
oacute; í Jx'irisbjiirg. 78; trnði at
hann inundi deyia í fjallit. Kb. 7 new Kd., v. I., where it means to d
ie
(i. e. pass by death) into the fell, i. e. they believed that after d
eath they
would pass into the fell; cp. hinnig deyja ór lleliu halir, Vþm. 43
. 3medic, to die, of a limb, Pr. 239. "y- "^ inanimate things; dáinn
arfr,
a law phrase, a dead inheritance, i. e. left to the heir, Gþ
l. 263; hence
dúnar-fé, dánar-arfr, q. v.
DEYNA, d, [daunn], t o . s tink, 544. 39, Hom. 151, 623. 22
, Stj. 91
deyning, f. a stink, bad smell, Stj. 51.
digla, að, to drip, prop, of a running at the nose (v. dignll)
, Sd. 168:
to drip, of wet clothes hung out, Konr. 32.
digna, að, to /income moist (deigr): to lose temper (of
steel), Nj. 203:
metaph. to lose heart, Karl. 390, Ü. T. 20. Flóv. 44, Fas. ii
i. 540, G. H. M.
ii. 71 2.
DIGR, adj., iieut. digrt, [the Goth, probably had an adj. tligra;
Ulf.
renders â5pÓTTjs by digrei; Swed. diger; the G
erm, di c k is different, and
answers to Icel. þjokkr, þykkrj:- stout, big; a pole is digr,
a wall
þykkr: the phrase, d. sem naut, big as an ox, Kb. 314; liar ok d. .
Anal.
79; d. fotr, Nj. 219; Ólafr Digri', Olave the Fat. Ô. H.: er
kalli var
digrastr, Nj. 247: digrt men (nionile), Fms. vi. 2/1; talr langr ok digr,
Kg. 285; disîrir fjötrar, Sks. 457: (hon) !;''kk dii^r nieð tvein
i, * h f was
big with twins, Str. 16. P. irregularly - þykkr; d. pan/ari, Sturl. ii
. 59;
d. ok feit nan'. ssíð. i. a thick side of bacon, Fms. ii. 139.
2. metaph.,
göra sik digran, to puff oneself out, Bs. i. 719. Karl. 197; digr or
ð. big
U'ords, threats, Ísl. ii. 330, Bs. i. 758. p. gratnm. deep, of
a tune,
sound, Skálda 177, Ísl. ii. 467, v. 1.
digrask, að, to grow big, of a pregnant woman, Fms. . xi. 53;
d. i
gerðum, id., Bárð. 173, Fb. i. 157: metaph. to make one
self big, d. ok
dramba, Th. í i.
digr-barkliga, adv. ' big-throated, ' haughtily, Finnb. 252, Bs. i
. 7(14.
digr-beinn, adj. big-legged, Fms. iv. 28.
digrð, f. bigness, stoutness (cp. lengd, ha:ð. breidd. |iy
kt), Fms. iii. 209.
digr-hálsaðr, adj. -- háls-digr, big-necked, Jji
ðr.)8.
digr-leikr, in. (-leiki, a, in.), bigness, Edda 20, Ann. 1345, Bs.
ii.
167, 173: aspiration, Skálda 180.
digr-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), big. boastful. Bs. i. 728, Eg. 711,
v. 1.
digr-nefjaðr, adj. -- nef-digr. big-nosed, Sturl. iii. &iacute
; (I C.
digr-yrði, n. pl. big words, Stj. 461.
DIK, n. a run. leap; taka dik (taka undir sig d.), to take a sp
ring,
 Bs. ii. 143: the word is probably foreign, but root uncertain; hence
conies mið-dik, n., pronounced mið-bik, the middle of a thing; hi
m
(i. e. the Reformation) hetir upphaiit illt og efnis'aust, mið-dikið m&u
acute;talaust. og endann afskaplegau, Bs. ii. 313, a pastoral letter of the old
popish bishop Ögmund, A. D. 1539.
dika, . ad, to run, (mod.)
dikt, n. composition in Latin, Látinu-dikt, Fms. iii. 163,
Bs. i. 869, ii.
121; þat nvja dikt, 77: söngva-dikt, composition of songs, S&o
uml;rla R. I. 5.
DIKTA, að, [Lat. di e/ar e], to compose in Latin; Gunnlaugr ninnkr
er Látíiui söguna tliktaö hefir, Bs. i. 215, 786; dikta
ok skrif;. brt'-f á
Látími; bri'-f skrifað ok diktað, 798; d. bækr. 79;
d. vers, 655 xxxii.
17; d. röksemdir, Bs. i. 786: in old writers dikta is only used of Latin
(not Icel.) compositions, but as these compositions were in an affected and
artificial style, the word also got the sense of fiction, cp. Germ, di
chten,
dicbter -- a poet, dichtu ng ~- poetry; mod. Dan. digter; Engl. di
tt y; in
Icel. mostly with the notion ot falsehood, not as in Germ, and mod. Dan.
of fancy. 2. to romance, lie; logií eðr diktað, Stj
. 40; diktaðu
bar audsvör þau er eigi vóru sönn, 248: menu hugðu &t
horn;etta ráð diktað
(feigned), Bs. i. 757; sem fjandinn liafði diktað. Mar. (Fr.); D&
oacute;ra þú
li'/. t dikta Ijóð. dári þig sérhver niaðr, V
idal. (a ditty).
diktan, f. composition in Latin, Bs. i. 798.
diktr, m. a poem (rare1), seldom used but as a name of several leg
endary
poems of the i-;th and [6th century, Ceciliu-d., etc.
dilk-fé, n. ewes together ivith their lambs, Bs. i. 7'9DILKR, in. a sucking lamb, Grett. 137, þorst. St. 51. Gr&aac
ute;g. 1. 417,
ii. 307, in the last passage also of sucking pigs, calves or kid s
, - kviga (a
''jney' or young cow) með tvá dilka, Ísl. ii. 401;
in Icel. households the
lambs are separated from the mother in June, this is called ' færa fr&aacu
te;, ' the
time ' tráfærur, ' the lamb; fráfærn-lamb;' the lambs
that are left with
the mother all the summer are called 'dilkar' as opp. to ' fráfærularnb. ' 2. metaph. the small folds all round a great sheepfold. p.
the phrase, e-t dregr dilk eptir sér. it brings trouble in its train.
dilk-sauðr, in. a sheep with a lamb, Gr. ig. i. 418.

dilk-ær, f. a ewe with a lamb, Grug. ii. 304.
dilla, að, with dat. to trill, lull; dillandi rodd, a sweet
voice: dillindo,
interj. lullaby: dillari, a, in. a triller, of the nightingale; hj
artans
danspipu dillarinn, Jón þorl. i. 131.
dimma, d, (but dinimaðisk, Fb. i. 91; dimmat, part. . Mar.) :-- to
become dim; neut. or impers., um kveldit er d. tok. when it began to
grow dark, Fms. viii. 305; dinnnir af nott, the night darkens, iii. 1
35:
also of clouds, to grow dark (of a gale, storm); þá hvesti o
k dimdi i
fjorðinn, Kspol. Árb. ^76<S.
<PAGE NUM="b0100">
<HEADER>100 DIMMA -- DJÖFULL.</HEADER>
dimma, u, f. dimness, darkness, esp. of clouds, nightfall; segli&e
th; bar í
fjarðar-dimmuna, Espol. Ârb. I. e.: metaph. gloom, Pass. 4. ii;
the
phrase, dimmu dregr a e-t, it becomes clouded, looks threatening, Band. I
O.
dimm-hljóðr, adj. -- -dimmraddaðr, Fas. ii. 231.
DIMMR, adj. [A. S. and Engl. dim~] , dim, dark, dusky; d. o
k dökt
sky, a dim and dark sky, Fms. xi. 136; verða dimt fyrir augun), t o s ee
dimly, esp. of sudden changes from darkness to light, iii. 217; var dimt
hit neðra, dark below, Háv. 40; d. himin, Matth. xvi. 3; harla
dimt var
af nott, Pass. II. I; dimm nótt, a dark night; d. stigr, a dim
path, Fms.
i. 140; dimt el, a dark storm, Úlf. 7. 63; d. regn, Lex. Poët
.; d. dreki,
the du s ky dragon, Vsp. 66. |3. of voice, hollow, Í
sl. ii. 467; vide the
following word.
dimm-raddaðr, adj. deep-voiced, Grett. ill.
dimm-viðri, n. d ar k, cloudy weather.
dindill, m. the tail of a seal.
dingla, að, to dangle; dingull, m. a small spider, cp.
dor-dingull.
dirfa, ð, (vide djarfr), to dare, always with the reflex, pron
oun
separated or suffixed, dirfask or d. sik, with infin. to dare, Fms. xi. 5
4,
ísi. ii. 331; d. sik til e-s, to t a ke a thing to heart, A
l. 88, 656 A. I. 36:
reflex., dirfask, to dare; bændr dirfðusk mjok við Birkibei
na, became
bold, impudent, Fms. ix. 408; er þeir dirfðusk at hafa með h&o
uml;ndum hans
píslar-mark, vii. 195; engi maðr dirfðisk at kveðia þes
s, i. 83, K. Á. 114;
dirfask í e-u, þá dirfðumk ek í ræðu ok
spurningum, 7 grew more bold in
Speech. Sks. 5.
dirfð, f. boldness, often with the notion of impudence, arr
ogance, Eg. 47,
Glúm. 309, Fms. iv. 161, xi. 54, Post. 645. 71; of-dirfð, impudenc
e.
dirfska, u, f. = dirfð; of-dirfska, temerity.
DISKR, m. [a for. word: from Gr. oiaicos; Lat. discus; A. S
. and Hel.
di sc; Engl. d es k and di s k; Germ, tis c h] :-- a plate; þá vóru öngir diska
r,
Ísl. (Heiðarv. S.) ii. 337, O. H. L. 36, Fms. i. 259, Bs. i. 475; sil
fr-d.,
gull-d., silver and gold plate are mentioned as a present given to
a king,
O. H. 154, cp. Fb. iii. 332; both the words used in this sense, diskr and
skutill (Lat. scuiellum, Germ, schüssel) are of for. origin;
cp. also Rm. 4,
39: in the earliest times small movable tables also served as plates.
dispensera, að, to dispense (Lat. word), H. E. i. 510.
dispenseran, f. dispensing, Stj., Bs.
disputa, disputera, að, to dispute (Lat. word), Stj.
díametr, n. diameter (Gr. word), 732. 7DÍAR, in. pl. [the Icel. has two words, but both of them poetical
and
obsolete, viz. diar answering, by the law of Interchange, to Gr. Oeos (Icel.
d -- Gr. 0), and tivar, by the same law, to Lat. de!/s (Ice
l. t- Lat. d);
cp. Sansk. devas, Gr. oefos, Lat. dîvus, Ital. di o,
Fr. die?/] :-- ô ds or
priests; this word occurs onlv twice, Yngl. S. ch. 2 -- þat var &th
orn;ar siðr, at
tólf hofgoðar vóru æðstir, skyídu þeir
ráða fyrir blótum ok dómum manna
í milli; þat eru díar kallaðir eðr drottnar, -- wher
e diar means not the godi
 themselves but the priests; and by the old poet Kormak in an obscure
periphrasis, in a poem addressed to the staunch heathen earl Sigurd; Snorri
(Edda 96), in quoting Kormak, takes the word to mean ô d s; but the
version given in Yngl. S. seems more likely; the diar of the Yngl. S. were
probably analogous to the Icel. goði, from goð (deus). The age of
Kormak shews that the word was probably not borrowed from the Latin.
dígull, m. [deig]. I. the mucus of the nose; d. er h
orr, Edda
(Lauf.), Lex. Poët.; hence hor-digull, Fas. ii. 149; mod. hor-dingull, as
if it were from dingla. II. [Swed. -Dan. digel; Germ, tiegef] , a
crucible; hence poet., gold is called digul-farmr, digul-snjór, -j&ou
ml;kull, the
l on d, snow, icicle of the crucible, Lex.
DÍKI and dik, n. [Germ, tei c h], a dike, ditch, Eg. 529-531, Hkr.
iii. 154, Jb. 245, Grett. 161, Fms. iii. 187, vi. 406, 0. H. 21 (in a verse),
Orkn. 452; dikis-bokki, a, in. aneel, poet., Kormak.
DÍLI, a, m. a s pot, mark; alloðin nenia d. undi
r vinstri hendi, Fms. iii.
125. P. esp. medic., b. dila, to burn with caustic; this operation
was in olden times performed (caustic being unknown) with a pointed
hot iron, and is described in an interesting passage in Bs. i. 379, cp. also
Rafns S. ch. 4, Bs. i. 644, Nj. 209. -y. a brand (on thieves), esp. on
the back (v. brenna); fyrr skulu grónir grautar-dílarnir á
hálsi þór, þeir
er þú brant... en ek myna gipta þér systur mína
, Eb. 210, Hkr. iii. 148,
Fbr. 190; vide brenna.
DÍS, f., pl. disir, and an older but obsolete form jó-d&iac
ute;s, which remains
in the earliest poems, jódís (the sister of) úlfs ok
Nara = 7/ ela, Ýt. 7;
but Loga dis, the sister of Logi, 9; cp. Edda 109: it also remains in
the Icel. fern. pr. name Jódís, -- the explanation given in Sk&aac
ute;lda 183
(from jór, equus, and dis) has no philological value, being only t
he poet's
fancy: [Hel. idis = virgo; A. S. ides; Grimm ingeniously suggests that
the Idistaviso in Tacitus may be corrupt for Idisiaviso, the virginmead, from idi s and visa = Germ, w ie s e.] 
I. a sister, Ýt. I. e.;
heitir ek systir, dis, jodis, a sister is called dis a nd j&oacute
;dís, Edda 109;
dis skjöldunga, the sister of kings, Bkv. 14. II. generally a
goddess or priestess (?), a female guardian-angel, who foll
ows every
man from his birth, and only leaves him in the hour of death, cp.
the very interesting passages, Hallfr. S. Fs. 114, þorst. Síðu
H. Anal. 184,
185, Gísl., Fms. ii. 192-195 (cp. Nj. 148); hence the phrase, ek kveð
aflima orðnar þér disir, the disir have left thee, tb
ou art a lost matt,
 Am. 26; cp. also the phrase, heillum horfinn. 2. poet, a maid in
general, Lex. Poët. 3. freq. in Icel. as a fern. pr. name, in compds,
Jó-dís, Her-dís, Val-dís, Vig-dís, Hjördís, etc. COMPDS: dísa-blót,
n. a sacrifice to the disir, Eg. 205, Yngl. S. ch. 33. disa-salr, m. t
h e
temple of the disir, Yngl. S. ch. 33, Hervar. S. Fas. i. 454. disa-skald,
n. the ' disir-Scald, ' surname of a heathen Icel. poet who compos
ed a
poem in honour of the disir, Edda, Skáldat.
dívisera, að, to distribute (Lat. word), Stj. 42, 80.
djarf-leikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), courage, Edda 16, Fs. 6, Jjið
r. 273.
djarf-ligr, adj. bold, daring, Fb. i. 380, 445. djarf-liga, adv.,
Fms.
i. 27, ix. 302, Nj. 48, Ld. 214.
djarf-mannligr (djarfa-mannligr), adj. daring, Bárð. 16
4.
djarf-mæltr, adj. bold-spoken, Nj. 6, Fms. xi. 53.
DJARFRj adj. [cp. dirfa above; Hel. derbi or derui -- audax, im
probus; mod. High Germ, derb -- hard is a different word, answering t
o
A. S. \*eorf, and originally meant unleavened (of bread); kindred
words
are, Engl. dare, daring, Gr. öappeíV] :-- bold, daring, but also in a bad
sense, audacious, impudent; d. í orrustum, bold in battle,
Edda 16; d.
ok dularfullr, impudent and arrogant, Fms. i. 75; at Ólafr digri m
undi
eigi svá d. vera at..., sofoolishly daring, iv. 107; nú ver
eigi síðan
svá d., at þú talir ósæmilig orð við Ha
rald, be not so presumptuous as to
speak unseeming words to Harold, vii. 168; firna djörf kona ertii ok
heimsk, impudent and foolish, xi. 54; djarfastr (boldest) ok bezt
hugaðr,
Edda 16; víg-djarfr, sókn-djarfr, hug-djarfr, valiant; u-dj
arfr, s h y.
djarf-tækr, adj. bold in taking, Stj. 422 (of Ruth gleaning)
.
djákn, m. (djákni, a, m., Sturl. i. 180 C), the Lat. diacon
us, a deacon,
 Dipl. v. 22, Bs., K. Á., K. þ. K., Vm., etc.
djásn, n. a diadem, D. N. i, 321, 590, etc. (freq. in mod.
use); prob.
a foreign word, though the root is uncertain.
djúp, n. the deep; í djúpum vatna, in the
depths of the waters, Sks.
628; mikit djúp (a great gulf) á milli vor staðfest, Lu
ke xvi. 26;
at eigi svelgi oss djúpit, 655 xxxii; djúp árinnar, the
channel in a river,
 Fas. i. 151. p. the deep sea off the shore is called djúp; ka
staði
hann öxinni fyrir borð á djúpi, Eg. 196; síðan
býr Agnarr sik til ok kafar
í djúpit, Fas. i. 27: the fishers distinguish between grunn-mi&eth
; and djiipmið, vide mið; Icel. also say, hundrað, sextigi... faðma dj&uacu
te;p: a large bay
may be called djup, e. g. ísafjarðar-djúp, Landn. 147; sj&uacu
te;var-djúp, hafsdjúp, the main; hann lot grafa út d. (a ' deep, ' i. e. channel) við Skeljastein,
Fms. x. 153. Y- nietaph., eilift d., 656 6. 9: eccl. used of God, d.
miskunnar, gæzku, depth of mercy, grace, etc.; cp. dýpt, d&y
acute;pl.
djúp-auðigr or -úðigr, adj. the cognom. of Auda, La
ndn.; it probably
means the wise, deep.
djúp-fyndni, f. ' deep-finding, ' wit, ingenuity, Pass. 21.
3. djúpfundinn, part. ' deep-found, ' ingenious, Króka Refs R. 4. 2.
djúp-hugsaðr, adj. deep-musing, Sturl. ii. 202.
djúp-hyggja, u, f. (-hyggni, f.), sagacity, Fagrsk. 32.
djúp-leiki (-leikr), a, m. depth, Magn. 514, Karl. 394.
djúp-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), deep, deeply, Sks. 552.
DJÚPR, adj., compar. djúpari, superl. djúpastr; dj&u
acute;pust, Greg. 62;
djúpari (fern.), Eg. 99; djiipara, Ld. 78; djúpastan, Edda 34; dj&
uacute;pasti,
Hom. 144; but in mod. use more freq. dy'pri, dýpstr: [Goth. djûp
s; A. S.
and Hel. diop; Engl. deep; Germ, tie/; Swed. d/w 
p; Dan. dyb] :-- deep, of
 water; d. vatn, Grág. ii. 131; d. tjörn, Greg. 62; í hin
n djúpa sæ, Edda 18,
Sturl. ii. 202; djúp á, Eg. 99: of other things, a dale, pit, etc.
, djúpr dalr,
Fms. i. 210, Edda 34; dökkva dala ok djiipa, 38; djúpar grafir (p
its), Sks.
426; d. pyttr, Hom. 144: of a vessel (the ark), 625. 7; djúpt sár,
a deep
 so re, i. e. wound, Dropl. 29; d. höttr, a deep hat, coming down over the
eyes, Fms. viii. 368; d. hver, a deep kettle, Hy'm. 5. p. neut. as^dv.
deep, deeply; bitu hvelin djnpt í jörðina, Al. 140. 2. me
taph., d,
tákn, Hom. 134. heavy, severe, d. laun, loo: the phrase, leggjaskd
júpt, to
dive deep, Nj. 102: in mod. usage freq. in a metaph. sense, deep, profoun
d.
djúp-ráðigr and -ráðr, adj. deep-counsell
ing, Jjiðr. 135, Fagrsk. 32.
djúp-ræði, n. deep-scheming, Fagrsk. 32, v. 1.

djúp-settr, adj. deep, deep-laid; d. ráð, Magn.
466, Fas. iii. 218; d.
orð, Stj. 4; d. maðr, a deep man, Fms. xi. 44.
djúp-skygn, adj. (-skygni, f.), deep-seeing.
djúp-sæi, f. the seeing deep, profoundness, Stj. 560.
djúp-sær (-sæligr), adj. seeing deep, penetrating, Eb. 224, Sks. 552.
djúp-úðigr, adj. [A. S. deop-hydig] , deep-mi
nded.
djúp-vitr, adj. deeply wise, Orkn. 230, Fas. iii. 53.
DJÖFULL, m., dat. djöfli, pl. lar; [Gr. SmfloAos; eccl. Lat. diabolus;
 A. S. de o/o l; Engl. devil; Germ, teufel; Swed
. djefvul; Dan. djcevel;
 the nearest to the Icel. is the A. S. form, which shews that the word
came from England with Christianity; of course in the old Saga time
the word was almost unknown; the evil spirits of the heathens were
trolls and giants] :-- a devil, Nj. 273, Fms. ii. 184; but in Bs., Fms.
viii. sqq., the legendary Sagas, etc. it is freq. enough: as a term of abuse,
Sturl. ii. 115, Fms. viii. 95, 368, ix. 50; djöfla-blót (vide blot),
Mart.
115; djöfla-mót, meeting of d., Greg. 51; djofuls-kr*ptr, 
devil's craft,
diabolical power, Fms, x. 283, Fas. i. 254.
<PAGE NUM="b0101">
<HEADER>DJÖFULLIGR -- DÓMSTAURR. 101</HEADER>
djöful-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), devilish, 623. 24, 625. 72,
Fms. x. 289 290, Barl. 149, Mar. 60.
djöful-óðr, adj. ' devil-wud' possessed, Orkn. 518
, Clem. 51, N. T.
djöful-ærr adj.= djöfulóðr, Mar. 656 B. 7.
djörfung, f. [djarfr], boldness, in a good sense, Fms. iv. 13
3, Pass. 40. 17: impudence, Fms. ii. 184, H. E. i. 503: cp. dirfð, di
rfska.
DOÐI, a, m. '[dauðr], deadness, insensibility.
doðka, u, f. the bird tringafusca, lækjar-duðra, F&e
acute;l. i. 17, Edda (Gl.)
doð-na, að, to become insensible, Anal. 196.
doðr-kvisa, u, f. a kind of bird, Edda (Gl.)
dofi, a, m. [daufr], medic, torpor, in the hands, feet, etc., -- h
andar-dofi, fota-dofi; as to the art, stein-dofi, anaesthesia; núl
a-dofi, 'needle-torpor, ' 'pins and needles, ' Fél. ix. 205
, 206: metaph. torpor, numbness, Stj. 97, Hom. 108.
dofinn, adj. de a d, of a limb; d. er mér fót
r minn, Vápn. 21: metaph. drowsy, [Dan. d oi/ en], A
l. 71.
dofna, að, [Goth, daubnan; Swed. domna] , to become
dead, of limbs; dofnaði höndin, Fms. vi. 203, Stj. 296, 297: of wat
er, flat, Sks. 165: metaph. the phrase, dofnar yfir e-u, the matter be
gins to die out, people cease to talk about it, Fms. x. 301, Bs. i. 348, Ban
d. 4; hugr dofnar, the mind gets heavy, Brandkr. 60.
dogg, n. a pillow (?), in the phrase, að sitja upp við dog
g, to lie half erect in bed, leaning the head upon a high pillow.
dokk, dokka, u, f. a windlass, Fms. x. 53.
doparr, m., and doppa, u, f. a boss of metal, þiðr. in,
Karl, 550 (in a saddle); of earrings, D. N. i. 321*: (the last word is freq.)
dor-dígull (dordingull), m. a small spider; araneus tolas ater
splendens, filo demissorio, Eggert Itin. 609; also called fiski-karl, fisher-c
arle;
 the word is no doubt to be spelt dorg-digull, i. e. angling spider;
for
popular lore as to the dordigull vide Ísl. þjóðs. ii. 54
7, 548: the small
spider's web is called hégómi, q. v.
dorg, f. a n angler's tackle, rod and line, etc., for trout or sma
ll fish;
þeir réru tveir á báti með dorgar sínar at
smá-fiski, Sæin. Gm. (introd.),
p. 32; land-dorgar, the land of dorg, the se a, Edda 66; dorgar-sk
ot, a
kind of fishing implement, D. N. iii. 201; cp. dorga.
dorga, að, to fisb with a dorg: in mod. use dorg is only used
of fishing
through holes in the ice; metaph. Icel. also say, d. við e-t, to go angli
ng
for a thing, go dangling after it.
dorma, að, [Lat. dormire] , to doze.
dornikar, m. pl. [from Doornik in Flanders], a kind of water-tight
boots, Jón þorl.
dorri, a, m. a wither.
dotta, að, (dott, n.), to nod from sleep; dottr, m. a nodde
r, Háv. 44.
dólg (dolg), n. [A. S. dolg = vidnus, O. H. G. tolg~
] , direful enmity,
 only in poetry in compds, as dólg-brandr, -eisa, -Ijos, the fire,
embers,
light of the d., = swdrd; dólg-lið, the ale of the d., i.
e. blood; dólg-linnr,
the d. snake, i. e. spear; dolg-. svala, the battle-swallow, i. e. the shaft;
 gaping wounds are called dólg-spor, Hkv. 2. 40.
dólg-ligr, zdj. fiendish, Finnb. 326.
dólg-maðr, m. = dólgr, Hkv. 2. 49 (Ed. dólgar ma
er).
DÓLGR (dolgr), m. [Ulf. renders xpfaxpfiXfrrjs, Luke vii. 4
1, by
ditlgisskula; and oavaarijs, id., by dulgahaitja] :
-- a fiend; duuðir dólgar,
ghosts, Hkv. 2. 49 -- verða öflgari allir ú nóttui
n dauðir dúlgar mær, en
um daga Ijosa -- used synonymous to 'devil, ' djufull. Fms. iii. 200, vi. 143,
x. 172 (of a giant); þar sat dólgr í hásæti, mi
kill ok illiiigr (of witches),
Fas. ii. 184; svartir dólgar, Karl. 525; sögðu at sá d. v
æri kominn í
bygðina er þeim þætti eigi dæll viðfangs, Grett.
127; söku-dólgr, a criminal; vide dylgja.
dóli, a, m. [dole, Ivar Aasen; cp. Engl. dull], a
drudge, Edda. (Gl.)
dólpr, m. a so rt of dress, Edda (Gl.) 232.
dólpungr, m. the l ar v a of a caterpillar, Bjö
rn.
dómandi, a,
I>, a judge, Fas. ii.
i. 27, 65, 79, Nj., N. G.
udges
cp. esp. Grág. J).
Sagas.
m., pl. dómendr, [A. S. dêmend'] <

32, Grág.
L. i. ii, Eg. ch. 57, Stj. 378 sqq.; as to the Icel. j
f). ch. i, 6, and numberless passages in the laws and
dómari, a, m. [Dan. dommer; Swed. d owza re],

a judge, this is the common form instead of dómandi, Edda 93, K. Á. 202, Sks. 472 B, Pass.
27. 5,
28. 10; dómara-sæti, n. judgment-seat, Sks. 480 B; Dó
mara-bók, f. the
. Boo k of Judges: used besides in many compds, lands-domarijC hie
/l/w d^f, of
Pilate, Matth. xxvii. 27, Pass. 25. i; yfir-domari, undir-domari, etc.
dóm-fé, n. ay ee or payment fixed by sentence, D. N.
dóm-festa, u, f. submitting to subpoena, N. G. L. i. 22, 22
1.
dóm-flogi, a,
her of the
plaintiff" or judge if they
even rise in court, without
seat, and the plaintiff his
m. a law term, a runaway from court, used eit

do not appear in court, or quit the court, or
leave; in which case the judge forfeits his
case; defined N. G. L. i. 23, 220.
dóm-hringr, m. 'doom-ring, ' 'judgment-ring;' (cp. also v&e

acute;-bönd, the
sacred bounds ^r b a r): the courts of heathen times were surr
ounded by
the domhringr, about a bow-shot from the centre where the benches
were placed; no evil-doer might enter this hallowed ring, or commit an
act of violence within it; if he did so, he was called a vargr í veum
(lupus in sanctii); the Engl. law term ' bar' answers to this old word, c
p. Gr. SpvcþaKTOi, Lat. cancelli; the Goth, staua, •
=•• court and judge, properly
means a staff, bar; the bar was, according to Eg. 1. c., a pole of hazelwood, hesli-stengr: classical passages referring to this, -- þar sé
r enn dómhring þann, er menu vóru dæmdir í til blóts, &i
acute; þeim hring stendr Jjurs
steinn, etc., Eb. ch. lo; þar stendr enn þórs steinn ... ok &
thorn;ar ' hjá'
(better) er s;i domhringr er (in which) menu skyldi til blóts d&ae
lig;ma, Landn.
98: another classical passage is Eg. ch. 57 beginning; cp. also Fas. iii.
Gautr. S. ch. 7, Edda 10, though the ' ring' is not expressly mentioned in
these last two passages: hann gengr í domhringinn ok setzk niðr, Band
.
6; en peir eigu at rísa ór dóminum ok sitja í d&oacu
te;mhring innan meðan
um þá sök er dæmt, Grág. i. 78, cp. 17, 26: in ea
rly heathen times this
sacred circle was formed by a ring of stones, cp. dóm-stcinar: no doubt
some of the so-called Celtic or Druidical stone circles are relics of these
public courts, e. g. the Stones of Stennis in the Orkneys; cp. Scott's last
note to the Pirate, referring to this subject: even in later times, when
the thing was obsolete, the name still remained.
dóm-hús, n. the 'house of doom, ' court-bouse, Sks.
784; the idea is
foreign, though the word is native: the old courts and meetings were
always held in the open air.
dóm-kirkja, u, f. [Germ, dom-kirche, from Lat. domus~\,
a cathedral,
(mod.)
dóm-leggja, lagði, a law term, to lay before a court, D
ipl. iii. 13.
dóm-nefna, u, f. the nomination of judges in the Icel. cour
t, described
in ib. ch. 5; in parliament the goðar (priests) had the right to appo
int
the judges, Grág. i. 25; þeir (viz. the priests) skyldu domnefnur e
iga á
þingum, Fms. iii. 106.
DÓMR, in. [Goth, dams, which occurs once, but not in Ulf.,
vvho
only uses the word in compds, and renders Kpiais and Kptrris by siaua;
 A. S. dôm; F, ngl. d oow and the termin. -dom; O
. H. G. torn; known in
Germ, only from the termin. -turn (-thum)'] . I. a court
of judgment,
the body of judges, or the 'court' itself; the Icel. law of the Commo
nwealth distinguishes between several bodies of judges; in parliament
there were Fjórðungs-dómar, ' Quarter Courts, ' one for
each of the political quarters of the country, Breiðfirðinga-d. or Vesttirðinga-d. f
or the
West, Rangaeinga-d. for the South, Eyiîrðinga-d. or Norðlendinga-d
. lor
the North, and Austfirðinga-d. for the East; these courts were instituted
by Thord Gellir A. D. 964: at a later date a fifth High Court, called
Fimtar-domr, the Fifth Court, was erected about A. D. 1004; vide Nj.
ch. 98, íb. ch. 8, Grág., esp. f). fx in the first chapters, and m
any passages
in the Sagas, esp. Nj., Sturl.; and of mod. authors, Konrad Maurer in his
essay, Die Entstehung des Icel. Staates, Ed. 1852, Dasent's Introd. to
Burnt Njal; -- the treatise of Maurer is an indispensable guide in matters
of the Fimtar-domr. There are other courts on record, e. g. dyra-dómr,
a court at the door of the defendant, vide Eb. ch. 18 and N. G. L.; mi
skal dóm setja fyrir durum verjanda, en eigi á. bak hnsi; hann (vi
z. the
plaintiff) skal setja dóm sinn eigi nær húsi en svá,
at verjandi (the defender)
megi setja sinn dóm milli dura ok dóms hans ok aka hlassi viða
r milli
dóms ok dura (vide dæma), N. G. L. i. 22: technical law-phrases as
to the
courts, setja dom, to set the court, let the judges take their seats; dur
mr
fara lit, the courts 'fare out, ' i. e. open; faera lit dom, d&uac
ute;ma-iitfærsla, i. e.
the opening of the courts, Grug. i. 27, -- the judges went out in a body
in
procession and took their seats; ryðja dóm, to challenge the court
, Nj.;
ganga at dúmi, to go info court; nefna dom, to name the judges (iK'. uinefna); sitja í dómi, t o s it in court; múl
ferr í dom, a case goes into
court; hleypa upp dómi, to break up the court by force; bera K i dóm,
to bribe the court; dóms-afglapan, vide afglapan; -- for all these
phrase?,
vide Grág., |x þ. in the first chapters, Nj., esp. ch. 140 sqq., Eg
. ch. 57,
N. G. L. i, Gþl. This sense is now almost obsolete, but it remains in
the Manx demster and Scot, dooinster. II. doom, judgment
, sentence, and this may be the original sense; dóms-atkvæði, d&
oacute;ms-orð,
and dóms-uppsaga mean doom, sentence, as pronounced by the presiding judge, Nj., H. E. ii. 115, Sks. 159, Band. 6, Grág. i. 3, 83; d&oa
cute;madagr, doomsday, 'he day of judgment; Norna-dómr, the doom of th
e
Norns, their weird, fate, Ýt. 23, Fm. 11; skapa-dómr, id. (3. judgment, opinion. III. denoting s t a te, condition, age,
in words such
as heiðin-dómr, Kristin-dómr, the heathen, Christian age, f
aith; konungdomr, a kingdom; biskups-dómr, a bishopric, etc.; hefja &oa
cute;r heiðnum dómi,
to lift out of heathendom, baptize, Sighvat. 2. helgir dómar, r
elics, Bs.,
H. F, ., Grág. ii. 165, Fms. i. 230, v. 143, Gpl. 70 :-- but helgid&oacut
e;mr, Old
Engl. halidom, Germ, heiligthum: leyndr d., mystery, fji\iaTrjp
l. ov of the
N. T.; leynda donia hirnnarikis, Matth. xiii. ii; þenna leyndan dom,
Rom. xi. 25; sjáið, að eg segi yðr leyndan dom, í Cor.
xv. 51. 3.
in many compds = Engl. -dom, -hood, -head; Guð-dómr, Godhea
d; manndómr, manhood,
dóm-rof, n. disregard of judgment, Grág. i. 87, cp.
Gþl. 21.
dóm-ruðning, f. a challenging of judges, Gnig. i. 27.
dóm-seta, u, f. sitting in court, judgment, Sks. 638, 641.
dóm-setning, f. opening the court, N. G. L. i. 220.
dóm-staðr, m. court, tribunal, Grág. i. 448, ii.
405, Edda 10.
dóm-staurr, m. a co urt b a r, properly court rai
ls, but used in N. G. L. i.
220 of select men who stand outside and pronounce an opinion on the case,
<PAGE NUM="b0102">
<HEADER>102 DÓMSTEFNA -- DRAGA.</HEADER>
dóm-stefna (-stemna), u, f. a citing, summoning, Grá
g. i. 448.
dóm-steinar, m. pl. ' court-stones, ' courí-ring, St
url. i. 31, vide dómhringr.
dóm-stóll, m. the judgment-seal, John xix. 13, Sks.
622, 637, Horn, j
46, Fms. x. 443. I
dóm-sæti, n. = dómstóll, Sks. 488, 606.
dóm-sætr, adj., in the phrases, vera d., N. G. L. i. 84; eig
a domsaett,
to be qualified to sit in a court, a lawful judge, Grág. i. 64.
dóm-varzla, u, i. guarding a court, Grág. i. 65. d&o
acute;mvörzlu-inaðr,
m. a man whoguards the court, a javelin-man, Grág. I. e.
DÓNI, a, m. (and compels dóna-legr, -skapr, -h. attr); this
is a college
word, by which the students of the old colleges at Skalholt and Hólar cal
led
outsiders as opposed to collegians, like the Pbilisler of Germ, universit
ies:
it is still used: from Span, don, through the E. Engl. done, (' /
n þ i dy sc h
selte not b i spone, noþer on þe brynke, as -unlernyd done, "
-- • einsog ólærðr
dóni, as an illiterate clown (used mockingly), Bodl. Ashm. MSS. no
. 61,
about A. D. 1500, Boke of Curtesy, E. Engl. Text Society, 1868.)
dós, f. |"cp. Engl. d os e, Dan. daase] ,
a small box, snuff-box, (mod. word.)
dót, n. [North. E. doit], trumpery, trifles, (cant w
ord.)
DÓTTIR, f., gen. dat. acc. dóttur, plur. d&oelig;tr, later
dætr or dætur: gen.
dætra, dat. dætrum; the Icei. keeps a single t throughout in
the plur.,
whereas Swed. and Dan. have döttre; dæitr also occurs in Sks.
B. (a Norse
MS.), and at least once or twice in poetry, cp. the rhyme, Ægis dætt
r
ok tættu, Edda (Ed. A. M.) i. 324; and Hies dættr, Skálda 198
: [Gr.
BvyÁrrjp; \J\f. daugbtar; A. S. dogbtor; Engl. daughter; Sw
ed. dotler;
 Dan. datter; O. H. G. tobtar; Germ, tocbter; the Greek
has a short v,
and the Goth, has au, answering to Gr. o; the diphthongal 6
and the
double t in the Scr. ndin. is only caused by the suppression of the middl
e
consonant g h] :-- a daughter; hann átti dóttur eina
er Unnr hét, Nj. i;
fjóra dóttir Sigurðar Orms í auga; jborgeiðr d&oacu
te;ttir þorsteins ens Rauða,
2; Höskuldr átti sér dótîur er Hallgerðr h&e
acute;t, id.; er iüt at eiga dáðlausa
sonu, ok víst aetla ek yðr til þess betr felda at þ&eacut
e;r værit dætr föðurs
yðvars ok værit giptar, Ld. 236; gott skaplyndi hefðit þ&oac
ute;r þá fengit, ef
þtr værit dætr einhvers bónda, 216; nú veit ek a
t þú ert d. en ekki sonr,
er þú þorir eigi at verja frændr þina, Háv
. 43. If suffixed to a name, -dóttir
denotes a woman, -son a man, e. g. þorsteinn Egils-son, but his sister
þorgerðr Egíls-dóttir; Halldórr Ólafs-son,
but Halldóra Ólafs-dóttir, vide
the Index uf Names to Landn., the Sagas, etc.: this custom, in early
times common to all Teut. people, is still in almost exclusive use in IceL,
where a lady keeps her name all her life, whether married or not: eingadóttir, only daughter; sonar-dottir, son's daughter; d&oacu
te;îtur-dóttir, a
daughter's daughter, a granddaughter, Grág. i. 171; dóttur-ma&
eth;r, a so n-
in-law, Germ, eidam, Fms. ix. 240, Grág. 1. 175: the waves
are poet,
called Ranar-dsetr, Hlés-dætr, Ægis-dætr, the daught
ers of Ran, etc.,
Edda: the Earth is daughter ofunar, and, on the mother's side, of Night,
Edda; the Sun is daughter of Mundil-fari, 7. 2. Dótta is a fern,
pr. name in Denmark, prob. akin to daughter, Fms. vi.
drabba, að, (drabb, n., drabbari, a, m.), to ' drab, ' to dirty.
draf, n. draff, husks, N. G. L. iii. nos. 2, 8, Luke xv. 16.
drafa, að, to t a lk thick; það drafaði &
iacute; honurn, of a drunken person.
drafa, þiðr. 116, v. 1., 205, 289, from the M. H. G. drabe or darabe, =
thereby, which the Icel. translator did not understand.
drafl, n. tattl e, Fas. iii. 423.
drafli, a, m. cuddled milk when cooked, Grett. (in a verse); rau&e
th;-seyddr
d., a red-cooked d., a dainty.
drafna, að, d. sundr, to become rotten as draff, Fas. iii. 325
, 451.
drag, n. [draga], in compds as in drag, a bow-shot, of distance: s
pec, a
soft slope or valley, i hverri laut og dragi, Arm. ii. 94: in pl. dro
g, the
watercourse down a valley, dals-drög, dala-drög; Gljufrár-d
rög, Pm. 46;
Ká!fadals-drög, id.; fjalla-drog. P. sing, the i ro n rim
on the keel of a
boat or a sledge; the metaph. phrase, leggja drag uridir e-t, to l
ay the
keel under a thing, i. e. to encourage it, Eb. 20. Y- a lining, in ermadrög, Bév. 16 (Fr.) S. Icel. also say, leggja drog fyrir e-t, to
lay a drag
(net) for a thing, i. e'. to take some preparatory steps for a thing.
e.
metric, term, a supernumerary, additional line to a stanza, Edda (Ht.)
124, Fms. vi. 347.
draga, u, f., vide drögur.
DRAGA, pret. dró, pl. drógu; part, dreginn; pres. dreg: pre
t. subj.
drsegi: [Lat. trabere; Ulf. dragon, but only once or twice, = t
tnaupfveiv
 in 2 Tim. iv. 3; Hel. dragon =portare, ferre (freq.); A. S. drago
n;
 Germ, tragen; the Engl. distinguishes between to dra g- and draw, whence
the derived words to draggle, trail, drawl; Swed. draga; the Danes
have drage, but nearly obliterated except in the special sense to trav
el,
 -- otherwise they have tr&oelig;kke, formed from the mod. Germ. t
ragen\ :-to draw, drag, carry, pull.
A. ACT., with acc. I. to dra g", carry, pull; hann dr&oacut
e; þau oil
xit, Nj. 131; djöfla þá er yðr munu d. til eilifra kvala,
273; d. heim við,
to drag the logs home, 53; d. sauði, to pick sheep out of a fold, Bs. i. 646,
Eb. 106; d. skip fram, to launch a ship; d. upp, to draw her up, dra g'
her ashore, Grág. ii. 433; dró fwrgils eptir sér fis
kinn, Fs. 129; Egill
dró at sór skipit, E. pulled the ship close up to himself,
Eg. 221, 306;
dró hann þá af grunninu, Fms. vii. 264; hann hafði dregi
t (pulled) hött síðan yfir hjálm, Eg. 375, cp. Ad.
3; d. föt, skóklæði af e-m, to dr a w off
clothes, shoes; þá var dregin af (stripped off) hosa lik
inu, Fms. viii. 265;
dró hann hana á hönd ser, he pulled it on his band, Eg
. 378; d. hring á
hönd sér, to put a ring on one's band, 306; (hann) tók
gullhring, ok
dró (pulled) á blóðrefiünn, id.: phrases, e
r við ramman reip at d., ' ti s t o
pwll a rope against the strong man, i. e. to cope with the mighty, Fms. i
i.
107, Nj. 10, -- the metaphor from a game; d. árar, to pull the oars, Fms.
ii. 180, Grett. 125 A: absol. to pull, ok drógu skjótt epti
r, they s oo n
pulled up to them, Gullþ. 24, Krók. 52: metaph., um margar &iac
ute;þróttir dró
hann fast eptir Ólafi, in many accomplishments he pressed bard upon
Olave, Fms. iii. 17: d. boga, to draw the bow, x, 362, but more freq.
benda (bend) boga: d., or d. upp segl, to hoist the sails, Eg. 93,
Fms. ix.
21, x. 349, Orkn. 260: d. fiska, or simply draga (Luke v. 7), to fish with
a book, to pull up fish with a line (hence fisk-dráttr, dráttr
, fishing),
 Fms. iv. 89, Hým. 21, 23, Fs. 129, Landn. 36, Fas. ii. 31: d. dr&aac
ute;tt, Luke
v. 4; d. net, to fish with a drag-net; also absol., draga á (o 
n or in) á (a
river), to drag a river; hence the metaphor, d. langa not at e-u, = Lat.
longae ambages, Nj. 139: d. steiria, to grind in a hand-mill, SI.
58,
Gs. 15: d. bust or nefi e-m, vide bust: d. anda, to draw breath; d.
öndina um barkann, id., (andar-dráttr, drawing breath)
; d. tönn, to draw
a tooth. 2. phrases mostly metaph.; d. seim, prop, to draw wire,
 metaph. to read or talk with a drawling tone; d. nasir af e-u
, to smell
a thing, Ísl. ii. 136; d. dam af e-u, to draw flavour from; dr
aga dæmi af
e-u, or d. e-t til dæmis, to draw an example from a thing, Stj. 13,
cp.
Nj, 65; d. þyðu eðr samræði til e-s, to draw towards,
feel sympathy
for, Sks. 358; d. grun á e-t, to suspect, Sturl.; d. spott, sk
aup, gys, etc.
at e-u, to hold a thing up to ridicule, Bs. i. 647; d. á sik dul o
k clramb,
to assume the air of..., 655 xi. 3; d. á sik ofbeldi ok dramb, Fms
. vii. 20;
d. e-n á talar, to deceive one, metaphor from leading into a tr
ap, 2 Cor.
xii. 17 î d. vél at e-m, to deceive one, draw a person into wile
s, Nj. 280,
Skv. i. 33; d. á vetr, t o ^ etone's s heep and c attlethrough the winter;
 Hrafnkell dró á vetr kálf ok kið hin firstu misser
i, Hrafn. 22, cp. Germ.
anbinden, and in mod. Icel. usage setja á vetr; d. nafn af e-m, to draw,
derive the name from, Eb. 126 (App.) new Ed.; the phrase, (hann skyidi
ekki) fleiri ár yfir höfuð d., more years should not pass ove
r his head, be
must die, |jórð. II. to draw a picture; kross let h
ann d. i
enni á öllum hjálmum með bleiku, Fms. iv. 96; þa dr
ó Tjörvi líkneski
þeirra á kamarsvegg, Landrt. 247; var dregit á skjöldin
n leo með gulli,
Ld. 78, Pr. 428; í þann tíma sem hann dregr (draws) k
læða-föllin (the
folds), Mar. (Fr.): d. til stafs (mod.), to draw the letters, of chil
dren first
trying to write; d. fjöðr yfir e-t, a metaph. phrase, to draw a pen
over or
through, to hide, cloak a thing: gramm. to mark a vowel with a stroke,
-- a long vowel opp. to a short one is thus called ' dreginn;' hljó&eth
;stafir hafa
tvenna grein, at þeir sé styttir (short) eða dregnir (drawn, marked with
a stroke), ok er því betr dregit yfir þann staf er seint
skal at kveða, e. g.
ári Ari, ér er-, mínu minni, Skálda 171: to measu
re, in the phrases,
draga kvarða við vaðrnál, Grág. i. 497, 498; draga l&e
acute;rept, N. G. L. i.
323. III. to line clothes, etc.; treyja var dregin utan ok innan v
ið
rauðu silki, Flov. 19. IV. metaph. to delay; dró hann s
vá sitt mál,
at..., Sturl. iii. 13; hann dró um þat engan hlut, hemade nosubt
erfuge,
 Hkr. ii. 157; Halldórr dró þá heidr fyrir &thorn
;eim, H. then delayed the time,
 Ld. 322; vii ek ekki lengr d. þetta fyrir þér, 284; vii
ek þessi svör eigi
láta d: fyrir mér lengr, Eb. 130. V. with prepp. af, at, a,
fram,
frá, saman, sundr, etc., answering to the Lat. attrdbere, abstrabere,
protrabere, detraherf, distrahere, contrahere, etc.; d. at lið, to collect
troops; d.
saman her, id., Eg. 172, 269, Nj. 127; d. at föng, to collect sto
res, 208,
259: metaph., þá dró at honurn sóttin, the sicknes
s drew nearer to him, be
grew worse, Grett. 119; d. af e-m, to take off", to disparage a person, Fms.
vi. 287; d. af við e-ri, ok mun liéðan af ekki af dregit við
oss, we s hall
not be neglected, stinted, Bjarn. 54: mathem. term, to subtract, Rb.
118:
d. fram, to bring forward, promote; d. fram þræla, Fms. x. 42
1, ix. 254,
Eg. 354; skil ek þat, at þat man mina kosti her fram d. (it will
be
my greatest help here), at þú átt ekki vald á m&e
acute;r; d. fram kaupeyri, to
make money, Fms. vi. 8; d. saman, to draw together, collect, join, Bs
. ii.
18, Nj. 65, 76; d. sundr, to draw asunder, disjoin; d. e-t á, t
o intimate,
(á-dráttr) drag eigi á þat, Sturl. iii. no; d. un
dan, to escape; kómu
segli við ok drógu undan, Fms. iv. 201; mi lægir segl þei
rra ok d. þeir
mi undan oss, v. 11: metaph. to delay, Uspakr dró þó
undan allt til nætr,
Nj. 272; hirðin sá þetta at svá mjök var undan dreg
it, Fms. ix. 251
(undan-drattr, delay); hvi dregr þú undan at bjóð
a mér til þín, Glúm.
326, Fms. ix. 251, Pass. 16. 13: mathem., d. rot undan, tofxtract a root,
 Alg. 366; d. upp, to draw a picture (upp-drattr, a drawing), to p
ull up,
 Edda I; to pull out of the snow, Eg. 546; d. lit, to extract, dra
w out,
 655 xxxii. 2; d. undir sik, to draw under oneself, to embezzle, Eg.
6l,
Fms. vii. 128; d. upp akkeri, to weigh anchor, Jb. 403; d. upp segl, t
 o
hoist sail, vide above; Ijos brann í stofunni ok var dregit upp, S
turl. i.
142; þar brann Ijos ok var dregit upp, en myrkt hit neðra, ii. 230; ok
er mönnum var í sæti skipat vóru log upp dregin &iacute
; stofunni, iii. 182;
herbergis sveinarnir drógu upp skriðljósin, Fas. iii. 530, cp.
Gísl. 29, 113,
-- in the old halls the lamps (torches) were hoisted up and down, in
, order to make the light fainter or stronger; d. e-n til e-s, to draw
<PAGE NUM="b0103">
<HEADER>DRAGA -- DRAUGR. 103</HEADER>
iatvards a thing; mikit dregr mik til þess, Fs. 9; engi ofkæt
i dregr'
mik til þessarar ferðar, i. e. it i s no(by my own choice th
at í -undertake
this journey, Fms. ix. 352; slíkt dró hann til vinsældar
, ibis furthered him
in popularity, vii. 175, Sks. 443 B; mun hann slikt til d., it will move,
influence him, Nj. 210; ef hann drægi ekki til, if he was not conce
rned,
 224. 2. dragatil isusedabsol. or ellipt., denoting the course of fate, and
many of the following phrases are almost impers.; nema til verra dragi,
unless matters turn out worse, Nj. 175; búð, dragi til þ
ess sem vera vill,
Lat. y at a evenient, 185; ef honum vill þetta til dauða
d., if ibis draw
to his death, prove fatal to him, 103, Grett. 114; þat samband þ
eirra er
þeim dregr báðum til bana, which will be fatal to both of th
em, Nj. 135;
enda varð þat fram at koma sem til dró, Ísl. ii. 263; sa
gði Kveldúlfr at
þá (then) mundi þar ti! draga sem honum hafði fyri
r boðat, Eg. 75; dró
til vanda með þeim Rúti ok Unni, it was the old story over a
gain, Nj.
12; dró til vanda um tai þeirra, 129; at her mundi til nnkillar ugi
ptu
draga um kaup þessi, that mickle mischief would arise from this bargain
,
 30; dró þá enn til sundrþykkju með þeim
Svíum, the old feud with the
Swedes began over again, Fms. x. 161; ok er úvíst til hvers um
dregr,
Fs. 6; svá er þat, segir Runólfr, ef ekki dregr til, unle
ss some unforeseen
things happen, Nj. 75; hón kvað eigi tilikligt at til mikils drse
gi um, Ísl.
ii. 19; þá dró nú til hvárttveggja. Bret.; hen
ce til-drög. n. pl. cause.
B. IMPERS. 1. of clouds, shade, darkness, to be drav-'n before
 a thing as a veil; dimmu (acc.) þykir á draga ráðit
Odds, it looked as if
gloom were drawing over Odd's affairs, Band. 10; ok er í lók a
t draga
skurirnar (acc.), it began to draw into showers, i. e. clouds began to
gather, Fms. iii. 206: often ellipt., hratt stundum fyrir en stundum dr&oacu
te; frá,
[clouds] drew sometimes over, sometiin. es off, of the moo
n wading through
them, Grett. 114; dregr fyrir sol, \a veil] draws over (be sun, be is
bid
in clouds; sky vónarleysu döpur drjugum dró iyrir m&iacut
e;na gleði-sól, Bb. 2. 9;
dregr á gleði biskups, [clouds'] drew over the bish
op's gladness, it was
eclipsed, Bs. ii. 79; eclipsis heitir er fyrir dregr sól rðr tung
l, it is called
an eclipse when [a veif] draws over the sun or moon, 1812. 4; tunglskin
var Ijost, en stundum dró fyrir, the moonshine was clear, and in turn
[a
veil] drew over it, Nj. 118; þá sá lítið af t
ungli Ijóst ok dró ymist til eor
frá, Ísl. ii. 463; þat gerðisk, at á dregr tungli
t, ok verðr eclipsis, A].
54. 2. in various connections; dró yðr (acc.) undir hrakningina, en
oss (acc.) undan, you were drawn into a thrashing (i. e. got one]
, but we
escaped, Nj. 141; hann (acc.) dró undan sem r. auðuligast, he
bad a narrow escape, Fms. ix. 392: absol., a noun or personal pronoun in acc.
being understood, lítt dró enn undan við þik, there i
vas little power of
drawing out of thy reach, i. e. thy blow did its work right well. Nj.
199,
155; hvárki dró sundr nó saman með þeim, of two r
unning a dead
heat: metaph. phrases, mun annarsstaðar meira slóða (acc.) draga,
there will be elsewhere a greater trial left, i. e. the consequences w
ill be
still worse elsewhere, 54; saman dró hugi þeirra, their hear
ts were
drawn together, of a loving pair, Bárð. 271; saman dró kau
pmála með
þeim, they struck a bargain, literally the bargain was drawn tig
ht, Nj.
49; hann hreinsar þat skjótt þóat nokkut im (acc.) haf
i á oss dregit af
samneyti (although we have been a little infected by the contact witb)
 annarlegs siðferðis, Fms. ii. 261; allt slafr (acc.) dro af Hafri,
i. e. //.
became quite mute, Grett. (in a verse): in a temp, sense, til þess
er dró at
degi, till the day drew nigh, Fms. x. 138; þá er dró
at miðri nótt, Grett.
140; þá er dregr at Joluni, Yule drew nigh, Fbr. 138; dregr
at hjaldri,
the battle-hour draws nigh, Fms. vi. (in a verse); dró at þv
í (the time
drew nigh), at hann var banvænn, Eg. 126: of sickness, hunger, or the
like, to sink, be overcome by, svá dregr at mér af elli, sv
engd ok þorsta,
at..., Fms. iii. 96; nú þvkki mér sem fast dragi at þ&
eacute;r, th ow art sinking
fast, Fas. ii. 221; ok er lokið var kvæðinu dregr at Oddi fast
, O. was
sinking fast, 321: of other things, tók þá at d. fast at
heyjum bans, hi s
s to ek was very low, Fms. iii. 208; þoku dregr upp, a fog draws
on,
rises, 97 (in a verse), but ok taki sú poka (nom.) fyrir at d. nor&et
h;rljósit,
Sks. an (better þá þoku, acc.)
C. REFLEX, to draw oneself, move; ef menn dragask til föruneytis
þeirra (Join them) úbeðit, Grág. ii. 270; Sigvald
i dregsk út frá flotanum,
8. draws away from the fleet, Fms. xi. 140; ofmjök dragask lendir me
nn
fram, i. e. the barons drew far too forward, vii. 22; hyski drósk
á flótta,
they drew away to flight, Fms. vi. (in a verse); skeiðr drógus
k at vigi,
the ship s drewon tobattle, iii. 4 (in a verse); dragask undir 
-- draga
undir sik, to take a thing tooneself, Grág. ii. 150; dragask &aacu
te; hendr e-m,
drógusk opt þeir menn á hendr honum er uskilamenn voru, Stur
l. i. 136;
dragask e-n á heridr, hann kvað þess enga van, at hann dr&aelig
;gisk þá á
hendr, ii. 120; dragask aptr á leið, to remain behind, Rb. 108
; dragask
út, to recede, of the tide, 438; dragask saman, to draw back, d
raw
together, be collected, Fms. i. 25, Bs. i. 134; e-m dragask peimingar,
Fms. vi. 9; d. undan, to be delayed, x. 251; the phrase, herr, lið dr
egsk
e-m, the troops draw together, of a levy, i. 94, vii. 176, Eg. 277;
dragask á legg, t o gro w up, Hkr. iii. 108; sem aldr hans
ok vitsmunir
drógusk fram, increased, Fms. vi. 7; þegar honum drós
k aldr, when he
grew up, Fs. 9; dragask á legg, to grow into a man; dragask vi
ð e-t, t o
become discouraged, Fms. via. 65; d. vel, ilia, to do well, ill, F
s. 146:
to be worn out, exhausted, drósk þá liðit mj&ouml
;k af kulda, Stud. üi. 20;
drósk hestr hans, ii. 75 •' part, dreginn, drawn, pinched, starve
d, hestar
mjök dregnir, Fms. ix. 276; görðisk fénaðr dreginn mj&o
uml;k, drawn, thin,
 iii. 208; stóð þar í heykleggi einn ok dregit at o!
lu megin, a tapering
hayrick, Háv. 53: of sickness, Herra Andrés lagðisk sj&uac
ute;kr, ok er hann
var dreginn mjök, Fms. ix. 276. /3. recipr., þau drógusk um ei
nn
gullhring, they fought, pulled. Fas. iii. 387. From the reflex, probably
originates, by dropping the reflex, suffix, the mod. Swed. and Dan. at
draga -- to go, esp. of troops or a body of men; in old writers the active
form hardly ever occurs in this sense (the reading drogu in the verse
Fms. iii. 4 is no doubt false); and in rrod. usage it is equally unknown
in Icel., except maybe in allit. phrases as, e. g. út á djú
pið hann Oddr
dró, Snot 229 new Ed.; to Icel. ears draga in this sense sounds strange;
even the rerlex. form is seldom used in a dignified sense; vide the references above.
draga, u, f., only in pl. drogur, timber carried on horseback and trai
ling
along the ground, Ghun. 368; dragna-hross, a dray-horse, 369: metric,
term, a s or t of anadiplosis, when a stanza begins with the last
word of
the preceding one, Edda (Ht.) 126, Skálda 191.
dragi, a, m. a trail or long line of laden horses or c a
rt s, Bjarn. 36: cp.
heim-dragi, a loiterer, Lex. Poët.
drag-kyrtill, m. a trailing kirlle or gown, Fins, vi. 440,
viii. 336.
drag-loka, u, f. a bolt; metaph. a loiterer, Finnb. 300.
drag-máll, adj. drawling. Fas. i. 382.
dragna, að, [Éngl. drain] , intrans. to dra g-, trail along, Fas. iii. 525,

Siurl. ii. 49; Skíði d. eptir, Sd. 169; hann dragnar síðan
heim at burinu,
Húv. 54; hafði losnað annarr þvengrinn, ok dragnaði sk&
uacute;frinn, Eb, 220:
reflex., Fas. ii. 497.
drag-nál, f. a bodkin, Fas. iii. 631.
drag-net, n. a drag-net, opp. to lag-net, a laying-net.
drag-reip, n. a 'draw-rope, ' halyard, Bs. i. 276, Edda (Gl.), Fms
. vi. 303dragsa, að, -- dragna, Karl. 147, 554.
drag-síðr, adj. trailing behind, of a gown, Eg. 702.
dralla, að, (dralls n.), qs. dragla, to loiter, (slang word.)
DRAMB, n. I. prop, a roll of fat on the neck of fat men or
beasts, hnakka-dramb, hnakka-drembi, cp. drambr, m. a knot in charcoal or logwood; hence II. metaph. arrogance, Nj. 47; ofbeldi
ok dramb, Fms. vii. 20. J3. pomp, Fms. x. 232: drambs-fullr, adj.
arrogant, Hoin. 151, Fms. x. 222: drambs-maðr, m. a haughty, pompo
us
person, Fms. x. 254. Hkr. ii.
dramba, að, to be haughty, por. -. pom, Flóv. 29, Hom.
135; d. í virðingu,
656 C. II; d. yfir e-m, Greg. 22, Niðrst. 7; d. yfir sér, t
o boast, Fas. i.
36; d. í móti e-u, Fms. xi. 11.
dramb-hosur, f. pl. a sort of' court-breeches, ' Fms, vi. 440.
dramb-lauss, adj. (-leysi. n.), unpresuming, Bs. i. 275.
dramb-látr, adj. haughty, Greg. 24, Hom. 7, Fas. i. 89, Luk
e i. 51,
Pass. 35. 7.
dramb-læti, n. pride, Fas. i. 18, Str. 81.
dramb-samliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.). haughtily, Hkr. iii. 244, Sks.
451.
dramb-samr, adj. haughty, Sks. 701, Fas. i. 49, Pass. 21. 7.
dramb-semi, f. haughtiness, H. E. i. 519, Al. 153.
dramb-vísi, f. = drambsemi, Str. 82.
dramb-víss, adj. = drambsanu, Hom. 152, Karl. 135.
dramb-yrði, n. pl. haughty language, Sks. 558.
DRANGR, m. a lonely up-standing rock, Dipl. v. 23; kletta-drangr,
fjall-drangr, etc., freq. in Icel., vide Eggert Itin. 497: many, places take
their names from these basalt rocks, Drangar (pl.), Drang-ey, Dranga-
vík, Dranga-jökull, etc.; in popular lore these rocks were thought t

o be
giants turned into clones, Ísl. jþjóðs.
drang-steinn, m. -drangr, Greg. 62, Bs. i. 346, Mar. 93 (Fr.)
drasa, u, f. [dros], prattle; drosu ok lygi. Anecd. 14; drösu
r (pl.) ok
hégómlig orð, 78; hence the mod. drösla or drusla, u, f.
a vulgar ditty.
drasill, drösull, m., poet, a h or se, cp. Ygg-drasill
, vide Lex. Poët.
dratta, að, (qs. dragta), to t ra il or walk like a
cow, Fas. ii. 128, i. 484:
Homer's zlKi-xovs is rendered by drattandi.
draug-hentr, n. adj. a sor t of metre, Edda (Ht.) 137; a su
pernumerary
syllable being added to every line, this syllable seems to have been called
drangr, a plug or log.
DRAUGR, m. [Lat. truncus is perhaps akin]: I. a dry log;
 Edda (Gl.); this sense, however, only occurs in old poets, in compds such
as el-draugr, beu-d., hirði-d., her-d., óðal-d. . jó-d., g
ervi-d., in poetical
circumlocutions of a man, cp. Edda 68, 85. II. metaph. in prose
(as it is now used), a ghost, spirit, esp. the dead inhabitant of a cairn
was
called draugr, Ld. 326, Fms. iii. 200, Bs. i. 256, Stj. 492. í Sam. xxvii
i.
15, Róm. 186, 217, Orkn. 210 (in a verse), Fas. (Hervar. S.) i. 436-438,
Hkv. 2. 49, fsl. (Harð. S.) ii. 47 (in a verse); it also occurs in the verse
on the Runic stone in Schonen, quoted and explained in Rafn Antiq.
Orient. 178, but it is uncertain whether it is here used in the first or
second sense. P. a sluggard, a drone who walks about as a ghost;
draugs-ligr, adj.; drauga-skapr, m.; draugast, að, to w a lk about
 like a ghost. -y- metric., vide draughentr above. COMPOS:
<PAGE NUM="b0104">
<HEADER>104 DRAUGAFE -- DREKKA.</HEADER>
drottinn, m. the lord of ghosts, is one of the names of Odin, Hkr. i. II.
drauga-fe, n. boards in cairns or tombs, Fas. ii. 368. draugagangr, m. a gang of gbosts. drauga-sögur, f. pl. g h os t
stories in
nursery tales, for a collection of such, vide Ísl. Jjjóðs. i.
222 -- 354.
draum-kona, u, f. a 'dream-woman, ' a spirit in dreams, Gís
l. 41,
Íþorst. Síðu H. 185.
draum-maðr, ni. a man who appears to another in a dream, Fms.
ii.
230, viii. 107: a dreamer, Stj. 193. Gen. xxxvii. 19.
draum-órar f. pl. (now m. pl.), dream-phantasies, Fas. iii.
79.
DRAUMR, m. [A. S. dream; Hel. drorn; Engl. dream; Sw
ed. -Dan.
drain; Germ, traum; Matth. i. and ii, and by a singular mishap Mat
th.
xxvii. 19, are lost in Ulf., so that we are unable to say how he rendered
the Gr. ôvap'. -- the A. S. uses dream onlv in the sense of
jo y, music, and
dreamer= a bar per, musician, and expresses draumr, Engl. dream
, by
sveofnas, -- even the Ormul. has dr&oelig;m = a sound; so
that the Engl. dream
 seems to have got its present sense from the Scandin. On the other
hand, the Scandin. have dream in the proper sense in their earliest poems
of the heathen age, ballir draumar, Vtkv. I; Hvat er þat draurna, Em. I;
it is used so by Bragi Gamli (gth century), Edda 78 (iu a verse); cp.
draum-þing, Hkv. 2. 48, whilst the A. S. sense of song is entirely strange
to
Icel.: it is true that svefnar (pl.) now and then occurs in old poets = Lat.
somnium, but this may be either from A. S. influence or only as a poetica
l
synonyme. Which of the two senses is the primitive and which the
metaph. ?] :-- a dream. Many old sayings refer to draumr, -- vakandi d.,
a day dream, waking dream, like the Gr. virap; von er vakandi drau
mr,
hope is a waking dream, or von er vakanda maims d.; ekki er mark at
draumum, dreams are not worth noticing, Sturl. ii. 217; opt er Ijotr d.
fyrir litlu, Bs. ii. 225. Icel, say, marka drauma, to believe in dreams,
 Sturl. ii. 131; segâ e-m draum, to tell one's dream to another, Nj.
35;
ráða dranm, to read (interpret) a dream, Fms. iv. 381, x. 270,
xi. 3;
draumr raetisk, the dream proves true, or (rarely) draum (acc.) ræs
ir, id.,
Bret.; vakna við vándan (eigi góðan) draum, to wake fro
m a bad dream,
 of a sudden, violent awakening, Fms. iii. 125, ix. 339, Stj. 394. Judg. vii
i.
21, 22; vakna af draumi, to waken from a dream; dreyma draum, t
o
dream a dream; láta e-n njóta draurns, to let one enjoy his
dream, not
wake him: gen. draums is used adverb, in the phrase, e-m er draums, one
is benumbed, dreamy: stóð hann upp ok fylgði englinum, ok hug
ði sér
draums vera, Post. 656 C; draums kveð ek ber vera, Hkv. Hjorv. 19; þ&o
acute;tti
honum sjálfum sern draums hefði honum verit, 0. H. L. 81; hence comes
the mod. e-m er drums, of stupid insensibility. Passages referring to
dreams -- Hkr. Hálfd. S. ch. 7, Am. 14. 25, Edda 36, lb. ch. 4, Nj. ch. 1
34,
Ld. ch. 33, Gunnl. S. ch. 2, 13, Harð. S. ch. 6, Lv. ch. 21 (very interestin
g),
Gísl. ch. 13, 24 sqq., Glúm. ch. 9, 21, þorst. Sí&eth
;u H., Vápn. 21, Bjarn. 49,
Fbr. ch. 16, 37, fiorl. S. ch. 7, Sturl. i. 200, 225, ii. 9, 99, 190, 206-216,
iii. 251-254, 272, RafnsS. ch. 7, 14, Laur. S. ch. 2, 65, Sverr. S. ch. I. 2.
5, 42, Fms. vi. 199, 225, 312, 403, 404, vii. 162, Jóinsv. S. ch. 2, etc.
etc.
COMPDS: drauma-maðr, m. a great dreamer, Gísl. 41. draumaráðning, f. the reading of dreams, Anal. 177. drauma-skrimsl,
n.
a dream monster, phantasm, Fas. ii. 414. drauma-vetr, m., Gísl. 63
.
draum-skrök, n. a dream phantasm, Ld. 122.
draum-spakr, adj. skilled in interpreting dreams, Fms. vi. 361.
draum-speki, f. s kill in interpreting dreams, Fms. iv. 30.
draum-spekingr, m. a skilful interpreter of dreams, Stj. 491. &iac
ute; Sam.
xxviii. 3.
draum-stoli, adj. (cp. vit-stola), a -dream-stolen' man, i. e. 
one ivho
never dreams, -- -- the ancients thought this a disease; þat er ekki
inanns
eðli at hann drcymi aldri, Fms. vi. 199, cp. also Hkr. i. 71.
draum-þing, n. dream-meeting, poet, sleep, Hkv. 2. 49
.
DRÁK, f. (draka, u, f., THom. I. e., mod. rák, f.), a st
reak; la eptir
ein blóð-drák í léreptinu, ... fagra heilsu barn
sins ok blóð-drákina, Bs. ii.
170; hafði hann þá blóðrús merkiligasta, at e
in draka (drák) gékk af
hægra veg hanns kinnis í skakk um þvert andlitið á
vinstri kinninni, ok
með því sarna marki vitraðist hann síðan mö
rgum mönnum, THom. 356;
ein rauð blóðdrög, MS. Holm. no. 17 (Fr.), vide driig: ruk i
s at present
a very freq. word in Icel., but is hardly found in old writers; the identity
of these two words cannot be doubted.
dráp, n. [drepa], slaughter, Eg. 222, Fms. v. 235, etc.; ma
nn-dráp,
man-slaughter, homicide.
DRÁPA, u, f. a heroic, laudatory poem; this word is probabl
y
derived from drepa, to strike, i. e. to strike the chords of an instru
ment,
 vide drepa A. I, as poems were at early times accompanied by instrumental music: the drápas were usually composed in the so-called ' dr&oacu
te;ttkvæît' metre, q. v., and were much in fashion from the loth to the I
2th
or even to the i^th century, but esp. flourished at the end of the loth
and during the í ith; the earliest poems of this kind on record are of th
e
end of the 9th century: even poems in honour of gods, Christ, the holy
cross, saints, etc. are called drapur if composed in the proper metre;
but most of them are in honour of kings, earls, princes, or eminent men,
vide Skáldatal. A drapa usually consisted of three parts, upp-haf intr
oduction, stef or stefjamál the burden or middle part in

terpolated with
artificial burdens, whence the name stefja-drupa, and lastly slaemr or * pero
ration; according to the length, a drupa is tvitug or a poem of
twenty stanzas, sextug or si A ty stanzas, and so on; it is
called erfi-drápa
if in praise of a deceased man, mansöngs-drápa (Germ, minn
e-sang) if
addressed to a lady-love, etc.; as to metre, we have tog-drápa, hr
ynhend
drápa, etc.; drápa is sometimes distinguished from flokkr, a less
laudatory and shorter poem without burdens, Fms. vi. 391; hví ortir þ&ua
cute; flokk
um konunginn, eðr þótti þér hann ekki drápu
nnar verôr, Ísl. ii. 237, and
the classical passage Knytl. S. ch. 19. Passages in the Sagas referring to
the delivery of these poems are very numerous, e. g. Gunnl. S. ch. 7-9,
Eg. ch. 62, 63 (Höfuð-lausn), 80 (Sonatorek and Arinbjarnar-d.), 81 (Be
rudrápa), Ld. ch. 29 (Hús-drápa), Hallfr. S. ch. 6, II, Bjarn
. 6, 39, Fms.
iii. 65, v. 173-175, Knytl. S. I. e., O. H. L. ch. 60, 61, Har. S. Harð.
(Fms. vi.) ch. 24, 66, no (the interesting story of Stuf the Blind),
Skáldat. 252, 268, Fb. iii. 241, 242, Hkr. i. 185, 186; the last on recor
d
is Sturl. iii. 303-306, referring to A. D. 1263, cp. also Sturl. ii. 56; most
of these poems derive their name from the king or person in whose
honour they were composed, e. g. Olafs-d., Knuts-d. (king Canute),
 Eiriks-d., etc., vide Fms. xii, s. v. kvæði, or Jómsv&iacu
te;kiuga-d., Islendingad., the name of a laudatory poem addressed to the Icelandic people; or
referring to other subjects, as Vell-ekla (want of gold), Hafgerðinga
-d.,
Landn. 106, or Kross-d., Róða-d. (the Holy Rood), etc. Mythica
l drapas
are, e. g. Ragnars-d., Haustlöng, Hús-d. COMPDS: drapu-mal, n. a
lawsuit for a d., viz. a love song (mansongs-d.), which songs were fo
rbidden, Fs. 87. drápu-stúfr, m. a nickname for a poetaster, Landn. 16
8.
dráp-gjarn, adj. blood-thirsty, Sks. 89.
dráp-veðr, n. a furious, destructive gale, Lv. 59.
DRÁTTR, m., gen. ar, dat. dr&oelig;tti, pl. drættir, acc. dr
attu and drætti,
[draga, cp. Engl. draught] :-- pulling, Jm. I: metaph. hesitat
ion, Fms. x.
11: a draught, of fishing (fiski-druttr), but esp. of a drag-net, Luke v.
4.
DREGG, f., gen. sing, and nom. pl. dreggjar, dregs, lees; þe
ir óguðlegu
skulu dreggjarnar af súpa, Ps. Ixxv. 8, Fas. ii. 26: metaph., N. G. L. i.
339.
dregill, m., dimin., dat. dregli, a ribbon, Nj. 214, Hkr. i. 320,
Edda.
20, O. H. L. 65, H. E. ii. 113; dregla-lið = dreglat lið, soldiery de
corated
with ribbons, Fb. ii. 337, -- a reference to the custom of neophytes after
baptism wearing a white ribbon round their heads.
dregla, að, to lace, furnish with a ribbon, Sturl. iii. 218.
dreif, f. scattering; á drcif, id.; á v&iacut
e;ð ok dreif, scattered abroad,
 Grönd. 166. 2. a chain; haukr bundinn í gull-dreifum, an
d haukrinn konist hvergi þvíat dreifarnar héldu honum, El. (Fr.)
DREIFA, ð, [Ulf. draibjan; v. drifa], to scatter, disperse,
 with dat.;
dreifðu þeir þá öllu liðinu. Nj. 207, Hkr. i. 25
0; er þú dreifðir svá
mjök frå þOr fjölmenni því er ..., Fms. vii.
182: metaph. to divert, d.
hug e-s, Hom. 38: with the notion of violence, to scatter, Post. 656 C.
14: to streiv, tak duft ok dreif á. sárit, Pröver 471:
to sprinkle, d. vatni,
Fms. i. 262, Ísl. ii. 403. Bad. 185: adding acc. of the person, d. e-n
blóði, to bedabble with blood, Am. 19; ok dreifir þ&aacu
te; meðr blóðinu, Stj.
78. P. with acc. to disperse, dissolve; dreifðum vér Guðs
óvini (acc.), 655 xxxii; vóru dreifð öll bein hans, 623.
33 (very rarely). II.
reflex, to be spread out, Eg. 530; of the branches of a tree, Edda 10: or
ð
dreifask (gramm.), words are derived from, Skálda 205.
dreifing, f. scattering, diffusing, Stj. 244, H. E. i. 500.
dreift, n. adj. ' adrift, ' scattered, in the phrase, fara d., of
troops, t o
march in loose order, Fms. i. 71, v. 56; dreifara, viii. 213.
dreita, tt, [drita], in the phrase, d. e-n inni, to lock one up so tha
t he is
forced to do his business within doors (a disgrace), Sturl. i. 198, Ld. 209.
DREKI, a, m. [from the Gr. bpaicoiv; Lat. draco; A. S. draca; Germ.
drache; Engl. dragon; Swed. drake; Dan. drage] :
-- a dragon, Al. 160, 656 A, Gullþ. ch. 4; this word, which undoubtedl
y is of foreign
origin, is however very old; it occurs in Vsp. 65 (there is no reason to
suspect the genuineness of this verse); it is most freq. used by poets of
the loth and nth centuries, and is especially used of ships of war bearing a dragon's head as beaks. Fms. ii. 179, 182, 217, 303, iv. 354, v. 311,
vi. 314, 360, vii. 51, 109, 248, x. 36, 77, 204-206, xi. 45, 375. p.
the constellation Scorpion, Rb. 408. 2. naut. a s m a ll
anchor.
 COMPDS: dreka-hamr, m. the slough of a dragon, Fas. ii. 378. drekahöfuð, n. a dragon's bead as a ship's beak, Eg. 42, Hkr. iii. 94
. drekaliki, n. the shape of a dragon, Niðrst. I. dreka-merki, n. the sig
n of
a dragon, Karl. 35 1; the constellation Scorpio is also called Spor&e

th;-drekamerki. The language distinguishes between flug-dreki, the flying dragon
 of the tales, and sporð-dreki, a tailed dragon, i. e. a scorp
ion.
drekka, u, f. drink, beverage, Edda 48: a banquet, N. G. L.
i. 91, Og.
13; cp. Ægis-drekka, the banquet at Ægir, Edda.
DREKKA, pret. drakk, pl. drukku; sup. drukkit; pres. drekk; pret.
subj. drykki; [Ulf. drigkan; A. S. drinkan; Engl. drink; O.
H. G.
trinkan; M. H. G. trinken; Dan. drikke; Swed. dricka
] :-- to drink, the
beverage or feast in acc.; d. mjöð, Hm. 18; mungat, el, Fms. viii. 166,
Hm. 82; d. full, minni (a toast), Eg. 552, Fms. vi. 442; d. horn, t o
drain, drink off a born, a cup, Hkr. i. 35; síðan tók K
olskeggr justu
eina af miði fulla ok drakk, Nj. 43; d. drykk, to drink a draught, Fm
s.
xi. 233; eptir þat tók Jjórir kalkann ok drakk af tvá
drykki, Gullþ. 7 ',
þú skalt d. af tva drykki, id.; d. brjost (acc.), to suck (v, brjost-drekkr),
<PAGE NUM="b0105">
<HEADER>DREKKHLAÐINN -- DREPA. 105</HEADER>
Mar. 656 A. 23, cp. Gþl. 504. /3. to hold a feast, the feast in
acc.; d. Jól, Fms. vi. 100, Fagrsk. 4 (in the poem of Hornklofi); d.
veizlu, Nj. ii; d. brullaup, Fms. xi. 88; d. erfi, Nj. 167. "y- denoting the modq of drinking; d. ein-menning, to drink one t o o ne, E
g.
551; d. tvi-menning, to drink twoto two, id.; d. fast, to drink hard,
Eb. 184; d. úmælt, to drink without measure (cp. máldrykkja), Fms.
iii. 18; d. til e-s, to drink toa person, Eg. 552, Sturl. iii. 305, Bs. i
. 848,
798; d. á e-n, id., Fms. iv. 333, vi. 442 (cp. a-drykkja); d. e-n
af
stokki, to drinkone under the table, iv. 167; d. frá sér vi
t, to drink one's
wits away, ix. 339, Hm. u; the allit. phrase, d. ok dæma, to drink
and
chatter, Rm. 29: adding the prepp. af, or, to drink off a cup; å. af
dýra hornum, Fms. vi. 442, Eg. 206, 207: absol. to drink, bold a feast
,
 Eg. 43. 8. impers. (vide a-drykkir) of a ship, to ship a sea, metaph
., Al.
139. t. recipr., drekkask á, to drink to one another, Hkr. ii. 249
,
N. G. L. i. 211, Js. 78. 2. part. pass, drukkinn, drunken, tipsy, Eb.
 154, Fms. i. 59, Eg. 552.
drekk-hlaðinn, part. ' drench-loaden, ' a ship laden till she sink
s.
drekkja, t and ð, [Ulf. dragkjan; Engl. dren c h
], to drown, with dat.,
Edda (pref.) 144, Fms. iii. 28, Fas. ii. 35: metaph. to swamp, Fms. x. 39
5:
with acc., Hom. 154 (rarely): reflex, to be submerged, Fms. xi. 66.
drembi-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), haughtily, Fms. vi. 155, x. 237,
Nj.
78, Fas. i. 39; cp. rembiligr.
drengi-liga, adv. brave, bravely, Korm. 238, Nj. 180, 258, Ld. 206
.
drengi-ligr, adj. brave, valiant, Ld. 272, Fms. vii. 105, xi. 57:
generous, vi. 96, Nj. 73, Boll. 348.
drengja, d, a naut. term, to bind fast, haul taut to a pole (dreng
r);
taka akkeri ok d. við ása, Fms. vii. 54; d. með köðlum,
82.
dreng-leysi, n. want of generosity, unmanliness, Stj. 396.
dreng-lundaðr and -lyndr, adj. noble-minded, Hkr. i. 327, Nj.
30,
Fms. ii. 220; hogvaerr ok drenglyndr, gentle-minded and high-minded,
 Nj. 30 (ofNjal).
dreng-maðr, m. a bachelor, opp. to bóndi, N. G. L. i. 3
1, 98: a stout
doughty man, Lex. Poët.
dreng-mannliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), bravely, doughtily, Nj. 78, v.
l.
dreng-menska, u, f. boldness, Fas. i. 404.
DRENGR, m., pl. ir, gen. drengs, pl. drengir, on Runic stones drengjar;
this is a most curious word, and exclusively Scandinavian; it occurs in the
A. S. poem Byrnoth, but is there undoubtedly borrowed from the Danes, as
this poem is not very old. 1. the earliest form was probably drarigr, q. v.,
a rock or pjllar, which sense still remains in Edda (Gl.) and in t
he compd
as-drengr, cp. Ivar Aasen; it also remains in the verb drengja. 2. it
then metaphorically came to denote a young unmarried man, a bachelor,
 A. S. hagestald, N. H. G. hagestolz; drengir heita ungir menn
ok búlausir,
Edda 107; ungr d., a youth, 623. 22, Post. 656 C. 32, Edda 35; drengr,
a youth, Stj. 409; hverrar ættar ertú d., 465; (hence the mo
d. Dan.
sense of a boy); far-d., a sailor. 3. hence came the usual sense,
a
bold, valiant, worthy man, and in this sense it is most freq. in all periods
of the language. Drengr is a standing word in the Swed. and Dan.
Runic monuments, góðr drengr, drengr harða góðr, denot
ing c. good,
brave, gallant man, a bold and gentle heart; lagði þá hverr
fram
sitt skip sem d. var ok skap hafði til, Fms. vi. 315; drengir heita vaskir
menn ok batnandi, Edda 107; hraustr d., a gallant d., Ld. 50; d. fullr,
a bluff, out-spoken man, Ísl. ii. 363; göfuligr d., Bær
. 12; d. góðr, nobleminded; auðigr at fé ok d. góðr, Fms. vi. 356; hann va
r enn bezti d. ok
hófsmaðr um allt, Ld. loo; drengr góðr ok öriggr &iac
ute; öllu, Nj. 30; ekki
þyki mér þú sterkr, en drengr ertú gó&et
h;r, thou art not strong, but tbou art
a good fellow, Lv. 109; drengs dáð, a ' derring do, ' t
he deed of a drengr,
Fbr. 90 (in a verse): also used of a lady, kvennskörungr mikill ok d.
góðr ok nokkut skaphörð, Nj. 30 (of Bergthora); allra kvenna
grimmust
ok skaphörðust ok (but) d. góðr þar sem vel sk)
'ldi vera, 147 (of Hildigunna): the phrases, litill d., a s mall dreng, or d. at verri, de
noting a
disgraced man, Nj. 68; at kalla þik ekki at verra dreng, to call th
ee
a dreng none the le ss for that, Ld. 42; drengir en eigi d&aac
ute;ðleysingjar,
' drengs' and no lubbers, Sturl. iii. 135; drengr and níðingr
are opposed,
N. G. L. ii. 420: at Hallgerðr yrði þeim mestr drengr, greatest
helper,
prop, Nj. 76; at þú mættir drengrinn af verða sem bez
tr, that thou
couldst get the greatest credit from it, Gísl. 48: the phrase, hafa d
reng
i serk, to have a man (i. e. a stout, bold heart) in one's sark, in on
e's
breast, Fms. ix. 381: in addressing, góðr d., my dear fellow, Eg. 407:
cp. ' et quod ipsi in posterurn vocarentur Drenges, ' Du Cange (in a letter
of William the Conqueror). COMPDS: drengja-móðir, f. a mother of
heroes, a cognom., Hdl. 18. drengja-val, n. chosen, gallant men, Fas.
i. 73, 304. drengs-aðal, n. the nature of a d., Km. 23. drengsbót, f. w hat make s a man the better d., Fms. ii. 276, vi.
107, Karl. 120.
drengs-bragð, n. the deed of a d., brave deed, Sturl. ii. 84.
dreng-skapr, m., gen. ar, courage, high-mindedness; the phrase, fa
lla
með drengskap, to fall sword in hand, Fms. ii. 42; vit ok d., xi. 112
;
deyja með drengskap, opp. to Ufa með skömm, v. 136; þí
num drengskap
(manliness) skal ek við bregða, Nj. 13: allit., dáð ok
d.; með litlum
drengskap, cowardly, Fms. viii. 29; má þat verða til dre
ngskapar, Ísl. ii.
366; drengskapar-raun, trial o/d., Sturl. ii. 62.
drep, n. [A. S. drepe; Germ. treff~\, a smart, blow; the le
gal bearing
of this word is defined Grág. Vsl. ch. 10-13; wound and ' drep' are disti
nguished -- þat ero sár er þar blæðir sem á k
om, en drep ef annars-staðar

blæðir, ch. 51, cp. N. G. L. i. og, 164, Eb. ch. 23: trail, vid
e dögg. 2.
slaying, killing, = dráp, Grág. Vsl. ch. in. 3. plague,
p es t, = drepsutt, Stj. 546, Bret. 46, Sks. 731 B: a malignant disease, N. G. L. i. 14
5;
metaph., Al. 86. 4. medic, mortification, gangrene, Fms. iii. 184.
ix. 36, Bs. i. 346, Fél. ix. 207.
DREPA, pret. drap, 2nd pers. drapt, mod. drapst, pl. drápu; pret.
subj.
draepi; part, drepit; pres. drep; with the suft". neg. pret. drap-a. Orkn.:
[A. S. drepan; Dan. dr&oelig;be; Swed. drapa; O. H. G. t
refan; mod. Germ.
treffen, whence the mod. Dan. treffe, in the sense to hit;
Ulf. uses slahan
 and stautjan, but never dripan; in Engl. the word is lost.]
A. WITH ACC., OR ABSOL. högg (a blow) or the like being understood, to strike, beat: I. act. of music, to strike the chords,
 (cp.
phrases such as, slá danz, to strike up for a dance; slagr is b
attle and poem,
 Trolla-slagr and Gygjar-slagr are names of poems); hann tók hör
pu sína
ok drap strengi (struck the strings) til slags, Stj. 458 (hence dr&aacute
;pa, a so?ig);
 d. e-n vendi, t o s trike with a rod, Skm. 26: to knock, &
aring;. á dyrr, or d.
hogg á dyrr, to knock at a door, Nj. 150; síðan gengu &
thorn;au heim bæði
ok drápu á dyrr, 153; cirápu þar á dyrr, Sturl
. iii. 154: metaph., d. á
e-t, to tou c h slightly on a matter; d. botn or keraldi, to kn
ock the bottom
out of a jar, Fms. xi. 34; d. jam, to beat iron (a blacksmith's term)
with a sledge-hammer, Grett. 129, cp. drep-sleggja. 2. esp. with the
sense of violence, to knock, strike; áfallit hafði drepit hann
inn í bátinn,
Bs. i. 422; at eigi drepir þú mik í djúp, that tho
u knockest me not into the
deep, Post. 6568. 9; herða klett drep ek þór hálsi a
f, Ls. 57. p. as
a law term, to smite, strike; ef maðr drepr (smites) mann, ok
varðar þat
skóggang, Grág. ii. 116; eigu menu eigi at standa fyrir þeim
inanni er
drepit hefir annan, id.; ef maðr drepr mann svá at bein brotna, 14; n
ú
vænisk sá maðr því er drap, at..., 15; þat e
r drep cf bein brotna, ok
verðr sá úæll till dóms er drepit hefir, 16; mi v
ænisk hinn því, at hann
hafi drepit hann, 19. y- tnc phrases, d. e-n til heljar, Grág. ii.
161, or d. til dauðs, to smite todeath; Josua drap til dauða alia
þjóð Anakim, Stj. 456; d. í hel, id., Hbl. 27; he
nce 3. metaph.
or ellipt. to kill, pwt todeath, cp. Lat. caedere, Engl. smite;
 eigi er
manni skylt at d. skógarmann, þótt..., Grág. ii. 162;
skulu vór mi fara

at honum ok d. hann, Nj. 205; þar varð ilia með þeim þ
ví at Ásgrímr
drap Gaut, 39; til þess at d. Grim, Eg. 114; tóku þeir af eig
num jarla
konungs en drápu suma, Fms. i. 6; er drepit hafði fóstra hans
..., eigi hæfir
at d. svá fríðan svein ..., d. skyldi hvern mann er mann &uacu
te;dæmðan vá, 80;
konung drápum fyrstan, Am. 97; drap hann (smote with the hammer)
 hina öldnu jötna systur, ^kv. 32; d. mátti Freyr hann me&e
th; hendi
sinni, Edda 23. p. in a game (of chess), to take a piece; þá
drap
jarl af honum riddara, Fms. iv. 366; îaflsins er hann hafði drepit, vi
. 29;
Hvítserkr hélt töfl einni er hann hafði drepit, Fas. i. 2
85. y. adding
prepp. af, niðr, to slaughter, kill off'; þótt hirðm
enn þínir so drepnir niðr
sem svín, Fms. vii. 243: d. af, to slaughter (cattle); yxni
fimm, ok d. af,
Ísl. ii. 330; láttu mik d. af þenna lyð, Post. 656 B. 9.
4. metaph.
phrases; d. e-m skúta, to taunt, charge one with; áfelli &t
horn;at er konungr
drap oss skvita um, Fms. iv. 310; hjarta drepr stall, the heart knocks as it
were against a block of stone from fear, Hkr. ii. 360, Orkn., Fbr. 36 (hence
stall-dræpt hjarta, a ' block-beating'faint heart): d. upp e
ld, to strike fire,
 Fms. iv. 338: d. sik or droma, to throw off the fetter, Edda 19: d.
e-t undir
sik, to kn oc k or dra g- down, skahii standa hj&aac
ute; er fjandi sá drepr mik undir
sik, Grett. 126, 101 A: d. slóð, to make a slot or sleuth (
trail); d. kyrtlarnir
slóðina, the cloaks trailed along the ground so as to lea. vea
track, Gísl. 154:
to trail or w ake a tr ac k of droves or deer, Lex.
Poët.: d. e-t út, to divulge a
thing (in a bad sense), Fms. vi. 208; d. yfir e-t, to hide, suppress,, dT
zp hann
brátt yfir (he soo n mastered) harm sinn, Bs. i. 140 (hence
yfir-drep, hyp oc ri s y, i. e. cloaking). II. reflex., drepask, 
to perish, die, esp. of
beasts; fé hans drapsk aldrei af megrð ok drephríðum, Eb.
150; drapsk allt
hans folk, Fms. v. 250. 2. recipr. to put one another to death; þ&a
acute;
drepask bræðr fyrir ágirni sakar, Edda 40; mi drepask merm (
smite one
another), eðr særask eðr vegask, Grág. ii. 92; ef menu
d. um nætr, Fms.
vii. 296; er sjálfir bárusk vápn á ok drápusk
, viii. 53; en er bændr fundu
at þeir drápusk sjálfir, 68; drepask niðr á iei&e
th; fram, Ld. 238; drepask
menn fyrir, to killone another's men, Fms. vii. 17?! görðisk af
því
fjandskapr með þeim Steinólfi svá at þeir dr&aacut

e;pusk þar (menn ?) fyrir, Gullþ.
14. III. impers., drepr honum aldregi ský (acc.) í augu, hi s eyes
never get clouded, of the eagle flying in the face of the sun, Hom. 47;
ofrkappit (acc.) drepr fyrir þeim (their high spirits break down) &
thorn;egar
hamingjan brestr, Fms. vi. 155; drap þó heldr í fyrir honum,
he rather
grew worse, i. e. his eyes . gr ew weaker, Bjarn. 59; n&uacute
; drcpr ór hljóð (acc.)
fyrst or konunginum, the kin g" became silent at once, Fms. xi. 11
5; stall
drepr or hjarta e-s, Fbr. 36 (vide above, I. 4); ofan drap flaugina (acc.),
the flaug wa s knocked down, Bs. 1. 422; regn drepr &iacute
; gögnum e-t, the rain
beats through the thatch or cover, Fagrsk. 123 (in a verse). p. in
mod. usage, drepa is even used in the sense to drip (= drjupa), e. g. &th
orn;ak,
hús drepr, the thatch, house lets water
B. WITH DAT,; I. denoting gentle movement; in many cases
<PAGE NUM="b0106">
<HEADER>10G DREPHRIÐ -- DRÍTA.</HEADER>
the dat. seems to be only instrumental: 1. of the limbs; hendi drap
á kampa, be put his hand tohis beard, Hom. 21; d. fæti (f&oa
cute;tum), t o
stumble, prop, to strike with the foot, Nj. 112, Fas. ii. 558, Bs.
i. 742, Hom.
110, Grett. 120; d. fæti í e-t, to stumble against, 103; d.
fæti við e-t,
id., Fas. ii. 558; d. höfði, to droop, nod with the head;
drap í gras höfði,
(tliu horse) drooped with the head, let it fall, Gkv. 2. 5; d. ni&
eth;r höfði, id.,
Nj. 32; Egill sat svá opt, at hann drap höfðinu niðr &iacute
; feld sinn (from
sorrow), Eg. 322, O. H. L. 45 (tor shame); d. fingri í niunn sér,
to put
the finger into the mouth, Edda 74! fingri drap í munninn sinn (of a
child), the words of a ditty; d. hendi til e-s, or við e-m, to give one a
slap with the hand (inst. dat.), Nj. 27; hence metaph., d. hendi við e-u
,
to wave away -with the hand, to refuse a kind offer, Bs. i. 636; d. hendi
við boðuu gulli, Al. 75: the phrase, d. hendi við sóma s&iacu
te;nuni, cp. Al.
162. 2. to tuck tip the sleeves or skirts of a garment; d. skautum
(upp), Fms. vii. 297; hann hafði drepit upp skautunum, Lv. 85; hann
hafði drepit upp fyrir blöðunum undir bellið, Eb. 226: Sigur&et
h;r drap blöðunum undir belli sér, Orkn. 474; d. hári undir belli sér, to titck the
hair under the belt (of a lady), hárit tók ofan á bring
una ok drap hon
(viz. því) undir belli st-r, Nj. 24; liafði hár sv&aacut
e; mikit, at hann drap
undir belli MT, 272. II. to dip; d. skcggi í Breiðafjür&e
th; niðr, t o
dip the beard in the Brcitlafiord, i. e. to be drowned, Lá.

316; d. hendi,
or lingri í vatn, to dip the hand, finger into water (vide above);
d.
barni í vatn, to dip a baby into water, i. e. to baptize, K
. Þ. K. 10: the
phrase, d. fleski í kál, to dip bacon into kale broth, Fas.
iii. 381; nú
taka þeir hafrstökur tvær. ok d. þehn í syrukerin,
üísl. 7. P. the phrase,
d. e-u, of wax, lime, butter, or the like, to daub, plaster, fill up with;
 Jm skalt taka vax ok d. því í eyru förunauta &thor
n;inna, Od. xii. 77; síðan
drap eg því í eyru á olluni skipverjuni, 177; vaxi&et
h; er eg hafði drepið
i eyru þeim, 200; d. smjöri í iiát, to fill a box -w
ith butter. y.
 metaph. phrases; d'. dul á e-t, to throw a veil over,
Hkr. ii. 140, in mod.
usage, draga dulur á e-t: the phrase, d. í skörðin (the t
ongue understood),
to talk indistinctly, from loss ol teeth; d. orði, dóini &uacu
te; e-t, to talk, reason,
judge of a thing, Fms. ix. 500; d. huldu a, to hide, cloak, keep secret, xi.
106: d. e-u a dreif, prop, t o ' throw adrift, ' throw aside, i. e
. think littl e
of a thing, þessu var á dreif drepit, it was hushed up, Orkn. 248; áðr
hafði miök veril;'i dreif drepit urn mal Bjarnar (there had been muc
h
mystery about Bjorn), livart hann var lífs eðr eigi, sagði an
narr þat logit,
en annarr sagði salt, i. e. no one knew anything for certain, Bjarn.
20;
en eigi varð vísan á dreif drepin (the song was not thrown
aside or kept
secret) ok kom til cyrna Birni, 32; drápu öllu á dreif um
þessa fyrirætlan,
hushed it all up. Eg. 49: d. í egg e-u, prop, to bate the edge
of a thing,
to turn a deaf ear to, Orkn. 188, metaphor from blunting the edge of a
weapon. 8. d. e-u niðr, to suppress a thing (unjustly); d. ui&eth
;r konungs
rótti, N. G. L. i. 7 5; d. niðr sæind e-s, to pull down a pe
rson's reputation, Boll. 346; d. iiiðr illu orði, to keep down a bad report, s
uppress it,
 Nj. 21; d. niðr máli, to quash a lawsuit, 33; drepit sv&a
acute; niðr herorinni,
Fms. iv. 207. *. d. glaumi, gleði, teiti e-s, t o s poil one's joy
, Lex.
 Pout.; d. kosti e-s, to destroy one's happiness, Am. 69: inipers., d
rap þú
brátt kosti, the cheer was soon gone, Rm. 98.
drep-hríð, f. a killing snow storm, Eb. 150.
drepill, m., in knatt-drepill, a bat, in the game of cricket.
drep-ráð, n. pl. a law term (cp. áljóts-r&aacute

;ð, snr-rúð, bana-ráð, fjür-ráð),
an intended affray or assault, Grúg. ii. 116, 117, Vsl. eh.
75.
drep-samligr, adj. deadly, destructive, Stj. 71.
drep-sleggja, u, f. a sledge-hamnur, Eg. 272.
drep-sótt, f. a plague, pest, Yer. 21, Kb. 478.
drep-sóttr, part, plague-stricken, Bs. ii. 33.
drettingr, in. [dratta], a loiterer, a cognon;., Sturl. i. 89.
DREYMA, d and ð, pout, obsol. pret. retlex. dreyindumk; [draumr;
A. S. dry man -- psallere; Hel. drornian -- jubilari; Engl. dre
am; Germ.
triiumen; Dan. drömme; Swed. driitnina'] :-- to dr
eam; in Icel. impers.
and with a double acc., that of the dreamer and the dream or person
appearing; thus, mik dreyindi draum, inik dreymdi mann, etc.; þat
dreyindi mik, Nj. 95; hvat hefir þik dreymt, id.; hiiin veg d. mik þ
ó,
53; hann kvað sik dreymt hafa Hákon jarl (acc.), 122; dreymt hefir
mik mart í vetr, Ld. 126; enn dreyindi hann enu þriðja draum, F
ms. xi.
8; or poet., draum dreymdumk = draum dreymdi mik, I dreamt a dream,
 Bjarn. 49; or with ' at' with subj., hann (acc.) dreymði þat, at
hann væri
at logbergi, tb. ch. 4, cp. 385: konung dreyindi aldri, the king never had
a dream, Hkr. i. 171; the phrase, at dreyma fyrir daglatununi, esp. of
light merry dreams at daybreak, which people in Icel. consider a sign of
good health, Fél. ix. P. pers., the appearance in nom., (rare), sú
maðr
(nom.) dreymir n;ik jafnan, Fs. 98; dreymdi Svein p-órr heldr ófry
niligr,
Fms. ii. 162; þat er fyrir eldi er jam (nom. pl.) dreyma, Gkv. 2. 38; um
vetrinn vóru dreymdir draumar margir, Bs. i. 497; vide draumr.
DREYPA, t and ð, [drjtipa, draup], to drop, put a drop of fluid,
 wine, medicine, etc., into the mouth of one sick, fainting, and the
like, the fluid in dat.; d. e-u á e-t, or í munn em; hann dreypir
vígðu
vatni í munn henni, Bs. i. 199; at hann dreypi vatni á tungu mina,
Greg. 23. Luke xvi. 24; d. víni á e-n (of fainting), Fas. iii. 508
, 571;
hann dreypti á konuna þar til at hon raknaði við, ü. 1
51: to dip, at hann
'dreypi í vatn enum minsta fingri sinum, Greg. 22. Luke xvi. 24, where
the N. T. of !54Osqq. has, at hann ' drepi'hinu fremsta sinsfingrsi vatn.
dreyra, ð, to bleed, ooze (of blood from a slight wound), alwa
ys abscl.
or neut.; þótti inér dreyra ór hlutunum, Ld. 126; ok
dreyrði ór hlutunum, Fb. i. 67; eigi dreyrði ór hvirflinum, Ems. ii. 272; hann reist
i
lota sér krossmark svá at dreyrði, sothat blood flowed,
v. 185; ný-
dreyrl blóð, new-bled blood, fjiðr. 199.

dreyr-blandinn part. W ent, mixed with blood, Lex. Poët.
dreyr-fáðr (-far), part, blood-stained, Hkv. Hjörv
. 9, Lex. Poët.
dreyr-gjarn, adj. blood-thirsty, dreary, Al. 31.
DREYRI and drøri, a, in. [as to the root, cp. Goth, drjú
san, pret.
draus, = to drop, fall, a verb analogous to frjósa, fraus, and fr&
ouml;ri; this
strong verb is lost in the Icel., only the weak dreyra is used; A. S. drear =
 go re; Ü. H. G. t rö r :-- are A. S. dre&
ocirc;rig, Engl. dreary, from the same
root, in a metaph. sense?] :-- blood, esp. gore, properly blood
oozing
 oul of the wound; vekja e-m dreyra, to bleed one, Fms. vii. 145; nil
vókva þeir sér blóð, ok lála renna saman d
reyra sinn. Gísl. 11; manna
d., human blood, Fms. xi. 233; the phrase, rauðr sein dreyri, = dreyr
rauðr, red a s blood, i. e. dark red, v. 127; rauðr
d., Vsp. 33: allit., er hann
etr hold mitt ok drekkr dreyra miun, 625. 195; dreyriun dundi, the
blood gushed, Pass. 23. 3: poet, phrases, dais d., jarðar d., the
Woo d of
the dales, earth, rivers, Lex. Poët.; Kvásis d., the Woo
d of K., poetry, Edda.
COMPD: dreyra-runninn, part, spattered with blood, Ems. vii. 89.
dreyrigr, dreyrugr f drørigr, Ýt. 5, 11), adj. [cp. Engl. dreary, Germ.
tra wr i g-| :-- bloody, gory; unconlr., dreyruga, Al. 41;
dreyruga hufu, Gísl.
64, 151; dreyrugra benja, Bragi: contr., dreyrgan mæki, Ýt. n; drey
rga
steina, Sb. 58; dreyrgra darra, Jd. 9.
dreyr-rauðr, adj. blood-red, Eg. 113, Fms. vii. 145.
dreyr-stafir, in. pl. dreary, bloody runes, SI. 40.
DREYSSA, að, [drussi], d. sik, to vaunt oneself foolishly, Pas
s. 1. 1 2.
DRIF, n. [drifaj, driven snow; hvitt sem d., Fms. iv. 372, v. 1.:
the
foaming sea, sjór var hvitr fyrir drili, Bs. ii. 116. COMPDS: drifastormr, m., drifa-veðr, n. a strong storm.
drif-hvítr and drift-hvitr, adj. white as driven snow, Karl
. 546:
naut., leugja til drifs, to lie adrift.
drift, dript, (. a snow-drift; þar var snjar í driptu
m, Sturl. i. 84;
hvitt sem dritt, white as driven snow, 0. H. 170.
DRIT, n. (mod. dritr, in.), [Engl. dirt, cp. drita], dirt,

esp. of birds,
fugla-d., dufna-d., Stj. 620. 2 Kings vi. 25; síðan tekr hann fugla d
ritið,
þiðr. 79, v. 1.: local names, Drit-sker, Eb. ch. 4; Drit-vík, B
árð. ch. 4:
nicknames, Dnt-kinn, Gullþ.; Drit-ljóð, Ems. ix; Drit-loki, Stu
rl. i. 30.
DRÍFA, pret. dreif, pl. dritu; pres. drif; pret. subj. drifi; part
.
drifinn: [Ulf. dreiban = ê/cySáAAttr/; A. S. drlfan;
Engl. drive; O. H. G.
triban; mod. Germ, treiben; Swed. drifva; Dan. driv
e, all in a transitive
sense -- to drive.] I. to drive like spray,
either pers. or impers.,
with dat. or even neut.; þá kemr áfall inikit ... ok dreif y
fir búlkann,
Bs. i. 422; lauðri dreif á lypling útan, the spray drove ov
er the poop,
 Fms. vi. (in a verse); hence metaph. phrases, láta yfir d., to le
t drift
before wind and wave, îsl. ii. 461: or even reflex., lata yfir (fyrir)
drifask, to let drive or drift away, let go, give in; ran ok &uacu
te;tlegðir þeirra
manna er eigi létu fyrir dritask, Fb. i. 70; þat dugir á eng
a leið, at menu
lúti yfir drifask, Bs. ii. 51; ok er þó þat rá&
eth;, at láta eigi fyrir drifask,
Karl. 386, 452: allit. phrase, drífa á dagana, e. g. fnart hefir d
rifit á dagana,
many things (splashes) have happened; driiinn ddggu, besprent ivith de
w,
 Vtkv. 5: naut., roa drifanda, to pull so thai the spray splashes about,
pull
hard, Ems. viii. 263, 431: to drift, of a snow storm or the like, tr&
eacute; með
drifandum kvistum, a tree with the branches full of snow. Sks. 49; ve&eth
;r var
drifanda, it snowed, Sturl. iii. 50, 0. II. 85; þegar dreif
í Loginn krömmu,
there fell soft snow in the Lake, i. e. it began to sleet, Fms. v.
196; þá
drífr snær ór öllurn áttuni, Edda 40: metaph. of
missiles, to shower as
flakes of snow, borgarmena láta þegar d. skot á þ&aacu
te;, Al. II; lata þeir d.
vúpn á pa, Fb. i. 135. II. neut. to crowd, throng; þ&
aacute; drífr ofan
inannfjöldi mikill til strandar, a great crowd rushed doiun to the shore
, Ld.
76; tókn menu þú at d. brott frá hertoganum, the m
en began to desert (run
away) from the duke, Fms. ix. 531, dreif allt folk ú hans fund, al
l people
rushed to see him, i. 21, iv. 105; d. á dyrr, to rush to the door,
 Vkv.
19. III. to perform; eiga e-t at d., to have a thing to perform
,
 Gþl. 15, 16; en í annan stað á ek at d. mikinn vand
a, / am in a hard
strait, Fms. i. 221; d. leik, to play, Fas. i. 37: the sense to dr
ive out,
expel, so common in all other Tcut. dialects, hardly occurs in old writers,
and sounds foreign even now; the proverb, með íllu skal illt lit drif
a; d.
sig, to exert oneself, etc., (cant
drífa, u, f. a fall of snow, sleet; fjúk ok d., Bs.
i. 185; veðr var þykt
! ok d., Fms. v. 341; skotvúpn flugu svá þykt sem d., i. 45;
um kveldit
görði ú drifu-él blantt, Orkn. 414; kom þá d
rífu-él mikit, ok var allmyrkt, Fms. ix. 23.
dríli, n. a petty heap of peat or the like, hence metaph. d
rildinn, adj.
petty; drfldni, f. pettiness.
DRÍTA, pret. dreit, dritu, dritinn, to dirty, cacare; hann
sögðu þeir
dn'ta;l alla þ;i er við hann áttu af hrópi sinn, Sturl.
ii. 39: part. fern,
dritin, dirty, Ls. 56.
<PAGE NUM="b0107">
<HEADER>DRJÖLI -- DE. USSI. 107</HEADER>
drjóli, a, m. a drone, (cant word.)
drjóni, a, m. a n ox, Edda (Gl.) II. [Swed. drönare
] , a drone.
drjúg-deildr, part, substantial, Sturl. i. 166.
drjúg-genginn, part, taking long to walk or pass, of a road
, Lex. Poët.
drjúg-látr, adj. wanton.
drjúg-liga, drýg-liga, adv. with an a irof import
ance; láta d., Fms.
ii. 145, Nj. 76.
drjúg-ligr, adj. substantial, solid, Sks. 383.
drjúg-mæltr, adj. long-winded in speaking, Greg. 39:
neut., Vígl. 24.
DRJÚGR, adj., compar. drjúgari, superl. drjúgastr; i
n mod. use more
freq. drýgri, drýgstr, so lid, substantial; the phrase, ver
ða drjúgari or drjúgastr, to get the better or be s t of it, to prove the better (of two champions);
varð þórir þeirra drjúgari, Bárð. 170;
þú, Kári, munt þeim öllum drjúgari
verða, íhou, K., wilt outdo them all, Nj. 171; hvárir &
thorn;ar mundi drjúgari
verða, Ld. 222; þótti þeim, sem hann myndi drjúgas
tr, Bárð. 170; hverr
yðar drjúgastr (strongest) er höfðingjanna, Ís
l. ii. 165, Grett. 151. p.
the neut. drjúgt and drjúgum is used as adv. in great numbers,
much;
 Kolskeggr vá drjúgt menu, Kolskegg slew men in numbers, Nj. 108;
þaðan af muntu d. spekjask, 677. 12; vegr Gunnarr drjugum menu, Nj.
96; lá þá drjúgum í fyrir þeim, Hrafn. 2
7: almost, nearly, drjugum allr,
almost all, Fms. ix. 318; drjugum allra manna virðing, Bret. 38; drju
gum
hverr bóndi, Landn. (Mant.) 330; drjúgum dauðr af kulda, Fms.
ix. 467:
drjugan (acc. masc.) as adv., id., Fb. i. 304, Karl. 246, 181 (Fr.): the
proverb, þat er drjugt sem drypr, i. e. many drops make a flood; &t
horn;ar var
drjúgt manna, a good many people, Bs. i. 536. 2. substantial, l
asting, rich, ample, [Swed. dryg, Dan. dröj] , in com
pds as, drjug-virkr,
vinnu-d., one who works slowly but surely; ráða-d., hamingju-d
., etc. p.
saving, blanda agnar við brauð, ... til þess at þ&aac
ute; sé drjúgari fæz'an en
áðr, Sks. 321 j til þess at rit verði niinna, ok bók
fell drjúgara, i. e. t o
s ave parchment, Skálda 168; at jafndrjúg verði sagan o
k John, that the
story shall last as long as Yule, Fms. vi. 355.
DRJÚPA, pret. draup, pl. drupu; subj. drypi; sup. dropit; pres.
drýp; [Engl. drip; Germ, traufen; Dan. dryppé
] :-- to drip; blóð drypr,
Fms. x. 366; drupu þá or bîóðdropar, 625. 98; sv&a
acute; at bráðnaði ok
draup, Edda 4: absol., þá sveittisk rúðan helga, sv&aacu
te; at draup á altarit
ofan, Fms. via. 247; þórólfr kvað d. smjör af hverj
u strái, Landn.
31. P. to let in rain, of houses or things not water-tight; oil hlaða
n
draup, Fms. ix. 234; ok tóku húsin at drjúpa, Gísl.
22.
drokr, m., one MS. wrongly dirokr, [cp. Dan. d rog, Engl. drudg
e] , a
drudge, Edda (Gl.)
drolla, aö, [drjóli], Old Engl. to droil, i. e. loi
ter, (cant word.)
dropi, a, m. [A. S'. dropa; Engl. drop; Swed. droppe; Germ,
tropfen;
 Dan. draabe~\, a drop, Ld. 328, H. E. i. 488. COMPDS: dropa-lauss,
adj. water-tight, Gþl. 331. dropa-rúm, n. a dripping-plac
e, from the
eaves, Gþl. 433. dropa-tal, n., í dropa-tali, in drops, drop by
drop.
dros, f. [A. S. dreâs; Ulf. dr ws = TTTÛKJIS
; Swed. drosse -- a heap of corn;
 cp. also the Dan. dry ss e], dross, poet., in the comp
d álm-dros, the dross
of the bow, the arrows, Lex. Poët.
dróg, f. (drogi, a, m., Edda (Ub.) 277), = drak, Rb. 478, 480; s&a
acute;sk
dróg á himni björt sem tungl, Ann. 1334; blóð-dr&o
acute;g, a streak of blood,
 THom. (Fr.) 2. a jade.
drómi, a, m. [cp. Swed, drum -- thrums] , the fetter
by which the Fenrir
(Wolf) was fettered, Edda 19; used in the phrase, keyra í d
roma, t o
tie ' ne c k and heels;' Drottinn í droma keyrðr
, Pass. 6. 10; keyrði hann
saman í dróma, Úlf. 7. 134.
drómundr, m. a kind of ship of war (for. word), [Gr. 5pu
/j. cuv; mid.
Lat. dromon; O. H. G. drahemond] , Orkn. 358 sqq., Fms. vii
. 3: a
nickname, Grett.
drós, f. [cp. Ital. druda -- a sweetheart] , pout, a girl; drósir heita þær
er kyrlátar eru, Edda 108, Fas. iii. 618, Al. 70, 152.
DRÓTT, f. I. the s ill or beawabove a door
, also a door-post
(dyra-drott). II. household, people, Vþm. 24, (iun-dr&oa
cute;tt, saldrótt, Lex. Poët.); dyggvar dróttir, good, trusty people, Vsp. 63; dverga
d., the dwarf-people, 9; d. írskrar þióðar, th
eIrish people; Engla d.,
English persons, etc. . Lex. Poët.; oil drótt, all people,
 Hkv. 2. 48:
twenty people make a drott, Edda 108. 2. esp. the king's bodyguard; cp. Goth, ga-draubls, by which word Ulf. renders the Gr.
arpanUTr] S (drjugan, pret. draub = ffrpar(vdv); A.
S. dright; the Scandinavian drótt thus answers to the comitatus of Tacitus, Germ. ch.
13, 14,
in the Saga time called ' hirð. ' Dr. ótt is obsolete in prose, but o
ccurs in
Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 20, -- áðr vóru þeir (viz. the kings)
dróttnar kallaðir, en
konur þeirra dróttningar, en drótt hirðsveitin: poë
t., víg-drótt, her-d.,
folk-d., hjalm-d., etc., warriors. III. a fern. pr. name, Yngl. S.
ch. 20; cp.
drótta, að, d. e-u at e-m, to bring to one's door-post,
i. e. impute to one.
dróttin-hollr, adj. /a ith/w l t o o n e' 

s master, Fms. vi. 401.
dróttin-lauss, adj. without a master, Fms. iii. 13.
dróttin-ligr, adj. lord-like, of the Lord, Bs. i. 171, Stj.
; Drottinleg baen,
the Lord's Prayer, Mar., Hom. 26; d. dæmi, 656 A. 24.
dróttinn, mod. drottinn, but in old poetry always rhymed with an
6, e. g. flóttstyggr -- dróttni, Sighvat; dat. drótt
ni or drottni, pl. dróttnar or drottnar, etc.; [A. S. drighten; He
l. druhtin -- dominvs~] :-- the master
of a ' dr o' tt' or household, a lord, master: the prov
erb, dýrt er dróttins
orð, e. g. strong is the master's word, Bs. i. 484, Al. 128, Ld. 212;
þræll
eða d., Hom. 29; Josep fékk svá mikla virðing af dr&oacute
;ttni sínum, 625. 16,
Grág. ii. 86; þrjá dróttna átti hann í
þessi herleiðingu, Fms. x. 224; eigi
er þrællinn æðri enn dróttininn, Post. 656. 37, cp.
John xv. 20; en þó eta
hundar af molum þeim sem detta af borðum drottna þeirra, Matth.
xv. 27;
verit hlýðugir yðrum líkamligum drottnum, Ephes. vi. 5: in
mod. usage
this sense remains in prose in the compd lánar-dróttinn, q. v. p.
old
name for a king, Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 20 (vide drótt). y. as a
name of
heathen priests; þat eru díarkallaðir eðr dró
ttnar, Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 2. 2.
the Lord, which also is the standing phrase in mod. usage, in the Bible,
sermons, hymns, ever since the Reformation; lofaðr só Drottinn, Nj. 1
65;
af miskun Drottins, Mar. 656 A. 6; greiðit Dróttins götur, 625.
90;
Christr Drottinn, Grág. ii. 167; an gráts var Drottinn fæddr
, Rb. 332;
Drottinn sagði mínum Drottni, Matth. xxii. 44; elska skaltú Dr
ottinn
Guð þinn, 37; Drottinn Guð Abrahams, Luke xx. 37, xxiv. 34; hefi e
g
eigi séð Drottinn vorn Jesuni Christum, eruð þér ekk
i mitt verk í Drottni ?
i Cor. ix. i, 5, 14, x. 21, 22, 26, 28, 30, xi. 10, 19, 22, 25, 26, 28, 31,
xii. 3, 5, etc1, etc. COMPDS: Drottins-dagr, m. the Lord's day, K. &THORN
;. K.
68, Rb. 112, 655 iii, Sturl. iii. 37, 159, 226, Nj. 165; Drottinsdaga hald,
hallowing the Lord's day, Nj. 165; Dróttinsdags nótt, Sa
turday night, 194;
Drottinsdaga veiðr, K. Jj. K. 85. Drottins-kveld, n. Sunday evening, Fms. ix. 19. Drottins-myrgin, m. Sunday morning, Sturl. iii.
37. Drottins-nótt, f. Sunday night, Fins, vii. 187.
dróttin-svik, n. pl. treason towards a lord or master, Hkr. ii. 132,
Sks. 571, Hom. 23 (Judas).
dróttin-svikari (-sviki), a, m. a traitor to his master, Nj

. 260,
K. Á. 60.
drótt-kvæðr, adj. (-kvseði, n.), in the heroic me
tre, the metre used in
the drápas (q. v.) or poems which were recited before a king and the
king's men (drótt), whence the name probably comes; dróttkvæ
ðr is
opp. to kviðu-háttr, the epic, narrative metre, and Ijú
ða-háttr, the metre
of didactic poems or poems in the form of dialogues, Edda (Ht.)
drótt-lát, f. adj. beloved by the household, gentle,
epithet of a queeiij
Am. 10.
drótt-megir, m. pl. men, people, Vþm. n, 12.
dróttna or drottna, að, [Ulf. drauhtirion -- arpaTfvfaOai] , to rule,
govern, hold sway; d. yfir e-m, to rule over one, Stj. 396, Fms. viii
. 242:
with dat., þó lætr hann þat eigi d. huga sinum, Greg. 3
3; at oss drottni eigi
dauði síðan, Niðrst. 8; fyllit jorðina, stjórnit h
enni ok drottnið, Stj. 21.
dróttnan or drottnan, f. sway, rule, 625. 5, Stj. 20, H. E.
i. 502;
drottnunar-gjarn, adj. ambitious; drottnunar-girni, f. ambition.
dróttnari, a, m. a ruler, Stj. 20.
dróttning and drottning, f. a mistress; þræll s
á er vegr at drottai
(master) sínum eðr dróttningu (mistress), Gr&aac
ute;g. ii. 86 (vide above); ef
þræll verðr sekr skógannaðr urn víg dró
ttins sins eðr dróttningar, 161;
drottning hans girntisk hann, Ver. 16. Gen. xxxix. 7; this sense is quite
obsolete except in old law phrases and translations. 2. a queen,
 common to all Scandinavians, Swed. draining, Dan. dronning, w
hereas
drottinn = king is obsolete, Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 20, Fms. i. 99, vi. 439, S
ks.
468; the instances are endltss. COMPDS: drottningar-efni, n. a
future queen, Fas. iii. 456. drottningar-maðr, m. a queen's husband,
a prince consort, Nj. 5, v. l. drottningar-nafn, n. the title of queen,
 Fms. i. 101.
drótt-seti, a, m. a ateu/ard at the king's table; this word
occurs in
various forms throughout the Saxon parts of Germany, Holland, Belgium,
Friesland, Brabant, etc. Du Cange records a ' drossardus Brabantiac;' it
is in mid. Lat. spelt drossatus, Germ, and Saxon drost, land-drost, re
ichsdrosf (drozerus regni), Fris. drusta, vide Grimm; the Dutch prefer th
e
form drossardus: in the court of the king of Norway the office of

dróttseti is not heard of before the beginning of the í 2th centur
y (the
passage Bs. i. 37 is monkish and of late composition), and is there a
kind of head-cook or steward at the king's table, who was to be el
ected
from the king's skutilsveinar; d. spurði hvat til matar skyldi bua, the d.
asked the king what meat they should dress, Fms. vii. 159 (about A. D.
1125), ix. 249, x. 147; d. ok skenkjari, N. G. L. ii. 413, 415; cp. also
Hirðskrá (N. G. L. I. e.) ch. 26, Fms. x. loo refers to the drost of
the
German emperor. In the i4th century the dróttseti became a high
officer in Sweden and Denmark. The derivation from drott and seti (seti
can only mean a sitter, not one who makes to sit, cp. land-seti, a landsitter, a tenant) is dubious; the Norse word may be an etymologising
imitation of the mid. Lat. drossatus.
drukna, að, [drukkinn, drekka], to be drowned, Nj. 59.
druknan, f. being drowned, death by drowning, Ld. 58, Orkn. 246,
Ann. 1260, 1026.
drumbr, m. a log ol dry or rotten wood, Fms. viii. 184; drumba, u,
f. a cognom., Rm.
drungi, a, m., medic, heaviness, fulness in the head, drunga-legr.
adj.
drunur, f. pl. [drynja], a rattling, thundering, Dan. d r&o
uml; n.
drussi, a, m. a drone; þú d. (auppw), í
Cor. xv. 36.
<PAGE NUM="b0108">
<HEADER>108 DRÜPA -- DUGLAUSS.</HEADER>
DRÚPA, t or ð, to droop (from sorrow), different from d
rjiipa, to
di'i['; dnipa is in Icel. an almost obsolete word, in old poets and
writers esp. used in a metaph. sense; at the death of a dear person,
the country, hills, mountains are said to droop; svá dnipir mi Dan
inurk, sein dauðr sé Kiu'itr sour minn. Fms. i. IlS: svá. &tho
rn;ótti drúpa
Island eptir íïátal! Gizur. ir biskups, sun Romaborgar riki e
ptir trafall
Gregurii piifa, Bs. i. 71; Ari preslr hinn Króði segir hve müik
várt land
drúpði eptir fr. ifall Gi/urar biskups. 145; staðrinn í Sk
álholti dnipti
ni'uk eptir fn'tfall bins s;tla þorlúks biskups, 301; dnipir Hi&ium
l;fði dauðr
er þengill, hlæia hliðar við Hallsíeini, Landn. 224 (
in a verse): hnípði
dn'itt ok dnipði fold, Lex. Poët.: dnipir orn ylir, Gm. io; Vinga inci&
eth;r
(/be g(dl'nv*) dnipir;'i nesi, Hit.; en Ska-rcið í Skirings-sa

l of brvnjfilts
bi-inum dnipir. "ft. 22; lians nnin drup um drnpa, dynnennis nier kenna,
Si^'hvat; kni'ittu livarms af harmi hniipgnipur mer d., my bead drooped
fi-'im grief. Eg. (in a verse): drúpðu dólgúrar, the swords drooped (to
drink blood), Hkm. 2: in mod. usage drjiipa and drnpa are confounded,
avi, live inn eg aumr þræll, angraðr uiðr drjiípa, Pa
ss. 41. 4.
drúpr, in. drooping s pirit s, coldness; ok &
thorn;ó at þar liefði orðit nokkurr
d. með þeim, þá ..., Fms. xi. 76.
drykk-fátt, n. adj. s h or t of drink, llkr. iii. 11
7.
drykkja, u, f. [drukkinn], a drinking-bout, carousal, banquet: sit
ja
við drykkiu, Eg. 88; var vei/la bin be/ta, ok d. mikil inni í stofunn
i,
205; at þeim vei/. lum er drykkiur vuru, Bs. i. 394; inatmala í mil
li ef
tiiî vóru alþýðu-drvkkjur, a public banquet, I.
e.; gora d., to make a
banquet, Og. 27; þá var ár mikit ok drykkjur miklar, ().
U. 71; bar
var oi-il. ok fast drukkit. Kb. 184. cp. Flóain. S. ch. 2; taka til drykk
ju,
to take to drinking. Fms. ii. 266; drvkkja (banquet] skvli
li vera at livi'irratveggia, (jÍsl. 27; tóku menu til drykkju nm kveklit, 28; hafa sam
d., to have a carouse, (îrett. c!i. 8; Jóla boð ok saindrvkkjnr, C). H. ch.
95- CP- 33' 34' ï. Vi J'-g- C'K J1i 44! u-drykkia, ij. v., liar. S. Har&eth
;r. ch.
2/!, Fms. vii. 203, cp. Orkn. ch. 33, 34, 70, IOI, 104, Sverr. S. ch. 36,
98, 103, 104, Fagrsk. ch. 11, 219. 220: the ancients drank hard, 'diem
noctemque continuare potando nulli probrum, ' Tac. Germ. ch. 11: with
kim;s ti;e drinking (dag-drykkia, q. v.) began immediately after the
dav-nical, vide the rcferenc'. -s above; the words of Tacitus, 'turn (viz.
after breakfast) ad nei'otia, nee minus sacpe ad convivia. procedunt
arniati, ' I. e., are therefore true enough, Fdda (Gg.) ch. 39, 46; the
phrase, þrevta drykkju (cp. kapp-d., a drinking match'). Edda 32. T
he
Icelanders of the Saga time seem to have been of much more abstemious
habits than their Norse kinsmen ot the same time, and drinking is scarcely
mentioned but at public banquets: the Sturlunga time is worse, but only
those who had been abroad are mentioned as strong drinkers (cp. Arons S.
ch. 19); cp. also a treatise of the end of the 12th century, named De
profectione Daiiorum, ch. II -- 'in cunctis illius regni (i. e. Norway) civitatibus nnitormis consuetudo sed vitiosa inolevit, scilicet jugis ebrietas, '
etc. 2. -- -- -beverage = drvkkr (rare), Egill bað fá s&eacute
;r drykkju, Eg. 107.
coMi'Ds: drykkju-borð, n. a drinking-table. Fms. xi. 2. drykkjuföng, n. pl. drinkables, Sturl. iii. 289. drykkju-litill, adj. so
ber, Bs.
i. 275. drykkju-maðr, in. a great drinker. Fms. vii. 175, viii. 238,
Fdda 32. drykkju-mal, n. drinking at meal time. Anal. 195, Fas. ii. 266.
drykkju-ru. tr, m. n drunkard. drykkju-skapr, in. hard drinking,

drunkenness, Fms. iii. 191, Ann. 1389. drykkju-skáli, a, in. a ban
quet
ball, Orkn. 244, Fms. i. '299. drykkju-stoi'a, u, f. - drykkjuskali.
Fms. vii. 147, Eg. 553. drykkju-stutr, in. a drinking-can, Bs. i. 877.
drykkja, ðr, part, drunk, Rb. iii. 384, Karl.
drykk-langr, adj., in the phrase, drykklanga stund, ~/'//s t a 
moment, a
measure of time whilst one drinks a draught.
drykk-lauss, adj. (-leysi, f.), without drink, Bs. i. 822, Finnb.
234,
K. Á. 34.
drykkr, jar, in., pl. ir, ("A. S. drinc; Engl. drink; Germ,
trunk; Dan.
drik j :-- drink, beverage, Fms. xi. 108, 233; eiga drykk ok sess
við e-n,
Eg. 95: a draught, Fdda 32, 48; hvat hafa Finherjar at drykk? 24;
vatns-d., n draught of water, id.; svala-d., þorsta-d., a thirst
-draught;
 niuntu mi eigi sparask til eius drykkiar, one draught more, 32: &tho
rn;rcyta
á drvkkinn, to take a deep draught, id.; drekka í tveimr, &
thorn;rernr ...
drykkiuni, to drain in tico, three ... draughts, id.; undarliga inundi
nn'-r þykkja ef þvílíkir drykkir væri svá
litlir kallaðir, id. P. sour
whey, proned. drukkr, KnJk. 64; freq. in western Icel. COMPIIS:
drykkjar-bolli, a, in. a drinking-boiul, Mart. J19. drykkjarlong, n. pl. drinkables. drykkjar-horn, n. a drinking-horn, Fr.
drykkjar-ker, n. a drinking-cup, Greg. 50, Sks. 725, Stj. 486.
drykkjar-kostr, in. drinking cheer, Vm. -^6.
drykk-sæll, adi. lucky in drink or brewing, Bs. 108.
dryllr, m. a nickname, Fins, i; drylla, u, f., 81161184; also spelt
with u, proluvies alvi, (vulgar.)
drymba, u, f. a kind of stockings (?), Art. (Parcevals S.)
DRYNJA, drundi, pres. dryn, t o roar. This root word is common
to Goth., Scandin., Fris., and Dutch; for Ulf. drnnjns -- -(pOoyyos, R&oa
cute;m.
x. 18, is a sufficient proof; in Swed. we have druna, and d ro 
n neut.;
Dan. drone and dron; Dutch dreunen; North. E. to drone, as a cow;
Fris, drone; the mod. High Germ, dröbnen was, in the i7th cen
tury, 'borrowed from Low Germ. In old Icel. no instance happens to be on
record, except dryn-rann in Gsp. 23. Fas. i. 480; in mod. usage it is
freq. enough, and the absence in old writers seems to be accidental;
draugr dinimr og niagr, drundi í björgum undir, 8nót 226, a d
itty by
Stefan Olafsson; drvnja and dynia are different in sense, drynja denotes
roaring, dvnja crushing; þá hevrði hilmir h&aacut
e;tt við kletta drafnar drynja
dunur þungar, of the roaring surf, Od. (poet.) v. 401.
drynr, in. pl. [Dan. and Swed. dron] , roaring; drunur, f.
. vide above.
dryn-rann, n., poet. ' the roaring inn of drink. ' a drinking-horn, Fas. I. e.
drysil-, dusil-, a term of contempt, paltry, in the CO. MPDS drysi
ldjöfull, in. a petty, paltry devil, devilkin, Fms. iii. 201, in the
amusing
ghost story, opp. to the big inmates of hell. drysil-hross (spelt
dusil-), n. n paltry horse, Ísl. iii. 333. drysil-menni, n. a p
altry,
petty man, Ediia (Gl.)
DRÝGJA, ð, j driugr; A. S. dreógan -- -to endure; North. E. and Scot.
to dree -- to endure, suffer] :-- to commit, perpetrate, mostly i
n a bad sense;
d. synd, to commit a sin. K. Á. 202; d. giæp, id.; d.
hórdóm, to commit
whoredom, Sks. 340; þú skalt ekki hórdóin d., 
thou shall not commit
whoredom; d. misræðu við konu, id., Gn'ig. i. 338; d. h
ernað, to pirate,
 ii. 70; d. ilsku, Orkn. 32: it is a standing phrase in eccl. or sacred writ
ers,
N. T., Pass., Vidal.: in a good sense only in a few phrases as the allit., d.
dúð, Sturl. iii. 7; or in poets or bad old prose; orlog d., A. S. 
orli'g dreogan
(cp. the North. E. to dree one's weird -- to abide one's fate), to try on
e's
luck, Vkv. i, cp. also the Germ, tales, in die ivelt gehen; d. hly&et
h;ni, Sks.
675; d. mannliga nattiiru, to pay the debt of nature, 447; d. e-s vilja,
to comply li-ith one'swi s he s, Bær. 14, -- -the last three
passages are bad
prose. p. to make to keep longer, to lengthen, Bs. ii. 173, l!b. 3. 30.
drægr, adj. that which can be pulled against.
dræmt, n. adj. [from dranmr ?], slowly, Ósv.
dræplingr, ni., dimin. [drápa"j, a paltry dráp
a, Hkr. ii. 82. Fms. xi. 204.
dræpr, adj. ivho may be killed with impunity, N. G. L. i. 82
, Grág. i. 92,
Nj. ill.
DRÖFN, f., gen. drafnar, pl. drafnir, [akin to drefiar1, s pot s, s p ra ylike spots; hence dröí'nóttr, adj. spotted; rau
ð-d., blá-d., etc., red-, bluespotteil; poet, the foaming sea is called droiii, Fdda.
drösla, að, to roam about; cp. drasill, drösall.
dubba (dybba), að, (for. word), to dub a knight; mi hefir &tho
rn;n dybbat
mik til riddara, B;rr. 5, 18, Fms. x. 109, Karl. 193: to arm, dress, Stj.
464. í Sam. xvii. 38; upp dubbaðr, dressed in full dress, Finn
b. 226; d.
sik, to t rwz oneself, Fms. vi. 208.
dubban, f. dubbing a knight, Karl. 222.
dubl (dufl), n. double, Alg. 366 (niathem.) P. gambling, G&
thorn;l. 521,
Grett. (in a verse). II. naut. a buoy.
dubla, dufla, að, [dubla = a co in, Dti Gauge], to g
amble, Gþl. 521;
dublari, a, m. a gambler, Róm. 161.
DUGA, pret. dugði; pres. dugi; sup. dugat; imperat. dugi þ&uacu
te;, mod.
dugðu; [ A. S. dugan; Scot, and North. E. to dow; O. H. G. 
tûgan; Germ.
taitgen: Dan. due; Swed. ditga; Engl. d o, in phrase
s such as, that will d o]:
-- to help, aid, with dat.; dugi þií mér Hvít
a-Kristr, Fs. IOI; d. frændum
sinnni, Post. 658 C. 19; ok vill eigi d. heimi, will not support her, Gr&
aacute;g.
i. 368; haiin ilugði lieiðnurn niönnum, 655 iii. 4: with the notion
t o Jo,
suffice, þat er JX'T man d., which will do for thee, Nj. 13;
heiir oss þ(')
dugat þessi útninaðr, thi s- faith has done well for
us, Fms. i. 34; nnin
þat d. minum hesti, it will do for my horse, Mag.: the proverb, f&a
acute;tt er
svá ilk at einu-gi dugi, cp. the Engl. ' 'tis an ill wind that blows nobo
dy
good, ' Al. 46, Hni. 134; mun þér eigi þat d. at sofa her, itwill not
d o (i s not safe) for thee to sleep here, Fms. v. 307: adding
prepp. við,
at, til, to succour, lend help, en Gisli for at d. þeirn við, G
ísl. 22; d.
þeir mi at þeim niönnum er líis var van, Finnb. 316, cp.
at-dugnaðr;
lión dugir eigi verr til enn einhverr karlmaðr, Fb. i. 533: impers.,
e-m
dugir e-t, it does well, beseems, becomes; hón dugir IIH'T ilia (v
cl), Mar. (Fr.), Hkv. I. 45; þó inyndi mer enn vel d. (it would do well fo
r me),
 ef ek fengja at drekka, tsl. ii. 369. P. absol. or even neut. to shew
prowess, do one's best; dugi þn enn, help! Fms. ii. 75; dug&eth
;i hverr sem
niiitti, every one did his best, viii. 139; dugi mi hverr sem drengr er t
il;
mundi þá eigi nauðsyn at d. sein drengilegast, ix. 509: denotin
g moral
force, vel siðaðir menu ok jafnan vel dugat, honest men and who h
ave ever
done well, Eg. 96; cl. í þurft e-s, Hom. 47. y. to suffice,
be strong
enough; ef þitt æði dugir, if thy wit does suffice, V
þm. 20, 22; ef vitni
d., if the witnesses do, i. e. fail not, N. G. L. i. 136; dugð
i veðr it bezta,
the weather did well.
dugandi- or dugandis-, as a prefix to nouns, denoting doughty; d.
inaðr (dugand-maðr, Fms. viii. 104), a doughty man, Dipl. i. 3, O
rkn.
456, Rd. 260, Róm. 137.
dugan-ligr, adj. doughty, Ýt. 15.
DUGGA, u, f. a ' dogger, ' small (Dutch or Ens\.)jîsbing
vessel, Ann.
1413, where it is reported that thirty English ' fiski-duggur' came fishing
about Icel. that summer; (hence the Engl. Dogger-bank) :-- duggari, a,
in. the crew of n dugga, D. N. ii. 651. 2. a lazy dogged fellow, E
dda
(GL), Trist. (Fr.)
dug-lauas, adj. (-leyai, n.), good for nothing, þór&e
th;. 47 (Ed, 1847).
<PAGE NUM="b0109">
<HEADER>DUGNAÐR -- DVALA. 109</HEADER>
dugnaðr, ar, m. doughtiness, valour, aid, assistance; biðj
a e-n sér
dugnaðar, to a s kone's help, 655 v. I, Ísl. ii. 262, 2
93; veita e-m dugnað,
to give help t o o ne, Fms. v. 259: skyrtunnar d., the virtue o
f the kirtle,
 Fas. iii. 441: in pl., Greg. COMPDS: dugnaðar-maðr, m. an aider,
"help in need, 656 A, Fms. vi. 118, Fas. iii. 181: a honest hard-working
man (mod.) dugnaðar-stigr, m. the path of virtue, Hom. 14.
dugr, m. pl. ir, [North. E. d ow], doughtiness, strength of sou
l and body,
 Fms. viii. 411; aldri er d. í þér, thou a rt
good for nothing, Grett. 24
new Ed.
DUL, f. [dylja]. I. prop, concealment, in phrases, með dul,
secretly, Bárð. 168; drepa dul á e-t, to conceal, Hkr. ii. 140; and in the
COMPDS dular-búnaðr, m. a disgznse, Fms. vi. 61; dular-kufl, m
. a
 c loak used for a disguise, Grett. 139 A. II. metaph. self-concei
t,
pride, iu phrases as, dul ok vil, pride and wilfulness, Skálda
163, SI. 34;
ætla sér þá dul, to be soconceited, Fiimb. 282;
ætlask mikla dul, Fas. ii.
521; dul ok dramb, 655 xi. 3; mikinn dul (masc.), jþórð. MS. (w
rongly):
the phrase, ganga fram í dul, to go forth in one's conceit, Hm. 78
, (mod.,
ganga fram í þeirri dulunni): proverb, maðr verðr dæl

skr af dul, conceit
makes an envious, moody man, Hm. 56; dul þín, Band. (MS.) 13.
dula, u, f. a worn strip of cloth.
dula, ð, (cp. dylja), a law term, to deny, with gen., N. G. L.
i. 93, 94,
330: with subj., Js. 77: absol., 83.
dul-eiðr and dular-eiðr, m. [Swed. dwl s- ed], a la
w term, an oath of
denial, Gþl. 199, Js. 58.
dul-höttr, m. a disguise-hood, hood used for a disguise, Fms.
x. 383;
dró ek dulhött (MS. wrongly djarfhött) urn dökkva skor, Ad
. 3.
dul-klæði, n. disguise, Fas. ii. 441.
dul-kofri, a, m. = dulhottr, (v. kofri.)
dulnaðr, m. = dul, Fr.
dulr, adj. silent, close; the phrase, ganga duls e-s, to be una
ware of a
thing, Fms. v. 265.
dul-remmi, f. stubborn self-conceit, Sks. 5368. dul-ræna, u,
f. id., v. 1.
dul-samr, adj. self-conceited, Stj. 122.
dulsi, a, m., poet, a dwarf, Ýt. 2.
dul-vígi, n. a law term, s e c ret manslaughter, = l
aun-vig, not so strong
as murder, Gþl. 150.
dumba, u, f. a mist; cp. the mod. dumbungr, m. a dark, misty,
gloomy sky. dumbungs-veðr, m. gloomy weather. In the east of
Icel. dumba is the bran of oats when ground, Fcl. ii. 155; in Edda (Gl.)
it is even mentioned as a sort of seed; hann (the wizard) hristi einn
poka, ok þar ór fykr ein dumba svört (black powder like ?ni
sl) ... bles
þar ór vindi miklum mod dumbunni, svá at hon iauk aptr &iacu
te; augu á
Gríms mönnum, svá þeir urðu þegar blindir, Fa
s. iii. 338. dumbr, m.
id., also occurs as a name of a giant, the misty; the Polar Sea is
called
Dumbs-haf = the Misty, Foggy Sea, cp. Bárð. ch. 1; cp. also Gr
. rvcþos,
Tvíþúv, which probably are kindred words.
dumbi, adj. dumb; dauf'ok dumba skurðgoð, Stj. 207, K. &Aa
cute;. 56.
dumbóttr, adj. of dark misty colour (of cows).
DUMBR, adj. [Ulf. dumb s = Katyós; A. S. dumb; Engl. dumb; O. K. G.
tumb; Germ, dum = stupid, whence Dan. dum; Gr. rv(&thorn
;\ós and rvtþos are
kindred words, the fundamental notion being dusty, clouded^ :-- dumb,
 656 C. 34; dumbir ok daufir, 623. 57: gramm. a mute letter, Sk&aacut
e;lda 176.
In Norway dumine or domme means a peg inside doors or gates
.
dumpa, að, [Ivar Aasen dump = a gust; Dan. ditmpe] ,
to thump, Lv.
8l (OTT. \fy.)
DUNA, að. (cp. dynja), to thunder, give a hollow rushing1 sound; dunar
i skóginum, Edda 30; svá skal danzinn duna, Ísl. þj&o
acute;ðs. (nf dancing).
duna, esp. pl. dunur, f. a rushing, thundering noise, Eb. 174, Fms
. iii.
184; hence the Dan. tor-den, qs. Thor-dön, the din ofThor, i.
e. thunder,
 supposed to be the noise of the god Thor in his wain.
dunda, að, to dally, Bb. i. 9.
dun-henda, u, f. (-hendr, adj.), a sor t of metre, having f
our anadiploses, Edda (Ht.) 124, 128.
dunn m. a band, gang, drove; ganga í e-m duni, to march
in one hand,
 Sturl. iii. 185 C; sauða-dunn, a drove of sheep, Sd. 164: a numb
er of
ten is called dunn, Edda 108.
dunna, u, f. the wild duck, Edda (Gl.), cp. Engl. dun.
DUPT, m., better duft, [it properly means the powder of flowers or
the like; so duft in Germ, means a sw eet sme ll as
from flowers; in old
writers duft is rare, dust (q. v.) freq.; in mod. use dust is almost obsolete, and as these two words can hardly be distinguished in old MSS.
(where ft and s t look like one another), the transcribers have of
ten substituted duft, where the old MS. has dust: again, dufta (a verb) is never
used, but only dusta: duft is probably a foreign South-Teutonic word;
the Swedish uses only the more homely sounding ånga, vide angi] :-powder; d. ok aska. Stj. 204, Sks. 2ii, Magn. 448: botan. pollen;
duptberi, a, m. thestamen of a flower; dupt-knappr, m. the anther; dup
tfcráðr, m. the filament, Hjalt.
dura-, v. dyrr.
durgr, m. [dvergr], a sulky fellow, durgs-legr, adj. sulky.
durna-legr, adj. sulky, rude, durna-skapr, m., etc.

durnir, m. a dwr. rf, Ýt. 2: metaph. a sulky man.
durtr, m. = durgr. durts-legr, adj. s ulky, rude.
dur-vörðr, m. a door-keeper, Eg. 409, Fms. ii. 160.
dusil-, v. drysil-.
dusla, að, to bustle, be busy, Njarð. 368, (cant word.)
DUST, n. [A. S. dwst; Engl. dust], dust, Fms. v. 82,
324, xi. 12, Stj.
336. Num. xxiii. 10, Greg. 98: flowers ground to dust, Pr. 471, 472, 474.
475dust, n. [Dan. dy s t; Swed. dust] , a tilt;
halt eitt d. með mik, Karl,
72; d. ok turniment, Fr.
dusta, að, to dwst.
dustera, að, to tilt, fight, Bev. (Fr.)
dusti, a, m. a grain of dust; engi d. saurs, 656 A. ii. 8.
dúða, að, to swatLe (in clothes).
dúði, a, m. swaddling clothes.
DÚFA, u, f., gen. pl. dúfna; [Goth, dwb o; A. S. 
duva; Engl. dove;
Dan. due; Swed. dufva; O. H. G. tuba; Germ, taube] :
-- a dove, Stj.
in, Hom. 57, 65, Al. 168: as a term of affection, my dove. 2. poet, a
wave, one of the daughters of Ran, P^dda. COMPDS: dúfu-ligr, adj,
dove-like, 655 xxxii. 7. dúfu-nef, n. a cognorn. ' dove-neb, '
dove-beak,
 Landn. dufu-ungi, a, m. the young of a dove, Mar. 656, Stj. 317.
dúka, að, t o co ver with a cloth, Fas. iii. 187
, 373.
dúk-lauss, adj. without a cloth, Pm. 108.
DÚKR, m. [Engl. dwck; Swed. duk; Dan. dug; Ge
rm, tu c h] :-- any
cloth or texture, Bárð. 160; vaðmáls-d., l&iacu
te;n-d., etc., a cloak ofwadmal,
linen, etc.: ä carpet, Fms. ix. 219: tapestry in a church
, fimm duka ok
tvá þar í buna, annarr með rautt silki, Vm. 77, vide alt
aris-dukr, 20: a
neck-kerchief of a lady, dúkr á hálsi, Rm. 16. ft
. a table-cloth (borðdúkr); as to the ancient Scandin. custom of covering the table with a clo
th,
vide esp. Nj. ch. 117, Bs. i. 475, Guðm. S. ch. 43; and for still earlier
times the old heathen poem Rm., where Móðir, the yeoman's good-wife,
covers the table with a ' marked' (i. e. stitched) white linen cloth, 28;
whilst Edda, the old bondman's good-wife, puts the food on an uncovered table (verse 4); by a mishap the transcriber of Ób. (the only
MS. wherein this poem is preserved) has skipped over a verse in the
second line of verse 17, so that we are unable to say how Amma, the
husbandman's good-wife, dressed her table: the proverb, eptir duk og
disk, i. e. post festum. y. a towel; at banquets a servant went round
to the guests in turn bearing a basin and a towel on the shoulder, Lv.
ch. 13; to be served first was a mark of honour; cp. also Nj. I. e.,
Har. S. Harðr. ch. 79 (the Danish king and the old woman): a napkin,
 Blas. 45, 655 xvii. 5: belonging to the priest's vestment, Pm. 133; d. ok
corporale, Vm. 154, Stj. Gen. xxiv. 65 (a veil).
dúk-slitr, n. r a^ s of a d., Vm. 77.
dún-beðr, m. a bed of down-clothes, D. N. (Fr.)
dún-grind, f. a frame whereon to clean eider-down.
dún-hægindi, n. a pillow or bolster of down, D
. N.
dún-klæði, n. pl. bedclothes of eider-down, Js. 7
8, Sturl. iii. 108, Bs.
i. 802.
DÚNN (dýnn, Mart. 126), m. [Dutch dune; Engl. dow
n: Swed.
and Dan. dun; Germ, daun is prob. of Saxon or Dutch origin, as the
d remains unchanged] :-- down; taka dun ok dýna, N. G. L. i
. 334;
esp. used of bedclothes of down; the word occurs in the old heathen
poem Gs., soft hann á duni, 5; blautasti d. . Mart. I. e.; á duni
ok á guðvefi, Fms. x. 379; vöttu (pillows) duns fulla, a verse of Hornklofi.
In
Icel. ' dún' is chiefly used of eider-down, which word is undoubte
dly of
Icel. origin, Fr. édre-don, Germ, eder-don or eider-daun
; the syllable e r
is the Icel. gen. æðar-dún, from nom. seðr (the name of the
eider duck),
acc. æði, gen. æðar. The eider-down, now so important as an
article
of trade, is never mentioned in old Icel. writers or laws; they only
speak of the eggs (egg-ver). The English, during their trade with Icel.
in the I5th century, seem first to have brought the name and article into
foreign markets. At first it was bought in a rough state; Bogi Benediktssun in Feðga-æfi Ii records that a certain Jón í Br
okey (born
1584), after having been in England, was the first who taught the Icel.
to clean the down -- var hann líka sá fyrsti her vestra sem t&oacu
te;k að hreinsa
æðar-dún ..., en áðr (i. e. during the English and H
anseatic trade in Icel.)
seldist óhreinsaðr dun eptir Búa-lögum. Icel. say, hreins
a dún, hræla
dun. The Danes say, have dun på hagen, to h a ve down on the chi
n.
dún-tekja, u, f. gathering eider-down.

dúra, að, t o n ap, . Skálda 163.
DÚRR, m. a nap, slumber, Hom. 116, O. H. L. 80: in mod. usa
ge in
such phrases as, milli dura; sofa góðan, væran, dúr.
DÚS (dos, Björn), n. [Norse duus~\, a lull, dead calm,
in the proverb,
opt kömr æðiregn or dúsi, a lull is often followed by a
heavy shower,
 Eb. (in a verse).
dúsa, u, f. a sugar-teat for babies to suck.
dúsa, að, prob. to d oz e, Og. 18.
dvala, u, f. [Dan. dvale~\, -- dvol, Fr.
dvala, að, to delay, with dat.; at dvala ekki förinni, Fm
s. xi. 2J;
ef ér dvalit ferðinni, 115; dvalar hann ekki brotferðinni, Fb. ii
. 147;
<PAGE NUM="b0110">
<HEADER>110 DVALSAMR -- DYMBILDAGAR.</HEADER>
muna nú Helgi hjörþing (hjörþingi or -þingum,
better) dvala, Hkv. 1. 49: with infin., Kjartan bað þá ekki dv
ala, Ld. 176.
dval-samr, adj. dilatory, Stj. 122; e-m verðr dvalsamt, one
is delayed, Greg. 80, Fbr. 136.
DVELJA, dvaldi, dvalði; pres. dvel; part. dvalðr, dvalinn; sup. d
valit: [A. S. dveljan; Engl. dwell; O. H. G. tvelan; Swed.
dväljas; Dan. dvæle] :-- to 'dwell,' delay, with
acc.; d. för, ferð, to keep back, delay, Grág. ii. 385,
Ísl. ii. 266; því dvalða ek dauða þinn, Blas.
47; d. dóm (a law term), to defer judgment, Grág. i. 67; d
. ráð fyrir konu, to put off a woman's marriage, 307; at &thor
n;at dveli garðlagit, ii. 332; gátu þeir hann eptir dvalit, 
they managed to keep him back, Fms. vii. 169; d. e-n frá e-u. to k
eep one from doing a thing, Jb. 380; dvelr mik engi hlutr, at ek geng ekki..
., i.e. I will go at once, Fms. ii, 37: the proverb, mart um dvelr &thorn
;ann er um morgin sefr, Hm. 58: absol., dvaldi þat fyrir ferð þe
irra, that caused delay, Njarð. 374. 2. in neut. sense = dvelj
ask, to tarry, cp. Engl. to dwell on a thing; ok vildu eigi dvelja
, ok eigi bíða Ólafs konungs, Fms. iv. 118. 3. with acc
. of time, to wait, abide; konungr dvaldi mestan hluta sumars á H
álogalandi, Fms. iv. 233; d. af stundir, to kill time, Band. 8; d.
stund e-s, to hold one up, Karl. 62. II. reflex. to stop onese
lf, i.e. to stay, make a stay; myndi þar dveljask um hrí
ð, Nj. 122; ok er þeir höfðu þar dvalisk til þess
er ..., Eg. 28; dvaldisk þar um hríð, 59; ok er konungr haf&et
h;r dvalsk þar um hríð, Fms. viii. 428: d. at e-u, to tarry
over a thing, D. I. i. 223. 2. the phrase, e-dvelsk, one is kept,
loses time by a thing; dvaldisk þeim þar lengi, Eg. 230; dvaldi
sk þeim þar at því, in (doing) that th

ey lost much time, Nj. 241. 3. with pass. notion; sá dagr mun
dveljask, that day will not soon come, will come late, Ld. 174; dveljask
munu stundirnar, the hours will be taken up, it will take many hours, it will
grow late before all is told, Edda 15; ef þat dvelsk, at ek koma eigi
hingat, if I should be hindered from coming, Fms. xi. 51: to tarry, er ek hefi svá lengi dvalisk at sækja yðvarn fund, Ld. 32.
DVERGR, m. [A. S. dveorg; Engl. dwarf; Germ. (irreg.) zw
erg; Swed. dverg] :-- a dwarf; about the genesis of the dwarf
s vide Vsp. 6-16, Edda 9: in mod. Icel. lore dwarfs disappear, but remain in loc
al names, as Dverga-steinn, cp. the Dwarfy Stone in Scott's Pirate, and in sever
al words and phrases: from the belief that the dwarfs lived in rocks, an echo
 is called dverg-mál, n. (-mali, m.), dwarf-talk, Al. 35, 37, Fas. iii. 369; and dverg-mála, að, to echo: from the skill of the dwarfs in metal-working, a skilful man is called dve
rg-hagr, adj. (skilled as a dwarf), or dvergr, a dwarf in his art;
 dverga-smíði, n. dwarf's-work, i.e. all works of r
are art, such as the famous or enchanted swords of antiquity, Hervar S. ch. 2, F
as. i. 514, ii. 463-466 (Ásmund. S.), Gísl. 80: crystal and
prismatic stones are in Norway called either dwarf's-work or 
'dwarfy-stones,' as people believe that they are worked out by the dwarfs in
the depths of the earth: botan., dverga-sóleyg, f. ranunculus
glacialis, Hjalt. β. from its dwarfed shape, a dog without a
tail is in Icel. called dvergr or dverg-hundr, m., Clar.: short pi
llars which support the beams and rafters in a house are called 'dvergar;' t
his sense occurs as early as Hom. (St.) 65, and is still in use in some parts of
Icel.: the four dwarfs, East, West, North, South, are in the Edda the bearers o
f heaven, Edda 5. γ. ornaments in a lady's dress worn on the
shoulder are called 'dvergar,' Rm. 16; smokkr á bringu, dúkr &aac
ute; hálsi, dvergar á öxlum, prob. a kind of brooch. F
or COMPDS vide above.
DVÍNA or dvina (in old writers even dvena), að,
[North. E. dwyne], to dwindle, pine away; þá dvenar t
ómr maðr, Hom. 26; dvinar allr þroti (of a tumor), Sks. 235; l&
eacute;t hann eigi dvina kveðandina, Fms. v. 174; þaðan í f
rá sögðu menn at dvinaði liðveizla Sæmundar vi&eth
; Þorgrím, Sturl. i. 171; görir nú eigi at dvina vi&eth
;, it will not do to saunter, Karl. 380; dvina munda ek láta fer&e
th;ina, I would let the travelling cease, Fs. 172; heit dvinuðu Hein
a, their bragging dwindled away, Lex. Poët. In early times this word
was probably sounded with an i (short), which may be inferred from the f
orm dvena; and the word was rather common, and occurs rarely. In later times it
was ennobled by the frequent use made of it in Pass., and with altered inflexion
, viz. an í throughout, the pres. indic. either strong, dvin, or w
eak, dvínar; thus, hér þegar mannlig hjálpin dv&iacut
e;n, Pass. 44. 12; görvöll þá heimsins gleðin dv&iacu
te;n, 41. 8; þá æfin lífsins dvín, 36. 10; but
holds megn og kraptr dvínar, 44. 1; dvínar og dregst í hl&e
acute;, 47. 4: infin., sjón og heyrn tekr að dvína, 41. 10.
dvöl, f., gen. dvalar, old pl. dvalar, mod. dvalir, [cp. 'dwellin
g' = delay, Engl. Ballads], a short stay, stop; dvalir ok n&a
acute;ttstaði, Stj. 294; eiga dvöl, to stop, Nj. 181; afhvarf ma
nna ok dvalar (acc. pl.), Ld. 204; meðan þessi dvöl (pause
) var, Fms. xi. 135: delay, iv. 179; bera til dvala, to cause delay, Fas. iii. 543 :-- used once as neut. pl., urðu dvöl dægra, Am.
102. β. gramm. quantity, Skálda 175.
dyðrill or dyrðill, m. a nickname, seems to mean a tail

, = mod. dindill, Fms. i. 186, ii. 253, 279; cp. daðra, to wheedle.
DYGÐ, f. [A. S. duguð = doughtiness, valour; O. H.
G. tugad; Germ. tugend; Swed. dygd; Dan. dyd] :-- virtue, probity, only used in a moral metaph. sense; the original sense (fr
om duga, q.v.) of valour, strength, which prevails in the A. S., is quit
e obsolete; trúa e-m til dygðar um e-t, to trwst in one's integrit
y, Fs. 121 (of a judge); fyrir sakir þinnar dygðar, probity, Fms. vi. 58; lið ok d. (help and faithful service) góðs
drengs, 227; fyrir sína dygð, for his faithfulness, vii. 158.
β. in mod. eccl. writers the Lat. virtus is rendered by dyg&e
th;, Vídal., Pass., etc.; ó-dygð, wickedness, &gamma
;. virtue, of an inanimate thing, of a tree, Stj. 256. COMPDS: dyg
ðar-lauss, adj. wicked, K. Á. 230: bad, 24. dyg&
eth;ar-leysi, n. faithlessness, wickedness, Stj. 487, Bs. i. 40. d
ygðar-maðr, m. a trusty man, Grett. 147 A. dygðar-verk
, n. faithful work, Mar.: cp. dugr, dugnaðr.
dygðugr, adj. 'doughty,' faithful, trusty; d. þjó
nusta, Fas. i. 90; d. maðr, Grett. 143 A, Th. 12: efficient, having virtu
e in them, of inanimate things, Stj. 99, 215. β. in mod. eccl. w
riters, virtuous, good.
dyggiligr, adj. faithful, Stj. 198.
dygg-leikr, m. faithfulness, H. E. ii. 66, Fms. viii. 29.
dyggliga and dyggiliga, adv. faithfully, trustily, Stj. 9,
152, Fms. iii. 115, 138, Bs. i. 40.
dyggr, adj., mostly with v if followed by a vowel, e.g. dyggvar, d
yggvan, superl. dyggvastr, compar. dyggvari, but sometimes the v is dropp
ed :-- faithful, trusty; dyggvar dróttir, worthy, good people,
 Vsp. 63; d. ok trúr, Fms. x. 233; d. ok drengileg meðferð, v
i. 96; dyggra ok dugandi manna, Stj. 121; enn dyggvasti hirðmaðr, Magn.
484; reynda ek hann enn dyggvasta í öllum hlutum, Fms. i. 69; dyggva
str ok drottin-hollastr, Hkr. iii. 150; but dyggastr, Fms. vi. 401, l.c.; &uacut
e;-dyggr, faithless: in mod. usage esp. as epithet of a faithful serva
nt, d. þjón, dygt hjú; ódyggt hjú, a ba
d servant, etc.: of inanimate things, dyggir ávextir, Stj. 234.
DYKR (mod. dynkr, with an inserted n), m. a cracking, sn
apping noise; varð af því d. mikill, it gave a great cra
ck, Grett. 96 A, cp. new Ed.; heyrðu þeir dyki mikla, Bár&e
th;. 32 new Ed.; mikill dykr, Al. 76; dunur ok dynki, Fas. iii. 412 (paper MS.);
varð þat svá mikill dykr, sem nauts-búk flegnum v&aelig
;ri kastað niðr á gólfit, Eb. 220 (new Ed. 78); dynkr, Gre
tt. 178 new Ed.
dyl-dúkr, m. a veil, B. K. 83.
dylgjur, f. pl. [dólgr], suppressed enmity, finding vent in
menaces, hootings, and the like; vóru þá dylgjur mik
lar með þeim, Eb. 22; nú eru dylgjur miklar þat er eptir
var þingsins, Band. 13; vóru þá dylgjur miklar millum
þeirra allra, Sturl. i. 196.
DYLJA, pret. duldi and dulði, part. duldr, duliðr, Fms. ii. 97; d
ulinn, Fb. i. 11 (Hdl. 7), Fs. 97 (MS. Arna-Magn. no. 132); [Swed. dölja
; Dan. dölge] :-- to conceal, hide, with acc. of the pers
on, gen. of the thing concealed; d. e-s, to disavow, deny, dissemble; &ae
lig;tla ek því alla (þá varla ?) kunna at dylja &thorn
;essa ráða, they can hardly deny it, Eg. 49; Þóri
r dylr þess ekki, 173; Eysteinn duldi ok þeirra orða fyrir sik,
E. said he had never said such a thing, Fms. ix. 329; þó dul
du þeir ekki illvirkja sinna, they denied not their guilt, confessed it
, Sks. 583: with following subj., en allir duldu at né eitt vissi til
Hrapps, all dissembled, Nj. 133; en ef umboðsmaðr dylr (disav
ows), at hann hafi við umboði tekið, Gþl. 375. II.
reflex. to conceal, hide oneself; ok kendi brátt ... þ&oacut
e; at hann dyldisk, Fms. ii. 173; ok fékk hann svá dulzk fyrir hon
um, at eigi vissi jarl ..., he hid himself (his thoughts) so we
ll, that ..., viii. 16; at þat sé flugumenn, ok vili dyljask (disguise themselves) undir múnka búnaði, vi. 188. 2. metaph., d. við e-t, to conceal for oneself; þurfu v&eacute
;r eigi at dyljask við, at ..., Fms. v. 1; megu þeir þá e
igi við dyljask, at ek hefi drepit hann, Grett. 155 A; en Sveinn duldisk vi&
eth; þat, S. shrank from believing it, Orkn. 298; ekki dyljumk ek v
ið (I don't disavow) skuldleika okkra, Ld. 40; en ef goði dylsk v
ið (disavows) þingfesti þess manns, Grág. i. 23; t
rúit þessu eigi meðan þér megit við dyljask, believe it not as long as you can disavow it, i.e. till you get full e
vidence, Fms. ix. 477: dyljask í e-u; Eirikr konungr þarf n&uac
ute; ekki at d. í því, at ..., king E. cannot conceal it
for himself, that ..., Eg. 424, Þiðr. 118, 191, 196. III. p
art. pass., the phrase, vera (ganga) duliðr (duldr, dulinn) e-s, or vera d.
at e-u, to be unaware, to be kept in ignorance of a thing; hefir hon veri
ð alls þessa duld, Vígl. 33; en at þú gangir lengr
duliðr þess er skylt er at vita, than that thou shouldest be longe
r ignorant of things which all people ought to know, Edda 13; veit engi &ae
lig;tt m/ina, ok ganga þess allir duldir, Fms. viii. 21; dulin ertú
Hyndla, H., thou art mistaken, Hdl. 7; ok ertú of mjök dulin
n at honum, herra, thou, my lord, art too much mistaken about him, i.e.
trustest him too well, Fs. 97, cp. Fms. ii. 57: the phrase, e-t fer, geng
r, dult, is hidden, kept secret.
dylma, d, [Dan. dulme]; d. yfir e-t, to be careless or i
ndifferent about a thing, Fr.; dylminn, part. careless, indifferen
t, Stj. 122.
dymbil-dagar, m. pl. the 'dumb-bell days,' i.e. the three days
before Easter; hence dymbildaga-vika, u, f. [Swed. dymmel-vecka; Dan. dimmel-uge], Passion week, Bs. i. 71, Fms. x. 72, H. E. i.
491, Sturl. i. 25; during the dymbildagar the bells in Icel. were rung with a w
ooden tongue called dymbill, m.; a dymbill is often mentioned among the i
nventories of Icel. churches of the 14th century, e.g. kirkja á dymbil, V
m. 47, 51: it is, however, likely that the word dymbill itself is simply derived
from the Engl. dumb-bell, as in the Roman church the bells were dumb or
muffled in the Passion week: Björn (Lex.) mentions that in the century befo
re his time people used to strike the time to a dance with the dymbill. It was a
lso an old Icel. custom that the father of a house inflicted a general
<PAGE NUM="b0111">
<HEADER>DYMBILNOTT -- DÝRKA. 111</HEADER>
chastisement on his children and household on Good Friday for the sins of the pa
st year, gently or strongly as they had been obedient or not; hence the popular
phrase, líðr að dimbildögum, or koma dymbildagar, = the d

immel-days are nigh, i.e. the day of reckoning will surely come; cp.
H. E. iv. 180, 181 (note).
dymbil-nótt, f. the three nights next before Easter, Vm. 14
4.
dyn-bjalla, u, f. a tinkling bell, Grett, 129.
dyndr, adj. = dunhendr, Bs. ii. 103 (in a verse).
DYNGJA, u, f. a lady's bower, in old Icel. dwellings. Eg. 159, Nj.
66, Bjarn. 68, Rd. 270, Korm. 10, Fs. 88, Gísl. 15; in those passages it
is different from 'stofa,' and seems to have been a detached apartment: [as to
the root, cp. A. S. dyng, O. H. G. tunc, Engl. dungeon;--th
e common sense prob. being that both the bower and the dungeon wer
e secluded chambers in the inner part of the house or castle] :-- Trolladyngjur, a mountain in Icel., a bower of giantesses. 2. a heap,
dung, Dan. dynge, (mod.)
DYNJA, dundi; pres. dyn, dunið; [cp. A. S. dynnan; Engl. di
n; the Icel. word is irregular in regard to the interchange of consonants; f
or the Lat. tonare, Engl. thunder, Germ. donner would prope
rly answer to Icel. þynja, a word which does not exist] :-- to gush, sh
ower, pour, of rain, with the additional notion of sound; dundi ákaft
regn ór lopti, Stj. 594. 1 Kings xviii. 45; of blood, blóð er
dundi or sárum Drottins, 656 A. I. 31, Pass. 23. 3: dundi þ&aacute
; blóðit um hann allan, Nj. 176: of air quivering and earth quaking,
Haustl. 14. Vtkv. 3: of rain and storm, steypi-dögg görði, ok vatn
sflóðið kom, og vindar blésu og dundu á húsi
nu, Matth. vii. 25, 27; dynjandi logi, Ýt. 6, Mar. 2. metaph. t
o pour, shower, like hail; Otkell lætr þegar d. stefnuna, O.
let the summons shower down, Nj. 176: of weapons, dundu á þ&aac
ute; vápnin, the weapons showered upon them, Fms. viii. 126; spj&o
acute;tin dundu á þeim, xi. 334: the phrase, dynja á, of mis
fortune; eigi var mér ván, at skjótara mundi á dynja
, vii. 125; hvat sem á dynr, whatever so happens. 3. metaph
. also of men, to pour on or march in a body with a din; dundu jar
lar undan, Lex. Poët.; dynja í böð, to march to battle, Sighvat; dynja þeir þá fram á þingit, Lv. 31
; konungs menn dynja þegar á hæla þeim. Al. 11.
dynr, m. pl. ir, [A. S. dyn; Engl. din; Swed. dån;
 Dan. dön], a din; engi d. verðr af hlaupi kattarins
, noiseless are the cat's steps, Edda 19; gnýr eða þrymr
, dynr eða dunr, Skálda 169; d. ok brestr, Bær. 15: marching
 as troops, ríða mikinn dyn, to ride with mickle din (of h
orsemen galloping), Ísl. ii. 333: the phrase, koma e-m dyn fyrir dyrr, to make a din before one's door, take one by surprise, Fms. viii. 60, 189;
gera sem mestan dyn, to make the greatest noise, 403: in pl., heyrði
Gangleri dyni mikla, Edda 44.
dyn-skot, n. a shot making a din, but harmless, Fms. v. 198.
dynta, t, to dint.
dyntr, m., dynta, f., dyntill, m. a dint, a cognom.,
Fms.; vide dyttr.
dyrgja, u, f. [durgr], a dwarf woman, a hag, Þjal. Jó
n. 17.
dyrgja, ð, to fish with a dorg, = dorga, Þiðr. 91.
dyri-gætt, f. a door-frame, Sd. 158, Odd. 16.
dyri-stafr (mod. dyru-), m. a door-post, Stj. 279. Exod. xi
i. 7, Sd. 153, Grett. 121, Ver. 21, Sturl. ii. 49.
DYRR, n. or f. pl., in mod. usage always fem., and often so in old writer
s; sometimes even in old MSS.: neut. with the article; dyrrin with a double r
 (or dyrin, Kb. 42 new Ed., Stj. 520, Edda 29, Nj. 198): fem. dyrnar; að
rar dyrr, Fms. iv. 220, 221; dyrr byrgðar, Stj. 40; einar dyr, Sturl. i. 189
; dyr opnar, id. (but dyrin, id., one line below, perhaps wrongly by the transcr
iber): in most cases, however, the gender of the gen. and dat. cannot be discern
ed: there is hardly any instance of its neuter use if joined to an adjective; th
us, in Njala we read, gengu þeir þá inn allir ok skipnðus
k í dyrrin (neut.); but only four lines below, ef nokkurar væri lau
ndyrr á: hversu margar dyrr eru á Valhöll eða hversu st&o
acute;rar, Edda 25; but settisk Þórr í dyrrin, 29: in old wr
iters the gen. and dat. are spelt with u, dura, durum, and that they were
so pronounced may be seen from Skálda 163--þegar gestrinn kveð
r 'dura,' þá skyldi eigi bóndinn 'dúra;' cp. also Gr&
aacute;g. ii. 194, Fms. iv. 221, viii. 161, Gm. 23, Sturl. iii. 218, Edda 25, La
ndn. 231; but dyra, dyrum, Ísl. ii. 342 (rare): in mod. usage y th
roughout (spelt dyra, dyrum, proncd. as i) :-- [Gr. GREEK; Goth. daur,
 neut., and dauro, fem.; A. S. duru; Old Engl. dore (no
w door); Dan. dör; Swed. dörr: Germ. thür
e: the root vowel is short in Gr. and Goth. as well as the Scandin.] :-- 
a door, viz. the opening (hurð is Lat. janua); karl-dyrr, brandad., úti-d., leyni-d., and-d., eldahús-d., Sturl. iii. 218: synztud., id.: úti-dyrr enar syðri, 185; suðr-dyrr, 186; syðri-d.,
190; skála-d. nyrðri, 187; kvenna-skála-d., 188; í &tho
rn;eim dyrum er skálar mættusk, 189; and-dyri hit syðra, 218; s
und-d. (= suðr-dyr?), ii. 106; stofu-d., 181; dýrshöfuðs-d.,
i. 106, a door over which a stag's head is placed. COMPDS: dura-dómr,
 m., vide dómr. dura-gætti = dyrigætti. dura-st
afr = dyristafr. dura-stoð, f. a door-post, N. G. L. i. 55
. dura-umbuningr, m. a door-frame. Grett. 114 A. dura-veggr, m. a door-jamb, Sturl. i. 178. dura-vörðr, m. a door
-keeper, Sks. 289. dyra-drótt, f. a door-sill, vide dr&
oacute;tt.
dyr-skíð, n. = dyrigætti (?), D. N.
DYS, f., gen. sing. nom. pl. dysjar, [Dan. dös and dysse], a cairn, less than haugr, Ld. 152, Eb. 172, 176, Dropl. 9, Fas. i. 4
38 (in a verse), Hbl. 45, Þórð. 73; kumbl-dys, Gg. 1.
dysja, að, [Dan. dysse = to hide], to bury in a cair
n, heap stones over a witch, criminal, or the like, never used of a proper b
urying, Eb. 172, Grett. 112, Fms. v. 222, Landn. 107.
dytta, tt, [Engl. dint], to meddle: recipr., þ&eacute
;r höfðut til dytzt, Stj. 510: in mod. usage, dytta að e-u, to v
arnish.
dyttr, m. a dint, a nickname, Fms. ii. 67; hnakka-d., a 'neck-d
int,' i.e. a shot by a bolt in the nape of the neck, Orkn. 416 (in a
verse); the hnakka-dyz of the MS. is = dytts, as vaz = vatns, braz = bratts.
DÝ, n. a bog, Sturl. iii. 50, Gþl. 393, Róm. 2

59.
dýbliza, dýfliza, u, f. a dark dungeon, Al. 94, Fms.
i. 258, iii. 89, vi. 164, Eluc. 12, 42, Sks. 457, Þiðr. 63, Grett. 15
8. Fagrsk. 111: [no doubt a foreign word, perhaps from 'diabolus' = the dunge
on of hell.]
DÝFA, ð, [cp. Goth. daupjan = GREEK; O. H. G. taufja
n; Germ. taufen; Dan. döbe; A. S. dyppan, akin to
djúpr; cp. also dúfa, a billow; all these words are akin,
but the Engl. dive is the same word] :-- to dip, with dat.; d. em í vatn, to dip one into water, Hom. 139, K. Á. 6, cp. N.
G. L. i. 339; d. sér, to dive: the word is now freq., but rare in
old writers, who preferred drepa; in Germ. etc. it is only used in the sense of
christening = baptizare, prop. to dip into water, but never
so in the Icel., which renders baptize by skira.
dýfa, u, f. dipping in.
DÝJA (mod. dúa), dúði, to shake, quive
r, of spears or the like; d. frökkur, dörr, to shake spears, fi
ght, Rm. 32, Fms. vi. (in a verse); d. skör, to shake the locks,
Þkv. 1; hann dúði spjótið inn í dyrnar, Stur
l. iii. 218, Ld. 278: in mod. usage, það dúir undir, of boggy g
round that shakes under the feet.
dýna, u, f. [dúnn]. a down-bed, feather-bed, a pillow or bolster, Fms. iii. 125, vi. 279, ix. 26, x. 186, Dipl. iii. 4, Bs. i
i. 167, Lex. Poët. 2. boggy ground, Dropl. 26, v.l.
dýna, ð, to cover, belay with down, N. G. L. i. 334.
dýpi, n. [djúpr; Ulf. diupei; Germ. tiefe], depth.
dýpka, að, to become deeper, deepen.
dýpt (and dýpð), f. [Goth. djupipa], d
epth, Clem. 33, Bs. i. 209.
DÝR, n. [Gr. GREEK; Ulf. djûs = GREEK, Mark i. 13, 1
Cor. xv. 32; A. S. deôr; Engl. deer; Germ. thier; Swe
d.-Dan. dyr] :-- an animal, beast: α. excluding birds
, dýr ok fuglar, Edda 144 (pref.); fuglar, dýr eðr sækvi
kindi, Skálda 170; dýrum (wild beasts) eða fuglum, Gr&a
acute;g. ii. 89. β. used of wild beasts, as bears, Nj.
35, Grett. 101, Glúm. 330, Fs. 146 (bjarn-dyra): in Icel. esp. the fo
x, Dropl. 27, Bs. ii. 137, the fox being there the only beast of prey, hence
dýr-bit; úarga-dýr, the lion; villi-d., a wild b
east. γ. used esp. of hunting deer, the deer of the forest, as in Engl. deer, the hart, etc., Hkv. 2. 36, N. G. L. i. 46, Str. 3,
Fas. iii. 4, Þiðr. 228-238; hrein-d., the reindeer; rauð-d
., the red deer. COMPDS; dýra-bogi, a, m. a trap to catc
h foxes. dýra-garðr, m. a yard or inclosure to c
atch wild beasts, Gþl. 456. dýra-gröf, f. a pit
to catch wild beasts, Gþl. 456, 457. dýra-kjöt, n.
the flesh of animals, Stj. 8. dýra-rödd, f. the voi
ce of beasts, Skálda 170. dýra-skinn, n. the skin of
wild beasts, Fas. iii. 124. dýra-veiðar, f. pl. deer-h

unting, Þiðr. l.c., 655 x. 2, Gþl. 447. dýrs-belgr
, m. a beast's skin. Fas. ii. 518 (of a bear). dýrs-horn, n. a deer's horn used for a drinking cup, Eg. 306, 307, 551, Edda 82.
dýrs-höfuð, n. the head of a deer, Sturl. i. 106.
dýr-bit, n. 'deer-bite,' of the worrying of lambs by a f
ox, Bs. i. 587.
DÝRÐ, f. [Engl. dearth], glory; himinríki
s d., the glory of heaven, Fms. v. 143, 230, Fær. 137, 625. 163, F
ms. v. 216 (a glorious miracle): in pl., 623. 32, Eluc. 47; tóm d.
, vain-glory, 655 xxvi. 3: in N. T. and eccl. writers since the Reformati
on this word is much in use; the GREEK of the N. T. is usually rendered by d&yac
ute;rð. COMPDS: dýrðar-dagr, m. a day of glory, Hom
. 90, Fms. ii. 142. dýrðar-fullr, adj. full of glory, F
ms. ii. 199, vii. 89. Dýrðar-konungr, m. the King of Glory (Christ), Niðrst. 4. dýrðar-kóróna, u, f
. a crown of glory, Magn. 502, Pass. 25. 11. dýrðar-ma&eth
;r, m. a glorious man, Hkr. iii. 250, Bs. i. 90. dýrðar
-samliga, adv. and -ligr, adj. glorious, Stj. 288, 655 xxxii.
17, Fms. iv. 32, Stj. 34. dýrðar-staðr, m. a glorious
place, Ver. 3. dýrðar-söngr, m. a song of glory.
dýr-gildr, adj. dearly paid for, Fms. vi. 106.
dýr-gripr, m. a jewel, treasure, a thing of great value, Eg
. 4, 55, 179, Orkn. 354.
dýr-hundr, m. a deer-hound, esp. a fox-hound, Eb. 21
6.
dýrka (and dýrðka), að, with acc. to wors
hip, Stj. 103: to glorify, Ver. 6; d. Drottinn Guð þinn, S
tj. 4. 58; d. Guðs orð, 655 C. 15; d. kenning postulanna, 14: to cele
brate, d. þenna dag. Hom. 8: to exalt, nú er tí&
eth; Drottinn, sú er þú d. oss ambáttir þ&iacut
e;nar, Blas. 47; ek em Guð sá er þik dýrkaða'k, ok m
un ek enn d. þik, 50: hann dýrkaði válaðan, Greg. 24
; d. e-n með e-u, Fms. x. 315; d. e-n, to pray one reverentially; h&
oacute;n kastar sér fram á gólfit, dýrkaði hann,
svá segjandi, Stj. 522. 2 Sam. xiv. 4; hence the common Icel. phrase, ve
rtu ekki að d. hann, don't beg (coax) him. 2. re
flex. to magnify oneself; þá mundu Gyðingar dýrka
sk í sjálfum sér, Stj. 392; hirð eigi þú m
aðr at d. í krafti þínum, thou man, glory not in thy
strength, Hom. 8; sá er dýrkask, kvað Paulus
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<HEADER>112 DÝRKAN -- DÆMI.</HEADER>
postuli, dýrkisk hann með Guði, 23: in pass. sense, Fms. xi. 415;
dýrkaðisk þolinmæði réttlátra, Hom. 49
; verit ér þolinmóðir litla stund, at ér d&yacute
;rkisk, 623. 32. In N. T. and mod. eccl. writers the Gr. GRREK is sometimes rend
ered by dýrka, e.g. Matth. v. 16.
dýrkan, f. worship, adoration, 623. 11: veita goðum d.,
655. 1: in pl., Stj. 54: glorifying, dýrkan andar ok likama. 50;

afguða-d., skurðgoða-d., idolatry.
dýr-kálfr, m. a deer-calf, Hkv. 2. 36.
dýr-kálkr, m. a dub. reading (of a horse), Glúm. 356
.
dýr-keyptr, part. dearly bought, Fbr. 56 new Ed.
dýr-lagðr, part. dearly rated, Ld. 30.
dýr-leikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), dearness, Dipl. ii. 5
.
dýr-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), glorious. Fms. iv. 82,
vii. 85, x. 223, xi. 51, Eg. 478; d. veizla, Bs. i. 133: d. matráð,
139.
dýrlingr (dýrðlingr, Hom. 115. Bs. i. 202, Fms.
i. 227). m. [A. S. deôrling; Engl. darling] :-- a saint,
holy man; Guðs d., Ver. 1. Fms. iv. 227, 232, v. 214, Bs. i. (freq.)
dýr-menni, n. a glorious man, Lex. Poët.
dýr-mætr, adj. precious, Stj. 180, 204, Fas. i. 455,
Sks. 183.
DÝRR, adj., compar. dýrri, superl. dýrstr, mod. more
freq. dýrari, dýrastr; dyröztum, Fb. i. 211: [Ulf. does not
use this word, but renders GREEK etc. by reiks or svêrs; A.
S. deore; Engl. dear; Dan. and Swed. dyr; O. H. G. tiuri
; Germ. theuer] :-- dear: 1. of price, of such and such
a price: referring to the weregild, at sá maðr sé vel
dýrr, Hrafn. 9; fésætt svá mikla, at engi maðr ha
fi dýrri verit hér á landi enn Höskuldr, i.e. that
there has never before been paid so high a weregild as for Hoskuld, Nj. 189;
munu þat margir ætla at hann muni dýrstr gerr af þeim
mönnum er hér hafa látizt, 250; dýrr mundi Hafliði
allr, Sturl. i. 47: of other things, ek met hana dýrra en aðrar, 
I put her at a higher price than the rest, Ld. 30; hversu dýr skal sj
á kona, how much is she to cost? id.; kaupa dýru verði,
to buy dearly, at a high price; þér eruð dýru ve
rði keyptir, 1 Cor. vi. 20. 2. precious, costly; bókin
a dýru, Fms. vii. 156; skjöldinn þann inn dýra, Eg. 698
: enn Dýri dagr, vide dagr, Ann. 1373, Mar. 96; eigi var annarr (gripr) d
ýrri í Noregi, Fas. ii. 65; því betr sem gull er d&ya
cute;rra en silfr, Ld. 126; dýrar hallir, lordly halls, Rm. 45; en
n dýri mjöðr, the nectar, the godly mead, viz. the poeti
cal mead of the gods, Hm. 106; hence dýr-gripr, a jewel. β
. as a metrical term; enn Dýri háttr, the artificial metre,
 Edda 131: hence the phrase, kveða dýrt, to write in an artifi
cial metre; dýrr bragr, bragar-háttr, an artificial air, tu
ne, opp. to a plain one. γ. ó-dýrr, common, Lex. Poët., mod. cheap: fjöl-d., glorious, and many ot
her poët. compds: the proverb, dýrt er drottins orð, vide dr&oac
ute;ttinn. δ. of high worth, worthy; en dýra drottnin
g María, Mar. 18; Abraham er kallaðr dýrstr (the worthiest) allra höfuðfeðra, Ver. 12; skatna dýrstr, the best o
f men, Edda, Ht. 82; Jón Loptsson, er dýrstr maðr er &aacu
te; landi þessu, Sturl. i. 105; at því er at gæta vi&et

h; hversu dýran mann (noble, worthy man) þú át
t málaferli, 33; af hinum dýrustum höfðingjum, Fb. l.c.:
dýrr is not used in Icel. in the exact Engl. sense of beloved.
dýr-skinn, n. a deer-skin. N. G. L. iii. ch. 47.
dýr-tíð, n. a time of dearth, famine, N. T.
dægi-ligr, adj. [Dan. deilig], fair, (mod. and rare.)
dægn (d&oelig;gn), n. [Swed. dygn; Dan. dögn], = dægr, q.v., N. G. L. i. 335, Skálda 190; this form is very
rare.
DÆGR (d&oelig;gr), n. [dagr; in Dan. dögn means
the natural day = 24 hours, and answers to Icel. sólar-hringr, whe
reas Icel. dægr usually means both night and day, so that on
e day makes two dægr]: hence dægra-mót or dæg
ra-skipti, n., denotes the twilight in morning and evening, Hom. 41, Sks. 21
8; í degi dægr tvau, í dægri stundir tólf, i
n a day two dægr, in a dægr twelve hours, Rb. 6; &
thorn;au (Day and Night) skulu ríða á hverjum tveim dægr
um umhverfis jörðina, Edda 7; tuttugu ok fjórar stundir skulu ve
ra í tveimr dægrum, Sks. 54: hann sigldi á átta d&ael
ig;grum til þess er hann tók Eyjar á Íslandi, and bel
ow, ek skildumk fyrir fjórum nóttum (viz. Sunday to Thursday) vi&e
th; Ólaf konung Haraldsson, Fms. iv. 280; þeir vóru þr
jú dægr í leitinni, Nj. 265; á hverju dægri, Gr
ág. ii. 169; á dægrinu, 360; tvau dægr, Fb. i. 539; &t
horn;rjú d., 431; skipti þat mörgum dægrum, id. :-- in a
ll these passages the sense seems clearly to be as above. 2. in some few
cases it seems to be used of the astronomical day = 24 hours, or the Dani
sh dögn; such is the case with the interesting passage Landn. 1. ch.
1; the journey between Iceland and Ireland is here reckoned as five dægr,
between Norway and Iceland seven, between Iceland and Greenland four, and to th
e deserts of Greenland (the east coast) one, etc.: sjau dægra sigling, fj&
ouml;gra d. sigling, fimm dægra haf, i.e. a sail of six, four, five
dægr, Landn. 25, 26. COMPDS: dægra-far, n. the division o
f day and night, Sks. 26, Fms. iv. 381. dægra-stytting, f., in
the phrase, til dægra styttingar, to shorten the time, of pastime,
Fas. iii. 39. dægra-tal, n. 'day-tale,' calculation of time,
Rb. 488: sam-dægris (sam-d&oelig;gnis, O. H. L. 86), adv. the same day
; also sam-dægrs: jafn-dægr or jafn-dægri, equinoctial
time.
dægr-sigling, f. a day's sail, Landn. 26.
dæl (d&oelig;l), f. [dalr, dól], a little dale, Nj. 253. Sd. 173, Sturl. ii. 100 C: of fjalldala ok dælar, Greg. 59.
dæla, u, f. I. a small dale, Sturl. ii. 100 (Ed.) 
II. a naut. term, a contrivance to serve the purpose of a ship's pump, Edda (Gl.); hence dælu-austr, m. emptying a ship by a d&ae
lig;la, Fbr. 131, Grett. 95; dælu-ker, n. a kind of bucket:
hann hað þrælinn færa sér í d. þat er
hann kaliaði sjó, Landu. 251; hence the metaph. phrase, láta d
æluna ganga, to pour out incessantly, chatter without ceasing, Gret
t. 98. The ancients cannot well have known the pump; but as dælu-austr is
distinguished from byttu-austr, where the buckets were handed up, so dæla
seems to have been a kind of groove through which the bilge water was mad
e to run out into the sea instead of emptying every bucket by handing it overboa
rd: in Norse döla means a groove-formed trough, eaves, a trench, and the like, D. N. iv. 751, Ivar Aasen s.v. dæla, p. 75.
dæld, f. = dæl, Fms. x. 319.
dæld, f. [a], gentleness, in the COMPD dældar-ma&et
h;r (deildar-maðr, v.l.), m. a gentle, easy man, Ld. 68, 2
76.
dælir (dæll, sing.), m. pl. dales-men, O. H. L.
23: mostly in compds, as Lax-dælir, Vatns-dælir, Sýr-d&aelig
;lir, Svarf-dælir, Fljóts-dælir, etc., the men from Laxeyd
ale, Waterdale, etc.
dæll, adj. gentle, familiar, forbearing; this word is no dou
bt akin to deila (qs. deill), i.e. one who is easy 'to deal with;' vertu
nú dæl (i.e. keep peace, be gentle) meðan ek em brautu,
Nj. 52; ekki þótta ek nú dæll heima, I was not good
to deal with at home, Fms. xi. 51; ekki d. viðfangs, not easy to dea
l with, Grett. 127; dæll (easy, affable) öllu lands f&oacu
te;lki, Orkn. 184: engum þótti dælt at segja konungi hers&oum
l;gu, Fms. i. 41; þat er eigi svá dælt (easy) at taka
Sigurð jarl af lífdögum sem at drepa kið eðr kálf
, 53; þótti þeim dælla at taka þat er flaut laust
, vi. 262; þótti nú sem dælst mundi til at kalla, er u
ngr konungr réð fyrir ríki, Eg. 264: the phrases, göra s&
eacute;r dælt við e-n. to put oneself on a free, familiar footing t
owards one; Þórðr görði sér d. við &tho
rn;au Þorvald ok Guðrúnu, Ld. 134; ek mun nú gera m&eacu
te;r dælt um ráðagörð við þik, I will tak
e the liberty to give thee straightforward advice, Nj. 216; hann gör&et
h;i sér við þá dælt, Grett. 144; mun dælt vi
ð mik þykja, ef þú ert eigi í för, they wi
ll pay me little heed, unless thou art with me, Lv. 37; þótti v
era spottsamr ok grár við alla þá er honum þ&oacut
e;tti sér dælt við, rude and taunting against all whom he th
ought his match to deal with, Bjarn. 3: proverb, dælt er heima hvat, at home anything will do, Hm. 5.
dæl-leikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), familiarity, often wit
h the notion of over great freedom, easy dealing; mjök kennir n&uacu
te; dælleika af várri hendi ... er svá vándr d&uacute
;kr er undir diski þínum, Bs. i. 475; fyrir dælleika sakir, S
ks. 553; til þeirra dælleika, 482; gör allt í dæll
eikum við oss, make no ceremony with us (the king's words to his host
), Fms. vi. 390; hann (Moses) var svá í dælleikum við Gu
ð, M. was in such familiarity with God, Ver. 23: affability, conde
scension, mildi ok dælleika, Fms. ix. 535, v.l. (of a duke): údæll, overbearing; inn-dæll, delightful.
dællig-leikr (-leiki), m. = dælleikr, Sks. 482, 553, v
.l., Sturl. i. 215 C.
dæl-ligr, adj. [hence Dan. deilig], genteel, fine to look
at, Edda 58. β. = dæll, familiar, Al. 33.
dælska, u, f. familiarity. β. idle talk, nons
ense, Edda 110, Karl. 437.
dælskr, adj. [ó], belonging to a dale, mostly in comp

ds: Breið-dælskr, from Broaddale, Sturl. i. 112 C. β. [Engl. dull], moody, dull; en til dælskr af dul, Hm. 56;
d., fólskr, impertinent, foolish. Fms. iv. 205.
DÆMA, d or ð, [dómr; Ulf. dômian; A. S. 
dêman; Engl. deem (as in demster); O. H. G. tomjan; lost in mod. Germ.; Swed. dömma; Dan. dömme] :-- a la
w term, to give judgment, pass sentence; d. mál, to give judgme
nt in a case, Nj. 56, Eg. 417; hvat sem at dæma er, Þorst. St. 5
5; lét dæma vörnina, caused judgment to be given on the par
t of the defence (in relerence to a curious Norse custom, by which bo
th plaintiff and defendant pleaded before different courts, which had finally to
adjust the sentence according to rules varying with the circumstances), Nj. 240
; d. dóm, to pass sentence, Fms. xi. 246; d. rangan dóm, Sk
s. 109 B: the fines etc. in acc., d. fé, útlegðir, sekð, to pass sentence to a fine, outlawry, payment, etc., Grág. i. 320;
útlegðir þær er á alþingi eru dæm&eth
;ar, 3; fé þat á dæmask á heimili þess er
sóttr er, 320; á þá at dæmask féit &tho
rn;annug, then the money is to pass (by sentence) to them, 378; d&
aelig;ma eindaga á fé, to fix a term for payment, 3; d. l&o
uml;g, to pass a lawful sentence, Fms. xi. 224; d. af, to make void, Sks. 11: d. um e-t, to judge of a thing, 625. 60: with acc. of the pe
rson, d. e-n skógarmann, to proclaim one an outlaw, Nj. 240; d. s&
yacute;knan, sekan, etc.: adding dat. of the person, d. e-m e-t, to adjudge a
thing to one; d. e-m fé, or the like; even, dæma e-m dó
m, to deal a sentence out to one, Fms. xi. l.c.: adding prep. af, d. f&ea
cute; af e-m, to give judgment against his claim, Bs. ii. 91; but more us
ually, d. e-n af e-u, to declare one to have forfeited; the instances in
Grág., N. G. L., and the Sagas are almost endless. β. to '
deem,' give an opinion, judge. II. to chatter, talk, mostly in
poetry; esp. in the allit. phrase, drekka ok d., vide Lex. Poët. and drekk
a; en er þeir áttu of þessa hluti at d., when they were ta
lking of those things, 623. 55.
dæmi, n., usually in pl., [dómr.] 1. an example, c
ase; hörð dæmi, a hard fate, Hkv. 2. 2; úlfa d.
, the case (doings) of wolves, Hðm. 30; kvenna d., w
omanish example, behaving like a woman, Þorst. St. 52; at mér v
erði vargsins d., Band. (MS.) 35: in plur., forn dæmi ok siðu fore
ldra sinna (cp. the Germ. weisthümer, alterthümer), old tale
s and
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<HEADER>DÆMAFÁTT -- E. 113</HEADER>
customs of their forefathers, Fagrsk. ch. 219; þessi dæmi (i.
e. verses) öll eru kveðin um þenna atburð, Mork. 114;
þó hafa mörg dæmi orðið í forneskju, m
any things have happened in olden times, Ó. H. 73 (margs d., Fms. iv.
172, less correctly), cp. dæmi-saga; spekingr at viti ok at öllu fr&
oacute;ðr, lögum ok dæmum (old lore, tales), mannfræ
ði ok ættfræði, Fms. vii. 102; Ari prestr hinn Fró&et
h;i, er mörg d. spakleg hefir saman töld, Bs. i. 145, cp. also Barl. 4
7, 73, 112; hence fá-dæmi, an unexampled, portentous thing;
eins dæmi, in the proverb, eins dæmin eru vest, viz. a singular,
unexampled fate is the worst: used even of pictures, a story represented
by drawing, Pm. 122: gramm. a citation, proof, nú skal l&aacut
e;ta heyra dæmin, now let us hear the proofs, Edda 49; þessi
dæmi (those references) ok nóg önnur, Anecd. 6, 15, 18,
21; draga dæmi af bókum, Sks. 468. β. example,
generally; djarfari en d. eru til, Fms. iv. 311; vita dæmi til e-s, R&oacu
te;m. 234; umfram d., or dæmum, unexampled, portentous, Stj. 143, F
ms. i. 214, viii. 52; svá sem til dæmis at taka, to take an exam
ple. Mar. 40, Bs. ii. 116; hence the mod. adverb, til dæmis (commonly
written short t.d. = e.g.), for example; sem d. finnask, Fagrsk. c
h. 9, Barl. 50; meir en til dæma, beyond example, Stj. 87, 167, 179
. γ. example for imitation (eptir-dæmi, example
); eptir dæmum Kristinna manna, Fms. v. 319; eptir þínum d&ae
lig;mum, Niðrst. 4; d. dæmi af e-u, to take example by it, Greg
. 134. 2. judgment, only in compds as, sjálf-dæmi, r&
eacute;tt-dæmi, justice, etc. COMPDS: dæma-fátt, n. adj. almost unexampled. dæma-fróðr, adj. 
wise in old lore, Fms. iv. 89. dæma-lauss, adj. unexampled, Stj. 391. dæma-maðr, m. a man to be imitated, Greg.
12.
dæming, f. judgment, Grág. i. 235, Skálda 211.
dæmi-saga, u, f. a fable, parable; in old eccl. translations
, the parable of the N. T. is rendered by 'dæmisaga,' Greg. 22; bu
t in mod. versions and writers since 1540 a distinction is made, and dæmis
ögur are fables, e.g. of Aesop, Reynard, or the like; whereas th
e parables of the N. T. are called 'eptir-líking;' heyrit mik ok m&ia
cute;na dæmisögu, Stj. 399. Judges ix. 7: an old saw, Fms. vii
. 102, v.l.: a proverb, Stj. 560. 1 Kings iv. 32, (rare.)
dæmi-stóll, m. the judgment seat, 623. 12, 13, 73, 62
5. 79.
dæsa, t, to utter a deep groan, Sturl. ii. 154: reflex. t
o lose breath from exhaustion, Sks. 231: part. dæstr, exhausted, br
eathless, Grett. 98.
DÖF, f., pl. dafar, the rump, Scot. doup; hér yfir ski
punum uppi mættusk döfin ok höfuðit dýrsins (of a bea
r), Fas. ii. 172, while 510 has dausin; cp. Norse dov = rump, Ivar
Aasen. 2. a kind of spear, Edda (Gl.), Akv. 4, 14. II. [cp
. dafna, and Swed. däfven = moist], suck (?) and metap
h. rest, in the poët. phrase, vær döf, sweet rest;
milli Belindar brjósta-kúlna búið hefi eg þ&eacu
te;r væra döf, Grönd. 67; hreppa væra döf, sweet r
est (of one dead), Feðga-æfi, 83 (in a verse).
DÖGG, f., old gen. döggvar. Korm., Sks. 606, Fms. ii. 278, mod.
daggar; old pl. döggvar, Vsp. 19, Vþm. 45; mod. daggir, Sks. 40; dat
. sing. döggu, Vtkv. 5, 656 A. 18: [A. S. deaw; Engl. dew; Ge
rm. thau; Dan. and Swed. dug] :-- dew; nátt-dö
gg, night-dew; morgun-dögg, morning-dew, Vþm. 45, Hkv.
Hjörv. 28. COMPD: (mod. daggar-, old döggvar-), d&oum
l;ggvar-drep, n. a dew-track, Fms. ii. l.c.
dögg-fall, n. dew-fall, Stj. 17.
dögg-litr, adj. dew-besprinkled, Hkv. 2. 41.
döggóttr, adj. bedewed, Hkv. 1. 46.
dögg-skór, m. [Swed. dopsko], the tip or cha

pe of a sheath, etc., Fas. i. 173, Gullþ. 47, Gísl. 115.
dögg-slóð, f. the slot or track left in the dew
, Gísl. 67.
döggva, að or ð, to bedew; pres. döggvar, Stj. 7
3, 397; hon döggvaði, fætr Drottins, 655 xxxi. 2; á morni
hverjum döggvir hann jörðina af méldropum sínum, Edd
a 7; döggðu andlit sin í tárum, 623. 58; d. hjörtu m
anna, Skálda 210, Hom. 45.
döggvan, f. bedewing, Stj. 14.
Döglingr, m., poët, a king, descendant of king Dag, Edda
105, Hdl. 18. 2. mockingly, a draggle-tail, Sturl. i. 62.
dögun, dögurðr, v. dagan, dagverðr.
dökk, dökð, f. [dock], a pie, pool, Gþl. 393,
Mart. 107.
dökk-blár, adj. dark blue, Sturl. ii. 212.
dökk-brúnaðr, adj. dark brown, Fas. i. 172.
dökk-grænn, adj. dark green, Stj. 62.
dökk-hárr, adj. dark haired, Hkr. iii. 281.
dökk-jarpr, adj. dark auburn, Ld. 274.
dökk-litaðr, adj. dark coloured, Sturl. ii. 212, Fms. vii
. 239.
dökkna, að, to darken, Fms. i. 216, x. 284, Fas. iii. 12.
DÖKKR, adj., acc. dökkvan etc., with v inserted, [Swed.Dan. dunkel], dark, Rb. 108; ský dökt ok dimt, Fms. xi
. 136; dökkvir hjálmar, vi. 150; dökkt yfirbragð, i. 97; d.
á har, dark of hair, Nj. 39; dökkvan skima, Sks. 229: compar
., dökkvara liós, 203; dökkvir villustigar, Fms. i. 138.
dökk-rauðr, adj. dark red, Þiðr. 178.
dökkva, ð, to darken; eigi döktusk augu hans, Stj. 3
48. Deut. xxxiv. 7; þa er dökkvir skilning, 656 C. 33: impers., d&oum
l;kkvir þik, andskoti, art thou in darkness? 623. 31; dag (acc.) d&
ouml;kði, the day darkened, Skálda (in a verse).
dökkvi, a, m. a dark spot, Fas. iii. 560.
E
E (a), the fifth letter, is in the old Gothic and Anglo-Saxon Runes repre
sented by RUNE, being in Anglo-Saxon called 'eoh;' the common Scandinavia
n Runes have no character for e, but mark it either ia or i, and, still later, RUNE, with a knob in the middle ('stunginn Íss' RUNE
).
A. PRONUNCIATION, etc. -- The Icel. e is sounded as English a in same, take, and in modern printed books is only used in radical syllables
without regard to etymology; but there is sufficient evidence that in early time
s in Icel. the e had a double sound, one long, like the Italian e
or English a (long), the other short, like e in English wet. These two sounds are etymologically different; the first is of comparatively l
ate growth and derived from a by vowel change or otherwise; it is therefo
re in kindred languages (Swed., Germ.) often spelt ä, so as to indic
ate its origin from the mother-letter a: the other e is much older
, nearly akin to i, being related to that letter as o to u.
Grimm suggests that e is derived from i as o from u (only admitting a, i, u as primitive vowels), but in the Icel. at least
e and o are in spelling as old as i or u, and seem
to be primitive. The Runes in Tune and on the Golden horn have special marks for
e and o. At the time of Ari and Thorodd the two seem to have been
distinguished in Icel. The latter grammarian uses a special sign for each; he p
roposes to represent the long sound (Engl. a) by UNCERTAIN (commonly &
e-hook;), adding (as he says) the bight of a to the body of e,
to express a sound intermediate between ä and e; he therefor
e would have written UNCERTAIN (I take), UNCERTAIN, UNCERTAIN (to tame
), but eðr, en, ef, etc., Skálda 161-163; in the unique vellum MS
. (and in Edd.) the characters are not given correctly, as transcriber and edito
rs did not fully understand the bearing of the author's words. About 700 years l
ater, Jacob Grimm (without knowing the Icel. grammarian or the spelling of MSS.
not then edited) recalled the old double e sound to life, guided by the a
nalogy of other Teutonic languages. He proposed to represent a (the &e
-hook; of Thorodd) by e, and the genuine e by ë.
He (Gram. i. 281-284) drew out a list of words founded on the supposed etymology
, and kept this distinction wherever he spelt Icel. words. It is curious to obse
rve the difference between Grimm's artificial list of words and the phonetic spe
lling in some MSS.; there are especially two MSS., both of them Norse, which are
remarkable for their distinction of the two sounds, the long e being spe
lt with æ, the short with e: these MSS. are the O. H. L., pu
blished from a vellum MS. Ups. De la Gard. no. 8, written in Norway at the begin
ning of the 13th century, and edited by C. R. Unger; the second, small fragments
of Norse law MSS., published in N. G. L. ii. 501-515 and i. 339 sqq. Some words
compiled from them are as follow: I. æ: the verbs, bæ
rja, blækkja, ærja, æggja, færja, hængja, gl&aelig
;ðja, hæfja, hærja (to harry), kvæðja, læ
ggja, sægja, sælja, sætja, strængja, væðja (to bail), værja, etc.; bænda, brænna (brændi), br&a
elig;sta, æfla, æfna (Swed. ämna), fælla (to fe
ll), frægna, gægna, hæmna ( = hæfna), hværfa (
to turn), kænna, mætta, næmna (Swed. nämna)
, rænna (to let run), ræfsa, spænna, stæmna (staf
n), tælja, værða (to become), værka, vækra (v
akr), þværra: nouns, bæn, a wound (but ben, N. G. L. ii
i. 388); bær, a berry; bæðr, a bed; bælgr; b
ærsærkr; bælti, a belt; dæpill; drængr, 
a man; drægg; ækkja, a widow; ændi, end; &ae
lig;ldr, fire; æmni ( = æfni = Swed. ämna); &aeli
g;mbætti (Germ. amt); ældri (in for-ældri, forefathe
rs, Germ. ältern); ælja, a concubine; ærendi,
an errand; ærændr, exanimis; ængill, an ange
l; ærmr, a sleeve (armr); ærvi, ærfingi, ærf&
eth; (arfr); ænni, the forehead; ærtog (a coin); æng, a meadow (ang = a sweet smell); Ærlingr (a pr. name); æ
rki-, Engl. arch- (GREEK); ærveði, toil, and ærve&
eth;r, toilsome; ægg, an edge; fæðgar (faðir)
; fælmtr (falma); færð (fara); frælsi (frjals); hæl,

hell; hælviti; hælla, a stone; hællir, a ca
ve; hærra, a lord; hærr, troops; hærb&uacute
;ðir; hærnaðr; hærað, a county (but herað in
N. G. L. i. 344 sqq.); hærðar, shoulders; kæfli (Swed. kafle); kær, a jar; kælda (kaldr), a well; k&ael
ig;till, a kettle; fætill; kvæld, evening; kværk
, the throat; læggr, a leg; mærki, a mark; m&a
elig;rgð (margr); mægn, mægin, main; mærr, a mar
e; næf, nose; næss, a ness; ræfill, tape
stry; rækkja, a bed; sækt, sake; skægg, 
beard; skællibrögð; skæpna, a creature (skapa, D
an. skæbne); sværð, a sword; sænna, soun
d; væfr, weaving; værk (but verk better, N. G. L. i. 339
sqq., cp. virkr): væstr, the west; væl, a trick; v&ael
ig;tr, the winter (but vittr or vitr better, N. G. L. ii. 509); vær
(in sel-vær); værðr, a meal; þængill, a k
ing; þækja, thatch; þægn, thane; &AEli
g;ngland, England; Ænskr, English; Ænglændingar,
the English (Angli); Tæmps, the Thames, etc.: dative
s, dægi, hændi, vændi, vælli, hætti (höttr),
bælki (balkr): adjectives, compar. and superl., fræmri, fræmst
r; skæmri, skæmstr; ældri, ælztr; længri, læ
ngstr; bætri, bæztr; værri, værstr; hældri, h&aeli
g;lztr: sækr, guilty; værðr, due; fæginn; h&
aelig;lgr, holy; bærr, bare; stærkr, stark, et
c.: prepositions, hænni, hænnar (hann); tvæggja, duorum; hværr, who; ænginn, none; ækki, nothing (but also engi, which is better), etc.: particles, æftir, after;
væl, well; ælligar, or: inflexive syllables, -sæ
md (-sanir); -ændi; -spæki, wisdom, etc.: the diphthongs &
aelig;i and æy = ei and ey, læita, b&aelig
;ita, hæyra, æyra, etc. II. e: the pronouns and partic
les, eða, or; ek, ego; enn, still; en, but; sem,
which; ef, if; með, with; meðan, while; me&
eth;al, between; nema, nisi; snemma, early; er,
<PAGE NUM="b0114">
<HEADER>114 E -- EDDA.</HEADER>
i s, and em, are; em, lam; þessi, thi s; &thor
n;etta, that; sex, s i x: sek, mek,
þek, sometimes instead of sik, mik, þik: nouns, elgr, an elk;
sef, s ib;
brekka, brink; veðr, weather; nevi, a kinsman (Lat. 
nepos); nevi, a
neave, fist; segl, a sail (cp. segla); vetr, a wight; selr, a se a l; net, a
net; nes, a ne ss; el, a gale; messa, a mass (Lat. m
issa); hestr, a horse;
 prtstr, a priest; þegn (O. H. L. 47); vegr, a way, honour; sel and setr,
shielings; verold, the world; vesold, misery: verbs, gera,
to ' gar, ' to do;
 drepa, to kill; bera, to bear; bresta, to burst; gefa,
to give; geta, to get;
 meta, to measure; kveða, to say; drekka, to drink;
stela, to steal; vera,
to be; mega, must; nema, to take; eta, to e a t; vega, to weigh; reka, t o

drive; skera, to cut: participles and supines from þiggja, l
iggja, biðja,
sitja, þegit, legit, beðit, setið: preterites as, hengu, gengu, fe
ngu (Germ.
gingen, fingen); greru, reru, srxeru (from gróa, róa, sn&ua
cute;a): e if sounded
as é, e. g. hot, blés, let, réttr, léttr; eve
n in the words, her, here; mér,
scr, þér, mihi, sibi, tibi; neðan (niðr), hegat (
-- hue); héðan, hence:
 adjectives, mestr, flestr, þrennr, etc.: inflexions, -legr, - ly; -lega, - ly; -neskja, -neskr (cp. Germ, - i sc h); in t
he articles or the verbal inflexions, -en, -et, -er, -esk, etc. The e is
often used against the etymology, as
dreki, dragon; menu, men (from maðr). In some other Norse MSS.
the
two sounds are marked, but so inaccurately that they are almost useless,
e. g. the chief MS. of the Bad. S.; but in other MSS. there is hardly an
attempt at distinction. The list above is mainly but not strictly in
accordance with the etymology, as phonetical peculiarities come in; yet
the etymology is the groundwork, modified by the final consonants:
both old spelling and modern pronunciation are of value in finding a
word's etymology, e. g. the spelling drsengr indicates that it comes from
drangr; hærað and haer, troops (but her, here), shew tha
t hærað (hérað)
is to be derived from hærr (herr), exercitus, and not from her (her
), etc.
The Icel. idiom soon lost the short e sound in radical syllables, and the
long e sound (like the Italian e) prevailed throughout; there was
then
no more need for two signs, and e, prevailed, without regard to etymology. Some few MSS., however, are curious for using æ almost
throughout in radical syllables, and thus distinguish between the e in
roots and the e in inflexions (vide B below); as an example see the ArnaMagn. no. 748, containing an abridgement of the Edda and Skálda and
poems published in the edition of 1852, vol. ii. pp. 397-494; cp. also
Vegtamskviða, published by Mubius in Sæm. Edda, pp. 255, 256, from
the same MS.; this MS. uses æ in radical syllables, but e or
i in inflexions.
It is clear that when this MS. was written (at the latter part of the i^th
century) the Icel. pronunciation was already the same as at present. In
some other MSS. e and ce, and e and g now and then appear m
ixed up,
till at last the thing was settled in accordance with the living tongue, so
that the spelling and sound went on together, and CE (or g) was only used
to mark the diphthong; vide introduction to Æ.
B. SPELLING of e and i in inflexions. -- The Germans, Swedes, Dane
s,
English, and Dutch all express the i sound in inflexional syllables by e,
 not i, as in Engl. y a í her, mother, brother, take
n, bidden, hidden, heaven,
kettle; or in Germ., e. g. hatte, möchte, sollte, lange, bruder, mut
ter,
soltesf, himmel, etc.: in the earliest times of Icel. literature also it is
almost certain that e was used throughout: Ari probably signed his name
Are (en ek heitcr Are, tb. fine): Thorodd, too, seems to have followed
the same rule, as we may infer from several things in his treatise, e. g.
the words framer and frá mér, which would be unintel
ligible unless we
suppose him to have written framer, not framir: even the name of
Snorri is twice spelt Snorre in the Reykholts-máldagi, probably written
by one of his clerks. Some old vellum fragments may be found with
the e only; but even in the oldest extant, i is used now and then.
The
reason is clear, viz. that the Icel. never admits the long e in inflexive
syllables, and in roots it never admits the short e, consequently the
same sign would not do both for roots and inflexions; hende, velle,
gefe have each two vowel sounds; therefore the short i was admitted
in inflexions; yet in most MSS. both e and i are used indiscrimina
tely,
a. g. faðir and faðer, tími and time, manni and manne, kominn and
komenn, komið and komet, hihidin and hundcn, fjallit and fjallet; even
those that use i admit e if following ð or d, &e
acute;. g. viðe, bæðe, liðe,
lande, but fjalli, vatni. As the spelling was partly influenced from abroad,
the e even gained ground, and at the time of the Reformation, when
printing became common, it was rcassmned throughout, and remained so
for nearly 230 years, when (about A. D. 1770-1/80) i was reinstated and
e expelled in all inflexions, as being inconsistent with the spelling and
ambiguous; but the sound has undoubtedly remained unchanged from
the time of Ari up to the present time: the English father, mother,
 German vater, mutter, and lcd. fadir are, as to the inflexion
, sounded
exactly alike.
C. INTERCHANGE of e and i. -- The adjectival syllable -ligr, -liga
, is in
MSS. spelt either -ligr or -legr; in modern pronunciation and spelling
always -legr, -lega (Engl. -ly). |3. in a few root words e has tak
en the
place of i, as in verðr, qs. virðr (food); brenna, qs. bri
nna; þremr and
þrimr; tvenna and tvinna; ef, efa, efi, = if, ifa, ifi; einbirni and einbe
rni
(horn): e has taken the place of a in such words as hnetr (nuts) f
rom
hnot, older form hnøtr: so also in eðli and öðli; efri efstr
from öfri öfstr: e and the derived ja make different wo
rds, as berg and bjarg, fell and
fjall, bergr and bjargar, etc.
D. DIPHTHONGS: I. ei answers to Goth, ai, A. S. â, Ge
rm.
ei, Engl. a (oa or the like); in Danish frequently expressed by ee; in
Swedish and Northern English the diphthong is turned into a plain e and a,
 which, however, represent the same sound: Goth, stains, A. S. sta
n, Swed.
sten, North. E. s to ne. The o sound is English-Saxon; the a sound EnglishScandinavian; thus the forms, home, bone, oak, oath, broad, one, own, more,
none, no, may be called English-Saxon, from A. S. ham, ban, etc.; the
North. E. and Scottish harne, bane, aik, ai/h, braid, ain, mair, /tain, m
ay
be called English-Scandinavian: cp. Swed. hem, ben, ek, ed. bred, en; Ice
l.
heimr, bein, eik, eidr, breidr, einn, meir, neinn, nei; cp. also Icel. bleikr,
 Swed. blek, North. E. blake, etc. The Runic stones mark the ei with a + i

 or i simply, e. g. sti w or s tain. Old Norse and Icel
. MSS. frequently for
ei give Æ i. II. ey is in modern usage sounded
as ei, and only
distinguished in writing; in old times a distinction was made in sound
between ei and ey. Norse MSS. almost always spell 'ôy, and in Norway
it is to the present time sounded accordingly, e. g. iiyra, -- Icel. eyr
a,
sounded nearly as in English toil: the ey is properly a vowel chan
ge of
au: ey frequently answers to an English e (ea) sound, as heyra, to hear;
 eyra, e ar; dreyma, to dream; leysa, to lease. In very
old MSS., e. g.
Ib. (ai in the Ed. is a wrong reading from aj in the MS.), au and ey are
even spelt alike (aj or a;^), though sounded differently. In some
MSS.
ey is also used where it is not etymological, viz. instead of ø or
o, in such
words as hreyqva, seyqva, stcyqva, deyqvan, greyri, geyra, seyni, etc., =
hrökva, sökva, ... greri or grori, syni, e. g. the Cod. Reg. of S;em.
Edda,
the Rafns S. Bs. i. 639
E. é is sounded almost as English y e (or y a
); it is produced, 1.
by an absorption of consonants, in words as réttr, léttr, þ&
eacute;ttr, sétti, flétta,
n'-tta, cp. Germ, recht, Engl. right; Germ. Icicht, Engl. light
: or in fo,
kno, tré, hit:, sc (Icel. fe = Engl. / ee, Goth. / aih w, L
at. pe cws), etc. 2.
by a lost reduplication in the preterites, fell, grot, réð, h-t, bl&u
acute;s, hot, gékk,
hékk, Ick, fékk, from falla, grata, etc.; in some old MSS. this é is
replaced by ie, e. g. in the Hulda Arna-Magn. no. 66 fol. we read fiell,
liet, hiet, griet, gieck, liek, cp. mod. Geim. fíel. hiess, Hess,
etc.; perhaps in
these cases e was sounded a little differently, almost as a bisyllable. 3.
in such words as the pronouns vt'-r, þér or ér (you),
niér, sér, þér (tibi):
the particles her (here), héðan (hence), héra&et
h;, vi'-l, el. 4. t' is also
sounded after g and k, and often spelt ie in MSS., gieta, g
iefa, kier, kierti;
this sound is, however, better attributed to g and k being aspirat
e. In
Thorodd and the earliest MSS. é is marked with ' just like the oth
er long
or diphthongal vowels; but the accent was subsequently removed, and e
 and é are undistinguished in most MSS.: again, in the 15th ce
ntury
transcribers began to write ie or ee (mier or meer). In printed bo
oks up
to about 1770 the ie- prevailed, then e, and lastly (about 1786) (
; (cp. the
5th and 6th vols. of Eél.): ë is an innovation of Rask, and i
s used by
many, but máttr, dráttr, and rettr, sléttr, etc. are etymol
ogically identical, though the sound of K is somewhat peculiar: the spelling~/e is als
o
a novelty, and being etymologically wrong (except in 2 above) is not to
be recommended.
Ebreskr, adj. Hebrew, Skálda 161, 167, Stj. 26. Ebreska, f.
the
Hebrew tongue, Ver. 11, Ann. (H.) 14.
eð, a particle, vide er.
eðal-, noble, in compds, borrowed from Germ, and rare.
EDDA, u, f. a great-grandmother, Rm. 2. 4; móðir (mo
ther) heitir ok
amma (grandmother), þriðja edda (the third is edda), Edd
a 108: this
sense is obsolete. II. metaph. the name of the book Edda, written
by Snorri Sturluson, and containing old mythological lore and the old
artificial rules for verse making. The ancients only applied this name
to the work of Snorri; it is uncertain whether he himself called it so;
it occurs for the first time in the inscription to one of the MSS. of Edda,
vi/, . the Ub., written about fifty or sixty years after Snorri's death: B&oacut
e;k
þessi heitir Edda, hann hefir saman setta Snorri Sturlusonr eptir þe
im
hætti sem her er skipat (vi'/, . consisting of three parts, Gylfagynning,
Skáldskaparmál, and Háttatal), Edda ii. 250 (Ed. Arna-Magn.
); sva segir
i bók þeirri er Edda heitir, at sá maðr sem Ægir h
ot spurði Braga ... .
532 (MS. of the 14111 century); hann (viz. Snorri) samansetti Eddu, he
put together the Edda, Ann. 1241 (in a paper MS., but probably genuine).
As the Skáldskaparmál (Ars Poe'tica) forms the chief part o
f the Edda,
teaching the old artificial poetical circumlocutions (kenningar), poetical
terms and diction, and the mythical tales on which they were founded,
the Edda became a sort of handbook of poets, and therefore' came
gradually to mean the ancient artificial poetry as opposed to the modern
plain poetry contained in hymns and sacred poems; it, however, never
applies to alliteration or other principles of Icel. poetry: reglur Edda, the
rules of Edda, Gd. (by Arngrim) verse 2, Lil. 96, Nikulas d. 4; Eddu
list, the art of Edda, (id. (by Arni) 79; -- all poems of the 141)1 centu
ry.
The poets of the 15th century frequently mention the Edda in the introduction to their Rimur or Rhapsodies, a favourite kind of poetry of this
and the following time, Reinalds R. i. I, Áns R. 7. 2, Sturlaugs R.,
Sigurðar þögla R. 5. 4, Rimur af 111 Verra og Vest, 4, 3, Jarlman
ns R.
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<HEADER>EDIK -- EFLA. 115</HEADER>
Í. I, 5i Ir- 3' Dímis R. 2. 4, Konraðs R. 7. 5; -- all these i
n vellum and
the greater part of them belonging to the I5th century. Poets of the
j6th century (before 1612), Rollants R. 9. 6, 12. 1, Pontus R. (by Magnus

Gamli, died 1591), Valdimars R., Ester R. 2. 2, 6. 3, Sy'raks R. i. 2, 6. 2,
Tobias R. I. 2; from the first half of the í yth century, Grett. R., Flor
es R.
6. 3, 9- 2t Kroka Refs R. I. 7, Lykla Pétrs R. 4. 2, 12. 1, Apollonius R.
1. 5, FloventsR. 6. 3, Sjö MeistaraR. i. 7, 2. 1, 3. 8; -- all in MS. In th
ese
and many other references, the poets speak of the art, skill, rules, or,
if
they are in that mood, the obscure puerilities and empty phr a ses of
the
Edda, the artificial phraseology as taught and expounded by Snorri; and
wherever the name occurs (previous to the year 1643) it only refers to
Snorri's book, and such is still the use of the word in Icel.; hence compd
words such as Eddu-lauss, adj. void of Eddie art; Eddu-borinn, part.
poetry full of Eddie phrases; Eddu-kenningar, f. pl. Eddie circumlocutions, Kötlu Draumr 85, e. g. when the head is called the ' sword of
Heimdal, ' the sword the 'fire or torch of Odin/ etc.; Eddu-kendr =
Edduborinn; Eddu-bagr, adj. a bungler in the Eddie art, etc. The Icel.
bishop Brynjolf Sveinsson in the year 1643 discovered the old mythological
poems, and, led by a fanciful and erroneous suggestion, he gave to that
book the name of Sæmundar Edda, the Edda ofS&oelig;mund; hence orig
inate
the modern terms the Old or Poetical and New or Prose Ed
da; in foreign
writers Eddie has been ever since used in the sense of plain and artless
poetry, such as is contained in these poems, opposed to the artificial,
which they call Scaldic (Skald being Icel. for a poet); but this has no
foundation in old writers or tradition. Further explanation of this subject
may be seen in Ersch and Grubar's Encyclopedia, s. v. Graagaas.
EDIK, n. [from Lat. acidum or acetum; A. S. eced; Ge
rm, essig;
 Dan. í dik] :-- vinegar (qs. acidum vini); the
word is modern in Icel.,
being borrowed from Danish, and probably first used in Matth. xxvii.
34, 48; edik galli blandað, Pass. 33. i, 2.
EÐLA (eyola, O. H. L. 27), u, f. [old Swed. ydhl a], a vipe
r, Hkr. i. 103.
eðla-, in compds [from Germ, edel-, Dan. Æ del-],
noble, Pass. 48. 6, (rare
and mod)
EÐLI, n., akin to and derived from óðal, q. v.; old MSS. a
lso always
use the form øðli (eyðli, D. I. I. e.), Fms. x. 301, Hom. 47, n8,
Greg. 48,
O. H. L. 86, Eluc. 16, Hkr. i. 225, Hbl. 9, Bs. i. 335, 342; eðli is more
modern, but öðli is still preserved: 1. nature; mannligt e., 
human
nature or character, 623. 19, Eb. no, Fms. x. 301; nátt&uacute
;rligt e., human
condition, Mag. (Fr.); vera í e. sinu, to be in one's own nature o
r frame
of mind, Fs. 59; eptir e., natural, ordinary, Fms. iii. 118; inoti e.
, against
nature, extraordinary; með likindum ok e., Edda 69; undruðusk er j&o
uml;rðin
ok dýrin ok fuglarnir höfðu sarnan e. í sumum hlutum, 144
. (prefc); eðli
and náttúra (natura) are used synonymously, id.; engla &oum
l;ðli, the nature
of angels, Eluc. 16; arnar öðli, the eagle's nature, Hom. 47
; allt mannkyns öðli, Greg. 48; öðrlez (= öðlis) skepna, O. H. L
. 86. 2. birth,
origin, extraction, in the alliterative phrases, ætt ok öðli,
Fms. i. 149;
hann var Valskr (H^ el s h) at ætt ok eðli, vii. 56; Dan
skr at öðli, Danish
by origin, Hom. 118; nafn ok öðli, n ame and family, Hbl. 9:
the phrase,
at alda-öðli, for ever and ever, D. I. i. 266: in mod. usage, fr
á alda öðli,
from the birth of time, from the beginning, only used of ' past time;'
the Dan. ' fra Arildstid' is probably a corruption of the same phrase. 3.
embryo, Lat. / et ws, Mar. 156. COMPDS: eðlis-fræði,
f. physic, (mod.)
eðlÍ8-b. ættir, m. pl. constitution, Bb. 2. 14. eðli
s-skapan, n. and
eðlis-skepna, u, f. o ne's nature, Fms. v. 216, Hom. 123.
eðli-borinn, part, noble-born, well-born, Hkr. ii. 135.
eðli-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), natural, proper.
eðlingr, m. = öðlingr, poët. an ' etheling. '

eðl-vina, adj., probably corrupt, a s a viper (?), Hdl.
45.
EÐR or eða, which is the more freq. form in mod. use, conj., [Got
h.
auþþa; A. S. o'S'o' e; Engl. o r; Germ. O de
r] :-- o r; joining two nouns,
verbs, or adjectives, hold eðr blóð, heitr eða kaldr, illr e&
eth;a góðr, etc., esp.
after the pronouns annaðhvárt, hvárt, either; hé
raðsektir e. utanferðir,
Nj. 189; slíkr vetr eða verri, tsl. ii. 138; kaupmenn e. formenn, Fms
. i.
II; í Blálandi eðr Arabia, Bb. 468; kirkjum eðr kla
ustrum, H. E. i.
419; í skógum eðr í öðrum fylsnum, Fms. iv. 38
4; skjóta e. kasta,
e. höggva e. leggja, Sks. 430; fyrr e. síðar, sooner or later
, Hkr. ii.
368. P. in comparison of two unlike things, the two things are connected with the disjunctive eða instead of the copulative ok, where the
Engl. may use a n d, e. g. the proverb, sitt er hvað, gæ
fa eðr gürfuleiki,
there's a difference between luck and wit; er úglíkt at ha
fa með sér góða
drengi ok hrausta eðr einhleypinga, Ísl. ii. 325; vilikr er þes
si eða hinn
fyrri, he is unlike and the first one, Mar. (Fr.); mun nokkut allikt,
garpskapr Bersa eðr stuldir borarins, i. e. ca none compare the valour

ofB. and the thievishness ofThorarinf Komi. 142. -y- aftcr a comparative, or even, sooner; ek em eigi verri riddari en Salomon konungr,
eðr nokkuru betri, 7 a m no worse a knight than king S., nay, rath
er somewhat better, bíðr. 161; eigi síðr, ... eðr nokkrum
mun heldr, not les s,
but rather a little more. Bad. 97: otherwise, el s e, = ell
a, lykt skal landskyld vera fyrir sumarmál, eðr..., N. G. L. ii. 106 (rare): ellipt. =
enn,
than, meta hvárt þau sé meiri, eðr hennar fö
ng só, Js. 61. 8. denoting a query, exclamation, abrupt sentence, or the
like, as Engl. or, what,
but; ek heiti Auðgisl, eðr ertú Hallfreðr, my n a
me i s A.,or art thou
Hallfred? Fms. ii. So; ek heiti onundr, ... eða hvert ætli þ
it at fara,
but whither do you think of going? 81; nú vil ek gera at skapi &th
orn;ínu, eðr
hvar skulum vit á leita ? Nj. 3; sagði, at þeir mundi vera menn
stórlátir,
eðr hvat þeir mundi fyrir ætlask, Eg. 17; eðr með hverju
m fórstu norðan ?
Finnb. 256; vituð ér enn, eðr hvat? Vsp. 22, 31, 38, 39.
eðr, adv. still, yet, older form instead of ' enn, ' only in p
oetry; eðr of
sér, o ne s till ha s to see, i. e. the next thin
g is ..., Haustl. 14; stóð eðr í
hausi, stood, i. e. remains, still in his head, 19.
EF, A. neut. subst., older form if, Bad. 114, 124, Hkv. e., Vellekla
I. e., Hkv. Hjorv. 33 :-- doubt, used in plur., hver sé if,
what doubt can
there bet Vellekla: it still remains in the phrase, mér er til efs, 7
doubt;
 en þar sem ef er á, wherever it is doubtful, K. &Aacute
;. 28; hvervetna þar sem
ef er á nokkuru máli, 204; ekki er til efs, at þeir menn r&i
acute;ða at grindhliði,
it cannot be doubted, that..., Lv. 19; sæmilig til efs, dubiousl
y good,
rather had, Vm. 55; utan ef, -without doubt, Fms. vii. 37, Stj. 421;
fyrir
utan allt ef, H. E. i. 519, Bad. I. e.
B. conj. [Goth, ibai; A. S. and Scot, gif; Engl. if; O. H.
G. ipu;
 Germ. o&; lost in Swed. and Dan.] :-- if, in case; en ef þ
it eigit erfingja,
Nj. 3; ef eigi (unless) væri jafnhugaðr sem ek em, 264; ef &tho
rn;ií átt þrjár
orrostur við Magnus konung, Fms. vi. 178; ef hann er varmr, if he is
warm, 655 xxx. I: very freq. as a law term -- in c a s e th
at, Grág., N. G. L.;
en ef þeir gjalda eigi, þá, i. 127; en 'ef (MS. en) þei
r vilja eigi festa,
id. P. in poetry often with subj. (as in Engl.); inn þú bjó&
eth;, cf Eirikr sc,
if it be Eric, bid him come in, Em. I: nálgastu mik, ef þ&ua
cute; megir, if thou

may'st, Gm. 53; vega þií gakk, ef þú rtiðr s&e
acute;r, if thou be wroth, Ls. 15;
ef Gunnars missi, Akv. ii; ef hann at yðr lygi, Am. 31; ef sér geta
maetti, Hm. 4; heilindi sitt ef maðr hafa nái (better than nair), 67:
ellipt.
passages where 'if is omitted, but the subj. retained, v. Lex. Poët.; sk&oa
cute;r
er skapaðr ilia eðr skapt sé rangt ( -- ef skapt sé rangt)
, Hm. 127; but
indie, sometimes occurs, ef hann freginn erat, 30; ef þitt æði d
ugir (indie.)
ok þú Vafþrúðnir vitir (subj.), Vþm. 20: in
prose the subj. is rare, and
only in peculiar cases, e. g. nú munu vér á þá
hættu leggja, ef (if, i. e.
granted, supposed that) ek ráða ok binda ek við hann vin&a
acute;ttu, Fms. iv.
82; ok b~ta um þat, ef konunginum hafi yfirgefizt, xi. 283; þat var
háttr
Erlings, ef úvinir hans kæmi fyrir hann, vii. 319; en skotið &a
acute; þá, ef þeir faeri
nær meginlandi, viii. 419; ef ek lifi ok mega'k ráða, Edda 34.
II.
if, whether, Germ, o b, with indie, or subj.; sjá nú
, ef Jakob leysir hann
af þessum böndum, 655 xxx. 3; þá spyrr Frigg, ef s&uacut
e; kona vissi, then
Frigg asks, if the woman knew, Edda 37; hann kom opt á mál vi&
eth;
konung, ef hann mundi vilja bæta bórólf, Eg. 106; Egill spur
ði, ef hann
vildi upp or gröfinni, 234; at Bölverki þeir spurðu, ef hann
væri með
böndum kominn, Hm. 109; hitt vil ek fyrst vita, ef þú fr&oacut
e;ðr sér, Vþm.
6; vittu ef þú hjálpir, see if tboit canst help, Og.
5 :-- this sense is now
obsolete, and 'hvárt' (hvort) is used
efa, að, in old writers usually spelt with i, ifa; efa occurs
in Nj. 207,
Hkr. ii. 326, Sks. 153, Stj. 256, Fms. ii. 42, iii. 115, vi. 184, Al. 43,
Grett. no A, Bs. ii. 169, etc.; in mod. usage always with e :-- to doubt,
 with acc.; engi ifar þat, Fms. x. 319: the phrase, efa sik, to hes
itate,
 Grett. 1. c.; skulu þér eigi e. yðr (doubt), at ...
, Nj. 307: used as neut.
to feel a doubt, ifi þér nokkut, at, Fms. v. 38, Hkr. I. e.,
623. 33; ifa
(efa) um e-t, to doubt about a thing, Hkr. i. 223, Grág. ii. 47, F
ms. ii.
283, v. 37, vi. 184. 2. reflex., efask (ifask) í e-u, to doubt or
he s itate in a thing; í því má engi maðr ifask,
at ..., Sks. 272 B; ekki
efumk ek í því, 153, Stj. 1. c.; Freysteinn efaðisk &iac
ute;, hvárt ..., F. was in
doubt, whether..., Fms. iii. 115; þér efisk í um þ
eirra almátt, ü. 42: efask
um e-t, to doubt about a thing, x. 392; hvárt ifisk er um ok hr&ae

lig;ðisk,
Niðrst. 2. p. absol. to doubt, hesitate, Sir. 22; statt upp ok ifask
alls
ekki, Hom. 119. y. with gen., efask e-s, to change one's mind in a
matter, Grág. i. 312, 313.
efan, ifan, f. (almost always with i; efan, H. E. 1. c.), doubt
, hesitation,
 Barl. 149, H. E. i. 396, Bær. 14, Hom. 23. COMPD: efanar-lauss,
adj. undoubted, Stj., 655 xxvii. 2: neut. as adv. undoubtedly, Fms
. ix. 347,
El. 2, Str. 35, K. Á. 202.
efan-laust, n. adj. undoubtedly, Hom. 15 (spelt ifan-).
efan-leikr, m. doubtfulness, Skálda 188.
efan-ligr (ifan-ligr), adj. doubtful, Skálda 188, Ld. 58, F
ms. x. 317,
369 (in the last two passages spelt with i).
efi, a, m., in old writers almost always ifi :-- doubt, Greg. 37i
Fms. iii.
8, x. 392, Hkr. i. 223; vera ifa, to be in doubt, Mar. 17; enn er eptir
ifi í hug minum, 623. 26; an ifa (efa), without doubt, Fms. x. 336
,
Skálda 210: suspicion, Fms. x. 260. COMPDS: efa-lauss (ifalauss), adj. undoubted, clear, Nj. 87: neut. as adv. undoubtedly,
Grág.
ii. 189. efa-lausligr, adj. id., Bs. i. 263. efa-samr, ifað-samr,
efað-samligr, adj. doubtful, Al. 5, Stj. 172. efa-samliga, adv.
doubtfully, Bs. ii. 153. efa-semð and efa-semi, f. doubt, Bs.
i. 272.
efa-sök, f. a doubtful case, Grág. i. 73.
EFJA, u, f. [Swed. äfja] , mud, ooze, Fms. vi. 164, Hr
afn. 26.
EFLA, d, [afl and afli], to strengthen: I. act., a. to make
strong, build; efla veggi, to build walls. 655 xxv. i; létu &t
horn;eir efla at
<PAGE NUM="b0116">
<HEADER>116 EFLAUSS -- EGG.</HEADER>
nýju Danavirki, they restored the Danish wall, Fms. i. 121. &be
ta;. to found, raise, endow; efla stað, kirkju, to endow o
r raise a church, bishopric, Barl. 65, Fms. iv. 110; e. bú, to
set up one's house, Band. (MS.) 3: milit., e. her, lið, to raise tro
ops. Fms. v. 279; e. flokk, to raise a party, 140; e. ófri&eth
;, to raise a rebellion, make war, xi. 268: e. e-n, to aid, side with
one, in a fight or lawsuit; efldi Dofri hann síðan til rík
is í Noregi, Bárð. 164; ok hét honum liðveizlu sinn
i at hann skyldi e. Steinar, Eg. 722: e. e-n til rangs máls, to help o
ne in a wrong case, Js. 8; Danir höfðu þá herrana eflt
upp á Svíaríki, Fms. x. 50; bað liðit e. sik, Fagr
sk. ch. 179. γ. to perform solemnly; e. heit, to make a v
ow, Gísl. 90; e. blót, to perform a sacrifice, Nj. 158;
e. at brullaupi, to hold a wedding, Fms. ix. 21: poët., e. d&aacut

e;ð (dáð eflir, a hero); e. tafl, to play a game,
Orkn. (in a verse), Lex. Poët. δ. neut. to be able; sem
vér eflum ok orkum, Stj. 149; sem þú eflir ok orkar, id.
, 186, (rare.) II. reflex. to grow strong; hversu staðrinn
hefir eflzk ok magnask. Bs. i. 59; hann fann at mótstüðumenn ha
ns efldusk, grew strong; eflask at her, liði, to gather, raise tro
ops, Gísl. 7, Fms. i. 199, vii. 23; síðan var efldr (ra
ised) flokkr í móti honum, iv. 140: eflask til ríkis, to win a kingdom, get a kingdom by force of arms, Bárð. 165: er
lask við e-n (poët.) = mægjask, to marry into one's family, Hdl. 15.
ef-lauss and if-lauss, adj. undoubted, Greg. 25, Mart. 121,
Fas. ii. 539.
efling, f. growth, increase in strength and wealth, Bret., Greg. 4
3: strength, help, assistance, Glúm. 346, 347, Ld. 88, Hkr. iii. 1
85, Mork. 128.
eflir, m. a helper, promoter, Lex. Poët.
EFNA, d, (að, Nj. 189, Fms. ix. 453, xi. 286), [Swed. ämna; A. S. efnan, æfnan, = to perform] :-- to perform, chiefly
to fulfil a vow or the terms agreed upon; e. orð sín, to k
eep one's word, Fms. i. 4; þat efndi Gunnarr, Nj. 45; þat skal e
k e. sem ek hét þar um, Fms. i. 217; e. sætt, to fulfil an
agreement, Nj. 258: Ólafr efnir vel við ambáttina, Ola
ve behaved well to the handmaid, Ld. 156. β. reflex. to turn
out so and so, come to a certain issue; efndisk þat ok vel, Nj. 72; &t
horn;at efnask (better efnisk) opt illa, it comes to a bad end, 189. I
I. efna, að, to prepare for a thing, make arrangements; ekki er &
thorn;ess getið at hann efnaði til um fégjaldit, Fms. xi. 286; ha
nn efnaði þar til vetrsetu, x. 1; þeir efnuðu til vetrsetu &
iacute; Oslo, ix. 453; þar hafði Ólafr konungr efnat til kaupst
aðar, king O. had there founded a town, iv. 93: efnaði Óla
fr konungr þá til ágætrar veizlu, king O. made a gr
eat feast, ii. 133; þeir Ingjaldr efna þar seið, Ingjald
made a great sacrifice, feast, Fs. 19.
efnaðr, adj. rich, having ample means.
efnd, f. fulfilment of a pledge, promise. Sturl. iii. 170, Fms. vi
. 29, vii. 121.
EFNI, n. [Swed. ämne = stuff, materia, and Dan. &ae
lig;vne = achievement] :-- a stuff, originally like Lat. ma
teria, timber; and so the stuff or material out of which a th
ing is wrought; auðskæf mærðar e., Ad. 16; at allir hlutir v
æri smíðaðir af nokkru efni, that all things were wrough
t (created) of some stuff, Edda 147 (pref.); skapa af engu efn
i, to create from nothing (of God), Fms. i. 304; efni (materials)
til garðbóta, Grág. ii. 263, Sks. 287 (of a cloth); ek em g&ou
ml;rr af ústyrku efni, I am made of frail stuff, 543, Barl. 140, S
tj. 17, 67; smíðar-efni, materials; efni-tré, a bloc
k, tree; efni í ljá, orf, etc., or of any piece fitted as
materials. β. in a personal sense; manns-efni, a promising yo
ung man: karls-efni, a thorough man, a nickname, Landn.: the proverb,
engi veit hvar sæls manns efni sitr, of youths of whom no one can tell wh
at may be hidden in them; þegns e. = manns-efni, Stor. 11: gott manns-e.,
gott bónda-e., promising to be an able man; and on the other hand,

ónýtt, illt manns-e., in whom there is nothing. γ
. merely in temp. sense, applied to persons designate or elect; konungs-e., a crown prince; biskups-e., a bishop-elect; br&uacu
te;ðar-e., a bride-elect; konu-e., one's future wife. &delt
a;. a subject, of a story, book, or the like, Lat. argumentum, plo
t; yrkis e., Íd. 11; e. kvæða, a plot, subject for poetr
y; sögu-e., a subject for tales or history; in old writers it ra
rely occurs exactly in this sense: the contents of a written thing, br&ea
cute;fs-e., efni í bók; hence efnis-laust, adj. void, em
pty writing; efnis-leysa, u, f. emptiness in writing; Bjö
rn hafði ort flim um Þórð, en þau vóru þ
ar efni í, at ..., but that was the subject of the poem, that ...,
Bjarn. 42; þótti mönnum þar mikit um, hversu mikil efni
þar vóru til seld, i.e. people thought the tale interesting, Ld. 200; eigi með sönnu efni, falsely, with untrue statements,
Sturl. iii. 305: hvárt efni þeir höfðu í um r&oacu
te;git, how they had made (mixed) their lies up, Eg. 59; me
ir en efni sé til seld, i.e. (related) more than what was true,
the tale was overdone, Bs. i. 137; talar af sama efni (subject) sem
fyrrum, Fms. ix. 252. 2. metaph. a matter, affair; til sanninda u
m sagt e., Dipl. i. 8; segir konungi frá öllu þessu e., Sturl.
i. 3; er þat merkjanda í þessu e., Rb. 250; fátt er b
etr látið enn efni eru til (a proverb), few things are reported be
tter than they really are, Band. 2; fyrir hvert efni, for this reason. β. a cause, reason; látask báðir af &thor
n;ví e., both died from this cause, Ísl. ii. 197; með h
verju e. Sturla hefði þessa för gört, what was the reason
of S.'s doing so? Sturl. ii. 132; gleði e., sorgar e., matter of joy
, sorrow, etc.: the proverb, en hvert mál, er maðr skal dæ
ma, verðr at líta á tilgörð með efnum (causes), Eg. 417; fyrir þat efni (for that reason) keypti hann landit
, Hrafn. 22, H. E. i. 471; en þetta efni (cause) fundu þeir t
il, Sks. 311. γ. a state, condition, affair; Rútr sag
ði allt e. sitt, Nj. 4; í úvænt efni, a hopeless stat
e, Band. (MS.) 13, Ísl. ii. 225; ek veit eigi görla efni Gunnlau
gs, I know not how Gunlaug's matters stand, 240; Helgi kvað eigi &tho
rn;at efni í, at láta lausan þjóf fjölkunnigan,
H. said that it would never do, to let a thief and wizard go, Sturl. i. 6
2; ef þess eru efni, if that be so, Grág. i. 76; sér,
hvers efni í eru, he saw how matters stood, Band. (MS.) 11; sag&e
th;i hver efni í voru, said how matters stood, Nj. 99; mér
þykir sem málum várum sé komið í ú
nýtt efni, ef ..., 150; munu ill efni í, some mischief may have
happened, Fs. 144; gott, þungt e., Karl. 402, Bs. i. 815; e-t gengr,
kemr svá til efnis, happens so and so, Mar. (Fr.); skipta sitt l&i
acute;f í betra e., to repent, id.; bera til efnis, to happen, Pr. 410. 3. plur. means, ability; minni nytjamenn af meirum ef
num en hann, Sturl. i. 126; eptir sínum efnum, to the best of their ab
ility, Hom. 123; ok bjoggusk um eptir þeim efnum sem þeir h&ouml
;fðu til, Orkn. 360; sjái þér nökkuð rá&
eth; (possibility) eðr efni vár (means), 358; grunar mi
k, at Þórólfr muni eigi görr kunna at sjá efni s
ín, i.e. I fear that Th. will overrate his own means, power, Eg. 7
6; þá væri þat efni nú í vóru m&aa
cute;li, it would be a chance for us, Fms. ix. 239; þar vóru
engi efni önnur, there was no other chance, xi. 144; nú eru
þess eigi efni, if that be impossible, Grág. ii. 140; h&eacu
te;r eru engin efni til þess at ek muna svíkja hann, i.e. I will
by no means deceive him, it is out of the question that I should do so, Eg.
60. β. in mod. usage, means, property, riches. COMPDS: e

fna-fæð, f. want of means, Bs. i. 457. efna-lauss, a
dj. wanting means. efna-leysi, n. want of means, Hrafn. 5.
efna-lítill, adj. poor; vera vel við efni, to be a w
ell-to-do man. efna-skortr, m. shortness of means, Bs. i. 525.
efni-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), hopeful, promising, e.g. of
a youth, Nj. 39, Eg. 147, 599, Fms. i. 17, v. 263, Orkn. 202; efniligt rá
ð, a wise issue, Fms. xi. 21; sögðu allt hit efniligasta, made a flattering report, ix. 488; ekki efniligt, not advisable, St
url. i. 186.
efni-mark, n. a sign, 732. 17.
efning, f. keeping ( = efnd), Grág. i. 316
efni-tré, n. a block, timber, Gísl. 146, Fas. ii. 21
0, Stj. 618, Mork. 91.
EFRI, compar.; EFSTR, superl.; older form öfri, Hkv. 2
. 36, Ó. H. ch. 248 (in a verse), Greg. 42, N. G. L. i. 10, 384, Í
b. 5, Hom. 116; öfstr, Fms. x. 394, 686 C. 2, Ls. 50, 51, Hbl. 18, E
dda 115, 116 (Gl.); compar. and superl. without the positive [as Lat. superio
r, supremus. Gr. GREEK, but formed from the root syllable 'of-,' cp. ofar, y
fir; very old MSS. therefore mostly spell with ö, a vowel change of
o; the mod. form, as well as that of most MSS., is with e, efri, e
fstr, Am. 50, Og. 23: I. the upper, higher; the phrase, bera efra
skjöld, to carry the higher shield, i.e. carry the day, Fms.
x. 394 (MS. æfra): opp. to neðri = upper, at Mosfelli enu &ouml
;fra, Íb. 5: the adverb, phrase 'it efra' denoting the upper or inland road, opp. to the shore; allt hit efra suðr, Eg. 58; sumir f&oac
ute;ru it efra til Þríhyrnings-hálsa, Nj. 207; hit efra um U
pplönd, Fms. i. 22: by land, opp. to the sea, Hkr. ii. 8: of the
inner part of a building, opp. to fremri or the part nearest the door, Eg. 43: in the air, opp. to the earth, Sks. 115: superl. efstr, the
hindermost, e. liðr, the hindermost joint, 623. 32: neut. efst as
adv. highest up, uppermost, efst á stólpanum, 655 xxv. 2.
β. metaph. superior, better; er öllum öfri er, Greg
. 43. II. the latter, last part: 1. temp., á efra al
dri, in the decline of life, Eg. 4; inn öfri, the latter, opp
. to fyrri, N. G. L. i. 342; efri hluti sumars, in the decline of summer,
Eg. 712; Ólafs-messa hin öfri ( = síðari), the latter
 (i.e. second) day of St. Olave (viz. Aug. 3), opp. to &Oacute
;lafs-messa fyrri (July 29), N. G. L. i. 10; efsti dómr, the last judg
ment, Stj. 58; öfsti dómr, id., 686 l.c.; efsta vika, 
the last week of Lent = the Passion week, Orkn. 386, Mar. 78; öf
sti dagr Paska, the last day in Easter, N. G. L. i. 348; efsta bæn,
the last prayer, 623. 50; þeim gef ek erni efstum bráð
ir, Fas. i. 429 (in a verse); efsta sinni, for the last time, 227; &thorn
;ó vér ritim hana öfri en aðrar, Hom. 116. 2. loc.
, where aptari and aptastr or eptri and eptstr are the common words; fyrstr and
efstr are opposed, foremost and last, in a rank, Ls. l.c.; s&aacut
e; fyrstr er efstr gekk inn, Grág. i. 32.
EFSA, t, [cp. Swed. efsing = thrum, stump], to cut;
e. e-m skör, to cut one's head off, Sighvat, (GREEK)
egðir, m., poët, an eagle.
Egðskr, adj. from Agðir, a county in Norway, Fms., Landn.
EGG, n. [A. S. äg; Engl. egg; Swed. ägg; D

an. æg; Germ. ei], an egg, Eg. 152, Grág. ii.
346; arnar-e., æðar-e., álptar-e., hrafns-e., dúfu-e., k
riu-e., etc., an eagle's egg, eider duck's, swan's, raven's, dove's, etc.
; also, höggorms egg, a snake's egg: eggja-hvíta, f. the white of an egg: eggja-rauða, f. or eggja-blómi,
 m. the yolk; verpa eggjum, to lay eggs; liggja á eggj
um, to sit on eggs, brood; koma, skríða ór eggi, of the
young, to come out of the egg, Fagrsk. 4 (in a verse): an egg is
glænýtt fresh, stropað half-hatched, ungað hatched; vind-egg, a wind-egg, addled egg; fúl-egg, a rot
ten egg; vera lostinn fúlu eggi, proverb of a sad and sulky looking f
ellow that looks as if one had pelted him with rotten eggs, Gísl.
39 (in a verse); fullt hús matar og finnast hvergi dyrnar á, a rid
dle describing an egg; but fullt hús drykkjar og finnast hvergi dy
rnar á, the berry: eggja-fata, f. a bucket in which to g
ather eggs: eggja-kaka, f. an 'egg-cake,' omelet: eggja-lei
t, f. a gathering of eggs, etc.
EGG, f., gen. sing, and nom. pl. eggjar, old dat. eggju, mod. egg; [Lat.
acies; A. S. ecg; Engl. edge; Hel. eggja; lost in Ge
rm.; Swed.
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<HEADER>EGGBITINN -- EIÐSIFJAR. 117</HEADER>
ägg; Dan. æg] :-- an edge, Eg. 181, 183, Nj. 136
: the phrase, með oddi ok eggju, with point and edge, i.e. by forc
e of arms, with might and main, Ó. H. ch. 33, Grág. ii. 13, Nj
. 149, 625. 34; oddr ok egg, 'cut and thrust,' Hom. 33; drepa í eg
g, to blunt: as the old swords of the Scandinavians were double-edged (on
ly the sax had a single edge), egg is freq. used in pl.; takattu á eggjum
, eitr er í báðum, touch not the edges, poison is in both o
f them, Fas. i. 522 (in a verse); the phrase, deyfa eggjar, vide deyfa: the
sword is in poetry called eggjum-skarpr, m. with sharp edges; and
the blade, tongue of the hilt, Lex. Poët.; sverðs-eggjar, swo
rd edges; knífs-egg, öxar-egg, the edge of a knife, axe.
2. metaph., fjalls-egg, the ridge of a mountain, Hkr. ii. 44; reis
a á egg, to set (a stone) on its edge, opp. to the f
lat side, Edda 40: eggja-broddr, m. an edged spike, Fms. x. 355.
egg-bitinn, part. bitten, smitten by an edge, Bs. i. 644.
egg-dauðr, adj. slain by the edge of the sword, Lex. Poët
.
egg-elningr, adj. having an ell-long edge (of a scythe), Gr&aacute
;g. i. 501.
egg-farvegr, m. the print of an edge, Þórð. 54 ne
w Ed.
egg-fránn, adj. sharp-edged, Lex. Poët.
egg-hvass, adj. sharp, Lex. Poët.
egging, f. an egging on; eggingar-fífl, n., v.l. for
eggjunar-fífl, Nj. 52.
eggja, að, to egg on, incite, goad, with acc. of the person, g
en. of the thing; (e. e-n e-s), er þá eggjaði hins vesta verks,
Nj. 213; allmjök muntu eggjaðr hafa verit þessa verks, Fs. 8; e.
lið, a milit. term, to encourage, cheer troops just before battle, F
ms. v. 73: proverb, illt er at e. óbilgjarnan, 'tis not good to egg on
an overbearing man, Grett. 91; e. e-n á e-t, to egg one on to do
a thing, Nj. 21, Pass. 22. 9: absol., er þat gráta á ann
ari stundu er eggja á annari, Þorst. St. 52. 2. reflex., l&a
acute;ta at eggjask, to yield to another's egging on; eigi mun konungr l&
aacute;ta at eggjask um öll níðingsverk þín, Eg. 41
5; Haraldr konungr lét at eggjask, Fms. xi. 23; eggjask upp á e-n,
to thrust oneself upon one, provoke one, Róm. 120: recipr. to
egg one another on in a battle, eggjuðusk nú fast hvárirt
veggju, Nj. 245.
eggjan (eggjun), f. an egging on, Fms. v. 75, vii. 260, Eg.
473, 623. 29. COMPDS: eggjunar-fífl, n. a fool, a cat's paw, Nj. 52; vide eggingar-fífl. eggjunar-orð, n. pl. egging
words, Fms. ii. 290, viii. 219.
eggjari, a, m. an egger on, inciter, Barl. 52.
egg-leikr, m., poët. the play of edges, battle, Gkv. 2. 31.
egg-móðr, adj., poët, epithet of the slain in a battle-fi
eld; e. valr, mown by the sword, Hom. 31, Gm. 53; no doubt from má
, to mow, not from móðr, weary.
egg-skurn, n. (mod. egg-skurmr, m.), an egg-shell, Edda. 12
, Stj. 10.
egg-sléttr, adj. 'edge-plain,' i.e. quite plain, of
a meadow to be mown.
egg-steinn, m. an edged, sharp stone, Edda. (Ub.) 290.
egg-teinn, m. 'edge-rim,' one of the two rims running along the an
cient swords, with a hollow between them; blánaðr 'annarr' eggteinnin
n, Nj. 203; svá at fal báða eggteina, the blade sank so dee
p that both edge-rims were hidden, 125, Ísl. ii. 55, Fas. ii. 415; ri
tað gullstöfum fram eptir eggteinum, of the sword of Charlemagne, Karl.
178.
egg-tíð, n. 'egg-tide,' the egg-season (May), Edda 103.
egg-ver, n. 'egg-field,' a place where the eggs of wild fowl are gathe
red in quantities (cp. sel-ver, síld-ver, álpta-ver), Gr&aacut
e;g. ii. 263, 338, Jb. 217, Eg. 42: gathering eggs = varp, Bs. i. 350; eg
gvers-hólmi = varphólmi, Jm. 1.
egg-völr, m. the slope on the edge (as of scissors), Fbr. 142
, Bs. ii. 94.
egg-þunnr, adj. thin-edged; e. öx, Ann. 1362.
Egipzkr, adj. Egyptian; Egiptaland, n. Egypt, Al., F
ms., etc.
EGNA, d, [agn], to bait, with dat. of the bait, Edda 154, H&yacute
;m. 22: the prey for which the bait is set either in acc., e. örriða, to bait for trout, Sighvat; e. veiði, to set bait for the prey, Sturl. i. 18; or in mod. use, e. fyrir fisk: even used, e. neti (better acc.),
to cast a net, Fms. ii. 140; e. snörur, gildru, Mar. passim; egnd s
nara, Grett. (in a verse). 2. metaph. to provoke, Sks. 232, Fas. i
. 39; reiði Drottins þá uppegnd er, Pass. 40. 3.
egning, f. = eggjan; egningar-kviðr, m. a kind of verdict, v. kviðr.
EI and ey (cp. also æ), adv. [cp. Gr. GREEK; Lat. 
aevum; Goth. aivs = eternity, everlasting time: hence are deri
ved the O. H. G. eva, A. S. æ, Hel. êo, in the
metaph. sense of law (the law being symbolical of what is everlasting), w
hich word still remains in the mod. Germ. ehe = marriage; whence
the mod. Germ. echt = genuine, mod. Dan. ægte, mod. I
cel. ekta, q.v. (Grimm)] :-- ever; the phrase, ei ok ei, or ey ok
ey, for ever and ever; gott ey gömlum mönnum, gott ey ungum m&o
uml;nnum, Landn. 45; öllungis muntu hafa þau ei ok ei, Hom. 15, Al. 1
20; hans ríki stendr ei ok ei, 160; Guðs ei lifanda, Blas. 43: the pr
overbs, ey sér til gyldis gjöf, Hm. 146; ey getr kvikr kú, 69
; ey lýsir mön af mari, Vþm. 12; ey bað hon halda, Hkv. 1.
4; ey var mér týja, Akv. 27; lifa ey, Hm. 15, 34; er ok ey eð
a ei þat er aldregi þrýtr, Skálda 172; ei at vera, 677
. 3; til hins sama var ey at ætla, Bs. i. 108. II. [Dan. ei,
Swed. ej], not ever, not, properly a contraction from ei-gi, in t
he MSS. freq. spelt é or UNCERTAIN; ei is often used in mod. writers, but
not in speech; it is also used now and then in Edd. of old writers, though it i
s doubtful whether it is there genuine. 2. ey in a negative sense; ey man
ni, no man, Vþm. 55; vide eyvit.
EIÐ, n. an isthmus, neck of land; mjótt e., Eg. 129; ra
starlangt eið, Fms. ix. 402; hence the names of places, Satíris-ei&et
h;, the Mull of Cantire, Orkn. 152; Skalp-eið, Scalpa (in Ork
ney), 244; Eiðar (a farm), Eiða-skógr (in Sweden), Eiða-fj&ou
ml;rðr, Eiðs-berg, Eiðs-vágr, Eiðs-völlr (in Norway)
, Eið = Aith (in Shetland).
EIÐA, u, f. [Ulf. aiþei; Finn. aiti], a mother
, Edda 108; an obsolete word, which only occurs once or twice in old poetry;
perhaps akin to edda, q.v.
eið-bróðir, m. an oath-brother, confederate, Fms. i
x. 294, Bær. 16: metaph., arnar e., the oath-brother of the eagle, the
raven Fagrsk 4 (in a verse).
eið-bundinn, part. bound by oath, Hkr. iii. 26.
eið-byggjar, m. pl. inhabitants of an isthmus, Fms. viii. 194.
eið-fall, n. a law term, failing in one's oath, Grág. i
i. 22, Glúm. 387, K. Þ. K. 146.
eið-falli, a, m. one who fails in an oath, N. G. L. i. 431.
eið-færa, ð, a law term, to charge one with a thing by a
n oath, Grág. i. 244. 245, Sturl. iii. 98, (in a case of alimentation
.)
eið-færing and eið-færsla, f. charging by a
n oath, Grág. i. 235, 244, 245.

eið-færr, adj. able, competent to take an oath, Fb. i. 5
55.
eið-hjalp, f. a Norse law term, 'oath-help,' metaph. last h
elp, issue; svá er, segir Þórarinn, ok er þ&oacut
e; nokkur í eiðhjálpin, Band. (MS.) 16, H. E. i. 467, v.l.
eið-laust, n. adj. without an oath. K. Þ. K. 72.
EIÐR, m. [Ulf. aiþs; A. S. að; Engl. oath;
 North. E. aith; Swed. ed; Dan. eed; Germ. eid]
:-- an oath; vinna eið, but also sverja eið, to take an oath,
to swear, Glúm. 387, Nj. 36, Grág., Sdm. 23; ganga til eið
a, to proceed to the taking an oath, Nj., Grág.; eiðar, or&eth
; ok særi, Vsp. 30; fullr e., a full, just oath, Grett. 161; rj&uac
ute;fa eið, to break an oath (eið-rofi); perjury is mein-s
æri, rarely mein-eiðr (Swed.-Dan. men-ed, Germ. mein-eid
); eiðar úsærir, false, equivocal oaths, Sks. 358; hence
the proverb, lítið skyldi í eiði úsært, with
the notion that few oaths can bear a close scrutiny, Grett. 161; trúna&e
th;ar-e., hollustu-e., an oath of fealty, allegiance: cp. the curious pas
sages in Sturl. i. 66 and iii. 2, 3; dýr eiðr, a solemn oath;
sáluhjálpar-e., sverja dýran sáluhjálpar-ei&e
th;, to swear an oath of salvation (i.e. as I wish to be saved). In the N
orse law a man was discharged upon the joint oath of himself and a certain numbe
r of men (oath-helpers, compurgators, or oath-volunteers); oaths t
herefore are distinguished by the number of compurgators,--in grave cases of fel
ony (treason etc.), tylptar-e., an oath of twelve; in slighter cases of f
elony, séttar-e., an oath of six, (in N. G. L. i. 56, ch. 133, 'vj
á hvára hönd' is clearly a false reading instead of 'iij,' three on each side, cp. Jb. Þb. ch. 20); grímu-eiðr, a
mask oath, a kind of séttar-e.; lýrittar-e., an oath of th
ree; and lastly, ein-eiði or eins-eiði, an oath of one, admis
sible only in slight cases, e.g. a debt not above an ounce; whence the old law p
roverb, eigi verðr einn eiðr alla, a single oath is no evidence for a
ll (cases), Sighvat, Fms. iv. 375, v.l., Bjarn. 22, Nj. 13: other ki
nds of oaths, dular-e., an oath of denial; jafnaðar-e., an oath of
equity, for a man in paying his fine had to take an oath that, if he were p
laintiff himself, he would think the decision a fair one: vide N. G. L. i. 56, 2
54-256, 394, Jb. and Js. in many passages. In the Icel. law of the Commonwealth,
oaths of compurgators are hardly mentioned, the kviðr or verdict of neig
hbours taking their place; the passage Glúm. ch. 24, 25 is almost uni
que and of an extraordinary character, cp. Sir Edmund Head's remarks on these pa
ssages in his notes to the Saga, p. 119, cp. also Sturl. iii. 2; but after the u
nion with Norway the Norse procedure was partly introduced into Icel.; yet the J
s. ch. 49 tries to guard against the abuse of oaths of compurgators, which led m
en to swear to a fact they did not know. As to the Icel. Commonwealth, it is chi
efly to be noticed that any one who had to perform a public duty (lög-skil)
in court or parliament, as judge, pleader, neighbour, witness, etc., had to tak
e an oath that he would perform his duty according to right and law (baug-ei&eth
;r ring-oath, bók-eiðr gospel-oath, lög-eiðr lawful-oath), the wording of which oath is preserved in Landn. (Mantissa)
335, cp. Þórð. S. (Ed. 1860) p. 94, Band. (MS.) COMPDS: ei&e
th;a-brigði, n. breach of oath, Band. 6. eiða-fullting, n. an oath help, Fas. ii. 204. eiða-konur, f. pl. women
as compurgators, Grett. 161. eiða-lið, n. men ready to tak
e an oath, Eg. 503, referring to Norway, the men elected to an oath of tw
elve. eiða-mál, n. an oath affair, Sturl. iii. 2. eiða-sekt, f. a fine for an (unlawful) oath, N. G

. L. i. 211. eiða-tak, n. giving security for an oath, bail, N
. G. L. i. 314, 321. II. a pr. name, Landn.
eið-rof, n. breach of an oath, perjury, K. Á. 148.
eið-rofi (eið-rofa), a, m. a perjurer, violater of an o
ath, Fms. viii. 387, K. Á. 148, N. G. L. i. 152, 429, Edda 43.
Eið-sifjar, m. pl. 'Oath-sibs,' the name of a confederation
 of kinglets in southern Norway: whence the name Eiðsifja-lög, m. pl. a collection of laws in N. G. L. i. The word is differently spelt, Hei
ðsifjar, Heiðsævi, etc. But the syllable eið- may be derived f
rom eið, an isthmus, because
<PAGE NUM="b0118">
<HEADER>118 EIÐSPJALL -- EIGA.</HEADER>
their parliament was held on an isthmus, Eid, now called Eidsvold; vide Munch.
eið-spjall, n. delivery of an oath, in the Icel. law phrase, h
lýða til eiðspjalls e-s, to listen to one's oath, Nj., Gr&
aacute;g. i. 39, 76, etc.
eið-stafa, að, to say the oath formula for another to repeat, D. N.
eið-stafr, m. the form or wording of an oath; sverja me
ð þessum eiðstaf, Gþl. 7, Fms. vi. 53, viii. 150, x. 418.
eið-svari, a, m. a confederate, one bound by oath, Nj. 192: a liegeman bound by a hollustu-e., Orkn. 106, Fms. v. 44 (Hkr. ii. 333).
eið-særr, adj. such that it may be sworn to, absolutely true
, Eg. 347 (in a verse, MS.; Ed. auðsært).
eið-unning, f. the taking an oath, Grág. i. 57.
eið-vandr, adj. 'oath-fast,' religious as to an oath, Lex. Po&
euml;t.
eið-varr, adj. cautious (conscientious) as to an oat
h, Ísl. ii. 98.
eið-vinning, f. = eiðunning, K. Þ. K. 156.
eið-vætti, n. testimony on oath, Jb. 448.
EIGA, pret. átti; pret. subj. ætti, pres. eigi; pres. ind. &
aacute;, 2nd pers. átt (irreg. eigr, Dipl. v. 24), pl. eigum, 3rd pers. p
l. old form eigu, mod. eiga; imperat. eig and eigðu; sup. átt; with s
uffixed neg. pres. ind. 1st pers. á'k-at, 2nd pers. átt-attu; pret
. subj. ættim-a: [Gr. GREEK; Goth. aigan; A. S. âgan;
Hel. êgan; O. H. G. eigan; Swed. äga; Dan. ej
e; Engl. to owe and own, of which the former etymologically an
swers to 'eiga,' the latter to 'eigna'] :-- to have, possess.
A. ACT. I. denoting ownership, to possess: 1. in a p
roper sense; allt þat góz sem þeir eiga eðr eigandi ver&e
th;a, D. N. i. 80; hann eigr hálfa jörðina, Dipl. v. 24; Bj&ouml

;rn hljóp þá á skútu er hann átti, Eb.
6; Starkaðr átti hest góðan, Nj. 89; þau áttu
gnótt í búi, 257; hón á allan arf eptir mik,
3; átti hón auð fjár, Ld. 20; ef annarr maðr ferr
með goðorð en sá er á, Grág. i. 159; annat v&aa
cute;pnit, ok á þat Þorbjörn, en Þorgautr á
þetta, Ísl. ii. 341; eignir þær er faðir hans haf&
eth;i átt, Eb. 4; í ríki því er Dana konungar
höfðu átt þar lengi, Fms. xi. 301, Rb. 494, Eb. 54, 118, 2
56, 328, Sturl. ii. 60, Eg. 118; e. saman, to own in common, Grág.
i. 199; ef tveir menn eigo bú saman, ii. 44; e. skuld (at e-m), to be
in debt, Engl. to owe; en ef hann átti engar skuldir, if h
e owed no debts, i. 128; þar til átti honum (owed him) m
eistari Þorgeirr ok þá mörk, D. N. iv. 288 (Fr.); e. f&e
acute; undir e-m, to be one's creditor, Nj. 101; in mod. usage, e. f&eacu
te; hjá e-m, or ellipt., e. hjá e-m. 2. in a special sense;
α. eiga konu, to have her to wife; hann átti Gr&oacu
te;, Eb. 16; hann átti Ynghvildi, 3; Þorgerðr er (acc.) &aacute
;tti Vigfúss, ... Geirríðr er (acc.) átti Þ&oacut
e;rólfr, 18; hann gékk at eiga Þóru, he married Th
ora, id.; Þuríði hafði hann áðr átta,
Thorida had been his first wife, 42; enga vil ek þessa e., I wi
ll not marry any of these, Nj. 22; Björn átti þá ko
nu er Valgerðr hét, 213, 257; faðir Hróðnýjar e
r átti Þorsteinn, Landn. 90; Ásdísi átti s&iac
ute;ðar Skúli, S. was A.'s second husband, 88; Þorger&et
h;r er átti Önundr sjóni, 89; Vigdís er átti &T
HORN;orbjörn enn digri, 87; Árnþrúðr er átti
Þórir hersir, 66; Húngerð er átti Svertingr, 6l,
86, and in numberless passages: old writers hardly ever say that the wife ow
ns her husband--the passages in Edda 109 (vide elja) and Nj. 52 (til l&iacut
e;tils kemr mér at eiga hinn vaskasta mann á Islandi) are extraord
inary--owing to the primitive notion of the husband's 'jus possessionis' (cp. br
úðkaup); but in mod. usage 'eiga' is used indiscriminately of both wi
fe and husband; Icel. even say, in a recipr. sense, eigast, to own one anothe
r, to be married: þau áttust, they married; hann vildi e
kki at þau ættist, hann bannaði þeim að eigast, he
forbade them to marry :-- to the ancients such a phrase was almost unknown,
and occurs for the first time in K. Á. 114. β. eiga börn
, to have children, of both parents; áttu þau Jófri&e
th;r tíu börn, J. and her husband had ten bairns, Eg. 708; ha
nn átti dóttur eina er Unnr hét, Nj. 1; þau Þor
steinn ok Unnr áttu son er Steinn hét, Eb. 10, Nj. 91, 257; &aacut
e;ttu þau Þórhildr þrjá sonu, 30; e. mó&e
th;ur, föður, to have a mother, father, Eb. 98; vænti ek o
k, at þú eigir illan föður, id. γ. the phrase
, e. heima, to have a home; þeir áttu heima austr í M
örk, Nj. 55; því at ek tek eigi heim í kveld, þar
sem ek á heima út á Íslandi, 275; in mod. usage = to live, abide, in regard to place, cp. the questions put to a stranger, h
vað heitir maðrinn? hvar áttu heima? used in a wider sense than b
úa. δ. eiga sér, to have, cp. 'havde sig' in D
an. ballads; Höskuldr átti sér dóttur er Hallgerðr
hét, Nj. 3; ef hann á sér í vá veru, Hm. 25,
(freq. in mod. use.) 3. without strict notion of possession; e. vini, &o
acute;vini, to have friends, enemies, Nj. 101; hverja liðveizlu skal
ek þar e. er þú ert, what help can I reckon upon from thee
? 100; e. ván e-s, to have hope of a thing, to reckon upon, 21
0; e. til, to have left; ekki eigu it annat til (there is nothing left
for you) nema at biðja postulann. Jóh. 623. 22: in mod. usage e.
til means to own, to have left; hann á ekkert til, he is void
of means, needy; eiga góða kosti fjár, to be in good ci
rcumstances, Ísl. ii. 322; e. vald á e-u, to have within on
e's power, Nj. 265; the phrase, e. hlut at e-u, or e. hlut í e-u, 
to have a share, be concerned with; eptir þat átti hann hlut at
við mótstöðumenn Gunnars, 101, 120; þar er þ&ua
cute; ættir hlut at, where thou wast concerned, 119; mik uggir at h
ér muni eigi gæfu-menn hlut í e., 179: hence ellipt., e. &ia
cute; e-u, to be engaged in, chiefly of strife, adversity, or the like; t
hus, e. í stríði, fátaekt, baráttu, to live,
be deep in struggle, want, battle, etc. II. denoting duty, right, due
, obligation: 1. to be bound, etc.; þeir menn er fylgð &
aacute;ttu með konungi, the men who owed following to (i.e. were b
ound to attend) the king's person, Fms. vii. 240; á ek þ
ar fyrir at sjá, I am bound to see to that, Eg. 318; Tylptar-kvi&e
th;r átti um at skilja, Eb. 48; þeir spurðu hvárt Nj&aac
ute;li þætti nokkut e. at lýsa vígsök Gunnars, Nj
. 117; nú áttu, Sigvaldi, now is thy turn, now ought thou,
Fms. xi. 109, Fs. 121; menn eigu (men ought) at spyrja at þingfesti
, Grág. i. 19; þá á þann kvið einskis meta,
that verdict ought to be void, 59; ef sá maðr á (ow
ns) fé út hér er ómagann á (who ought) fram at færa, 270; nú hafa þeir menn jammarga sem &thorn
;eir eigu, as many as they ought to have, ii. 270; tíunda á
maðr fé sitt, ... þá á hann þat at t&iacut
e;unda, ... þá á hann at gefa sálugjafir, i. 202 :-'eiga' and 'skal' are often in the law used indiscriminately, but properly 'ough
t' states the moral, 'shall' the legal obligation,--elska skalt &t
horn;ú föður þinn og móður, þú ska
lt ekki stela, where 'átt' would be misplaced; sometimes it is merely per
missive, gefa á maðr vingjafir at sér lifanda, ef hann vill, a man 'may' whilst in life bequeath to his friends, if he will, id.; ma&et
h;r á at gefa barni sínu laungetnu tólf aura, ef hann vill,
fyrir ráð skaparfa sinna, en eigi meira nema erfingjar lofi, a ma
n 'may' bequeath to the amount of twelve ounces to his illegitimate child withou
t leave of the lawful heir, etc., 203; ef þat á til at vilja, if that is to happen, Fas. i. 11. 2. denoting claim, right, to o
wn, be entitled to, chiefly in law phrases; e. dóm, sakir, to own
the case, i.e. be the lawful prosecutor; ok á sá &thorn
;eirra sakir, er ..., Grág. i. 10; eðr eigu þeir eigi at l&ouml
;gum, or if they be not entitled to it, 94; e. mál á e-m, to have a charge against one, Nj. 105; e. rétt á e-u, to
own a right; sá sem rétt á á henni, who has a
right to her, K. Á. 16; þeir sögðu at þeim &tho
rn;ótti slíkr maðr mikinn rétt á sér e.,
such a man had a strong personal claim to redress, Nj. 105; hence the phr
ase, eiga öngan rétt á sér, if one cannot claim red
ress for personal injury; þá eigu þeir eigi rétt &
aacute; sér, then they have no claim to redress whatever, Gr&aacut
e;g. i. 261; e. sök, saka-staði á e-u, to have a charge again
st; þat er hann átti öngva sök á, Nj. 130; sak
a-staði þá er hann þótti á eiga, 166; kalla
Vermund eigi (not) eiga at selja sik, said V. had no right to sell th
em, Eb. 116: hence in mod. usage, eiga denotes what is fit and right,
þú átt ekki að göra það, you ought no
t; eg ætti ekki, I ought not: in old writers eiga is seldom str
ictly used in this sense, but denotes the legal rather than the moral right. 
β. eiga fé at e-m (mod. e. hjá e-m), to be one's credi
tor, Grág. i. 90, 405, Band. 1 C: metaph. to deserve from one,
ok áttu annat at mér, Nj. 113; e. gjafir at e-m, 213; in a bad se

nse, kváðusk mikit e. at Þráni, they had much against
Thrain, 138. γ. the law phrase, e. útkvæmt, f&ael
ig;rt, to have the right to return, of a temporary exile, Nj. 251: at han
n skyli eigi e. fært út hingat, Grág. i. 119; ok á ei
gi þingreitt, is not allowed to go to the parliament, ii. 17; e. v&
iacute;gt, Grág., etc. III. denoting dealings or transactions betw
een men (in a meeting, fight, trade, or the like), to keep, hold; þ
ætti mér ráðliga at vér ættim einn fimtard&
oacute;m, Nj. 150; e. orrustu við e-n, to fight a battle, Fms. i. 5,
Eg. 7; e. högg við e-n, to exchange blows, 297; e. vápnaviðskipti, id., Fms. ii. 17; eiga handsöl at e-u, to shake ha
nds, make a bargain, x. 248; e. ráð við e-n, to consult, h
old a conference with, Nj. 127; e. tal við e-n, to speak, converse wi
th one, 129; e. mál við e-n, id., Grág. i. 10; e. f
und, to hold a meeting, Nj. 158; e. þing, samkvámu, stefnu,
to hold a meeting, Eg. 271; þetta haust áttu menn rét
t (a kind of meeting) fjölmenna, Eb. 106; e. kaupstefnu, to hold a marke
t, exchange, 56; e. féránsdóm, Grág. i. 94; e. g
ott saman, to live well together, in peace and goodwill, Ld. 38; e. illt
við e-n, to deal ill with, quarrel with, Nj. 98; e. búisifjar,
q.v., of intercourse with neighbours, Njarð. 366; e. drykkju við e-n, to be one's 'cup-mate,' Eg. 253; e. við e-n, to deal with one;
ekki á ek þetta við þik, this is no business between t
hee and me, Nj. 93; gott vilda ek við alla menn e., I would live in g
oodwill with all, 47; e. við e-n, to fight one; eigum vér
ekki við þá elligar (in a hostile sense), else let us not pr
ovoke them, 42; eðr hvárt vili it Helgi e. við Lýting
einn eðr bræðr hans báða, 154; brátt fundu &thor
n;eir, at þeir áttu þar eigi við sinn maka, Ld. 64; Gl&ua
cute;mr kvað hann ekki þurfa at e. við sik, G. said he had no n
eed to meddle with him, Glúm. 338; e. um að vera, to be concer
ned; ekki er við menn um at e., Nj. 97; þar sem við vini m&ia
cute;na er um at e., where my friends are concerned, 52; við fæ
ri er þá um at e., ef Kári er einn, there are fewer to de
al with, to fight, if K. be alone, 254; við brögðótta &a
acute;ttu nú um, Fms. v. 263; ætla ek at oss mun léttara fal
la at e. um við Svein einn, iv. 80; Sveinn svarar, at þeir áttu
við ofrefli um at e., that they had to deal with odds, 165. &beta
;. almost as an auxiliary verb; e. skilt (skilit), to have stipulated; hafa gripina svá sem hann átti skill, Fms. vi. 160; þat &a
acute;tta ek skilit við þik, ii. 93; sem Hrani átti skilt, iv.
31; e. mælt, of oral agreement; sem vit áttum mælt með ok
kr, xi. 40; þá vil ek þat mælt e., 124: in mod. usage e
. skilit means to deserve, eg á ekki þetta skilit af h&eacut
e;r, etc. γ. sometimes used much like geta; við þv&iacute
; átti Búi eigi gert, B. could not guard against that, Fms.
i. 117, cp. xi. 109 :-- also, e. bágt, to be in a strait, poor, sickl
y; e. heimilt, to have at one's disposal, Eb. 254. IV. to h
ave to do; skal Þorleifr eigi (not) e. at því at s
potta, Eb. 224; e. hendr sínar at verja, to have to defend one's own h
ands, to act in self-defence, Nj. 47; e. e-m varlaunað, to stand in d
ebt to one, 181; e. um vandræði at halda, to be in a strait, Eb
. 108; e. erindi, to have an errand to run, 250; en er þeir
<PAGE NUM="b0119">
<HEADER>EIGA -- EILIGR. 119</HEADER>
áttu um þetta at tala, when they had to talk, were talking, of t
his, Stj. 391; e. ríkis at gæta, to have the care of the kin
gdom, Nj. 126; en þó á ek hverki at telja við &thorn
;ik mægðir né frændsemi, i.e. I am no relation to thee
, 213; ok ætti þeir við annan at deila fyrst, 111; e. miki&e
th; at vinna, to be much engaged, hard at work, 97; e. e-t eptir, to h
ave left a thing undone, 56; e. för, ferð, to have a journey to
take, 11, 12; hann átti þar fé at heimta, 261; e. eptir
mikit at mæla, 88. 2. metaph. in the phrases, e. mikit (líti
ð) 'at' ser, or 'undir' sér, to have much (or little) in one's power; margir menn, þeir er mikit þóttusk at s
ér e., Sturl. i. 64; far þú við marga menn, svá a
t þú eigir allt undir þér, go with many men, so tha
t thou hast the whole matter in thy hands, Ld. 250; en ávalt á
tta ek nokkuð undir mér, Vígl. 33; kann vera at hann eigi miki
t undir sér, Fas. i. 37; eigum heldr undir oss (better keep it in our
own hands), en ganga í greipar þeim mæðginum, Fs. 37;
sem þeir, er ekki eigu undir sér, who are helpless and weak, Þorst. St. 55; e. þykisk hann nokkut undir sér, i.e. he
bears himself very proudly, Grett. 122; þetta ráð vil ek un
dir sonum mínum e., I will leave the matter in my sons' hands, Val
la L. 202; e. líf sitt undir e-m, to have one's life in another's hand
s, Grett. 154; mun ek nú senda eptir mönnum, ok e. eigi undir &o
acute;jöfnuði hans, and trust him not, 110: hence in mod. usage,
e. undir e-u, to risk; eg þori ekki að e. undir þv&iacut
e;, I dare not risk it: e. saman, to have or own in common;
the saying, það á ekki saman nema nafnið, it has nothin
g but the name in common; rautt gull ok bleikt gull á ekki saman nema
nafn eitt, Fms. v. 346: the proverb, þeygi á saman gamalt og ungt,
Úlf. 3. 44; e. skap saman, to agree well; kemr þú &t
horn;ér því vel við Hallgerði, at it eigit meir skap
saman, you are quite of one mind, Nj. 66; eigi veit ek hvárt vi&e
th; eigum heill saman, I know not whether we shall have luck, i.e. whe
ther we shall live happy, together, 3. β. to deal with one an
other (sam-eign); er vér skulum svá miklu úgæfu s
aman e., that we are to have so much mischief between us, Nj. 201; e. e-t
yfir höfði, to have a thing hanging over one's head, Sks. 742.
V. to agree with, to fit, to suit one: 1. with acc., &thorn
;að á ekki við mig, it suits me not, it agrees not with me. 2. with dat., medic. to agree, heal, the sickness in dat., thus
the proverb, margt á við mörgu, cp. 'similia similibus curantur
,' Vidal. ii. 109. 3. absol. to apply to; at hann skyldi eigi tr&u
acute;a lágum manni rauðskeggjuðum, því at meistarin
n átti þetta, the description suited to the master, Fms. xi.
433; þat muntu ætla, at ek muna e. hinn bleika uxann, that the d
un ox means me, Vápn. 21.
B. REFLEX., in a reciprocal sense, in the phrase, eigask við, to d
eal with one another, chiefly to fight; en er þeir höf&eth
;u langa hríð við átzk, when they had fought a long tim
e, Eb. 238, 74; eigask við deildir, to be engaged in strife, 246;
áttusk þeir höggva-viðskipti við, they came to a c
lose fight, Fms. i. 38; áttusk þeir fá högg við
, áðr ..., they had a short fight before ..., Eg. 297; f&aacut
e;tt áttusk þeir við Þjóstólfr ok Þor
valdr, Thostolf and Thorwald had little to do with one another, kept aloof fr
om each other, Nj. 18; var nú kyrt þann dag, svá at &tho
rn;eir áttusk ekki við, tbat day passed quietly, so that they came
not to a quarrel, 222. β. to marry, vide above (A. I. 2)
.
eiga, u, f. ownership, property; þá er af hans e., Gr

ág. ii. 304, Gþl. 312; alla eigu sína (al-eiga), Nj. 11; eig
a í eigunni (mod. eigu sinni), to own, possess, Fms. vii. 156, 280
; kasta eigu sinni á, to take in possession, Eg. 335. COMPD: ei
gu-ligr, adj. worth having, precious, Fms. i. 294, v. 260, Sks. 696,
Sturl. i. 2.
eigandi, pl. eigendr, part. possessor, owner, Grág.
i. 419, 420, 623. 21.
ei-gi, sometimes (though rarely) egi, or even contracted ei, adv. (vide ei 2, p. 117); [the negative eigi is particular to the Scandin., mo
d. Dan. ei, Swed. ej] :-- not. Old Icel. writers usually ma
ke a distinction between ekki, neut. adj. = nullum, nihil, and eigi, n
on; but in mod. usage ekki has, as adv., taken the place of eigi (whilst ekk
ert is used as the neut. adj.), e.g. ekki góðr, ekki vel, where the o
ldest writers use eigi góðr, eigi vel; this use of ekki is, however,
very old and freq. used, e.g. in the Njála, and even in as old a vellum M
S. as the Miracle-book (Bs. i); in most cases ekki and eigi are difficult to dis
tinguish, because of the contraction in MSS. (vide ei); editors commonly print e
igi :-- that old poets used eigi, not ekki, may be seen from rhymes such as e
igi varð ens ýgja, Fms. vi. 420: vide the negative -gi.
eigin, n. [Ulf. aigin = GREEK], one's own, of property; sit
t eigin, his own, Stj. 448; girnask annars eigins, Hom. 54, Fms. ix. 453
, v.l., Grág. ii. 191 (rare), vide eign. II. a seed, Edda (
Gl.); cp. the Norse iend or ejende = the first sprouts of corn
, Ivar Aasen.
eigin-bóndi, m. one's own husband, K. Á. 122, 655 xx
xi. 3.
eigin-brúðr, f. one's own bride, Lex. Poët.
eigin-bygð, f. one's own county, Fms. ii. 185.
eigin-dóttir, f. one's own daughter, Stj. 516.
eigin-gipt, f. part. one's own wife, H. E. ii. 111.
eigin-giptask, dep. to marry, Bs. ii. 167.
eigin-girnd and eigin-girni, f. selfishness, Stj. 134, Fas.
i. 396.
eigin-gjarnligr and eigin-gjarn, adj. selfish, Sks. 528.
eigin-húsfrú, f. one's own housewife, Stj. 251.
eigin-kona, n, f. one's own wife, Eg. 342, Grág. i. 376, K.
Á. 122, Fms. vii. 306, x. 265, Sturl. ii. 197.
eigin-kvángaðr and eigin-kvæntr, part. lawfull
y married, 671 B. 17, Sturl. i. 226.
eigin-kyn, n. 'own-kind,' peculiarity, Stj. 22.
eigin-leikr (-leiki), m. peculiarity, quality, Skáld
a 174.
eigin-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv. properly), one's own,

Fms. v. 232, x. 230, Magn. 496, K. Á. 432: gramm., e. nafn, a proper n
ame, Skálda 185.
eigin-maðr, m. one's own wedded husband, K. Á. 136, Tit
us i. 6.
eiginn, adj. [A. S. âgen; Engl. own; North. E. ain
; Germ. eigen; Swed.-Dan. egen] :-- own, one's own; th
is word is in mod. usage indecl. in case and number, only marking the gender, e.
g. mín, minnar, mínum eigin ..., but mitt eigið, etc.; old wri
ters use a full declension, til eiginnar konu, K. Á. 110; eigna konu, Str
. 20; sínum eignum bróður, Hom. 158; spýju sína
eigna, 159; í sínu eignu fóstrlandi, Stj. 103; fyrir s&iacu
te;num eignum sonum, 240; hafa at eignum manni, one's own husband, Fagrs
k. 10; eiginnar konu barn, 13.
eigin-orð, n. as a law term, ownership, possession, Grá
g. i. 417, ii. 259, Ó. H. 98; fá at eiginorði, to get into
possession, Eg. 511. 2. metaph. a wedding, betrothal, Korm. 74
, Grág. i. 162, 174, 310, Vígl. 20.
eigin-spúsa, f. = eiginkona, Str., (for. word.)
eigin-tunga, u, f. one's own native tongue, Edda 153 (pref.)
eign, f. property, possession, patrimony; ríki þessu
er ek kalla mína eign, Fms. i. 201; fá til eignar, to get,
Stj. 484; kasta sinni eign á e-t, to take into possession, Fms. iv
. 238, Eg. 466. β. chiefly in pl. estates, landed property, o
pp. to lausafé or movable; hann átti eignir í Vík au
str, Eg. 466, K. Á. 84: sing., en ef eign (a landed estate) er &ia
cute; þegngildi, Gþl. 131; eignir eða lausafé, N. G. L. i
. 121; eignir er hann tekr, 122. COMPDS: eigna-lauss, adj. without est
ates, Fagrsk. 33. eignar-búr, n. one's own barn, N. G.
L. i. 383. eignar-hluti, m. private share, property, Dipl. ii. 6:
part of an estate, Bs. i. 762. eignar-jörð, f. a patri
mony, landed inheritance, Bs. ii. 11. eignar-kona, f. = eiginkona, Fm
s. x. 152, K. Á. 136. eignar-lýðr, m. one's own peop
le, Stj. eignar-lýrittr, m., vide lýrittr, Grág.
ii. 204. eignar-maðr, m. an owner, possessor, Jb. 371, Dipl.
v. 9. eignar-mark, n. a mark of ownership (on cattle), Jb. 121. eignar-nafn, n. a proper name, Stj. 258, Fms. xi. 444. eignar-ski
pti, n. [mod. Dan. mageskifte], exchange of land, Jb. 192, D.
N. eignar-vitni (-vætti), n. a witness of ownership,
Jb. 191.
eigna, að; e. e-m e-t, to attribute to one, Stj. 25, Grett. 14
7 A, Fms. v. 277: to dedicate, name after one, mikit hof ok eignat &THORN
;ór, i. 294; kirkju ok e. hinum helga Kolumba, Landn. 43; eigna daga vitr
um mönnum heiðnum, Bs. i. 237; eigna sér, to declare a thing
to be one's own property; fé minu ok eignir ykkr Helgu, say that y
ou and Helga are the owners, Nj. 257; e. sér land, to take land in
to one's own hands, Fms. v. 168: the proverb, sér eignar smalamað
r fé, þó enga eigi hann kindina, the shepherd calls the f
lock his own, though he owns not a sheep. 2. reflex. to get, becom
e the owner of, Grág. i. 4, Nj. 94, Fms. i. 28, iv. 79, Edda 145 (pre
f.): part. eignaðr, having possession, Fms. iv. 23, v.l.
ei-góðr, adj. 'ever-good,' dear, beloved, a nickname, F
ms.
eigra, að, to walk heavily, denoting pain from age or debility
, Fas. ii. 130 (in a verse), now freq.
eigu-ligr (eigur-ligr, Barl. 205), vide eiga.
EIK, gen. eikar, pl. eikr, [O. H. G. eik; Germ. eiche; A. S
. âc; Engl. oak; North. E. aik; Swed. ek; Dan.
eg] :-- an oak, Skálda 151. 2. used in Icel. (where
are no trees) in the general sense of tree, Lat. arbor; and where
ver found it is a sure test of Icel. authorship; brotna eikrnar fyrir þv&i
acute;, Fb. i. 133; í skóg við eik eina, Fs. 69; hann reist &a
acute; honum kviðinn ok leiddi hann um eik, Nj. 275, Fms. xi. 9, 12 (J&oacut
e;msv. S.), (an 'oak' with apples); átu hverjar aðrar þv&iacute
; eikrnar með skyndi, Núm. 2. 98; 'saepius ventis agitatur ingens pin
us' (of Horace) is by Stefan Olafsson rendered, opt vindar 'eik' þj&aacute
; ef að hún er mjög há, Snót 87: but in the oldest
proverbs the sense is probably that of oak, e.g. þat hefir eik er
af annari skefr, cp. one man's meat, another man's poison, Hbl. 22, Grett
. 53 new Ed.; or, þá verðr eik at fága sem undir skal b&
uacute;a, Eg. 520;--this last proverb seems to refer to an old custom of buildin
g houses under an old oak as a holy tree.
eiki, n. oak timber, Lex. Poët.
eiki-áss, m. an oaken beam, El. 12.
eiki-kylfa, f. an oaken club, Lex. Poët.
eiki-köstr, m. a pile of oak-wood, Gh. 20.
eikinn, adj. savage (of a bull), freq. in mod. use; in Skm. 17, 18
it is used of wild-fire. II. oaken, Edda i. 430 (in a verse).
eiki-skógr, m. an oak-shaw, oak-wood, Fms. vi. 426, xi. 224
.
eiki-stobbi, a, m. the stump of an oak, Flóv.
eiki-stokkr, m. an oak-stock, Fms. vii. 37.
eiki-súla, u, f. an oaken column, Róm. 148.
eiki-tindaðr, part. with oaken pegs, Sks. 418.
eiki-viðr, m. an oak-wood, Sks. 415.
eiki-vöndr, m. a twig of an oak-tree, Sks. 416.
EIKJA, u, f. [eikja, Ivar Aasen], a small ferry-boat, Hbl.
7, Fms. iv 185, viii. 37, N. G. L. i. 239, 243; for Bs. i. 674 vide eykr.
ei-ligr, adj. eternal, 677. 2, 3, (rare.)
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<HEADER>120 EILIFÐ -- EINGI</HEADER>
ei-lífð, f. everlasting life, eternity, Mar., (freq. in
mod. use.)
ei-lífi, n. = eilífð, Barl. 76, 93.
ei-lífleikr, m. eternity, Stj. 8.
ei-lífliga, adv. to eternity, Fms. i. 202, Fb. i, 322, Eluc
. 3, Fær. 137, 655 xxxii. 10, N. T.
ei-lífligr, adj. everlasting, eternal, N. T.
ei-lífr, adj. everlasting, eternal, 625. 188, Fms. i. 75, K
. Á. 228, N. T.; at eilífu, for ever and ever, Niðrst.
8, Hkr. i. 19.
ei-lítill, adj. 'ever-little,' very little.
EIMR, m. and eimi, a, m. [this word may be akin to O. H. G. &ac
irc;tam; Germ. athem; Fris. ethma, adema, omma; A. S. &aci
rc;dm,--a Scandin. contracted form would be sounded eim; Dan. em; Norse æm, Ivar Aasen] :-- reek, vapour, from fire or emb
ers, different to gufa, steam from boiling; eimr ok reykr, Stj. 58; e. ok
aldrnari, vapour and fire, Vsp. 57; eim hratt, vapour gushed out,
Orkn. (in a verse); eimr skaut hrími, the vapour sent forth soot,
Lex. Poët.: when the poets (Edda Gl.) call fire eimr, this can onl
y be in a metaphorical sense; the sword is poët, called eimnir, m. reeking (with blood). β. in mod. usage eimr is also used of so
und, a faint sound, tune; fyrir sönglistar sætan eim, Bb. 1. 4
.
ei-muni (and ey-muni), a, m. an ever-memorable thing; &thor
n;at er þeim eimuni, they will never forget, Fms. iv. 249; þa
t man þér eymuni, thou wilt never forget it, Bjarn. 25 (in a
verse); eymuni hinn mikli (name of a very severe winter), Ann. 1291. β.
 nickname of a Dan. king, the everbeloved, Fms. xi; vide ein-muni.
eim-yrja, u, f. [Dan. æmmer; Ivar Aasen eimor], em
bers; in allit. phrases, eldr ok e., Fms. iii. 180, Fas. ii. 75 (in a verse)
, or eisa ok e.; hann var borinn í eimyrju, Greg. 57; akin to eimr, qs. e
im-myrja, a quantity of eimr, q.v.
EIN- in compds denoting only, or only one in an intensive s
ense, vide the following words.
ein-angr, m., Lat. angustiae, a narrow passage: metaph. a great
strait; the proverb, margr verðr vaskr í einangrinum, þ&oa
cute;tt lítt sé vaskir þess á milli, many a man is
bold in perils, though ..., Eb. 60; útilleitinn (unprovoking)
en öruggr i einangri, but bold if put in a strait, Grett. 120.
ein-angra, að, to put one in a strait, drive into a corner, St
j. 71.
einarð-liga, adv. firmly, Fms. ix. 509, v.l.: heartily,
625. 195; vel ok e., well and heartily, Fms. x. 35; eigi mjök e., not very heartily, 99.
einarð-ligr, adj. firm, trusty looking, Fms. ii. 39.
ein-arðr (qs. ein-harðr), adj. firm, and metaph. honest
, sincere; einörð trú, firm belief, Hom. 38, 159; r&o

uml;skr maðr ok e., a bold and trusty man, Nj. 223; e. ok skelegr, firm and undaunted, Sturl. iii. 217; djarfr ok e., daring and bold.
Fms. iv. 204: faithful, trusty, ix. 256, opposed to tvídræg
r. II. single; einörð sæng, a single bed, D.
N. ii. 94 (Fr.); bæta einörðum rétti, to pay a single
fine, N. G. L. i. 69, 71,--this sense is Norse and obsolete and rarely occur
s in Icel. writers; einart þak, a single thatch, Ld. 280; en hann s
lítr af sér böndin eigi seinna en einarðan vef, Stj. 416.
Judges xiv. 12 ('like a thread,' A. V.)
einart, mod. einatt, or even einlagt, adv. incessantly; gékk annarr maðr út en annarr inn einart, one went out
and another in incessantly, Fms. iv. 261; sitja einart við drykk, xi. 3
66; mærin grét einart, the girl 'grat sore,' kept on weeping, Eg. 481; fylgja e., to follow on one's heels, 371; Ögmundr var e.
(always) með Karli, Sd. 171; sóttusk e. í ákafa,
Ísl. ii. 268; hann ferr einart (straight, directly) til himna-r&i
acute;kis, Hom. 159; boginn má eigi e. uppi vera, a bow must not be ev
er bent, 623. 19; lá þó allr herrinn Dana ok Svía
einart í skotmáli, Fms. ii. 313.
ein-asta, adv. only, solely, Sks. 439: in mod. usage also adj. ind
ecl.
ein-bakaðr, part. once-baked, Stj. 279.
ein-bani, a, m., poët, the only, i.e. the great, slayer, Hým. 22, Hkm. 3.
ein-baugr, m. a single ring, opp. to tví-baugr, a double
ring.
ein-beittr, adj. resolute.
ein-berni, mod. ein-birni, n. [barn], the only bairn, only heir
, Grág. ii. 183, Eg. 25, 83.
ein-berr, adj. sheer, pure.
ein-beygðr, part. (cp. baugr II. 4), in the phrase, e. kostr,
dire necessity, only chance, Hkr. ii. 172, Orkn. 58.
ein-bjargi (ein-bjarga), adj. able to help oneself, Bs. i.
328.
ein-bregða, brá, to braid a single knot.
ein-breiðr, adj. of a single breadth, half a yard broad, of st
uff, opp. to tví-breiðr, N. G. L. iii. 114.
ein-búi, a, m. a single dweller, Eg. 109.
ein-bæli (ein-býli), n. [ból], a single hou
sehold, opp. to tví-býli, Fms. iv. 93, Fagrsk. 57.
ein-daga, að, to fix a day for pay or the like, with acc.; e.
fé, þing, brullaup, etc., Grág. i. 102, 266, 391, Gþl.
212.
ein-dagi, a, m. a term for pay or any other duty to be done, Gr&aa
cute;g. i. 3, 383, Fms. v. 278, N. G. L. i. 7, 27, 83.
ein-dreginn, part., e. vili, decided, firm will.
ein-drægni, f. (ein-drægr, adj.), unanimity, harmon
y, Ephes. iv. 3.
ein-dæll, mod. and more freq. inn-dæll, adj., prop, very easy: metaph. agreeable, Fas. ii. 492; vide inndæll.
ein-dæmi, n. a law term, the right to be an absolute, sole umpir
e or judge in a case, Sturl. ii. 2, Fms. ii. 11, O. H. L. 36; cp. sj&
aacute;lf-dæmi. 2. a single example, Sks. 649: an unexamp
led thing, cp. the proverb, eindæmin eru verst, Grett. 93 A, vide d&ae
lig;mi; cp. also endemi.
ein-eggjaðr, part. one-edged, Stj. 383.
ein-eiði, n. (eins-eiðr, m., K. Á. 150, Gþl.
25), a single oath (vide eiðr), Gþl. 196, 361, K. Þ. K. 4
2, Jb. 119, 120, 123, 126, 443, passim.
ein-eigis, adv. with sole ownership, D. N.
ein-eign, f. sole ownership, D. N.
ein-elti, n. the singling one out.
ein-eygðr (ein-eygr), adj. one-eyed, Bárð. 1
78, Fas. i. 379.
ein-falda, að, to 'single,' address with 'thou,' Sks. 303.
ein-faldleikr (ein-faldleiki), m. simplicity, Stj. 34, 44,
Hom. 67.
ein-faldliga, adv. simply, Stj. 60, K. Á. 224: specially
, singularly, Skálda 190, Alg. 354.
ein-faldligr, adj. simple, singular, Skálda 190.
ein-faldr, adj., prop. having 'one fold,' Lat. simplex, simple,
single, Vm. 135: metaph. simple, plain, of men or things, Bs. ii. 3
9, 147, Hom. 49, Hkr. iii. 97, Fas. i. 76: simple, silly, (mod.)
ein-farir, f. pl. walking alone, Hkr. ii. 106; fara einförum,
with the notion of melancholy, (freq.)
ein-feldr, part, [fella], resolute, bent on one thing, Ísl.
ii. 36.
ein-fyndr, adj. as finder entitled to the whole, N. G. L. ii. 146,
l. 9, 13, or belonging only to the finder, id. l. 13, 14.
ein-færr, adj. able to do for oneself, Fas. ii. 113, Gl&uacu
te;m. 344.
ein-fætingr, m. a one-legged man, Rb. 344, cp. Þorf. K
arl. 432.
ein-fættr, adj. one-legged, Grett. 87.

EINGA- [from einigr; Ulf. ainaha; A. S. ânga; Germ. einig], only, single; only used in COMPDS: einga-barn, n. an only bairn, Barl. 174, Þiðr. 130, Sturl. ii. 197, Bær. 1
4. einga-brúðr, f. the only beloved bride, Lex. Po&euml
;t, (the Church, the bride of Christ). einga-dóttir, f. an only
daughter, Fas. i. (in a verse), Stj. 407. Judges xi. 34, Þiðr. 22
4, Fas. i. 76. einga-dróttinn, m. the only Lord, Hom. 74. einga-sauðr, m. an only sheep, Stj. 516. 2 Sam. xii. 4. eing
a-sonr, m. an only son, Mar. 43, Gg. 2, Karl. 209. einga-vinr,
m. an only friend, bosom friend, Nj. 77. In mod. usage einka- (q. v.) is
used instead of einga-, which is an obsolete form; and even in old MSS. both fo
rms occur, e.g. Stj. (l.c.), v.l.: Þiðr. 130 spells 'einka-,' and it e
ven occurs in old vellums as 623, p. 41; einka-sonr, Luke vii. 12.
ein-ganga, u, f. = einfarar, N. G. L. iii. 36: eingöngu, as adv. 
solely.
ein-getinn, part., eccl. only begotten, Clem. 40, Sks. 604 (of Chr
ist).
EINGI, einginn, in old writers more freq. spelt 'eng' (which accords with
the mod. pronunciation), engi, enginn, qs. einn-gi from einn, one, and the negative suffix -gi :-- none.
A. THE FORMS vary greatly: 1. the adjective is declined, and the s
uffix left indeclinable; obsolete forms are, dat. eino-gi or einu-gi (nulli), ægishjálmr bergr einugi, Fm. 17; einugi feti framar, not a
step further, Ls. 1; svá illr at einugi dugi, Hm. 134; in old laws, e
f maðr svarar einugi, Grág. (Þ. Þ.) i. 22; acc. sing, eng
i, engi mann, Hkv. 1. 37; engi frið, Hm. 15; engi jötun (acc.), V&thorn
;m. 2; engi eyjarskeggja, Fas. i. 433 (in a verse); also in prose, engi mann, &O
acute;. H. 68; engi hlut, 33, 34: engi liðsamnað, 36, Mork. passim; engi
knút fékk hann leyst, ok engi álarendann hreift, Edda 29.
2. the -gi changes into an adjective termination -igr; gen. sing. fem. ei
nigrar, Hom. 22, Post. 645. 73; dat. sing. fem. einigri. Hom. 17; acc. sing. fem
. einiga, Fas. i. 284 (in a verse); nom. pl. einigir, Jd. 1; fem. einigar, Gr&aa
cute;g. i. 354; gen. pl. einigra, Post. 73; dat. einigum: this obsolete declensi
on is chiefly used in the sense of any, vide below. 3. declined as
the pronom. adj. hverr or nekverr (= nokkur); dat. sing. fem. engarri; gen. pl.
aungvarra, Fms. ix. 46, Stj. 70; dat. sing. fem. aungvarri, Mork. 187; hereto b
elongs also the mod. neut. sing, ekkert. 4. the word is declined as the a
dj. þröngr, with a final v; nom. fem. sing, öng sorg (
no sorrow), Hm. 94; nom. masc. öngr or aungr, Skv. 2. 26, Nj. 117 (in a
verse), Fms. vi. 42 (Sighvat), i. 132 (Vellekla), etc. 5. adding -nn,
-n to the negative suffix, thus einginn, fem. eingin, neut. pl. eingin (or
enginn, engin); in the other cases this n disappears. Out of these vario
us and fragmentary forms sprung the normal form in old and modern writings, whic
h is chiefly made up of 1, 4, and 5: old writers prefer nom. engi or eingi, but
modern only admit einginn or enginn; gen. sing. masc. neut. eingis, einskis or e
inkis (enskis, Grág. i. 163; einskis, 25 C), engis or eingis, Eg. 74, 714
, 655 xxxii. 10; einkis, Fms. x. 409: in mod. usage einskis and einkis are both
current, but eingis obsolete: neut. sing, ekki assimilated = eit-ki or eitt-ki,
in mod. usage ekkert, a form clearly originating from 3 above, but which, howeve
r, never occurs in old MSS.,--Fms. iii. 75, Landn. (Mant.) 329, Gþl. 343 (
cp. N. G. L. ii. 110), are all paper MSS.,--nd only now and then in those from t
he end of the 15th century, but is common ever since that time; the N. T. in the
Ed. of 1540 spelt ekkirt: in the nom. sing. old writers mostly use eingi or eng
i alike for masc. and fem. (eingi maðr, eingi kona), whereas modern writers
only use einginn, eingin (einginn maðr, eingin kona); this form also occurs
in old MSS., though rarely, e.g. engin hafði þess gáð, Stj.
6; einginn karlmaðr, 206; eingin atkvæði, Fms. v. 318: eingin hey
, Ísl. ii. 138; chiefly in MSS. of the 14th or 15th
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<HEADER>EINGIRNI -- EINMALL. 121</HEADER>
centuries: acc. sing. masc. engan or öngan is in MSS. much commoner than ei
ngi (engi), see above, e.g. engan háska, Fms. ii. 322; fyrir engan mun, G
þl. 532, etc.: in the other cases the spelling and pronunciation are at va
riance. Editions and mod. writers usually spell engra, engrar, engri, engum, eng
u, engan, enga, engir, engar, but these forms are pronounced throughout with 
ö or au, öngra, öngrar, öngri, öngum or &oum
l;ngvum, öngu or öngvu, öngan or öngvan, önga or ö
ngva, öngir or öngvir, öngar or öngvar; that this is no mod.
innovation is amply borne out by some of the best vellum MSS., e.g. Arna-Magn.
468, Ó. H., Fb., Mork.; öngum manni, Nj. 82; öngri munuð, 1
0; öngvar sakir, 94; önga fárskapi, 52; aungu vætta, Stj.
208; öngvan þef, 7; öngu nýtr, Fb. i. 284, 365; öng
van hlut, 166; öngum, 25; aungum várum bræðra, 63; avngir,
Ó. H. 184; öngva, 146; öngu, 184 (freq.); avnga menu, Í
sl. ii. 349 (Heið. S. MS. Holm.); öngvir diskar, 337; öngum, Gr&aa
cute;g. i. 27; avngver menu, Bs. i. 337 (Miracle-book); öngom, 346, 347; &o
uml;nga björg, 349; en sér öngu at una, Hm. 95, Mork. passim, e
tc.: these forms are clearly derived from 4 above. [The word is exclusively Scan
din.; Dan. ingen, neut. intet; Swed. ingen, inga, intet; Iv
ar Aasen ingjen, neut. inkje.]
B. THE SENSE: I. 'not one;' used as adj. with a subst. none, no
, not any; þeir vissu sér eingis ótta ván, Eg. 74
; man hann einigrar (= ongrar) ömbunar vætta af Guði, Post. 73, a
nd in numberless cases. 2. used absol. (Lat. nemo) as subst. no
ne, naught; ekki er mér at eigna af þessu verki, Fms. ii. 101;
enda virðask einkis vætti þau er þeir bera, Grág. i
. 25; enginn konungs manna, Fms. i. 104; ok lét þá ekki (
naught) hafa af föðurarfi sínum, Eg. 25; eingi þeirra,
Skálda 165; fur hann var enskis örvænt, Ísl. ii. 326;
en svarar engu, Ld. 202; at öngu, for naught, Fms. iv. 317; öng
um þeim er síðarr kemr, Grág. i. 27; þa skal enga
veiða, none of them, ii. 338; engi einn, none, Fms. v. 239; se
m engin veit fyrri gert hafa verit, K. Á. 28; ekki skorti þá
(ekkert, Ed. from paper MS.), Fms. iii. 75. β. neut. ekki with gen.
pl. in a personal sense, ekki manna, 'nought of men,' = engir menn or en
ginn maðr, no man, not a single man, Ó. H.; ekki vætta,
nought, Fms. viii. 18; öngu vætta, nought (dat.), xi. 9
0; ekki skipa, not a single ship, etc. (freq. in old writers): einski
s-konar, adv. in nowise, Sks. 713: engan-veginn, adv. noway
s. 3. neut. ekki is freq. used as adv. = eigi, q.v., Edda 20, Fms. ii
. 81, vii. 120, xi. 22, Grág. i. 206, Eg. 523. II. any; thi
s sense is rare and obsolete, and probably also etymologically different from th
e preceding (cp. A. S. ânig): α. after a negative; &aa
cute; hón eigi at selja fjárheimtingar sínar, né sak
ar einigar, Grág. i. 354; er eigi saurgisk í einigri líkams
úhreinsun, Hom. 17; hvat sem engi segir, Þiðr. 178; aldregi sk
alt þú þat heyra né engi annarra, 128; aldri fyrr &iac
ute; engri herferð, 29; má eigi þar fyrri undir búa eing
i sá er tempraðan bólstað vill hafa, Sks. 45 new Ed.; n&ea
cute; önnur eingi, Skálda (Thorodd) 165; því at hanu m&

aacute; hvárki vaxa nó þverra, né á engi veg s
kapask í sínu at kvæði, 166; eigi skal maðr gildra &
iacute; mörku annars til einigra dyra, N. G. L. i. 242. β. afte
r a comparative; prettvísari en ekki annat kvikendi, Mar.; þ&iacute
;ðari ok fegri en engi maðr annarr, Stj. 524; sæmilegri en engan t
íma fyrr hafði hann verit, 196; um þat fram (= framar) en engi
hans frænda hefir haft fyr hánum, Fagrsk. 11.
ein-girni, n. [garn], single-threaded yarn.
ein-hagi and ein-agi, a, m. a piece of ladies' dress, Edda
(Gl.), Bjarn. 42 (in a verse).
ein-hama and ein-hamr, adj. 'one-shaped,' as equivalent in
the phrase eigi e., 'not single-shaped,' a werewolf; it is also used with
berserkr, q.v.; sem háttr er þeirra manna sem eigi eru einhamir ..
. er af þeim gengr berserks-gangrinn, Eb. 136; Þrándr var kal
laðr eigi e. (Thrand was thought to be a werewolf), meðan hann va
r heiðinn, en þá tók af flestum tröllskap er sk&iac
ute;rðir vóru, 306; þykkir sem hann hati eigi síðan
dyggilega e. verit, Fb. i. 260; því at þú ert eigi e.,
Ísl. ii. 29: without a preceding eigi (less correctly), at hann hafi ste
rkastr maðr verit ... sá er e. hefir verit, i.e. of those who were
not berserkers, Fb. i. 524, Fas. ii. 261; cp. hamr, hamramr, hamremi, hamas
k, etc.
ein-hendis, adv. straight, off-hand, Bs. i. 13 (in a verse).
ein-hendr, adj. single-handed, Edda 17, Landn. 186.
Ein-herjar, m. pl. the 'only' or great champions, the dead warr
iors in Valhalla; about this mythological word vide Edda (Gg.) 23-25, Em. 1,
Hkm. 16, Gm. 23, Vþm. 40, 41: sing. voc. einheri, thou great champion!
 (of Thor), Ls. 60: the name Einarr is properly = einheri; cp. einar&
eth;r bold, einörð valour, all kindred words.
ein-hjal, n. secret gossip, Ó. T. 2.
ein-hleypi, n., einhleypis-maðr, m. = einhleypingr, Gþl.
94.
ein-hleypingr, m. one who goes alone, hence a vagabond or person without hearth or home (cp. Scot. landlouper), Hrafn.
13; e. félausir, Stj. 398. Judges ix. 4 ('vain and light persons,' A. V.)
ein-hleypr, adj. a single man without fixed household, unmarried,
K. Á. 126, N. G. L. i. 142; opp. to búandi, 26.
ein-hlítr, adj. [hlíta], trusting to oneself alone, self
-confident, not needing the help of another; vera sér e. í e-u
, Eb. 90, Orkn. 283; láta sér e-t einhlitt, to think it enough,
rest satisfied, Fms. iv. 78; þat var mælt at hón l&eacut
e;ti mik eigi einhlítan, it was said that she was untrue to me (a
euphemism), Sturl. i, 44; svá mundi þá, ef hón hef&et
h;i bónda sinn einhlítan, gjört, Dropl. 9; vera e. um e-t, to have to decide a thing; eigi em ek e. um svör þessa má
ls, ok vil ek ráðask um við móður hennar, Ísl.
ii. 159.
ein-hugsa, að, to make up one's mind, Fs. 18.

ein-hverfa, ð, to decide upon, determine, with acc., Fms. v. 3
9.
ein-hverfr, adj. determined, Sturl. i. 213.
ein-hverr, v. einn.
ein-hyrndr, adj. having one born, Stj. 69.
ein-hyrningr, m. 'one-horn,' a unicorn, Karl. 386.
ein-hæfr, adj. only fit for one thing.
einigr, v. eingi.
eining, f. unity, Hom. 55, Ver. 46, Fms. i. 281, Sks. 604.
EINIR, m. [Swed. en] juniper, Edda (Gl.), Stj. 396, Hjalt.
einir-ber, n. berries of the juniper, Hjalt. einir-lauf, n.
leaves of the juniper, Björn.
ein-járnungr, m. all of one piece of iron, e.g. a knife, Kr
ók. 40.
einka, að, to appoint for a peculiar use; hann einkaði til
þess eitt hús, Sks. 622; hlutr einkaðr kirkjunni, H. E. i. 258
; ok var þar til einkaðr Guðmundr prestr, Bs. i. 452: to dedica
te, Karl. 301.
EINKA- (rarely einkar-), in COMPDS denoting, I. special,
personal, particular: einka-gjöf, f. a special gift, Lex
. Poët. einka-grið, n. special truce, N. G. L. i. 417. einka-gripr, m. a special family heir-loom, Glúm. 339; b&aeli
g;ði rúnar ok e., runes and tokens, Fms. vi. 274. einka-hlu
tr, m. a special, particular, personal thing, 625. 195. einka-jart
ein, f. a special token, Skálda 167. einka-leyfi, n. a
law term, an especial leave, Grág. i. 364, ii. 491, 492: (mod.) a privilege. einka-lof, n. id., Grág. i. 6. einka-l
ækning, f. an especial remedy, Hom. einka-maðr, m. a person of special rank, a dignitary, Sks. 271, N. G. L. i. 4. einka-m
ál, n. pl. a special, personal agreement, treaty, Eg. 37, Fagr
sk. 179, Fms. i. 23, ii. 290; binda sætt eiðum ok einka-málum,
vii. 282: a privilege, e. ok réttarbaetr, Bs. i. 699, Js. 47, J&aa
cute;tv. 8. einkar-eðli (einka-öðli), n. especial nature,
 Skálda 171, 677. 3. einkar-nafn, n. a special name, proper
name, Edda 108. einka-skriptargangr, m. a special confession,
Hom. 74. einka-sæla, u, f. happiness, beatitude, Greg. 18.
einka-vinr, m. a particular friend, Bárð. 173, Nj. 77,
v.l., Orkn. 448, (vide einga-vinr.) II. only: einka-dótt
ir, -barn, -sonr, etc., vide einga- above.
einkan-liga, adv. especially, particularly, Fms. i. 20, 191, K. &A
acute;. 216, 230, Bs. i. 771.
einkan-ligr, adj. especial, Stj. 6, H. E. i. 502, 655 xxxii. 8: extraordinary, Bs. ii. 18, 159, 170.
ein-kanna, að, = einka, to attribute, N. G. L. ii.

ein-kanna- in einkanna-hlutr, m. an especial thing, Fms. vi
i. 120.
einkar- prefixed to adjectives or adverbs = Scot. unco = specia
lly, greatly, very; e. vel, very well, Fms. xi. 18; e. fagr, very
fine, beautiful, ii. 300; e. skjótt, with great speed, Eg. 354
; e. trauðr, very unwilling, Fms. xi. 98; e. mjök, very much,
 viii. 186; e. lítill, very small, Fbr. 99 new Ed.: cp. Lex. P
oët., (very freq. in mod. use.)
ein-kenna, d, to mark, signalise, Stj. Josh. ii. 18, Hkr. iii. 264
, v.l.
ein-kenniligr, adj. especial, particular, Str. 3, 39.
ein-kenning, f. distinction, Karl. 288.
ein-kili, m. [cp. Swed. kela; Dan. kjæle = to fondle]
, a fondling, Edda (Gl.); hence einkilju-legr, adj. fondled, sp
oilt, Björn.
ein-kleyfr, adj. clear, unequivocal, Hkr. iii. 203, v.l.
einkum, dat. used
Fms. xi. 25, viii. 102,
; e. góð,
188; e. bezt, Mork. 79.
as adv. 'unco,' chiefly, especially, Landn. 282,

Fs. 21, K. Þ. K. 162. 2. = einkar, very
Hom. 111; e. vel, 655 xxx. 7; e. lítið, Sks.
3. particularly, Fms. xi. 45, 127.
ein-kunn, f. a mark, sign, Grág. i. 414, 415, ii. 303, Hkr.
iii. 364.
ein-kunna, að, = einkenna, Grág. ii. 345.
ein-kynna, t, = einkenna, esp. of marking sheep or cattle, to brand or mark their ears, Grág. i. 414, 415, ii. 303, 348.
ein-lagi, adj., vera, gerask e. um e-t, to act alone in a thing, L
d. 266, Fms. iv. 87.
ein-lát, n. pl. 'letting alone,' deserting one's wife, Gr&a
acute;g. i. 178.
ein-leikit, part. neut., in the phrase, það er ekki e., of a
n uncanny thing, not by fair means.
ein-leitr, adj. singular, odd, particular, Mar.
ein-litr, adj. of one colour, Stj. 45, H. E. i. 492, Rd. 251.
ein-lyndr, adj. odd, strange, stubborn, Nj. 184, Sks. 435.
ein-lægni, f. sincerity, earnestness.
ein-lægr and einlæg-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), sincere.
ein-læti, n. = einlát, Hkr. i. 245.
ein-man, n. solitude, in the phrase, í einmani; nú e

f maðr býr í einmani öðrum mönnum fjarri, in
solitude, far from other men, N. G. L. i. 340; nú er maðr staddr
í einmani, 343.
ein-mani (ein-mana), adj. solitary, alone, lonely; e. sv&aa
cute; langt frá öðrum mönnum, Fas. i. 48, iii. 227: with th
e notion of a helpless, orphan state, þóttisk hann nú
mjök e., left alone, Nj. 260; þar þú ert kominn
hér e. (single-handed), Fbr. 154; ungr ok e., young and friendl
ess, Fms. viii. 3; hversu e. (how bereft) margir fara, Sl. 48.
ein-máll adj, one-sided in speech, Skálda 164.
<PAGE NUM="b0122">
<HEADER>122 EINMANUÐR -- EINNIG.</HEADER>
ein-mánuðr, m. the 'single month,' i.e. the last month
of the winter, thirty days long, beginning on the Tuesday between the 9th and 15
th of March (old style), Grág. i. 166, Edda 103, Rb. 516. COMPD: einm&
aacute;naðar-samkváma, u, f. a meeting held (in northern a
nd eastern Icel.) at the beginning of the Einmanad, mentioned in Sturl. i
ii. 311, Lv. 65, Vápn. (Ný Fél. xxi. 124), Jb. 301, Fs. 67.
ein-menningr, m., drekka e., to toss off a bumper at one draught,
Eg. 551.
ein-mitt, n. adj. as adv. just, exactly.
ein-muna, adj. 'alone remembered,' memorable, always in a good sen
se; e. blíðr, exceedingly mild; e. veðr, fine weather, cp. eimuni.
ein-munaligr, qs. ein-manaligr, adj. lonely.
ein-mæli, n. private talk or conference, Eg. 54, 741,
Nj. 10, Sks. 363, Fms. i. 204, iv. 123, 303: common talk, var þat
allra manna e., Fagrsk. 179.
ein-mæling, f. = einmælt, Mar. 155.
ein-mælis, adv. once a day, N. G. L. ii. 359.
ein-mælt, n. adj. [mál = meal], one meal a day; eta, matask e., Fms. viii. 447; fasta e., K. Þ. K. 102.
ein-mæltr, part. spoken by all, Fms. ix. 501, Eg. 514, Eb. 3
10.
EINN, adj., pl. einir, acc. sing, einn, but also einan, esp. in the sense
al-einan etc.; [Gr. GREEK; Lat. &u-long;nus, and early Lat. oinos
; Ulf. ains; A. S. ân; Engl. one, in E. Engl. proncd.
like stone, bone; Scot, ane; Swed. en; Dan. een] :
-- one.
A. Cardinal number, one; einn, tveir, þrír ..., opp.
to báðir, fleiri, etc.; einum eðr fleirum, Grág. i. 108; e
ina sök eðr fleiri, 78; unnu báðir eins verk, Fas. i. 515; e
inum ok einum, one by one, ii. 252; tveir menn veðmæltu um einn
grip, Grág. i. 412. 2. in old poems it is used as an ordinal numb

er; Urð hétu eina, aðra Verðandi, Vsp. 20; segðu þa
t it eina ..., opp. to þat it annat, Vþm. 20; hjálp heitir ei
tt, help ranks first, Hm. 147, Vkv. 2; but this use is quite obsolete. 3. with the notion of sameness, one and the same (unus et idem;) í einu húsi, in the same house, Grág. ii. 42; e
in ero lög um, hvárt sem ero naut eðr sauðir, i. 422; allt &
aacute; eina leið, all one way, Fms. ii. 315; til einnar gistingar b&
aacute;ðir, vii. 274; í einu brjósti, Alm. 36; allr einn, t
he very same, Nj. 213. II. indefinite, a, an, a certain one; e
inn vetr, a winter, Fms. i. 57; einn dag, x. 11, Fas. i. 514; eitt kveld,
Ld. 38; einn hinn versti maðr, Fær. 91; Breiðlingr einn, a man
from Broaddale, Sturl. ii. 249; einn vinr Þóris, a certain
friend of Thorir, Fms. vi. 277: einn as the indefinite article is hardly fou
nd in old writers; and though it is freq. in the Bible, sermons, hymns, etc., si
nce the Reformation, it was no doubt borrowed from the German, and has never bee
n naturalised. β. about, before numbers; ein tvau hundru&eth
; vaðmála, about two hundred pieces, Sks. 30; einar fimm &thor
n;úsudir, about three thousand, Al. 111,--obsolete, in mod. usage
hérum-bil or the like. III. alone, Gr. GREEK, Lat. solus
, used both in sing. and plur.; Guðrún skyldi ein ráða
, Ld. 132; Hallr tók einn upp fang, 38; láta einan, to let alon
e; láttu mig Drottinn einan ekki, Pass. 34. 11; as a law term, to
let one's wife alone, þá lét hann eina Guðrún
u, Fms. x. 324 (cp. einlát); Gunnarr mundi vera einn heima, Nj. 113; sj&a
acute; einn hlutr, that one thing only, 112; þau ein tíð
endi (plur.), only such news, 242. β. if put after the
noun, einn denotes, only, but, sheer, and is almost adverb.; segja &thor
n;etta prett einn, a mere trick, Sturl. ii. 249; raufar einar, all in
holes, Nj. 176; urðu borðin í blóði einu, the t
ables were bedabbled with blood all over, 270, Ó. H. 116; öll or
ðin at hvölum einum, all turned into whales, Fas. i. 372; gabb e
itt ok háð, sheer mockery, Sks. 247; orð ein, mere word
s, Nj. 123; ígangs-klæði ein, Eg. 75; vin eitt, wine onl
y, Gm. 19; heiptyrði ein, Fm. 9; hamingjur einar, Vþm. 49; ofsamen
n einir, Ld. 158; þá nótt eina, for that one night, N
. G. L. i. 240: also after an adj., lítið eina, only a little,
Stj. 177; þat eina, er hann ætti sjálfr, Eg. 47, Fms. v. 303
; nema góðs eina, naught but good, Eg. 63; fátt eitt, few only, but few; vilt eitt, but what is agreeable, Hm. 125; mikit
eitt skala manni gefa, a proverb, 'small gifts shew great love,' 51; s&a
acute; einn, er ..., he only, who ..., 17; satt eitt, sooth only,
Fm. 9; the sense differs according as the adj. is placed before or after the nou
n, einn Guð, the one God; but, Guð einn, God only, none but Go
d. IV. plur. in a distributive sense, single; ein gjöld,
a single weregild, opp. to tvenn, þrenn, fern, double, triple, q
uadruple, Grág. ii. 232; thus Icel. say, einir sokkar, skór, v
etlingar, a pair of socks, shoes, gloves; einar brækr, a pair of
breeches; also with nouns which have only plur., e.g. ein, tvenn, þre
nn Jól, one, two, three Christmasses (Yules); einar (tvenna
r) dyrr, a single ... door; eina Páska, one Easter. V. gen. pl. einna is used in an intensive sense; einna manna bezt, best of al
l single men, Fms. ix. 258; í mesta lagi einna manna, foremost of
all single men, Bjarn. 65; fátt er svá einna hluta, at ör
vænt sé at hitti annat slíkt, Ó. H. 75. β. ellipt., manna, hluta, or the like being omitted, einna becomes almost an adve
rbial phrase, by far, exceedingly; at engi viti einna miklogi görr (
= einna manna), that no one (no single man) shall know it much
better, Grág. i. 2; einna verst, by far the worst, Orkn. 162,
Nj. 38; einna sizt, by far the least, least of all, Fms. i. 37; einna mes
t verðr, Ld. 8; er einna var ríkastr, who was the mightiest of all
, Fms. i. 297; engan rétt einna meir kunnan at göra (= einna r&e
acute;tta meir), Sks. 22; engi er einna hvatastr (= e. manna), there is none
so mighty but be may find his match, Hm. 63: in mod. usage einna, joined wit
h a superlative, is used adverbially, e. beztr, e. fljótastr, the best
, the fleetest, but in a somewhat depreciatory sense. VI. used adverb
.: 1. gen. sing, eins, α. eins ok, as, as if;
eins ok væri hann með öllu óttalauss, Hkr. iii. 275; allt
eins ok (just as) rakkar metja með tungu, Stj. 392. β. likewise, in the same way; mikill þorri var þat er þ&aeli
g;r sögðu eins báðar, Landn. (Hb.) 320; this use of eins is
very rare in old writers, but freq. in mod. use; in the spoken language at least
'eins' (= as) has almost replaced the old 'sem.' γ. only
; er ek hefi áðr spurn til eins, Fms. iv. 139 (rare). δ.
 at eins, only, but, Grág. i. 235; vel at eins, ironically, well enough, Ld. 248; eigi at eins, not only, Fms. i. 266; með s
ínum at eins kostnaði, vii. 184; því at eins, only in
that case, Nj. 228; þar at eins, Ísl. ii. 400; allt eins, n
ot the less for that, 216: in mod. use, just as (vide allr A. V. 5).
2. dat. at einu = at eins; údauðr at einu, Ld. 242; þv&i
acute; at einu = því at eins, Fms. iv. 195; því at ein
u er rétt ..., Grág. i. 164; svá at einu, id., Nj. 1
03; sá evkr syndir sínar at einu, he but adds to his sins,
Hom. 157; allt at einu, all the same, Ísl. ii. 216, v.l.: af &thor
n;ví einu, only because, Mork. 140.
B. Joined to another pronominal adj. or adv.: I. einn hverr, adj. pron., in old writers usually in two words and with a double declension (
see below), but now and then (and in mod. usage always) in a single word, einn b
eing indecl.; einhverja (acc. f.), Hbl. 30; einhverjum (dat. sing.), Hm. 122, Fm
s. x. 71; einhverjo héraði, Al. 98, Nj. 2; einhverra (gen.), Fms. iv.
75; einhverir (nom. pl.), viii. 202; einhver, einhverir, etc.: the form eins-hv
err is peculiar, keeping the gen. indecl. through all the cases, nom. einshverr,
N. G. L. i. 6; acc. einshverja, Stj. 156, 655 xxxii. 18, Gþl. 135; dat. e
inshverjum, Stj. 22, 442, 448; this form seems to be chiefly Norse, is very rare
in old writers, and now quite obsolete; neut. sing, eitthvert, Vm. 73, or eitth
vat, Stj. 442, the mod. usage makes a distinction, and uses eitthvert only as ad
j., eitthvað as subst.: 1. each one, each single one; maðr
er einn hverr, Edda 108; þær eru svá margar, at ein hver m&a
acute; vel endask, Eg. 414; ór þeirra fjórðungi sem &oac
ute;r einum hverjum öðrum, Íb. ch. 5; skal einn hverr (each) þeirra nefna sér vátta, Grág. i. 74; jafnmikinn a
rf sem einn hverr (each) sona hans, Sturl. ii. 77; fátt er sv&aacu
te; herra einhverra hluta, of any single thing, Fms. iv. 175. β.
 joined to a superl. it strengthens the sense; ágætastr mað
r einn hverr, one of the very first men, Nj. 282; vinsælastr h&ouml
;fðingi einhverr, highly popular, Fms. vii. 4; einhver drengilegust v
örn, ix. 515. 2. in an indefinite sense, some, somebody, a certai
n one; eitthvert ríki, Sks. 350; eina hverja nótt, some nig
ht, 686 B. 4; eitthvert sinn, once, sometime, Sturl. i. 77, Nj. 79; e
inhverju sinni, id., 2; einhvern dag, some day, Fms. v. 177, &Iacu
te;sl. ii. 212; eina hverja þessa tíð, about this time,
N. G. L. i. 355; til einnar hverrar stefnu, to some meeting, Fb. i. 354;
eins-hverja hluti, Stj. 156; með eins-hverjum sveini, 442; at ekki sé
minna vert, at hlýða prests-messu nývígðs hinni fy
rstu, heldr en biskups-messu einhverri, Bs. i. 131. β. used as subst
.; einn hverr várr búandanna, Fms. i. 34; einn hvern manna hans, E
g. 258; einhverr í hverjum dal, Ld. 258, Nj. 192. γ. einh
ver-staðar (eins-hver-staðar, Fms. vii. 84), adv. somewhere,
Grett. 130, Fms. iv. 57, Sd. 181. II. einn-saman, adj. 'one tog
ether' (vide einsamall), i.e. quite alone; maðrinn lifir ekki af

einu-saman brauði, Matth. iv. 4; með einni-saman sinni sýn, me&e
th; einni-saman sinni þefan, Stj. 93; ef útlegðir fara einar-sa
man, if it be solely a matter of outlay (fine), Grág. i. 10
3; ef þat færi eitt-saman, ii. 10: of a woman, vera eigi ein-saman,
to be not alone, to be with a child, Fms. iii. 109. III. with othe
r words; einir ... ýmissir, 'one and sundry;' various, mixed, Stj.
88, 204; eina hluti ok ýmissa, Fb. i. 191. β. hverr ok einn,
'each and one,' every one, 677. 1, H. E. i. 393, Rb. 492; fyrir hvern mu
n ok einn, Fas. i. 396. γ. einn ok sér-hverr, one and all
. δ. einn sér, apart, for oneself, alone; M&uacu
te;spells-synir hafa einir sér fylking, Edda 41; einn sér, sole
, Fms. ii. 308; sér einir, Sturl. ii. 53: metaph. singular, peculi
ar, ein var hón sér í lýðsku, Fs. 30. &ep
silon;. sér-hverr, adj. every one, q.v.: eins-konar, ad
v. of one kind, Skálda 165; mod. indef. of a certain kind, a ki
nd of: eins-kostar, adv. particularly, Ísl. ii. 322, Mo
rk. 81. ζ. né einn, not one, none; in old writers usua
lly so, but now and then contracted neinn (q. v.), and in mod. usage always so;
né eina sekð, Grág. i. 136; né eitt úhreint, Stj
. 409; né einu sinni, not once, Fms. xi. 13; né eins, no
t a single thing, 112; né eina herferð, vii. 28. η. f&
aacute;ir einir, only a few, in mod. usage in one word, nom. fáei
nir, dat. fáeinum, gen. fáeinna: ein-stakr, single, q.v.: a
l-einn, alone, q.v.: ein-mana, q.v. (cp. Gr. GREEK): einum-megin,
adv. on one side, Nj. 248 (vide vegr).
ein-nefna, d, to appoint specially, Grág. i. 11.
einn-ig (einn-eg, einn-og, einn-ug), in mod. pronunciation and in
MSS. of the 15th century einninn or einneginn (qs. einn veginn), a
dv. [from einn and vegr, qs. einn veg; cp. hvernig, how; þannig, thus; hinnig, otherwise] :-- in the same way, likewise, also; the subst. notion is still seen in the phrase, á einneg, in the same
manner, 686 B. 12, Hom. (St.) 64; ek vil sjá hvernog þú
markar þinn hlut, at eigi markim vit einnog báðir, Hkr. iii. 5
9; eigi þótti öllum einnug, Ísl. ii. 352; Torfa Svartss
on einnig (likewise), Sturl. i. 103; einneginn Ölver, O. likewise
, Fas. iii. 470; fylgir honum ok einninn sá kappi, Fas. i. 419; l&ea
cute;tu þeir einninn syngja í kirkju, Bs. (Laur. S.)
<PAGE NUM="b0123">
<HEADER>EINNÆTTR-EIRINN. 123</HEADER>
ein-nættr, adj. one night old, Sturl. i. 174, Hm. 85.
ein-ráðit, sup., hafa e., to have resolved, made up one's m
ind, Greg. 60, Eg. 424, Fms. ii. 266, v. 44, Orkn. 34: masc., Mork. 84.
ein-ráðr, adj. self-willed, Ld. 314, Fms. xi. 246, Fas.
ii. 113, Bjarn. 70.
ein-reikull, adj. straying alone, Bs. i. 243.
ein-rendr, part. having a single stripe (of cloth), Nj. 96, v.l.
Ein-riði, a, m., pr. name, also Eind-riði, mod. Indri&e
th;i, but freq. in good MSS. spelt ein-, Mork., Ó. H., Orkn.; it prop
erly means the great rider. β. nickname of Thor the god of th
under from his driving in the clouds, Edda (Gl.); cp. reið, thunder.
ein-rúm, n. a privy; í einrúmi, privately.

ein-ræði, n. self-will, obstinacy, Fms. ii. 254, Ld. 4,
188, Mork. 83.
ein-rænligr, adj. singular, strange, odd, Fms. vi. 217.
ein-rænn, adj. of singular temper, self-willed, Eg. 573, Fms
. ii. 154, iii. 202, Bs. i. 144, in the last passage probably a false reading, =
einvænn.
ein-samall, adj., einsömul, einsamalt, pl. einsamlir, etc., alone
, rarely, in old writers, who use einn saman in two words, and it only occu
rs in later MSS., Fas. i. 91, iii. 469 (paper MSS.)
ein-seta, u, f. hermitage, Hom. 26, Mart. 125. COMPDS: einsetukona, u, f. a female anchorite, Bs. i. 478, Ld. 332, Hkr. i. 316. 
einsetu-líf, n. and einsetu-lifnaðr, m. the life of an
anchorite, Bs. i. 204, Stj. 154, 158. einsetu-maðr, m. an anch
orite, Fms. i. 145. einsetu-munkr, m. a hermit, Greg. 70, 655
iii. 4.
ein-setja, setti; e. sér, to resolve firmly.
ein-skapan, f. the right to fix one's own terms, Orkn. 214, Fms. x
i. 24.
ein-skepta, u, f. stuff woven with a single weft, a kind of flannel.
ein-skilt, n. adj. taken aside for a private purpose, (Fr.)
ein-skipa, adj. with a single ship, Fms. ii. 5, vii. 214, ix. 499.
ein-skírr, adj. quite clear; e. veðr, Njarð. 374.
ein-skjaldar, gen. as adv. under one shield, acting together, Fms.
ix. 249.
ein-skora, að; e. hug sinn, to make one's mind up, Bær.
11.
ein-skærligr, adj. pure; e. rödd, a pure voice,
Thom. 151.
ein-skærr, adj. pure; e. náð, pure grace.
ein-sköpuðr, m. a sole judge or umpire, Lex. Po&eu
ml;t.
eins-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), alone, by oneself, Sks. 2: singly, Fms. i. 139, Stj. 184: especial, Magn. 512: gramm. singu
lar, Skálda 185, 191.
ein-staka, adj. single, isolated (with the notion of few, now a
nd then, here and there); e. víg, Fms. xi. 99; e. slög ok skeinu
r, Háv. 50; e. kossar, Fb. i. 304; e. vísur, extemporised ditti
es (hence staka, a ditty), Fbr. 69.

ein-stakr, adj. = einstaka. β. mod. famous, notorious,
chiefly in a bad sense; e. armingi, svíðingr, þjófr, ga
ldramaðr, etc.
ein-stapi, a, m. a kind of fern, pteris aquilina, Str. 45.
ein-stigi, a, m. a single path, so narrow that only one can pass.
Eg. 576, 577, 583, Fær. 267, Rd. 246, 247, Fms. ii. 110, viii. 49.
ein-strengja, d, to resolve firmly, Fms. iii. 49: reflex. to gr
ow bold, ix. 50.
ein-stæðingr, m. an orphaned (bereft) person, einstæðings-skapr, m. a state of bereavement.
ein-stæðr, adj. left alone, bereaved, widowed, Hðm.
5.
ein-sýnn, adj. = eineygr, one-eyed, Fas. i. 41, Fms. ii. 13
8, x. 301. β. at einsýnu, clearly, evidently, Hom. 5.
ein-sætt, n. adj. evident, what clearly ought to be done; et er e., i.e. that and nothing else is to be done; ok er þér
e. at þjóna eigi lengr fjanda, Fms. ii. 39, 124, vi. 154, 242, vii
. 19, 25, 27, Boll. 342, Orkn. 408.
ein-tal, n. private conversation, Nj. 103, Fms. i. 205, iv. 145, 3
08, vi. 11, vii. 103, Mork. 176.
ein-talat, part., verða e-t um e-t, to speak of nothing but that, Ísl. ii. 245.
ein-teiti, adj. quite merry, in high spirits, Eg. 526, Fms. iv. 16
7.
ein-tómi, adj. at one's ease, undisturbed, Orkn. 266.
ein-tómis, adv. alone.
ein-tómr, adj. sole, alone, sheer.
ein-trjánungr, m. made of one piece of wood, Karl. 96, v.l.
ein-vala, adj. ind. chosen, excellent (Lat. egregius); e. k
appi, a great champion, Stj. 512: e. ker, a chosen vessel, of a sa
int, Orkn. 226, Bs. ii. 148; e. lið, chosen, picked troops, Fær
. 79, Stj. 480; e. maðr, a choice man, Blas. 37; e. riddari, a fin
e horseman, Stj. 450.
ein-vald, n. monarchy, sovereignty, Stj. 499; koma einvaldi &aacut
e; landit, to make the country (i.e. the Icel. Commonwealth) submit to
the monarch, Fms. ix. 435; tíundi vetr einvalds hans, the tenth
year of his reign, x. 161. COMPDS: einvalds-höfðingi, a, m.
a monarch, Ann. 492. einvalds-konungr, m. an absolute king,
Fms. i. 4, Eg. 6, 118, 263. einvalds-riki, n. an empire, Stj. 576
, Fms. i. 19.
ein-valdi, a, m. and ein-valdr, s, m. a monarch, Fms. i. 2,
iv. 126, Eg. 6, Fb. i. 40.

ein-valinn = einvala, Bs. ii. 70, 183.
ein-veldi, n. = einvald.
ein-verðugr, adj. = einvirðuligr, (Fr.)
ein-vili, a, m. self-will, Fms. x. 418.
ein-virðing, f. one's own choice, Bs. ii. 46, H. E. i. 523.
ein-virðis, adv. in particular, Mar. 49, 139.
ein-virðuliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), especially, Lv. 37,
H. E. i. 518.
ein-virki, also ein-yrki, a, m. [verk]. a single worker, one wh
o works single-handed, a poor husbandman that has no servants; the einyrki i
s reckoned partly as bóndi, and not cottager; he could serve as a neighbo
ur (búi) in case of his property amounting to two cows' value per head of
his household (wife and children), Grág. i. 145, defined in ii. 42, 43:
the Norse sense of the word, Gþl. 438, cp. Jb. 184: in N. G. L. i. 199 dis
tinction is made between bændr, einhleypingar, and einyrkjar.
ein-vist, f. in the phrase, vera einvistum, to live alone, 625. 88
, Bs. n. 45.
ein-vígi, n. [A. S. ânvig], a single combat; d
istinction is made between the hólmganga (q.v.) and einvígi, the r
ules of einvígi being plain, cp. the curious passage in Korm, 84; Edda 18
, Nj. 33, Fms. vii. 229. COMPD: einvígis-maðr, m. one who f
ights in single combat, Fms. x. 88.
ein-voldugr, adj. absolute, Fs. 17.
ein-vænn, adj. [ván]: medic., liggja e., to lie in a hope
less state, to be sinking fast, Bs. i. 353; hón hafði aldri or&et
h;it einvænni, her life had never been in greater danger, id.; fylg
ði bæði svefnleysi ok matleysi, ok þótti hann þ
á einvænn vera, and they thought he was in a hopeless state,
144, (Ed. emrænn, which no doubt is a misspelling in the MS.)
ein-vörðum, adv. specially, D. N., Sks. 787.
ein-þykkr, adj. (ein-þykkni, f.), stubborn, self-wi
lled, Fb. i. 543.
ein-æri, n. [ár]. a termof one year, D. N.
ein-ærr, adj. lasting one year, D. N.
ein-æti, n. pl.; eta einætum, to eat 'off-hand,' Gl&ua
cute;m. 340, cp. Edm. Head's Transl. 24.
ein-örð, mod. einurð (Norse form einarð),
f. [einarðr], frankness, boldness, fairness; vit ok e., Fms. ix. 333;
ef þú vilt heldr trúa lygi ... en e., rather to believe
a lie than simple truth, Eg. 63; e. ok vinátta, frankness and frie
ndship, Ísl. ii. 234; þá munu þér ætl
a, at sá muni eigi e. til hafa við at ganga, that he has not the f
airness (boldness) to confess, Ld. 172, Fms. ii. 32; nú
vilju vér sýna e. várrar frásagnar, we will shew
the fairness of our story, viii. 48. β. faith, fidelity;
at engi skjoplisk í einurðinni (fidelity) við annan, &Oac
ute;. H. 61; að landfólkit mundi snúit frá einör&e
th;inni við konung, 177; fáir munu nú vera í Noregi &th
orn;eir er einörð sinni haldi nú við mik, 194. γ. in mod. usage, einurð means frankness, as opp. to shyness;
thus einarðar-lauss, adj. = shy: einarðar-leysi, n.
shyness, einarðar-lítill, adj. rather shy, wher
eas in old writers these words mean faithless or irresolute; ver&e
th;a einarðar fátt, to fail in courage, Nj. 208; einarðarlauss, wavering, Al. 71, Sks. 357, N. G. L. ii. 420: einarðar-ma&e
th;r, m. a stedfast, trusty man, Sturl. ii. 64: einarðar-skort
r, m. = einurðarleysi, Nj. 208, v.l.
EIR, m. [Lat. aes; Goth. aiz; A. S. âr; Engl.
ore; O. H. G. er; Hel. erin; Germ. erz] :-- bras
s, Stj. 340, 656. 7, Greg. 80, Hkr. i. 265, Fms. x. 284. COMPDS denoting 
brazen, of brass: eir-altari, m. a brazen altar, Stj. eir-b
augr, m. a brazen ring, Fb. i. 370. eir-hestr, m. a brazen
horse, Merl. eir-hjálmr, n. a brazen helmet, Stj. 461.
eir-ketill, m. a brass kettle, Grág. i. 504, Eg. 396. ei
r-kross, m. a brazen cross, Vm. 49. eir-kyrtill, m. a braze
n cloak (used for torment), Blas. 46, 655. 14. eir-lampi, a. m. a
brass lamp, Jm. 2. eir-ormr, m. a brazen serpent, Stj. 333. Nu
mb. xxi. 9. eir-penningr, m. a penny of brass, Post. 645. 78. e
ir-skjöldr, m. a brazen shield, Stj. 461. 1 Sam. xvii. 6. eir
-stólpi, a, m. a pillar of brass, Stj. 564. eir-teinn,
m. a wire of brass, Fms. ii. 129. eir-uxi, a, m. an ox of brass
 (image), Stj. 2 Kings, xvi. 17.
EIR, f. peace, clemency; this word occurs several times in old poe
try (Kormak), but not in prose, cp. Lex. Poët., and in COMPDS: eirar-sam
r (eir-samr), adj. mild; eirar-lauss and eirar-vanr, adj. merciless, martial. II. one of the heathen goddesses,
 Edda.
eira, ð, [A. S. ârian = parcere], to spare, with dat.; hafa allir hlutir unnit eiða at e. Baldri (not to hurt Balde
r), Edda 37; hann eirði öngu hvárki í orðum n&eac
ute; verkum, he spared naught either in word or work, Nj. 184, Fms. vii.
312; at þeir skyldu e. konum ok kirkjum, spare women and churches,
Sturl. iii. 40; e. undan e-u, to yield; höfum vér lengi unda
n eirt fjandskap yðrum, Ld. 204; kvað hann þá ekki mundu tj
á at letja sik, kvaðsk lengi hafa undan eirt, Fms. vii. 244; ok meir
þykjumk vér undan eira, Sturl. i. 72; eptir þetta rí&e
th;a þeir Ögmundr í brott, ok eirir hann undan þá
enn fyrst, iii. 103. β. impers., e-m eirir e-t illa, it displeas
es one, i.e. to feel ill at rest with a thing; illa eirði m&eacut
e;r fall þitt, Flóv. 29; Eiríki konungi eirði þett
a stórilla, Fms. i. 19; honum eirir illa ef hann hefir eigi sitt m&aacute
;l, Ísl. ii. 236; Bergi eirði hit versta, Fs. 53; eira vel (ironicall
y), to be well pleased, meira efni hefir hann til eldingar en honum megi
vel eira inni at vera, 45: to do for one, vitum hve oss eiri öl &th
orn;at er Bárðr of signdi, let us see how Bard's draught will agre
e with us, Eg. ch. 44 (in a verse); Egill fann, at honum mundi ekki sv&aacut
e; búit eira, E. felt, that this would not do, Eg. 552. In mod. us
age, eira means to feel at rest (= una), of a man or beast who is rest
less or runs from one place to another,--it is said 'hann eirir hverg
i,' he can nowhere rest; the other senses are obsolete.
eira, u, f. rest, = eirð.
eirð, f. clemency, mercy, Fms. ix. 36, v.l, Hkr. iii. 257, Gul
lþ. 48, O. H. L. 40. 2. mod. rest, quietness; pl. ú-eirð
ir, uproar, tumult.
eirinn, adj. forbearing, Bs. i. 766; ó-eirinn, overbeari
ng, mod. restless.
<PAGE NUM="b0124">
<HEADER>124 EIRLIGR -- EKKILL.</HEADER>
eir-ligr, adj. brazen, Stj. 377.
EISA, u, f. [Swed. ässia; Norse eisa and esja],
glowing embers, Edda (Gl.), esp. in the allit. phrase, eisa ok eimyrja.
eisa, að, in the phrase, e. eldum, to shower down embers, Fas.
ii. 469: poët., ganga eisandi, to go dashing through the waves, of
a ship, Hkv. 1. 2; láta skeiðr e., id., Sighvat; vargr hafs ei
sar, the sea-wolf (the ship) goes dashing, Edda (in a verse
); eisandi uðr, foaming waves, Bs. i. 483 (in a verse), vide Lex. Po&
euml;t.
eiskald, n., poët, the heart, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët.: in
pl., eisköld, Fm. 27.
eiskra, að, to roar or foam, rage; gékk hon &uac
ute;tar ok innar eptir gólfinu eiskrandi, Ísl. ii. 338; görvi
r at eiskra, enraged, Hðm. 11; hann eiskraði þá mj&o
uml;k ok hélt við berserksgang, Fas. i. 524; eiskraði sút
í berserkjunum, 425: in mod. usage, það ískrar í
honum, it roars within him, of suppressed rage.
EISTA, n., gen. pl. eistna, a testicle, Sturl. ii. 182, Fas. ii. 3
42, Bs. i. 615, Fb. ii. 161; sels-eista, a nickname, Fbr.
EITILL, m. a nodule in stone, iron, or the like; hence the saying,
harðr sem e., 'hard as a flint,' poët. name of a giant,
Edda (Gl.)
eitla, að, in the phrase, eitla augum, 'to set the face as a flint
,' Sks. 230 B.
EITR, n., gen. eitrs, [A. S. âtor; O. H. G. eitar; Da
n. ædder; Old Engl. atter-cop; the spider is in A. S. &ac
irc;tor-coppa, whence Dan. ædder-kop = cup of poison] :- poison, Bær. 15, Fms. vi. 166, viii. 303, Edda 155 (pref.), Al. 4
9, Fas. i. 522 (in a verse).
eitra, að, to poison, Ann. 1360: part. eitraðr, 
empoisoned.
eitr-á, f. a poisonous stream, Edda 42.
eitr-blandaðr (eitr-blandinn), part. poisoned, Rb. 358.
eitr-blástr, m. inflammation from poison, Bs. ii. 95, 157.

eitr-bólginn, part. swoln with poison, Greg. 79.
eitr-dalr, m. dales with rivers of poison, Vsp. 42.
eitr-drep, n. deadly poison, mortification, Stj. 97.
eitr-dropi, a, m. a drop of poison, Vsp. 44.
eitr-drykkr, m. a poisoned draught, Fas. iii. 392.
eitr-eggjaðr, part. having a poisoned edge, Fms. iii. 78.
eitr-fár, adj. glittering (of poison), venomous (of
snakes), Edda (Gl.)
eitr-fluga, f. a venomous insect, Bs. ii. 183.
eitr-fullr, adj. full of poison, Magn. 470.
eitr-herðr, part. tempered in poison (of steel), Bret.
eitr-kaldr, adj. deadly cold, Lex. Poët.
eitr-kveisa, f. venomous sore, a nickname, Fms.
eitr-kvikendi, n. a poisonous animal, Sks. 88, Stj. 253, Al. i, 62
3. 26.
eitr-kvikja, u, f. poisonous yeast, Edda 3.
eitr-ligr, adj. poisonous, Stj. 91.
eitr-maðkr, m. a venomous maggot, Stj. 97.
eitr-naðra, a, u, f. a poisonous adder.
eitr-ormr, m. a viper, Stj. 37, 96, Rb. 344, Fms. vi. 164.
eitr-tandraðr, adj. = eitrfár, Al. 168.
EK, pers. pron., mod. eg, proncd. ég or jeg;
eg occurs as early as in MSS. of the 15th century, Arna-Magn. 556 A; jak,
Fms. x. 287, cp. the mod. Swed. form and the mod. Icel. jeg; old poets make it
rhyme with ek, as, Halldórr ok ek | höfum engi &tho
rn;rek, Korm. 154 (in a verse), cp. Ld. 108: [Ulf. ïk, but ek
 on the Golden horn and on the stone in Tune; A. S. ic; Engl. I; Germ. ich; old Swed. jak, mod. jag; Dan. jeg; cp.
Lat. ego, Gr. GREEK] :-- I, Nj. 10, 30, 132, etc. 2. in po
etry and old prose a pronominal 'k or 'g is suffixed to the verb;
em'k búinn annan í at nefna, Grág. i. 103; ek em'k, 623. 56
, Blas. 41, Mork. 89, 94, 99, 104, Vþm. 8, Ls. 14, Ad. 1, Post. 645. 33; j
ók'k, 'I eked' (added), Íb. (pref.); vas'k þa
r fjórtán vetr, ch. 9; þá er ek var'k á b&aeli
g;num, Blas. 40, Hm. 12; ek bað'k, Post. 645. 54; ek kom'k, Skm. 18; ek sit'
k, Mork. 168; ek finn'k, 141; ek nam'k, 73; sá'k, 75; ek sé'k (
video), 103, 168, Fms. xi. 110; mun'k-at ek, Mork. 50; svá ek vind'k
, Hm. 156; ok rít'k á þessa lund, Skálda (Thorodd) 16
6; sjá'k (sim), Mork. 183: g before k becomes by ass

imilation k, e.g. hyk'k = hygg'k, Skm. 5: the pronominal k is inse
rted between the suffixed negative and the verb, ek skal'k-a, hef'k-a, mon'k-a,
sa'k-a, ma'k-a, veit'k-a, or skal'k-a ek, hef'k-a ek, etc.: even a double k after a diphthong, siá'kk (sim), Mork. 89, 134, but chiefly in
poetry with the suffixed negative, e.g. ek sé'kk-a: this form is obsolete
, whereas the suffixed g (or k) in bisyllables or after a vowel is
more freq.; svá at ek fæ'k eigi leyzt mik, Edda 20; er ek vilda'g
helzt, Fms. xi. 146; eigi munda'k trúa, Edda 32; ef ek lifi ok mega'k r&a
acute;ða, 34; þá hafða'k bundit með gresjarni, id.; sem
önga frægð muna'k af hljóta, 20; sýnda'k bæ&
eth;i þeim ok Sæmundi, Íb. (pref.); þá er ek var
heima heyrða'k sagt, Edda 81; er ek aeva kenni'g, Hm. 164; draums ætl
i'g þér, Hdl. 7; þorða'g, Ad. 1; ræka'g, mætt
a'g, Stor. 8; sky't ek ok ræ'k (ræ'g, v.l.), Fms. vi. 170 (in a vers
e); líkara at ek vitja'g hingat þessa heita, Eg. 319; næð
a'k (or næða'g), if I could reach, Eb. 70 (in a verse); at ek n
emni þá menn alla ok beiði'g, Grág. ii. 317; vilja'k, I will, Ht. 1; þvíat ek ætla'g, Ó. H. 59; ok n&aa
cute;ða'k svá öllu ríki þeirra, 74; þv&iacute
;at ek trúi'k yðr bezt, 88; ek setta'k, Mork. 62; flytta'k, 94; geri'
k, heyrða'k, 36; mæli'g, 39; ek vetti'g, 175; tefli'g, 186; setta'g, l
agða'g, id.; vilda'g, 193; vide Lex. Poët. and the word '-at' [p. 2]: s
ometimes a double pronoun occurs, g and k, mátti'g-a'k, Og.
32; bjargi'g-a'k, Hm. 153; stöðvi'g-a'k, 151; hversu ek má'k, F
ms. vi. 102; vide Lex. Poët, and Frump. 228 sqq.
B. DAT. AND ACC. are from a different root :-- dat. mér, [Ulf. 
mis; Germ. mir; lost in Dan.], Nj. 10, etc. etc.; acc. mik, mo
d. mig, which form occurs even in MSS. at the beginning of the 14th centu
ry, e.g. Hauks-bók: mek occurs now and then in MSS., e.g. O. H. L.
, N. G. L., Sks. B, else it is rare and obsolete, Al. 42, Ó. H. 107, [Ulf
. mik; A. S. mec; Engl. me; Germ. mich; Dan. mig.
] As the word is so common, we shall only mention the use of mik which is sp
ecial to the Scandinavian tongue, viz. its use as a verbal suffix. The ancients
had a double form for the reflexive; for 1st pers. -mk, i.e. mik suffixed
to the plur. of the verb; for the 3rd pers. -sk, i.e. sik suffixed to si
ng. and plur. alike; thus, ek (vér) þykkjumk, I (we)
seem to myself (ourselves); but hann þykkisk, he seems to
himself; þeir þykkjask, they seem to themselves: the 
-mk was later changed into -mz, or -mst of editions and mod. u
se; but this is a grammatical decay, as if both -mst and -st (&tho
rn;ykjumst and þykist) arose from the same reflex. sik. 1. the subj
ect may be another person or thing (plur. or sing.) and the personal pronoun mik
suffixed as object to the verb, a kind of middle voice found in very old poems,
and where it occurs freq. it is a test of antiquity; in prose it is quite obsol
ete: jötna vegir stóðum'k yfir ok undir, the ways of giants (i.e. precipices) stood above and beneath me, Hm. 106; er l&oum
l;gðum'k arm yfir, the lass who laid her arms round me, 108; mög
r hétum'k fögru, my son promised me fair, Egil; hilmir bu&et
h;um'k löð (acc.), the king gave me leave, i.e. bade me, sing
, Höfuðl. 2; úlfs bagi gáfum'k íþr&oacut
e;tt, the wolf's foe (Odin) gave me the art (poetry)
, Stor. 23; Ragnarr gáfum'k reiðar mána, R. gave me the shi
eld, Bragi; þat erum'k sýnt, it is shewn to me, id.; st&
ouml;ndum'k ilmr fyrir yndi, the lass blights my joy, Kormak; hugr tj&aac
ute;ðum'k, courage helped me, Egil; snertum'k harmr við hjarta, grief touches me to the heart, Landn.; stöndum'k til hjarta hjö
rr, the sword pierces me to the heart, Fm. i; feldr brennum'k, my clo
ak catches fire, Gm. 1; draum dreymðum'k, I dreamed a dream; grim
t várum'k hlið, the gap (breach) was terrible to me,

 Stor. 6; hálf ván féllum'k, half my hope failed me,
 Gráfeldar-drápa; heiðnir rekkar hnekðum'k, the hea
then men turned me out, Sighvat; dísir hvöttum'k at, the
'dísir' hooted us, Hðm. 29; gumi görðum'k at vigi, the man made us fight, id.; lyst várum'k, it list me, Am. 74
: very common is erum'k, 'tis to me (us); erum'k van, I (we) have to expect; mjök erum'k tregt tungu at hræra, 
'tis hard for me to move the tongue, i.e. the tongue cleaves to my mouth,
 Stor. 1, 17, Ad. 16. 2. sometimes oneself is the subject, freq. in p
rose and poetry, either in deponent verbs or as reflex. or recipr.; at vit skili
m'k sáttir, Ó. H. 119; at vér komim'k, that we shall com
e, 85; finnum'k hér þá, 108; ef vér finnum'k, 111
; ek skildum'k við Ólaf konung, 126; ef ek komum'k í braut, 14
0; sigrom'k, if I gain the victory, 206; æðrom'k, 214; ef ek &o
uml;ndum'k, if I die, Eg. 127; ek berum'k, I bear myself, Gr&aacut
e;g. ii. 57, Mork. passim; ek þykkjum'k, þóttum'k, rá&
eth;um'k, látum'k, setjum'k, bjóðum'k, skildum'k, kveljum'k, e
tc., = ek þykisk, þóttisk, ræðsk, lætsk, sets
k, býðsk, skildisk, kvelsk, etc.: even at the present day the forms e
g þykjumst, þóttumst are often used in writing; in other word
s the suffix -mst (-mk) is almost obsolete. β. the obs
olete interjection er mik = I am; vel er mik, well is me (= 'bl
ess me!'), O. H. L. 71; æ er mik, ah me! 64; kendr er mik, I
am known, 66: with a reflex. notion, hvat er mik at því, wh
at is that to me? Skv. 1. 28; er mik þat undir frétt þeir
ri, that is my reason for asking, Grág. i. 19 :-- this 'er mik' is
clearly the remains of the old erum'k.
C. DUAL AND PLUR. also from a different root: 1. dual vit, mod. við, a Norse form mit also occurs, Al. 170, 171, [cp. mi,
Ivar Aasen] :-- we two; gen. and dat. from a different root, okkar and okkr, [cp. Goth. ïggqis; A. S. inc and incer;
 O. H. G. inch and inchar; Ivar Aasen dikke and dyk
k] :-- our. 2. plur.: α. nom. vér a
nd vær, the last form now obsolete, [Goth. veis; A. S. and E
ngl. we; Germ. wir; Dan. vi] :-- we. β.
gen. vár, mod. vor, Eg. 524, Fms. viii. 213, 398, etc. 
γ. dat. and acc. oss, [Goth. uns (acc.), unsis (d
at.); A. S. us; Germ. uns; Swed. oss; Dan. os] :-- us: it need only be noticed that in mod. familiar usage the dual--við,
okkr, okkar--has taken the place of the plural, vér, oss; but that in wr
itten books the forms vér, oss are still in freq. use, except in light or
familiar style; old writers, on the other hand, made a clear distinction both i
n speech and writing.
EKJA, u, f. [aka], a carting, carrying in a cart; tóku &tho
rn;á sumir til ekju, en sumir hlóðu heyinu, Eb. 260; cp. Swed.
åska, vide áss [p. 46]. COMPD: ekju-vegr, m. a ca
rt-road, D. N.
EKKI, a, m. [akin to öngr, Lat. angustus], as a medic, term,
a convulsive sobbing, caused by the repression of tears, Fél. ix.
208, Hkv. 2. 43, Skv. 1. 20, Gísl. 64 (in a verse), Rafns S. (in a verse)
, Am. 44, Hkr. iii. (in a verse of Sighvat), Stor. 2, where we ought to read, &t
horn;ví at ekki stendr höfugligr í (not 'ór') hyggju s
tað, because a heavy sobbing oppresses, stifles my breast; angrs ok e
kka, Stj. 428, (freq.)
ekki, adv. not, vide eingi.
ekkill, m. a widower, akin to the preceding; freq. in mod. use; th

at no reference from an old writer is on record seems to be a mere
<PAGE NUM="b0125">
<HEADER>EKKJA -- ELDSGOGN. 125</HEADER>
accident. II. poët. name of a sea-king, Edda (Gl.): botan., E
kkilsjurt, Achillaea L., Bb. 3. 75.
ekkja, u, f. [Swed. enka and Dan. enke shew that the root c
onsonants are nk; this word is peculiar to the Scandin. tongue; even Ulf.
renders GREEK by vidovo, which is the Lat. vidua] :-- a widow
, Grág. i. 108, 306, Blas. 21, Bs. ii. 161, Fas. i. 223. COMPDS: e
kkju-búnaðr, m. widow's weeds, Stj. 197. ekkju-d&oacute
;mr, m. widowhood, Stj. 197. ekkju-nafn, n. a widow's name,
widowhood, Fas. i. 223, Am. 98 (MS. ekkiunam clearly a false reading = namn
). ekkju-skapr, m. widowhood, Fms. x. 433. ekkju-sonr, m.
a widow's son, 656 A. ii. In Edda 108 there is a distinction between h&ae
lig;ll, a widow whose husband is slain, and ekkja, the widow of one w
ho died a natural death; hæll is merely a poët. word and obsolete
, but ekkja is in full use. In old poetry ekkja is used = a lass, girl, c
p. Lapp. akka = Lat. mulier; cp. also Lex. Poët.
ekla, u, f. dearth, want, Sks. 218, v.l.; Vell-ekla, Dearth of
Gold, the name of a poem, Hkr.; suml-e., scarcity of drink, Eg. (in a
verse): the word is rare in old writers, but still in use in Icel., e.g. hey-e.
, scarcity of hay; matar-e., dearth of meat; vinnu-fólks-e.
, scarcity of servants.
ekla, adv. scarcely; þeir Helgi tóku e. til matar um
kveldit, konungr spurði hvárt þeir væri sjúkir, Fm
s. v. 317 (GREEK)
EKRA, u, f. [from akr, p. 10], an acre, corn-field, Landn. 125, Al
. 52, N. G. L. i. 217, Stj. 400. Judges ix. 32.
ektar- and ekta-, [Germ. echt], adj. genuine, mod. (
vide ei). β. wedded; taka til ekta, to marry: chiefly
used in COMPDS, ekta-maðr, m. a husband; ekta-skapr, m.
matrimony, etc.; ektar-kona, u, f. a wedded wife, occurs i
n D. N. i. 591, (mod.)
ÉL, n., spelt iel, Edda (Kb.) 72, Fms. xi. 136; él, Hom. 10
9; gen. dat. pl. éla, élum; mod. élja; éljum, insert
ing j; [cp. Dan. iling] :-- a snow-shower; the proverb, öll
él linna um síðir, every 'él' comes to an end
; él eitt mun vera, ok skyldi langt til annars slíks, Nj. 200;
þá görði él mikit ok illviðri, Fms. i. 175; &e
acute;lum ok hreggi, x. 135, xi. 136, 137; drífu-él, Orkn. 414; me
ðan él dró á, 396; í éli einnar stundar,
656 B. 12; él augna (poët.), tears, Edda 72. β. m
etaph. a shock, uproar, Hom. 109: a hot fight, ok verðr et har
ðasta él, Fms. xi. 32. élja-drög, n. pl. (qs. &
eacute;lja-dróg, f. ?), streaks of snow-showers seen far off,
etc.
elda, d, mod. also að, [eldr], to light, kindle a fire, with d
at. of the fuel; e. viði, Grág. ii. 211, 338; ef þeir e. g&ouml
;rðum, grindum eðr andvirki, Gþl. 422: absol., at vér eldim

úsparliga í Hvammi, Sturl. i. 67: to heat, warm, þ&a
acute; skulu þeir e. hús at manntali, Jb. 225; e. ofn, Hkr. iii. 11
5: metaph., elda hug e-s, to kindle one's mind, Hom. 107; ek skal yðr
a húð e. knáliga með klungrum (make you smart), Stj
. 395; e. vita, to kindle a beacon, Orkn. 264; en þó eldi h&
eacute;r lengi af með þeim bræðrum, the spark of resentme
nt was long felt among the brothers, Lv. 34; e. járn, to forge iro
n, Rkv.: the phrase, elda grátt silfr, to be bad friends, is a
metaphor taken from smelting drossy silver that cannot stand the fire; &
thorn;eir Stórólfr eldu löngum grátt silfr, en stundum
vóru með þeim blíðskapir, Fb. i. 522. 2. 
to cook, or gener. to expose to a light fire. II. reflex. t
o be kindled; má vera at eldisk hér langr óþokki
af, it may be that long ill-feeling will be kindled therefrom, Lv. 50.
eldask, d, [aldr], to grow old; eldisk árgalinn nú,
Fms. vi. 251; er þá tók mjök at eldask, viii. 108; hann
tekr nú at eldask (MS. öldask) mjök, xi. 51; ek finn at ek eld
umk, en þverr kraptrinn, Orkn. 464; þeir hrymask eigi né elda
sk, Rb. 346. β. part. eldr, old, worn by age; G&iacute
;sli kvaðsk eldr vera mjök frá úfriði, Sturl. iii. 10
: equivocal is the phrase, eldir at ráðum ok at þrotum komnir (
in the dream of king Sverrir), Fms. viii. 108, cp. Orkn. ch. 34. γ.
impers. in the phrase, nótt (acc.) eldir, the night grows old (cp
. elding); þá er nótt eldir, Fas. i. 147.
eld-bakaðr, part. baked on embers, Stj. 595. 1 Kings xix. 6.
eld-beri, a, m. a brasier, lantern, H. E. ii. 107, Pm. 26, 73, Jm.
12, Vm. 164; eldbera-ker, id., Pm. 106.
eld-borg, f. a volcanic crag, vide borg.
eld-bruni, a, m. fire, conflagration, D. N.
eld-böllr, m. a fire-ball, Dipl. v. 18.
eld-fimr, adj. inflammable, easily catching fire, Sks. 427.
eld-fjall, n. a fire-hill, volcano.
eld-færi, n. pl. an apparatus, for striking fire, tinder-box, Jb. 145.
eld-gamall, adj. [from Dan. ældgammel = Icel. elli-gamall],
stone old, (mod. word.)
eld-glæringar, f. pl. 'fire-glare,' seen in darkness.
eld-gos, n. 'fire-gush,' a volcanic eruption.
eld-gróf and eld-gröf, f. a 'fire-groove,' &Iac
ute;sl. ii. 405, 417, Eb. 272, v.l.
eld-gýgr, m. a crater.
eld-gögn, n. pl. cooking-vessels, D. N.
eld-heitr, adj. hot as fire.
eld-hraun, n. a 'fire-field,' lava-field.

eld-hús (elda-hús, Eg. 397, 603, Sturl. iii. 219, G&
thorn;l. 344), n. the 'fire-house,' i.e. the hall or parlour, one of the chief rooms in ancient dwellings, where the fire was kept up, used
synonymously with eldaskáli, but opp. to stofa, the ladies' room;
stofa, eldhús, búr, Grág. i. 459; stofu-hurð, b&uacute
;r-hurð, eldahús-hurð, Gþl. 344, H. E. i. 495; eldhú
s eðr stofur, Grág. i. 468; gauga milli stofu ok eldhúss, Fbr.
164; cp. Gísl. 14, 15, 97, (Mant.) 324, Eb. ch. 52, vide new Ed. 98, v.l
. 1, 3, 4; gékk Þorgerðr þegar inn í eldahú
s, Eg. 603; eldhúss dyrr, Lv. 89, Ld. 54, Sturl. iii. 218, 219; eldh&u
acute;ss-skot, n. id., cp. Eg. 397; eldhús-hurð, f. the
hurdle of an e., N. G. L. i. 38, Gþl. l.c.; eldhús-f&iacute
;fl, n. a 'fireside fool,' an idiot who sits all day by the fire, Fas
. ii. 114; in Sturl. iii. 219 eldahús and skáli seem to be used di
fferently. β. it may also be used of any room having a hearth and fi
re, eldahús ... var þat brott frá öðrum húsu
m, Eg. 203; and even of a kitchen, 238, cp. Nj. 75. In mod. usage eldh&ua
cute;s only means a kitchen.
eldi (elþi, Grág.), n. [ala], feeding, maintenance
, Grág. i. ii 7, 143: the person maintained, 236: in mod. usag
e esp. of keeping another's lambs, sheep, in winter, hence lambs-eldi, 'lambs
-keep,' an obligation on every householder to feed a lamb for the priest in
winter; elda-skildagi, m. the time when the lambs are sent back (m
iddle of May); the phrase, skila úr eldum, to send back (lambs): eldis-hestr, m. a horse kept in stall, opp. to útiga
ngs-hestr. 2. a thing born; mislit eldi, Stj. 179. Gen. xxxi. 8; e
. þat er fram fer af kviði konunnar, 656 B. 7; skaltú þig
gja þat at Guði at hann gefi þér gott eldi, Mar. 3, 6, 19
; komask frá e. sínu, to be delivered of a child, Fas. iii.
276; cp. upp-eldi, breeding.
eldi-brandr, m. fire-wood, fuel, Grág. ii. 261, Fms. ii. 82
, viii. 358, v.l., Fbr. 97: a fire-brand, Stj. 402, Fs. 45, Þið
r. 332, Grett. 117: metaph., Post. 645. 84.
eldi-ligr, adj. elderly, Fas. i. 120, Mag. 5.
elding, f. firing, fuel, Scot. eilding, Grág. ii. 33
8, 358, Fs. 45; eldingar-steinar, (bituminous?) stones to make a fire,
 Karl. 18: smelting metals, gull er stenzk e., gold which resists
the heat of the crucible, Grág. i. 501; cp. elda grátt silfr.
II. lightning, also in plur., Fms. x. 30, xi. 136, Fas. i. 372, Sk
s. 229, Stj. 300, Al. 41: eldinga-flug, n. a flash of lightning, R
b. 102: eldinga-mánaðr, m. the lightning month, id.
elding, f. [aldr], the 'eld' or old age of the night, the last or third part of the night; allt frá eldingu ok til miðs a
ptans, Hrafn. 7; vakti Þórhildr upp sína menn þegar &i
acute; elding, Fms. ii. 231; í elding nætr, vii. 214; kómu &
iacute; elding nætr á Jaðar, Ó. H. 117. The ancients div
ided the night into three equal parts, of which the last was called either &oacu
te;tta (q.v.) or elding, (þá er þriðjungr lifir næt
r, i.e. where the third part of the night is left): the mod. usage is, &t
horn;að er farið að elda aptr, it begins to rekindle; and apt
r-elding, rekindling, as though 'daybreak' were from fire 'eldr;' but in
old writers 'aptr' is never joined to these words (Anal. 193 is taken from a pap
er MS., cp. Fb. iii. 405, l. 6); the phrase elding 'nætr' also shews that
the word refers not to daylight, but to night, and means the last part of the
night, opp. to midnight, mið-nætti.
eldi-skíð, m. a log of fire-wood, Fs. 6, Þiðr
. 262; loganda e., a fire-brand, Stj. 413.
eldi-stokkr, m. a log of fire-wood, Glúm. 338.
eldi-torf, n. turf for firing, Ísl. ii. 112, Dipl. v. 23, B
s. ii. 135.
eldi-viðr, m. fire-wood, Fms. ii. 82, vii. 97, K. Þ. K.
90: but, as Icel. is barren of trees, eldiviðr means fuel in general,
peat, etc., Orkn. 16; torf-skurð svá sem hann þarf til
eldividar, digging peat for fuel, Vm. COMPDS: eldiviðar-fát
t, n. adj. wanting fuel, Fbr. 97. eldiviðar-lauss, adj. short of fuel. eldiviðar-leysi, n. want of fire-wood (
fuel), Fms. vi. 146, Stj. 150. eldiviðar-stika, u, f. a stick
of fire-wood, Stj. 268.
eld-ker, n. = eldberi, Am. 5.
eld-knöttr, m. a fire-ball.
eld-kveykja, u, f. kindling fire, Nj. 194: metaph., 625. 74, Mork.
7.
eld-ligr (elligr, Al. 65), adv. fiery, of fire, Greg. 19, N
iðrst. 6, Fas. iii. 414, Sks. 208, Rb. 442, Stj. 98.
eld-neyti, n. fuel, Gþl. 369.
eld-næmr, adj. easily catching fire, Sks. 427, Fms. xi. 34,
Mork. 7.
ELDR, m., gen. ellds, also spelt ellz, [a word that may be taken as a tes
t of Scandin. races; Dan. ild; Swed. äld; for the Teut. natio
ns use the word feuer, fire, which is wanting in Scandin., though used by
old Icel. poets, who probably borrowed it from A. S.; on the other hand, Ulf. c
onstantly renders GREEK by fon, Icel. funi, q.v.; in A. S. poetry and in
Hel. äled = incendiary occurs a few times, and älan = Lat. urere (Grein and Schmeller); Rask suggests a Finn. origin] :-fire. In cold climates fire and life go together; hence the proverb, eldr
er beztr með ýta sonum, ok sólar sýn, fire is best
among the sons of men, and the sight of the sun, Hm. 67: in reference to the
healing power of fire, eldr tekr við sóttum, fire consumes (cures) fevers, 138; sá er eldrinn heitastr er á sj&aa
cute;lfum brennr, Grett. 136 new Ed.: allit., e. né járn, fire
nor iron, Edda 82; hvárki egg né eld, 162; eldr (sparks of
fire) hraut or sverðum þeirra, Flóv. 29; e. þ&oacute
;tti af hrjóta er vápnin kómu saman, Sturl. iii. 187, vide
Fms. i. 292, vi. 153, vii. 338 (MS. ell), viii. 74, 202, x. 29. Nj. 74, Eluc. 19
, 625. 178. β. the eruption of a volcano, Bs. i. 803, 804; ja
rð-eldr, 'earth-fire,' subterranean fire. COMPDS: elds-bruni,
a, m. burning of fire, Stj. elds-daunn, m. smell of fire, F
innb. 242. elds-gangr, m. the raging of fire, Fms. i. 128, x. 29,
Sturl. iii. 132, Bs. i. 327, Orkn. 368, 458, Sks. 141. elds-glór,
n. glare of fire, Fas. iii. 471. elds-gneisti, a, m. a spark of
fire, Greg. 74. elds-gólf, n. a hearth-floor, N. G. L.

i. 256. elds-gögn, n. pl. materials for firing. Vm.
<PAGE NUM="b0126">
<HEADER>126 ELDSHITI -- ELLIFU.</HEADER>
177- elds-hiti, a, m. fiery beat, Fms. x. 379. elds-kveykja, f.
= eldkveikja, Greg. 77. elds-litr, n. orbs of fire, Nj. 194, Rb. 336.
elds-MM, n. a likeness, shape of fire, Clem. 30, Rb. 388. elds-ljó
s,
n. fire-light, Fms. ix. 49. elds-logi, a, m. aflame, Stj. 414. eld
smatr, n. /oo d of fire, Th. 19. elds-neyti, n. pl. fuel, Band. 10,
Fms.
ix. 339, Fas. i. 84. elds-stólpi, a, m. a pillar of fire, Stj. 326
. eldsuppkváma, u, f. the eruption of a volcano, Landn. 269, Bs. i. 148,
498.
elds-velar, f. pl. ^î re de-vices, Flóv. 43. elds-vimr, m. 'fire-whims, '
flickering fire, of the aurora borealis, fire-gleam, Sks. 203. eldsvirki, n. a tinder-box, Fms. vii. 225, Orkn. 208, Band. 30. II.
esp. in plur. a fire on the hearth; the proverbs, við eld skal ol dre
kka,
by the fireside sbalt tbou drink ale, Hm. 82; allir eldar brenna ú
t um
síðir, all fires (beacons') burn out at last (of the death of
an aged man):
allit., eldr á ami (vide arinn). In the old halls in Scandinavia an oblon
g
hearth was built in the middle of the hall, and the fires kindled were
called langeldar, long fires, with an opening in the thatch called ljuri
for
a chimney; the benches in the hall were ranged on both sides of the
langeldar, vide Edda 82 (the hall of king Adils); hence the phrase,
bera ol um eld, to hand the ale round the fire, viz. to one's cup fellow
on
the opposite bench, Fagrsk. ch. 219, Grett. ch. 10, new Ed. p. 23; eldaskálar vóru stórir á bæjuni, sátu menu
við langelda á öptnuin, þá voru
borð sett fyrir menn fyrir (inrian MS. Holm.), sváfu menu upp (ut MS.
Holm.) frá eldunurn, Kristni S. ch. 2; þá vóru g&ouml
;rvir eldar stórir eptir
endilonguni skalanum, sem í þann tínia var titt, at drekka &
ouml;l við eld, Bs.
i. 42; cp. Orkn., eldar vóru á gólfinu, on the floor, ch. 18, where the fire
seems to have been made in a pit (vide eldgróf) in the middle of the
floor, cp. also kipti honum upp at pallinum, vide bakeldr: again, at the
evening and morning meals people gathered round the 'meal-fires' (m;deldar), hence the phrases, sitja við elda, t o s it at the fire; vóru görrir
máleldar hvert kveli] í elda-skúla sern siðr var til, s
átu menn löngum við
eldana áðr menn gengu til matar, Eb. ch. 52: maleldr, the' meal-fi
re' or
the small fire, is distinguished from laugeldr, the great fire, 27
6; þat var
í þann tíma er þeir Snorri sátu við m&aacut
e;lelda (yfir málborði, v. 1.), ch. 26;

höfðu menn orðit vátir ok vóru görvir mál
eldar (langeldar, v. 1.), Nj. ch. 8;
ok er skálabúinn var mettr sat hann við eld, Fs. 6; sný
r at dyruin, er
menn sátu við langelda (i n the evening), Korm. ch. 15;
um kveldit er
menn sátu við elda, Orkn. 448: the phrase, sitja milli elda, to si
t between
two fires, to be in a strait, vide Gin. COMPDS: elda-hús, n., vide el
dhiis.
elda-skali, a, m. = eldhús, Eb. 1. c., Grett. 1. c., cp. Eb. 170; einn la
ugaraptan sat Helga í elda-skála, Ísl. ii. 274; hafði hann
lagzt uiðr í elclaskála eptir dagverð. Gísl. 97; þrándr hafði l
átið gora elda mikla í eldaskála, Fzr. 183; ekki lagðisk Ormr í elda-skála, Fb. i.
521, Eg. 238.
elda-skára, u, f. (elda-skári, a, m., Lex. Run.), a 'fire-rake,
' poker,
 Nj. 236. elds-görð, f. making fire, Fs. 45. III. a beaco
n,
bale-fire, Gs. 18. IV. in old poetry the fire of wounds or of
Odin = weapons, the fire of the sea = gold; hauga-eldar, magical f
ire in
old cairns; maur-ildi, a glow-worm; hraevar-eldr, a Will o' the wi
sp,
ignis fatuus. V. as a prefix to pr. names, Kld-grinir, Kld-járn,
Kld-ríð, etc.: in names of places it denotes volcanic ground,
Kld-borg,
eld-fjall, eld-gjá, etc.
eld-rauðr, adj. fiery-red.
eld-sókn, f. fetching fire, Grett. 89.
eld-stokkr, m. a burning beam, Nj. 202.
eld-stó, f., pl. stóar, a ' fire-stove, ' hearth,
 Bárð. 2 new Ed., Nj. 236, Fb.
iii. 446, Fas. ii. 115, Mork. 9; sitja við eldstó móður si
nuar, Fs. 6.
eld-súrr, adj. hot as fire, of vinegar or the like.
eld-sætr, adj. always sitting b y the fireside, as a
spoilt boy; Oddr var
eldsætr í æsku ok seinlegr ok kallaðr kolbitr, Landn. 235
(Hb.); Grimr
var mikill ok eldsætr, ok þótti vera nær afglapi, Gull&
thorn;. 14, Krók. 33
(Kd. eldseti), Fas. ii. 112 (Ed. eldssetirm).
eld-tinna, u, f. a flint stone, Fas. i. 447.
ELFR, f., gen. elfar, acc. dat. elfi, a pr. name of the three rivers call
ed
Elbe, Lat. Albis, viz. Gaut-Elfr, the Elb of the Gants (a S
caiulin. people)
= the River Gotha of the present time; Sax-E., the Elb of the Saxons,
the Elbe; Raum-E., the Elb of the Rauws (a people in Norway), i. e. t
he
present Glommen and Wormen, Bær. 3, Nj. 42. Fms. i. 6, ii. 1
28, iii. 40,
iv. 121, ix. 350, 393, 401, x. 292: Elfar-bakki, the bank of one of these
Elbes, Bser. 3, Fms. ix. 269, 274; Elfinar-bakki, Fms. i. 19;, of the
river Ochil in Scotland, is a ulse reading = Ekkjals-bakki, vide Orkn. 12.
COMPDS: Elfar-grimar, in. pl. dwellers on the banks of the Gotha,
 Fms. vii. 17, 19, 321. Elfar-kvislir, f. pl. the arms of the Gotha,
 Fms. i. 7, iv. 9, ix. 274; used of the mouths of the Nile, Edda 148
(pret'.)
Elfar-sker, n. pl. the Skerries at the mouth of the Gotha, Fms., Fas.;
cp. álfr, p. 42. 2. melon, used of any great river, (rare in Icel.
but
freq. in mod. Dan.)
Elfskr, adj. a dweller on one of the Elbe rivers, Landn., Fms. ii.
252.
elgja, ð, to bel c h.
ELGR, m., gen. elgs or elgjar, [Lat. alces; O. H. G. elah;
Engl. elk\,
an elk, Gþl. 449, Fms. viii. 31, Fas. i. 54; elgja-gröf, f. an
elk pit, a hunting term, D. N.; elgja-veiðr, f. hunting elks, Gþl. 448; elgjar
-galgi, a,
m., poët. 'elks-gallow, ' the ice, as elks were hunted on the ice, S
tor. 15;
but some explain the phrase = tree, cp. Caes. Bell. Gall. vi. 27. II.
deep pools of half-melted ice; akin to ólga, ylgr.
elg-skógr, m. a forest with elks, Gþl. 449.
eligr, adj. [Swed. elig] , vile, Hom. 151; e, ambátt
, a poor handmaid,
 Stj. 484. r Sam. xxv. 24; afleitt eðr elikt, vile and refuse, 45
6. í Sam.
xv. 9; illr ok e,, Hb. 31: it is probably akin to el-, Germ, elend, vide
aulandi, p. 34.
Eli-vágar, m. pl. the Ice-waves, a mythol. name, Edda.
ELJA, u, f. a concubine, as opp. to a wedded wife; this word is ei
ther
akin to eljan in the sense of z eal, jealousy, or to the word eligr, as t
hese
women were often captives of war and handmaids; cp. the case of
Melkorka, Ld., cp. also Gen. xxi. 10 :-- the word is defined in Edda
109, -- þaer konur eru eljur, er einn mann eigu, th os e women a
re called
' eljur, ' whoare wives of one man; stattú upp ór bingi
num frá elju minni,
Nj. IS3; en elja hennar görði henni jafnan skapraun, Stj. 428. í
Sam.
i. 6 (' and her adversary also provoked her sore, ' of the two wives of
Elkanah); systur konu þinnar skaltú eigi taka til elju hennar, Stj.
320.
Lev. xviii. 18: in poetry the earth is called the

Odin's wives, Fms. vi. (in a verse): this word points to
time; the sole passage where it occurs in an Icel. hist,
(above), where it is wrongly used, the wedded wife being
by the concubine; cp. arin-elja.
elja of Rinda, one of

the remotest
work is Nj.
called the elja
ELJAN, f. (in mod. usage elja, u, f.), [Ulf. aljan = ^r)\os; cp. A
. S.
ellian; Hel. elhui] , endurance, energy; eljun ok styrk ann
arra manna,
Fms. vii. 228; heilsu ok eljun, 277; afl ok eljun, Fas. i. (in a verse);
atferð ok eljun, Ld. 318; ok tari þar e. eptir ok (ill tilræ&eth
;i, Fs. 4.
COMPDS: eljanar-lauss, adj. [ellennlæss, Ormul.], weak, f
eeble, Al. 100,
Fbr. 157. eljimar-leysi, n. weakness, want of energy, Fms. iv. 163.
eljunar-maðr, in. an energetic man, Fms. iv. 163, viii. 447. P. in
mod. usage elju-lauss, adj., elju-leysi, n., with the notion of impatience;
 hann hefir enga elju á e-u, he i s t oo restless to
perform anything.
eljara-gletta, u, f. [cp. elja], pertness,:auciness, Sky'r. 53 (pr
ef.)
Elj-úðnir, in. the hall of Hela, Edda (Gl.)
él-kaldr, adj. ice-cold, epithet of a stream, Ýt. 23
.
ELLA, adv., in Norse laws treq. ellar, and so in Fms. vi. 214, vii. &iacu
te; 7,
115, etc.; in mod. Icel. usage ellegar; elligar, 0. H., Grág., Mork.,
passim, etc., which seems to be the original form, qs. ell-vegar, 'otherways, ' cp. þann-ig, hinn-ig, einn-ig; ella, though it is the usual fo
rm
in the MSS., would be an apocopated form, the r being dropt: [A. S.
elle s; Engl. e/s e; Swed. eljest; cp. Lat. alius
, Gr. áAAos] :-- else, otherwise; er yðr mí annat-hvárt til at leggja í brott &
thorn;egar, ella búisk þúr
við sem skjótast, Nj-44; en þann þeirra e. er rettari er,
Grág. i. 78;
en ella jamt skerða sem at skuldadómi, 84; ella liggr á &thorn
;ér víti, Fms. iv.
27; hann hét vináttu sinni ef þessu vildi játa en ell
igar afarkostum, 0. H.
141; ella man ek láta drepa þik, Nj. 74; eða -- ella, o r -- else, Fms. vi.
196 (in a verse); eða heit hvers manns níðingr ella, o r el s e be called the
' nithing' of every man, Nj. 176; eða drepit hann ella, Fms. xi. 100; e&
eth;r
stökki hann af eignum sinum ellar, vii. 17.
ELLI, f. indecl. [Dan. Æ lde], 'e ld, ' o ld age; the saying, öllum hefir
elli á kné komit, o ld age has brought all on their knees,
cp. the tale in
Edda 33, 34, where the old giantess Elli wrestles with Thor, whence in
poetry she is called ' the antagonist of Thor, ' Eg. (in a verse); engi h
efir
sá orðit..., at eigi korni ellin ollum til falls, Edda 34; fyrir elli
sakar,
Eg. 107; eigi er þat síðr en elli..., Nj. 171. COMPDS: e
lli-belgr,
m., in the mythol. phrase, kasta e., t o cas t the 'slough of age, ' t
o be
young again, Mag. 3, (freq.) elli-bjúgr, adj. bowed down with
age, Mag. elli-dagar, m. pl. o ld days, Stj. 190, Sks. 458. ellidauðr, adj. de a d (dying] from old age, Nj. 58, Fms.
i. 117, Edda 18.
elli-dómr, m. o ld age, Stj. 192. elli-gamall, adj. exceeding o
ltl,
 Stj. 190, Sks. 92, Al. 3. elli-glöp, n. pl. dotage from old age, Fas. i.
421. elli-hamr -- eliibclgr (of serpents shedding their slough), Stj. 98.
elli-hrumr, adj. tottering from old age, Stj. 432. elli-hærur, f.
pl. the hoariness of age, Stj. 214. elli-karl, in. an old carle, B
arl.
164. elli-lyf, f. medicine to bar old age, elixir vitae, (mythol.).
Haustl. 9, cp. Edda 63. elli-móðr, adj. worn, weary from age,
Ld. 1 i,
Landn. 117. elli-sjukr, adj. sick from age. fjiðr. 30. elli-stoð,
f.
the stay of old age. elli-tíð, f. time of old age, Mom.
13. elli-vafur,
n. pl. wavering from age, decrepitude, Bret. 162 (of king Lear); in Eg1
756 (the verse), the oíd poet said, vals hell'k váfur elli -- elli
-vafur; the
comparison with the passage in Brtt. is decisive, and the explanation in
Lex. Poët. s. v. vafur is undoubtedly wrong. elli-vam, n. the being a
dotard, Bret. 1(12. elli-Jiokki, a, in. looking old; hratt hón
af st'r
clliþokka, Stj. 627. 2 Kings ix. 30 (of the old queen Jezebel).
elliði, a, m. a kind of ship with a high poop, Edda (Gl.), Fas
. ii. 5;
hence Elliða-ey, f. the name of an island, from its resemblance to these
old-fashioned ships, Landn., Kb.; Elliði, a, in. a farm, Konn.; ElliðaGrímr, in., pr. name of a man, Landn., Nj.
ellifti, mod. ellefti, ord. numb, the eleventh, Landn. 199, Fms. i
x.
412.
ellifu, niod. ellefu, ore!, iiiinib., the Goth, ainlif; A. S. e
llefne; Engl.
êleven; Germ, eilf; Swed. elfva; Dan. elleve: -- '
lif is an obsolete word.
<PAGE NUM="b0127">
<HEADER>ÉLLIGR -- EN. 127</HEADER>
denoting ten, so that 'eleven, twelve' are formed just like
thirteen, fourteen, etc.
él-ligr, adj. [él], stormy, Vápn. 51.
ellri (eldri), compar. elder, and ellstr (eldstr), superl,

eldest; vide
gamall.
elma, u, f. [almr], a branch, twig, Mar. 183.
-eln, adj. in compds, tví-e., þrí-e., etc.,
two, three ...ells long.
elna, að, [cp. Goth. aljanon; A. S. elnjan -- aemulari]
to wax, grow,
 a medic. term, in the phrases, sótt elnar á hendr e-m, the
fever grows
upon one's bands, i. e. becomes worse; en sótt
elnaðiá hendr Gizuri
biskupi, Bs. i. 69; þá enaði sótt á hendr
Kveldúlfi, en er dró at því at
hann var banvænn, etc., Eg. 126; e-m einar sótt, id.; ok
elnar honum
sóttin, Band. 14; en Lopthænu einaði sóttin (of a woman
in labour),
Fas. ii. 162; sótt elnaði við Lopthænu, 504.
elptr, f. = álpt, a swan, Str. 52, 62, etc.
elrir, m. . and elri, n. the alder-tree, Lat. alnus, A. S.
alor, aler, Germ,
erle, Edda (Gl.), Ó. H. 250, Fbr. 10.
elska, að, to love, love dearly, with acc.; elskaðr sem
sá er framast
elskaði sannan Guð, Fs. 80; konungr elskaði Hákon meir en
nokkurn
annan mann, Fms. i. 17; Birkibeinar elskuðu því meir sveininn,
sem...,
ix. 244; halt vel trú þína ok elska Gnð, ii. 255;
Hrafnkell elskaði ekki
annat goð meir enn Frey, Hrafn. 4; kona þess hins rika maims
elskaði
Joseph, Sks. 455: hann sá at Guð elskaði David (acc.), 708; ok er
sva
auðr svá sem hann er elskaðr til, 442.2. reflex., elskask
at e-m, to
grow fond of; þorkell var lengi með jarlinum ok elskaðisk at
honum,
Fms. iv. 217 ('elskaði' at jarli, act., Ó. H. 93, is scarcely right).
β.
recipr. to love one another; höfðu þau
Jón elskask frá barnæsku, Bs. i.
282; þessir ungu menu elskask sin í millum mjök hjartanliga,
655 xxxii.
20. Icel. have a playful rhyme referring to lovers, running thus -- elskar
hann (hún) mig, |af öllu hjarta,|ofrheitt UNCERTAIN harla
lítið |og ekki neitt,
which calls to mind the scene in Göthe's Faust, where Gretchen plucks
off the petals of the flower with the words, liebt mich -- nicht -- licbt
mich -- nicht.
ELSKA, u, f. (ælska, Barl. 6, O. H. L.), [this word is peculiar to
the
Scandin. races; it is probably derived from él and an inflexive,
sk, and
properly means storm, whence metaph. passion; the Swedes and Danes
have not the single word, but álskog and elskov, qs. elskhogr; Icel.
elskhugi or elskogi] :-- love; með Guðs elsku ok náungs,
Hom. 48;
hafa elsku á e-m, to love one, Bs. i. 36; mikla elsku hafði
jarl á konungs
svni, Fms. ix. 242; vit höfum lengi saman haldit okkarri elsku, vii. 140;
svá mikla ást sem þú hefir á hinum digra
manni ok elsku við hann lagt,
iv. 182. COMPDS: elsku-band, n. a bond of love, Mar. elskubragð, n. a deed of love, Mar. 220. elsku-fullr,
adj. full of love,ERROR Barl.
179. elsku-geð, n.a loving kindness, Pass. 30. II. elskugras,
n. love's flower, vide brönugrös s. v. brana, p. 76.elskulauss, adj.
loveless, and elsku-leysi, n. want of love, Lex. Poët.
elsku-merki,
n. a love token. elsku-semi, f. lovingness. elskuvattr, m. a
love token. Elska never occurs as a verb or noun in old heathen poets;
Arnor is the first poet on record who uses it; old writers prefer using
ást; with Christianity, and esp. since the Reformation, it gained ground;
GREEK of the N. T. is usually rendered by elska (to love) and GREEK by
elska (love) or kærleiki (chanty); so, mann-elska,
humanity, kindness.
elskandi, part. a lover, Greg. 30.
elskan-liga, adv. lovingly, 655 xxxii. 17.
elskan-ligr, adj. beloved, N. T.
elskari, a, m. a lover, Barl. 88, 187, Karl. 545, Mar. 197,
(rare.)
elsk-hugi or elsk-ogi, a, m. [Swed. älskog; Dan.
el s kov], love, Edda
21; vináttu ok elskhuga, Stj. 8; ástúð ok e., 130, Bev.
8 (Fr.) ; elskugi
(ælskugi), Barl. 6: a sweetheart, minn sæti herra ok
á-gætr elskugi (my
love), Fb. i. 514.
elskr, adj., in the phrase, e. at e-m, fondly attached to one, fond of
one, of the attachment of children, or to children; hann var elskr at
Agli, he loved the boy Egil, Eg. 187; Egill (the father) mini honum
mikit, var Böðvarr (the child) ok e. at honum, 599: also used of
animals, ok svá elskir hvarr at öðrum, at hvárr rann
eptir öðruiii, two
steeds that never left one another, Nj. 81; hann (the ox) er injok elskr
at mér, Fms. iii. 132; hence mann-elskr, of pet lambs or tamed animals
(but never used of cats, dogs, or animals that are constant companions of
man); heima-e., home-loving, one who never leaves the hearth, Fs. 4.
elsku-liga, adv. lovingly, heartily, Fms. i. 140.
elsku-ligr, adj. loving; e. alvara, warm affection. Fms.
iii. 63, K. Á. 22:
dear, beloved, þitt e. andlit, 655 xxxii. 7; e. sonr, Th. 7; var
henni mjök
e., Fms. i. 8l; GREEK of the N. T. is usually rendered by elskuligr.
él-skúr, f. a snow-shower, Sks. 227.
ELTA, t, to chase, with acc.; þeir eltu einn hjört,
Flóv. 27 ; elta dýr
á spori, Barl. 199; e. sauði, to run after sheep, in order to
fetch them
back, Nj. 27, Korm. 28 (in a verse); eltu þjálfa, Hbl. 39;
þeir höfðu
elt af skipum Tryggva konung, they had driven king T. from his ships,
 Fms. i. 37; Styrkárr elti þá suðr í
Karmsund, ix. 54; hljópu á land upp
ok eltu þá, iv. 304, Gullþ. 21; e. öxn með vendi,
to drive cattle with a
goad, Karl. 471,β reflex, to pursue one eagerly; eltask
eptir e-m, ... Fms. ix. 305: Icel. now say, eltask við e-n, e. g. of
catching a horse,
sheep, when grazing wild in an open field. II. t o knead, work;
 elta leir, to mix lime, Stj. 247, cp. Exod. i. 14. 2. a tanner's
term;
e. skinn, to tan a hide, i. e. rub, scratch it, so as to make it
soft; ek skal
yðra húð elta með klungrum, Stj. 395. Judges viii. 7; elt
skinn, tanned
hide; óelt skinn, rough hide, (freq.) 3. = velta, t o
overthrow, in
the Runic phrase, at rita sa varþi es ailti stain þansi eþa
heþan dragi,
Rafn 188, 194.
elting, f., chiefly in pl. pursuing, chasing, Fms, vii. 128, 294,
Fs.
50. II. botan., proncd. elking, [Swed. ältgras] , spearwort,
equisetum vulgare, arvense, Björn.
eltur, f. pl. pursuing, Fms. vii. 407, viii. 406, Róm. 276.
Embla (in Ub. spelt Emla), u, f. a mythol. word, which only occurs
in Vsp. 17; and hence in Edda (where it is said that the gods found two
lifeless trees, the askr (ash)ERROR and the embla; of the ash they
made man, of the embla (woman))ERROR, it is a question what
kind of tree the embla was;
some suggest a metathesis, qs. emla from ahnr, elm, but the compound
emblu-askr, in one of Egil's poems, seems to shew that the embla was in
some way related to the ash.
embætta, tt, mod. að, to attend, wait upon, with dat.;
e. gestum, t o
wait upon guests; kann vera at Guð yðvarr sé á
málstefnu, eðr eiíi

gestum at e., Stj. 593. I Kings xviii. 27; eigi samneytti hon, heldr e.
hon, she ate not with the people, but waited on them, 655 xxxi A. 3; e.
fé, to serve the cattle, to milk, Ísl. ii. 334,
482.2. eccl. to say mass,
to celebrate the eucbarist, D. N. β. in mod. usage since the Reformation, to officiate as a clergyman.
embætti (embuð, Anecd. 38), n. [Germ, amt; Dan.
embede; as to
the root vide ambátt, p. 19], service, office; bjóða.
e-m af e., to depose
one from office, Bs. i. 550; Guðs e., Hom. 121, 160, Stj. 613. 2 Kings
iv.
13; mikit e., hard work, a great task, Hom. 153; veita e-m e. . to
serve
one, Fms. viii. 332, 406; bindask í e-s e., to enter one's
service, Sks. 357;
fremja e., to perform a service, Bs. i. 426; Guðligt e., holy
service, Fms,
ii. 198; heilagt skirnar e., holy baptism, i. 148: officiating at
mass,
 D. N. 2. in mod. use, a. divine service, answering to 'mass'
in the Roman church; fyrir, eptir e., before, after service. p. in a
secular sense, [Germ, ami, Dan. embede], a public office.
COMPDS:
embættis-færr, adj. able to perform one's duties, Ann.
1332. embættis-görð, f. officiating (of a clergyman), Bs.
i. 811. embættislauss, adv. holding no office (of a priest), Sturl. ii. 118.
embættis-maðr, m. a minister (priest), Hom. 119, Sks.
162, Fms. v. 146: in mod.
use, embættismaðr, -lauss, etc. ( -- Germ, beamter, Dan.
embedsman)
 mean an officer, chiefly in a secular sense.
emendera, að, to amend (Lat. word), Fb. i. 517.
EMJA, að, to h ow l, Fms. vi. 150. x. 383, Fas. i. 213,
656 B. 10,
Fagrsk. 8.
emjan, f. howling, Fs. 44.
EN, disjunctive conj.; in MSS. spelt either en or enn, [a particle
peculiar to the Scandin.; in Danish men; in Swedish both men, än,

and
endast; Norse enn and also men. Ivar Aasen] :-- but;
en ef hann hefir,
þá..., but if he has, then..., Grág. i. 261; en ef me
nn
gefa þeini
mat, id.; en heima mun ek sitja, but í will stay at home, Fms. vi.
100;
en fjöldi féll, but a great many fell, Fas. ii. 514; eyrum
hlýðir en
augum skoðar, Hm. 7; en ekki eigu annarra manna orð, Grág. i.
84, 99,
171; en Skíðblaðnir skipa. en jóa Sleipnir, en hunda
garmr, Gin. 44;
en ór sveita sjár, en or beinum björg, Vþm. 21; and
passim. It is even
used with a slight conjunctive sense; þykki mér sem
því muni úhægt
saman at koma, kappi þinu ok dirfð 'en' skaplyndi konungs,
methinks
it will be hard to make the two things go together, thy vehemence and
rashness 'and' (on the other hand) the temper of the
king. Eg. 521; ek
kann ráðum Gunnhildar 'en' kappsemd Egils, I know the devices of
Gunnhilda ' and' (on the other hand) Egil's eagerness, 257: used in
narratives to begin a sentence, merely denoting the progress of the tale,
much the same as ' and' cp. the use of auk III, p. 33; thus in
Ýt. some
verses begin with 'en, ' -- Eu dagskjarr ..., 2, 3, 14, 23; En Gunnlaugr
grimman tainði. Hit.; En Hróalds ú höfuðbaðmi,
Ad. 19, without any
disjunctive notion.
EN, temporal adv., better spelt enn, [prob. akin to endr and eðr,
q. v.] :-- yet, still; þú hefir enn eigi
(not yet) heyrða kenning Drottins,
Mar. 656 A. ii. 14; vildi hann enn svá, Fms. i. II; at hann mundi enn
svá göra, vi. 100; þá ríkir hann enn fyrir mik,
Al.
29; til betri tima en
(than) enn (still) er kominn, Sks. 596 B.2. before a
comparative;
enn síðarr, still later, N. G. L. i. 94; enn betr, still
better; enn fyrr,
still later; enn verri, still worse; enn æðri, still
worthier;
 enn hærri, still
higher; enn firr. still further off; enn nær, still
nearer; enn heldr, still
more, Sks. 304: separated from the comparative, enn vóru fleiri
dætr
Haralds, the daughters of H. were still more, i. e. H.had more
daughters
yet, Fms. i. 5. β. curious is the use of en (usually spelt in or inn)
in old poems, viz. before a comparative, where in prose the 'en' can
be left out without impairing the sense; thus, hé-lt-a in lengr rú
mi,
be kept not his place longer, i. e. ran away, Am. 58;
ráð en lengr dvelja,
to delay no longer, 6I; menu in sælli, a happier
man, Skv. 3. 18; né in
<PAGE NUM="b0128">
<HEADER>128 EN -- ENDA.</HEADER>
mætri mægð, Worthier affinity, id.; inann in harðara

= harðara maim, a
hardier man, Hbl. 14; nema þú in snotrari scr, unless ibou a
rt wiser,
 Vþni. 7 í drekka in meira mjöð, to drink more mead
; bita en breiðara,
to bite broader, i. e. eat with better appetite, Jjkv. 35; þ
ars þætti skáld
in verri, where poets were kept in less honour, Jomsv. S. (in a verse); n
o
in heldr, neither; né hests in heldr, neither for his horse, Hrn. 60; no in
heldr hugðir sem var Hiigni, neither are ye minded as H., Gh. 3, Sdni
.
36, Hkv. I. 12, Skv. I. 21: in prose, eigi in heldr ætla ek, pat...,
neither do í think, that..., Nj. 219. 3. to boot, further, more
over;
 boloxar ok enn amboð nokkur, pole-axes and some tools to boot, D
ipl. v.
18; ok þat enn, at, and that still more, that, Rum. 302; Ingibjorg
hot
enn dóttir Haralds, Ingeburg was further Harold's daughter, Fms. i
. 5.
EN or enn, conj., written an in very old MSS., e. g. Hom., Greg.,
Eluc., but in the great bulk of MSS. en is the standing form, both
ancient and modern; [formed by anacope, by dropping the initial þ;
 Ulf. fjanub; A. S. þanne; Engl. than; Hel. than;
O. H. G. danna; Germ.
dann, but here almost replaced by ' als;' Swed. unn; Dan. end; Norse
enn, Ivar Aasen; the anacope is entirely Scandin.] :-- than, Lat.
quam;
 heldr faðir an móðir, more father than mother, Eluc.
5; bjartari an sol,
brighter than the sun, Æí, C2; meira an aðrir, more t
han others. Grep. o t ' î*" *' 7 o 51; viðara an áðr,
wider than before, id.; betr an þegja, better than
being silent, 96; æðri an þetta, Eluc. 51; annat an annat, one thing
rather 'ban another, 50; Ijosara an mi, 44; heldr an vér, 17; annat a
n
dauðan, 15; meira an Guð, 13; fyr an, 6; annat an þú ert, 5
9; framarr
an þeir hafa, id.; framar an vesa, 60; heldr an færi eðr fleiri,
Hom. 45;
heldr an, 63; betra er þagat an mælt, 96; helgari an annarra manna,
126; framar an sin. 135, etc.; cp. Frump. 158-163: 'en' however
occurs in Hom. 126. II. the form ' en' (or ' enn') occurs passim,
Grág. i. 173, ii. 13, Al. 29, Sks. 596 B, N. G. L. i. 32, etc. etc. &a
mp;&* The particle en differs in sense when placed before or after the
comparative; if before, it means still; if after, than; thus, fyrr
enn, áðr
enn, before, Lat. prinsqnam, but enn fyrr, still earlier, soone
r; enn heldr,
still more, but heldr enn, rather than; enn betr, s till better
, but betr enn,
better than; enn síðar, s till late r, but sí&et
h;ar enn, later than, etc. Again,
there is a difference of sense, when neither en is a comparative; en ef,
but if; ef enn, if still, etc.

EN is now and then in MSS., esp. Norse, used = or, ef, q. v., but this is
a mere peculiarity or false spelling: 1. when; mér vórum &i
acute; hjú en
( -- er) þeir, when they, D. N. i. 271; til þess en = til &th
orn;ess er, 8 t. 2.
as a relat. particle, which; sú hin rika frn en (which), St
r.; niína clóttur
en allra meyja er fegrst, my daughter who is the fairest of all women,
þiðr. 249; af því en hann hefir fingit, Al. 145; s&aa
cute; ótti en, 107; en
suiigin er, which is sung, Hom. 41; but hvárt en er, whether, N. G. L. i.
349. 3. = ef, if, [cp. Old Engl. an]; sælar yæri s&uac
ute;lurnar, en þær
vissi, if they knew, Al. 114; en þeir vildi = ef þeir vildi,
118; en ver
førirn = ef vór færiin, 120, esp. freq. in D. N. (vide Fr.)
Very rare in Icel.
writings or good MSS., e. g. en ek hefi með Guðs miskunn (i. e. er ek
heti), as 7 have, because í have, Bs. i. 59, Hung. ch. 1; v
ide er.
ENDA, a copul. conj. with a slight notion of cause or even disjunction: [the use of this copulative is commonly regarded as a test word to
distinguish the Scandin. and the Saxon-Germ.; the A. S. ende, Engl. an
d,
Hel. end, Germ, imd being represented by Scandin. auk, ok,
or og:
 whereas the disjunctive particle is in Scandin. en, enn, or even 
enda,
 answering to the PIngl., A. S., and Germ, aber, but; the Gothic is
neutral, unless jab, by which Ulf. renders /ecu, be -- auk, ok :-- this difference, however, is more apparent than real; for the Icel. 'enda' is probably identical with the Germ, and Saxon und, and: in most passages
it has a distinct copulative sense, but with something more than this] :-and, etc. I. with subj., a standing phrase in the law, connecting
the latter clause of a conditional premiss, i/so and so, and if..., an
d
again if... ', or it may be rendered, and in c a s e that,
and supposing
that, or the like. The following references will make it plainer; ef
goðitui er um sóttr, enda haft hann öðrum manni í h&o
uml;nd selt..., þá skal
'hann ok sekja ..., ifa suit lies against the priest, ' and'he h a
s named a
proxy, then the suit lies also against him (viz. the proxy), Grág. i.
()=;; ef skip hverfr ok so eigi til spurt á þrim vetrum, enda se sp
urt ef
þeim löndum üllum er vár tunga er á, þ&aacut
e; ..., if a ship disappears without
being heard of for three years, 'and' inquiry has been made from all
the countries where ' our tongue' is spoken, then ..., 218; ef goðinn ge
rr
eigi nemna féránsdórn, enda sé hann at loguni beiddr
..., þá varðar goðanum fjörbaugsgarð, if the priest name not the court of ftir&aac
ute;n, 'and'
has been lawfully requested thereto, then he is liable to the lesser outlawry,
 94; nu hefir maðr sveinbarn fram fært í æsku, enda v
erði sá maðr veginn
siðan, þá ..., i/- a man has brought a. boy up in his
youth, ' and in case
that' he (the boy) be slain, then ..., 281; ef maðr færir meybarn
fram ...,
enda beri svá at..., ok (then) skal sá maðr ..., id.; e
f menn selja ómaga
sinn af landi héðan, ok eigi við verði, enda verði &thorn
;eir ómagar færðir út
hingat síðan, þá..., 274; hvervctna þess er vegnar
sakir standa nbættar
á milli manna, enda vili menn sættask á þau mál
..., þá ..., ii. 20; ef sá
maðr var veginn er á (who has) vist með konu, enda s&eacut
e; þar þingheyandi
nokkurr., ., þá ..., 74; þat vóru log, ef þr&ael
ig;lar væri drepnir fyrir manni.
enda (a?i d in case thai) væri eigi færð þr&
aelig;lsgjöldin fyrir hina þriðju sól,
þ;i ..., Eg. 723, cp. Eb. 222; þótt maðr færi fram
ellri mann, karl eðr
konu, í baniæsku, enda (a;z d in case that) berisk r&
eacute;ttartar síðan um þá
menn, þá skal..., 281; ef þú þorir, enda s&eacut
e;r þú nokkut at manni, if
tboti darest, 'and supposing that' thou art something of a man, Fb. i.
170, segja má ek honum tíðendin ef þú vilt, enda
vekir þú hann, 'and
supposing that' thou wilt awake him, Fms. iv. 170; en þeir eru skilna&
eth;armenn réttir er með hvárigum fóru heiman visir vitendr,
enda (and even)
 vildi þeir svá skilja þá, Grág. ii. 114; e
nda fylgi þeir hvárigum í brant
(supposing they), id.; hvat til berr er þú veizt úor&
eth;na hluti, enda sér þú
eigi spámaðr, supposing that thou art a prophet, Fms. i. 333.
2.
rarely with indie.; ef kona elr burn með óheimilum manni, enda gelzt
þó
fé um, hón á eigi..., Eb. 225. II. even, even if, us
ually with
indie.; kona á sakir þær allar ef ruin vill reiðask vi&et
h;, enda komi (even
if) eigi fram loforðit, Grág. i. 338: in single sentences, &thorn
;á skal hann
segja búum sinum til, enda á þingi, even in parliament, ii. 351: the
phrase, e. svá (even so), eigi þau handsöl hennar at ha
ldask, enda svá þau
er, i. 334; enda er þó rétt virðing þeirra, ef...,
and their taxation is
even (also) lawful, if..., 209: in mod. usage very freq. in this sense
(= even). III. denoting that a thing follows from the premiss,
and consequently, and of course, and then, or the like, and forsooth,
 freq. in prose with indie.; man ek eigi optar heiinta þetta fé
, enda
verða þér aldri at liði síðan, 7 shall not ca ll for this debt any more,

' and also' lend thee help never more, Vápn. iS; ef þeir eru ei
gi fleiri en
fimm, enda eigi fieri, if they are not more than five, and also not less,
 Gn'ig. i. 38; enda eigu menu þá at taka annan logsogumann ef v
ilja, and
they shall then elect another speaker if they choose, 4; enda skuluni v&eacu
te;r
þi'v leysa þik, and then of course we shall loose thee, Edda
20; varðar
honum skóggang, enda verðr hann þar óheilagr, and of
course or and
even, and to boot, Grág. ii. 114; skal hann segja til þess;'i n
iannamótum, enda varðar honum þá eigi við log, i. 343; &a
acute; sá sök er hross
;'i, enda verðr sá jamt sekr um nautnina sem aðrir menu, 432; &th
orn;á á siik
þá. hvárr er vill, enda skal lögsögumaðr ...,
10; enda á hann kost at
segja löglcigor á féit, ef hann vill þat heldr, 217; tn
ii ek honum miklu
betr en (than) öðrum, enda skal ek þessu ráða,
and besides í will settle
this myself, Eg. 731; synisk þat jafnan at ek em fégjarn, enda
man
svti enn, it is well knoivn that í am a money-loving man, and so it
will be too in this case, Nj. 102; beið ek af því þin
na atkvæða, enda
num öllum þat bezt gegna, 7 waited for thy decision, and (as) that
will
be the best for all of us, 78; er þat ok likast at þór s&
aelig;kit með kappi,
cnd. í munu þeir svá verja, and sowill they do in their t
urn, 227; Hallgerðr var fengsöm ok storlyiul, enda (and on the other hand) kal
laði hón til
alls þess er aðrir áttu í nánd, 18; mikit ma konu
ngs gæfa um slika
hluti, enda mun mikill frami fásk í ferðinni ef vel tekst, Fms
. iv. í 29;
Ölver var málsnjallr ok muldjarfr, e. var hann vitr maðr, 235; e
kki
mun ek halda til þess at þú brjótir log þ&iacute
;n, enda eru þau eigi brotin,
ef..., neither are they broken, if..., Fb. i. 173, Mork. 81. 2. with a
notion of disjunction, and yet; eigi nenni ek at hafa þat saman, at
veita
Högna, enda drepa bróður hans, 7 cannot bear to do both, help
Hogni
and yet kill his brother, Nj. 145; er þér töldut Græ
nland vera veðrgott
land, enda er þat þó fullt af jöklum ok frosti, that
you call Greenland
a mild climate, and yet it is full of frost and ice, Sks. 209 B. 3.
ellipt. in an abrupt sentence, without a preceding premiss; enda tak nu
öxi þína, and now take thy axe (implying that í
can no longer prevent
thee), Nj. 58; enda þarf her mikils við, 94; maðrinn segir, enda f
auk
hüfuðit af bolnum, the man continued, -- nay, the bead flew off the
body,
 Ld. 290: even in some passages one MS. uses ' enda, ' another ' ok, ' e. g.
skorti nu ekki, enda var drengilega eptir soft (ok var drengilega eptir s&oacute
;tt,
v. l.), Fms. viii. 357; cp. Fb. iii. 258, 1. 16, and Mork. 7, 1. 15: the law
sometimes uses ' ok' exactly in the sense of enda, ef maðr selr ómaga
sinn
af landi brott, ' ok' verði hinn aptrreki er við tók, þ&aac
ute; ..., Grág. i. 275.
ENDA, d, (enda, að, Fs. 8, Ld. 50, Bs. i. 865; mod. usage distinguish
es
between enda að, to end, finish, arid enda t, to fulfil) :-- to en
d, bring to
an end; ok endi þar lit" fitt, Fms. i. 297; af ráðinn ok en
daðr, Fs. I. e.;
endaðir sínu valdi, Bs. i. 865. 2. ruetaph. to bring to an end, fu
lfil,
perform a promise or the like; þá sy'slu er hann endi eigi, 
work which he
did not perform, Grág. ii. 267; þótti Heinreki biskupi G
izurr eigi enda
við konung þat sem hann hafði heitiö, Fms. x. 51; enda &thorn
;eir þat er
Pali postuli mælti, Hom. 135; hefir þú komit ok ent þat
er þií lofaðir,
Niðrst. 8. II. reflex, to end, come to an end; reiði manns
ins
cndisk á einu augabragði, 656 A. ii. 17; er svá hefjask upp at
eigi
endask, 656 B. 3; þá endisk sá enn mikli höfðingska
pr Dana konunga,
Fms. xi. 205; þær endask ok byrjask jafnfram avail, Rb. 232. 2.
to last out; ok endisk þá, allt á sumar fram, Nj. 18;
medan mer endask
föng til, Eg. 66; en honum endisk eigi til bess Hf, Bs. i. 77; en er
veizlor endusk eigi fyrir fjolmennis sakir, Hkr. ii. 92; ok endisk þv&iacu
te;
þetta hóti lengst, Gísl. 50; meðan ek endumk til, as
long a s 7 la s t, i. e.
live, Fms. iv. 292. 3. to end well, do; enda mun þat f&aacut
e;m bóndum
vel endask at synja mér maegðar, Ísl. ii. 215; ek veil, at &th
orn;at niá honum
eigi endask, ef..., Rd. 311; ok ónguni skyldi öðruin hans kappa
enzk
hafa betta nema -ber, Fas. i. 104; sesrir honum eici ella endask
<PAGE NUM="b0129">
<HEADER>ENDEMI -- ENGLAFYLKI. 129</HEADER>
Fms. iv. 143. III. impers. in the phrase, sögu endar, endar þa
r sögu frá honum, it ends the tale, i.e. the tale is ended
, Ld. 50: in mod. usage Icel. can say, saga endar, sögu endar, and saga
endast, here the story ends.
endemi and endimi, n. pl. an abomination, scandal, shame, e
sp. in exclamations; sé undr ok endemi! Niðrst. 6; ok þykir nau
ðsyn, at eigi verði þau e. í, Fms, xi. 27; nú era sl
íkt mikil e., vii. 36; heyr á endemi, hear the abomination! for
shame! heyra á firn ok e., 21, ii. 14; heyr á e., segir Hallg
erðr, þú gerir þik góðan, Nj. 74; vissum v&eac
ute;r eigi vánir slíkra véla ok endema, Blas. 46; mörg
e. tóku menu þá til önnur, Bs. i. 62; hér l&yac
ute;str í e., segir hann, Fms. xi. 94. endemismaðr, m. a mo
nster, Fs. 38. The etym. is doubtful, either = ein-dæmi, what is un
exampled, or rather from dámr and the prefix and-; endemi is always u
sed in a very bad sense; the passage Fms. v. 206--veiztu ef þau e. (= w
onder) eru sönn, at konungrinn sé heilagr hjá okkr--is an
exception and perhaps incorrect.
ENDI, a, m., and endir, s, m. [Ulf. andeis = GREEK; A. S. ende; Engl. end; O. H. G. enti; Germ. ende; Swed. 
ände; Dan. ende] :-- the end, conclusion; as in the prove
rbs, endirinn skyldi í upphafi skoða, Lat. quidquid incipias respi
ce finem; allt er gott ef endirinn er góðr, all's well that en
ds well; sjá fyrir enda á e-u, to see the end of a thing (how it will end); göra fyrir enda á e-u (a weaver's term), to
bring to an end, Grett. 100 new Ed.; leysa e-m illan (góðan) end
a (a weaver's term), to bring to an ill (good) end, Korm. 1
64 (in a verse); mun einn endir leystr vera um þá úgiptu. it will all come to one end, Gisl. 82; binda enda á e-t, to fulfi
l, finish, Snót 169; göra enda á, to bring to an end, Dipl. i. 6; vera á enda, to be at an end, Fms. xi. 427 (to
be at one's wit's end); standask á endum, Nj. 111; allt með endu
m, adv. from end to end, Lex. Poët.; til annars endans, Nj. 176; &o
uml;ðrum endanum, Eg. 91; dyrr á báðum endum, Fms. iv. 220
; at sínum enda hvárir, Grág. ii. 48; til enda jarðar,
656 B. 4; endanum (with the article), 655, xxxii; til enda, to the end of lif
e, Nj. 39; endir líkams, Hom. 103; upphaf ok endir, 146; engi endir,
157; hér skal nú ok endir á verða, it shall come to
an end, Nj. 145; sá varð endir a, at ..., that was the end of
it, that ..., Fas. ii. 514; annarr endir hersins, Fms. ix. 353; hinn neð
ri endir, Sks. 167 B. COMPDS: enda-dagr, m. (enda-dægr, n.),
the last day, day of death, Fms. viii. 93, x. 388, Sks. 355, Fas. i. 22
3. enda-fjöl, f. a gable end, Pr. 413. enda-knútr, m. the 'end-knot,' final issue. enda-lauss, adj. endless, Fms. v. 343, Sks. 617, Hom. 87. enda-lok, n. pl. and enda-lykt,
f. the end, conclusion, Finnb. 248, Fbr. 29, Hom. 152, Fms. iii. 163, v.
343, Stj. 20, 49. enda-mark, n. the end, limit, H. E. ii. 70, Fm
s. v. 343. enda-merki, n. id., D. N. enda-mjórr, adj
. thin at the end, tapering, in the phrase, láta eigi verða en
damjótt við e-n, to treat one well to the end; Icel. say, e-t
verðr enda-sleppt, n. adj. it has an abrupt end, etc. endaþarmr, m. the great gut, Pr. 473.
endi-land, n. borders, confines, Stj. 406, 531, 546.
endi-langr, adj. 'end-long,' from one end to another; eptir endila
ngri mörkinni, Eg. 58; með endilöngum bekkjum, along the benche
s, Nj. 220; útlaga fyrir endilangan Noreg, 368, Fms. iv. 319, Grett.
97: as adverb. phrases, 'endwise,' opp. to 'across,' at endilöngum s
kipum, Fms. vii. 94; um endilangan, Stj. 290; um endilangt, Bs. i. 644; at endil
öngu, El. 32.
endi-lauss, adj. endless, Hom. 87.
endi-leysa, u, f. nonsense, 'without end or aim,' Fms. vi. 375.
endi-liga, adv. finally, Stj. 225, Fms. ix. 355, v.l.

endi-ligr, adj. final, Stj. 110, Dipl. ii. 11, Bs. i. 8.
endi-lok, n. pl. the end, conclusion, 625. 172.
endi-mark, n. esp. pl. a boundary, confine, Grág. ii. 166,
Hom. 48, Stj. 275, 345, Sks. 338, Dipl. ii. 4, Pm. 92: a limit, end, Hom.
52, Skálda 206, Gþl. 44, Sks. 272 B, Fms. ii. 89, H. E. i. 466.
endi-merki, n. (and endi-mörk, f.) = endimark, Sks. 207, 338
B.
ending, f. ending, termination, Fms. v. 225, Vígl. 16.
endir, v. endi.
end-langr, adj. = endilangr, Grág. ii. 257, Vkv. 7.
ENDR, adv. [cp. Lat. ante]. I. in times of yore, erst, f
ormerly, before; very freq. in old poetry, Am. 1, Ad. 3, Ýt. 12, 13,
Eg. 751 (in a verse), vide Lex. Poët.; in prose very rare, or only in the p
hrase, endr fyrir löngu, a long time ago, Fas. iii. 250, 347; cp. e&
eth;r. 2. in the phrases, endr annan veg en endr = now one way, now an
other, 677. 2; endr ok sinnum, mod. endrum og sinnum, from time to time,
now and then, Sks. 208; endr ok stundum, id., 703 B. endra-n&aelig
;r and endrar-nær, adv. at other times, otherwise; b&ael
ig;ði þá ok endra-nær, Bs. i. 533; sem jafnan endra-n&ael
ig;r, as always else, 526, 538; sem ávalt endrar-nær, Fas. i
i. 144; at enum sama hætti sem e., Rb. 28; en þat er endra-nær
, at ..., but else, that ..., Fms. viii. 410. II. again; sv
á kom Óðins son endr at hamri, Þkv. 32. Mostly as prefix
to nouns and verbs, answering to Lat. re-, chiefly in a biblical and the
ological sense, esp. after the Reformation.
endr-borinn, part. born again, Sæm. 118, Sturl. iii. 269, Fa
s. iii. 68.
endr-bót, f. making good again, repentance, Hom. 41.
endr-búa, bjó, to restore, 655 xiii B. 3.
endr-bæta, tt, to repair, restore, 671. 3, 655 A. 13: reflex
., 625. 69, Fms. ii. 212, Greg. 34, Stj. 53, 228, 632.
endr-bæting, f. restitution, restoration, Stj. 52, 632, 625.
69.
endr-bætingr, m. a thing repaired, patchwork, N. G. L. i. 75
.
endr-fórn, f. an offering, presenting again, Stj. 49.
endr-fórna, að, to offer, present again, Stj. 49.
endr-fæða, dd, to regenerate, Hom. 154, 1 Peter i. 3.
endr-fæðing, f. regeneration, Matth. xix. 28.
endr-gefendr, part. those who give again, Hm. 40.

endr-geta, gat, to bear (give birth to) again; sonu
þína sem Heilög Kristni endrgat, 623. 28; endrgetinn fyrir vat
n ok Helgan Anda, Hom. 55, Fms. iii. 166; endrgetinn af vatni ok Helgum Anda, Ho
m. 3: reflex. to be born again, Post. 656 B. 11, Niðrst. 104.
endr-getnaðr, m. the being horn again, Niðrst. 104.
endr-getning, f. = endrgetnaðr, 655 vi. 2, Titus iii. 5.
endr-gjalda, galt, to reward, Mar. 175, Bs. ii. 25, Rom. xii. 19.
endr-gjaldari, a, m. a rewarder. Heb. xi. 6.
endr-græða, dd, to heal again. Barl. 148.
endr-göra, ð, to restore, reconstruct, K. Á. 28.
endr-hreinsa, að, to purify again, Hom. (St.)
endr-hræra, ð, to move again, Barl. 130.
endr-kaupa, t, to redeem, 2 Peter ii. 1.
endr-laginn, part. replaced, Skv. 3. 65.
endr-lausn, f. redemption, Luke xxi. 28, 1 Cor. i. 30; this and th
e following two words were scarcely used before the Reformation.
Endr-lausnari, a, m. the Redeemer, Job xix. 25, etc.
endr-leysa, t, to redeem, Matth. xvi. 26, Luke xxiv. 21.
endr-lifna, að, to come to life again, Stj. 221, Greg. 58, Luk
e xv. 32.
endr-lífga, að, to call to life again, Stj. 30.
endr-lífgan, f. a refreshing, revival, Acts iii. 19.
endr-minnask, t. dep. to remember, call to mind, Stj. 23, 40, 51.
endr-minning, f. remembrance, recollection, Hom. 9, Skálda
204.
endr-mæðing, f. tribulation, Stj. 49.
endr-mæla, t, to repeat, Matth. vii. 2.
endr-mæling, n. repetition, Sturl. iii. 71 C.
endr-nýja, að, to renew, repeat, Fms. ix. 248, 499, Jb.
156, K. Á. 28: impers., Eb. 278: reflex. to grow again, Str.
endr-nýjung, f. renovation, renewing, Titus iii. 5.
endr-næra, ð, to refresh, Matth. xi. 28, Rom. xv. 32, 2
Cor. vii. 13.
endr-næring, f. refreshing.
endr-reisa, t, to raise again, Fms. x. 276.
endr-rjóða, adj. ind. downcast, forlorn; Ketill kva&eth
; þá mjök e., K. said that they were much cast down, dishea
rtened, Fas. ii. 16, Fspl. 12; it occurs only in these two passages, see a n
ote of Dr. Scheving to Fspl. l.c., where he says that the word still survives in
the east of Icel.
endr-semja, samði, to recompose, renew, Bs. i. 735.
endr-skapa, að, to create anew, Eluc. 52, Str. 52.
endr-skikka, að, to restore, Acts iii. 21.
endr-taka, tók, to retake, Stj. 29.
endr-tryggja, ð, to reconcile, Bs. i. 686.
endr-vinda, vatt, to turn back (of things), Orkn. 202.
endr-þága, u, f. retribution, Hm. 4.
ENG, f., pl. engjar, (spelt æng, O. H. L.), [Dan. eng; Swed.
äng; A.S. ing, found in local names in North. E., as Ings
, Broad Ing] :-- a meadow; opp. to akr, in the allit. phrase, akr n&
eacute; eng, Grág. i. 407, Hrafn. 21, Gþl. 136, 360, K. Þ. K.
90; í enginni, Stj. 193; veitti hann lækinn á eng sí
na, Landn. 145; hálfs mánaðar eng, half a month's meadow-la
nd, Dipl. ii. 12: in pl. engjar is in Icel. used of the outlying lands, opp.
to tún, the home-field, and hagi, the pasturage, vide Gret
t. ch. 50; engjar manna, Grág. ii. 264: þótt fé gangi
í engjar, 233: used in many COMPDS: engja-brigð, f. the es
cheatage of an eng, Grág. ii. 277. engja-grasnautn, f. righ
t of grazing, making hay in the eng, Vm. 48. engja-hey, n. hay of
the eng, = út-hey, 'out-field hay,' opp. to taða, hay f
rom the well-manured home-field. engja-merki, m. marks, borders of
the eng, Grág. ii. 219. engja-skipti, n. division of the eng, Grág. ii. 259. engja-sláttr, m. the time of mowi
ng the eng, in August, opp. to túna-sláttr, mowing of the h
ome-field, in July. engja-vinna, f. and engja-verk, n. maki
ng hay in the eng. engja-vöxtr, m. meadow-produce, Jb. 14
6.
engi, n. (= eng), meadow-land, a meadow, Grág. i. 123, ii.
264, Háv. 51. COMPDS: engis-höfn, f. possession of a meado
w, Grág. ii. 274. engis-lé, m. a scythe to mow a mea
dow, Korm. 4 (in a verse), (engissler, MS.); this seems to be the correct re
ading of the passage. engis-maðr, m. the owner of a meadow, Gr
ág. ii. 289.
engi-búi, a, m. a neighbour who has to appear in an engid&o
acute;mr.
engi-dalr, m. a meadow-valley, Stj. 163.
engi-dómr (or engja-dómr), m. a court to decide t
he possession of n meadow, sitting on the spot, Grág. (L. Þ. ch
. 17) ii. 269 sqq.
ENGILL, m. [Gr. GREEK; Lat. eccl. angelus: hence in the Teut. dial
ects, Goth. aggilus; A. S. and Germ. engel; Engl. angel] :- an angel, Rb. 78, Nj. 157, 625. 4, N. T., Pass., Vídal., etc.; e
nglar, höfuð-englar, veldis-englar, Hom. 133; engils andlit, 623. 55. C
OMPDS: engla-fylki, n, a host of angels, Stj., Hom. 133, Fms. v. 340, Mar
. 656 A. 8.
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<HEADER>130 ENGLALIÐ -- EPTIR.</HEADER>
engla-lið, n. a host of angels, Greg. 37, Hom. 49, 154. eng
la-líf,
n. life of angels, Hom. 16. engla-mjöl, n. 'angel-meal, ' i. e. manna,
 Stj. 145. engla-sveit, f. a host of angels, Hom. 154. engl
asýn, f. a vision of angels, 625. 84.
engil-ligr, adj. angelical, Stj. 4, Niðrst. 4. .
Engilskr, adj. English, D. N. (freq. but mod., vide Enskr).
engi-mark, n. the boundary of a meadow, Grág. ii. 233, 287.
engi-skipti, n. = engja-skipti; engiskiptis-búi, m. = engi-b&uacut
e;i, Grág.
ii. 276.
engi-spretta, u, f. [Swed. grässhoppa; Dan. græshopp
e] , a grasshopper, locust, Matth. iii. 4, Exod. x.
engi-teigr, m. a piece of meadow-land, Grág. ii. 259, Eg. 7
45, Vm. 15.
engi-verk, n. meadow work, Eb. 150; = engja-sláttr; um e.,
during
the time of mowing the meadows, Grág. i. 149, K. þ. K. 136.
engi-vöxtr, m. meadow-produce, Grág. ii. 287.
engja, ð, [Gr. GREEK; Lat. ango; Germ. engen] , to p
ress tight, compress; engdr (vexed) með ufriði, Str.: with dat., hón
engvir honum
(makes him anxious, vexes him,) ok angrar, id.: the mod. phrase, engja
sig (or engjask), Swed. wrida sig, = to writhe with pain, chiefly used of
a worm.
engja, u, f. and enging, f. [Germ, enge] , narrowness (rare
): medic.,
garn-engja, constriction of the bowels.
eng-liga, adv. narrowly; vera e. staddr, to be in a strait,
Str.
Englis-maðr(Engils-maðr), m. an Englishman, Fms. v, Fas. i
ii. 354.
ENGR, adj. [Lat. angustus; Goth, aggvus; A. S. enge;

Germ, eng] ,
narrow, close; í engri gæzlu, in close watch, Str.; vide
öngr.
enn, art. the, = hinn.
enn, v. en.
enna, adv. [en with a demonstrative -na], in the phrase, eigi enna
, not
yet or not forsooth ! Glúm. 378, Fms. vi. 360, viii. 119.
ENNI, n. [a word peculiar to the Scandin.; Swed. änne, but us
ually
in mod. Ssved. and Dan. panna or pande; root uncertain] :-- the
forehead;
þó spratt honum sveiti í enni, Nj. 68, Pr. 471; u
m þvert ennit, Fms. i.
178: also brow, metaph. a steep crag, precipice, Landn., Eb.
enni-brattr, adj. having a straight forehead, Sd. 146.
enni-breiðr, adj. having a broad forehead. Eg. 304, Fms. v. 23
8.
enni-dúkr, m. a fillet worn round the head by heathen priests a
t sacrificial ceremonies, Lat. vitiae, Kormak (GREEK)
enni-leðr, n. the skin of the forehead of animals, Fas. i. 80.
enni-snauðr, adj. having a low forehead, Fms. vii. 343.
enni-spænir, . m. pl. [cp. Swed. ännespan = bead-wreath, or
nament] ,
carved work, such as dragon-beads on old ships of war, both fore and
aft, Fms. v. 304, vi. 120, viii. 197, Orkn. 332, Fas. iii. 113.
enni-svell, n. boulders of ice, Sturl. i. 61.
Enska, u, f. the English tongue, Skálda 161.
ENSKR, adj. English, Grág. i. 504, Eg. 517; Enskir menn, m.
Englishmen, Fms., Orkn., Hkr.
EPJA, u, f. [apr], chilliness, Björn.
EPLI, n. [A. S. &oelig;ppel; Engl. apple; Swed. äpl
e; Dan. &oelig;ble; O. H. G.
aphol; mod. Germ, apfel]:-- an apple, Fms. xi. 9, Rb. 346;
it occurs even
in old poems, Skm. 19, 20; cp. Edda 17, the apples of Idunna, of which
the gods ate and became young again, cp. also Völs. S. ch. 2; Heljar e.,
the apple of death, Ísl. ii. 351 (in a verse). COMPDS: epla-&aa
cute;t, n. eating
of an apple, Stj. 40. epla-garðr, m. [Dan. abildgaard] 
, an 'appleyard, ' orchard, Gþl. 144, Vígl. 17. epla-kyn, n. 'ap
ple-kind, ' Stj.

175. epla-stöng, f. an apple-stalk, a cognom., Fms. viii.
epli-berandi, part, apple-bearing, Stj. 14.
eplóttr, adj. = apal-grár, q. v., Karl. 306, 334.
EPTIR, better spelt eftir, in common pronunciation ettir, a
prep,
with dat. and acc. and also used as adv. or ellipt. without a case: an
older form ept or eft only occurs in poetry, Skin. 39, 41, Ýt. 2, Edda 91
(in a verse); ept vig, Hkr. i. 349 (in a verse), iii. 50 (Arnór); [cp.
Goth, afar; Runic stone in Tune, after; A. S. &oelig;ft; En
gl. after, aft;
 Swed. -Dan. efter]:-- after.
A. WITH DAT., LOC.; with verbs denoting following, pursuing,
 or the like; hann reið e. þeim, Eg. 149; hann bar merkit eptir ho
num,
he bore the standard after him, 297; róa e. þeim, to pull
after them, Ld.
118; þegar e. Kara, on the heels of Kari, Nj. 202; varð ekki e.
honum
gengit, none went after him, 270. β. with the notion to fe
tch; senda
e. e-m, to send after one, Eb. 22, Nj. 78, Fms. i. 2; ríða &ia
cute; Hornafjörð e.
fé yðru, ride to H. after your things, Nj. 63. γ. ellipt., viljum vér
eigi e. fara, we will not follow after them. Eb. 242; ek mun hlaupa &thor
n;egar
e., Nj. 202. 2. metaph., α. with verbs denoting to look, stara,
líta, sjá, gá, horfa, mæna, etc. e. e-u, to stare,
look after a thing while
departing, Ísl. ii. 261: leita, spyrja, frétta etc. e. e-u, to ask, ' speer, ' seek
after a thing, Nj. 75, Eg. 155, 686, Fms. i. 71, x. 148, etc. β.
segja
e. e-m, to tell tales, report behind one's back in a bad sense, 623. 62;
þó
at ek segða eigi óhapp eptir tengda-mönnum mínum, Sturl.
i. 66; sjá e.
e-u, to look after, miss a thing, Nj. 75; leggja hug e. e-u, to mind a
thing,
 Ísl. ii. 426; taka e., to mind, mark a thing; ganga e. e-u, to retain a thing,
 Fms. x. 5. γ. verbs denoting to expect; bíða
, vænta e. e-u, to expect, wait for a thing; vaka e. e-m, to sit -up waiting for one, but vaka yfir
e-m, to sit up nursing or watching one, cp. Fas. ii. 535. . II.
denoting along, in the direction of a track, road, or the like; niðr
e.
hálsinum, down the bill, Fms. iii. 192; út e. firði, stood out along the
firth, i. 37; innar e. höllinni, Nj. 270; upp e. dal, Eb. 232; ofan e.
dalnum, Nj. 34; ofan e. eyrunum, 143; upp e. eyrunum, 85; innar e.
búðinni, 165; út e. þvertrénu, 202; ofan e. reyki
num, Eb. 230; inn
e. Skeiðum, 224; inn e. Álptafirði, id.; innar e. ísum, 23
6; inn e. ísum,
316; út e. ísnum, 236; út e. Hafsbotnum, Orkn. I; e. endil&

ouml;ngu, from
one end to another, Fms. x. 16; e. miðju, along the middle, vii.
89. 2.
metaph. after, according to; e. því sem vera ætti. Ld.
66; e. sið þeirra
ok lögum. Fms. i. 81; e. þínum fortölum, ii. 32; hann lei
ddisk e. fortölum hennar, he was led by her persuasion, v. 30; gékk allt
e. því sem
Hallr hafði sagt, Nj. 256; gékk al!t e. því sem honum ha
fði vitrað verit,
all turned out as he had dreamed, Fms. ii. 231; e. minni vísan, i.
71. β.
denoting proportion, comparison; þó eigi e. því
sem faðir hans var, yet
not like his father, Eg. 702; fátt manna e. því sem hann
var vanr, few men in comparison to what he used to have, Sturl. ii. 253;
þat var orð á, at
þar færi aðrar e., people said that the rest was of one piece
, Ld. 168.γ
with verbs denoting imitation, indulgence, longing after, etc.; lifa e.
holdi sínu, to live after the flesh, Hom. 25; lifa e. Guði, 73
; lifit e. mér,
follow after me, Blas. 45; láta e. e-m, to indulge one; m&a
elig;la e. e-m, to take one's part, Nj. 26: breyta e. e-m, to imitate;
 dæma e. e-m, to give
a sentence for one, 150; fylgja e. e-m, to follow after one, N. T.; h
erma
e. e-m, to mimic one's voice and gesture, as a juggler; mun ek þar
e.
gera sem þér gerit fyrir, 7 will do after just as you do before,
 Nj. 90;
hann mælti e. (he repeated the words) ok stefndi rangt, 35; leika e
. e-m,
to follow one's lead; telja e., to grudge; langa e., to long af
ter, Luke
xxii. 15. 8. kalla, heita e. e-m, to name a child after one; kallaði
Hákon eptir föður sínum Húkoni, Fms. i. 14; kalla&
eth;r e. Mýrkjartani
móður-föður sínum, Ld. 108: lcel. now make a distinct
ion, heita í höfuðit
á e-m, of a living person, and heita e. e-m, of one deceased. III.
denoting behind; fundusk e. þeim Írskar bækr, Irish
books were found
which they had left behind, Landn. (pref.), Fms. xi. 410; draga þik
blindan e. sér, vi. 323; bera e-t e. sér, to drag behind one; hann leiddi e.
sér hestinn, he led the horse after him, Eg. 766. β. a
s an adv., þá er
eigi hins verra e. ván er slíkt ferr fyrir, what worse can come
after, when
such things went before? Nj. 34. 2. but chiefly ellipt. or adverb.;
láta e., to leave behind, Sturl. i. 60; sitja e., to sit, stay
behind, Fms. i.
66; bíða e., to stay behind; vera e., Grett. 36 new Ed., Bs. i
. 21; standa
e., to stay behind, remain, be left, Fms. ii. 231, vi. 248; dveljask e. ,
to delay, stop, Sturl. ii. 253; leggja e., to lay behind, but lig
gja e., to lie
behind, i. e. be left, Karl. 439; eiga e., to have to do, Nj.
56; ef ekki
verðr e., if naught remain behind, Rb. 126; skammt get ek e., þ
innar æfi,
I guess that little is left of thy life, Nj. 182; þau bjoggu &thorn
;ar e., they
remained, stayed there. 25.
B. WITH ACC., TEMP, after; vetri e. fall Ólafs, Eb. (fine); sext&a
acute;n
vetrum e. dráp Eadmundar konungs ..., vetrum e. andlát Gregorii, .
.. e.
burð Christi, Íb. 18; e. fall jarls, Eg. 297; e. verk þessi, Nj
. 85: esp.
immediately after, var kom e. vetr, spring came after winter, Eg.
260;
hvern dag e. annan, one day after another, Hom. 158; ár e. &aacute
;r, year after
year, Rb. 292; dag e. dag, day after day, Fms. ii. 231; e. þat,
or e.
þetta, after that, Lat. deinde, deinceps, Nj. 151, Eb. 58, B
s. i. 5, etc. etc.;
e. þingit, after the meeting, Eb. 108; e. sætt Kyrbyggja, 252
. 2.
denoting succession, inheritance, remembrance, etc.; eptir in this sense
is
frequent on the Runic stones, to the memory of, after; hón &aacute
; arf allan e.
mik, Nj. 3; tekit í arf e. föður þinn, inherited after
thy father, Fms. i.
256; ef skapbætendr eru eigi til e. bauga, i. e. to receive the weregil
d,
 Grág. ii. 184; þeir er sektar-fé eiga at taka e. &thorn
;ik, Nj. 230; tók konungdóm e. föður sinn, took the kingdom after his father, Fms
. i. 2; þorkell
tók lögsögu e. þôrarinn, Thorkel took the speake
rship after Thorarin, Íb.
ch. 5, cp. ch. 8, 10: metaph., vita þá skömm e. sik, to kno
w that shame
[will be] after one, i.e. leave such a bad report, Ld. 222; skaði
mikill er e.
menn slíka, there is a great loss in such men, Eg. 93; hann fasta&
eth;i karföstu
e. son sinn, he fasted the lenten fast after his son's death, Sturl. ii.
231;
sonr ... e. genginn guma, a son to succeed his deceased father, Hm. 71;
mæla e. en, or eiga vígsmál (eptir-mál) e. e-n, to
conduct the suit after
one if slain, Nj. 254 (freq.), hence eptir-mál; eptir víg Arnk
els vóru
konur til erfðar ok aðildar, Eb. 194; í hefnd e. e-n, to reven
ge one's
death, Nj. 118; heimta gjöld e. menn sína, to claim weregild,
 Fms. viii.
199. β. the phrase, vera e. sig, to be weary after great exertion
. II.
used as Adv. after; síðan e. á öðrum degi. 
on the second day thereafter,
 Hom. 116: síðan e., Lat. deinceps, Fms. x. 210; um v&aacu
te;rit e. . the spring
after, Eb.125 new Ed.; annat sumar e., the second summer after. Nj. 1
4;
annat haust e., Eb. 184; annan dag e., the second day after. Nj. 3; um
daginn e., the day after, Fms. vii. 153, Bs. i. 21; næsta má
nuð e., Rb.
126. β. by placing the adverb, prep, at the beginning the sense beco
mes,
different, later; e. um várit. later during the spring, Eb.
98. III.
used adverb. with the relat. particles er, at; e. er, Lat. postquam, Gr&a
acute;g.
i. 10; e. at, id., K. þ. K. 32. p. eptir á, afterward; the proverb, eptir
(mod. eptir á) koma ósvinnum ráð í hug, the f
ool is wise too late, Vápn.
<PAGE NUM="b0131">
<HEADER>EPTIBBATR -- ER. 131</HEADER>
17, Fas. i. 98; eptir á, kvað hinn..., 'after a bit,' quoth
the..., (a proverb.)
eptir-bátr, m. an 'after-boat,' ship's boat, Eg. 374, Fms.
vii. 195, 214, Orkn. 420: metaph. a laggard, Fær. 49, Ísl. i
. 236.
eptir-bið, f. waiting for.
eptir-breytni, f. imitation, following, (eccl.)
eptir-bræðrasynir, m. pl. second cousins (Norse), N. G.
L. i. 189.
eptir-burðr, m. second birth, Stj. Gen. xxxviii. 29.
eptir-drag, n. a trail, track; hafa í eptirdragi.
eptir-dæmi, n. example, Stj. 132, Fms. i. 141, Fær. 13
7, Bs. i. 263.
eptir-farandi, part. following, Stj. 10, Bs. i. 263.
eptir-ferð, f. pursuit, Eb. 296, Orkn. 442.
eptir-frétt, f. asking after, inquiry, Sks. 52, Bs. i. 632.
eptir-fylgð, f. following after one.
eptir-færilegr, adj. = Lat. investigabilis, Hom. 16.
eptir-för, f. pursuit, Eg. 593.
eptir-ganga, u, f. a going after, following, attendance, Eb. 112,
Sturl. i. 14, iii. 10: prosecution of a thing, Fms. vii. 358. eptirg&o
uml;ngu-maðr, m. a follower, Eb. 112.
eptir-gangr, m. = eptirganga. COMPDS: eptirgangs-munir, m. pl. 
importunity. eptirgangs-samr, adj. pressing-one's claims, importun
ate. eptirgangs-semi, f. insisting upon a claim.

eptir-gengi, n. id., Bs. i. 852.
eptir-glíkjari, a, m. an imitator, follower, Bs. i. 90.
eptir-grenzlan, f. investigation.
eptir-görð, f. 'after-making,' i. e. funeral-honours, esp. gifts for the soul of the dead, Fms. x. 103, 234, Gþl. 61.
eptir-hermur, f. pl. mimicking one's voice and gesture.
eptir-hreyta, u, f. the 'after-milk,' Grönd. 182.
eptir-komandi, part. following, future, Edda 150 (pref.): a suc
cessor, Fms. ix. 328, v. l., Dipl. i. 2: in pl. offspring, Landn. 254
, Stj. 386.
eptir-kæra, u, f. prosecution, Rd. 275.
eptir-köst, n. pl. after-whims.
eptir-látligr, adj. pleasing, Bs. i. 636.
eptir-látr, adj. buxom, complaisant, obedient, Nj. 68, Fms.
xi. 71, Fas. iii. 196, Stj. 71, Fs. 80.
eptirlát-samr, adj. id., Stj. 11.
eptir-leiðis, adv. for the future.
eptir-leifar, f. pl. remains, Stj. 543.
eptir-leikr, m. after-play; in the proverb, óvandari er ept
irleikrinn.
eptir-leit, f. search, pursuit, Nj. 133, Eb. 218, Fms. xi. 240.
eptir-leitan, f. searching for, pursuing, Fms. i. 68, vii. 106, x.
268 : metaph. request, Sturl. ii. 80, Sks. 234.
eptir-lit, n. looking after a thing. eptirlits-samr, adj. (
eptirlits-semi, f.), careful, attentive.
eptir-lífi, n. indulgence, Stj. 155, Rb. 384, Sks. 619.
eptir-lífr, adj. indulgent, Mar.
eptir-líking (-glíking), f. imitation, 623. 2
6, Hom. 44, Fms. vi. 28, Stj. 51, Bs. ii. 157. 2. a parable, N. T.
eptir-líkjandi, part, imitator, Hom. 48, 51.
eptir-læti, n. enjoyment, Stj. 31, 51, 144, 509, Nj. 13. 
2. fond indulgence (esp. foi a child), Ld. 88, Gísl. 85, G&tho
rn;l. 64. COMPDS: eptirlætis-barn, n. a pet child, spoilt child.
 eptirlætis-líf, n. a life of indulgence, Ver. 28
, 625. 28. eptirlætis-þjónusta, u, f. an act of ind
ulgence, Stj. 78.
eptir-löngun, f. a longing after, desire for.

eptir-mál, n. an 'after-suit,' i. e. prosecution underta
ken after a person is slain, properly by the next heir (aðili, q. v.), N
j. 120, 128, 166, Fms. i. 224. COMPDS: eptirmáls-maðr, m. a
prosecutor, Bárð. 171. eptirmála-staðr, m. = e
ptirmál, Háv. 55.
eptir-máli, a, m. an epilogue, (mod.)
eptir-máll, adj. indulgent, consenting, Nj. 13.
eptir-mjölt, f. = eptirhreyta.
eptir-mynd, f. a copy, drawing, (mod.)
eptir-mælandi, part. the prosecutor in an eptirmál, J
s. 40, Nj. 175.
eptir-mæli, n. fond indulgence. Fms. x. 375, Nj. 26. 2. = eptirmál. Nj. 176. 3. good report, Mar., Róm. 2
89.
eptir-rás, f. a running after, pursuit, Grág. i. 440
, Js. 39.
eptir-reið, f. pursuit on horseback, Nj. 254, Landn. 152.
eptir-rekstr, m. a driving one to go on.
eptir-rit, n. an after-writ, copy (mod.), opp. to frumrit.
eptir-róðr, m. the rowing in pursuit of one, Hkr. iii.
94.
eptir-rýning, f. the prying into a thing, Eb. 54. COMPDS: eptirrýninga-maðr, m. a prying, inquisitive person. e
ptirrýninga-samr, adj. a prying man, Eb. 54, v. 1.
eptir-seta, u, f. sitting back, i. e. remaining behind, N.
G. L. i. 156.
eptir-sjá (-sjón), f. the looking with desire aft
er a lost thing, hence loss, grief, Fms. i. 258, vii. 104, Ld. 194: attending to, 298, Sturl. i. 27.
eptir-skoðun, f. a looking after, 655 xxxii. 13.
eptir-sókn, f. a seeking after, pursuing, Blas. 38, Fms. i.
222.
eptir-spurn, f. speering after, inquiring for.
eptir-staða, u, f. (-stöðvar, f. pl.), remains, ar
rears, B. K. 118.
eptir-staðsi, adj. remaining behind, Fms. xi. 1.
eptir-sýn, f. looking after one, Ó. T. eptirs&yac
ute;nar-maðr, m. = eptirmálsmaðr, N. G. L. i. 170.

eptir-takanlegr, adj. (-liga, adv.), perceptible.
eptir-tekja, u, f. produce, revenue.
eptir-tekt, f. attention: eptirtektar-samr, adj. mindful
.
eptir-tölur, f. pl. an 'after-counting,' grudging.
eptir-vænting, f. expectation, N. T.
eptir-þörf, f., in the phrase, koma ekki í e., to be
not amiss.
eptir-ætlandi, part, one who intends to prosecute, N. G. L.
i. 165.
EPTRI, compar., and EPTSTR or epztr, superl. (also sometime
s aptari, aptastr), the aftermost, hinder, hindmost: 1. loc
., eptra fæti, the hind leg, Edda 28; báða fætr hi
na eptri, Vígl. 21 (aptr-fætr, hind leg's); til hins eptra a
ustr-rúms, the hindmost, opp. to fremri, Fms. viii. 139; framstafn
inn ok hinn eptri (viz. stafn), ii. 304; eptra (aptara) hjalt (of a sword), Fas.
iii. 244; at aptara stafni, 429; eigi vil ek vera aptastr allra minna manna, I will not be the hindmost of all my men, Fms. ii. 307; er raddar-staf hefi
r eptra í nafninu, Skálda 165. 2. temp. later, last;
en eftri burðar-tíð en hin fyrri, Hom. 56; hina eftri hingatkomu
Krists, 106; þá eru þeir skrökváttar er eftri b&
aacute;ru, that last bore witness, N. G. L. i. 32; vide efri and aptr.
ER, old form es, mod. sometimes eð, but usually 'er;' i
ndecl. Particle used as relat. pron. or as relat. adv.; in very old MSS. always
es, and rhymed so by old poets; in the 12th century it changed into er. In poems
and in law phrases the particle 'es' is suffixed to the pronoun or adverb, as s or z, e. g. thus: as pron., sá's = sá es (so in 'pe
ople's Engl.' he as, him as, for he who, etc.), Hkr. iii. 11 (Sigh
vat); dat. þeim's = þeim es, illi qui, Hm. 3, Fms. vi. 38 (Si
ghvat); acc. masc. þann'z or þann's = þann es, illum qui, Vsp. 45 (MS.), Od. i, Hm. 44, 120, Hým. 39, Am. 90; neut. þatz =
þat es, illud quod, Hm. 39, Am. 37, Hkv. Hjörv. 3, Fms. iii.
9 (Hallfred): as conj. or adv., hvárt'z ... eða = hvárt es ...
eða, utrum ... an, Grág. (Ed. 1853); hvárt'z hann vill
at reiða eða ..., i. 25, 145, 152, 155, 156, 161, 233, ii. 50: as adv.,
þegar's = þegar es, as soon as, Grág. (Ed. 1853) i. 9
4, Am. 30; síðan's = síðan es, since (Old Engl. 
sithens, sithence), 78; even sem's = sem es, Am. 103; hvar's = hvar es, w
herever, 47, Mork. 138, Hm. 138; hve's = hve es, however, 140 (MS. hv
ers), Skálda 190 (in a verse); þar's = þar es, there where
, i. e. where, Grág. i. 46, 153, Hm. 66, Hbl. 60, Gm. 8, Ls. 5
0, Mork. 18, 34, 37, 62, 170, Skálda 189 (Bragi), Edda (Ht.) 124, where t
his anastrophe is called bragar-mál, poetical diction; hvarge's =
hvarge es, wherever, Grág. ii. 44. The Icel. has no relat. pron. b
ut only the relat. particles er and sem, both of them indecl. in gender, case, a
nd number; in simple sentences the sense (gender etc.) is clear from the context
; and the language has certain expedients to meet the deficiency.
A. Used as relat. pron. which, who, that: I. used alone,
where there is perhaps an ellipse of the demonstrative, er = er hann (þeir
, þær, þeim, etc.); GREEK. nom., á þeim b&
aelig;, er Abia heitir, 625. 83; Mórðr hét maðr, er kalla&

eth;r var Gigja, Nj. 1; hann átti dóttur eina, er Unnr hét,
id.; þá skulu þeir, er fær eru (who are) saman,
Grág. i. 9; maðr, er þessa þurfi, id.; at þeim sv&
ouml;rum, er verða, 19; lið þat, er þeim hafðI þan
gat fylgt, Fms. i. 62; konur þær, er völfur vóru kalla&e
th;ar, iii. 212; þeim unga manni, er þar sitr hjá þ&eac
ute;r, id. GREEK. acc., þingfesti manna þeirra, er (quos) menn vilja sækja, Grág. i. 19; sakar þeirrar, er (quam
) ek hefi höfðað, id. GREEK. gen., aðra hluti &thorn
;á, er (quorum) menn viidu vísir verða, Fms. iii. 212.
GREEK. dat., þann einn, er (cui) hann ann lítið,
Fms. i. 86. GREEK. joined to a demonstrative; allir Þrændir,
þeir er..., all the Th., who..., Fms. i. 62. II. with a prep
., which, as often in Engl., is placed at the end of the sentence; er hann kom t
il, whom he came to; land, er hann kom frá, the land he came fr
om; so Lat. quocum venit = er hann kom með sub quibus = er
... undir; in quibus = er ... i, etc.: the prep, may also be a penultim
ate, e. g. the phrase, er mér er á ván, wlich I have a h
ope of; or, er hann var yfir settr, whom he was set over, etc.; this
use of the pronoun is undoubtedly elliptical, the corresponding demonstrative pr
onoun being left out, although the ellipse is not felt; þvengrinn s&aacute
; er muðrinn Loka var saman rifjaðr með (Kb. omits the prep.), th
e lace that the mouth of Loki was stitched with, Edda 71; öðrum h&o
uml;fðingjum, þeim er honum þótti liðs at ván
(that is to say, þeim, er honum þótti liðs van at þ
eim), at whose hands, i. e. from whom he thought help likely to come, Fms. i; þeir er ek mæli þetta til ( = er ek mæli &th
orn;etta til þeirra), those to whom I speak, xi. 12; er engi hefir
áðr til orðit, Nj. 190; in stórúðgi jötunn
, er ór steini var höfuðit á ( = er ór steini var
höfuðit á honum), whose head was of stone. Hbl. 15; &thor
n;ví er vér urðum á sáttir, Fms. xi. 34; við
glugg þann í loptinu, er fuglinn hafðI áðr við
setið. the window close to which the bird sat. Eg.: nokkurum þe
im höfðingja, er mér sé eigandi vinátta við (v
iz. þá). Ö. H. 78: þá sjón, er mér
þykir mikils um vert (viz. hana), 74; er mér þat at sý
n orðit, er ek hefi opt heyrt frá sagt (= frá því
sagt), 57; til vatns þess, er Á en Helga fellr ór, 163: til
kirkju þeirra, es bein eru færð til, Grág. i. 13 new Ed.
2.ellipt. the prep, being understood, esp. to avoid the repetition of it
; ekirinn sá er brendr vár Ásgarðr (viz. með), Edda
(pref.); hann gékk
<PAGE NUM="b0132">
<HEADER>132 ER -- ERFI.</HEADER>
til herbergis þess, er konungr var inni (viz. í), he went to the
house that the king was in, Ó. H. 160, Fb. iii. 251; dyrr þ&ae
lig;r, er ganga mátti upp á húsit (viz. gegnum, through), the doors through which one could walk up to the house, Eg. 421; &o
acute;r þeim ættum er mér þóttu fuglarnir flj&ua
cute;ga (viz. ór), the airt (quarter) that I thought the
birds flew from, Ísl. ii. 196; yfir þeim manni, er Mör&et
h;r hafði sök sína fram sagt (viz. yfir), the man over whose
head (to whom) Mord had pleaded his suit, Nj. 242; þrj&u
acute; þing, þau er menn ætluðu (viz. á), three
parliaments, in (during) which men thought ..., 71; nær
borg þeirri, er konungr sat (viz. í), near the town the king res
ided in, Eg. 287; Montakassin, er dyrkast Benedictus, Monte Cassino, wher
e B. is worshipped, Fms. xi. 415; þeir hafa nú látið
lif sitt fyrir skömmu, er mér þykir eigi vert at lifa (viz. e
ptir), they, whom methinks it is not worth while to outlive, 150; fara ep
tir með hunda, er þeir vóru vanir at spyrja þá upp
(viz. með), er undan hljópusk, they pursued with hounds, that the
y were wont to pick up fugitives with, i.e. with bloodbounds, v. 145;
þat er í þrem stöðum, er dauðum má s&oum
l;k gefa (viz. í), it is in three places that a man can be slain with
impunity, N. G. L. i. 62; þat er í einum stað, er maðr
hittir (viz. í), it is in one place that ..., id. III. a d
emonstrative pron. may be added to the relat. particle, e.g. er þeirra = quorum, er þeim = quibus, er hans, er hennar = cujus;
but this is chiefly used in old translations from Lat., being rarely found in or
iginal writings; þann konung, er undir honum eru skatt-konungar, that k
ing under whom vassals serve, Edda 93; ekkja heitir sú, er búa
ndi hennar (whose husband) varð sótt-dauðr; hæll er
sú kona kölluð er búandi hennar er veginn, 108; sú
sam-stafa, er raddar-stafr hennar er náttúrlega skammr, that s
yllable, the vowel of which is naturally short, Skálda 179; sá
maðr, er hann vill, that man who wishes, Grág. i. 19; s&aacut
e; maðr, er hann skal fasta, 36; nema ein Guðrún, er hón &
aelig;va grét, G. that never wailed, Gh. 40; þess manns, er
hann girnisk, Hom. 54; sæl er sú bygghlaða ... er ór &th
orn;eirri ..., felix est illud horreum ... unde ..., Hom. 15; engi er h&a
elig;rri speki en sú, er í þeirri ..., nulla melior est s
apientia quam ea, qua ..., 28; varðveita boðorð hans, fyrir &th
orn;ann er vér erum skapaðir, ejusque mandata custodire, per quem
creati sumus, 28; harða göfugr er háttr hófsemi, fyri
r þá er saman stendr ..., nobilis virtus est valde temperantia,
per quam ..., id.; elskendum Guð þann er svá mælti, Deum diligentibus qui ait, id.; skírn Græðara várs
, er í þeirri, 56; er á þeim = in quibus, 52:
rare in mod. writers, enginn kann að játa eðr iðrast r&eacute
;ttilega þeirrar syndar, er hann þekkir ekki stærð hennar
og ílsku, Vídal. i. 226. IV. in the 14th century, the relat
. pron. hverr was admitted, but by adding the particle er; yet it has never prev
ailed, and no relative pronoun is used in Icel. (except that this pronoun occurs
in the N. T. and sermons, e.g. Luke xi. 1, whose blood Pilate had mingled, is rendered hverra blóði Pilatus hafði blandað; an old tra
nslator would have said, er P. hafði blandað blóði þeir
ra): hvern er þeir erfðu, M. K. 156; hverjar er hón lauk m&eacu
te;r, id.; af hverju er hann megi marka, Stj. 114; hvat er tákna mundi, F
ms. xi. 12. V. the few following instances are rare and curious, er &thor
n;ú, er ek, er mér, er hón; and are analogous to the Germ.
der ich, der du, I that, thou that; in Hm. l. c. 'er' is almost a superfl
uous enclitic, eyvitar fyrna er maðr annan skal, Hm. 93; sáttir &thor
n;ínar er ek vil snemma hafa, Alm. 7; ójafnt skipta er þ&uac
ute; mundir, Hbl. 25; þrár hafðar er ek hefi, Fsm. 50; auði
frá er mér ætluð var, sandi orpin sæng, Sl. 49; l
auga-vatn er mér leiðast var eitt allra hluta, 50; ærr ertu Lok
i, er þú yðra telr, Ls. 29, cp. 21, Og. 12, Hkv. 2. 32; tr&ouml
;ll, er þik bíta eigi járn, Ísl. ii. 364. This want o
f a proper relat. pron. has probably preserved Icel. prose from foreign influenc
es; in rendering Lat. or mod. Germ. into Icel. almost every sentence must be alt
ered and broken up in order to make it vernacular.
B. Conj. and adv. joined with a demonstrative particle, where, when: 1. loc., þar er, there where = ubi; þar er hv&aacut
e;rki sé akr né eng, Grág. i. 123; hvervetna þess, er
, N. G. L. passim. 2. temp. when; ok er, and when; en er, but when: þá er, then when; þar til er, until
, etc., passim; annan dag, er menn gengu, Nj. 3; brá þeim mj&ou
ml;k við, er þan sá hann, 68; sjaldan fór þ&aacute
; svá, er vel vildi, Ld. 290; ok í því er Þ&oac
ute;rgils, and in the nick of time when Th., id.: þá l&eacut
e;t í hamrinum sem er (as when) reið gengr, Ísl. ii. 43
4; næst er vér kómum, next when we came, Eg. 287; &th
orn;á er vér, when we, id. II. conj. that (vi
de 'at' II, p. 29); þat er (is) mitt ráð er (that
) þú kallir til tals, Eg. 540; ok þat, er hann ætlar, N
j. 7: ok fansk þat á öllu, er (that) hon þ&oacute
;ttisk vargefin, 17; en þessi er (is) frásögn til &thor
n;ess, er (that) þeir vóru Heljar-skinn kallaðir, Sturl.
i. 1; ok finna honum þá sök, er (en MS.) hann hafði verit
, that he had been, Fms. vii. 331; af hverju er hann megi marka, from
which he may infer, Stj. 135; hvárt er (en MS.) er (is) ungr e
ða gamall, either that he is young or old, N. G. L. i. 349; spurð
i hann at, hvárt er, asked him whether, Barl. 92; mikill skaði
, er slíkr maðr, that such a man, Fms. vi. 15; hlægligt
mér þat þykkir, er (that) þú þinn h
arm tínir, Am. 53; er þér gengsk illa, that it goes ill w
ith thee, 53, 89; hins viltú geta, er (that) vit Hrungnir deil
dum, Hbl. 15. 2. denoting cause; er dóttir mín er hör&
eth; í skapi, for that my daughter is hard of heart, Nj. 17. &b
eta;. er þó, although, Skálda 164. 3. &tho
rn;egar er, as soon as, when, Fms. iv. 95, cp. þegar's above: alls
er þú ert, for that thou art, i. 305; síðan er, since, after that, Grág. i. 135; en siðan er Freyr hafði he
ygðr verít, Hkr. (pref.); but without 'er,' N. G. L. i. 342. In the e
arliest and best MSS. distinction is made between eptir er (postquam), &t
horn;egar er (quum), meðan er (dum), síðan er (p
ostquam), and on the other hand eptir (post), þegar (jam
), meðan (interdum), síðan (post, deinde); cp. me&e
th;an's, síðan's, þegar's, above; but in most old MSS. and writ
ers the particle is left out, often, no doubt, merely from inaccuracy in the MSS
., or even in the editions, (in MSS. 'er' is almost always spelt UNCERTAIN and e
asily overlooked): again, in mod. usage the particle 'at, að,' is often used
as equivalent to 'er,' meðan að, whilst; síðan að
, since that; þegar að, postquam, (vide 'at' V, p. 29.)
ER, 3rd pers. pres. is, vide vera.
ÉR, pl., and it, dual, spelt ier, Ó. H. 147 (
twice), 205, 216 (twice), 227; [Goth. jus = GREEK; A. S. ge; Engl.
ye, you; Germ. ihr; Swed.-Dan. I) :-- ye, you. That
ér and not þér is the old form is clear from the alliterati
on of old poems and the spelling of old MSS.: allit., ér munuð allir
eiða vinna, Skv. 1. 37; it (GREEK) munut alla eiða vinna, 31; hlaðit
ér jarlar eiki-köstinn, Gh. 20; lífit einir ér &thorn
;átta ættar minnar, Hðm. 4; æðra óðal en &
eacute;r hafit, Rm. 45 (MS. wrongly þér); ér sjái&eth
; undir stórar yðvars Græðara blæða, Lb. 44 (a po
em of the beginning of the 13th century). It is often spelt so in Kb. of S&aelig
;m.; hvers bíðit ér, Hkv. 2. 4; þó þykkisk
ér, Skv. 3. 36; börðusk ér bræðr ungir, Am. 93;
urðu-a it glíkir, Gh. 3; ef it, id.; en ér heyrt hafit, H&yac
ute;m. 38; þá er (when) ér, ye, Ls. 51; er it
heim komit, Skv. 1. 42: ér knáttuð, Edda 103 (in a verse): in
very old MSS. (12th century) no other form was ever used, e.g. er it, 623. 24: &
thorn;at er ér (that which ye) heyrit, 656 A. 2. 15; ér br&
aelig;ðr ..., mínnisk ér, ye brethren, remember ye, 7;
treystisk ér, 623. 32; hræðisk eigi ér, 48. In MSS. of t
he middle of the 13th century the old form still occurs, e.g. Ó. H., &eac
ute;r hafit, 52; ér skolu, 216; þegar er ér komit, so soo
n as ye come, 67; sem ér mynit, 119; ér hafit, 141; til hvers
er ér erot, that ye are, 151; ef ér vilit heldr, 166; &eacu
te;r erot allir, ye are all, 193; sem ér kunnut, 196; sem ier vili
t, 205; sem ér vitoð, as ye know, 165; ef ér vilit, 208
; þeim er ér sendoð, those that ye sent, 211: the Hei&et
h;arv. S. (MS. of the same time)--unz ér, (Ísl. ii.) 333: ef &eacu
te;r þurfut, 345; er it farit, 346 (twice); allz ér erut, id.; er &
eacute;r komið, as ye come, id.; en ér sex, but ye six,
347; ok ér, and ye, 361; ér hafit þrásamliga,
363; eða it feðgar, 364: Jómsvík. S.--ef ér, (Fms.
xi.) 115, 123: Mork. 9, 63, 70, 98, 103, 106, passim. It even occurs now and th
en in Njála (Arna-Magn. 468)--ér erut, ye are, 223; hverrar
liðveizlu ér þykkisk mest þurfa, 227: ér ertu&eth
; hann, Skálda 171; Farið-a ér, fare ye not, Hkr. i. (i
n a verse). It is still more freq. after a dental ð, t, þ; in o
ld MSS. that give þ for ð it runs thus -- vitoþ &e
acute;r, hafiþ ér, skoluþ ér, meguþ er, lifi&tho
rn; ér, etc., wot ye, have ye, shall ye, may ye, live ye, etc.; he
nce originates by way of diæresis the regular Icel. form þér,
common both to old and mod. writers; vide þú, where the other form
s will be explained.
ERÐI, n. [akin to arðr], a heavy balk of timber, Grett. 12
5; hence the phrase, þungt sem erði, heary as a balk.
erenda, d, to perform an errand. Vígl. 29.
erendi, etc., v. eyrendi.
erfa, ð, with acc. to honour with a funeral feast, cp. the Iri
sh phrase to 'wake' him, Eg. 606; síðan lét Egill e. so
nu sína eptir fornri síðvenju, 644, Fms. i. 161, xi. 67. 2. to inherit, N. T. and mod. writers. β. metaph. in the phrase, e
. e-t við e-n, to bear long malice, to grumble.
ERFÐ, f. [(Germ. erbe], inheritance; for the etymology
vide arfr; the law distinguishes between frænd-erfð, family inherit
ance, and út-erfð, alien inheritance, N. G. L. ii. 146; wi
thin the frænd-erfð the law records thirteen degrees of kin, Gþl
. 232-242, N. G. L. i. 49, Jb. 128 sqq., Grág. i. 170. sqq.: special kind
s of 'út-erfð' are, brand-erfð (q.v.). gest-erfd, skip-erfð,
gjaf-erfð, land-erfð, félaga-erfð, litla-erfð, leysings-e
rfð, N. G. L. i. 50: again, in mod. usage erfð implies the notion of a f
amily, and út-erfð, út-arfar are used of distant kinsfolk, inh
eritance in a different line, or the like; vide Grág., Nj., and the Sagas
freq. β. inheriting, succession, Gþl. 48-55. COMPDS: erfða-bálkr, m. the section of law treating of inheritance. Ann. 1273. erfða-einkunn, f. an hereditary mark (on cattle
), Grág. ii. 304. erfða-fé, n. an heirloom, inherita
nce, Grág. i. 206. erfða-goðorð, n. hereditary
priesthood, Sturl. i. 198. erfðá-land, n. patrimony, la
nd of inheritance, Stj. 50, 66, Orkn. 126, Fms. iv. 224, vi. 20. erfð
a-maðr, m. an heir, Js. 38. erfða-mark, n. = erfð
a-einkunn, Grág. i. 422, 423. erfða-mál, n. a lawsui
t as to inheritance, Nj. 6, 92. erfða-partr, m. share of inher
itance, Stj. 110. erfða-skipan, f. a law, ordinance of inherit

ance, N. G. L. i. 49. erfða-staðr, m. hereditary estates, used in a special sense of church demesnes held by lay impropriators, vide A
rna S., Bs. i. 794. erfða-tal, n. the section of law respecting in
heritance, Gþl. 55. erfða-úmagi, a, m. an '&u
acute;magi' having an inherited right to support, Grág. i. 134, 23
7. erfða-öldr, n. [Dan. arveöl], a funeral feast,
 N. G. L. i. 432.
erfi, n. a wake, funeral feast, Nj. 167, Fms. i. 161, xi. 68, Ld.
16, Gþl. 275, Rb. 344, N. G. L. i. 391, Am. 83, Gh. 8. For the sumptuous f
uneral feasts of antiquity, vide esp. Landn. 3. 10, where the guests were more t
han fourteen hundred, Ld. ch. 26, 27; var nú drukkit allt saman, brullaup
Ólafs ok erfi Unnar, ch. 7, Flóam. S. ch. 2, Jómsv. S. ch.
21,
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<HEADER>ERFISDRYKKJA -- ERTR. 133</HEADER>
37. COMPDS: erfis-drykkja, u, f. a funeral feast, Pass. 49. 16. erfis-görð, f. = erfi, Fms. xi. 69.
erfiða or erviða, að, [Goth. arbaidjan = GREEK;
early Germ. erbeiten; mod. Germ. arbeiten; mod. Dan. arbeide is borrowed from Germ.] :-- to toil, labour, Edda 149 (pref.), 677. 1
1; allir þér sem erviðið og þunga eruð hlaðni
r, Matth. xi. 28: metaph., e. e-m, to cause one toil and trouble, Bs. i.
726: trans., e. jörðina, to till the earth, Stj. 30: impers., s
óttar-far hans erfiðaði, his illness grew worse, Fms. x. 1
47. In the Icel. N. T. it is sometimes used in the same passages which have a
rbaidjan in Ulf., e.g. heldr hefi eg miklu meir erfiðað en allir &th
orn;eir aðrir, 1 Cor. xv. 10; öllum þeim sem styrkja til og erfi&
eth;a, xvi. 16; að eg hafi til einskis erfiðað hjá yðr, G
al. iv. 11; heldr erfiði og afli með höndum, Ephes. iv. 28; hvar fy
rir eg erfiða og stríði, Col. i. 29; þá sem erfi&eth
;a meðal yðar, 1 Thess. v. 12; því at til þess hins s
ama erfiðum vér einnig, 1 Tim. iv. 10; in 2 Tim. ii. 6 the Icel. text
has 'sá sem akrinn erjar.'
erfið-drægr, adj. difficult, Sturl. iii. 271.
erfiði or erviði (ærfaði, N. G. L. i. 391
; ærfuð, id. I. 10), n. [Ulf. arbaiþs = GREEK; A.
S. earfoð; O. H. G. arapeit; mod. Germ. arbeit, which
shews that mod. Dan. arbeide and Swed. arbete are borrowed from th
e Germ.; lost in Engl. The etymology of this word is uncertain; the Icel. notion
is to derive it from er- priv. and viða = vinna, to work, but it is
scarcely right; Grimm, s.v. arbeit, suggests it to be akin to Lat. labor;
Max Müller refers it to the root AR, to plough, Science of Languag
e, p. 258, 3rd Ed.; but arfiði (Björn, p. 41) instead of erviði is
a fictitious form, and the statement that in old Norse or Icel. it means plou
ghing rests only on a fancy of old Björn (Dict. l.c.), to which he was
probably led by the similarity between Lat. arvum to Germ. and mod. Dan.
arbeit, arbeide: in fact the Icel., ancient or modern, conveys no such n
otion; even in the old heathen poems the word is used exactly in the present sen
se, which again is the same as in Ulf.] :-- toil, labour, and metaph. 
toil, trouble; in the allit. phrase, e. en eigi eyrendi, toil but no err
and, i.e. lost labour, Þkv. 10, 11, Hkv. Hjörv. 5; v&iacut
e;l ok e., toil and trouble (of travelling), Hbl. 58, Skálda 163;
kváðusk hafa haft mikit e. ok öngu á leið komið,

Fms. v. 21, Post. 645. 58, Sks. 235, v.l., N. G. L. l.c. 2. metaph. di
stress, suffering; drýgja e., to 'dree' distress, Gm. 35 (heat
hen poem),--in N. G. L. i. 391 this phrase is used of a priest officiating; hung
r, þorsti, e., Hom. 160: in pl., meðr mörgum erfiðum er &aacu
te; hana leggjask, Stj. 51: an old poet (Arnor) calls the heaven the erfiði
of the dwarfs, vide dvergr. In the Icel. N. T. erfiði is often used in the v
ery same passages as in Ulf., thus--yðvart e. er eigi ónýtt &i
acute; Drottni, 1 Cor. xv. 58; í erfiði, í vökum, &iacute
; föstu, 2 Cor. vi. 5; og hrósum oss eigi tram yfir mælingu &i
acute; annarlegu erfiði, x. 15; og vort e. yrði til ónýtis
, 1 Thess. iii. 5, cp. Ulf. l.c. β. medic. asthma, difficulty in
breathing; brjóst-erfiði, heavy breathing. COMPDS: erfi
ðis-dauði, a, m. a painful, hard death, 655 xxxii. 17. er
fiðis-laun, n. pl. a recompense for labour or suffering, N
iðrst. 5, Fms. vi. 149, Barl. 95. erfiðis-léttir, m. a
reliever of labour, Stj. 19. erfiðis-munir, m. pl. toils, exer
tion, Bárð. 180, Fas. i. 402, Fb. i. 280. erfiðis-nauð
, f. servitude, grinding labour, Stj. 247, 265. erfiðis-samr, adj. toilsome, Stj. 32. erfiðis-semi, f. toil. e
rviðis-verk, n. hard work, Stj. 263, 264.
erfið-leiki, m. hardship, difficulty.
erfið-liga, adv. with pain and toil; er hann sótti e. t
il hans, he strove hard to get up to him, Edda 60; e-t horfir e., look
s hard, Nj. 139; búa e. við e-n, to treat one harshly, Fas
. ii. 96; at skipi þessu farisk e., that his ship will fare ill, make a
bad voyage, vi. 376; varð mér þar erviðligast um, t
here I met with the greatest difficulties, Nj. 163.
erfið-ligr, adj. toilsome, difficult, adverse; margir hlutir e
. ok þungligir, adverse and heavy, Fms. viii. 31, Sks. 235.
erfið-lífi, n. a life of toil, 655 viii. 2.
erfiðr, adj. toilsome, hard, difficult; ok var af þv&iac
ute; honum erfitt búit, a heavy, troublesome household, Bs. i. 63;
erfiða ferð hafa þeir fengit oss, they have made a hard journe
y for us, Fms. v. 22; Guðrún var erfið á gripa-kaupum,
G. was troublesome (extravagant) in buying finery, Ld. 13
4; e-m verðr e-t erfitt, one has a difficulty about the thing, Fms. v
i. 54. β. hard, unyielding; var Flosi erfiðr, en aðri
r þó erfiðri miklu, F. was hard, but others much harder,
Nj. 186, 187; jarl var lengi erfiðr, the earl long remained inexorable, 271: ek var yðr þá erfiðr, 229. γ. hard
breathing; ok er hann vaknaði var honum erfitt orðit, when he aw
oke he drew a deep breath, after a bad dream, Ísl. ii. 194; hv&iacute
;ldisk Helgi, því at honum var orðit erfitt, H. rested, beca
use he was exhausted (from walking), Dropl. 22; þó honum v&aeli
g;ri málið erfitt, though he spoke with difficulty (of a sick
person), Bs. i. 110. δ. var þess erfiðar (the more dif
ficult) sem..., Fas. i. 81: so in the phrase, e-m veitir erfitt, one has
hard work, Bs. i. 555, Nj. 117; erfitt mun þeim veita at ganga &iacute
; móti giptu þinni, 171.
erfi-drápa, u, f. a funeral poem, Fbr. 16, Fms. vi. 198, v.
64.
erfið-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), toilsome, hard, 677.
10.
erfið-vinnr, adj. hard to work, Grett. 114 A.
erfi-flokkr, m. a short funeral poem, Fms. vi. 117.
erfi-kvæði, n. a funeral poem, = erfidrápa. Eg. 6
05.
erfingi, ja, m., (arfingi, Fms. ix. 328, Gþl. 287), pl. erfi
ngjar, [arbingjas (pl.), Runic stone in Tune; Ulf. renders GREEK by ar
bja or arbinumja; Dan. arving; Swed. arfvinge] :-- a
n heir, Grág. i. 217, Eg. 25, Nj. 3, 656 C. 36, Fms. l.c., etc. etc.
erfingja-lauss, adj. without heirs, Fms. v. 298, x. 307.
erfi-veizla, u, f. a funeral banquet, Bs. i. 837.
erfi-vörðr, m. [A. S. erfeveord], an heir, po&euml
;t., Gh. 14, Akv. 12, cp. the emendation of Bugge to Skv. 3. 60.
erfi-öl, n. [Dan. arveöl], a wake, funeral feast,
N. G. L. i. 14.
ERG, n., Gael. word, answering to the Scot. shiel or shieling; upp um dalinn þar sem var erg nokkut, þat köllu vér
setr = der som vaar noget erg, det kalde vi. sætter (in the Danish transl.
), Orkn. 448 (Addit.), cp. local names in Caithness, e.g. Ásgrímserg, Orkn. 458.
ERGI, f. [argr], lewdness, lust; ergi, æði ok ó&t
horn;ola, Skm. 36, Fas. iii. 390; e. keisara dóttur, Bær. 15, El. 1
0; ílsku ok e. ok hórdóm, Barl. 138: wickedness, me&
eth; e. ok skelmisskap, Gísl, 31, Yngl. S. ch. 7: in mod. usage ergja,
 f., means greediness for money or the like; the rare sense of moo
diness is quite mod., and borrowed from Germ. through Dan.
ergjask, ð, dep. to become a coward, only in the proverb, sv&a
acute; ergisk hverr sem eldisk, Hrafn. 25, Fms. iii. 192, iv. 346.
erill, m. [erja], a fuss, bustle.
ERJA, arði, pres. er, sup. arit: mod. pres. erjar, erjaði, 2 Tim.
ii. 6; [A. S. erjan; Old Engl. to ear; cp. Lat. arar, Gr.
GREEK] :-- to plough; prælarnir skyldi erja, Landn. 35, v.l., cp.
Fms. i. 240; eitt nes þat fyrírbauð hann at e., löngum t&i
acute;ma eptir örðu menn hlut af nesinu, Bs. i. 293; þér h
afit arit með minni kvígu, Stj. 412: in the saying, seint sá m
an erja, he will be slow to put his hand to the plough, will be good for noth
ing, Glúm. 341. β. metaph. to scratch; hann l&aeli
g;tr e. skóinn um legginn útan, O. H. L. 45; kom blóðre
fillinn í enni Ketils ok arði niðr um nefit, Fas. ii. 126.
erjur, f. pl. brawl, fuss, quarrels.
ERKI-, [Gr. GREEK; Engl. arch-, etc.] I. eccl. arch-, in COMPDS: erki-biskup, m. an archbishop, Gþl. 263, Fms. i
. 106, N. G. L. i. 166. erkibiskups-dæmi and erkibiskups-r&iacut
e;ki, n. archbishopric, Fms. xi. 392, vii. 300, x. 88, 155; e. st&oa
cute;ll. an archiepiscopal seat, Rb. 422. erki-biskupligr, adj. archiepiscopal, Bs. Laur. S., Th. 12. erki-djákn, m. an ar
chdeacon, Fms. ix. 325. xi. 416, 625. 45, Stj. 299. erki-prestr, m. an archpriest, Bs. i. 173, Stj. 299. erki-stóll, m. an ar
chiepiscopal seat. Symb. 28, Fms. iv. 155. II. = great, portentous
; erki-býsn, f. portent, Bs. i. 423.
erlendask, d, to go into exile, Stj. 111, but in 162 spelt ör
-.
erlending, f. [Germ. elende], an exile, Stj. 223.
erlendis, adv. abroad, in a foreign land, Grág. i. 167. G&t
horn;l. 148, K. Þ. K. 158; e. drep, committing manslaughter in a foreig
n land, Grág. ii. 142; e. víg, a manslaughter committed abr
oad, i. 183.
ERLENDR, adj., ör-lendr, Gþl. 148, [Hel. elilendi = a forei
gner; Germ. elende], foreign, Grág. i. 217, Sks. 462;
the spelling with er- and ör- is less correct than el- or ell-, cp. aulandi
, p. 34. II. m. a pr. name, Orkn.
Erlingr, m. a pr. name; prop. a dimin. of jarl, an earl.
erm-lauss, adj. arm-less, sleeve-less, Fms. vii. 21, Sturl. iii. 2
19.
ERMR, f., mod. ermi, dat. and acc. ermi, pl. ermar, [armr], an
arm, sleeve, Fms. v. 207, vi. 349, xi. 332, Nj. 35, Clem. 54, Landn. 147: so
in the saying, lofa upp í ermina á sér, to make promise
s in one's sleeve, i.e. to promise without meaning to keep one's word. COMPDS: erma-drög, n. pl. sleeve-linings, Bret. erma-k&a
acute;pa, u, f. a cape with sleeves, Band. 5. erma-kjós, f. the armpit, 656 C. 28. erma-langr, adj. with long sleeves
, Fas. ii. 343. erma-lauss, adj. sleeve-less, Fms. xi. 272, Sk
s. 406. erma-stuttr, adj. with short sleeves. erma-ví&et
h;r, adj. with wide sleeves. erma-þröngr, adj. w
ith tight sleeves.
Ermskr, adj. Armenian, K. Þ. K. 74, Íb. 13, Fas. iii.
326.
erm-stúka, u, f. a short sleeve, Karl.
ERN, adj. brisk, vigorous, Bs. i. 655, Fms. v. 300; hence Erna,
 u, f. a pr. name, Rm. 36, Bs. i. 32, v.l.
ern-ligr, adj. of brisk, stout appearance, Nj. 183, Eb.
erpi, n. a sort of wood, Al. 165.
erri-ligr, adj. = ernligr, Fms. iii. 222, Eb. 94 new Ed.
erring, f. a brisk, hard struggle, Fbr. (in a verse).
errinn, adj. = ern, Lex. Poët.; fjöl-e., very brisk and bold
, Hallfred.
ERTA, t, to taunt, tease, with acc., Rd. 302, Hkr. iii. 130, Sk&aa
cute;lda 171, Fms. vi. 323; er eigi gott at e. íllt skap, a saying, Mirm.
: reflex., ertask við e-n, to tease one, Fms. ix. 506.
erting, f. teasing, provoking, Lv. 26; engi ertinga-maðr, a

man who stands no nonsense, Eg. 417.
ertinn, adj. taunting; ertni, f. a taunting temper.
ERTLA, u, f., proncd. erla or atla, [arta], the wagtail, motacilla alb
a, now called Máríatla or lín-erla.
ERTR, f. pl. [early Germ. arbeiz; mod. Germ. erbse; Dutch erwt or ert; Dan. ært; Swed. ärter] :-- peas; the Scandin. word is probably borrowed from Dutch or Fris. and occurs
in the 13th century; in old writers the r is kept throughout, ertr, ertr
nar, Stj. 161; ertrum (dat.), 655 xxxiii. 4; ertra (gen.), Gþl. 544; ertra
-akr, a pea-field, id.; ertra<PAGE NUM="b0134">
<HEADER>134 ES--EYÐISKER.</HEADER>
reitr, a bed of peas, N. G. L. ii. 172; ertra-vellingr, Stj. 160, 161, Ge
n. xxv. 29: in mod. usage it is declined erta, u, f., gen. pl. ertna, ert
um, etc.
es, older form of er.
ESJA, u, f. a kind of clay, freq. in Norway in that sense, vide Iv
ar Aasen; the name of the mountain Esja in Icel. no doubt derives its name from
this clay, which is here found in abundance, Eggert Itin. ch. 21; hence Esjuberg, n. name of a farm, Landn., [eisa, and even Germ. esse, Dan. 
esse, Swed. ässa are kindred words.]
Esk-hyltingr, m. one from the farm Eskiholt, Sturl. ii. 145.
eski, n. [askr], an ashen box, Edda 17, 21, Fms. ii. 254, Fas. i.
237, Ísl. ii. 79; mod. spelt askja, and used of any small box.
eski-mær, f. a lady's maid, Gm. (pref.)
eskingr, m. [aska], ashes or fine snow driven by a gale, B&
aacute;rð. 20 new Ed.
eski-stöng, f. an ashen pole, Róm. 232.
ESPA, að, to exasperate, irritate, probably = to make one s
hake like an aspen, Vídal.
espi, n. aspen wood (vide ösp), hence Espi-hóll
, m. a farm, Landn.: Esphælingar, m. the men from E., id.
espingr, m. [Swed. esping], a ship's boat, Fr.
ess, n. [for. word; old Swed. örs], a steed, Fms. x. 1
39, Fas. iii. 471, 582, much used in romances.
ETA, proncd. éta; pret. át, pl. átu; pres. et, pronc
d. iet, Greg. 82; part. etið; pret. subj. æti; imperat. et; [Lat. &
e-short;dere; Gr. GREEK; Ulf. ïtan; A. S. and Hel. etan;
Engl. eat; O. H. G. ezan; mod. Germ. essen; Swed. &auml
;ta; Dan. æde] :-- to eat, Grág. ii. 347; sem &th
orn;ú mátt vel e., Nj. 75; e. dagverð, Ld. 10; þar's ek
hafða eitt etið, Hm. 66; e. kjöt, Greg. l.c.; at engi er hér
sá inni er skjótara skal eta mat sinn en ek, Edda 31 (hence flj&o
acute;t-ætinn, sein-ætinn, rash or slow eating); &aacu
te;t hvárrtveggi sem tíðast, id.; Logi hafði ok etið s
látr allt, id.; et mat þinn, tröll. Fas. iii. 179. 2. m
etaph. to eat, consume; eigu at eta alla aura ómagans sem hann sj&
aacute;lfr, Grág. i. 288; eyddir ok etnir, Fms. xi. 423; sorg etr hjarta,
sorrow eats the heart, Hm. 122; etandi öfund, consuming envy, Str.; Gyðingar átusk innan er þeir heyrðu þetta, the Jews fretted inwardly on hearing this, 656 C. 17. β. medic
., 655 xxx. 8. γ. the phrase, eta orð sín, to eat one
's own words, Karl. 478; or, eta ofan í sig aptr, id., of liar
s or slanderers. δ. the dubious proverb, úlfar eta annars ey
rendi, wolves eat one another's fare or prey, Ld. 92; and recipr.,
etask af úlfs munni, to tear one another as wolves, Ísl. i
i. 165; ok hefir mér farit sem varginum, þeir eta þar (etask?
) til er at halanum kemr ok finna eigi fyrr. Band. 12, where MS.--þat &ael
ig;tla ek at mér verði vargsins dæmi, þeir finnask eigi f
yrr at en þeir hafa etisk ok þeir koma at halanum, 26: as to this pr
overb cp. also the allusion, Hðm. 30: the mod. turn is--úlfr rekr ann
ars erindi, so used by Hallgr.--annars erindi rekr úlfr og löngum sa
nnast það--and so in paper MSS. of Ld. l.c., but prob. a corruption.
eta, u, f., mod. jata, a crib, manger, Hom. 36, 127, Mar. 2
6; in the proverb, standa öllum fótum í etu, to stand with
all feet in the crib, to live at rack and manger. Gísl. 46. etu-s
tallr, m. a crib, manger, Orkn. 218. II. medic. cancer,
Magn. 480: mod. áta or átu-mein.
etall, adj. eating, consuming, Lat. edax, 655 xxix. 6.
ETJA, atti; pres. et; part. att; but etjað, Andr. 625. 73; [it means
probably 'to make bite,' a causal of eta] :-- to make fight, with
dat., esp. etja hestum, of horse fights, a favourite sport of the ancients; for
a graphic description of this fight see Bs. i. 633. Arons S. ch. 18, Glúm
. ch. 18, Rd. ch. 12, Nj. ch. 58, 59, Vígl. ch. 7, N. G. L. ii. 126; vide
hesta-þing, hesta-at, víg-hestr, etc. 2. gener. to goad
on to fight; atta ek jöfrum en aldri sætta'k, Hbl. 24. β.
 etja hamingju við e-n, to match one's luck with another, Fms. iv
. 147; e. kappi við e-n, to match one's force against one, Ld. 64, Eg
. 82; e. vandræðum við e-n, 458; e. saman manndrápum, to
incite two parties to manslaughter, Anecd. 14: in a good sense, to exhor
t, ok etjað þá þolinmæði, Andr. l.c. (rare)
. γ. ellipt., etja við e-t, to contend against; e. vi&et
h; aflamun, to fight against odds, Al. 110; e. við liðsmun, id
., Fms. i. 42, ix. 39, Fs. 122; e. við ofrefli, id., Fms. iii. 9;
e. við reiði e-s, Fb. i. 240. 3. to stretch forth, put forth;
 hann etr fram berum skallanum, he put forth his bare skull to meet the b
lows, Fms. xi. 132; (Icel. now use ota, að, in this sense.) II.
reflex., lét eigi sama at etjask við kennimenn gamla, said it was
unseemly to hoot old clergymen, Sturl. i. 104; er ofstopi etsk í gegn
ofstopa, if violence is put against violence, 655 xxi. 3. 2. reci
pr. to contend mutually; ef menn etjask vitnum á, if men conte
nd (plead) with witnesses, N. G. L. i. 247; ok ef þeir v
ilja andvitnum á etjask, Gþl. 298. III. the phrase, ettja he
yvi (spelt with tt), to fodder (cattle) upon hay, Gr&aacute
;g. ii. 278, 340; ettja andvirki, to fodder upon a hayrick, Gþl. 35
7.
etja, u, f. fighting, biting. COMPDS: etju-hundr, m. a d
eer-hound, fox-hound, Sturl. ii. 179. etju-kostr, m. a beastly cho

ice, Ísl. ii. 89, Fms. viii. 24, v.l. etju-tík, f. = et
ju-hundr; bóndi átti e. stóra, Fb. ii. 332, Bárð
. 32 new Ed.
expens, n. (for. word), expences, Stj. 127, Bs. i. 742.
EY, gen. eyjar; dat. eyju and ey, with the article eyinni and eyjunni; ac
c. ey; pl. eyjar, gen. eyja, dat. eyjum; in Norway spelt and proncd. öy; [D
an. öe; Swed. ö; Ivar Aasen öy; Germ. aue
; cp. Engl. eyot, leas-ow, A. S. êg-land, Engl. is-l
and; in Engl. local names -ea or -ey, e.g. Chels-ea, Batter
s-ea, Cherts-ey, Thorn-ey, Osn-ey, Aldern-ey, Orkn-ey, etc.] :-- an islan
d, Fas. ii. 299, Skálda 172, Eg. 218, Grág. ii. 131, Eb. 12; e
yjar nef, the 'neb' or projection of an island, Fb. iii. 316. 2
. in various compds; varp-ey, an island where wild birds lay eggs; ey
ði-ey, a deserted island; heima-ey, a home island; bæjar
-ey, an inhabited island; út-eyjar, islands far out at sea;
land-eyjar, an island in an inlet, Landn.: a small island close to a lar
ger one is called a calf (eyjar-kálfr), the larger island being re
garded as the cow, (so the southernmost part of the Isle of Man is called
the Calf of Man): it is curious that 'islanders' are usually not called
eyja-menn (islandmen), but eyjar-skeggjar, m. pl. 'island-beard
s;' this was doubtless originally meant as a nickname to denote the strange
habits of islanders, Fas. i. 519 (in a verse), Fær. 151, 656 C. 22, Fms. i
i. 169, viii. 283, Grett. 47 new Ed.; but eyja-menn, m. pl., Valla L. 228
, Eb. 316 (and in mod. usage), cp. also Götu-skeggjar, the men of Gata, a family, Landn.; eyja-sund, n. a sound or narrow strait be
tween two islands, Eg. 93, Fms. ii. 64, 298. 3. in local names: from
the shape, Lang-ey, Flat-ey, Há-ey, Drang-ey: from cattle, birds, beasts,
Fær-eyjar, Lamb-ey, Sauð-ey, Hrút-ey, Yxn-ey, Hafr-ey, Sv&iacu
te;n-ey, Kið-ey, Fugl-ey, Arn-ey, Æð-ey, Má-ey, Þerney, Úlf-ey, Bjarn-ey: from vegetation, Eng-ey, Akr-ey, Við-ey, Brok-e
y, Mos-ey: from the quarters of heaven, Austr-ey, Norðr-ey, Vestr-ey, Su&eth
;r-ey (Engl. Sudor): an island at ebb time connected with the main land i
s called Örfiris-ey, mod. Öffurs-ey (cp. Orfir in the Orkneys): from o
ther things, Fagr-ey, Sand-ey, Straum-ey, Vé-ey (Temple Isle), Eyi
n Helga, the Holy Isle (cp. Enhallow in the Orkneys). Eyjar is often used
GREEK of the Western Isles, Orkneys, Shetland, and Sudor, hence Eyja-jarl, e
arl of the Isles (i.e. Orkneys), Orkn. (freq.); in southern Icel. it
is sometimes used of the Vestmanna eyjar. β. in old poets ey is a fa
vourite word in circumlocutions of women, vide Lex. Poët.; and in poetical
diction ey is personified as a goddess, the sea being her girdle, the glaciers h
er head-gear; hence the Icel. poetical compd ey-kona. For tales of wandering isl
ands, and giants removing islands from one place to another, vide Ísl. &T
HORN;jóðs. i. 209. 4. in female pr. names, Þór-ey
, Bjarg-ey, Landn.: but if prefixed--as in Eyj-úlfr, Ey-steinn, Ey-mundr,
Ey-vindr, Ey-dís, Ey-fríðr, Ey-vör, Ey-þjóf
r, etc.--ey belongs to a different root. COMPD: eyja-klasi, a, m. a cl
uster of islands.
ey-, a prefix, ever-, vide ei-.
ey-búi, a, m. an islander, Lex. Poët.
EYÐA, dd, [auðr; A. S. éðan; Dan. öde; Germ. öden; Swed. öda], to waste: I. w
ith dat. denoting to waste, destroy, of men or things; hann eyddi (sle
w) öllum fjölkunnigum mönnum, Stj. 491, Fms. ii. 41, vii. 8;
ekki muntu með þessu e. öllum sonum Haralds konungs, i. 16. &b
eta;. of money; eyða fé, etc., to spend money, Eg.
70, Grág. i. 327, Nj. 29, Fms. i. 118: to squander, 655 iii. 1, Nj
. 18, Fms. xi. 423, Fs. 79: reflex., hann átti land gott en eyddusk lausa
fé, but his loose cash went, Fms. vi. 102. II. with acc. to lay waste, desolate, or the like; upp eyða (lay waste) alla &
thorn;eirra bygð, Fms. v. 161; þá vóru eydd skip Sv&iacu
te;a-konungs átjan, eighteen of the Swedish king's ships were made voi
d of men, x. 353; hann eyddi bygðina, iv. 44. 2. to desert, le
ave; en skyldi út bera ok e. skemmuna, Fms. v. 262; féllu sum
ir en sumir eyddu (deserted from) hálfrýmin (in a battle),
viii. 226; skip brotið eða eytt, a ship wrecked or abandoned, Gr&
aacute;g. i. 91; en hón er nú eydd af mönnum, forlorn
or deserted of men, Al. 1. β. impers., eða héru&et
h; eyði, if counties be laid waste, K. Þ. K. 38; hence eyði
-hús, etc. (below). 3. as a law term, of a meeting, to terminat
e, dissolve; ef þeir eru eigi samþinga, eðr vár-&thor
n;ing eru eydd, or if it be past the várþing, Grág. i
i. 271; en er sá dagr kom er veizluna skyldi eyða, when men were t
o depart, break up the feast, Fms. xi. 331. 4. a law term, eyða m
ál, sókn, vörn, to make a suit void by counter-pleadin
g; e. dæmð mál, Grág. ii. 23; munu vér e. m&aacut
e;lit með öxar-hömrum, Fs. 61; ok eyðir málit fyrir Bir
ni, 125; eyddi Broddhelgi þá enn málit, Vápn. 13; at
hann vildi í því hans sök e., ef hann vildi hans m&aacu
te;l í því e., of unlawful pleading, Grág. i. 121; ve
ra má at Eysteinn konungr hafi þetta mál eytt með l&ouml
;gkrókum sínum, Fms. vii. 142; eyddusk sóknir ok varnir, Nj
. 149: with dat., eytt vígsmálum, 244; hélt þá
Snorri fram málinu ok eyddi bjargkviðnum, Eb. 160, Arnkels (but no d
oubt less correct).
eyði, n. [auðr, Germ. öde], waste, desert; leg
gja í e., to leave in the lurch, desert, Jb. 277; jörðin
var e. og tóm, Gen. i. 2; yðart hús skal yðr í e. l
átið verða, Matth. xxiii. 38: in COMPDS, desert, forlorn, wild
; eyði-borg, f. a deserted town (castle), Stj. 284
. eyði-bygð, f. a desert country, Fs. 19. eyði-dalr
, m. a wild, desolate vale, Hrafn. 1. eyði-ey, f. a des
ert island, Fms. x. 154. eyði-fjall, n. a wild fell, Sks.
1. eyði-fjörðr, m. a desert firth county, Fs. 24. 
eyði-haf, n. the wild sea, Stj. 636. eyði-hús,
n. deserted dwellings, Hkr. ii. 379. eyði-jörð, f. a deserted household or farm, Dipl. iii. 13, Jb. 183. eyði-ko
t, n. a deserted cottage, Vm. 61. eyði-land, n. desert
land, Hkr. i. 96. eyði-mörk, f. a desert, wilderness,
Fms. i. 118, iv. 336, v. 130, Fær. 62, Stj. 141, 283. eyði-rj&oacu
te;ðr, n. a desert plain, Stj. 527, 2 Sam. xv. 28. eyði-sk
emma, u, f. a desert barn, Hkr. ii. 383. eyði-sker,
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<HEADER>EYÐISKOGR -- EYRENDL 135</HEADER>
n. a wild rock, skerry, Fs. 18. eyði-skógr, m. a wil
d 'shaw' (wood),
Stj. 485. eyði-staðr, m. a barren place, 655 xiii B, Bs. i
. 204. eyðitröð, f. a desolate lane. Sturl. ii. 209, cp. auða tr&ou
ml;ð, Hkm. 20. eyðiveggr, m. a deserted building, ruin, Karl. 2.
eyði-legging, f. desolation, Matth. xxiv. 15.

eyði-leggja, lagði, to lay waste, N. T.
eyði-liga, adv. in a forlorn state, Stj. 113.
eyði-ligr, adj. empty, in metaph. sense, sad, cheerless; veikligr ok e.,
weakly and cheerless, Fas. ii. 30; e. veraldar riki, v. 343; ýmisl
egt né
e., 677. 2: medic., e-m er eyðiligt, one feels empty (hollow) and uneasy:

also in the phrase, e-t er eyðiligt, strange, unpleasant.
eyðsla, u, f. waste, squandering. COMPDS: eyðslu-ma&eth
;r, m. a
spendthrift, þorst. hv. 35. eyðslu-semi, f. extravagance
.
Ey-firzkr, adj., Ey-firðingar, m. pl. men from Eyjafirth in Ic
el., Landn.
eygir, m. one who frightens, a terror, Lex. Poët.
eygja, ð, to furnish with a loop or eye, Fins. xi. 304.
β. [Dan. öjne],
to see, esp. to see far off, Clar. 176.
ey-gló, f. the ever-glowing, poët, the sun, Alm
. 17.
ey-góðr, adj. [Dan. ejegod], 'ever-good,' cognom
. of a Danish king,
Fms. xi.
EYGR, later form eygðr, which, however, is freq. in MSS. of th
e
14th century, adj. [auga]:-- having eyes of a certain kind; vel e., wi
th
fine eyes, Stj. 460. I Sam. xvi. 12, Nj. 39: e. manna bezt, Ísl. ii.
190,
Fms. vi. 438, xi. 79; mjök eygðr, large-eyed, Þorf. Karl.
422; eigi vel
eyg, not good looking, Fms, iii. 216; e. mjök ok vel, with large
and
fine eyes, Eb. 30, Fb. i.545; e. forkunnar vel, with eyes exceeding fine,
 Fms. iv. 38; esp. freq. in compds: in the Sagas a man is seldom described
without marking the colour, shape, or expression ol his eyes, fagr-e.,
bjart-e., dökk-e., svart-e., blá-e., grá-e., mó-e.; th
e shape also, opin-e.,
út-e., inn-e., smá-e., stór-e., etc.; the lustre of the eye
, snar-e., fast-e.,
hvass-e., frán-e., dapr-e., etc.; expressing disease, vát-e., rau&
eth;-e., ein-e.; expressing something wrong in the eye, hjá-e., til-e., rang-e., etc., F&eac
ute;l.ix.192.
eyj-óttr, adj. full of islands, Fb. i. 541.
eyk-hestr, m. a cart-horse, Eg. 149, Fb. ii. 332.

eyki, n. a vehicle; hestr ok e., Dropl. 26.
EYKR, m., pl. eykir, gen. eykia, [Swed. ök Dan. ög: akin to ok,
a yoke]:-- a beast of draught; úlfalda ok eyki, Stj. 393; h
ross eðr eyk,
Grág. i. 434; þat er einn e. má draga, ii. 362; þeir h
vildu sik þar ok
eyki sína, Eg. 586 (travelling in a sledge); eykja fóðr, fo
dder for eykr,
N.G.L. i. 38: eykr includes oxen, horses, etc.,-- eykjum, hestum ok
uxum, cattle, whether horses or oxen, Fms. v. 249; eyk, uxa eð
r hross,
Jb. 52; uxa ok asna, þá sömu eyki ... , Mar.; hefi ek öng
va frétt af at
nokkurr þeirra hafi leitt eyki Þórs (of Thor in his wain with
the hegoats), Fb. i. 321: metaph., Bs. i. 294. II. the passage Bs. i. 674
--þar er þeir höfðu eykinn búit -- ought to be read
'eikjuna,' vide eikja.
eykja-gerfi, n. the harness of an eykr, Ýt. 10; jötuns
-e., the giants' e.,
i. e. a wild ox, poët., 14: in poetry ships are called the ey
kir of the seakings and the sea.
eyk-reiði, n. the harness of an eykr, Gþl. 358.
EYKT, eykð, f. three or half-past three o'clock P. M.;
many commentaries have been written upon this word, as by Pal Vidalin Skýr., Finn
Johnson in H.E. i. 153 sqq. note 6, and in Horologium, etc. The time
of eykð is clearly defined in K.Þ.K. 92 as the time when the sun ha
s past
two parts of the 'útsuðr' (q.v.) and has one part left, th
at is to say, half-past
three o'clock P.M.: it thus nearly coincides with the eccl. Lat. nona
(three
o'clock P. M.); and both eykt and nona are therefore used indiscriminately in some passages. Sunset at the time of 'eykð' is opposed to sunrise at the time of 'dagmál,' q.v. In Norway 'ykt' means a luncheon
taken about half-past three o'clock. But the passage in Edda--that
autumn ends and winter begins at sunset at the time of eykt--confounded the commentators, who believed it to refer to the conventional
Icel.winter, which (in the old style) begins with the middle of October, and
lasts six months. In the latitude of Reykholt--the residence of Snorri-the sun at this time sets about half-past four. Upon this statement the
commentators have based their reasoning both in regard to dagmál and
eykt, placing the eykt at half-past four P.M. and dagmál at half-past sev
en
A.M., although this contradicts the definition of these terms in the law.
The passage in Edda probably came from a foreign source, and refers not
to the Icel. winter but to the astronomical winter, viz. the winter solstice
or the shortest day; for sunset at half-past three is suited not to Icel.,
but to the latitude of Scotland and the southern parts of Scandinavia.
The word is also curious from its bearing upon the discovery of America
by the ancients, vide Fb. 1. c. This sense (half-past three) is now obsol
ete
in Icel., but eykt is in freq. use in the sense of trihorium, a time of three
hours; whereas in the oldest Sagas no passage has been found bearing
this sense, -- the Bs. i. 385, 446, and Hem. l.c. are of the 13th and 14th
centuries. In Norway ykt is freq. used metaph. of all the four meal times
in the day, morning-ykt, midday-ykt, afternoon-ykt (or ykt proper), and
even-ykt. In old MSS. (Grág., K.Þ.K., Hem., Heið.S.) this word
is always
spelt eykð or eykþ, shewing the root to be 'auk' with the fem, inflex.
added; it probably first meant the eke-meal, answering to Engl. lunch,
 and
thence came to mean the time of day at which this meal was taken. The
eccl. law dilates upon the word, as the Sabbath was to begin at 'hora
nona;' hence the phrase, eykt-helgr dagr (vide below). The word can
have no relation to átta, eight, or átt, plaga coeli. At present Icel.
say, at eykta-mótum, adv. at great intervals, once an eykt,
once in
three hours. I. half-past three; þá er eykð e
r útsuðrs-átt er
deild í þriðjunga, ok hefir sól gengna tvá hluti
en einn ógenginn, K.Þ.K.
92; net skal öll upp taka fyrir eykð, 90; helgan dag eptir eykð, 88
;
ef þeir hafa unnit á eykð, 94; enda skal hann undan honum hafa
boðit
fyrir miðjan dag en hinn skal hafa kosit at eykþ, Grág. i. 198;
ok á
maðr kost at stefna fyrir eykþ ef vill, 395; í þat mund d
ags er tók út
eyktina, Fms. xi. 136; eptir eykt dags, rendering of the Lat. 'vix decima
parte diei reliqua,' Róm. 313; þeir gengu til eyktar, ok höf&e
th;u farit árla
morguns, en er nón var dags, etc., Fs. 176; at eykð dags þ&aacu
te; kómu heim
húskarlar Barða. Ísl. ii. 329; nú vættir mik at &
thorn;ar komi þér nær eykð
dags, 345; var þat nær eykð dags, 349; var hón at veraldl
igu verki
þangat til er kom eykð, þá fór hón til b&ae
lig;nar sinnar at nóni, . Hom.
(St.) 59. COMPDS: eykðar-helgr, adj. = eykthelgr, Hom. (St.) 13.
eyktar-staðr, m. the place of the sun at half-past three P. M.
; meira
var þar jafndægri en á Grænlandi eðr Íslandi
, sól hafði þar eyktar-stað
ok dagmála-stað um skamdegi, Fb. i. 539, -- this passage refers to th
e
discovery of America; but in A.A. l.c. it is wrongly explained as denoting the shortest day nine hours long, instead of seven; it follows that the
latitude fixed by the editors of A.A. is too far to the south; frá jafndægri er haust til þess er sól setzk í eykðarsta&e
th;, þá er vetr til jafndægris,
Edda 103. eykðar-tíð, n. the hour of eykð,=Lat.
nona, Hom. (St.)
1.c. II. trihorium; en er liðin var nær ein eykt dags, B
s. i. 446;
at þat mundi verit hafa meir en hálf eykt, er hann vissi ekki til s
ín, 385;
þessi flaug vanst um eina eykð dags, Hem. (Hb.)
eykt-heilagr, adj. a day to be kept holy from the hour of eykt, or
halfpast three P.M., e.g. Saturday, Grág. i. 395.
ey-kyndill, m. 'isle-candle,' cognom. of a fair lady, Bjarn.
ey-land, n. an island, Fms. i. 233, xi. 230, Eb. 316. β. the
island
Öland in Sweden, A.A. 290.
ey-lífr, v. eilífr.
EYMA, d, [aumr], to feel sore; in the phrase, e. sik, to wail, Hom.
155: reflex., eymask, id., Post.(Fr.) β. impers., in the metaph.
phrase, það eymir af e-u, one feels sore, of after-pains, Fas.
iii. 222: in
mod. usage also of other things, whatever can still be smelt or felt, as if
it came from eimr, q.v.
eymd (eymð),
viii. 242: in pl.,
Stj. 38; af lítilli e.,
eymdar-háttr, m.
, f. and eymðartími, a, m. time
f. misery, Fms. i. 223, ii. 126, vi. 334,

Fas. i. 215. COMPDS: eymðar-skapr and
wretchedness. eymðar-tíð
of misery, 655 xxxii. 2. Stj. 404, Karl. 248.
eymðar-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), pitiful, piteous, Post

.
eymstr, n., medic. a sore, sore place.
EYRA, n., pl. eyru, gen. eyrna, [Lat. auris; Goth, ausô: A. S. eâre;
Engl. ear; O.H.G. ôra; Germ, ohr; Swed. öra,
öron; Dan. öre, ören]:
--an ear; eyrum hlýðir, en augum skoðar, he listens wit
h his ears, but
looks with his eyes, Hm. 7:--proverbs, mörg eru konungs eyru, many a
re
the king's ears, Orkn. 252; þar eru eyru sæmst sem óxu, the ears fit best
where they grow, i.e. a place for everything and everything in its place,
 Nj. 80; láta inn um eitt eyrat en út um hitt, to let a thi
ng in at one ear
and out at the other; láta e-t sem vind um eyrun þjóta,
to let a thing
blow like the wind about one's ears, i.e. heed it not; Grími v
ar sem við
annat eyrat gengi út þat er Þorsteinn mælti, Brand. 60;
svá var sem Kálfi
færi um annat eyrat út þótt hann heyrði slí
kt talað, Fms. xi. 46; skjóta
skolla-eyrum við e-u, to turn a fox's ear (a deaf ear) to a thing; &t
horn;ar er
mér úlfs ván er ek eyru sé'k, I can guess the wol
f when I see his ears, Fm.
35, Finnb. 244; við eyra e-m, under one's nose, Ld. 100; mæla &
iacute; e. e-m,
to speak into one's ear, Fg. 549; hafa nef í eyra e-m, to put o
ne's nose in
one's ear, i.e. to be a tell-tale, Lv. 57; leiða e-n af eyrum, to get rid of
one, Ísl. ii. 65; setja e-n við eyra e-m, to place a person at
one's ear, of
an unpleasant neighbour, Ld. 100; UNCERTAIN (hnefann) við eyra Hými,
gave
Hymir a box on the ear, Edda 36; e-m loðir e-t í eyrum, it cle
aves to
one's ears, i. e. one remembers, Bs. i. 163; reisa, sperra eyrun, 
to prick up
the ears, etc.; koma til eyrna e-m, to come to one's ears, Nj. 64; ro
ðna
út undir bæði eyru, to blush from ear to ear. COMPDS: eyrna-blað,
n. (Sks. 288, v.l.), eyrna-blaðkr, m., eyrna-snepill, m. (Korm
. 86,
H. E. i. 492), the lobe of the ear. eyrna-búnaðr, m. (S
tj. 396),
eyrna-gull, n. (Stj. 311, 396), eyrna-hringr, m. ear-rings.
eyrnalof, n. 'ear-praise,' vain praise, Barl. 63. eyrna-mark, n. ear-cropping, of animals, Grág. ii. 308, cp. 309, Jb. 291. eyra-runa,
u,
f. a rowning of secrets in one's ear, poët, a wife, Vsp. 45,
Hm. 116.
eyrna-skefill, m. an ear-pick. II. some part of a ship, Edda
(Gl.) β. a handle, e.g. on a pot. γ. anatom., óh
ljóðs-eyru, the auricles
of the heart. δ. hunds-eyru, dogs-ears (in a book).
eyra-rós, f., botan. a flower, epilobium montanum, Hjalt.
EYRENDI or öreneji, erendi, n. [A. S. ærend = mandat
um; Engl.
errand; Hel. arundi; O.H.G. arunti; Swed. ärende; Dan. &oelig;rende;
 akin to árr, a messenger, vide p. 45, and not, as some sugges
t, from
<PAGE NUM="b0136">
<HEADER>136 ERINDISLAUSS -- EYÞOLINN.</HEADER>
ör-andi; the reference Edda l.c. is quite isolated; there is, however, some
slight irregularity in the vowel] :-- an errand, message, business, mission;
 eiga e. við e-n, to have business with one, Eg. 260; reka eyren
di, to do an errand, message (hence erind-reki), 15; þess eyrendis,
to that errand or purpose, Stj. 115, 193; hann sendi menn s&iacut
e;na með þessháttar erendum, Fms. i. 15; báru þeir
fram sín erindi, 2, Íb. 11; hón svaraði þeirra e
rindum, Fms. i. 3; ok láti yðr fram koma sínu eyrendi, 127; ko
ma brátt þessi örendi (news) fyrir jarlinn, xi. 83; han
n sagdi eyrendi sín þeim af hljóði, Nj. 5; mun annat ver
a erindit, 69; gagna at leita eðr annarra eyrenda, 235; tók Þor
gils þeim eyrendum vel, Sturl. iii. 170; síns örendis, for
one's own purpose, Grág. i. 434; ek á leynt e. (a secret er
rand) við þik, Fs. 9; erviði ok ekkí örendi, &THOR

N;kv. (vide erfiði); hafa þeir hingat sótt skapnaðar-erindi
, a suitable errand or end, Þiðr. 202; ef eyrindit ev&et
h;isk, if my errand turns to naught, Bs. ii. 132; ek em ósæm
iligr slíks erendis, unwortby of such an errand, Sturl. i. 45; &th
orn;annog var þá mikit eyrendi margra manna, many people flocked
to that place, Bs. i. 164. β. the phrase, ganga örna sinna
, to go to do one's business, cacare, Eb. 20, Landn. 98, Stj. 383 (where
eyrna), Judges iii. 24, Bs. i. 189, Fs. 75 (spelt erinda); setjask niðr at e
yrindi, id., Bs. ii. 24; stíga af baki örna sinna, Sturl. 172
. 2. a message, speech; talði hann mörg örendi me&et
h; mikilli snild, Fms. x. 274; Snorri Goði stóð þá u
pp ok talaði langt eyrindi ok snjallt, then Snorri Godi stood up and made
a long and fine speech (in parliament), Nj. 250; en er Sigurðr jarl haf
ði heyrt svá langt ok snjallt eyrendi, Orkn. 34; konungr talaði s
njallt eyrindi yfir greptinum, of a funeral sermon, Fms. x. 151, v.l.; þ&a
acute; mælti Gizurr Hallsson langt erendi ok fagrt, Bs. i. 299; ok &aacute
;ðr hann væri smurðr mælti hann mjök langt örindi,
296; allir rómuðu þetta eyrendi vel, all cheered this speec
h, Sturl. ii. 217; talaði Hafliði langt e. um málit, i. 35; l
angt e. ok snjallt, id.; skaut konungr á eyrindi, the king made a spee
ch, Fms. i. 215; en er þing var sett stóð Sigmundr upp ok s
kaut á löngu eyrendi, Fær. 140. 3. a strophe in
a secular poem, vers (a verse) being used of a hymn or psalm; ok j&oacute
;k nokkurum erendum eðr vísum, Hkr. ii. 297; hversu mörg v&iacut
e;su-orð (lines) standa í einu eyrendi, Edda (Ht.) 120; eptir
þessi sögu orti Jórunn Skáldmær nokkur erendi &ia
cute; Sendibít, Hkr. i. 117; gef ek þér þat rá&
eth; at snúum sumum örendum ok fellum ór sum, O. H. L. 46; al
lt stafrofið er svo læst | í erindin þessi lítil t
vö, a ditty. 4. the breath; en er hann þraut eyrendit o
k hann laut ór horninu, when the breath left him and he 'louted' from
the drinking horn, removed his lips from the horn, of Thor's draught by &Uac
ute;tgarða-Loki, Edda 32. COMPDS: erindis-lauss, n. adj. going in
vain; fara at erindislausu, to go in vain. Fs. 5. eyrindis-leysa, u, f. the failure of one's errand, Hg. 21. eyrindis-lok, n. pl
. the result of one's errand, Fms. xi. 69.
eyrend-laust, n. adj. purpose-less; fara e., to go in vain,
Fms. vi. 248, Glúm. 351, Th. 18, Al. 34.
eyrend-reki (örend-reki and erind-reki), a, m. [A. S.
ærend-raca], a messenger, Post. 645. 27, Gþl. 12, 42,
Greg. 44, Stj. 524, Barl. 52.
eyri-lauss, adj. penniless, N. G. L. i. 52.
EYRIR, m., gen. eyris, dat. and acc. eyri; pl. aurar, gen. aura, dat. aur
um; a word prob. of foreign origin, from Lat. aurum, Fr. or, Engl.
ore; (A. S. ora is, however, prob. Danish.) The first coins known
in Scandinavia were Roman or Byzantine, then Saxon or English; as the old word
baugr (q.v.) denoted unwrought, uncoined gold and silver, so eyrir prob. origina
lly meant a certain coin: I. an ounce of silver or its amount i
n money, the eighth part of a mark; an eyrir is = sixty pennies (penningar)
= three ertog; tuttugu penningar vegnir í örtug, þrír &
ouml;rtugar í eyri. átta aurar í mörk, 732. 16; silfr
svá slegit at sextigir penninga görði eyri veginn, Grág.
i. 500; penning, þat skal hinn tíundi (prob. a false reading, x ins
tead of lx) hlutr eyris, 357; hálfs eyris met ek hverjan, I value each
at a half eyrir, Glúm, (in a verse); leigja skip þrem aurum, to hire a boat for three aurar, Korm.; einn eyrir þess fjár h
eitir alaðsfestr, Grág. i. 88: the phrase, goldinn liverr eyrir, e
very ounce paid; galt Guðmundr hvern eyri þá þegar,
Sturl. i. 141; gjalda tvá aura fyrir einn, to pay two for one, Gr&
aacute;g. i. 396, ii. 234; verðr þá at hálfri mörk
vaðmála eyrir, then the eyrir amounts to half a mark in wad
mal, i. 500; brent silfr, ok er eyririnn at mörk lögaura, pure
silver, the ounce of which amounts to a mark in lögaurar, 392; hring er
stendr sex aura, a ring worth or weighing six aurar, Fms. ii. 246
; hence baugr tví-eyringr, tvítug-eyringr, a ring weighing two or twenty aurar, Eb., Glúm. β. as a weight of othe
r things beside silver; hagl hvert vá eyri, every hail-stone weighed a
n ounce, Fms. i. 175; stæltr lé ok vegi áttjan aura, egg
elningr, þeir skulu þrír fyrir tvá aura, a scythe o
f wrought steel and weighing eighteen aurar, an ell-long edge, three such
cost two aurar (in silver), the proportion between the weight in wrought ir
on and the worth in silver being 1:28, Grág. i. 501. γ. t
he amount of an ounce, without any notion of the medium of payment, hence s
uch phrases as, tólf aura silfrs, twelve aurar to be paid in si
lver, Nj. 54; eyrir brendr, burnt eyrir, i.e. an eyrir sterling, 
pure silver, D. N. II. money in general; skal þar sinn e
yri hverjum dæma, to every one his due, his share, Grág. i.
125; in proverbs, ljósir aurar verða at löngum trega, bright
silver brings long woe, Sl. 34; margr verðr af aurum api, Hm. 74; illr
af aurum, a miser, Jd. 36; vára aura, our money, Vkv. 13; l
eggja aura, to lay up money, Eg. (in a verse); gefin til aura (= til fj&a
acute;r), wedded to money, Ísl. ii. 254 (in a verse); telja e-m au
ra, to tell out money to one, Skv. 3. 37, cp. 39: the phrase, hann veit e
kki aura sinna tal, he knows not the tale of his aurar, of boundless weal
th. Mar. 88: the allit. phrase, lönd (land, estate) ok lausir aurar
(movables, cp. Dan. lösöre, Swed. lösören), Eg. 2; hafa fyrirgört löndum ok lausum eyri, K. Á. 94. 
2. money or specie; the allit. phrase, aurar ok óð
al, money and estates, N. G. L. i. 48; ef hann vill taka við aurum sl
íkum (such payment) sem váttar vitu at hann reiddi honum, 9
3; þeim aurum öllum (all valuables) sem til bús þ
eirra vóru keyptir, Grág. i. 412; Flosi spurði í hverju
m aurum hann vildi fyrir hafa, F. asked in what money he wished to he paid, Nj. 259; lögaurar, such money as is legal tender; þú
skalt gjalda mér vaðmál, ok skilrað hann frá a&eth
;ra aura, other kinds of payment, Grág. i. 392; útborinn ey
rir, in the phrase, mér er það enginn utborinn (or útbur
ðar-) eyrir, I do not want to part with it, offer it for sale; eyrir
vaðmála, payment in wadmal (stuff), 300, Bs. i. 639: for the d
ouble standard, the one woollen (ells), the other metal (rings or coin), and the
confusion between them, see Dasent's Burnt Njal, vol. ii. p. 397 sqq.: at diffe
rent times and places the ell standard varied much, and we hear of three, six, n
ine, twelve ell standards (vide alin, p. 13): in such phrases as 'mörk sex
álna aura,' the word 'mörk' denotes the amount, 'sex álna' th
e standard, and 'aura' the payment = payment of 'a mark of six ells,' cp. a poun
d sterling, K. Þ. K. 172; hundrað (the amount) þriggja ál
na (the standard) aura, Sturl. i. 141, 163, Boll. 362, Ísl. ii. 28; m&oum
l;rk sex álna eyris, Fsk. 10, N. G. L. i. 65, 101, 389, 390; þrem m
örkum níu álna eyris, 387-389; sex merkr tólf á
lna eyrir, 81. β. in various compds, etc.; land-aurar, land tax, Jb. ch. i, Ó. H. 54; öfundar-eyrir, money which brings envy,
 Fs. 12; sak-metinn e., sak-eyrir, sakar-eyrir, money payable in fines, Fms. vii. 300; ómaga-eyrir, the money of an orphan, K. Þ.
K. 158, Grág. ii. 288; liksöngs-eyrir, a 'lyke-fee,' burial fee (to the clergyman); vísa-eyrir, a tax: góðr e., good payment, D. N.; verð-aurar, articles used for payment, id.;

forn-gildr e., standard, sterling payment, id.; færi-eyrir = lausi
r aurar, Skv. 3. 50; flytjandi e., id., Fr.; kaupmanna e., trade money
; búmanna e., D. N.; Norrænn e., Norse money, Lv. 25; Hj
altenzkr e., Shetland money, D. N. (vide Fritzner s.v.); fríðr
e., 'kind,' i.e. sheep and cattle, Grág. COMPDS: I. pl., aura-dagr, m. pay-day, D. N. aura-lag, n. the sta
ndard of money, Fms. vii. 300, 304. aura-lán, n. worldly lu
ck, 656 i. 3. aura-lógan, f. the squandering of money,
655 iii. 1. aura-lykt, n. payment, D. N. aura-skortr, m. scarcity of money, D. N. aura-taka, u, f. receipt of money, N
. G. L. i. 93, Gþl. 298. II. sing., eyris-bót, f. 
fine of an eyrir, Grág. i. 158. eyris-kaup, n. a bargain to
the amount of an eyrir, Gþl. 511. eyris-land, n. land givin
g the rent of an eyrir, Fms. x. 146. eyris-skaði, a, m. loss t
o the amount of an eyrir, Jb. 166. eyris-tíund, f. tithe of
an eyrir, K. Þ. K. 148. eyris-tollr, m. toll of an eyri
r, H. E. ii. 95.
EYRR, f., mod. eyri, gen. eyrar, dat. and acc. eyri, pl. eyrar, [a
urr; Dan. öre; Swed. ör: it remains also in Scandin. loc
al names, as Eyrar-sund, the Sound; Helsing-ör, Elsinore, qs.
Helsingja-eyrr] :-- a gravelly bank, either of the banks of a river (ár-eyrar, dals-cyrar) or of small tongues of land running into th
e sea, Fms. v. 19, Eg. 196, Nj. 85, Grág. ii. 355, N. G. L. i. 242, a
nd passim in local names, esp. in Icel., vide Landn.: eyrar-oddi and e
yrar-tangi, a, m. the point or tongue of an eyrr, Gísl.
93, Grág. ii. 354, Jb. 314, Háv. 47; Eyrar-maðr, m. a man from the place E., Sturl. iii. 11, Band. 9; Eyr-byggjar, m. p
l. id., hence Eyrbyggja Saga, the history of that name, Landn., Eb
., Bs. i. 409. A great meeting used to be held at Haleyr, now Copenhagen (P. A.
Munch), Fær. ch. 2, hence Eyrar-floti, a, m. the fleet at Ey
rar, Eg. 78. Another meeting was held in Drondheim (Niðarós) on the g
ravel banks of the river Nid, hence Eyrar-þing, n., Fms. vi. 24, vi
ii. 49, ix. 91, 449, etc. II. duels usually took place on a gravel bank o
r on an island, hence the phrase, ganga út á eyri, to go to fig
ht, Ísl. ii. 256 (in a verse); mér hefir stillir stökt ti
l eyrar, the king has challenged me to fight a duel, Hkv. Hjörv. 33.
β. in poetry used in circumlocutions of a woman, Lex. Poët.
eyr-silfr, n. 'ore-silver,' mercury, 655 xxx. 7; mod. kvika-silfr.
eyrskr, adj. a dub. GREEK, in the phrase, jó eyrskan, a shod (?
) horse, Akv. 32; vide aurskór.
eysill, m., dimin. [ausa], little ladle, a nickname, Fms. xii.
eystri, [austr], compar. the more eastern; austastr, superl
. the most eastern, Nj. 8, 281, Hkr. i. 137, Eg. 100, Fms. i. 252, vii. 2
59, xi. 414. Eystra-salt, n. the Baltic, Fms. i. 100, Fær. 1
0, etc.
Ey-verskr, adj. from the Orkneys, Landn. 27, B. K. 29, Lex. Po&eum
l;t.
ey-vit or ey-fit, ey-fvit, ey-vitar, adv. [ey = not, and vi
t = wight], naught; used as subst. eyvitar, gen., Hm. 93; eyvitu,
dat., 27; but else used as adv., blandask eyvitar (blend not) við a&e
th;ra ísa, Sks. 40 new Ed.: the proverb, eyfit týr (it boots no
t) þótt skyndi seinn, Mkv.; eyfit hef ek fé, I have n
o money, Fbr. 49 new Ed.; en biskup hafði þó eyfvit at s&ou

ml;k við þenna mann, the bishop could do nothing with this man,
Bs. i. 170; hón matti eyfit mæla eðr sofa, she could neithe
r speak nor sleep, 180; hón mátti ok eyfit sofa, 195.
eyx, vide öx.
ey-þolinn, m. the rivet in a clasp knife, now called þ
olin-móðr, Edda (Gl.)
<PAGE NUM="b0137">
<HEADER>137 F -- FÖÐURHENDR.</HEADER>
F
F (eff), the sixth letter, was in the Gothic Runes, on the Bracteats, and
on the stone in Tune, marked RUNE, a form evidently derived from the Greek and
Latin; hence also comes the Anglo-Saxon RUNE called feoh, and in the Scan
dinavian Runes RUNE called fé (=fee, money), fé veld
r frænda rógi, Rkv. I. The Runic alphabet makes f the first
letter, whence this alphabet is sometimes by modern writers called Fuþork.
The first six letters are called Freys-ætt, the family of Frey; pe
rhaps the Goths called this Rune Frauja = Freyr, the lord. Only in very e
arly Icel. MSS. is the old Latin form of f used: at the beginning of the
13th century the Anglo-Saxon form RUNE (derived from the Rune) prevailed; and it
was employed in printed Icel. books till about A. D. 1770, when the Latin f came into use. In very early MSS. ff and ft are
very difficult to distinguish from ff and ft. Emenda
tions may sometimes be made by bearing this in mind, e. g. hóstú,
Am. 95, should clearly be read hóftú = hóft þú
, from hefja, -- proving that this poem was in writing not later than about A. D
. 1200, when the Anglo-Saxon letter was introduced.
A. PRONUNCIATION. -- At the beginning of a syllable always sounded as Eng
l. f; but as a medial and final, it is often pronounced and sometimes spe
lt v, especially after a vowel, so that in af, ef, lauf, gefa, hafa, graf
a, lifa, líf, gröf, f is pronounced like the v, as in
Engl. grave. Foreign proper names, Stefan (Stephen), etc., are exc
eptions, where f not initial has an aspirate sound. For the exceptional s
pelling of f as b vide introduction to B, (pp. 48, 49.) The Icel.
dislike a double f sound, which is only found in a verv few modern foreig
n words, such as kaffe, coffee; straff, Germ, strafe, punishment;
koffort, a box (from French or Germ.); offur, an offer; skoffin, a monster; skeffa, a 'skep' or bushel; skúffa, a d
rawer; eff, the name of the letter itself, cp. Skálda 166.
B. SPELLING: I. as an initial the spelling never changes; as media
l and final the form f is usually retained, as in álfr, kál
fr, sjálfr, silfr, arfr, orf, úlfr, etc., af, gaf, haf, etc., alth
ough the sound is soft in all these syllables. Some MSS. used to spell fu
, especially after an l, sialfuan (ipsum), halfuan (dimidium), etc.; in the 14th century this was common, but did not continue; in Swedish
it prevailed, hence the mod. Swed. forms gifva, drifva, etc. II. t
he spelling with f is against the true etymology in many cases, and here
also the spelling differs; this is especially the case with the final radical v or u (after a vowel or after l or r), which, being i
n some cases suppressed or obsolete, reappears and is differently spelt; thus, &
ouml;rfar, arrows (from ör); snjófar (nives), snow, and snjófa, to snow (from snjór); háfan (acc.),
high (from hár); mjófan, thin (from mjór); s
æfar (gen.), the sea (from sær): the partly obsolete dat. for
ms ölvi, mjölvi, Mávi, bölvi, heyvi, hörvi, smjö

rvi, lævi from öl (ale), mjöl (meal), hey (hay), etc. are also spelt ölfi ... heyfi, cp. e. g. Eb. 94 new Ed. note 8:
so also adjectives, as örfan (acc. from örr), liberal: nouns, a
s völfa or völva, a prophetess. III. the spelling with pt in such words as, aptan, evening; aptr, after; leiptr, lightning; dript, drift; dupt, Germ. duft; heipt, cp. Germ. heftig; kraptr, Germ. kraft;; aptari, eptri, = aftari, eftri, af
t, behind; eptir, after; skipta, to shift; lopt, Germ. luft
; kjöptr, Germ. UNCERTAIN; opt, often; nipt (from nefi), a si
ster; hapt, a haft, hepta, to haft; gipta, a gift; rapt
r, a rafter; tópt, cp. Engl. toft, Dan. toft; skapt,
Engl. shaft, Dan. skaft; þopta, Dan. tofte, -- is ag
ainst the sense and etymology and is an imitation of Latin MSS. The earliest MSS
. and almost all Norse MSS. use ft, and so also many Icel. MSS., e. g. th
e Flateyjar-bók, Hauks-bók, etc.; pt, however, is the regul
ar spelling, and hence it came into print. The present rule appears to be to use
pt wherever both consonants are radicals, but ft if the t
be inflexive -- thus haft, part. from hafa, líft from lifa, hlíft
from hlífa; but in speaking pt and ft are both sounded alik
e, regardless of etymology, viz. both as ft or vt with a soft f
 sound; hence phonetic spelling now and then occurs in MSS., e. g. draft -drapt, from drepa, Fb. i. 149; efðe = æpði = æpti, from &ael
ig;pa, to weep, Bs. i. 342; keyfti, from kaupa, Greg. 50; steyfti, from s
teypa. β. a digraph fp or pf occurs a few times in MSS
., efptir, 673 A. 2; lopfti = lopti, Greg. 72 (vide Frump. 100), but it never ca
me into use; it reminds one of the pf which in modern German is so freque
nt: fm -- f or m, e. g. nafm -- nafn or namn, Mork. 60 and
N. G. L. passim; fft=ft also occurs in old MSS.
C. CHANGES. -- The final soft Icel. f answers to Engl. f, ve, e. g. Icel. líf = Engl. life, but Icel. lifa = Engl. 
to live; gefa, to give; hafa, to have; leifa, to leave.
Again, the spurious Icel. f (B. II) usually answers to Engl. w or
the like, e. g. örfar = Engl. arrow; snjófar = Engl. snow
; már náfi, cp. Engl. mew; Icel. nær (the v is here suppressed), cp. Engl. narrow; Icel. lævi, cp. Engl. l
ewd, etc. etc. In Danish the soft f is usually spelt with v, e
. g. halv, kalv, hav, give, love, sove, -- Icel. hálfr, kál
fr, haf, gefa, lofa, sofa, whereas the Swedes frequently keep the f. In G
erman a final b answers to Icel. f; Germ. geben = Icel. gef
a, Engl. give; Germ. kalb, erbe, = Icel. kalfr, arfi, etc., see in
troduction to B. Again, in German a final f or ff answers to Icel.
and Engl. p, e. g. Germ. lauf =Icel. hlaup, Engl. leap; Ge
rm. kauf = Icel. kaup, Engl. cheap; Germ. schiff = Icel. sk
ip, Engl. ship, also skiff; Germ. treff = Icel. drep; Germ.
tief = Icel. djúpr, Engl. deep; Germ. haufen = Icel
. hópr, Engl. heap; Germ. rufen = Icel.hrópa; Germ.
schaffen = Icel. skapa, Engl. shape; Germ. saufen = Icel. s
úpa, Engl.
to sup; Germ. UNCERTAIN = Icel. huppr, Engl. hip; Germ. 
greifen = Icel. grípa, Engl. to grapple, grip; Germ. gaffen
 = Icel. gapa, Engl. gape; Germ. offen = Icel. opinn, Engl. open; Germ. affe = Icel. api, Engl. ape; Germ. triefen
= Icel. drjúpa, Engl. drip; Germ. tropfen = Icel. dropi, E
ngl. drop. As to the use of the initial f, the Engl., Icel., Swed.
, and Dan. all agree; the High Germ. spelling is confused, using either f
or v, but both of them are sounded alike, thus voll = Engl. fu
ll, Icel. fullr; vier = Engl. four, Icel. fjórir; va
ter = Engl. father, Icel. faðir, etc.: but fisch = Engl. fish, Icel. fiskr; fest = Engl. fast, Icel. fastr. This Germ
an v, however, seems to be dying out (Grimm, introduction to F). 2. for the change of fn and mn, see introduction to B: f changes to m in a few Icel. words, as himin, qs. hiffin, cp. Engl. heaven; helmingr, a half, from halfr, half.
D. INTERCHANGE. -- The Greek and Latin p answers to Teutonic and I
cel. f; thus, pater, paucus, piscis, GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, pecu, pellis
, GREEK, pinguis, plecto, pes, GREEK, pallor, etc., cp. Icel. faðir, f&a
acute;r, fiskr, fimm, furr, foli, fé, fell (feldr), feitr, flétta,
fet and fótr, fólr, etc.; Lat. portare = færa, Engl.
to ford; se-pelio = fela; GREEK = fjóðr and fiðr;
GREEK and GREEK, cp. fnasa; Lat. per, pro, GREEK cp. fyrir; Lat. pl&elong;nus, pleo, GREEK, GREEK, cp. fullr; GREEK = fley; Lat. prior, GREEK, cp. fyrir, fyrstr: Lat. primus, cp. frum-; Lat. pl&u-long;res, pl
&e-long;rique, GREEK, GREEK, GREEK = fjöl-, fjöd, fleiri, flestr;
Lat. plicare = falda; Lat. pr&e-long;tium, cp. friðr, fr&iacut
e;ðendi, etc. (vide Grimm). Again, where no interchange has taken place the
word is usually borrowed from the Greek or Latin, e. g. forkr, Engl. fork
= Lat. furca; Icel. fals, falskr = Lat. falsus; Icel. fálk
i = Lat. falco, etc.
faðerni, n. fatherhood, paternity, Fms. vii. 164; at f. eð
r móðerni, on father's or mother's side, Eg. 267, Fms. ix. 251
; verða sekr um f., to be convicted of fatherhood, Grág. i. 86
; ganga við f., to acknowledge one's fatherhood, Fms. i. 257, ii. 19,
iii. 130; faðerni opp. to móðerni, vi. 223. β. pa
trimony, Skv. 3. 67. γ. a parent, the father; ekki
var breytt um f. Kolla, Bjarn. 45 MS. (Ed. wrongly föðurinn); hann var
ljóss ok fagr eptir f. sínu, as his father, Edda 7. &del
ta;. eccl. = Lat. paternitas, Bs. ii. 14, 80, 151, Th. 12, Mar., etc.
FAÐIR, m., gen. dat. and acc. föður: pl. nom. and acc. fe&et
h;r, gen. feðra, dat. feðrum; there also occurs a monosyllabic nom. f
öðr or feðr, gen. föðrs or feðrs, dat. and
acc. föðr or feðr, the pl. as in faðir; this form occurs passim
in MSS. and editions, but is less correct and quite obsolete, Eg. 178, Fms. i.
6, N. G. L. i. 52, Stj. 130: in mod. usage in gen. both föður and f&oum
l;ðurs, better föðrs: feðr nd veðr are rhymed
, Edda 95; cp. also the compds all-föðr (of Odin), but Al-faðir of
God in mod. usage: [Goth, fadar; A. S. fader; Early Engl. fader
, mod. father; O. H. G. fatar, mod. vater; Swed.-Dan. fader; Lat. p&a-long;ter; Gr. GREEK all of them bisyllabic]
:-- a father, N. G. L. i. 30, Grág. i. 170, Stj. 71, Hom. 47, pass
im :-- in eccl. sense, Lat. pater, a father of the church, Stj. 126; spek
i feðra, Eluc. 2, K. Á. 30; faðir ok forstjóri, father
and ruler, Mar. :-- God, heavenly Father, N. T.; Foðir Vor, Ou
r Father (i. e. the Lord's Prayer, Lat. Pater Noster). Proverb
or saying, fleygir fúsum til föður húsa, swift is the
ride towards a father's house. COMPDS: föður-afi, u, m. 
a grandfather on the father's side. föður-arfr, m. inheri
tance after a father, Eg. 470, Rd. 282, Fb. ii. 172. föður-bani, a, m. slayer of another man's father, Nj. 120, Landn. 286, Fms. vi.
367, vii. 220, Fb. i. 555. Föður-betringr, m. better than one
's father, Grett. 110. föður-bróðir, m. a fath
er's brother, uncle, Grág;. i. 171, ii. 185, Nj. 4: föðurbr&
oacute;ður-sonr, a father's brother's son, Fms. x. 390. fö&et
h;ur-bætr, f. pl. weregild for a father, Fms. ii. 109, Hkr. iii
. 387. föður-dauði, a, m. a father's death, Ís
l. ii. 116, Fas. i. 34. föður-dráp, n. a father's slau
ghter, Ísl. l. c., v. l. föður-erfð, f. = fö
ðurarfr, Landn. 214, v. l. föður-faðir, m. a father's
father, Grág. i. 171, ii. 185, Jb. 14, Fms. i. 67, vii. 16. f&oum
l;ður-frændi, a, m. a kinsman on the father's side, G&thorn
;l. 261, Ld. 24. föður-garðr, m. a father's house, Fa

s. iii. 250, cp. K. Á. 58. föður-gjöld, n. pl. we
regild for one's father, Edda 48, Ísl. ii. 216. föður-hef
ndir, f. pl. revenge for one's father if slain, Ld. 260, Rd. 305, Vd.
94, Al. 7; as to this heathen custom, vide Sdm. 35, Skv. 3. 12, Nj. ch. 120 (en
þó er þér meiri nauðsyná at hefna fö&
eth;ur þíns), Heiðarv. S. (the revenge of Gest), Fms. vi, Har.
S. harðr. 103 (the taunts of Halli), Ld. ch. 60, cp. also Eb. ch. 38, etc. föður-hús, n. a father's house, Stj. 398, 463. f
öður-kyn, n. father's kin, Eg. 266. föður-land, n. [Germ. vaterland, Dan. fædreland], fatherland,
Bær. 17, a rare word, sounding even now affected and mod.; Icel. prefer s
aying ætt-jörð, fóstr-jörð, or the like. f&oum
l;ður-lauss, adj. fatherless, H. E. i. 237. föður-lei
fð (föður-leif, Bær. 5, Fms. x. 386), f. a patr
imony, viz. land and estates, Fms. i. 52, v. 117, vii. 176, Ld. 104.
föður-liga, adv. and föður-ligr, adj. fatherl
y, Stj. 63, Fms. vi. 70, Finnb. 226. föður-móðir,
f. a father's mother, Nj. 25, Grág. i. 171. föður-sys
tir, [whence Dan. faster], f. a father's sister, Grág.
i. 171, Fms. iv. 24; füðursystur-dóttir, the daughter of a fa
ther's sister, a niece, Hkr. iii. 170. föður-verringr, m. a degenerate son, Mag. föður-ætt (or -átt), f. kinsfolk on the father's side, Grág. i. 171, Nj. 25, G&tho
rn;l. 158. II. in many COMPDS used as adj., e. g. föður-&aacu
te;st, f. and föður-elska, u, f. fatherly love; f&
ouml;ður-hendr, f, pl. fatherly <PAGE NUM="b0138">
<HEADER>138 FOÐURHIRTING -- FALDA.</HEADER>
föður-hirting, f. fatherly punishment; föðurhjarta, n. fatherly heart. 2. guð-faðir, a god-fath
er; tengda-faðir, a father-in-law; stjúp-faðir, a s
tep-father; fóstr-faðir, a foster-father; al-faðir, all-father.
faðma, að, to embrace, Stj. 185, Barl. 29, Gg. 3: recipr.
to embrace one another. Sks. 572: metaph. to grasp with the arms,
Sturl. i. 169, Al. 86.
faðman, f. embracing, Str.
faðm-byggvir, m., poët, a dweller in one's arms, husband,
Lex. Poët.
faðm-lag, n., esp. in pl. embraces, Ísl. ii. 269, Fms.
iii. 129, Bret. 24: metaph., Sks. 550, Mar. 119.
FAÐMR m. [cp. Goth. faþa = GREEK A. S. f&oelig;ðe
m; Engl. fathom; O. H. G.fadam; Germ. faden or fadem
 = Lat. filum; Dan. favn; Swed. famn; the root is akin
to that of Gr. GREEK, cp. Lat. patere, pandere, prop. to stretc
h out]:-- a fathom: 1. a measure = two passus, Hb. 732.
5, Grág. ii. 262, 336, Landn. 35, 131, Fms. viii. 416, Eluc. 43, G&iacut
e;sl. 14; very freq. used in measuring depths or heights; thus fertugt dj&uacute
;p, þrítugr hamarr, etc. invariably means forty fathoms deep, th
irty fathoms high; whereas roads are measured by 'fet', stuffs, etc. by 'ell
s'. 2. the arms; brjóst ok f., Fms. v. 344, Sturl. i. 214,
Rm. 16, Th. 9, Am. 73; sofa í faðmi e-m, to sleep in one's arms, Hm. 114; hafa barn í faðmi, Fms. vii. 31: the bosom, Stj. 2
60. Exod. iv. 6: often in the phrase, fallask í faðma, to square o
ne thing with another, set off against, Landn. 307, Orkn. 224, Glúm.
396, Bs. i. 696, Fs. 139, Gullþ. 19.
FAGNA, að, [Ulf. faginon = GREEK; A. S. fægnian;
Hel. faganon; cp. Engl. fain, Icel. feginn]:-- to be fain, to r
ejoice, Greg. 20, 40, Sks. 631; fagnið þer og verið glaðir
. Matth. v. 12, John xvi. 20; fagnið með fagnendum, Rom. xii. 15: with d
at., fagna e-u, to rejoice in a thing; allir munu því fagna,
623. 43, Nj. 25, Ld. 62. 2. fagna e-m, to welcome one, receive with g
ood cheer, Nj. 4; var honum þar vel tagnað, 25, Eg. 36, Fms. iv. 1
31, ironic, vii. 249, x. 19. β. with prep., fagna í e-u, t
o rejoice in a thing, Th. 76; fagna af e-u, id., Stj. 142, Th. 76. γ. the phrase, fagna vetri (Jólum, sumri), to rejoice, make
a feast at the beginning of winter (Yule, summer); þat var þ&aa
cute; margra manna siðr at f. vetri ... ok hafa þá veizlur ok v
etrnátta-blót, Gísl. 18; ef ek mætta þar &iacut
e; veita í haust vinum mínum ok f. svá heimkomu minni, Fms.
i. 290; þat er siðr þeirra at hafa blót á haust o
k f. þá vetri, Ó. H. 104.
fagnaðr and fögnuðr, m., gen. fagnaðar, pl. ir, [
Goth. faheds = GREEK], joy, Greg. 68, Hom. 85; gaudium er f
ögnuðr, Bs. i. 801; eilífr f., Hom. 42, Stj. 44; himinrík
is f., heavenly joy, Fms. x. 274; óvina-fögnuðr, trium
ph, joy for one's foes, Nj. 112. β. metaph. welcome, good che
er, Hkr. i. 50, Eg. 535, Fms. i. 72, iv. 82; görðu henni fagna&eth
; þá viku alla, 625. 86: the phrase, kunna sér þann fa
gnað, to be so sensible, so clever, Band. 9, Hkr. ii. 85, v. l.; &ou
ml;l ok annarr fagnaðr, ale and other good cheer, Grett. 98 A. In the
N. T. GREEK is often rendered by fögnuðr, Mark iv. 16, Luke i.
14, ii. 10, viii. 13, x. 17, xv. 7, 10, John iii. 29, xv. 11, xvi. 21, 22, 24, x
vii. 13, Rom. xiv. 17, xv. 13, 2 Cor. ii. 2, etc., in the same passages in which
Ulf uses faheds; fögnuðr is stronger than gleði. COMPDS: fagnaðar-atburðr, m. a joyful event, Barl. 88. fagnað
ar-boðskapr, m. glad tidings. fagnaðar-dagr, m. the
day of rejoicing, Fms. x. 226. fagnaðar-eyrendi, n. a joyful
message, Bs. fagnaðar-eyru, n. pl., heyra f., to hear with joy
ful ears, Hom. 143. fagnaðar-fullr, adj. joyful, Bs. i. 20
1, Fms. i. 244. fagnaðar-fundr, m. a joyful meeting, Fms. x. 4
05, xi. 438. fagnaðar-grátr, m. weeping for joy, 655 xx
vii. 9. fagnaðar-heit, n. a joyful promise, Th. 9. fagna&et
h;ar-kenning, f. joyful teaching. fagnaðar-krás, f.
a dainty, Stj. 443. fagnaðar-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.).
joyless, Bs. i. 462, 801: wretched, poor, 464, Fms. xi. 445. f
agnaðar-lúðr, m. a trumpet of joy, Stj. 631. fagna&
eth;ar-mark, n. a sign of joy, Hom. 104. fagnaðar-óp, n. a shout of joy, Al. 13, Róm. 214. fagnaðar-raust,
f. a voice of joy, Stj. 434. fagnaðar-samligr, adj. (-liga
, adv.), joyful, Hom. 140, Stj. 148. fagnaðar-skrúð
, n. raiment of joy, Eluc. 46. fagnaðar-staðr, m. a
place of joy, Hom. 147. fagnaðar-sæll, adj. delightful, Fms. vi. 441, Pass. xxvii. 12. fagnaðar-söngr, m. a song
of joy, Hom. 140, Sks. 754, Stj. 434. fagnaðar-tíð, f
. and fagnaðar-tími, a, m. a time of joy, Stj. 141, Bs.
i. 131, Fms. ii. 196. fagnaðar-tíðindi, n. pl. joyful,
glad tidings, Hom. 88, Fms. ii. 253, iv. 250. fagnaðar-veizla, u
, f. a feast of joy, Stj. fagnaðar-vist, f. an abode of joy
, 625. 6. fagnaðar-öl, n. a joyful banquet, merry feast, Al. 150, Hkr. ii. 31.
fagna-fundr, m. a joyful meeting (of friends); varð þar
f., there was great joy, good cheer, Eg. 130, 180, 198, 515, Ísl.
ii. 387, Fms. iv. 305, v. 41, x. 405, Stj. 478. β. a happy discov
ery, Stor. 2 (MS.), of the poetical mead; the edition wrongly þagna-fu
ndr.
FAGR, adj., fem, fögr, neut. fagrt; compar. fagrari or better fegri,
superl. fagrastr or better fegrstr; mod. fegurri, fegurstr; [Ulf. fagrs =
GREEK; A. S. f&oelig;ger; Engl. fair; O. H. G.fagar; Da

n. favre, in Dan. ballads favre mö = fair maid; Swed.
fager]:-- -fair; used very freq. and almost as in Engl., except th
at the Icel. does not use it in a moral sense, like Engl. fair, unfair
: 1. of persons, the body, etc.; fögr mær, a fair maid, Nj. 2, Vkv. 2; fagr sýnum, fair to see, Fms. i. 116; f. &aacu
te;litum, id., Edda 5, Skv. 1. 27; fögr hönd, a fair hand (hand-fögr), Fms. ix. 283; fógr augu, fair eyes (fagr-eygr)
; fagrt hár, fair hair, Ísl. ii; fagrar brúðir,
fair brides, Sdm. 28; mær undarliga fögr, a wonderfully fai
r maid, Hkr. i. 40; fegra mann (a fairer man) eðr tígurleg
ra, Fms. vi. 438. 2. of places; fögr er Hlíðin svá
at mér hefir hón aldri jafnfögr sýnzk, Nj. 112; fagra
túna (gen.), a fair abode ('toun'), þkv. 3; salr sól
u fegri, Vsp. 63; fagrar lendur,fair fields, Ld. 96: freq. in local names
, Fagra-brekka, Fagr-ey, Fagri-dalr, Fagra-nes, Fagri-skógr, etc., = F
air-brink, -isle, -dale, -ness, -wood, etc., Landn. 3. of light, wind
, weather, etc.; fagrt ljós, a bright light, Hom. 111, Fms. i. 230
; skína fagrt, to shine brightly (of the sun); fagr byrr, a fai
r wind, Fms. ii. 182, Orkn. 356; fagrt veðr, fair weather, &Oacut
e; H. 216. 4. as an epithet of tears; in the phrase, gráta fö
grum tárum, cp. Homer's GREEK GREEK; hence grát-fagr, beautiful
in tears, Edda 63. 5. of the voice; fögr rödd, a sweet
voice; fagr söngr, a sweet song, Bs. i. 168; fögr orð,
a fine speech, Mork. 6. of other things; fagrt skip, a fine shi
p, Eg. 173; fagr borði, Nj. 24; fagrt kvæði, a fine poem, Ísl. ii. 237. II. metaph., fagrt líf, a fair, goodly
life, Mork. 72; lifa fagrt, to live a happy life, Hm. 53; fagrir si&e
th;ir, fine manners, Sks. 279. β. as an epithet of victory; f
agr sigr, með fögrum sigri (freq.) γ. mæla (tala) fa
grt, to speak fair, Hm. 91, Ísl. ii. 339; talaði fagrt, en hug
ði flátt, spoke fair, but thought false, Fms. ii. 91; heita f&
ouml;gru, to promise fair, Hm. 131, Eg. (in a verse); lota öllu f&ou
ml;grv, cp. the Dan. 'love guld og grönne skove'; biðja fagrt, to bi
d fair (with false intention), Am. 37.
B. In COMPDS, with nouns, adjectives, fair, fine, gracious: I. prefixed, e. g. munn-fagr, fine-mouthed; augna-fagr, fair eyed
; hand-fagr, fair-handed; gang-fagr, with a fair, gracious gait; l
it-fagr, of fair hue; hár-fagr, fair-haired, etc. II. suffixed, e. g. fagra-hvel, n. the fair wheel or disk, the su
n (poët.), Alm. 17. fagra-ræfr, n. the fair roof, the s
ky (poët.), Alm. 13. fagr-bláinn, m. fair blue, a shie
ld (poët.), Lex. Poët. fagr-blár, adj. light-blue
. fagr-blóm, n., botan. trientalis, Hjalt. fagr-b&ua
cute;inn, part. 'fair-boun', bright-dressed, chiefly as an epithet of
a lady, Eg. 77, Hkr. iii. 290, Hom. 120, Am. 29: of a ship, Hkv. 1. 31. fagr
-bygg, n. the fair 'bigg', gold (poët.), Lex. Poët., cp. Ed
da 83. fagr-dæll, adj. a man from Fair&dash-uncertain;ale, S
turl. iii. 181, Landn. fagr-eygr (-eygðr), adj. fair-eyed, Bs.
i. 127, 178, Hkr. ii. 2, Fms. xi. 205. fagr-ferðugr, adj. graceful
, virtuous, Stj. 136, v. l. fagr-flekkóttr, adj. fair-fleck
ed (of a snake), Stj. 97. fagr-gali, a, m. a fair, enticing song,
enchantment, flattery. fagr-gim, n. the fair gem, the sun (po&
euml;t.), Lv. 2. fagr-glóa, adj. fair-glowing, bright (po&e
uml;t.), Alm. 5 (the Sun as bride). fagr-grænn, adj. light-green
, Fms. xi. 335, Hkr. i. 71 (of a field or tree). fagr-gulr, adj. l
ight-yellow. fagr-hárr (-hærðr), adj. fair
-haired, Nj. 16, Fms. xi. 205. fagr-hljóðr (-hlj&oacute
;ðandi, -hljóðaðr), adj. sweet-voiced, Gret
t. 159, Fms. ii. 199. fagr-kinn, f. (fögrum-kinni, m., Fms. x

i), fair-cheek, soubriquet of a lady, Sd. fagr-klæddr, part.
fair-clad, Greg. 24, Dropl. 25. fagr-kolla, u, f., botan. hier
acium, hawkweed, Hjalt. fagr-limi, a, m. 'fair-branch', a wood
(poët.), Alm. 29. fagr-læti, n. blandishment, Barl. 11
9. fagr-máll, adj. fair-spoken, Fms. vi. 52. fagr-m&aeli
g;li, n. fair language, Barl. 24, 117, Nj. 167. Fms. i. 74. fagr-m
æltr, part. bland, Fms. vi. 52, v. 1. fagr-orðr (
-yrðr), adj. fair-spoken, bland, Sks. 370, 432, Sturl. ii. 133. fagr-raddaðr, part, sweet-voiced. fagr-rauðr, adj. light-red (opp. to dökk-rauðr or dumb-rauðr, dark-red)
, þiðr. 181, Fas. i. 172, Vsp. 34. fagr-rendr, part. painted
with fine stripes (of a shield), Hornklofi. fagr-skapaðr, part.
fair-shapen, Sks. 627. fagr-skrifaðr, part. finely
drawn, painted in bright colours, Greg. 26. fagr-skygðr, part. transparent as crystal (of a shield), Lex. Poët. fagr-strykvinn
, part. painted with fair streaks (of a ship), Lex. Poët. fagr-va
rinn, part. wearing fine clothes (of a lady), Vkv. 37. fagr-vaxinn
, part. of fair stature (of a lady), Band. (in a verse). fagr-yr&e
th;i, n. pl. fair words, Fms. x. 104.
fagrendi, n. pl. costly, fair things, Barl. 176.
fagr-leikr, m. beauty, Fms. v. 281, xi. 428.
fagr-leitr, adj. of fair complexion, beautiful, Fms. vii. 321, G&i
acute;sl. 71.
fagr-liga (fagrla, 0. H. in a verse), mod. fallega, adv. fairly, beautifully. Fms. i. 141, vii. 147, x. 243, Fs. 145.
fagr-ligr, adj., mod. contracted fallegr (cp. fallega above), whic
h word is at the present time in Icel. used very much as fine, nice are i
n Engl., that is to say, of almost everything, whereas this form is hardly found
in old writers:-- fair, fine, Vtkv. 6; f. penningar, fine money,
Fs. 6; f. skrúði, a fine dress, Stj. 142; f. sigr, Fms. x. 231
; f. hljóðan, sweet tunes, Bs. i. 155.
FALA, að, [falr], to demand for purchase, with acc., Fms. i. 1
35, iii. 159, Ld. 28, Eg. 714; f. e-t af e-m (better f. e-t at e-m), Fms. iii. 2
08, x. 4, Nj. 73, Ld. 144.
FALDA, in old writers this word (if used in sense II) always follo
ws the strong form and is declined like halda, viz. pret. félt, Landn. 16
6, vide Lex. Poët, passim, pl. féldu; pres. sing. feld; imperat. fal
t; pret. subj. féldi, Orkn. (in a verse); part, faldinn; but in signf. I (to fold) it is weak (faldar, faldaði), though it seldom occur
s in old writers in this sense: in mod. usage the weak form only is used: [Ulf.
falþan=GREEK in Luke<PAGE NUM="b0139">
<HEADER>FALDA -- FALLA. 139</HEADER>
iv. 20. to fold or close the book; A. S. fealdan; Engl. 
to fold; Germ. falten; Dan. folde; Swed. fålla; F
r. fauder; cp. Lat. plicare] :-- to fold, with acc.: I.
 gener. to fold; ek skal f. hana saman, I shall fold her up, S
tr. 9; tók hón þá skyrtuna ok faldaði saman, id.;
sem hón hafði saman faldat, id.; f. fald eptir, to unfold a fold,
 id.; at engi mundi þann fald aptr f., id.; ef hón gæti a
ptr faldat skyrtu þína, 13. β. to hem; falda d&
uacute;k, klút, etc., to hem a towel, kerchief, or the like; cp. f
aldaðr, ófaldaðr. II. esp. to hood or cover the
head, chiefly used of ladies wearing the fald, q.v.: α. with ac
c. of the person, dat. of the dress; ek mun falda þik með höfu&et
h;dúki, Nj. 201; at hón hefði nú faldit sik við mot
rinum, Ld. 210; Brandr var faldinn, B. was hooded as a lady, Fs. 109; Hil
dr Eyvindar-dóttir félt honum, H. hooded him, 194 (Ed. fyl
gði wrongly); at hón hefði nú faldit (Ed. wrongly faldat)

sik við motrinum, that she had hooded herself with the motr, Ld. 210;
mundi Guðrún ekki þurfa at falda sik motri til þess, at
sama betr en allar konur aðrar, id.; hennar höfut er faldit þremr
skautum, her head is hooded in three sheets (hence skauta-faldr), Mar. 4
8 (Fr.) β. with dat. of the person; þá segir Hrefna, at
hón vill falda sér við motrinn (better motrinum), Ld. 192; ef
maðr feldr sér til vélar við konu, eðr ferr hann &iac
ute; kvennklæði, if a man hoods his head wilily mocking a woman, Grág. i. 338 (liable to the lesser outlawry); f. þér vi&e
th; höfuðdúki, Nj. l.c., v.l.; aldri hefi ek frétt at kon
ur féldi höfuðdúkum, Orkn. (in a verse); ek félt h
jálmi, I covered my head in a helmet, Sighvat. γ. th
e phrases, falda sítt, to hood the head so that the eyes and face cann
ot be seen; far á meðal kvenna, ok falt þér s&iacute
;tt, at ekki verðir þú kend, Post. 656 B. 11; brúðir
nar falda sítt, svá at úgerla má sjá þe
irra yfirlit, Fms. xi. 106; enn fyrsta aptan hafa brúðirnar sí
ð-faldit, Jv. 29 (Ed. 1824); sú (kona) hafði sítt faldit,
Fms. vii. 161, cp. Gen. xxxviii. 14; falda hátt, to wear a tall fa
ld, cp. Eb. 136 (in a verse); falda blá, or svörtu, to hood the h
ead in black, to mourn, Ísl. ii. 351 (in a verse): the metaph. phrase
, f. rauðu, to hood the head in red, to die a bloody death, Landn. l
.c. 2. part. faldinn, used as adj. hooded, mod. falda&et
h;r, hooded, bordered, hemmed, etc., in compds, eld-faldinn, hoode
d with flames, poët. epithet of the foaming waves, Lex. Poët.; hj&
aacute;lmi faldinn, hooded with a helmet (poët.), Hkv. 1. 47; j&aacu
te;rn-faldinn, iron-hooded, helmed, Eb. 208 (in a verse): hag-faldin, 
hooded with hedges, poët. epithet of the goddess Earth, Fms. vi. 140 (i
n a verse); hvít-faldin, white-hooded, of glaciers or foaming wave
s, Snót 12, 16.
falda, u, f. = faldr, Korm. 240 (in a verse).
fald-laus, f. adj. hoodless, having her fald pulled off, Sd. 181.
FALDR, m. [A. S. feald; Engl. fold; Germ. falte; O.
H. G. fald; Dan. fold; Ital. falda, and faldetta (i
n Malta); Fr. fauvetta and faudage] :-- a fold, of a garmen
t, Str. 9, 13, l. 19, 21, where it is even spelt foldr; in Icel. hardly ever use
d in this sense. β. the hem of a garment; hún g&eacute
;kk á bak til ok snart fald hans klæða, Luke viii. 44; og fald
sinna klæða stækka þeir, Matth. xxiii. 5; og bá&eth
;u hann, að þeir mætti snerta að eins fald hans fata, Mark v
i. 56; kyrtill hlaðbúinn í fald niðr, a kirtle laced do
wn to the hems, Fms. iv. 337; allt í fald niðr, Mag. (Fr.) 63; kl
æða-faldr, Pass. 36. 9. II. a white linen hood, the stat
ely national head-gear worn by ladies in Icel., of which drawings are given by E
ggert Itin. pp. 24, 27, Sir Joseph Banks in Hooker's Travels, the account of the
French expedition of the year 1836 sq., and in almost all books of travels in I
celand. In old Sagas or poems the fald is chiefly recorded in Ld. ch. 33 (the dr
eams of Guðrún Osvifs datter), cp. Sd. ch. 25; in the Orkn. S. ch. 58
the two sisters Frakök and Helga, daughters of the Gaelic Moddan, wore a f
ald (þá hnyktu þar af sér faldinum, ok reyttu sik), 18
2. In the Rm. (a poem probably composed in the Western Isles. Orkneys) all the t
hree women, Edda, Amma, and Móðir, wore the fald; the words in &THORN
;kv. 16, 19 -- ok haglega um höfuð typpum, and let us cleverly put a
topping on his head, of Thor in bridal disguise -- seem to refer to the fal
d. Bishop Bjarni, a native of the Orkneys (died A.D. 1222), gives the name of 'f
ald' to the helmet; Kormak, in the 10th century, speaks of the 'old falda
.' In Normandy and Brittany a kind of 'fald' is still in use; it may be that it
came to Icel. through Great Britain, and is of Breton origin; a French fald (Fra
nseiskr, i.e. Britain?) is mentioned, D. N. iv. 359. In Icel. the fald wa
s, up to the end of the last century, worn by every lady, -- áðr s&ea
cute;rhver fald bar frú | falleg þótti venja sú, a di
tty. The ladies tried to outdo each other in wearing a tall fald; keisti faldr,
the fald rose high, Rm. 26; falda hátt, Eb. (the verse); he
nce the sarcastic name stiku-faldr, a 'yard-long fald;' stífan tey
gja stiku-fald, Þagnarmál 53, a poem of 1728; 1 Tim. ii. 9 is in th
e Icel. version rendered, eigi með földum (GREEK) eðr gulli eðr
perlum, -- since with ancient women, and in Icel. up to a late time, braiding o
f the hair was almost unknown. In mod. poetry, Iceland with her glaciers is repr
esented as a woman with her fald on; minn hefir faldr fengið fjúka-ry
k og kám, Eggert: the sails are called faldar mastra, hoods of
the masts, faldar mastra blöktu stilt, Úlf. 3. 14; hestar hl&eac
ute;s hvíta skóku falda trés, id., 10; faldr sk&yacu
te;ja, the folds of the clouds, poët., Núm. 1. 11; faldr af d
egi, of the daybreak, 4. 86; vide krók-faldr, sveigr, a crooked fa
ld. falda-feykir, m. a magical dance in which the falds flew of
f the ladies' heads, Fas. iii; cp. Percy's Fryar and Boy, also the Wonderful
Flute in Popular Tales.
Fal-hófnir, m. barrel-hoof, hollow-hoof, a mythol. horse, E
dda.
FALL, n., pl. föll, [common to all Teut. idioms except Goth.], a
fall: -- defined in law, þat er fall ef maðr styðr niðr k
né eðr hendi, Grág. ii. 8, Ísl. ii. 246, Al. 76, Sd. 14
3: the proverb, fall er farar heill, a fall bodes a lucky journey, Fms. v
i. 414 (of king Harold at Stamford-bridge), viii. 85, 403, Sverr. S.; sá
er annarr orðs-kviðr at fall er farar heill, ok festir þú n
ú fætr í landi, Fb. i. 231, cp. Caesar's 'teneo te, Africa;'
falls er ván að fornu tré, Stj. 539; stirð eru gamalla ma
nna föll; flas er falli næst, flurry is nigh falling: föl
l berask á e-n, one begins to reel, stagger. Fas. iii. 429; koma e
-m til falls, to cause one to fall, Edda 34; reiddi hann til falls, he
reeled, Eb. 220. 2. a fall, death in battle, Lat. caedes, Fms
. i. 11, 43, 89, Nj. 280, Eg. 37, 106, Ó. H. 219, passim; the proverb, &i
acute; flótta er fall vest, Fms. viii. 117; val-fall, Lat. strages; mann-fall, loss of men in battle. β. the 'fall,' a plagu
e in cattle or beasts, murrain, 655. 2, Bs. i. 97, 245, 456. &gamm
a;. the carcase of a slaughtered animal; baulu-fall, sauðar-fall,
nauts-fall, hrúts-fall, Stj. 483. 3. medic. in compds, brot-fall,
the falling sickness, epilepsy; blóð-fall, klæða-f&
ouml;ll, bloody flux; lima-fall, paresis. β. child
birth, in the phrase, vera komin að falli, to be in an advanced state
, (komin að burði is used of sheep, cows.) 4. the fall
or rush of water; vatns-fall, a waterfall, large river; sj&aacute
;var-föll, tides; að-fall, flood-tide; út-fall, ebb-tide; boða-fall, a breaker, cp. Bs. ii. 51. 5. in gra
mm. a case, Lat. casus, Skálda 180, 206: quantity,
159, 160, Edda 126: a metric. fault, a defective verse, dropping of syllables
, Fb. iii. 426. II. metaph. downfall, ruin, decay; fall engla,
the fall of the angels, Rb. 80; til falls ok upprisu margra í &Ia
cute;srael, Luke ii. 34; hafa sér e-t til falls, to run risk of ruin, Hrafn. 30; gózin eru at falli komin, the estates are dilapidated, Mar.; á-fall, a shock; frá-fall, death; ó
-fall, mishap; jarð-fall, an earth-slip. 2. eccl. a
sin, transgression, Bs. i. 686, Mar. 77 (Fr.) 3. a law term, breac
h, failure, non-fulfilment, in eið-fall, vegar-fall, Gþl. 416; mes
su-fall, orð-fall, veizlu-fall. 4. mod. a case, occasion.

FALLA, pret. féll, 2nd pers. féllt, mod. féllst, pl.
féllu; pres. fell, pl. föllum; part. fallinn; reflex. féllsk
, fallisk, etc., with the neg. suffix fellr-at, féll-at, féllsk-at
, Am. 6, vide Lex. Poët. [Common to all Teut. languages except Goth. (Ulf.
renders GREEK by drjûsan); A. S. feallan; Engl. fall;
Germ. fallen; Dan. falde; Swed. falla.]
A. to fall; as in Engl. so in Icel. falla is the general word, use
d in the broadest sense; in the N. T. it is therefore used much in the same pass
ages as in the Engl. V., e.g. Matth. v. 14, vii. 25, 27, x. 29, xii. 11, xiii. 4
, xxi. 44, Luke xiv. 5, John xii. 24, Rom. xi. 11, xiv. 4, 1 Cor. x. 12, 1 Tim.
vi. 9, Rev. viii. 10: blómstrið fellr, James i. 11: again, the verbs
hrynja and hrapa denote ruin or sudden fall, detta a light fall
, hrasa stumbling; thus in the N. T. hrynja is used, Luke xxiii. 30,
Rev. vi. 16; hrapa, Luke x. 18, xi. 17, xiii. 4, Matth. xxiv. 29; hrasa, Luke x.
30; detta, xvi. 21: the proverb, eigi fellr tré við hit fyrsta h&oum
l;gg, a tree falls not by the first stroke, Nj. 163, 224; hann fél
l fall mikit, Bs. i. 343; hón féll geigvænliga, id.; falla a
f baki, to fall from horseback, 344; f. áfram, to fall forwards
, Nj. 165; f. á bak aptr, to fall on the back, 9; f. um h&aacu
te;ls e-m, to fall on one's neck, Luke xv. 20; f. til jarðar, to
fall to the ground, fall prostrate, Fms. vii. 13, Pass. 5. 4: to fall on
one's face, Stj. 422. Ruth ii. 10; f. fram, to fall down, Matth. iv.
9; f. dauðr ofan, to fall down dead, Fær. 31; ok jafnsnart f&e
acute;ll á hann dimma og myrkr, Acts xiii. 11; hlutr fellr, the lot fe
ll (vide hlut-fall), i. 26. 2. to fall dead, fall in battle, L
at. cadere, Nj. 31, Eg. 7, 495, Dropl. 25, 36, Hm. 159, Fms. i. 8, 11, 24
, 38, 95, 173, 177, 178, ii. 318, 324, 329, iii. 5, iv. 14, v. 55, 59, 78, 85, v
i. 406-421, vii-xi, passim. 3. of cattle, to die of plague or 
famine, Ann. 1341. 4. medic., falla í brot, to fall in a fi
t, Bs. i. 335; f. í óvit, to swoon, Nj. 210: the phrase
, f. frá, to fall, die (frá-fall, death), Grá
g. i. 139, 401, Fms. iv. 230, vii. 275; f. í svefn, to fall asleep, Acts xx. 9. II. to flow, run, of water, stream, tide, etc.: of
the tide, særinn féll út frá landi, ebbed, Cle
m. 47; féll þar sær fyrir hellismunnann, the sea rose high
er than the cave's mouth, Orkn. 428; síðan féll sjó
r at, the tide rose, Ld. 58; ok þá er út féll
sjórinn, Þorf. Karl. 420; sjórinn féll svá skj
ótt á land, at skipin vóru öll á floti, Fms. iv
. 65: also used of snow, rain, dew, Vsp. 19; snjó-fall, a fall of snow
: of the ashes of a volcano, cp. ösku-fall, s.v. aska: of a breaker, to dash, menn undruðusk er boði féll í logni, &thorn
;ar sem engi maðr vissi ván til at fyrri hefði fallit, Orkn. 164:
of a river, nema þar falli á sú er eigi gengr fé yfi
r, Grág. ii. 256; vötn þau er ór jöklum höf&e
th;u fallit, Eg. 133; á féll (flowed) við skála
Ásólfs, Landn. 50, A. A. 285; þeir sá þá
ós (fors, Hb.) mikinn falla í sjóinn, Landn. 29, v.l., cp.
Fms. i. 236; Markar-fljót féll í millum höfuð-&ia
cute;sa, Nj. 142; á fellr austan, Vsp. 42; falla forsar, 58; læk er
féll meðal landa þeirra, Landn. 145: of sea water, sjár
kolblár fellr at þeim, the ship took in water, Ld. 118, Mar
. 98; svá at inn féll um söxin, that the tea rushed in at
the stern, Sturl. iii. 66. 2. to stream, of hair; hárit
silki-bleikt er féll (streamed) á herðar honum aptr, F
ms. vii. 155. β. of clothes, drapery, Edda (Ht. 2) 121. III.
to fall, of the wind; féll veðrit ok görði logn, t
he wind fell, Eg. 372; þá féll byrrinn, Eb. 8; ok fellr

veðrit er þeir koma út at eyjum, Ld. 116; hón kvaðsk
mundu ráða at veðrit félli eigi,
<PAGE NUM="b0140">
<HEADER>140 FALLA -- FALTRASK.</HEADER>
Gullþ. 30; í því bili fellr andviðrit, Fbr. 67; &t
horn;á féll af byrrinn, Fms. vi. 17. 2. falla niðr, 
to fall, drop; mitt kvæði mun skjótt niðr f., my poe
m will soon be forgotten, Fms. vi. 198; mun þat (in the poem) aldri ni
ðr f. meðan Norðrlönd eru bygð, 372; féll svá
þeirra tal, their speech dropped, they left off talking, Fas. iii.
579; as a law term, to let a thing drop, lát niðr f., Fs. 182
; féllu hálfar bætr niðr fyrir sakastaði þ&aac
ute; er hann þótti á eiga, Nj. 166, 250, Band. 18; þat
eitt fellr niðr, Grág. i. 398, Fms. vii. 137; falla í ver&eth
;i, to fall in price, etc. IV. to fail, be foiled, a law te
rm; sá (viz. eiðr) fellr honum til útlegðar, i.e. if he
fails in taking the oath he shall be liable to outlawry, N. G. L. i. 84 (ei
ð-fall); en ef eiðr fellr, þá fari hann útlægr
, K. Á. 214; fellr aldri sekt handa á milli, the fine is never
cancelled, N. G. L. i. 345; f. á verkum sínum, to have been
caught red-handed, to be justly slain, Eg. 736; vera fallinn at sókn
, to fail in one's suit, N. G. L. i. 166; hence metaph. fallin at fr&aeli
g;ndum, failing, bereft of friends, Hðm. 5; fallinn frá minu m
áli, having given my case up, Sks. 554, 747; því d&ae
lig;mi ek fyrir dráp hans fallnar eignir ykkar, I sentence your estate
s to lie forfeited for his slaughter, Fs. 122; f. í konungs garð
, to forfeit to the king's treasury. Fms. iv. 227; reflex., ef honum fell
sk þessor brigð, if his right of reclamation fails, Gþl.
300; ef menn fallask at því, if men fail in that, N. G. L.
ii. 345; ef gerð fellsk, if the reparation comes to naught, id.; ef g
erðar-menn láta fallask, if they fail to do their duty, id., c
p. i. 133, 415; to fail, falter, in the phrase, e-m fallask hendr, the
hands fail one; bliknaði hann ok féllusk honum hendr, Ó.
H. 70; þá féllusk öllum Ásum orðtök ok
svá hendr, their voice and hands alike failed them, Edda 37; en b&
oacute;ndum féllusk hendr, því á þeir höf&
eth;u þá engan foringja, Fms. vi. 281; féllusk þeim al
lar kveðjur er fyrir vóru, their greeting faltered, i.e. th
e greeting died on their lips, Nj. 140; vill sá eigi fallask f&aacute
;ta andsvör, he would not fail or falter in replying, Hkr. i.
260; féllskat saðr sviðri, her judgment did not fail, Am.
6. V. metaph., falla í villu, to fall into heresy, Ver. 47
; f. í hórdóm, to fall into whoredom, Sks. 588; f. &
iacute; vald e-s. to fall into one's power, Ld. 166; f. í fulls&ae
lig;lu, to drop (come suddenly) into great wealth, Band. 3
1; f. í fullting við e-n, to fall a-helping one, to take one's par
t, Grág. i. 24; lyktir falla á e-t, to come to a close, is
sue, Fms. ix. 292. xi. 326; f. á, to fall on, of misfortune, v
ide á-fall. 2. falla undir e-n, to full to one's lot, of in
heritance, obligation; arfr fellr undir e-n. devolves upon one, Gþl
. 215; f. frjáls á jörð to be free born, N. G. L.
i. 32; f. ánanðigr á jörð, to be born a bondsman, Grág. ii. 192. 3. falla við árar, to fall to at
the oars, Fms. xi. 73, 103; Þorgeirr féll þá sv&aa
cute; fast á árar (pulled, so bard), at af gengu bá&
eth;ir háirnir, Grett. 125 A; f. fram við árar, id., Fa

s. ii. 495 (in a verse). VI. to fall out, befall; ef auðna fe
llr til, if it so falls out by luck, Fms. iv. 148; ef auðna vildi til
f. með þeim, xi. 267; litlu siðar fellr til fagrt leiði, a
fair wind befell them, 426; alla hluti þá er til kunni f., Nj.
224; öll þingvíti er til f., all the fines that may fall i
n, be due, Gþl. 21; nema þörf falli til, unless a mishap
befalls him, i.e. unless he be in a strait, 76; mér fé
ll svá gæfusamliga, it befell me so luckily, Barl. 114; ver&
eth;uliga er fallit á mik þetta tilfelli, this accident has just
ly befallen me, 115; sem sakir f. til, as the case falls, Eg. 89. 
2. to fall, be produced; þat (the iron) fellr í firð
i þeim er Ger heitir, Fas. iii. 240; þar fellr hveiti ok vín,
360. VII. impers. in the phrases, e-m fellr e-t þungt, létt
, etc., a thing falls lightly, heavily upon, esp. of feeling; &tho
rn;etta mun yðr þungt f., it will fall heavily on you, Band. 18
; felir þá keisaranum þyngra bardaginn, the battle fell ou
t ill to (turned against) the emperor, Fms. xi. 32; at oss mun
di þungt f. þessi mál, Nj. 191. 2. the phrases, e-m fe
llr e-t nær, it falls nigh to one, touches one nearly; svá f
ellr mér þetta nær um trega, Nj. 170; sjá einn var sv&
aacute; hlutr, at Njáli féll svá nær, at hana m&aacut
e;tti aldri óklökvandi um tala, this one thing touched Njal so ne
arly, that he could never speak of it without tears, 171; mér fellr e
igi firr en honum, it touches me no less than him, Blas. 41; henni f&eacu
te;ll meinit svá, nær, at ..., the illness fell on her so sore,
that ..., Bs. i. 178; féll henni nær allt saman, she was muc
h vexed by it all (of illness), 351; e-t fellr bágliga, hörmulig
a etc. fyrir e-m, things fall out sadly for one. Vígl. 30, El. 15.
B. Metaph. to fall in with, agree, fit, suit, Germ. gefallen: I. to please, suit; kvað sér þat vel falla til
aftekta, said that it suited him well for drawing taxes from, Fb. ii. 12
2: en allt þat, er hann heyrði frá himnaguði, féll h
onum harla vel, pleased him very well, Fms. i. 133; honum féll vel
í eyru lofsorð konungs, the king's praise suited his ears well, t
ickled, pleased his fancy, Bret. 16: reflex., þat lof fellsk honum &ia
cute; eyru, 4; jarli fellsk þat vel í eyru, the earl was well pl
eased to hear it, Bjarn. 7. β. falla saman, to fall in with,
comply, agree; en þó at eigi félli allt saman með &t
horn;eim, though they did not agree in all, Bs. i. 723. γ. f
éllsk vel á með þeim, they loved one another, Fas
. i. 49; féll vel á með þeim Styrkári, i.e. he
and S. were on good terms, Fms. iii. 120. δ. honum féll
sk þat vel í skap, it suited his mind well, pleased him, Fas
. i. 364; féllsk hvárt öðru vel í geð, they
agreed well, liked one another well, Band. 9; fallask á e-t, to l
ike a thing; brátt kvartar að mér fellst ei á, Bb.
3. 23. 2. to beseem, befit; heldr fellr þeim (it befits t
hem), at sýna öðrum með góðvilja, Str. 2. 
3. falla at e-u, to apply to, refer to; þetta eitt orð er a
t fellr eiðstafnum, Band. MS. 15 (Ed. 18 wrongly eiðrinn instead of ei&e
th;num). 4. the phrase 'falla við' in Luke vi. 36 (bótin af &t
horn;ví hinu nýja fellr eigi við hið gamla) means to ag
ree with; hence also viðfeldinn, agreeable :-- but in the two pa
ssages to be cited falla við seems to be intended for falda við, to e
nfold; hvergi nema þar sem falli við akr eða eng, unless fi
eld or meadow be increased or improved, N. G. L. ii. 116; ekki
má falla (qs. falda) við hamingju-leysi mitt, 'tis impossible to
add a fold to my bad luck, it cannot be worse than it is, Al. 110. II. part. fallinn; svá f., such-like, so framed; eitt l&iacut

e;tið dýr er svá fallið, at ..., a small animal is so f
ramed, that ..., Stj. 77; hví man hinn sami maðr svá falli
nn, how can the same man be so framed? Fms. xi. 429 :-- in law phrases,
such-like, as follows, svá fallinn vitnisburð, testimony as
follows, Vm. 47; svo fallinn órskurð, dóm, etc., a dec
ision, sentence ... as follows, a standing phrase; þá leið
fallinn, such, such-like (Germ. beschaffen), Stj. 154. 2. f
allinn vel, illa, etc., well, ill-disposed; hann var vænn maðr
ok vel fallinn, Fms. xi. 422; þau vóru tröll bæði o
k at öllu illa fallin, Bárð. 165; fitted, worthy, bezt ti
l konungs fallinn, Fms. i. 58; ok er hann bezt til þess f. af þessum
þremr, vi. 386; at hann væri betr til fallinn at deyja fyrir &thorn
;á sök en faðir hans, that he more deserved to die than his f
ather did, x. 3; Ólafr er betr til yfirmanns f. enn mínir syni
r, Ld. 84; margir eru betr til fallnir fararinnar, Ísl. ii. 327; Hallger&
eth;r kvað hann sér vel fallinn til verkstjóra, Nj. 57; s&aacu
te; er til þess er f., Sks. 299; 'worthy,' 1 Cor. vi. 2. 3.
neut. fit; ok hætti þá er honum þótti fal
lit, when he thought fit, Fms. vi. 364; slík reip sem f. þyk
ir, as seems needful, Sks. 420; væri þat vel fallit, at ...,
it would do well, to ..., Fms. ii. 115; þat mun nú vel fall
it, that will be right, that will do well, Nj. 145; kallaði vel til
fallit, said it was quite right, Fms. xi. 321. 4. of a thing, with
dat. suited to one; eigi þyki mér þér s&uacute
; ferð vel fallin, i.e. this journey will not do for thee, will not do th
ee good, Fms. vi. 200; cp. ó-fallit, unfit.
fallegr, adj. fair. falliga, adv., vide fagrligr.
fallerask, að, dep. [for. word, Lat. fallere], to prove fal
se, Stj. 4, K. Á. 224; to fall, of a woman, H. E. ii. 190.
fall-hætt, n. adj. staggering, in danger of falling, Eb. 240
.
fall-jökull, m. or fall-jaki, a, m. an ice-berg, Sks.
176.
fall-sótt, f. a murrain, plague, Grág. i. 458.
fall-staðr, m. a falling place, Fms. viii. 435.
fall-valtr, adj. reeling, metaph. in eccl. writers, faltering,
changeable, uncertain, of worldly things, opp. to heavenly; f. heimr, f. l&i
acute;f. Post. 656 B. 11, Magn. 504; f. hlutir, opp. to eilífr hlutir, Ho
m. 42; f. fagnaðr þessa lífs, Fms. i. 225; fallvaltan rikd&oacu
te;m, 1 Tim. vi. 17.
FALR, m. [fal, Ivar Aasen], the socket of a spear's head in whi
ch the handle is put, often richly ornamented (spjóts-falr), Fas. iii
. 388, Stj. 461, Eg. 285, 726, Edda 83, Ld. 98, Nj. 108, K. Þ. K. 96, Fms.
iv. 278, 338, Fs. 127; vide Worsaae 344 sqq., 498.
FALR, adj. [A. S. fæle; O. H. G. fali; Germ. feil;
 Swed. and Dan. fal] :-- venal, to be sold, Fms. i. 185, Sd. 1
88, Ld. 146; e-m er e-t falt, or eiga (láta) e-t falt, to have a thing
for sale, Grág. ii. 243, N. G. L. i. 237, Fms. vii. 20, Nj. 32; gjaf
-falr, Fms. vii. 124; metaph., er mér eru falastir til þungs hlutar
, i.e. I should not mind if they fared ill, Lv. 105, Mag. 59, Trist. 8, 1
1 (Fr.)
FALS, n. [for. word, Lat. falsum], a fraud, cheat, deceit, impo
sture, Fms. viii. 265; f. ok svik, ix. 283; illusion, in a dream, xi
. 371; adulteration, ii. 129, Gþl. 490-493.
fals, adj. = falskr, false, Barl. 134, 144, 149, 152, Fms. ii. 210
.
fals-, in compds, false, fraudulent, forged: fals-blandaðr,
 part. blended with fraud, Stj. 142; fals-bréf, n. a
forged deed, Bs. i. 819; fals-guð, n. a false god, Fms. i
. 304, Sks. 308; fals-heit, n. pl. false promises, Art.; fals-k
ona, u, f. a false woman, harlot, Korm. 76; fals-konungr, m. a false king, pretender, Bær. 15, Fms. ix. 433, Gþl. 35; fa
ls-kristr, m. a false Christ, Matth. xxiv. 24; fals-penningr,
m. false money, Karl.; fals-postuli, a, m. a false apostle,
1 Cor. xi. 15; fals-silfr, n. bad silver, Fær. 217; fals
-spámenn, m. false prophets, Matth. vii. 15, xxiv. 24; fal
s-trú, f. false doctrine, heresy, Barl.; fals-vitni, n.
a false witness, H. E. i. 522, Barl. 142.
falsa, að, to defraud, impose upon, Nj. 106, Fms. ii. 129; 
to cheat, Hkr. i. 8; f. e-t af e-m, to cheat one of a thing, Fms. vi
ii. 295; to spoil, El. 12; brynjan falsaðisk, the coat of mail pro
ved false. Fas. i. 507. 2. to falsify, forge; f. bréf,
K. Á. 222; neut., f. ok hégóma, to use false and vain la
nguage. Stj. 131; part. falsaðr, false, Fms. i. 139, Stj.
58. 592.
falsari, a, m. an impostor, deceiver, Fms. viii. 295. ix. 261, 262
, El. 31.
falskr, adj. [for. word, Germ. falsch], false; f. bræ
ðr, 1 Cor. xi. 26; it occurs first in the 15th century.
fals-lauss, adj. guileless, Edda 20; f. máli. good money
, Fms. vi. 245; f. kaup, a bargain in good faith, Bs. i. 719. fals
laus-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), sincere, in good faith, Stj. 14
9.
fals-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), crafty, vile, Flóv. 4
3; false, Fms. v. 242.
fals-óttr, adj. deceitful, Stj. 144.
fals-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), false, crafty, Sks. 404.
fals-vitr, adj. crafty, cunning, Stj. 144 (MS. 227).
faltrask, að, dep. to be cumbered; f. við e-t, to be pu
zzled about a thing, Fær. 174; cp. fatrask.
<PAGE NUM="b0141">
<HEADER>FALVIGR -- FARA. 141</HEADER>
fal-vigr, f. a spear with an ornamented socket, Mork. 200.
FAMBI, a, m. a simpleton, Hm. 103.
FANG, n. [for the root vide fá], a catching, fetching: 1
. catching fish, fishing, Eb. 26, Ám. 32; halda til fangs, 
to go a-fishing, Ld. 38: a take of fish, stores of fish, hann bað
þá láta laust fangit allt, þat er þeir höf
ðu fangit, Fms. iv. 331; af öllu því fangi er þeir h
ljóta af dauðum hvölum, Ám. 36; f. þat er þei
r áttu báðir, cp. veiði-fang, her-fang, prey. 2.
 in plur., α. baggage, luggage, Nj. 112; föng ok fa
rgögn, luggage and carriage, 266; ok er þeir höfðu up
p borit föngin, carriage, Orkn. 324: stores, forn korn ok &o
uml;nnur föng, Fms. iv. 254. β. provisions, esp. at a f
east; öll vóru föng hin beztu, Fms. iv. 102; kostnaðar-miki
t ok þurfti föng mikil, Eg. 39; Þórólfr só
pask mjök um föng, 42; veizla var hin prúðlegsta ok öl
l föng hin beztu, 44; hann leitaði alls-konar fanga til bús s&ia
cute;ns, 68, Fs. 19, 218; hence, borð með hinum beztum föngum, b
oard with good cheer, Fms. i. 66; búa ferð hennar sæmiliga
með hinum beztum föngum, x. 102. γ. metaph. means, oppo
rtunity; því at eins at engi sé önnur föng, Fm
s. iv. 176; meðan svá góð föng eru á sem n&uac
ute;, 209; hafa föng á e-u, or til e-s, to be enabled to do a thi
ng, viii. 143, x. 388, Eb. 114, Gullþ. 30, Eg. 81, Ld. 150, Odd. 18; u
rðu þá engi föng önnur, there was no help (
issue) for it (but that ...), Fms. vii. 311; af (eptir) f&ouml
;ngum, to the best of one's power, x. 355; af beztu föngum bý
r hón rúmið, Bb. 3. 24; at-föng, q.v.; bú-fön
g (bú-fang), q.v.; öl-föng, vín-föng, store of a
le, wine. 3. the phrase, fá konu fangi, to wed a woman,
N. G. L. i. 350: fangs-tíð, n. wedding season, 343; h
ence kván-fang, ver-fang, marriage. II. an embryo, fetus
, in sheep or kine; ef graðungr eltir fang ór kú, Jb. 303
: the phrase, láta fangi, to 'go back,' of a cow. β. a
metric. fault, opp. to fall, Fb. iii. 426 (in a verse). III. that wit
h which one clasps or embraces, the breast and arms; kom spjót
ið í fang honum, the spear pierced his breast, Gullþ. 23
, Fms. ii. 111; reka í fang e-m, to throw in one's face, Nj. 176;
hafa e-t í fangi sér, to hold in one's arms, Bdl. 344; hn&e
acute; hón aptr í f. honum, Ísl. ii. 275; taka sér &
iacute; fang, to take into one's arms, Mark x. 16; cp. hals-fang, embr
aces. 2. an apron, Edda (Gl.) 3. færask e-t &iacu
te; fang, to have in one's grip, metaph. to undertake a thing, Fms
. vii. 136; færask e-t ór fangi, to throw off, refuse, Sturl
. iii. 254: the phrase, hafa fullt í fangi, to have one's hands full. 4. wrestling, grappling with, Ísl. ii. 445, 446, 457; t
aka fang við e-n, Edda 33; ganga til fangs, Gþl. 163: the saying, fang
s er ván at frekum úlfi, there will be a grapple with a greedy
wolf, Eb. 250, Ld. 66, Fms. v. 294, Skv. 2. 13. β. the phrases,
ganga á fang við e-n, to grapple with one, provoke one, Ld. 20
6; ganga í fang e-m, id., Band. 31; slíka menn sem hann hef
ir í fangi, such men as he has to grapple with, Háv. 36; f&
aacute; fang á e-m, or fá fang af e-m, to get hold of one;
fékk engi þeirra fang á mér, Nj. 185, Fms. x. 159; s&
aacute; þeir, at þeir fengu ekki f. af Erlingi, they saw that the
y could not catch E., vii. 300, xi. 96. 5. an armful; sk&iacut
e;ða-fang, viðar-fang, an armful of fuel: Icel. call small hay
-cocks fang or föng, hence fanga hey upp, to put the hay into cocks:
 fanga-hnappr, m. a bundle of hay, armful. IV. in the c
ompds vet-fangr, hjör-fangr, etc. the f is = v, qs. vet-vangr
, hjör-vangr, vide vangr. COMPDS: fanga-brekka, u, f. a wrestling
ground, Glúm. 354. fanga-fátt, n. adj. falling shor

t of provisions, Fms. viii. 367. fanga-hella, u, f. = fanghella. f
anga-kviðr, m. a law term, a body of jurymen taken at random, op
p. to búa-kviðr, defined Grág. ii. 99, 140. fanga-lauss, adj. void of means, of provisions, Fms. viii. 419. fanga-leysi,
n. want of stores, Róm. 263. fanga-lítill, adj. 
vile, not worth fetching, Vm. 119. fanga-mark, n. mark of ownershi
p, a monogram. fanga-ráð, n. a device, stratagem, a
wrestling term, Nj. 253, Lv. 92, Orkn. 50. fanga-stakkr, m. a wrestli
ng jerkin, Ísl. ii. 443. fanga-váttr, m. a law term, a witness fetched (summoned) at random, Gþl. 547-549.
fanga, að, [Germ. fangen = to fetch, whence Dan. fan
ge], to fetch, capture, Stj. 122, Vígl. 29, Bs. i. 881, ii. 11
8, Fb. i. 240; áðr en hann var fangaðr, Ísl. (Harð. S.
) ii. 105; f. dauða, to catch one's death, to die, Ór. 39: thi
s word is rare and borrowed from Germ., it scarcely occurs before the end of the
13th century; part. fanginn vide s.v. fá and below.
fangaðr, part. having means (föng) for doing a thing, K. Á. 118, Ann. 1425.
fangari, a, m. a wrestler, Sd. 142, Barl. 148: a gaoler, (m
od.)
fang-brögð, n. pl. wrestling, Fs. 131.
fang-elsi, n. [Dan. fængsel; Swed. fängelse], a prison, gaol, Fms. iv. 167, xi. 240, (a rare and unclass. word); cp. d&ya
cute;flissa, myrkva-stofa.
fang-hella, u, f. a stone set on edge in the arena, Ísl. ii
. 446.
fangi, a, m. a prisoner, Mar., (rare and unclass.); cp. Dan. fa
nge.
fanginn, part. captured, Stj. 71, Ann. 1299, Bs. i. 698: metaph. enticed, Fas. i. 60; cp. ást-fanginn, captured by love, in love
.
fang-lítill, adj. yielding little produce, Bs. i. 335.
fang-remi, f. a deadly struggle, Korm. (in a verse).
fang-staðr, m. something to grasp or lay hold of, in th
e phrases, fá f. á e-m, to catch hold of one, Vápn.
14, Th. 14; ljá fangstaðar á sér, to let oneself be
caught, Fms. iv. 282.
fang-sæll, adj. having a good grasp, Eb. 250: lucky,
Vellekla.
fang-taka. u, f. taking hold, in wrestling, Barl. 8.
fang-vinr, m. and fang-vina, u, f. an antagonist in wrestling, Grett. 124 (in a verse), Eg. 103 (in a verse).
FANIR, f. pl. [Swed. fan, Engl. fan; cp. Germ. fahne, Goth. fana], a fan, in tálkn-fanir, the gill-flaps of
a whale.
fann-fergja, u, f. heavy snow-drifts.
fann-hvítr, adj. white as driven snow (fönn), Stj. 206
.
fann-koma, u, f. a fall of snow.
fann-mikill, adj. snowy, Grett. 112.
FANTR, m. [Ital. fanti = a servant; Germ. fanz; Dan.
fjante = an oaf; the Norwegians call the gipsies 'fante-fo
lk,' and use fante-kjæring for a hag, fille-fant for the Germ. f
irle-fanz, a ragamuffin, etc.: the word is traced by Diez to the Lat. inf
ans, whence Ital. and Span, infanteria, Fr. infanterie, mod.
Engl. infantry, etc., -- in almost all mod. European languages the milit.
term for foot-soldiers. In Norse and Icel. the word came into use at the
end of the 12th century; the notion of a footman is perceivable in the
verse in Fms. viii. 172 (of A. D. 1182) -- fant sé ek hvern á hest
i en lendir menn ganga, I behold every fant seated on horseback whilst
the noblemen walk :-- hence it came to mean] a landlouper, vagabond,
freq. in Karl., Str., El., Flóv.; fantar ok glópar, Mar.; hversu
vegsamligr var konungrinn af Ísrael í dag, hver eð afklæ
ddist fyrir ambáttum þénara sinna, og lék nakinn sem
fantar, and danced naked like a buffoon, Vídal. i. 220, cp. 2 Sam.
vi. 20.
fanz, m. a gang, tribe; Odd sá þekti allr fans, Stef.
Ól.; þræla-fanz, a gang of thralls. β. lumber, Úlf. 8. 64; akin to fantr.
FAR, n. I. motion, travel; rare in this sense, as the fem.
för and ferð, q.v., are used instead. β. of the clouds, in the phrase, far á lopti, drift in the sky. II. a
means of passage, a ship; far er skip, Edda 110, Skálda 163: the all
it. phrase, hvert fljótanda far, every floating vessel, Fms. xi. 1
25, Fær. 260; at bjarga fari á floti, Hm. 155. 2. in compds,
a trading vessel; Íslands-far, an Iceland-trader, Fms. vi.
370, vii. 32; Englands-far, an English-trader, ix. 41; Dýrlinnarfar, a Dublin ship, Eb. 254; fjögra-, tveggja-, sex-manna-far, a
four-, two-, six-oared boat. 3. passage, in the phrases, taka
sér (e-m) fari, fá sér fari, ráða sér far
i, usually so in dat., but in mod. usage acc. (taka, ráða sér
far), to take a passage in a ship, Gþl. 516, Grág. ii. 400,
406 (acc.), Ld. 50, Landn. 307, Eg. 288, Nj. 111, 112, Ísl. ii. 199, Eb.
194; beiðask fars, id., Grág. i. 90, Fms. vi. 239; banna e-m f
ar, to forbid one a passage, stop one (far-bann), Landn. 307; synja e-m f
ars, to deny one a passage (far-synjan), Hbl. 54; at þeir hafi alli
r far, Jb. 393. III. a trace, track, print, Hom. 120; Sveinki rak
lömb sín til fjöru í förin, at eigi mátti sj
á tveggja manna för, Njarð. 376; nú villask hundarnir far
sins, the hounds lost the track, Fms. v. 147, cp. O. H. L. 83: metaph., o
f et sama far, on the same subject, of a book, Íb. (pref.): in man
y compds, a print, mark of anv kind, fóta-för, footprints;
 skafla-för, the print of a sharp-shod horse; nálar-far,
a stitch; fingra-för, a finger-print; tanna-för, a bi
te; nagla-för, the marks of nails, John xx. 25; knífs-far
, a knife's mark; eggjar-far, the mark of the edge, in a cut; j&aa
cute;rna-far, the print of the shackles; kjal-far, the keel's track, w
ake of a ship; um-far, a turn, round; saum-far, a rim on a ship's
side. IV. metaph. life, conduct, behaviour; hugar-far, ge&eth
;s-far, lundar-far, disposition, character; ættar-far, a family
mark, peculiarity; dag-far, daily life, conduct of life; í g&o
acute;ðra manna fari ok vándra, 677. 3; hvat þess mundi vera &i
acute; fari konungsins, in the king's character, Fms. v. 327; ek vissa &t
horn;á marga hluti í fari Knúts konungs, at hann mætt
i heilagr vera, xi. 287; nokkut af fyrnsku eptir í fari hans, iii. 131. 2. estate, condition; ok gefa þeir eigi gaum um hennar far, N
. G. L. i. 226; sem hann hafði skírt far sitt, made known his stat
e, how he fared, 34; aldar-far, Lat. genius seculi; dægra-far,
q.v.: sára-far, the state of the wounds; víga-far, q.v.; he
ilindis-far, health, Mar. 124; far veðranna, the course of the win
ds, Eb. 218. 3. the phrase, at forni fari, of yore, of old, G&
thorn;l. 85, 86, Eg. 711; at fornu fari ok nýju, of yore and of late, D. N.; at réttu fari, justly. β. the phrase, g&oum
l;ra sér far um e-t, to take pains about a thing.
B. = fár, q.v., bale, ill-fate (rare); far er reiði, fa
r er skip, Edda 110; at hann mundi fara þat far sem hans formaðr, t
hat he would fare as ill as his predecessor, Bs. i. 758: cp. the dubious phr
ase, muna yðvart far allt í sundi þótt ek hafa öndu
látið, your ill-fate will not all be afloat, i.e. cleared
off, though I am dead, Skv. 3. 51; vera í illu fari, to fare ill,
be in a strait, Orkn. 480; ok vóru í illu fari hér um,
Stj. 394. Judges viii. 1, 'and they did chide with him sharply,' A. V.; at hann
skyldi í engu fari móti þeim vera, that he should not be
plotting (brooding mischief) against them, Sturl. iii. 121 C.
FARA, pret. fóra, 2nd pers. fórt, mod. fórst, pl. f&
oacute;ru; pres. ferr, 2nd pers. ferr, in mod. pronunciation ferð; pret. sub
j. færa; imperat. far and farðu ( = far þú); sup. farit;
part. farinn; with the suffixed neg. fór-a, Am. 45; farið-a (depar
t not), Hkr. i. 115 MS. (in a verse). [In the Icel. scarcely any other verb
is in so freq. use as fara, as it denotes any motion; not so in other Teut. idio
ms; in Ulf. faran is only used once, viz. Luke x. 7; Goth. farjan
means to sail, and this seems to be the original sense of fara (vide far)
; A. S. faran; the Germ. fahren and Engl. fare are used in
a limited sense; in the Engl. Bible this word never occurs (Cruden); Swed. fa
ra; Dan. fare.]
<PAGE NUM="b0142">
<HEADER>142 FARA.</HEADER>
A. NEUT. to go, fare, travel, in the widest sense; gékk han
n hvargi sem hann fór, he walked wherever he went, Hkr. i. 100; n&
eacute; ek flý þó ek ferr, I fly not though I fare, E
dda (in a verse); létt er lauss at fara (a proverb), Sl. 37: the saying,
verðr hverr með sjálfum sér lengst at fara, Gísl. 2
5; cp. 'dass von sich selbst der Mensch nicht scheiden kann' (Göthe's Tasso
), or the Lat. 'patriae quis exul se quoque fugit?' usually in the sense to g
o, to depart, heill þú farir, heill þú aptr komir,
Vþm. 4; but also to come, far þú hingat til mí
n, come here, Nj. 2. 2. to travel, go forth or through,
pass, or the like; þú skalt fara í Kirkjubæ, Nj. 7
4; fara ór landi, to fare forth from one's country, Fms. v. 24; kj
óll ferr austan, Vsp. 51; Surtr ferr sunnan, 52; snjór var mikill,
ok íllt at fara, and ill to pass, Fms. ix. 491; fóru &thor
n;eir út eptir ánni, Eg. 81; siðan fór Egill fram me&et
h; skóginum, 531; þeim sem hann vildi at færi ... Njál
l hét at fara, Nj. 49; fara munu vér, Eg. 579; Egill fór ti
l þess er hann kom til Álfs. 577, Fms. xi. 122; fara þeir n&u
acute; af melinum á sléttuna. Eg. 747; fara heiman, to fare for
th from one's home, K. Þ. K. 6; alls mik fara tíðir, V&thor
n;m. 1; fjölð ek fór, far I fared, i.e. travelled far,
 3: the phrase, fara utan, to fare outwards, go abroad (from Iceland)
, passim; fara vestr um haf, to fare westward over the sea, i.e. to th
e British Isles, Hkr. i. 101; fara á fund e-s, to visit one, L
d. 62; fara at heimboði, to go to a feast, id.; fara fæti, t
o fare a-foot, go walking, Hkr.; absol. fara, to travel, beg, hence f
öru-maðr, a vagrant, beggar; in olden times the poor went their
rounds from house to house within a certain district, cp. Grág. i. 85; &o
acute;magar er þar eigu at fara í því þingi e&et
h;r um þau þing, id.; ómagar skolu fara, 119; omegð &thor
n;á er þar ferr, 296: in mod. usage, fara um and um-ferð, be
gging, going round. β. with prep.: fara at e-m, to make an in
road upon one, Nj. 93, 94, 102 (cp. at-för); fara á e-n, to m
ount, e.g. fara á bak, to mount on horseback; metaph., dau&eth
;inn fór á, death seized him, Fms. xi. 150; f. saman, to
go together, Edda 121, Grág. ii. 256; f. saman also means to shud
der. Germ. zusammenfahren, Hým. 24: metaph. to concur, agre
e, hversu má þat saman f., Nj. 192; þeim þót
ti þat mjök saman f., Fms. iv. 382; fara á hæl, or &aacu
te; hæli, to go a-heel, i.e. step back. retreat, xi. 278, Eg
. 296; fara undan, metaph. to excuse oneself, refuse (v. undan), Nj. 23,
Fms. x. 227; fara fyrir, to proceed; fara eptir, to follow. 3. with ferð, leið or the like added, in acc. or gen. to go one's wa
y; fara leiðar sinnar, to proceed on one's journey, Eg. 81, 477,
Fms. i. 10, Grág. ii. 119; fara ferðar sinnar, or ferða sinna, id.. Eg. 180, Fms. iv. 125; fara derð sina, id.. Eg. 568; fara f
örum sínum, or för sinní, id., K. Þ. K. 80,
90; fara dagfari ok náttfari, to travel day and night, Fms. i. 20
3; fara fullum dagleiðum, to go full days-journeys, Grág. i. 9
1; or in a more special sense, fara þessa ferð, to make this journe
y, Fas. ii. 117; f. stefnu-för, to go a-summoning; f. bón
orðs-för, to go a-courting, Nj. 148; f. sigr-för, to go
on the way of victory, to triumph, Eg. 21; fara sendi-för, to go on
a message, 540. β. in a metaph. sense; fara hneykju-för, to be shamefully beaten, Hrafn. 19 (MS.); fara ósigr, to be defea
ted, Eg. 287; fara mikinn skaða, to 'fare' (i.e. suffer) great damage, Karl. 43; fara því verrum förum, fara sk&o
uml;mm, hneykju, erendleysu, úsæmð, to get the worst of it, Fms. viii. 125. 4. with the road in acc.; hann fór Vána
r-skarð, Landn. 226; f. sjó-veg, land-veg, K. Þ. K. 24; f&oacut
e;r mörg lönd ok stórar merkr, Fas. ii. 540; fara sömu lei
ð, Fms. i. 70; f. sama veg, Luke x. 31; f. fjöll ok dala, Barl. 104; fa
ra út-leið, þjóð-leið, Fms. iv. 260; also, fara
um veg, fara um fjall, to cross a fell, Hm. 3; fara liði, to march
, Fms. i. 110. II. in a more indefinite sense, to go; fara b&
uacute;ðum, bygðum, vistum, to move, change one's abode, Ld. 56,
Hkr. ii. 177, Nj. 151, Vigl. 30; fara búferla, to more one's household
, Grág. ii. 409; fara vöflunarförum, to go a-begging, i. 163, 294, ii. 482. 2. the phrases, fara eldi ok arni, a law term, to move one's hearth and fire. Grág. ii. 253; fara eldi um land, a h
eathen rite for taking possession of land, defined in Landn. 276. cp. Eb. 8, Lan
dn. 189, 284. 3. fara einn-saman, to be alone. Grág. ii. 9;
the phrase, f. eigi einn-saman, to be not alone, i.e. with child,
Fms. iii. 109; or, fór hón með svein þann, Bs. i. 437;
cp. ganga með barni. 4. adding an adj., to denote gait, pace,
or the like; fara snúðigt, to stride haughtily, Nj. 100; fara
mikinn, to rush on, 143; fara flatt, to fall flat, tumble, B&aacut
e;rð. 177; fara hægt, to walk slowly. β. fara til s
vefns, to go to sleep, Nj. 35; f. í sæti sitt, to go to o
ne's seat, 129; f. í sess, Vþm. 9; f. á bekk, 19; fara &
aacute; sæng, to go to bed, N. G. L. i. 30; fara í rú
mið, id. (mod.); fara í mannjöfnuð, Ísl. ii. 2
14; fara í lag, to be put straight, Eg. 306; fara í v&ouml
;xt, to wax, increase, Fms. ix. 430, Al. 141; fara í þur&eth
;, to wane, Ld. 122, l. 1 (MS.); fara í úefni, to go to
the wrong side, Sturl. iii. 210; fara at skakka, to be odd (not ev
en). Sturl. ii. 258; fara at sölum, to be put out for sale, Gr&a
acute;g. ii. 204. 5. fara at fuglum, to go a-fowling, Orkn. (in a
verse); fara at fugla-veiðum, id., Bb. 3. 36; fara í herna&eth
;, í víking, to go a-freebooting, Fms. i. 33, Landn. 31; fa
ra at fé, to watch sheep, Ld. 240; fara at fé-föngum,
to go a-fetching booty, Fms. vii. 78. β. with infin., denotin
g one's 'doing' or 'being;' fara sofa, to go to sleep, Eg. 377; fara vega
, to go to fight, Vsp. 54, Gm. 23; fara at róa, Vígl. 22; f
ara leita, to go seeking, Fms. x. 240; fara að búa, to set
up a household, Bb. 2. 6; fara að hátta, to go to bed. 
γ. akin to this is the mod. use of fara with an infin. following in th
e sense to begin, as in the East Angl. counties of Engl. it 'fares' to
..., i.e. it begins, is likely to be or to do so and so; &tho
rn;að fer að birta, það er farit að dimma, it 'fares' t
o grow dark; það fer að hvessa, it 'fares' to blow; fer
að rigna, it 'fares' to rain. etc. :-- no instance of this usage is
recorded in old Icel., but the Engl. usage shews that it must be old. δ
. with an adj. etc.; fara villr, to go astray, Sks. 565; fara haltr,
to go lame, Fms. x. 420; fara vanstiltr, to go out of one's mind,
264; fara hjá sér, to be beside oneself, Eb. 270; fara apr,
to feel chilly, Fms. vi. 237 (in a verse); fara duldr e-s, to be unaw
are of, Skálda 187 (in a verse); fara andvígr e-m, to give
battle, Stor. 8; fara leyniliga, to go secretly, be kept hidden, Nj.
49. 6. to pass; fór sú skipan til Íslands, Fm
s. x. 23; fara þessi mál til þings, Nj. 100; hversu orð f
óru með þeim, how words passed between them, 90; f&oacut
e;ru þau orð um, the runner went abroad, Fms. i. 12; ferr or&et
h; er um munn líðr (a saying), iv. 279; þá fór fe
rligt úorðan, a bad report went abroad, Hom. 115. 7. fa
ra fram, to go on, take place; ferr þetta fram, Ld. 258; ef eigi fe
rr gjald fram, if no payment takes place, K. Þ. K. 64; ferr sv&aac
ute; fram, and so things went on without a break, Nj. 11, Eg. 711; veizla
n ferr vel fram, the feast went on well, Nj. 11, 51; spyrr hvat þar
færi fram, he asked what there was going on. Band. 17; fór
allt á sömu leið sem fyrr, it went on all the same as before,
 Fms. iv. 112; fara fram ráðum e-s, to follow one's advice, Nj. 5, 66, Fms. vii. 318; allt mun þat sínu fram f., it will t
ake its own course, Nj. 259; nú er því ferr fram um hr&i
acute;ð, it went on so for a while, Fms. xi. 108; a law term, to b
e produced, gögn fara fram til varnar, Grág. i. 65; dómar
fara út, the court is set (vide dómr), Grág., Nj.,
passim. 8. borð fara upp brott, the tables are removed (vide b
orð), Eg. 247, 551; eigi má þetta svá f., this cannot
go on in that way, Nj. 87; fjarri ferr þat, far from it, by no mea
ns, 134; fór þat fjarri at ek vilda, Ld. 12; fór þ
at ok svá til, and so if came to pass, Fms. x. 212. 9. t
o turn out, end; hversu ætlar þú fara hesta-atið, Nj
. 90; fór þat sem likligt var, it turned out as was likely (
i.e. ended ill). Eg. 46; svá fór, at ..., the end was, t
hat ..., Grett. 81 new Ed.; ef svá ferr sem ek get til, if it turn
s out as I guess, Dropl. 30, Vígl. 21; ef svá ferr sem m&iacut
e;n orð horfa til, Fms. v. 24; ef svá ferr sem mik varir, if it co
mes to pass as it seems to me, vi. 350; svá fór um sjó
ferð þá, Bjarni 202; á sömu leið fór um
aðra sendi-menn, Eg. 537; to depart, die, þar fór n&yacu
te;tr maðr, Fs. 39; fara danða-yrði, to pass the death-weird, to
die, Ýt. 8. 10. to fare well, ill, in addressing; fari
þér vel, fare ye well, Nj. 7; biðja e-n vel fara, to
bid one farewell, Eg. 22, Ld. 62; far heill ok sæll, Fms. vii. 197: in
a bad sense, far þú nú þar, ill betide thee! H
bl. 60; far (impers.) manna armastr, Eg. 553; Jökull bað hann fara br&a
elig;la armastan, Finnb. 306; fari þér í svá gramendr
allir, Dropl. 23. 11. fara í fat, í brynju (acc.), etc., to dress, undress; but fara ór fötum (dat.), to undress, Fms. x. 16, xi. 132, vii. 202, Nj. 143, Gh. 16, etc. III. metaph., 1
. to suit, fit, esp. of clothes, hair, or the like; ekki þykkir
mér kyrtill þinn fara betr en stakkr minn, Fas. ii. 343; há
rið fór vel, Nj. 30; jarpr á hár ok fór vel h&aa
cute;rit, Fms. ii. 7; gult hár sem silki ok fór fagrliga, vi. 438,
Fs. 88; klæði sem bezt farandi, Eb. 256; var sú konan bezt f.,
the most graceful, lady-like, Ísl. ii. 438; fór íll
a á hestinum, it sat ill on the horse, Bs. i. 712. 2. impe
rs. it goes so and so with one, i.e. one behaves so and so
: e-m ferr vel, ílla, etc., one behaves well, ill, etc.; honum haf
a öll málin verst farit, he has behaved worst in the whole matter
, Nj. 210; bezta ferr þér, Fms. vii. 33; vel mun þ&eacute
;r fara, Nj. 55; at honum fari vel, 64; þer hefir vel farit til mín
, Finnb. 238; e-m ferr vinveittliga, one behaves in a friendly way, Nj. 2
17; ferr þér þá bezt jafnan ok höfðinglegast
er mest liggr við, 228; mun honum nokkurn veg vel f., Hrafn. 10; údre
ngiliga hefir þér farit til vár, Ld. 48; ferr þ&eacute
;r illa, Nj. 57; hversu Gunnari fór, how (well) G. behav
ed, 119. 3. fara at e-u, to deal with a thing (i.e. proceed
) so and so; svá skal at sókn fara, thus is the pleading to
be proceeded with, Grág. i. 323; svá skal at því
f. at beiða ..., 7; fara at lögum, or úlögum at e-u, to
proceed lawfully or unlawfully, 126; hversu at skyldi f., how the
y were to proceed, Nj. 114; fara mjúklega at, to proceed gently, Fms. vii. 18; hér skulu vér f. at með ráðum, 
to act with deliberation, Eg. 582; Flosi fór at öngu ó&et
h;ara (took matters calmly), en hann væri heima, Nj. 220. &beta
;. impers. with dat., to do, behave; ílla hefir mér at
farit, I have done my business badly, Hrafn. 8; veit Guð hversu hverj
um manni mun at f., Fms. x. 212: in mod. phrases, to become, ironically,
þér ferr það, or þér ferst það, it becomes thee, i.e. 'tis too bad of thee. γ. hv&iacu
te; ferr konungrinn nú svá (viz. at), Fms. i. 35; er slíkt
úsæmiliga farit, so shamefully done, Nj. 82; hér ferr
vænt at, here things go merrily, 232; karlmannliga er farit, ma
nfully done, 144. δ. to mind, care about; ekki ferr ek a
t, þótt þú hafir svelt þik til fjár, i
t does not matter to me, I do not care, though ..., Nj. 18; ekki munu vit at
því fara (never mind that), segir Helgi, 133. ε.
 fara eptir, to be in proportion; hér eptir fór vö
xtr ok afl, his strength and stature were in proportion, Clar. 4.
fara með e-t, to wield, handle, manage; fór Hroptr með Gun
gni, H. wielded Gungni (the spear), Kormak; f. með Grí&
eth;ar-völ, to wield the staff G., Þd. 9: as a law term, to
wield, possess; fara með goðorð, to keep a goðor&et

h;, esp. during the session of parliament, Dropl. 8, Grág. and Nj. passim
; fara með sök, to manage a lawsuit, Grág., Nj.; or, far
a við sök, id., Nj. 86. β. metaph. to practise, d
eal in; fara með rán, to deal in robbing, Nj. 73; fara me
ð spott ok háð, to go
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<HEADER>FARA -- FARDAGAR. 143</HEADER>
sporting and mocking, 66; f. með fals ok dár, Pass. 16. 5; far
a með galdra ok fjölkyngi, K. Þ. K. 76; f. með hindr-vitni, G
rett. 111; cp. the phrase, farðu ekki með það, don't talk s
uch nonsense. γ. to deal with, treat, handle; þ&ua
cute; munt bezt ok hógligast með hann fara, thou wilt deal with hi
m most kindly and most gently, Nj. 219; fara af hljóði með et, to keep matters secret, id.; Ingimundr fór vel með sög
um (better than sögur, acc.), Ing. dealt well with stories, was a good h
istorian. Stud. i. 9. δ. with dat.; fara með e-u, to do so and so with a thing, manage it; hversu þeir skyldi fara me&e
th; vápnum sínum, how they were to do with their weapons,
Fms. ix. 509; sá maðr er með arfinum ferr, who manages the
arfr, Grág. i. 217; ef þeir fara annan veg með þv&iacute
; fé, 216; fara með málum sínum, to manage one's cas
e, 46; meðan hann ferr svá með sem mælt er, 93; Gunnarr
fór með öllu (acted in all) sem honum var ráð
til kennt, Nj. 100; ef svá er með farit, Ld. 152; f. vel með s&i
acute;num háttum, to bear oneself well, behave well, Eg. 65; Hrafn
fór með sér vel, H. bore himself well, Fms. vi. 109; u
ndarliga fara munkar þessir með sér, they behave strangely, 188; við förum kynlega með okkrum málum, Nj. 130; vant &
thorn;yki mér með slíku at fara, difficult matters to have
to do with, 75; f. málum á hendr e-m, to bring an action ag
ainst one, Ld. 138; fara sókn (to proceed) sem at þingad
ómi, Grág. i. 463; fara svá öllu máli um sem ..
., 40, ii. 348; fara með hlátri ok gapi, to go laughing and scoffi
ng, Nj. 220; cp. β above. IV. fara um, yfir e-t, to pass over
slightly; nú er yfir farit um landnám, shortly told, touch
ed upon, Landn. 320; skjótt yfir at f., to be brief, 656 A. 12
; fara myrkt um e-t, to mystify a thing, Ld. 322; fara mörgum or&eth
;um um e-t, to dilate upon a subject, Fbr. 124, Nj. 248, Fms. ix. 264. β. in the phrase, fara höndum um e-t, to go with the hands abo
ut a thing, to touch it, Germ. befühlen, esp. medic. of a heali
ng touch; jafnan fengu menn heilsubót af handlögum hans, af þv
í er hann fór höndum um þá er sjúkir v&oa
cute;ru, Játv. 24; ok pá fór hann höndum um hann, Bs.
i. 644; þá lét Arnoddr fara aðra höndina um hann, o
k fann at hann var berfættr ok í línklæðum. Dropl.
30; cp. fóru hendr hvítar hennar um þessar görvar, Fas
. i. 248 (in a verse): note the curious mod. phrase, það fer að fa
ra um mig, I began to feel uneasy, as from a cold touch or the like. &
gamma;. impers. with dat.; eigi ferr þér nær Gunnari, en
Merði mundi við þik, thou camest not nearer to G. than Mord wou
ld to thee, i.e. tbou art just as far from being a match for G. as Mord i
s to thee, Nj. 37; þá ferr honum sem öðrum, it came
to pass with him as with others, 172; þá mun mér first
um fara, I shall fall much short of that, Fms. vi. 362; því
betr er þeim ferr öllum verr at, the worse they fare the better I
am pleased, Nj. 217. V. reflex., esp. of a journey, to fare well; fórsk þeim vel, they fared well, Eg. 392, Fms. xi. 22; h
onum fersk vel vegrinn, he proceeded well on his journey, ii. 81; haf&eth
;i allt farizt vel at, all had fared well, they had had a prosperous journey,
 Íb. 10; fórsk þeim þá seint um daginn, 
they proceeded slowly, Eg. 544; mönnum fórsk eigi vel um fenit,
Fms. vii. 149; hversu þeim hafði farizk, Nj. 90; at þeim f&aelig
;risk vel, Ísl. ii. 343, 208, v.l.: the phrase, hamri fórsk &iacut
e; hægri hönd, he grasped the hammer in his right hand, Bragi;
farask lönd undir, to subdue lands, Hkr. i. 134, v.l. (in a verse).
2. recipr., farask hjá, to go beside one another, miss one ano
ther, pass without meeting, Nj. 9; farask á mis, id., farask &
iacute; móti, to march against one another, of two hosts; þa
t bar svá til at hvárigir vissu til annarra ok fórusk &thor
n;ó í móti, Fms. viii. 63, x. 46, Fas. ii. 515. VI.
part., 1. act., koma farandi, to come of a sudden or by chance;
 þá kómu hjarðsveinar þar at farandi, some
shepherds just came, Eg. 380; Moses kom farandi til fólksins, Sks. 57
4; koma inn farandi, 369, Fbr. 25. 2. pass. farinn, in the phrase,
á förnum vegi, on 'wayfaring,' i.e. in travelling, passin
g by; finna e-n á förnum vegi, Nj. 258, K. Þ. K. 6; kve&et
h;ja fjárins á förnum vegi, Grág. i. 403; also, fara u
m farinn veg, to pass on one's journey; of the sun. sól var skamt
farin, the sun was little advanced, i.e. early in the morning, Fm
s. xi. 267, viii. 146; þá var dagr alljós ok sól fari
n, broad day and sun high in the sky, Eg. 219; also impers., sól (
dat.) var skamt farit, Úlf. 4. 10: the phrase, aldri farinn, stricken
in years, Sturl. i. 212; vel farinn í andliti, well-favoured,
Ld. 274; vel at orði farinn, well spoken, eloquent, Fms. xi. 193; mod
., vel orði, máli farinn, and so Ld. 122; gone, þar eru
baugar farnir, Grág. ii. 172; þó fætrnir sé far
nir, Fas. iii. 308. β. impers. in the phrase, e-m er þannig fa
rit, one is so and so; veðri var þannig farit, at ..., the w
inter was such, that ..., Fms. xi. 34; veðri var svá farit at my
rkt var um at litask, i.e. the weather was gloomy, Grett. 111; hversu lan
dinu er farit, what is the condition of the country, Sks. 181; henni er &
thorn;annig farit, at hón er mikil ey, löng ..., (the island)
is so shapen, that it is large and long, Hkr. ii. 188; er eigi einn veg
farit úgæfu okkari, our ill-luck is not of one piece, Nj. 1
83: metaph. of state, disposition, character, er hánum vel farit, he i
s a well-favoured man, 15; undarliga er yðr farit, ye are strange men
, 154; honum var svá farit, at hann var vesal-menni, Boll. 352: addi
ng the prepp. at, til, þeim var úlíkt farit at í m&ou
ml;rgu, they were at variance in many respects, Hkr. iii. 97; nú e
r annan veg til farit, now matters are altered, Nj. 226; nú er sv
á til farit, at ek vil ..., now the case is, that I wish ..., Eg.
714; hér er þannig til farit, ... at leiðin, 582; þar va
r þannig til farit, Fms. xi. 34. UNCERTAIN Hence comes the mod. form vari&
eth; (v instead of f), which also occurs in MSS. of the 15th centu
ry--veðri var svá varit, Sd. 181; ér honum vel varið, Lv.
80, Ld. 266, v.l.; svá er til varið, Sks. 223, 224,--all of them pape
r MSS. The phrase, e-m er nær farit, one is pressed; svá var
honum nær farit af öllu samt, vökum ok föstu, he was ne
arly overcome from want of sleep and fasting.
B. TRANS. I. with acc.: 1. to visit; fara land hersk
ildi, brandi, etc., to visit a land with 'war-shield,' fire, etc., i.e. devastate it; gékk siðan á land upp með liði s&i
acute;nu, ok fór allt herskildi, Fms. i. 131; land þetta mundi hers
kildi farit, ok leggjask undir útlenda höfðingja, iv. 357; (hann
) lét Halland farit brandi, vii. 4 (in a verse); hann fór lvist el
di, 41 (in a verse); hann hefir farit öll eylönd brandi, 46 (in a vers
e); fara hungri hörund, to emaciate the body, of an ascetic, Sl. 71.
2. to overtake, with acc.; hann gat ekki farit hann, he could
not overtake (catch) him, 623. 17; tunglit ferr sólina
, the moon overtakes the sun, Rb. 116; áðr hana Fenrir fari, before Fenrir overtakes her, Vþm. 46, 47; knegut oss fálur fa
ra, ye witches cannot take us, Hkv. Hjörv. 13; hann gat farit fj&oac
ute;ra menn af liði Steinólfs, ok drap þá alla, ... hann
gat farit þá hjá Steinólfsdal, Gullþ. 29; hann
reið eptir þeim, ok gat farit þá út hjá Sv
elgsá, milli ok Hóla, Eb. 180; Án hrísmagi var &thor
n;eirra skjótastr ok getr farit sveininn, Ld. 242; viku þeir &thorn
;á enn undan sem skjótast svá at Danir gátu eigi far
it þá, Fms. (Knytl. S.) xi. 377 (MS., in the Ed. wrongly altered to
náð þeim); hérinn hljóp undan, ok gátu hu
ndarnir ekki farit hann (Ed. fráit wrongly), Fas. iii. 374; ok renna alli
r eptir þeim manni er víg vakti, ... ok verðr hann farinn, G&th
orn;l. 146: cp. the phrase, vera farinn, to dwell, live, to be found here and
there; þótt hann sé firr um farinn, Hm. 33. II.
with dat. to destroy, make to perish; f. sér, to make away with
oneself; kona hans fór sér í dísar-sal, she
killed herself, Fas. i. 527; hón varð stygg ok vildi fara s&eacut
e;r, Landn. (Hb.) 55; ef þér gangit fyrir hamra ofan ok farit y&eth
;r sjálfir, Fms. viii. 53; hví ætla menn at hann mundi vilja
f. sér sjálfr, iii. 59; fara lífi, fjörvi, öndu,
id.; skal hann heldr eta, en fara öndu sinni, than starve onesel
f to death, K. Þ. K. 130; ok verðr þá þí
nu fjörvi um farit, Lv. 57, Ýt. 20, Fas. i. 426 (in a verse), cp. Hk
v. Hjörv. 13; mínu fjörvi at fara, Fm. 5; þú hefir
sigr vegit, ok Fáfni (dat.) um farit, 23; farit hafði hann allri &ae
lig;tt Geirmímis, Hkv. 1. 14; ok létu hans fjörvi farit, S&oa
cute;l. 22; hann hafði farit mörgum manni, O. H. L. 11. β.
to forfeit; fara sýknu sinni, Grág. i. 98; fara löndum
ok lausafé, ii. 167. 2. reflex. to perish (but esp. freq.
in the sense to be drowned, perish in the sea); farask af sulti, to di
e of hunger, Fms. ii. 226; fellr fjöldi manns í díkit ok
farask þar, v. 281; fórusk sex hundruð Vinda skipa, xi. 369; al
ls fórusk níu menn, Ísl. ii. 385; mun heimr farask, Eluc. 4
3; þá er himin ok jörð hefir farisk, Edda 12; farask af hi
ta, mæði, Fms. ix. 47; fórsk þar byrðingrinn, 307; hv
ar þess er menn farask, Grág. i. 219; heldr enn at fólk Gu&e
th;s farisk af mínum völdum, Sks. 732: of cattle, ef fé hins
hefir troðisk eðr farisk á þá lund sem nú var
tínt, Grág. ii. 286. β. metaph., fersk nú vin&
aacute;tta ykkur, your friendship is done with, Band. 12. γ.
the phrase, farask fyrir, to come to naught, Nj. 131; at síðr
mun fyrir farask nokkut stórræði, Ísl. ii. 340; en fyri
r fórusk málagjöldin af konungi, the payment never took pl
ace, Fms. v. 278; lét ek þetta verk fyrir farask, vii. 158; &th
orn;á mun þat fyrir farask, Fs. 20; en fyrir fórsk þat
þó þau misseri, Sd. 150: in mod. usage (N. T.), to perish
. δ. in act. rarely, and perhaps only a misspelling: frá
því er féit fór (fórsk better), K. Þ. K
. 132; fóru (better fórusk, were drowned) margir Ísl
enzkir menn, Bs. i. 436. 3. part. farinn, as adj. gone, undone;
 nú eru vér farnir, nema ..., Lv. 83; hans tafl var mjök
svá farit, his game was almost lost, Fas. i. 523; þá
er farnir vóru forstöðumenn Tróju, when the defenders
of Troy were dead and gone, Ver. 36; tungl farit, a 'dead moon,' i.e
. new moon, Rb. 34; farinn af sulti ok mæði, Fms. viii. 53; far
inn at e-u, ruined in a thing, having lost it; farnir at hamingju, lu
ckless, iv. 73; f. at vistum, xi. 33; f. at lausa-fé;. iii. 117: in s
ome cases uncertain whether the participle does not belong to A.
far-ald, n. [A. S. fareld], a journey, only in the phrase,
hverju faraldi, how, by what means, expressing wonder at one's appearance
, escape, or the like; mátti þat engi maðr vita hverju f. &thor
n;angat mundi farit hafa, Bs. i. 338, Rd. 235, Sturl. iii. 219, Fs. 147 (where w
rongly fem.), Mar. 98.
far-aldr, m. (neut. Fb. l.c.), medic. pestilence, cp. Bs. i. 662 (
the verse), Fb. i. 583 (the verse): in mod. usage plague, among animals.
farand-kona, u, f. a beggar-woman, Nj. 66; vide fara A. I. 2.
far-angr, m., gen. rs, luggage, Ísl. ii. 362, Fbr. 140.
farar-, vide för, a journey.
far-bann, n. a stopping of trade, an embargo, Eg. 403, Fms. vii. 2
85, ii. 127, Ann. 1243, Bs. i. 510.
far-bauti, a, m. a 'ship-beater,' destroyer, an ogre, Fms. xi. 146
: mythol. a giant, the father of Loki, Edda.
far-beini, a, m. furthering one's journey, Eg. 482, v.l.; better f
orbeini.
far-borði, a, m. a ship's board or bulwark above water when
loaded, cp. Grág. ii. 399; hence the metaph. phrase, sjá (or
leita) sér farborða, to take precautions, so as to get safe an
d sound out of a danger, Fms. vi. 430, vii. 142, v.l.
far-búinn, part. 'boun' to sail (or depart), Hkr. ii
i. 193.
far-búnaðr, m. equipment of a ship, 673. 61.
far-dagar, m. pl. flitting days, four successive days in spring, a
t the end of May (old style), in which householders in Icel. changed their abode
;
<PAGE NUM="b0144">
<HEADER>141 FARÐI -- FASTORÐR.</HEADER>
this use is very old, cp. Glúm. ch. 26, Grág. Þ. Þ. ch
. 56, Edda 103, Bs. i. 450, the Sagas and laws passim; hence fardaga-helgi, f. the Sunday in fardagar, Grág. ii. 12; fardaga-leiti a
nd fardaga-skeið, n. the time of fardagar, Ísl. ii. 26.
FARÐI, a, m. [Fr. fard; Old Engl. fard. farding; Norse
fare, Ivar Aasen], scum (in milk, curds), and farða, a&
eth;, to have scum formed on it.
far-drengr, m. a sea-faring man, Edda 107, Fms. ii. 23, Þorf
. Karl. 402.
FARFI, a, m. [Germ. farbe], colour, (modern and scarcely us
ed.)
far-flótti, adj. fugitive, exiled, Hkr. i. 252: with gen.,

Fas. iii. 103.
far-fúss, adj. eager for departing, Bs. ii. 35, 130.
far-fýsi, f. eagerness to depart or travel, Fms. iii
. 45, Fs. 46.
FARG, n. [cp. Ulf. fairguni--a mountain], a press, press
-weight; vera undir fargi, to be under a press, Bjarni 132.
farga, að, I. with acc. to press, Hom. 152, Bs. ii. 118
. II. with dat. to destroy, make away with, Bb. 1. 7.
farga, u, f. [for. word, cp. farga. Du Cange], a sort of stuff,
 Pm. 6.
far-gögn, n. pl. luggage, Nj. 266: sing., Stj. 367.
far-görvi, n. travelling gear, Eg. 727, Edda 110.
far-hirðir, m. a ferryman, Gþl. 415, Hbl. 52 (féhírðir MS.)
fari, m. a sea-farer, in compds, Dyflinnar-fari, a Dublin trade
r; Englands-fari, an English seaman, Baut. 387, Rafn 217, Fms. vi. 24
0; Hlymreks-fari, a Limerick seaman, Landn.; Hallands-fari; Hólmga
rds-fari, one who trades to Holmgard; Jórsala-fari (a traveller
to Jerusalem). Fms., Ann.
far-kona, u, f. a beggar-woman, Sturl. ii. 108. farkonu-s&oacut
e;tt, f., medic. erysipelas (?), Ann. 1240.
far-kostr, m. [Swed.-Norse farkost; Scot. farcost], a fe
rry-boat, a ship, Fms. vi. 219, Edda 48, Grág. ii. 130, Fb. i. 546,
Ver. 8, Thom. 29.
far-lami, adj. lame and unable to go, Bs. i. 303.
far-land, n., poët. the land of ships, the sea, Lex. Poë
t., cp. Og. 31.
far-leiga, u, f. passage-money, Gþl. 415.
far-lengd, f. travels, journey, Bs. i. 450, 758. Fms. v. 273. Thom
. 173.
far-ligr, adj. comfortable: farlig sæng, a soft bed,
Vellekla.
far-ljós, f. adj. light enough for travelling, of the night
, Eg. 88, Fbr. 97 new Ed.
far-lög, n. pl. nautical law, Grág. ii. 399.
far-maðr, m. a seaman, sea-faring man, Landn. 180, Bs. i. 66,
Nj. 61, Eg. 154, Fms. i. 11, iv. 124, 174. Þorst. hv. 44, Grág. i.
190. COMPDS: farmanna-búðir, f. pl. merchant booths. K.
Þ. K. 34. farmanna-lög, n. pl. = farlög, Jb. 7.
far-móðr, adj. weary from travelling, Fms. ix. 233, v.

288.
FARMR, m. a fare, freight, cargo, Jb. 411, Eg. 129, Band. 5, Fms.
iv. 259, Grág. ii. 395: metaph. a load in general, vide Lex. Po&eu
ml;t.: in the Edda, Odin is Farma-guð and Farma-týr, m.
the god and helper of loads,--he also was invoked bv sailors; ski
ps-f., a ship's freight: viðar-f., timbr-f., korn-f., hey-f., etc., a load of wood, timber, corn, hay, etc.
farnaðr and förnuðr, m., gen. ar, furtherance, spe
ed; tíl farnaðar mér ok til ferðar, Grág. ii. 2
1, Skv. 1. 8, Fms, viii. 31; ú-farnaðr, bad speed; þar t
il hon kynni sér f., till she knew how to speed in the world, Ld.
116.
far-nagli, a, m. the water-peg in a ship's bottom, in mod. usage n
egla, Edda (Gl.); cp. var-nagli.
farnask, að, dep. to speed well, Fms. iv. 56.
far-nest, n. viands. Eb. 196, Skálda 173.
farning, f. a ferrying over, passage; veita e-m f., Pd. 16, K. &TH
ORN;. K. 24, Glúm. 371, Fbr. 158, Sturl. i. 18. Ísl. ii. 386, Gr&a
acute;g. i. 98.
far-rek, n. shipwreck, in a metaph. sense; þat hafði &TH
ORN;órði orðit til farreks, at hestar hans báðir v&oac
ute;ru í brottu, i.e. Th. was wrecked, in that he had lost both his po
nies, Ísl. ii. 318; skulu vér frændr þínir
veita þér styrk til þess at þú komir aldri s&iac
ute;ðan í slíkt f., in such a strait, Fms. iv. 270.
FARRI, a, m. [A. S. fearr; Germ. farre = a bullock],
a bullock, Ýt. 14, Edda (Gl.) β. [farri, Ivar
Aasen], a landlouper, vagrant, Clar. (Fr.) COMPD: farra-fleinn, m.
prop. a landlouper; Alm. 5 spells fjarra-fleinn, N. G. L. ii. 154
, v.l. fira-fleinn, both wrongly as it seems, cp. farra-trjóna,
 f. 'bullock-snout,' Ýt. l.c., cp. also Germ. farren-schwan
z and farren-kope (Grimm); the verse in Alm. 5 is probably addressed
to the dwarf, not (as in the Edd.) the dwarf's own words.
far-serkr, m. travelling sark or jacket, a nickname, Landn.
far-skip, n. a ferry-boat, Gþl. 416.
far-snilli, f. nautical art, Fb. iii. 385.
far-sumar, n. the season for sea-faring, Ann.
far-synjan, f. refusing to ferry one, Hbl. 59.
far-sæla, u, f., prop. good speed (in travelling); but only
used metaph. good speed, prosperity, happiness, freq. in that use, esp. i
n eccl. sense, 623. 52. Stj. 327; f. þessa heims, Hom. 29, 76. Fms. i. 104
, vi. 155, x. 276, 409.
far-sælask, d, dep. to speed, have luck, Fs. 34.
far-sæld, f. = farsæla; friðr ok f., peace and happine

ss, Fms. xi. 438, Barl. 62: in pl., 655 xxxii. 9; ó-farsæld, misfortune.
far-sæll, adj. speeding well in voyages; svá f. at ha
nn kaus sér jafnan höfn, Korm. 140; þat er mælt at &thor
n;ú sért maðr farsælli en aðrir menn flestir, Fb. ii
i. 385: farsælli en aðrir menn, Band. 5, Barl. 195: of a ship, fars&ae
lig;lla en hvert annarra, Fs. 27 (obsolete). 2. metaph. prosperous, very freq., esp. in eccl. sense: ó-farsæll, unhappy.
far-sælligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), prosperous. Fms. ii.
36, v. 37.
far-tálmi, a, m. hinderance in one's journey, Gþl. 41
7, Al. 61.
far-tekja, u, f. taking a passage in a ship, Jb. 377, N. G. L. i.
58.
far-tíðr, m. a ferry-boat, Germ. fahrzeug (poët.),
Edda (Gl.)
far-vegr, m. a track, Fms. v. 225, ix. 366, xi. 316; manna f., 
a track of men, Gþl. 538, Stj. 71: metaph., Sks. 565 B. 2. a
'fair way,' a channel, bed of a river, Landn. 65, Grág. ii. 281, Stj
. 230, Fms. iv. 360 (freq.) 3. a road, journey; langr f., Fms. xi.
16, v. 225.
far-viðr, m. [farvid, Ivar Aasen], faggots, Björn.
far-þegi, a, m. [þiggja], a passenger, Finnb. 278, Ann
. 1425, Ld. 86, 112, Bs. ii. 47, Fas. ii. 171.
FAS, n. gait, bearing; Icel. say, vera hægr, stilltr &iacute
; fasi, or fas-góðr, fas-prúðr, adj. of gentle g
ait and bearing; fas-mikill, adj. rushing: this word, though
in freq. use at the present time, seems never to occur in old writers, unless it
be in arga-fas, q.v.: the etymology is uncertain, perhaps from Engl. fashion
, face; it seems at all events to be of foreign origin; at the time of Pal V
ídalín it was in full use, cp. Skýr. 90.
fasi, a, m. a nickname, Fms. x. 27.
FASTA, u, f. [Ulf. fastubni; O. H. G. fastá; Germ. faste; Swed. fasta; Dan. faste; a word introduced along with
Christianity; the old Scandinavians could have no such word, as voluntary fasti
ng was unknown in the heathen rites, and at the first introduction of Christiani
ty the practice was sorely complained of, cp. Hkr. Hák. S. Góð
a, ch. 17] :-- a fast, fasting, Hom. 73, K. Þ. K. 122, Rb. 82; the
word therefore occurs first in poets of the beginning of the 11th century, e.g.
Fms. vi. 86, cp. boð-f., lög-f., etc. COMPDS: föstu-afbrigð
, f. breaking the fast, K. Á. 192. föstu-bindandi,
f. abstinence in fasting, Stj. 147. föstu-dagr, m. a fast
-day, K. Á. 186, 187, Nj. 165; the Icel. name of Friday, Rb. 1
12, Grág. i. 146; Föstudagr Langi, Good Friday, Nj. 158. F
östudags-nótt, f. Friday night, K. Þ. K. 122. F&
ouml;stu-kveld, n. Friday evening, Fms. vii. 159, Nj. 187. fö
stu-matr, m. fast-day food, Sturl. i. 139, Fms. iv. 283, v.l. F&o
uml;stu-morgin, m. Friday morning, Orkn. 370. Föstu-ná

tt, f. Friday night, Nj. 186: fast-nights, K. Þ. K. 122.
föstu-tíð, f. fast-time, Fms. v. 199, K. Þ.
K. 134, Am. 37. föstu-tími, a, m. fast-time, Stj. 148
. II. Lent, Fms. viii. 28, Ld. 320, N. G. L. i. 12; distinction i
s made between the Easter Lent, (sjö-vikna Fasta, seven weeks Len
t, also called langa F., the long Fast, K. Þ. K. 122, Bs. i. 80
1, and passim; níu-vikna F., the nine weeks Lent, K. Þ. K. 1
22, Grág. i. 325), and Jóla-f., (the Yule Lent, the time fr
om Advent to Yule, Grág. l.c., Rb. 46, K. Þ. K. 124.) Föstu
-gangr or Föstu-ígangr and -inngangr, m. beginn
ing of these seasons, esp. Lent; fimm eru föstu-ígangar,
Clem. 58, Sturl. iii. 81, Rb. 4 (v.l.), 48, 76. Föstu-prédikan, f. a Lenten sermon. Föstu-tjald, n. hangings used in c
hurches during Lent, Vm. 52, 109.
fasta, að, to fast: 1. eccl., Hom. 71, 73, Ld. 200, K.
Á. 160, Bs. passim, Fms. ii. 250, N. G. L. i. 141, 144. 2. secular
; af fastanda manns munni, Sks. 450, Lækn. 471.
fasta, adv. = fastlega, Lex. Poët.
fasta-eign, mod. fast-eign, f. landed property, Stj. 224, H
. E. ii. 85, 223.
fasta-far, n., í fastafari, eagerly, Th. 76, Stj. 287, 291.
fasta-land, n. the mainland (Germ. festes land), opp. to ey
-land.
fast-aldi, a, m. a cognom., Landn., prop. of a bear.
fastendi (fastyndi), n. pl. surety, N. G. L. i. 449, H. E.
i. 247.
fast-eygr, adj. firm-eyed, Sturl. ii. 133, Bs. i. 127.
fast-garðr, m. a fastness, stronghold, Fas. i. 266.
fast-haldr, adj. fast-holding, tenacious, saving, Fms. x. 409. 
β. as subst. a key, Edda (Gl.): a shackle, Fastaldr var &
aacute; Fenri lagðr, Mkv.
fast-heitinn, adj. true to one's word, Sturl. iii. 122.
fast-heldi, f. tenacity, perseverance, Stj. 155, Fb. ii. 14.
fast-hendr, adj. close-fisted, Sks. 440.
FASTI, a, m., poët. fire, Lex. Poët., root uncertain: th
e phrase, færa e-n í fasta, to bring one into a strait, 'between
two fires,' Þd.
fast-liga, adv. firmly, strongly, Sks. 374. β. metaph.
, Hom. 114, Fms. v. 217, Fas. i. 4; trúa f., to believe firmly, Fm
s. v. 242; bjóða f., Stj. 54: e-t horfir f., it looks hard, unyiel
ding, difficult, Lv. 94; vera f. kominn, to be fast shut up, Eg. 519,
Ld. 52.
fast-ligr, adj. fast, firm, strong, Stj. 26, Sturl. iii. 140, Bs.
i. 517.
fast-lyndr, adj. strong-minded, Finnb. 210.
fast-máll, adj. trusty.
fast-mæli, n. a fast engagement, Fms. i. 206, iii. 85, vii.
164, Bjarn. 58.
fast-mæltr, adj. hard-speaking.
fastna, að,
4. β. esp.
I> Grág. i. 302
ur sína, Nj. 3,
ma;. reflex. to
to pledge; f. lögbót, K. Þ. K. 2

to betroth, to give the bride away at the betrothal,</
sqq.; fastnaði Mörðr Rúti dótt
51, Band. 3, Ísl. ii. 8, 163, 206, Ld. 22. &gam
be betrothed, given awav. Fms. x. 284.
fastnaðr, m. betrothal, H. E. i. 246, 247; vide festar.

fastnandi, part. a betrother, one who gives a bride away, Gr&aacut
e;g. i. 305.
fast-næmr, adj. fast, firm, trusty, Dropl. 6, Valla L. 208,
Fs. 13.
fast-ofinn, part. stout, of stuff, Lex. Poët.
fast-orðr, adj. true to one's word, Fms. vi. 52, vii. 120.
<PAGE NUM="b0145">
<HEADER>FASTR -- FÁ. 145</HEADER>
FASTR, adj. [wanting in Ulf., who renders GREEK etc. by tulgus; b
ut common to all other Teut. idioms; A. S. fæst; Engl. fast;
O. H. G. fasti; Germ. fest; Swed.-Dan. fast] :-- fast,
firm, esp. with the notion of sticking fast to the spot; hrútr
f. (held fast, entangled) á meðal viða, 655 vii. 2; fastr
á velli, standing fast, e.g. in a battle, Fms. xi. 246; vera, sta
nda f. fyrir, to stand fast, Þorst. St. 53; f. á fótu
m, of a bondsman whose feet are bound fast to the soil, Grág. ii.
192, Nj. 27: grið-fastr, home-bound, of a servant: the phrase, e-t er
fast fyrir, a thing is hard to win, difficult, Lv. 94, Fms. xi. 32, Ld.
154. β. fast, close; f. í verkum, hard at work,
Grág. i. 135 (Ed. 1853); þeir menn allir er í dómi s
itja eðr í gögnum eru fastir, engaged, 488; fastr ok f&ea
cute;gjarn, close and covetous, Fms. x. 420; f. af drykk, Sturl. iii. 125
. γ. of a meeting; þá er sóknar-þing er f
ast, i.e. during the session, Grág. i. 422: sam-fastr, fast tog
ether, continuous, 156; á-fastr, q.v. δ. firm; me
taph., fast heit, loforð, etc., a fast, faithful promise, word, Eg. 2
9; föst trú, fast faith, cp. stað-f., steadfast; g
eð-f., trú-f., vin-f., etc. ε. bound to pay; at
aurum eigi meirum en hann var fastr, to the amount of his debt, N. G. L.
i. 36. ζ. gramm., fast atkvæði, a hard syllable en
ding in a double consonant, Skálda 171. 2. neut. in various phrase
s; sitja fast, to sit fast, Sks. 372; standa fast, to stand fast,
Edda 33; halda f., to hold fast, Fms. i. 159; binda fast, to bind fast
, Ísl. ii. 103, Fas. i. 530; liggja fast, to be fast set, steadfas
t, of the eyes, Sturl. ii. 189; drekka fast, to drink hard, Fms. ii.
259; sofa fast, to be fast asleep, i. 9; þegja fast, to be dumb
, not say a word, 655 xxxi A. 4; leita fast eptir, to urge, press hard, Ld. 322; fylgja fast, to follow fast, Dropl. 26, Fas. ii. 505; eldask
fast, to age fast, Eb. 150; ryðjask um fast, to make a hard onslau
ght, Nj. 9; leggja fast at, to close with one in a sea-fight, Fms. ii
. 312, hence fastr bardagi, a close engagement, Róm. 272; telja fa
st á e-n, to give one a severe lesson, Fms. ii. 119. β. as adv., hyrndr fast, very much horned, Lv. 69. γ. the ph
rase, til fasta, fast, firmly; ráða, mæla, heita til f.,
to make a firm agreement, Bjarn. 61, Band. 20, Fms. ii. 125; cp. the mod
. phrase, fyrir fullt ok fast, definitively.
FASTR, n. the prey of a bear which he drags into his lair; cp. Iva
r Aasen s.v. fastra, of a bear, to drag a carcase into his lair (N
orse); hence the phrase, liggja á fasti, of a wild beast devouring its
prey, Landn. 235 (of a white bear). Icel. now say, liggja á pasti, a
nd in metaph. sense pastr, vigour, energy; pastrs-lauss, weak, feeble,
 etc.
fast-ráðinn, part. determined, Eg. 9. 19, Fms. ix. 252.
fast-ríki, n. a strong, fast rule, Ver. 54.
fast-tekið, part. n. resolved, Fms. ii. 265.
fast-tækr, adj. headstrong, stubborn, Fms. ii. 220, Gl&uacut
e;m. 323.
fast-úðigr, adj. staunch, firm, Fms. vii. 102, viii. 44
7, v.l.
fastúð-ligr, adj. = fastúðigr, Hkr. iii. 252.
fast-vingr, adj. a fast friend, Þiðr. 20, = vinfastr.
FAT, n., pl. föt, [as to the root, cp. Germ. fassen = to compass,
 which word is unknown to Icel.; A. S. fæt; Old Engl. fat, mod. vat; O. H. G. faz; Germ. fass; Dan. fad; Swe
d. fat] :-- a vat; kona vildi bera vatn, en hafði ekki fati&et
h;, Bs. ii. 24: eitt fat (basket) með vínberjum, G. H. M. iii.
98; vín ok hunang í fötum fullum, N. G. L. iii. 122. &bet
a;. luggage, baggage; bera föt sín á skip, Jb. 406
; bera föt á land, Eg. 393; elti Hákon á land ok t&oac
ute;k hvert fat þeirra, Fms. vii. 215; hafa hvert fat á skipi, vi.
37, Grág. ii. 59; fyrr en hann fari á brot ór vist með
föt sín frá bóanda, i. 300. 2. in pl. clothe
s, dress; hann hafði föt sín í fangi sér, en s
jálfr var hann naktr, Lv. 60, Bs. ii. 47, Hrafn. 23: metaph., falla &oacu
te;r fötum, to be stripped, forgotten, 655 xxxi. 1. COMPDS: fatabúningr, m. apparel, 656 C. 24. fata-búr, n. [Sw
ed. fata-bur; Dan. fade-bur], wardrobe, Stj. 205, Grett. 16
0, 44 new Ed., Bs. i. 840. fata-görvi, n. luggage, gear, Eg.
727. fata-hestr, m. a pack-horse, Flór. 77. fata-hirzla,
 u, f. wardrobe, Grág. fata-hrúga, u, f. a he
ap of clothes, Landn. 179, Grett. 176 new Ed. fata-kista, u, f. a
clothes-chest, Rd. 314, Sturl. i. 10. fats-töturr, m. tatters
, Bs. i. 506.
fata, u, f. a pail, bucket, Fb. i. 258, Bs. ii. 24, N. G. L. i. 30
, Stj. 394; vatns-fata, a pail of water, freq. in western Icel.; in the e
ast of Icel. usually skjóla, q.v. fötu-barmr, m. the rim o

f a pail, etc.
fata, að, to clothe (mod.): to step = feta, Bs. i. 291.
fat-kanna, u, f. a vat, Dipl. v. 18.
fatlaðr, part. impeded; fjötri fatlaðr, fettered, Bkv. 16: in mod. usage, impeded as to the limbs, e.g. lame.
fat-lauss, adj. without luggage, Fas. iii. 537. β. 
without clothes, Karl. 534.
fatl-byrðr, f. [fetill], a burden fastened with straps, N. G.
L. i. 380.
fatli, a, m., bera hönd í fatla, to have one's arm tied up
, vide fetill.
fatnaðr, m. clothing, Fms. x. 379, 655 x. 2.
fat-prúðr, adj. dressy, Hom. 97, 656 C. 24.
fat-prýði, f. dressiness, Greg. 24.
fatr, n. impediment, delay, Mork. 109; cp. fjöturr.
fatrask, að, dep. to be entangled and puzzled, Mork. 106.
FATTR, adj. bowed backward; standa fattr, opp. to lútr. 
β. slender, of the fingers; fatta hafði hann fingr og sm&aac
ute;, Snót 202; fingr fattir ok at öllu vel vaxnir, Þiðr.
6, v.l., freq. in mod. usage; cp. fetta.
fatt-skolptaðr, part. with upturned snout, of the hippopotamus
, Stj. 78.
FAUSKR, m. (fouski, a, m., Hom. 152), a rotten dry log, esp
. dug out of the earth; fausk ok fúka, Bad. 206; f. ok stofna, Grá
g. ii. 297, Jb. 239, Bs. ii. 183, Barl. 134; fauska-gröptr, m. di
gging dry logs out of the earth for fuel, Landn. 303. II. metaph. of
an old man, ertú náliga f. einn, Róm. 195; sem fúinn
f., Karl. 361. Hom. l.c.; karl-fauskr, an old man.
FAUTI, a, m. a headstrong man, hence fauta-legr, adj. fr
antic, headstrong; fauta-skapr, m. frenzy.
FAX, n. [A. S. feax], a mane, Edda 7, Sks. 100, El. 29: po&
euml;t., vallar-fax, the field's mane, the wood, Alm. 29.
faxaðr, part. = fextr, matted, Al. 168.
faxi, a, m., freq. name of a horse, cp. Sturl. iii. 155; Skin-faxi, Hr&ia
cute;m-faxi, Edda; Frey-faxi, Hrafn.; Gló-faxi, etc.
FÁ, pret. sing. fékk, sometimes spelt feck or fieck,
pl. fengu; pres. fæ, 2nd pers. fær, mod. færð, pl. f&aacu
te;m, mod. fáum; pret. subj. fengja, mod. fengi; pres. fá, mod. f&
aacute;i; imperat. fá; sup. fengit; part. fenginn: the forms fingit, fing
inn, and pret. fingu (cp. Germ. fingen) are obsolete, but occur in some M
SS. (e.g. Arna-Magn. 132 and 122 A): the poets rhyme -- Erlingr var &thor
n;ar finginn; with the neg. suff., fær-at, fékk-at, Lex. Po&
euml;t.: [Goth. fahan and gafahan = GREEK, GREEK; A. S. f&oacut
e;n; Hel. fâhan; Germ. fahen, whence fahig = 
capax; in the Germ., however, the nasal form fangen prevailed, but in
the Scandin., Swed., and Dan. få or faae; the Dan. fange
 is mod. and borrowed from Germ.; Icel. fanga is rare and unclass. and only
used in the sense to capture, whereas fá is a standing word; the ng reappears in pl. pret. and part. pass. fengu, fengit, vide above; cp. O
ld Engl. fet, mod. fetch] :-- to fetch, get, etc. 1.
to fetch, catch, seize; fengu þeir Gunnar, they fetched, caught
G., Akv. 18; Hildibrandr gat fengit kirkju-stoðina, Sturl. i. 169; h&oa
cute;n hefir fengit einn stein, she has fetched a stone, Ísl. ii.
394; fá á e-u, to get hold of, grasp with the hand, fað
ir Móða fékk á þremi, Hým. 34. β. also, fá í e-t, to grasp; fengu í snæri, they grasped the bow-strings, bent the bow, Am. 42; hann fékk &iac
ute; öxl konungi, he seized the king's shoulder, Fms. viii. 75. &
gamma;. to take, capture, but rare except in part.; hafði greifi
Heinrekr fengit Valdimar, Fms. ix. 324; verða fanginn, to be taken, G
erm. gefangen werden, i. 258, Stj. 396. 2. to get, gain, win, with acc. of the thing; sá fær er frjár, he who wooes
will win (a proverb), Hm. 91; hann skal fá af Svart-álfum, 
he shall get, obtain from S., Edda 69; fá brauð, mat, drykk, Fms.
x. 18; þat fékk hann eigi af föður sínum, xi. 14;
bað konunnar ok fékk heitið hennar, he wooed the woman and got
her hand, Edda 23; fá sitt eyrindi, to get one's errand done,
Fms. i. 75; fa fljóðs ást, to win a woman's love, Hm.
91; fá hærra hlut, to get the better, 40; ek ætla at f
á at vera yðvarr farþegi, Ld. 112; hence fá, or f&aacute
; leyfi, to get leave to do a thing: eg fæ það, fé
kk það ekki, fá að fara, etc.: Icel. also say, eg fæ
það ekki af mér, I cannot bring myself to do it. &bet
a;. to suffer, endure; fá úsigr, to get the worst of
it, Fms. iv. 218; sumir fengu þetta (were befallen) hvern sja
unda vetr, Sks. 113; fá skaða, to suffer a loss, Hkr. ii. 177;
fá úvit, to fall senseless, Nj. 195; fá lífl
át, to fall lifeless, Grág. i. 190; fá bana, to c
ome by one's death, Nj. 110. γ. fá góðar vi&e
th;tökur, to get a good reception, Eg. 460, 478, Fms. iv. 219; s&aac
ute; mun sæll er þann átrúnað fær, blesse
d is he that gets hold of that faith, Nj. 156; hann hafði fingit &uacute
;grynni fjár, Fms. xi. 40; fá skilning á e-u, to get the
knowledge of a thing, i. 97. 3. to get, procure; þ&aacu
te; fékk konungr sveitar-höfðingja þá er honum s&ya
cute;ndisk, Eg. 272; ek skal fá mann til at biðja hennar, Fs. 88; &th
orn;eir fengu menn til at ryðja skip, they got men to clear the ship,
Nj. 163; mun ek fá til annann mann at göra þetta, I will g
et another man to do it, 53; fá sér bjargkvið, Grág
. i. 252; hann fékk sér gott kván-fang, Fms. i. 11; f&aacut
e;m oss ölteiti nökkura, let us get some sport, vii. 119; f&aac
ute; sér (e-m) fari, to take a passage, vide far; fengu þeir
ekki af mönnum, they could fetch no men, ix. 473; þeir hug&et
h;usk hafa fengit (reached) megin-land, vii. 113. 4. fá at
veizlu, blóti, to get provisions for a feast, etc.; hann f&eacute
;kk at blóti miklu, Landn. 28; lét Þorri fá at bl&oac
ute;ti, Orkn. 3; Þórólfr Mostrar-skegg fékk at bl&oac
ute;ti miklu, Eb. 8; er fengit at mikilli veizlu, Fas. i. 242; var sí&eth
;an at samkundu fingit, a meeting was brought about, 623. 52; sá d
agr er at Jólum skal fá, the day when preparations are to be ma
de for Yule, K. Þ. K. 110, hence atfanga-dagr, the day before a fea
st, q.v.; þá var fengit at seið, Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 17. I
I. to give, deliver to one, put into one's hands; hér er eitt
sverð, er ek vil fá þér, Ísl. ii. 44; fá m
ér (fetch me, give me) leppa tvá ór hári &th
orn;ínu, Nj. 116; þá er keisarinn hafði fingit honum til
föru-neytis, Fms. xi. 40; konungr fær honum veizlur, Eg. 27; horn &t
horn;at er Bárðr hafði fingit Ölvi, 207; fáit n&uacut
e; konungi festu (give the king bail) þá er honum lík
i, Fms. iv. 268; fá e-m sök, to charge one, Sks. 708; var s&a
acute; sveinn fenginn í hendr okkr, delivered into our hands, Fms.
i. 113; fékk hann búit í hendr Valgerði, iii. 24, Nj.
4; honum fékk hverr maðr penning til, Íb. 5; hon fékk b
iskupinum tuttugu mánaða mataból, B. K. 125; fá e-m e-t
at geyma, to give a thing into one's charge, Stj. 177; fá þ
á sonum þínum í hendr til geymslu, id. III. me
taph. with a following pass. part. or sup. to be able to do; hón f
ær með engu móti vakit þá, she could by no mean
s awaken them, Fms. i. 9; þú fékkt ekki leikit þat
er mjúkleikr var í, vii. 119; þeir munu mik aldri fá
sótt, they will never be able to overcome me, Nj. 116; ok f&aacut
e;it þér hann eigi
<PAGE NUM="b0146">
<HEADER>146 FÁ -- FÁMENNI.</HEADER>
veiddan, if you cannot catch him, 102; hann fékk engi knút
leyst, Edda 29; fengu þeir honum ekki náð, they could not ca
tch him, Fagrsk. 167; at Vagn mun fá yfir-kominn Sigvalda, that V.
will overcome S., Fms. xi. 96: skulu vér þá freista at
vér fáim drepit þá, i. 9; skaltú hvergi f&aacu
te; undan hokat, thou shalt have no chance of sneaking away, xi. 61; f&aa
cute; gaum gefinn at e-u, to take heed to a thing. Fas. ii. 517; menn fin
gu hvergi rétt hann né hafit, Eg. 396; at þeir mundu komit f
á til lands hvalnum, Grág. ii. 381; en fékk þó
eigi víss orðit ..., but he could not make out for certain ..., Fms. x. 170. β. to grow, get, become; Hjörleif rak ve
str fyrir land, ok fékk hann vatnfátt, he became short of water
, Landn. 34: of travellers, to fall in with, etc., þar fengu &t
horn;eir keldur blautar mjök, they got into bogs, Eb. 266; þei
r fengu hvergi blautt um Valbjarnar-völlu, Sturl. ii. 50; fengu þeir
veðr stór, they met with foul weather, Eg. 160. IV. wit
h gen., 1. to take, gain, earn, win; renna þeir á lan
d upp, ok fá mikils fjár, Fms. v. 164; þeir fengu fjá
r mikils, they took a rich booty, Nj. 137; gáðu þeir eig
i fyrir veiðum at fá heyjanna, ok dó allt kvikfé &thorn
;eirra um vetrinu, Landn. 30; vel er þess fengit, it is well earned, we
ll done, 7; nú mun ek fara þessa ferð ef þú v
ill; hann segir, vel er þess fengit, well done, said he, Fas. ii. 5
17; hann var eigi skáld, ok hann hafði eigi þeirrar listar feng
it, he had not got that gift, Fb. i. 214; at þá mundi &thorn
;ykkja fengit betr, people would think that it suited better, Nj. 75; f&a
acute; verðar, to take a meal, Hm. 33; hann fékk sér sv
eitar (raised a band) ok görðisk illvirki, 623. 15: but chiefly
in the phrase, fá konu, to get a wife, marry; Haraldr fékk
þeirrar konu, Fms. i. 4; at ek munda fá þín, that
I should get thy hand, Nj. 24; betr er þá séð fyrir
kosti systur minnar at þú fáir hennar (gen., i.e. that th
ou marry her), en víkingar fái hana (acc., i.e. to fetch, c
apture her) at herfangi, Fs. 8; hón var átján vetra er

Þorsteinn fékk hennar, Ísl. ii. 191. 2. to conceiv
e, of sheep, cattle; fá burðar, Stj. 97; er hann (sauðrinn) f
ær lambs, Skálda 162: absol., við þeim hafði h&oacute
;n (the mare) fengit, Landn. 195; at eigi fái ær við, Gr&aacute
;g. i. 418, (cp. fang, fetus.) 3. denoting to affect, touch, etc.; þat fékk mikils hinum hertekna menni, it touched much th
e captive, Orkn. 368: svá fékk honum mikils, at hans augu v&oa
cute;ru full af tárum, Fms. i. 139; henni fékk þetta mikilla
r áhyggju, it caused her great care, iv. 181; fær honum &tho
rn;at mikillar áhyggju ok reiði. Nj. 174; nú fær m&eacut
e;r ekka (gen.) orð þat þú mælir, Skv. 1. 20; f&aac
ute; e-m hlægis, to make one a laughing-stock, Hm. 19: even with ac
c. or an adv., þá fær Þorbirni svá mjök (Th. was so much moved) at hann grætr, Hrafn. 13. β. f&aac
ute; á e-n, to affect, chiefly of intoxicating liquors; er drykkr
fékk á Hákon jarl, when the drink told on earl Hacon, Magn. 508; fær á þá mjök drykkrinn, Fms. xi. 10
8; aldregi drakk ek vín eðr annan drykk svá at á mik me
gi fá, Stj. 428; en er á leið daginn ok drykkr fékk &aa
cute; menn, Fms. vii. 154; drykkr hefir fengit yðr í höfuð,
Fas. i. 318; á-fengr or á-fenginn, q.v. γ. opt f&aacu
te; á (entice) horskan, er á heimskan né fá,
lostfagrir lítir, Hm. 92. V. impers. to be got, to be had,
cp. Germ. es giebt; vápn svá góð, at eigi f&aeli
g;r önnur slík (acc.), so good, that the like are not to be got, Nj. 44; at varla fái vitrara mann, a wiser man is hardly to be fou
nd, Sks. 13; eigi fær þat ritað, it cannot be recorded, viz. being so voluminous, Fms. viii. 406; þat skip fær vel
varit eldi, that ship can well be guarded against fire, ix. 368; sv&aacu
te; mikill herr at varla fékk talit, a host so great that it could har
dly be numbered, xi. 261 (Ed. fékst wrongly). VI. reflex. in
the phrase, fásk í e-u, to be busy, exert oneself in a matter; drottningin mátti þar ekki í fásk, Fms. x. 102; H
elgi leitaði þá ef Sigurðr vildi í fásk vi&et
h; Þorvald, if S. would try with Th., Fb. i. 379; vildir þ&ua
cute; fásk í því sem þér er ekki l&aacut
e;nat, 215; segir hana ljúga ok fásk í rógi, (and
deal in slander) fyrir höfðingjum, Karl. 552. β. f&aac
ute;sk við e-n, to struggle against; ef nokkut væri þat e
r hann mætti við fásk, which he could try, Grett. 74 new
Ed.: to wrestle with, skaltú fásk við blámann v
árn, Ísl. ii. 444; um fangit er þú fékksk vi&e
th; Elli, when thou strugglest against Elli, Edda 34; at Þorleikr &
aelig;tti lítt við elli at fásk, Ld. 160; fámsk v&eacut
e;r eigi við skrafkarl þenna, let us have naught to do with this la
ndlouper, Háv. 52; ok fásk eigi við fjánda þe
nna lengr, Ísl. ii. 45; fást um e-t, to make a fuss about a thi
ng: the passage, Hrólfi fékksk hugr, Fas. iii. 203, is prob. a
n error for Hrólfi gékksk hugr, H. was moved: the phrase, f
ásk þú at virði vel, take thou a good meal, Hm. 1
17. 2. as a pass., esp. in the sense to be gotten; sumt lausa-f&ea
cute;it hafði fengisk (had been gotten) í hernaði, Fms. i.
25; at honum fengisk engi fararbeini, that no means of conveyance could be g
ot, Grág. i. 298; eigu þeir þat allt er á (aði
lðunum) fæsk, all the fines that accrue from the aðilð,
281; fékksk þat, it was obtained, Jb. 17; er hljó&et
h; fékksk, when silence was obtained, so that he could speak, Fms.
i. 34: ef þeir fásk eigi, if they cannot be taken, Odd. 12
(very rare); sem úviða muni þinn jafningi fásk, thy m
atch is not easily to be got, Nj. 46. VII. part. fenginn as ad

j. given to, fit to; ok er hann vel til þess fenginn, Fms. vi. 389;
Jón var mjök fenginn (given) fyrir kvenna ást, Bs. i.
282; fæsk eigi því níta, it cannot be denied,
Am. 32. 2. again, fanginn denotes captured, hence taken
by passion; fanginn í ílsku, Fb. i. 280.
FÁ, ð, part. fát, fáð or fáið, cp
. fáinn or fánn; a contracted verb = fága :-- to draw, p
aint, Fms. v. 345; gulli fáðr, gilded, Gísl. 21; f&
aacute; rúnar, to draw runes, magic characters, Hm. 143; vé
r höfum fáða unga brúði á vegg, we have pai
nted the young bride on the wall, Landn. 248 (from a verse about the middle
of the 10th century): of precious stuffs, fáð ript, Skv. 3. 63.
fáan-ligr, adj. to be gotten.
fá-bjáni, a, m. an idiot.
fá-bygðr, part. few, i.e. thinly, peopled, Gl&ua
cute;m. 359.
fá-dæmi, n. pl. monstrosities,, portents, 623. 39, Fm
s. v. 206: með fádæmum, ofdirfð ok níðingskap, v
ii. 18; vera með fádæmum, to be portentous, viii. 52, v.
l., Sturl. iii. 274; heyrit f., shame! Háv. 45: joined to an adj.
or adv., fá-dæma-, portentous; f. mikill, f. st&oacut
e;r, f. vel, etc., Þiðr. 187, Krók. 49.
fá-dæmiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), portentous, F
ms. iii. 167.
fá-einn, adj., chiefly in pl. only a few, Eg. 573, Sturl. i
ii. 3; vide einn.
fá-fengiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), vain, empty.
fá-fengr, adj. empty, Luke i. 53.
fá-fróðr, adj. 'few-knowing,' ignorant, Fms. vii
i. 447, Barl. 13, 17.
fá-fræði, f. want of knowledge, Fms. vi. 265, G&t
horn;l. 266, Bs. i. 137, 280.
fága, að, to polish, clean; f. saltkatla, Fas. ii. 499,
Eg. 520 (vide eik); f. hest, to curry a horse, Sks. 374; öll f&aacu
te;guð (painted) með brögðum, Fms. v. 345. 2. met
aph. to cultivate; fága jörðina, to till the earth, 549 B; f. akr, Mar. 188: of arts, science, sem hann fágaði þ
á iðn lengr, Lv. 115. β. to worship; f. heiðin
guð, Stj. 576; f. heiðin sið, Lex. Poët.; f. helga menn, H. E.
i. 243.
fágan, f., Lat. cultus, worship, Stj. 577, Fms. v. 163, Bar
l. 138.
fágandi, part. a tiller; víngarðs f., Greg. 48.
fágari, a, m. a tiller, cultivator, Magn. 474.
fá-glýjaðr, part. sad, of little glee, Hkr. i. 1

67 (in a verse).
fágu-ligr, adj. neatly polished, Róm. 302.
fá-gætr, adj. 'few to get,' rare, Nj. 209, Fms. i. 99
, vi. 142.
fá-heyrðr, part. unheard, Finnb. 248, Sks. 74, Fms. v.
224, 264, xi. 247.
fá-heyriligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), unheard, Fms. viii
. 279. v.l., Barl. 65, Mar. 234.
fá-hjúaðr, part. few in family, Fas. iii. 209.
fá-hæfr, adj. of little use, valueless, Vm. 9, Pm. 55
.
fái, a, m. a painted figure, vide mann-fái.
fáinn and fánn, [faaen = pale, Ivar Aa
sen], pale, white; fánn hrosti, the pale brewing, of the go
od ale of the giant Egir, Stor. 18; fán (MS. fanz) fleski, light-colou
red hams, bacon, Rm. 29.
fá-kátr, adj. sad, gloomy. Fas. i. 50.
fák-hestr, m. = fákr, Karl.
fá-klæddr, part. thinly clad, Grett. 141.
FÁKR, m. [Dan. fag]. a horse 'uno testiculo,' a jade, in prose, Sturl. i. 40; it occurs in Kormak, and is often used in poetry of an
y horse.
fá-kunnandi, f. ignorance, Fms. iv. 318: as part. ignora
nt.
fá-kunnasta, u, f. id., Fr.
fá-kunnigr, adj. 'few-knowing,' ignorant, Barl. 62, Jb. 4.
fá-kunnligr, adj. unusual, rare, Bs. i. 348, 355.
fá-kynstr, n. a shocking accident, Gísl. 34.
FÁLA, u, f. a giantess, Edda (Gl.): a romping lass,
Fas. iii. 521; cp. flagð, flenna, skass, skersa, all of them names of giante
sses, but also used of hoydenish women.
fá-látr, adj. silent, cold, Fs. 23, Nj. 177, Fms. i.
19, ix. 246.
fá-leikr, m. coldness, melancholy, Nj. 14, Fms. vi. 147, vi
i. 103.
fá-liðr (fáliða, fáliðaðr, Fb
. ii. 285), adj. with few followers, Sturl. ii. 5 C, Ld. 242, Fms. iv. 37
0, ix. 43, xi. 358, Bs. i. 763.

fá-liga, adv. coldly, Fms. i. 237, iii. 79, vii. 113, Bs. i
i. 27.
fá-ligr, adj. cold, reserved, Fms. iii. 116, iv. 301, v. 30
6.
FÁLKI, a, m. [from Lat. falco], a falcon, Jb., &Aacu
te;rna S., Hák. S. (Fms. x). COMPDS: fálka-kaup, n. buyi
ng falcons, Bs. i. 738. fálka-veiðr, f. catching falcon
s, Bs. i. 720, 737. This foreign word came into use as a trade term, and onl
y occurs in the 13th century. The white falcon ('falco Islandicus') was d
uring the Middle Ages much sought for, and sometimes the king or bishops claimed
the exclusive right of exporting these birds: they were sent to England even as
late as A.D. 1602, and sought for by English noblemen of that time; cp. the ane
cdote told in Feðga-æfi 10.
FÁLMA, að, [Dan. famle; Swed. famla], to fumb
le, grope about, as in blindman's-buff: Hrappr vildi f. til mín, Ld.
98; hann fálmaði til Egils (of the blind giant), Fas. iii. 385; f&aac
ute;lma höndum, to fumble with the hands, Fms. iii. 125; or with a
weapon, þá f. jötuninn til agn-saxinu, Edda 36. 2. meta
ph. to flinch; láta geð f., to flinch or falter (Eyvind
); f. ok skjálfa, Niðrst. 107; f. af hræðslu, 5; flý
ja eðr f., Fms. vii. 260, 297, vide Lex. Poët.
fá-lyndi, n. coldness, reserved manners, Bjarn. 50.
fá-lyndr, adj. cold, reserved, Fms. iv. 109, v. 240; eigi f
ályndr, i.e. gay, merry, Lv. 75.
fá-læti, n. = fáleikr, melancholy.
fá-máligr, adi. 'few-speaking,' silent, Fms. i. 155,
iv. 76, xi. 78; hljótt ok fámálugt, Bjarn. 54.
fá-menni, n. few men, a little host, Nj. 93, Fms. x. 407.
<PAGE NUM="b0147">
<HEADER>FÁMENNR -- FJÁRHEIMTUR. 147</HEADER>
fá-mennr, older form fá-meðr, mod. fámenntr, adj. having few men, few followers, Fas. i. 25, Fs. 71, Nj. 9
5, Fms. vii. 250: compar., fámennari, iii. 18; fámeðri, Hkr. i
i. 22. β. neut., fámennt, thinly peopled, solitary; f.
og danfligt, Lv. 22: cp. the Icel. phrase, hér er fámennt og g&oa
cute;ðmennt, here are few but good people.
fá-mæltr, part. few-speaking, Ó. H. 94, Fms. x
. 39: melancholy, vii. 162.
fá-nefndr, part. seldom named, having a strange name, Fbr.
93.
FÁNI, a, m. [Ulf. fana; A. S. fana; Hel. and O. H. G
. fano; Germ. fahne; Lat. pannus] :-- a standard, gu
nn-fáni, Hbl. 40, etc.; else it is rare and hardly used in old prose; eve
n in old poetry vé is the usual word :-- metaph. a buoyant, high-flyin
g person is now called fáni; so, fána-ligr, adj. buo

yant; fána-skapr, m. buoyancy in mind or temper.
fá-nýtr (fá-neytr), adj. worn, of little u
se or value, Vm. 98, B. K. 83, Pm. 18, 19, 22, Sks. 244.
fá-orðr, adj. of few words, Sturl. iii. 80.
FÁR, f. [Dan. faar], a sheep, D. N. ii. 312, Boldt 1
65; vide fær.
FÁR, n. [A. S. fær; Hel. fâr = dolus;
 Germ. fahr = treason, gefahr = danger; Engl. fear = terror; cp. also Germ. furcht :-- but in the old Scandin. la
nguages the word does not rightly mean either fear or danger; the
mod. Dan. fare and Swed. fara are borrowed from Germ.] :-- evi
l passion, bale, harm, mischief; fár ok fjandskapr, Gísl. 125;
eigi standa orð þín af litlu fári, baleful words, Fas. i. 195; lesa fár um e-n, to speak foul calumnies of one, Hm
. 23; af fári, from evil passion, Og. 12. Hm. 151; er þ&uacu
te; felldir mér fár af höndum, that thou brakest my spell,
 Og. 10; flytjandi fárs, bringing mischief, Am. 4; ef ek vissa
þat fár fyrir, if I could foresee that bale, Skv. 2. 7; hal
da kvið til fárs e-m, to withhold the verdict to the injury of
the other party, Grág. i. 58; verða e-m at fári, to be one
's bale, Korm. 12 (in a verse); full skal signa ok við fári sj&aa
cute;, i.e. make a sign over the cup to prevent harm in it, Sdm. 8; &thor
n;at er fár mikit ('tis a bad omen), ef þú fæti
drepr, Skv. 2. 24; þá er hann réttlauss ef hann þiggr
fár á sér, if he receives bodily harm, N. G. L. i.
255. 2. plague, esp. of animals; hunda-fár, sickness amo
ng dogs; kúa-fár, nauta-fár, cattle plague, cp.
heljar-fár, morð-fár, murderous pestilence; urðar-f
ár, a weird plague, Sturl. ii. 213 (in a verse); feikna-fár
, deadly pain, Pass. 2. 11; vera í fári, to be in an ex
tremity; í dauðans fári, in the death-agony, etc. β. of men, a dangerous illness; lá hann í &thorn
;essu fári nær viku, Bs. i. 761; cp. fár-veikr, dangerous
ly ill; fár er nokkurs-konar nauð, Edda 110, cp. far B. &gamma
;. wrath; fár er reiði, Edda 110; vera í íll
u fári (vide far B), to be bent on doing mischief. 3. as a
law term, fraud, such as selling sand or dirt instead of flour or butter
, defined N. G. L. i. 24; kaupa fals, flærð eða fár, 324. C
OMPDS: fár-hugr, m. wrath, Am. 86. fár-leikr,
m. disaster, Greg. 40, where it is opp. to friðr. fár-liga
, adv. wrathfully, Fms. xi. 94, Bs. i. 813, Pass. 4. 13. fá
r-ligr, adj. disastrous, Fms. xi. 433, Fas. i. 394. fár-ram
r, adj. awfully strong, Fs. 7. fár-reiðr, adj. w
roth, fierce. fár-skapr, m. fierceness, Nj. 54. f&aa
cute;r-sótt, f. pestilence, Bs. i. 325, N. G. L. i. 29. f&a
acute;r-sumar, n. the plague summer, Ann. fár-veikr, ad
j. very ill. fár-verkr, m. a severe pain, Bs. i. 339
. fár-viðri, n. a hurricane, tempest, Bjarn. 34, Gull&
thorn;. 6, Gísl. 106. fár-yrði, n. pl. foul language
, Nj. 50, 185. fárs-kona, u, f. a hag, violent woman, G
ísl. 52. fárs-maðr, m. an abusive man, Þor
st. Síðu H. 175. fárs-sótt, f. dangerous illn
ess.
FÁR, fem. fá, neut. fátt; dat. fám; acc. f&aa
cute; (paucos and paucam); fán (paucum); fár

(paucae and paucas), but in mod. usage dissyllabic, fáum, f
áa, fáan, fáar: gen. pl. fára, mod. fárra :-compar. færi, mod. færri with a double r; superl. fæst
r, in books of last century sometimes spelt færstr,--a form warranted neit
her by etymology nor pronunciation: færst, however, occurs in the old MSS.
Arna-Magn. 132. Ld. 210: [Lat. paucus; Ulf. faus; A. S. fe&aa
cute; Engl. few; Hel. fáh; O. H. G. foh; lost in
mod. Germ.; Dan. and Swed. få or faa] :-- few; Margr
við Mývatn, en Fár í Fiskilækjar-hverfi (a pun),
Rd. 311, Glúm. 361; með fá liði, with few men, Eg.
51; færa sauðfé, fewer sheep, Grág. (Kb.) 159; f
æri sauði, i. 423; í fám orðum, in few words,
Stj. 29; við fá menn, Fms. i. 35; við fára manna vitni, L
d. 260; færi öfundarmenn, 204; fleiri ... færi, Grág. i.
38; fáir einir, only a few; fá eina menn, Sturl. iii. 3; h
jón fá ein, Eg. 573, vide einn. 2. used as noun, few, in the sense of few or none, none at all; fáir hafa af þv&
iacute; sigrask, Nj. 103; þeir kváðu fá fúnað
hafa fyrir honum, 263. β. esp. in old sayings; e.g. fár er f
agr ef grætr, Fb. i. 566; fár veit hverju fagna skal, Kvöldv.
i. 47; fár bregðr hinu betra ef hann veit hit verra, Nj. 227: f&aacut
e;r er hvatr er hrörask tekr ef í bernsku er blauðr, Fm. 6; f&aa
cute;r er full-rýninn, Am. 11; fár hyggr þegjanda þ&ou
ml;rf, Sl. 28; fás er fróðum vant, Hm. 107; fátt er of
vandlega hugat. Kvöldv. ii. 198; fátt veit sá er sefr, Mork.
36; fátt er svo fyrir öllu íllt að ekki boði nokku&et
h; gott; fátt segir af einum, Volks. 62; fátt er ramara en fornesk
jan, Grett. 144; fátt er sköpum ríkra, Fs. 23; fár gen
gr of sköp norna, Km. 24; fátt er betr látið en efni eru
til, Band. 2; fár er vamma vanr, Mirm. 68; fátt veit fyrr en reynt
er, Fms. vi. 155; fátt gat ek þegjandi þar, Hm. 104. Many of
these sayings are household words, and this use of the word is typical of the d
ry northern humour. II. metaph. dismal, cold, reserved; Sigurð
r konungr hafði verit nokkut fár (dismal, in low spirits) &oum
l;ndverðan vetr, en nú var hann glaðr ok spurall, Fms. iv. 82; va
rð hann fyrst fár ok úkátr, 192; vóru menn allir
fáir við þá, v. 307; Vigdis varð fá um, V
igdis became silent about it, i.e. disliked it much, Sturl. iii. 180;
var þá Gunnarr við hana lengi fár, for a long time G
. was cold to her, Nj. 59. 2. neut. fátt, coldness, coolnes
s; fátt var með þeim Rúti um samfarar, there was
coolness between R. and his wife, Nj. 11; var fátt um með þ
eim bræðrum, 2, Eg. 199; var et fæsta með þeim, Ld. 23
4; verið hefir fátt með okkr, Gísl. 100: fátt kom &
aacute; með þeim Gretti, Grett. 99. III. neut., konungr svarar
fá (dat.), Ó. H. 94; Guðrún talaði hér f&ael
ig;st um, Ld. 210; var eigi boðit færa en hundraði, not fewer t
han a hundred, Nj. 17; fátt af þeirra mönnum, only a fe
w of their men, Fms. v. 290; fátt eina, only a few, Ld. 328: w
ith gen., fátt manna, few men, Nj. 130; fátt góð
s, but little good, Hom. 38; fátt einna hverra hluta, few of th
ings, i.e. few things, Fms. iv. 175: þeir ugðu fátt
at sér, they heeded them but little, Fms. vii. 201; hlutask til f&
aacute;s, Hrafn. 17. β. as adv., in the phrases, sofa fátt, to sleep but little, be wakeful; leika fátt, to play but little,
 i.e. be in a dismal humour; tala fátt, to speak but little
; syrgja fátt, to sorrow but little, i.e. to be gay, cp
. Lex. Poët. γ. with numerals, less than, short of, minus,
save; vetri fátt í fjóra tigu, i.e. forty years save
one, i.e. thirty-nine, Fms. x. 2, v.l.; tveimr ertogum fátt &

iacute; átta merkr, eight marks less two ortogs, B. K. 84; l&iacut
e;tið fátt í fimm tigi vetra, little short of fifty years, Fms. iii. 60; hálfum eyri fátt á átta merkr, 
eight marks less half an ounce; þremr mörkum fátt á
laup, a bushel less three marks, B. K. 84, 11: at fæstu, the fe
west, least, the minimum; tveir et fæsta, two at least, Gr&aacu
te;g. i. 9; sex menn et fæsta, 378; cp. the neut. afl-fátt, svefn-f
átt, dag-fátt, q.v.
fárast, að, dep., in the phrase, f. um e-ð. to make a f
uss about a thing.
fá-ráðr, adj. little-prudent, helpless, Fms. ii.
96.
fá-ræðinn, adj. 'few-talking,' silent, Fms. ii. 1
44, iv. 218, Fas. iii. 654.
fá-rætt, part. n. little spoken of, Bjarn. 34, Fms. i
i. 154.
fá-sénn (fá-séðr), part. seldom
seen, costly, Ld. 84, Fms. x. 260, xi. 428.
fá-sinna, u, f., Lat. amentia, want of reason, melancholy,
(mod.)
fá-sinni, n. loneliness, isolation, Nj. 185, Fb. i. 543.
fá-skiptinn, adj. little meddling, quiet, Ld. 94, Finnb. 33
6, Fas. iii. 529.
fá-staðar, adv. in few places, Fms. vii. 90.
FÁT, n. fumbling; göra e-t í fáti, to
fumble about a thing; fát kemr á e-n, to be confounded. fáta, að, to fumble.
fá-talaðr, part. 'few-speaking,' silent, Fms. ii. 76, i
x. 52, Sks. 474: gramm., sem þessi er tungan fátalaðri, as t
his language has fewer vowels, Skálda 161.
fá-tíðindi, n. pl. rare, strange tidings, Bs. i.
148.
fá-tíðligr, adj. rare, strange, Hom. 114. f&a
acute;-tíðliga, adv., Bs. ii. 110.
fá-tíðr, adj. id., Fms. v. 211, Hom. 108, Fas. i
. 183.
fá-tækdómr, m. [Dan. fattigdom], poverty, Stj. 212, Mar.
fá-tæki, n. [taka], want, poverty, Stj. passim, Al. 6
1; ganga á f., to go a-begging, Jb. 174, 655 xxxii. COMPDS: f&a
acute;tækis-fólk, n. poor folk, Stj. 652, Fms. v. 95. fátækis-land, n. land of affliction, Stj. 212, Gen. xli
. 52. fátækis-lið, n. poor people, Bs. i. 332. fátækis-maðr, m. a poor man, 655 xxxii. 24.

fátæk-leikr, m. poverty, Skálda 211.
fá-tækliga, adv. poorly, Stj. 423, Fms. i. 70.
fá-tækligr, adj. poorly, Fms. i. 69, v. 194.
fá-tækr, adj. [Swed.-Dan. fattig], poor, Nj. 1
96, Fs. 84, Fms. i. 33, 197, Edda 81, Bs. i. 81, 104, 110, 139, 840, 850 (passim
), Sl. 70, K. Þ. K. (passim): fátækr is the standing Icel. wo
rd, answering to Lat. pauper.
fá-tækt, f. poverty, Barl. 8, Stj. 212, 421; old writ
ers prefer fátæki, which is now obsolete, but in mod. usage f&aacut
e;tækt is a standing word; snauðr, q.v., is only used in a peculiar se
nse; fátækt (from fár and taka) properly means 'few-takin
g,' having little between the hands, hence poverty, want; it occurs i
n many compds.
fá-vingat, part. n. having few friends, Fms. iii. 144.
fá-vitr, adj. 'few-wise,' little-wise, Stj. 558, v.l. f&
aacute;-vizkr, adj. id., id.
fá-vizka, u, f. folly, Fms. i. 104, vi. 211, Fb. i. 379.
fá-víss, adj. little-wise, Ld. 268, Fms. viii. 31 (v
.l., = barbarous).
fá-þykkja, u, f. coldness.
FÉ, n., irreg. gen. fjár, dat. fé; pl. gen. fj&aacut
e;, dat. fjám; with the article, féit, féinu, féin,
mod. féð, fénu, fén: [Lat. pecu; Goth. faihu;
 A. S. feoh; Engl. fee; Hel. fehu; O. H. G. fehu; Germ. vieh; Dan. fæ; Swed. få] :-- cattle,
 in Icel. chiefly sheep; fé né menn, Grett. 101; fj&oum
l;lda fjár, Ld. 210; gæta fjár, to mind sheep, 232; e
n ef þeir brenna húsin þó at fé manna sé
inni, Grág. ii. 164; þeir ráku féit (the sheep) upp á geilarnar, Ni. 119; kvik-fé, live-stock, q.v.: gan
ganda fé, id., opp. to dautt fé, dead property, Gr&a
acute;g. passim. COMPDS: fjár-beit, f. pasture for sheep, V
m. 130. fjár-borg, f. a 'burrow' or shieling in whic
h sheep are kept in the east of Icel., vide Eggert Itin. ch. 816. fjár
-breiða, u, f. a flock of white sheep. fjár-dauði, a, m. cattle-plague, Ann. 1284. fjár-fellir, m. fall
ing of cattle, from plague or starvation, Ann. 1341, Bs. i. 548. fj&aacut
e;r-fóðr, n. fodder, Bs. i. 477. fjár-fæ&e
th;i, n. = fjárfóðr. Vápn. 30. fjár-f&ael
ig;ling, f. [fóli], stealing cattle, Gþl. 395. fj&aac
ute;r-ganga, u, f. and fjár-gangr, m. a sheep-walk, Gr&
aacute;g. ii. 304. Jb. 287 A, Ld. 54. fjár-geymsla, u, f. keepi
ng sheep and cattle, Krók. 37. fjár-gæzla, u, f.
id., Grett. 111 C, Eg. 741. fjár-hagi, a, m. pasture-lan
d, Grett. 115. fjár-heimtur, f. pl. sheep returning from th
e mountain pastures. fjár-
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<HEADER>148 FJÁRHNAPPR -- FÉSAMR.</HEADER>

hirðir, m. a shepherd. fjár-knappr and fj&aac
ute;r-hópr, m. a flock. fjár-hundr, m. a she
pherd's dog. fjár-hús, n. a shed or shieling
for sheep. fjár-kaup, n. pl. purchase of sheep. fj&a
acute;r-kláði, a, m. the scab on sheep. fjár-ny
t, f. sheeps'-milk, Grág. i. 428, 431. fjár-pest, f. the cattle-plague. fjár-rekstr, m. a drove of sheep
, Grág. ii. 228, Sd. 149. fjár-réttr, m. the
driving of sheep from the mountain pastures in the autumn, Eg. 741; grazi
ng, Grág. (Kb.) 200. fjár-sauðr, m. = færsau&
eth;r, sheep, Tristr. (Fr.) II. property, money; hvá
rt sem fé þat er land eðr annat fé, Grág. ii. 237
: the allit. phrase, fé ok fjörvi, Sl. 1; hafa fyrir gört f&eac
ute; ok fjörvi, to forfeit property and life, Nj. 191: the proverbs,
fé er fjörvi firr, life is dearer than money, 124; fé
veldr frænda rógi, money makes foes of kinsmen, Mkv. 1. Com
mon sayings, hafa fullar hendr fjár; afla fjár ok frægða
r, to gain wealth and fame, Fms. i. 23 (a standing phrase); afla fj&aacut
e;r ok frama, Fs. 7, fjár ok virðingar, id.; seint munu þ&iacut
e;n augu fylld verða á fénu, Gullþ. 7; þú m
unt ærit mjök elska féit áðr lýkr, id.; l&aa
cute;t mík sjá hvárt fé þetta er svá mi
kit ok frítt, Gísl. 62; at Þorgils tæki við fj&aac
ute;m sínum, Fs. 154; fagrt fé, fine money; at þeir
næði féinu, Fms. x. 23; þegn af fé, liberal, Ísl. ii. 344; Auðr tekr nú féit, A. took the money
, Gísl. 62; hér er fé þat (the money) er
Gunnarr greiddi mér, Nj. 55; fé þat allt er hann átti
, Eg. 98; alvæpni en ekki fé annat, Fms. i. 47: skemman var full af
varningi, þetta fé ..., v. 255; Höskuldr færði f&ea
cute; allt til skips, Nj. 4; hversu mikit fé er þetta, id.; heimta
fé sín, Grág. i. 87; þiggit þat herra, f&eacute
; er í því, there is value in it, Fms. vii. 197. COMP
DS: fjár-afhlutr, m. a share of money, Fas. iii. 198. fj
ár-aflan, f. making money, Fms. x. 305. fjár-afli, a, m. stock, Eg. 137, Ld. 88, Fms. xi. 422. fjár-auðn, f. losing all one's money, Stj. 570, Fms. v. 270. fjár-agir
nd (-girni), f. greed for money, Nj. 15, Bs. ii. 159, Rb. 424.
fjár-bón, f. begging, Nj. 141. fjár-bur&e
th;r, m. bribery, Fms. vi. 12. fjár-dráttr, m. (
unfairly) making money, Eg. 71, Fms. vi. 191. fjár-efni,
 n. means, Grett. 31 C. fjár-eigandi, part. owner of
means, Fbr. 19 new Ed. fjár-eign, f. wealth, property,
Fms. vii. 33, Ísl. ii. 216. fjár-eyðsla, u, f. spe
nding money. fjáreyðslu-maðr, m. a spendthrift, Fms. iii. 83. fjár-fang, n. booty, plunder, Sks. 183, Ane
cd. 30, Fms. ii. 2. fjár-far, n. money affairs, Nj. 40, Fms
. ii. 12. fjár-forráð, n. administration, management
of one's money, Nj. 98, Bs. i. 128, 129. fjár-framlag, n. 
laying out contributions of money, Band. 1. fjár-fundr, m. 
a 'find' of money, Fms. vi. 272, Fas. i. 20. fjár-gjald, n. payment, Fms. v. 162. fjár-gjöf, f. a gift of money,
 Fms. v. 175, v.l. fjár-gróði, a, m. making mone
y, Stj. 176, v.l. fjár-gæzla (fjár-geymsla
), u, f. hoarding money. fjárgæzlu-maðr, m., mik
ill f., a thrifty man, Sturl. i. 225. fjár-hagr, m. mone
y-matters, Nj. 10, Sd. 176, Bs. i. 854, Sturl. ii. 195. fjárhaga-m
aðr, m., góðr, lítill f., a good, bad, manager,

Fms. v. 321. fjár-hald, n. money affairs, Edda 48; with
holding one's money, Sturl. ii. 22, iii. 292; administration of one's mon
ey, esp. of a minor, Gþl. 222, 259; hence, fjárhalds-mað
r, m. a guardian, 260. fjár-heimt (-heimta and -heimting), f. a claim for money owing one, Eg. 519, Nj. 15, Gr&aac
ute;g. i. 280 (and Kb. 158). fjár-hirðsla, u, f. a money-ch
est, Fas. iii. 395, Sks. 229, Acts viii. 27. fjár-hlutr, m. a lot, share of money, Eg. 182, Sks. 668, Landn. 226, Fms. v. 216, vii. 15
2, xi. 116. fjár-kaup, n. a bargain, Gþl. 211, v.l. fjár-kostnaðr, m. expenses, Bs. i. 686. fjár-k
ostr, m. means, Sturl. fjár-krafa, u, f. pecuniary c
laim, N. G. L. i. 21. fjár-lag, n. the fixed value of prope
rty, D. I. i. 316; a money contract, Grág. i. 226; partners
hip = fé-lag, Gþl. 257. fjár-lán, n. a
loan of money, Ísl. ii. 223. fjár-lát, n. lo
ss of money, Ísl. ii. 359. fjár-leiga, u, f. rent, N. G. L. i. 25, Fms. i. 256. fjár-megin, m. amount of stock,
 Gþl. 257, N. G. L. i. 4, K. Á. 82. fjár-met, n.
valuation of property, Grág. i. 452. fjár-missa, u,
f. (fjár-missir, m.), loss of money, Hom. 111, H. E. i. 561
, Grett. 136. fjár-munir, m. pl. property, valuables, Fms.
xi. 321, Hkr. iii. 114, Hom. 111. fjár-nám, n. seizure o
f money, plunder, Hkv. 1. 11, D. N. fjárorku-maðr, m. a
wealthy man, Fas. iii. 30. fjár-pína, fjár-pind, f. extortion, H. E. i. 391, Bs. i. 720. fjár-rán,
f. robbery, cheating for money, Grág., Kb. 224, Ld. 140. fj&aa
cute;r-reiða, u, f. money-matters, used chiefly in pl., Gl&uacute
;m. 364, Grág. i. 332, 334, 383, Bjarn. 39, 40, Ld. 212. fjár-r
eita, u, f. cheating, plunder, Bjarn. 17. fjár-saknaðr,
 m. = fjárauðn, Grett. 159 C. fjár-sekt, f. a fi
ne in money, Lv. 94. fjár-sjóðr, m. a treasure, Fas. i. 20. fjár-skaði, a, m. loss in money, Bs. i.
146, Grág. ii. 195. fjár-skakki, a, m. an unjust sharin
g, Fms. ii. 201. fjár-skilorð, n. conditions (as to
payment), N. G. L. i. 75. fjár-skipti, n. division of property
, heirship, Nj. 22, Sturl. ii. 77. fjár-skuld, f. debt,
N. G. L. i. 332. fjár-sóan, f. expenditure, Bs. i.
(Laur. S.) fjár-sókn, f. a lawsuit or money claim
, Gþl. 475, N. G. L. i. 143, K. Á. 182, cp. N. G. L. i. 14. 
fjár-staðr, m. a place for money, i.e. an investment, Band. 11, Vápn. 13. fjár-tak, n. (fjár-taka or fjár-tekja, u, f.), seizure of money, confiscation, F
as. ii. 350, Fms. vii. 209, Grág. i. 188, Sturl. i. 76. fjár-ta
l, n. and fjár-tala, u, f. payment to the full amount o
r to a certain proportion, Bs. i. 287, Grág. i. 335, ii. 250. f
jár-tapan, f. loss of money, N. G. L. i. 321. fjár-t
ilkall, n. a claim for money, Eg. 341. fjár-tillag, n.
and -tillaga, u, f. a contribution, Fms. xi. 79. fjár-tj
ón, n. loss of money, Fms. iii. 12, Sks. 352. fjár-u
pptak, n., -upptaka, u, f., and -upptekt, f. seizure of one
's property, Band. 10, Fms. xi. 153, Ísl. ii. 146, Sturl. i. 13, Fas.
ii. 468. fjár-útlát, n. pl. outlay, Fms. xi.
430. fjár-varðveizla, u, f. management, administration of
another's property, Grág. i. 410, Nj. 4, Landn. 304, Grett. 111. f
járvarðveizlu-maðr, m. a trustee, Grág. i. 282.
fjár-ván, f. expectancy of money, by inheritance or
the like, Grág. i. 410. fjár-verðr, adj. valuable, Fms. x. 417. fjár-viðtaka, u, f. receipt of money,,
Ísl. ii. 146. fjár-vöxtr, n. increase of rent
or money, Dipl. iii. 14. fjár-þarfnaðr, m. and fjár-þurft, f. need of money, H. E. i. 562, Fms. xi. 29
9, Hkr. iii. 429. fjár-þurð, f. an emptying of one's
purse, H. E. i. 563. fjár-þurfi, adj. wanting money, El. 22.
B. Fé- in COMPDS, usually in sense II, sometimes in sense I
: fé-auðna, u, f. money luck. féauðnu-ma&
eth;r, m. a man lucky in making money, Band. 4. fé-boð,
 n. an offer of money, Lv. 62, Fms. v. 26, 369, 656 A. 17; a bribe
, Grág. i. 72. fébóta-laust, n. adj. without
compensation, Glúm. 358. fé-brögð, n. pl. d
evices for making money, Fms. xi. 423, 623. 21. fé-bætr,
f. pl. payments in compensation, esp. of weregild, opp. to mann-h
efndir, Nj. 165, Eg. 106, Fs. 53, 74, Ísl. ii. 386. fé-bæ
ttr, part. paid for weregild, Gullþ. 12. fé-drengr, m. an open-handed man, Nj. 177. fé-drjúgr, adj. having a deep purse, Ld. 46. fé-fastr, adj. close-fisted
, Ísl. ii. 392, Bs. i. 74. fé-fátt, n. adj. i
n want of money, Eg. 394, Fms. iii. 180, Hkr. iii. 422. fé-fellir,
 m. losing one's sheep, Lv. 91. fé-festi, f. close-f
istedness, Grett. 155 C. fé-fletta, tt, to strip one of mo
ney, cheat one, Fas. iii. 103, v.l. fé-frekr, adj. greedy f
or money, Rd. 314. fé-föng, n. pl. booty, plunder, spo
il, Fms. iii. 18, vii. 78, Eg. 57, 236, Gullþ. 5, Sks. 183 B. f&eac
ute;-gefinn, part. given for (and to) gain, Band. 4, Va
lla L. 201. fé-girnd, f. avarice, Hom. 86, Al. 4, Pass. 16.
7, 10. fé-girni, f. = fégirnd, Sks. 358, Band. 11, Sturl.
i. 47 C. fégjafa-guð, m. the god of wealth, Edda 55. fé-gjald, n. a payment, fine, Nj. 111, 120, Band. 11, Fms. vi
i. 248. fé-gjarn, adj. greedy, avaricious, Eg. 336, Fs. 133
, Nj. 102, Fms. i. 52, vii. 238. fé-gjöf, f. a gift of mon
ey, Fs. 11, 21, Fms. i. 53, xi. 325, Ld. 52. fé-glöggr,
f. close-handed, Eb. 158. fé-góðr, adj. good,
 i.e. current, money, D. N. fé-grið, n. pl. secu
rity for property, Grág. ii. 21. fé-gyrðill, m. [ea
rly Dan. fägürthil], a money bag, purse, worn on the bel
t, Gísl. 20, Fbr. 66, Þiðr. 35. fé-gætni, f
. saving habits, Glúm. 358. fé-göfugr, adj. 
blessed with wealth, Ísl. ii. 322. fé-hirðir, m. a shepherd, Fas. i. 518, Fms. viii. 342, Gþl. 501: a treasurer, Hkr. i. 36, Eg. 202, Fms. x. 157, vi. 372, viii. 372. fé-hirzla,
u, f. a treasury, Fms. vi. 171, vii. 174, Eg. 237, Hom. 9. féh
irzlu-hús, n. a treasure-house, Stj. 154. féhirzlu-m
aðr, m. a treasurer, Karl. 498. fé-hús, n. =
fjós, a stall, D. N. (Fr.): a treasury, Róm. 299. fé-kaup, n. a bargain, N. G. L. i. 9. fé-k&aacute
;tr, adj. proud of one's wealth, Róm. 126. fé-kostna
ðr, m. expenditure, expense, Stj. 512, Fms. iv. 215, xi. 202, Hkr
. i. 148. fé-kostr, m. = fékostnaðr, Orkn. 40. f&eac
ute;-krókar, m. pl. money-angles, wrinkles about the eyes marking
a greedy man (vide auga), Fms. ii. 84. fé-kvörn, f. a
small gland in the maw of sheep, in popular superstition regarded, when foun
d, as a talisman of wealth, vide Eggert Itin. ch. 323. fé-lag, n.
fellowship, and fé-lagi, a, m. a fellow, vide p. 15
1. fé-lauss, adj. penniless, Fms. vi. 272, Fs. 79, Gull&tho
rn;. 5, Landn. 324 (Mant.) fé-lát, n. loss of money,
Landn. 195. fé-leysi, n. want of money, Fms. viii. 20. 
fé-ligr, adj. valuable, handsome, Fms. viii. 206. fé
-lítill, adj. short of money, Eg. 691, Sturl. i. 127 C, Fms. v
. 182, vi. 271: of little value, Vm. 74, Jm. 13; fé-minstr, yie
lding the least income, Bs. i. 432. fé-maðr, m. a monie
d man, Sturl. i. 171, iii. 97, Dropl. 3. fé-mál, n. 
money affairs, Nj. 5; a suit for money, Fms. viii. 130, Nj. 15, Gr&aa
cute;g. i. 83. fé-mikill, adj. rich, monied, Sks. 252, Stur
l. i. 171 C: costly, Fms. v. 257, xi. 85, Bs. i. 295, Hkr. iii. 247, Eb.
256: expensive, Korm. 224 (in a verse). fé-mildr, adj. o
pen-handed, Nj. 30. fé-missa, u, f. and fé-missir, m. loss of cattle, Jb. 362: loss of money, Grett. 150 C. f&e
acute;-munir, m. pl. valuables, Hkr. i. 312, Grág. i. 172, Hra
fn. 19, 21, Fms. vi. 298, viii. 342. fé-múta, u, f. a br
ibe in money, Nj. 215, 251, Gullþ. 7, Fms. v. 312, Bs. i. 839, Thom. 7
2. fé-mætr, adj. 'money-worth,' valuable, Fms. i. 105
, Ísl. ii. 154, Orkn. 386. fé-neytr (fé-ný
tr), adj. money-worth, Fms. iv. 340, cp. Hkr. ii. 253. fé-n
ýta, tt, to turn to account, make use of, Bs. i. 760, Gr&aacu
te;g. ii. 155. fé-penningr, m. a penny-worth, Bs. i. 757. fé-pína, u, f. a fine, H. E. i. 511. fé-pre
ttr, m. a money trick, N. G. L. i. 123. fé-pynd, f. extortion, Bs. i. 757. fé-ráð, n. pl. advice in
money-matters, 656 C. 16. fé-rán, n. plunder, F
s. 9, Fms. vi. 263, Fb. i. 215 (in a verse) :-- execution, confiscation,
in the law phrase, féráns-dómr, m. a court of exe
cution or confiscation to be held within a fortnight after the senten
ce at the house of a person convicted in one of the two degrees of outlawry, vid
e Grág. Þ. Þ. ch. 29-33, and the Sagas passim, esp. Hrafn. 21
, Sturl. i. 135; cp. also Dasent, Introd. to Burnt Njal. fé-rík
r, adj. rich, wealthy, Fms. ix. 272, Gullþ. 7, Ld. 102, Sk&aacu
te;lda 203. fé-samr, adj. lucrative, Sturl. i. 68 C. f&e
acute;-
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<HEADER>FÉSEKR -- FEILA. 149</HEADER>
sátt (fé-sætt), f. an agreement as to payme
nt, of weregild or the like, Grág. i. 136, Nj. 189, Ld. 308. f&eac
ute;-sekr, adj. fined, sentenced to a fine, Grág. i. 393. f
é-sekt, f. a fine, Nj. 189, Finnb. 276. fé-sinki, f. niggardliness, Sks. 421, 699. fé-sinkr, adj. niggar
dly, Sturl. i. 162. fé-sjóðr, m., prop. a bag of
money, Band. 6, Fbr. 35 new Ed., Nj. 55, Fas. iii. 194: mod. esp. in pl. a treasury, treasure, in Matth. vi. 20, Col. ii. 3, Heb. xi. 26. f&eacut
e;-skaði, a, m. loss in money, Bs. i, Fs. 4, Fms. iv. 327. f&e
acute;-skipti, n. a sharing or division of property, Nj. 118,
Ld. 134. fé-skjálgr, adj., féskjálg augu, eyes squinting for money, Band. 6. fé-skortr, m. shortness
of money, Rd. 284. fé-skuld, f. a money debt, Finnb. 3
50. fé-skurðr, m. detriment, Ld. 44. fé-skygn
, adj. covetous, Fms. v. 263. fé-skylft (fé-s
kylmt), n. adj., in the phrase, e-n er f., one has many expenses to defra
y, Grett. 89, 159, Eb. 98. fé-snauðr, adj. poor in mone
y, penniless, Bs. i. 335. fé-sníkja, u, f. (f&eacute
;-sníkni), begging, intruding as a parasite, Sks. 669, 451, 58
5. fé-snúðr, m. lucre, Band. 5, 655 xi. 4. f&
eacute;-sparr, adj. sparing, close-handed, Band. 6, Fms. iii. 190. fé-spjöll, n. pl. an GREEK in Vsp. 23, fee-spells, i.e.
spells wherewith to conjure hidden treasures out of the earth, where we propose
to read, -- valði hón (MS. henne, dat.) Herföðr (dat.) ... f
. spakleg, she (the Vala) endowed the father of hosts (Odin) wi
th wise fee-spells; the passage in Yngl. S. ch. 7 -- Óðinn vissi

of allt jarðfé hvar fólgit var -- refers to this very word; Od
in is truly represented as a pupil of the old Vala, receiving from her his super
natural gifts. fé-sterkr, adj. wealthy, Fms. iv. 231, Sks.
274. fé-stofn, m. stock. fé-sæla, u, f.
wealth, Hkr. i. 15, Edda 16. fé-sæll, adj. wealth
y, Edda 15. fé-sök, f. a suit, action for money, N
j. 15, Grág. i. 138. fé-útlega, u, f. a fine, out
lay, N. G. L. i. 85. fé-vani, adj. short of money, Fms.
iv. 27. fé-ván, f. expectancy of money, Gullþ
. 7, Eg. 241, Fms. iv. 27, Orkn. 208. fé-veizla, u, f. contribu
tions, help, Sks. 261, v.l. fé-vél, n. a trick, devi
ce against one's property, N. G. L. i. 34. fé-víti, n.
mulct, Grág. fé-vænliga, adv. in a manner
promising profit, Fms. v. 257. fé-vænligr, adj. promi
sing profit, profitable, Sturl. i. 138, Fms. v. 257. fé-vænn
, adj. = févænligr, Sturl. i. 138. fé-vöxtr,
m. increase in property, gain, Eg. 730. fé-þurfi, ad
j. in need of money, Eb. 164, Fms. ii. 80, Lv. 108, Fas. i. 392. f&eac
ute;-þúfa, u, f. a 'money-mound,' used in the Tales like
Fortunatus' purse; in the phrase, hafa e-n fyrir féþúfu, to use one as a milch cow, to squeeze money out of one. fé-&thorn
;yrfi and fé-þörf, f. need of money, poverty, Rd. 236.
feðgar, m. pl. [faðir], father and son (or sons), E
g. 18; Kveldúlfr ok þeir feðgar, Kveldulf himself and his so
n, 84; við feðgar, we, father and son, Nj. 8, Stj. 190; &thor
n;eim feðgum, Fms. vii. 65, Fbr. 22; vin þeirra Sturlu feðga, a
friend of Sturla and his father, Sturl. ii. 111; lang-feðgar, q.v., 
lineage of agnates.
FEÐGIN, n. pl. parents, (in Icel. the neut. is the collective
gender for male and female); in old writers only in this sense, but about the ti
me of the Reformation it was replaced by foreldrar, Germ. vorältern,
which word in old writers means forefathers, whereas feðgin is the
word for parents only; várra fyrstu feðgina, of our first p
arents (Adam and Eve), Stj. 39; feðgin vár, Lil. 18; hans feð
ginum, Stj. 127; einberni sinna feðgina, Mar.; börn ok þeirra fe&
eth;gin, K. Á. 146; frænda eðr feðgina, Bad. 122; feðgi
num eða ná-frændum, parents or near kinsfolk, Fms. ii.
227; feðgrina barnsins, N. G. L. i. 392; hjá feðginum sínu
m ok forellris-mönnum, by his parents and forefathers, Stj. 190; sin
g., hvárttveggja feðginit, 97: this sense still remains in guð-fe
ðgin, q.v., god-parents; and it has slipped into two passages of the
Icel. N. T., viz. þetta sögðu hans feðgin, John ix. 22; fyrir
því sögðu hans feðgin, 23; (for in all the other pass
ages foreldrar or foreldri is used.) II. mod. father and daughter,
cp. mæðgin, mother and son; systkin, brother and sister, all of them neut.
feðma, d, [faðmr], to span or encompass with the arms, Fas. ii. 149.
feðra, að, to father.
fegin-grátr, m. tears of joy, Pass. 31. 17.
fegin-leikr, m. joyfulness, Lv. 54, Fms. x. 231, Bs. ii. 172.
FEGINN, adj. [fagna; A. S. fægen; Engl. fain; Hel. fagin], glad, joyful; verða feginn, to rejoice, Eg. 567;
fegnari en frá megi segja, exceeding happy, Th. 9: with dat. to
rejoice in a thing, Bs. i. 133; verða eyrindi feginn, to enjoy one's
errand, bring it to a happy end, Ísl. ii. 340; urðu menn þ
eim fegnir, people were fain to see them again, Nj. 47; ok er fegit or&et
h;it hjarta mitt tilkvámu þinni, 175; Ingi konungr varð honum h
inn fegnasti, i.e. king Inge was fain at his coming, Fms. vii. 247; &iacu
te;llu feginn ver þú aldregi, never rejoice in mischief, Hm.
129; glaðr ertú nú Sigurðr, ok gagni feginn, rejoiced
at thy victory, Fm. 25: with subj., feginn létsk þó Hjal
li at hann fjör þægi, H. would fain save his life, Am. 5
9 (rare). β. freq. with infin. or absol. and almost adverb, as in En
gl., e.g. eg vil feginn gera það, I will fain do that; þa
ð vil eg feginn, or eg varð feginn að sleppa, I was fain to escap
e. II. the phrases, á fegins-degi, on the day of joy
, the day of resurrection, re-meeting, Fms. viii. 98, Sl. 82; taka fegins
-hendi við e-u, to receive with glad hand, with heart and hand, F
ms. iii. 98, Fb. i. 257, Nj. 106; á fegins-lúðri, on
the mill of joy (poët.), Gs. 5. COMPDS: fegin-saga, u, f. jo
yful news, 623. 40, Hkr. i. 73, Bs. i. 134. fegins-morgun, m. a mo
rning of joy, Fms. vii. 86 (in a verse).
fegin-samliga, adv. joyfully, Eg. 149, 169, Bs. i. 76, Fms. iii. 2
28, iv. 207.
fegin-samligr, adj. joyful, Greg. 27.
fegra, að and ð, fegrðe, Ó. T. 1, and fegrir (pres.),
Skálda 180, Eluc. 4, Hom. 149, Mork. (in a verse), cp. Fms. vi. 336: but
fegraði, Fms. x. 320; fegrað (sup.), Bs. ii. 165, and in mod. usage alwa
ys so, [fagr] :-- to adorn, beautify, make fair; at kanna siðu manna
ok fegra, to improve, better, Bs. i. 521; ekki þarf þat or&et
h;um at fegra, nothing is gained by extenuating it, Nj. 175; fegra um e-t
, to mend, polish, Bs. i. 60.
FEGRÐ, mod. fegurð, f. beauty, fairness, of a woman
; fegrð hennar, Fms. vi. 71, Stj. 548; fegrð sólarinnar, 26; fegr
ð Baldrs, Edda 15; fegrð ok prýði (pomp), Fms. vii. 15
7: in pl., 677. 10, Sks. 228; freq. in mod. use. fegrðar-lauss, adj.
(-leysi, n.), void of beauty, Stj. 16.
fegringr, m. a cock (poët.), Edda (Gl.)
fegrir, m. an adorner, Lex. Poët.
feigð, f. [A. S. fægð], 'feyness,' approach o
r foreboding of death: in proverbs, koma mun til mín feigðin h
var sem ek em staddr, Nj. 103; ferr hverr er feigðin kallar, Fas. i. 420; &a
elig;tla ek þetta munu vera fyrir feigð yðvarri, a foreboding t
hat you are 'fey,' Fms. v. 66; því at hón feigð f&ia
cute;ra fjöl-margra sá, Gs. 20; þú sátt þe
gar í dag feigðina á honum, thou sawest the 'fey-tokens' on
him to-day, Fms. xi. 154; þær (the Valkyrjur) kjósa feig
ð á menn ok ráða sigri, Edda 22: cp. the phrase, feigð
kallar að e-m, the 'feigð' (death) calls upon him, one
behaves as a 'fey' man. feigðar-orð, n. or feigðar-yr
ðr, f. the death-weird, Ýt. 1.
feig-ligr, adj. looking 'feylike,' Al. 30.
FEIGR, adj., [this interesting word still remains in the Dutch a veeg
man and in the Scot. fey; cp. A. S. fæge, early Germ. veige; in mod. Germ. feig, but in an altered sense, viz. coward,
craven, whence mod. Dan. feig] :-- in popular language a man is said
to be 'fey' when he acts in an unusual or strange manner, as when a miser sudden
ly becomes open-handed, Icel. say, eg held hann sé feigr, I hold that
he is 'fey;' cp. feigð; or when a man acts as if blinded or spell-bound
as to what is to come, and cannot see what all other people see, as is noticed b
y Scott in a note to the Pirate, ch. 5; again, the Scottish notion of wild spiri
ts as foreboding death is almost strange to the Icel., but seems to occur now an
d then in old poetry, viz. mad, frantic, evil; svá ferr hann sem f
. maðr, he fares, goes on like a 'fey' (mad) man, Fagrs
k. 47 (in a verse); alfeig augu = the eyes as of a 'fey' man, Eg. (in a v
erse); feigr (mad, frantic) and framliðinn (dead) are opposed,
Skm. 12; feikna fæðir, hygg ek at feig sér, breeder of evil
, I ween thou art 'fey,' Skv. 3. 31, and perhaps in Vsp. 33, where the words
feigir menn evidently mean evil men, inmates of hell; cp. also Hbl. 12,
where feigr seems to mean mad, frantic, out of one's mind :-- cp. Scott's
striking picture of Kennedy in Guy Mannering. II. death-bound, fated
to die, without any bad sense, Hðm. 10; the word is found in many saying
s -- fé er bezt eptir feigan, Gísl. 62; skilr feigan ok úfe
igan, Bs. i. 139, Fb. iii. 409; ekki má feigum forða, Ísl. ii.
103, Fms. vi. 417, viii. 117; ekki kemr úfeigum í hel, 117; ekki
má úfeigum bella, Gísl. 148; allt er feigs forað, Fm. 1
1; fram eru feigs götur, Sl. 36; verðr hverr at fara er hann er feigr,
Grett. 138; þá mun hverr deyja er feigr er, Rd. 248; bergr hverjum
nokkut er ekki er feigr, Fbr. 171, Sturl. iii. 220, all denoting the spell of de
ath and fate; it is even used of man and beast in the highly interesting record
in Landn. 5. 5; cp. also the saying, fiplar hönd á feigu tafli (of c
hess), the hand fumbles with a 'fey' (lost) game, also used
of children fumbling with things and breaking them: the phrases, standa, ganga
feigum fótum, with 'fey' feet, i.e. treading on the verge of ru
in, Ísl. ii. (in a verse); mæla feigum munni, to talk with a
'fey' mouth, of a frantic and evil tongue, Nj. 9, Vþm. 55; göra
e-t feigum hondum, with 'fey' hands, of an evil doer causing his own fat
e, Lv. 111; fjör og blær úr feigum nösum líðr,
Snót 129: of appearances denoting 'feigð,' vide Nj. ch. 41, Gl&uacut
e;m. ch. 19, cp. Hkv. Hjörv. (the prose), Am. 26, Heiðarv. S. ch. 26, N
j. ch. 128, the last two passages strongly resembling Homer's Od. xx. (in fine),
Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 551, 552; gerum vér sem faði
r vár vill, þat mun oss bezt gegna; eigi veit ek þat v&iacute
;st, segir Skaphéðinn, því at hann er nú feigr, N
j. 199; en fyrir þá sök at Þormóðr var eigi f
., slitnaði ..., Fbr. 160; en fyrir gný ok elds-gangi, ok þat &
thorn;eir vóru eigi feigir, þá kómusk þeir unda
n, Fs. 84; ætla ek at ek sé eigi þar feigari en hér ..
., þat er hugboð mitt at þeir muni allir feigir er kallaðir
vóru, Nj. 212; þat hefir Finni sét á þér
, at sá mundi feigr, er þú segðir drauminn, Lv. 70, Fms.
iii. 212; vilja e-n feigan, to wish one's death, Nj. 269, Fms. iii. 70,
190.
feikinn, feikn (feikr, Lil. 9), adj. awful, monstrous, Hdl.
39.
FEIKN, f. [A. S. fæcen], portent, Skv. 3. 31, Landn.
153 (in a verse); in compds feikna- denotes portentous, immense. C
OMPDS: feikna-lið, n. an immense host, Hkv. i. 32. feikna-m
ikill, adj. immense. feikna-veðr, n. a hurricane,
Fas. ii. 117.

feikn-ligr, adj. terrible, Nj. 185, v.l.
feikn-stafir, m. pl. [A. S. fácen-stafas], banes, evils,
 Gm. 12, Fas. i. (in a verse): baleful runes, Sl. 60.
FEILA, að, [early Germ. feilen, mod. fehlen, usually de
rived from Lat. fallere], to falter, be shy; Sinfjötli l&eacu
te;t sér ekki feilask, Fas, (Völs. S.) i.
<PAGE NUM="b0150">
<HEADER>150 FEILINN -- FELJOTTR.</HEADER>
133; mod., feila sér, id. This word hardly occurs before the 14th
century; cp. however fól, fælinn, fæla, which are all of Teut
. origin.
feilinn, adj. faltering, shy, vide ú-feilinn.
feima, u, f. [prob. of Gaelic origin, fjamh = fear, Armstrong], po
ët. a bashful girl, a young lass, in Edda 108, Gl., Rm. 22, Fms. xi.
(in a verse of the year 994).
feiminn, adj. bashful, and feimni, f. shyness, bashfulne
ss.
feita, tt, to fatten, K. Þ. K. 130, Hm. 82, Hom. 72, Greg. 4
4.
feiti, f. fatness, Stj. 106, 309.
feiting, f. fattening, Eb. 316.
feit-laginn, part. disposed to grow fat.
feit-leikr, m. fatness, ubertas, Stj. 167.
feit-meti, n. fat meat, butter, etc.
FEITR, adj. [Lat. pinguis; Gr. GREEK; A. S. fætt; Eng
l. fat; Hel. feit; early High Germ. feiss; mod. but Low Ger
m. form fett; Dan. feed; Swed. fet] :-- fat, Nj. 52,
Eg. 137, Fbr. 19, Lv. 18, Fms. i. 36, v. 93, x. 303, Stj. 42; vide fita.
feit-æti, n. = feitmeti; feit-ætr, adj. liking fat.

FEL, f. [fill or fela = a maw, Ivar Aasen], the r
ough inside of an animal's maw. β. metaph. a ragged coat:
hann lagði í felina (acc. sing. with the article), he pierced the
rags of the cloak, Lv. 85.
FELA, pret. fal, 2nd pers. falt, pl. fálu; pres. fel; pret. subj.
fæli; part. fólginn: in mod. usage, pret. faldi, part. falinn, and
sup. falið, with weak declension, if in the sense to hide; but f&oacu
te;l, pl. fólu, part. fólginn, if in the sense to commend;
thus, undir trjánum sig faldi, Pass. 33. 6; einn fyrir engum faldist, 33.
7; but, þá Frelsarinn í Föðurs hönd fó
l nú blessaðr sína önd, 45. 1; fól and falinn, how

ever, never occur in old MSS. :-- [Ulf. filhan = GREEK, GREEK; Hel. b
i-felhan; O. H. G. felahan; Germ. be-fehlen and emp-fehlen;
 Lat. se-p&e-long;lio contains the same root, properly meaning to
hide, shut up: cp. Engl. bury, which really means to hide.] I. to hide, conceal; allt veit ek Óðin, hvar þ&uacu
te; auga falt, Vsp. 22; þú falt fé þitt í sv&aa
cute; mikilli þoku, Band. 12; hrís-kjarrit þat er Vaði ri
si fal sverðit, Þiðr. 69, Gm. 37; fálu þeir gullit &i
acute; Rín, Edda 76; tóku likit ok fálu þar, Ó
. H. 225 (fólu, Hkr. ii. 380, wrongly); ek mun fela yðr her í
gamma mínum, Fms. i. 9: barnit var fólgit, Fs. 60, Gullþ. 26
; fel sverð þitt, sheathe thy sword, Fms. xi. 348; felðu (=
fel þú) sverð þitt í umgörð, 656 C. 4; &
thorn;ær austr ok vestr enda fálu, Hkv. 1. 2; fólgit, hid
den, preserved, Vsp. 31; fólginn, hid, Þkv. 7, 8; ö
rlög fólgin e-m, fate hidden, in store for one, Vsp. 36, Akv.
16; fólginn endi lífs, poët. the hidden thrum of life, i.e. death, Ýt. 17. β. to bury, Ýt. 24
; liggja fulginn, to lie buried (in a cairn), on a Runic stone, Rath 178.
2. metaph., hefir þú fólgit nafn hennar í v&i
acute;su þessi, Eg. 325; fólgit í rúnum, Edda 47; yrk
ja fólgit, to use obscure phrases (in poetry), 110. 3. impe
rs., fal þá sýn (acc.) milli þeirra, they lost sigh
t of one another, with the notion of a hill or object coming between, &Oacut
e;. H. 182; þegar er sýn fal í milli þeirra Egils, Eg.
545. 4. the phrase, fela e-n á brott (= in mod. usage koma e-m fy
rir), to put one out (for alimentation), of one sick or old, a child, etc
., Grág. i. 155; or, fela e-n inni, id.; sá bóandi e
r hann felr sik inni, the husbandman with whom he boards and lodges, 158;
ef sá maðr andask er fólginn var inni, 155: of cattle, to
put out to keep, nú felr maðr búfé inni at manni at
fúlgu-mála réttum, N. G. L. i. 25; hence fúlga, q.v
. = meðgjöf. II. to give into one's keeping, entrust; han
n fal Óðni allan þann val, he gave all the slain to Odin, Fas. i. 454; mey frumunga fal hann (entrusted to) megi Gjúka, Sk
v. 3. 4: to invest, auð hefi ek minn ílla fólginn, Fms.
vii. 49 (in a verse). β. in the phrase, fela e-m e-t á hendi
(mod. á hendr); þér fel ek á hendi, Skarphé&e
th;inn, at hefna bróður þíns, Nj. 154; fal hón si
k ok allt sitt föruneyti á hendr lifanda Guði, Fms. i. 226; Kris
ti á hendi fólgin, 655 xxiii; fel'k þér á hend
i ábyrgð hans at öllu, Grág. i. 245; fálu sik ok s
álur sínar Guði Almáttkum á hendi, Bs. i. 139; a
t Jón Loptsson fæli Petri postula á hendi þá hj
örð ... en Jesus Kristr fal sína hjörð á hendr F
öður sínum, 145; fela undir e-m, to put under one's charge; er und einum mér öll um fólgin hodd Niflunga, i.e. all
the hoard of Niflung is kept by me only, Akv. 26; fela ván sín
a alla undir Guði, 686 B. 2; mun hér öll vár vinát
ta undir felask, all our friendship will depend upon this, Eb. 130: a law
term, skulu þeir fela undir eið sinn, they shall avouch it on thei
r oath, Grág. i. 9; fela undir þegnskap sinn, to vouch upon
one's honour; þó rangt sé undir þegnskap fó
lgit, 33. III. reflex. to hide oneself; ek mun felask, Fs. 48: han
n falsk í Kröflu-helli, Landn. 183; mörg leyni þau er fel
ask mátti í, Fms. x. 218; í skógi þar er &thor
n;eir höfðu fólgizk, Ó. H. 152; en fálusk at degi,
id.; felask í faðmi e-m, to be shut in one's arms, Hkv. 2. 27
. 2. felask á hendi e-m, to put oneself in another's hands, ent
er his service; Kolskeggr falsk á hendi Sveini Dana-konungi, Nj. 121
.
FÉ-LAG, n. [this word and the following are of Scandin. origin, an
d found neither in early A. S. nor South-Teut. dialects; the Germans use geno
sse and genossenschaft; the E. Engl. felaw (mod. fellow
) is a northern word] :-- prop. a laying one's fee together, i.e. fell
owship, partnership, Grág. i. 330, ii. 72, 73 (passim); eiga f&eacut
e;lag saman, Fbr. 102; nú leggja menn félag sitt saman, ok verja &
oacute;r einum sjóð, Jb. 406; skipta til félags, to share i
n partnership, Sks. 32; eiga félag við e-n, to be in partnersh
ip with one, Eg. 76; leggja félag við e-n, to enter int
o partnership with one, Fms. iv. 124; hafa félag við e-n, id.
, 296: Hallr fór milli landa, ok hafði félag Ólafs
ens Helga konungs, Hall traded in divers countries, and was in partnership wi
th king Olave, Ó. H. (pref.), Fb. iii. 239; leggja til félags,
to contribute to a common fund, Fms. vi. 183, viii. 20: in the law even
matrimony is a félag or partnership (between man and wife),--in re
spect to the common fund of mundr and heiman-fylgja, vide the Grág.--In C
OMPDS, denoting common: félags-bú, n. household i
n common, Sturl. i. 180; félags-fé, n. a common fund
, Landn. 33; félags-görð, f. entrance in partnersh
ip, Grág. i. 331, Sks. 33, 632: a contract, nema annan veg haf
i mælt verít í f. þeirra, Grág. i. 331; f&ea
cute;lags-hross, n. a horse owned in partnership with others, Gr&aacu
te;g. i. 436; félags-lagning, f. a 'laying' of, or ente
ring into, partnership, Grág. i. 331; félags-maðr,
m. a partner, Hkr. ii. 157, Sks. 32; félags-vætti, n
. a witness in matters of félag, Grág. i. 330, v.l. II. a society, association; mann-félag, an association of men; mannlegt félag, etc.; vísinda-f., etc., literary society, is a modern turn of the word, and scarcely occurs earlier than the 17th or 18
th century. It is now used in a great many compds: the passage in Sd. ch. 5, p.
123, where it means agreement, is a sure proof that these chapters are sp
urious.
fé-lagi, a, m. [E. Engl. felaw, vide félag] :-- prop
, a 'fee-layer,' i.e. a partner, shareholder of any kind, esp. in
trade, Fbr. 74 new Ed., cp. konungs-félagi, a king's partner, for
the kings of old carried on trade, Fbr., Fb. iii. l.c.; sailors who had food in
common were félagar; the law provides that even a poor man, if he contrib
utes all that he has, is a lawful félagi, Grág. ii. 72; enda &aacu
te; hann hvárki félaga né mötu-naut, er einn í
mötu-neyti ok á engan félaga, 73, passim in the Grág.:
félaga-erfð, f. a partner's inheritance, N. G. L. i. 5
0. β. in the law it is also used of married people (vide féla
g), a partner, mate, consort; hvat segir þú mér fr&aa
cute; Hrúti félaga þínum, Nj. 12; ef því
hjóna batnar heilsa er vitfirring hafði, þá skal &thorn
;at hverfa aptr til félaga síns ok hjúskapar, Grág.
i. 287; ek vil skilja við félaga minn, I wish to part with my mate
, a formulary in pleading before a court of divorce, 326. 2. metaph.
a fellow, mate, comrade; this sense of the word occurs as early as the o
ld Hm. 51,--með hálfum hleif ok með höllu keri fékk e
k mér félaga, where it however has some slight notion of partnersh
ip, with half a loaf and a half-drained cup I got me fellows; féla
gi is a frequent word in Icel., both ancient and modern, and used just as in Eng
lish; gamansamr félagi, a merry fellow, Sks. 634; félagi mi
nn ok frændi, my fellow and kinsman, Fms. x. 88; góðr f&
eacute;lagi, a good fellow, Sks. 432: in addressing one, hverr ertu, f.,
who art thou, fellow? Fb. iii. 239: a dear fellow, þé
r mun ek þykkja úlíklega spyrja, f., Ld. 268; hversu hefir &
iacute; dag at farit, f., Vápn. 4. β. in a pun, Fms. xi. 150.
3. mod. a fellow, member of a society.
félag-ligr, adj. 'fellowlike,' kind, H. E. i. 470.
félag-skapr, m. fellowship, partnership. Eg. 1. β. metaph. fellowship, friendship, Eg. 27; görðisk þar br
átt f. góðr, they soon became intimate friends, Fms. iv
. 127; binda saman lag sitt ok félagskap, to bind their fellowship tog
ether, enter into close alliance, 295; var þeirra f. at öllu merk
ilegr, Fs. 15; görðisk með þeim öllum enn mesti f., 29;
þykki mér þú hafa lýst í þv&iacute
; við mik mikinn félagskap, Boll. 346. II. association,
mod. in many compds.
feld-kápa, u, f. = feldr, Ld. 274, v.l.; vide fellikápa.
FELDR, m., gen. feldar, pl. feldir, a cloak worn by the ancients,
esp. one lined with fur; hvítr-f., a white cloak, Fbr. 145 sqq.; r
auð-f., a red cloak, Landn. (a nickname); grá-f., a grey cl
oak, Hkr. i. 176; skinn-f., a skin cloak, Orkn. 326 (in a verse); bja
rn-f., q.v., a bear-skin cloak; röggvar-f., a woollen cloak,
Grett. 114; varar-f., a common cloak; loð-f., a shaggy cloak, a f
ur cloak, = loði; blá-f., a blue cloak, N. G. L. i. 74; fe
ldr fimm alna í skaut, a cloak measuring five ells square, Korm. 8
6; a feld four ells long and two ells broad, Grág. i. 500, was in trade t
he usual size, but here the ell is a 'thumb ell,' measuring only about sixteen i
nches; stutt-f., a short cloak, Fms. vii. 152 (a nickname); feldr, k&aacu
te;pa, and skikkja seem to be synonymous, cp. Ls. ch. 14, 15, Glúm. ch. 3
, 8, Grett. ch. 23, Lv. ch. 17. Tac. Germ. ch. 17 -- 'tegumen omnibus sagum, fib
ulâ, aut, si desit, spinâ consertum;' the cloaks were often made of
(or lined with) costly furs, Glúm. ch. 6; breiða feld á h&ouml
;fuð sér, to wrap the head in a cloak, Nj. 164, Kristni S. ch.
11, Fms. vi. 43 (Sighvat), as a token of deep thinking: feldar-dálkr,
 m. a cloak-pin, Hkr., vide dálkr; feldar-röggvar,
f. pl. the patches or 'ragged' hairs on the outside of a cloak,
Lv. 55, cp. Grág. i. 500; feldar-skaut, n. (-blað, n.,
Finnb. 342), a cloak's skirt, Fb. i. 416; feldar-slítr, n.
pl. the tatters of a cloak, Grett. The etymology of feldr is uncertain, s
carcely from Lat. pellis, but rather from falda, to fold, wrap; ev
en Tacitus, l.c., makes a distinction between the 'sagulum' (= feldr) and 'ferar
um pelles,' the latter being a mark of more savage habits, such as that of the b
erserkers; feldr is never used of a woman's cloak (möttull, skikkja); the p
assage Fm. 43 is corrupt: the phrase, það er ekki með feldi, it
is not right, something is wrong, is a corrupt form instead of með fell
du, part. from fella, q.v.
feljóttr, adj. [filled, Ivar Aasen], shabby; f. sem
laki, rough as a sheep's maw, Fbr. 156.
<PAGE NUM="b0151">
<HEADER>FELL -- FERGIR. 151</HEADER>
FELL, n. a fell, wild hill, Hrafn. 4, Ísl. ii. 76, passim:
freq. in local names; Helga-fell, Mos-fell, Mið-fell, Meðal-fell, &THORN
;órólfs-fell, and Fell alone, vide Landn. In Icel. fell is a si
ngle hill, and in pl. a range of hills; fjall (= Lat. mons) i
s a general name.
FELLA, d, a weak causal verb, answering to the strong neuter form falla;
[absent in Goth.; A. S. fellan; Engl. fell; Germ. fällen; O. H. G. fallian; Swed. fälla; Dan. fælde.]
A. [Answering to falla A], to fell, make fall; fella við, t
o fell timber, Fms. ii. 84; fella mann, to fell a man, defined in the
law, Grág. Vsl. ch. 3, cp. ch. 31; fella tár, to let tears fal
l, Sighvat; fella mel-dropa, to let the drops fall, Vþm. 14; fe
lla segl, to take down sails, Bárð. 14; fella jörð un
dir e-m, to make the earth slip under one (by means of sorcery), Bs. i. 1
2; fella vatn í fornan farveg, to make the stream flow in its old bed,
 Grág. ii. 281. 2. to fell or slay, in battle, E
g. 80, 296, 495; Bróðir felldi Brján, Nj. 275; fella e-n fr&aa
cute; landi, to slay or dethrone a king; hann hafði fellt hinn
helga Ólaf konung frá landi, Orkn. 82; var felldr frá land
i Haraldr Gráfeldr, H. Graycloak was slain, Fær. 38; s&iacu
te;ðan felldu þeir frá landi Hákon bróður min
n, Fms. viii. 241, v. l.; fella her, val, etc., to make havoc, slaughter,
(val-fall, strages), Lex. Poët. β. to lose sheep
or cattle from cold or hunger (v. fellir); var vetr mikill ok fel
ldu menn mjök fé sitt, Sturl. iii. 297. II. to make to cea
se, abolish; hann felldi blót ok blótdrykkjur, Fms. x. 393; f.
niðr, to drop, put an end to, abandon; var hans villa svá ni&
eth;r felld, Anecd. 98; þat felldi hann allt niðr, Fms. vii. 158; ef &
thorn;ú fellir niðr (gives up) þann átrúna
ð, ii. 88: to drop a prosecution, a law term, at konungr mundi &thorn
;etta mál ekki niðr fella, vii. 127 (cp. niðr-fall at sökum)
; fella ræðu sína, to close one's speech, ix. 331; &thor
n;ar skal niðr f. þrjá-tigi nátta, there shall [they] let drop thirty nights, i.e. thirty nights shall not be co
unted, Rb. 57; fella boð, f. herör, to drop the message, not le
t the arrow pass, N. G. L. i. 55, Gþl. 83 (vide boð, p. 71); fell
a skjót, to fail in supplying a vehicle, K. Á. 22. 2. to lower, diminish; fella rétt manns, fella konungs sakar-eyri,
Gþl. 185; hann skal fella hálfri mörk, [they] shall
lower it, i.e. the value shall be lowered by half a mark, Grág
. ii. 180. 3. the phrases, fella heitstrenging (eið) á sik, to bring down on one's head the curse for a breach of faith (vow, oath, etc.), Hrafn. 8. 4. fella hold af, to starve so that the flesh fal
ls away, K. Á. 200, K. Þ. K. 130; hence fella af, absol. ellipt
. to become lean, starved; cp. af-feldr: the phrase, f. blótsp&aac
ute;n, q.v., p. 71; fella dóm, to pass sentence, is mod., borrowed
from Germ.
B. [Answering to falla B], to join, fit: I. a joiner's term
, to frame, tongue and groove; fella innan kofann allan ok þilja, B
s. i. 194; felld súð, a framed board, wainscot, Fms. vi. (in a
verse), hence fellisúð; fella stokk á horn, to put a board
on the horns of a savage bull, Eb. 324; eru fastir viðir saman negldir,
þó eigi sé vel felldir, the boards are fast when nailed
together, they are not tongued and grooved, Skálda 192 (felling); fel
la stein í skörð, to fit a stone to the crevice, R&oacute
;m. 247: metaph., fella lok á e-t, to bring to an end, prop. to
fit a cover to it, Grág. i. 67: also a blacksmith's term, fella j&a
acute;rn, to work iron into bars, Þiðr. 79. II. metaph.
in the phrases, fella ást, hug, skilning, etc., til e-s, to turn one'
s love, mind, etc., towards one; fellim várn skilning til eins
kis af öllum þeim, Stj. 4; Geirmundr felldi hug til Þurí
ðar, G. fell in love with Th., Ld. 114; Þórðr bar ei
gi auðnu til at fellasvá mikla ást til Helgu, sem vera &aacute
;tti, i.e. they did not agree, Sturl. i. 194; fella bæn at e-m, 
to apply prayer to one, beg of him, Ísl. ii. 481; fella sik við e
-t, to fit oneself to a thing; ek hefi byrjað þitt erindi, ok a
llan mik við fellt, and have done my best, 655 xxxii. 13; felldi &THO
RN;orkell sik mjök við umræðuna, Th. took a warm part in t
he debate, Ld. 322; hence such phrases as, fella sig (eigi) við e-t, 
to take pleasure (or not) in a thing; fella saman orð s&ia
cute;n, to make one's words agree, Grág. i. 53: to appropriate
, fellir hann með því dalinn sér til vistar, Sd. 137
. III. part. felldr, as adj. = fallinn; svá felldr, so f
itted, such; með svá felldum máta, in such a way, R
b. 248; vera vel (illa etc.) felldr til e-s, to be well (ill) f
itted for a thing, Fms. xi. 76; gamall ok þó ekki til felldr, B
s. i. 472, Fms. iii. 70; Hallgerðr kvað hann sér vel felldan til
verkstjóra, H. said he was well fitted to be her steward, Nj. 57,
v.l.: neut., þér er ekki fellt (it is not fit for thee) at g
anga á greipr mönnum Haralds, Fms. vi. 210; svá lízt o
ss sem slíkum málum sé vel fellt at svara, such cases ar
e well worth consideration, Ld. 90; ekki héldu þeir vel lö
g þau nema þat er þeim þótti fellt, they obser
ved not the rules except what seemed them fit, Hkr. i. 169; þeirrar st
undar er honum þótti til fellt, the time that seemed him fit, Bs. i. 161: in many compds, geð-felldr, skap-f., hug-f., pleasant, agre
eable; hag-felldr, practical; sí-felldr, continuous.
fella, u, f. [Engl. falling], framework, a framed board, Fa
s. i. 393.
felli-, in compds: I. a falling off; felli-sótt, f. sudden illness, Fær. 190; felli-vetr, m. a hard w
inter when the cattle die, Sturl. i. 127, Ld. 120. II. a joining,
framing; felli-hurð, f. a wainscotted door, Art. (Fr.); felli-kápa, u, f. a plaid, Ld. 274; felli-stokkr, m. a kind of plane Pm. 13, 112, 124; felli-súð, f. a kin
d of frame or wainscot, opp. to skar-súð.
felling, f. I. a felling, knocking down, Grág. ii. 1
33. II. a joining, framing, Skálda 192, Fas. i. 229. &be
ta;. the folds of a garment.
fellir, m. death, esp. of cattle, Ann. 1377, 1380; vide man
n-fellir.
fellu-járn, n. wrought iron, Grág. i. 501.
felmta, t, mod. felmtra, að,--en hjartað mitt á fl&
oacute;tta fer | felmtrað í brjósti lyptir sér, Sn&oacu
te;t 128. [fálma] :-- Lat. trepidare, to be in a state of fright and a
larm; fari menn stilliliga ok felmti eigi, Fms. vii. 262; sá maðr
felmti mjök, Bret. 90; felmtandi maðr, a man who has lost his head,
 Sks. 383.
FELMTR, m. [fálma], alarm, fear; f. eða flótti,
Fms. i. 45, viii. 226. felms-fullr (or felmts-fullr), adj. alar
med, frightened, Fms. i. 217, Orkn. 16, Grett. 124.
felmtr, part. frightened; fara f., Njarð. 370: cp. the phrase,
e-m verðr felmt, to be terrified, panic-stricken, Nj. 105, Fms. viii
. 189, v.l.
felur, f. pl. a lurking-place; hlaupa í felur, to run an
d hide oneself.
FEN, n., gen. pl. fenja, dat. fenjum, [Ulf. fani = GREEK; A. S. fenn; Engl. fen; O. H. G. fenna; Dutch venn; a word co
mmon to all Teut. idioms] :-- a fen, quagmire, Symb. 26 (of the Pontine m
arshes); mýrar ok fen, Hkr. iii. 227; fen eðr forað, Gþl. 3
83; kelda eðr fen, Ld. 204; fórsk þeim seint um fenin, the b
ogs, Fms. vii. 69; djúpt fen ok breitt fullt af vatni, a deep pool
and broad, full of water, vi. 406, vii. 70, Orkn. 444, Eg. 577, 582, 767, N
j. 21, Eb. 326, Þorst. Síðu H. 186.
féna, að, to gain, profit; heldr fénar nú
, Fms. vi. 349; fénaði þér nú, i. 167: reflex., F
as. iii. 4.
fénaðr, m. pl. ir, [answers to Lat. pecunia as f&eacute
; to pecus], sheep, cattle, Nj. 119, Fms. ii. 92, xi. 33, B&aacut
e;rð. 170, Eg. 219, Ísl. ii. 155, Gþl. 119; menn ok f., man
and beast, Grág. ii. 164, Fms. i. 266.
fengari, a, m. [Byzant. GREEK], the moon, an GREEK, Edda (Gl.)
fengi-ligr, adj. (fengi-liga, adv.), promising. a good haul, Bs. ii. 133.
feng-lítill, adj. of little value, Sturl. ii. 182, 238, Fms
. vi. 367.
FENGR, m., gen. jar, pl. ir, (fengi, n., Fms. vii. 213, xi. 83, Ho
m. 130), [fá, fanga], a haul, take, of fish, K. Á. 90: g
ain, booty, Fær. 70, Fms. v. 287, Hkr. ii. 73: a store, supply,
Ísl. ii. 138.
fen-grani, a, m. a kind of fish, Edda (Gl.)
feng-samr, adj. making large provision, Nj. 18, Bs. i. 652.
feng-semi, f. being fengsamr, Bs. ii. 88.
feng-sæll, adj. making a good haul, Sturl. i. 77.
fenjóttr, adj. fenny, boggy, Fms. x. 261.
FENNA, t, to be covered with snow (fönn); fennt yfir ofan, Bs
. i. 196: impers., fennti fé (acc.), the sheep perished in the snow, Ann. 1380.
FENRIR, m. the monster wolf of heathen mythology, Edda, Vþm.
, Ls.
FER-, in compds, in fours: fer-elingr, m. four ells long
, of a fish, Finnb. 220. fer-falda, að, to make fourfold,
Stj. 148. fer-faldr, adj. fourfold, Rb. 334, El. 13, Fas. ii. 215,
343, Sturl. iii. 206, 656 A. 33. fer-fætingr, m. a quadruped, 656 C. 8. fer-fættr, adj. four-footed, Stj. 56, Sks. 628,
Fas. iii. 272, N. G. L. i. 82; fjór-f., id., Sks. 628 B. fer-h
yrndr, part. four-cornered, square, Stj. 57, 171, 205, Al. 109. fe
r-hyrningr, n. a square. fer-menningr, m. a fourth cousin, vide fjór-menningr. fer-nættingr, m. a period of four
nights, K. Á. 182. fer-skepta, u, f. a stuff with fourfol
d warp, Vm. 52, 93, 115, Am. 50, 90, Jm. 9. fer-skeyta, tt, to squ
are, 415. 18. fer-skeyttr, part. 'four-sheeted,' square, Edda,
623. 24: mathem., ferskeytt tala, a square number, Alg. 366; ferskeytt v
ísa, a quatrain, like the common ballad metre, as in the ditty -yrkja kvæði ólán bjó | eptir flestra sögu |
en gaman er að geta þó | gert ferskeytta bögu. fer-skip
tr, part. divided into four parts, Stj. 148, v.l. fer-strendr,
adj. four-edged, Eg. 285, Sturl. ii. 134, Magn. 450. fer-söngr, m. a quartett, Bb. 2. 11. fer-tugandi, fer-tugasti, adj. fo
rtieth, Fms. x. 73, v.l. fertug-faldr, adj. fortyfold, Stj. 14
7. fer-tugr (-tögr), adj. forty years old, Stj. 624, N
. G. L. i. 106, Fms. iii. 26 :-- measuring forty (ells, fathoms, e
tc.). Fas. i. 298, Stj. 563; fertug drápa, a poem of forty verses,
Fms. iii. 93; f. at rúma-tali. numbering forty 'rooms,' Fb. ii. 2
77. fer-ærðr, adj. four-oared, Ísl. ii. 74. fe
r-æringr, m. a four-oared boat. fer-ærr, adj. f
our years old, Dipl. ii. 16.
FERÐ, f. (farðir, pl. exploits, Haustl.), travel, journ
ey, Fms. i. 3, iv. 3, Nj. 7, Ísl. ii. 126, Ann. 1242, Sturl. iii. 38,
Ld. 96, Dipl. v. 18; ekki verða allar ferðir til fjár (a saying)
; um-f., a round, circuit; vel-f., welfare. COMPDS: ferða-b
ók, f. a book of travels, Dipl. v. 18. ferða-lag, n
. travelling, Þórð. 64. ferða-maðr, m. a traveller, Stj. 400. Sturl. i. 89. ferðar-broddr, m. the va
n, Fms. viii. 400, Fas. ii. 178, Ld. 96. ferðar-leyfi, n. leav
e to travel, Stj. 406. ferðar-mót, n. a meeting, Hk
r. ii. 194: ferð is very freq. in compds, whereas för (q.v.) is more ob
solete. II. á-ferð, the texture of cloth.
ferðask, að, dep. to travel, 655 xxxii. 20, Sturl. i. 24,
Fms. ii. 136, Ísl. ii. 359.
ferð-búinn, part. (ferðar-búinn, Fms. vii. 3
, Boll. 356, Finnb. 248), boun, i.e. ready, for a journey, Þ
órð. 69, Boll. 356.
ferð-lúinn, adj. weary from travelling, Bárð
. 181.
ferð-ugr, adj. [borrowed from Germ. fertig], well-doing; vin sæl ok vel ferðug, Bs. i. 264: fit, belgir með fer&et
h;ugum skinnum, Vm. 177.
fergin, n., botan. veronica, Hjalt.
fergir, m. [farg], poët, an oppressor, enemy, Lex. Poët.
<PAGE NUM="b0152">
<HEADER>152 FERILL -- FETA.</HEADER>
FERILL, m., dat. ferli, a track, trace, Eg. 579, Gþl. 448; k
ross-f., Pass. 11. 3; lífs-f., the course of life; blóð
-f., q.v. β. the phrase, vera á ferli, to be on one's legs
, rise, be out of bed, Nj. 55, Grett. 145 (Ed. felli); vera snemma á
ferli, to rise early. II. of persons, a traveller, esp. in
pl. and in the compds, Róm-ferlar, pilgrims to Rome; veg-ferill, q

.v., a way-farer.
ferja, u, f. a ferry, Bs. i. 355, D. I. i. 319, 320, Ld. 56, 324.
COMPDS: ferju-ár, f. a ferryman's oar, Sturl. ii. 70. fe
rju-búi, a, m. one who lives near a ferry, Grág. ii. 26
7. ferju-hald, n. charge of a ferry, Grág. ii. 266. fer
ju-karl, n. a ferry carle, ferryman, Sæm. 62. ferju-land, n. land belonging to a ferry, D. I. i. 319. ferju-maðr, m. a ferryman, Vm. 16: the inmate of a ferry-house, Sd. 226. ferjumáldagi, a, m. a ferry contract, D. I. i. 320. ferju-skattr
, m. a ferry-toll, Þiðr. ferju-skip, n. a ferry-b
oat, Bs. i. 354. ferju-smíði, n. building a ferry,
Þórð. 62. ferju-staðr, m. a ferry place, Vm.
15. ferju-stútr, m. the post to which a ferry-boat is fastened,
 Fbr. ferju-tollr, m. a ferry-toll, Þiðr.
ferja, old form farði, Fms. vi. (in a verse), Vellekla; pl. för&
eth;u, Grág. i. 274; part. farðr, K. Þ. K. 24, Blas. 5, Gr&aacu
te;g. ii. 267; acc. förðan, i. 273 (Kb., Ed. Arna-Magn. færða
n wrongly); pres. ferr, Grág. i. 272; imperat. fer, Hbl. 3; mod. pret. fe
rjaði, Fms. v. 182, K. Á. 12: [Engl. ferry, cp. Germ. f&aum
l;rge] :-- to transport, carry by sea, and esp. to ferry over a ri
ver or strait; ferja e-n af landi, to carry one abroad, Gr&aa
cute;g. i. 145; eigi skal þá ferja yfir vötn eðr reiða
, K. Þ. K. 82; ferja e-n aptr, to carry one back, 24: as a law phr
ase, ú-ferjandi, outlawed, Germ. vogelfrei, Grág., N
j. passim.
fer-liga, adv. monstrously, Lv. 78, Rd. 273, Karl. 476, Stj. 3, Bs
. i. 349. The syllable fer- in this and the four following words denotes anyt
hing monstrous, and seems akin to firn and firin, q.v.
ferlig-leikr, m. abnormity, monstrosity, Barl.
fer-ligr, adj. [cp. Scot. ferlie], monstrous, Fms. iv. 175,
vii. 156, 162, Nj. 185, Orkn. 218, Bs. i. 802, Fas. i. 194: metaph. monstrou
s, Orkn. 164, Ld. 86, Hom. 115, Fms. v. 150.
fer-líkan, n., prop. a monstrous shape: medic. an abnorm
ity, monster, Fas. iii. 654, Bs. ii. 33.
fer-líki, n. = ferlíkan, Fas. i. 244, Al. 95, Greg. 52, Bar
l. 87, Karl. 157.
ferma, d, [farmr], to load, Ld. 32, 86, Sturl. iii. 33. II.
[Lat. firmare is from a different root], eccl. to confirm, K. &Aa
cute;. 148, N. G. L. i. 350.
fermi-dregill, m. a ribbon worn at confirmation, N. G. L. i. 16.
ferming, f. confirmation, K. Á. 20.
fern, adj. distrib. esp. in pl. = Lat. quaterni, in sets of four,
Fb. i. 521, Nj. 150, K. Þ. K. 86, Grág. i. 4; vide einn.
FERSKR, adj. [O. H. G. frisc; Germ. fersch; Engl. fresh], fresh, of food, meat, fish, fruit, etc.; ferskr fiskr, N. G. L. iii
. 193; fersk grös, fresh herbs, Bs. i. 258; fersk lykt, a fresh s
mell, Clar. 85; ferskar gjafir, Stj. 109: scarcely used in a metaph. sense a
s in Engl.
FESTA, t, [fastr], to fasten; lím er festir allart vegginn,
Rb. 390. 2. to fasten with a cord, to fasten a thing afloat; fest
a skip, to make a ship fast, moor it, Eg. 161, Fms. vii. 314; þeir
festu sik aptr við lyptingina, they made the ship fast, ii. 327; fest
a hval, Grág. ii. 337; festa við, of drift-timber, id. β.
to hang up; festa út til þerris, to hang out for drying,
 Ld. 290; ef maðr festir upp vápn sitt þar er sjálft
fellr ofan, Grág. ii. 65; festa á gálga, to hang on the
gallows, Am. 55, Hðm. 22, Fms. i. 89; festa upp, to hang up, Nj.
9, Fær. 188, Fms. vi. 273, ix. 410; festa í stagl, to make fast
to the rack, 656 C. 38; cp. stagl-festa, 623. 51. II. metaph. in man
y phrases; festa trúnað, to fix one's faith on, to believe in,
Eg. 59, Fms. i. 100; festa yndi, to feel happy in a place, 135; festa hu
g við e-t, to fix the mind upon a thing, hence hug-fastr; festa byg&e
th;, stað, to fix one's abode (stað-fastr, steadfast); fes
ta ráð, to make one's mind up, iv. 149; festa e-t í min
ni, to fix in the memory, Edda (pref.), Fms. iv. 116, hence minnis-fast;
also absol., festa kvæði, to fix a poem in the memory, learn it by
heart; Síðan orti Egill alla drápuna, ok hafði fest,
svá at hann mátti kveða um morguninn, Eg. 421. 2. in la
w phrases, to settle, stipulate; festa mál, sáttmál,
to make a settled agreement, Eg. 34, Fms. x. 355; festa grið, to
make a truce, Grág. ii. 194; festa kaup, verð, to wake a barga
in, 399; festa fé, to give bail, Gþl. 482, N. G. L. i.
23, Fms. vii. 290; festa eið, to pledge oneself to take an oath, G&th
orn;l. 539; festa járn, to pledge oneself to the ordeal of red-hot iro
n, Fms. vii. 230; festa dóm e-s, or f. e-m dóm, iv. 227, vii.
311, Hkr. i. 168, N. G. L. i. 23; festa eindæmi, q.v., Sturl. ii. 22; fest
a e-t í dóm e-s, id., Fms. vii. 302; festa e-t á d&o
acute;m e-s, id., iv. 327; festa lög fyrir e-t (= lög-festa), to claim a thing as one's lawful property, and thus forbid another any use of
it, K. Á. 184, N. G. L. i. 154, Gþl. 333, Jb. 151-249 (passim),
cp. Vídal. Skýr. s.v. festa: absol. to pledge oneself, Eys
teinn konungr festi at gjalda hálfan fimta tög marka gulls, Fms. vii
. 290. β. to bind in wedlock; Ásgrímr festi Hel
ga dóttur sína, Asgrim (the father) bound his daughter i
n wedlock to Helgi (dat.), betrothed her to him, Nj. 40; létu
þeir nú sem fyrr, at hón festi sik sjálf, she shou
ld bind herself, 49: also of the bridegroom, the bride in acc. as the bargai
n stipulated, festi Þorvaldr Hallgerði, 17; nú festir maðr
sér konu, N. G. L. i. 350, Glúm. 351, cp, Grág. F. Þ.
passim. III. impers. in a pass. sense, to cleave, stick fast to;
spjótið (acc.) festi í skildinum, Nj. 43, 262; kemr í s
kjöldinn svá at festi, 70; rekr hann (acc.) ofan á vaðit
ok festi þar á steini, stuck fast on a stone, of a thing flo
ating, 108; við eðr hval festir í vatns-bökkum, timber or
whales aground in the shoals, Grág. ii. 355; ef við rekr at &aac
ute;m ofan, ok festir í eyrum, and sticks on the gravel banks, id.
; nema festi í miðju vatninu, id.; eld festir, the fire catches, t
akes hold, Fms. i. 128. β. medic., bein (acc.) festir, a bone
joins (after a fracture); fót festir, the leg grows firm, Bs.
i. 743, cp. Eb. 316 and Bs. 5. 424. IV. reflex. to grow to, stick fas
t to; nafnið festisk við hann, Ld. 52, Fas. i. 86; ryðr festisk,
rust sticks to it, it grows rusty, 519; festask í landi, r&iacute
;ki, absol. to get a fast footing in the land, Fms. i. 32, xi. 343: the m
ilit. phrase, bardagi, orrosta festisk, the battle closes up fast, when a
ll the ranks are engaged, Sturl. iii. 63, Fms. ii. 313.
festa, u, f. a bail, pledge; svardagi ok f., Nj. 164, 240, Fms. iv
. 268, 285, ix. 432, Eg. 227, Js. 40. COMPD: festu-maðr, m. a bail
, surety, Fms. vii. 39.
festi-band, n. a cord, string, Sks. 627 B.
festi-liga, adv. firmly, Eg. 711, Bs. Laur. S.
festing, f. a fixing, fastening, Gþl. 462; festingar-hval
r, m. a whale driven ashore and secured, Jb. 320. 2. the fi
rmament, Stj. 12, Fas. iii. 664; festingar-himin, m. id., Rb.
78, 110, Fas. l.c., 655 xvii. 3. = festar, betrothals (rare), K. &
Aacute;. 112, Jb. 131, Gþl. 236; festingar-fé, n. = festarf&
eacute;, Stj. 468; festingar-stefna, u, f. a betrothal-meeting, N.
G. L. i. 382; festingar-váttr, m. = festarváttr, Jb. 162 A
.
festív-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), festive (Lat. word)
, Bs. i. 791, Stj. 51.
festr (mod. festi), f., dat. and acc. festi, gen. festar, pl. fest
ar :-- prop. that by which a thing is fastened, a rope, cord, Grett. ch.
68, 69, vide Guðm. S. ch. 54, Bs. ii. 111, Fms. ix. 3, 219, Eg. 324, Sks. 41
9, Ísl. ii. 49 :-- the cable to moor a ship to the shore, Eg. 195,
Jb. 314, 319, Grág. ii. 354; cp. skut-festar, land-f., stafn-f., bjarg-f
. :-- a trap (rare), Hrafn. 27. COMPDS: festar-auga, n. the loo
p or eye at the end of a rope, Grett. 141, Fas. ii. 369. festar-ga
rmr (and -hundr), m. nickname of a sailor, Ld. festar-hald, n.
holding the rope, Grett. 96, 141. festar-hæll, m. a fast
ening pin, put in the eye of the rope to secure it, Edda 20, Grág. i.
150, Grett. 141. festar-lauss, adj. without a festr, Vm. 29, 56.
festar-stúfr, m. the stump of a rope, a rope's end, Gr&aac
ute;g. ii. 361. festar-vörðr, m. watcher of the moorings,
Jb. 407: a chain, gull-f., silfr-f.; ketil-f., a kettle-chain, wh
ereon to hang the kettle in cooking, = hadda. II. metaph. and as a law ph
rase, bail; festar-penningr, m. a pledge, bail, Fms. x. 199
, Stj. Gen. xxxviii. 17, Fas. iii. 548. III. esp. in pl. festar, betrothals; respecting this matter see the first eight chapters of the Fes
ta-þáttr, in Grág. i. 305-319, and the Sagas passim, Ld. ch.
9, 23, 34, 43, 68, Nj. ch. 9, 13, 33, Gunnl. S. ch. 4, Band. 3, Lv. ch. 12, H&a
elig;nsa Þ. ch. 11, Harð. S. ch. 3, Sturl. passim; festar fara fram, the betrothal is performed, Fb. ii. 196, Ld. 92, 186; sitja í festu
m is said of a bride between betrothal and wedding, Nj. 4. COMPDS: festar-f&e
acute;, n. a dowry, Fms. x. 284, Stj. 468. 1 Sam. xviii. 25. festa
r-gjöf, f. id., D. N. festar-gull, n. a bridal ring, D. N. (does not occur in old writers). festar-kona, u, f. a betroth
ed woman, = Germ. braut, viz. from the betrothal to the wedding, &Iac
ute;sl. ii. 217. Fms. ii. 9, Grág. i. 355. festar-maðr, m. 
a betrothed man, Grág. i. 355, Gþl. 212. festar-mál, n. pl. betrothal, affiance, Lv. 33, Fms. vi. 395, x. 393. festar-m
ær (mod. festar-mey), f. a betrothed maid, = festarkona,
Fms. iv. 164, v. 33, Þórð. 67, Fas. i. 412. festar-orð,
 n. = festarmál, Mar. festar-váttr, m. a witness at
betrothals, Grág. i. 335. festar-öl, n. betrothal-ale,
 Fas. iii. 62. festa-váttorð and festar-vætti, n. a witness or evidence to a betrothal, Grág. i. 313, 33
0. Festa-þáttr, m. the section in the Icelandic law treat
ing of betrothal, Grág. l.c.
FET, n. [Swed. fjät = a track; it answers to Lat. p
&e-short;d-is, fótr to Gr. GREEK] :-- a pace, step; ganga, st&
iacute;ga, feti framar, to go a step forward, Lv. 59, Skm. 40; ekki fet,
not a step; hann gékk fram þrjú fet, Karl. 438; ganga
níu fet, Vsp. 56; ok bar níu fet, Fms. i. 129; Jón g&eacut
e;kk fet frá kirkjunni, ok féll þá niðr, Sturl. i
i. 119; ganga, fara fullum fetum, to go at full pace, Fms. iv. 299, also
used metaph. to proceed in one's own course; með linlegum fetum, w
ith slow steps, Sks. 629; fetum (dat.) as adv. at a pace, Akv. 13. 2. as a measure, a foot, and so in mod. usage, three palm breadths m
ake a 'fet,' Hb. 732. 5; a wall five 'fet' thick, Grág. ii. 262; 'fet' is
called a subdivision of 'passus,' Rb. 482; a tombstone fourteen 'fet' lo
ng, Hkr. i. 122; it may, however, mean a pace in Korm. 86, K. Þ. K.
98, and Karl. 396.
feta, in old writers strong, pret. fat, pl. fátu; in mod. usage we
ak, fetaði, and so in paper MSS., Fas. iii. 492; fötuðu, Bs. i. 291
, is undoubtedly an error for fátu: I. to step, with the no
tion to find one's way, of one walking in a fog or darkness, α. act. with acc.; feta braut, Eb. 208 (in a verse); feta leið (acc.), Gr&a
acute;g. ii. 44; feta veg sinn, Bs. l.c.; menn fátu trautt leið s&iac
ute;na í sumum stöðum, Ann. 1300, cp. Bs. i. 804. β.
absol., feta burt ór völundar húsi, to find the way out o
f a labyrinth, Lil. 91; en svá fjarri ferr at ek feta (subj.) þ
angat, Fas. ii. 284; blindr ok fat eigi til dyranna, Orkn. 192; var ok sv&aacute
; at hann fat af því heim, Grett. 46 new Ed.; fátu þei
r eigi heim, Fb. i. 97; ætlaði at hann mundi feta til síðar
r, Landn. 146; ok fátu hvergi, and could not find the way, Fas. ii
i. 401. II.
<PAGE NUM="b0153">
<HEADER>FETI -- FINGRBRJOTR. 153</HEADER>
as an auxiliary verb with an infin.; hve ek yrkja fat, how I did make my poem
, Höfuðl. 19; hve ek þylja fat, how I did speak, 3; fa
ztú at árna, thou didst earn, Sighvat; ek fet smí&et
h;a, I do (can) work, Fms. vi. 170; hann fat gerða, 
he did gird, Fagrsk. 48; ek fat kjósa, I did choose, Edda 229
(App.); ek fet inna, I do record, Rekst. 29, v.l.; this use, however, alt
hough freq. in the poets of the 10th century, became obsolete, and is never met
with in prose. β. in mod. usage, to step, esp. in the phrase,
feta í fótspor e-s, to step in one's foot-prints; þ&
oacute; eg feginn feta vildi fótspor þín, Pass. 30. 10.
feti, a, m. a stepper, pacer, in compds, há-feti, lé
tt-feti, mál-feti, a high-stepper, light-stepper, etc., poët.
names of a race-horse.
feti, a, m. [fete, Ivar Aasen], the blade of an axe, Nj. 27
, 209. 2. a strand in the thread of the warp.
fetill, m., dat. fetli, pl. fetlar; an older dat. form fatli (cp. katli)
seems to be left in the phrase, bera hönd í fatla (qs. fatli), to
carry the arm in a sling: [Germ. fessel] :-- the strap by which a
bag is hung on the shoulder, N. G. L. i. 349: the strap or belt of a shield or sword (skjaldar-fetill, sverds-f., Gr. GREEK), umgör&eth
; ok fetlar, Fas. i. 414, El. 22, 33, Edda 123, N. G. L. ii. 422; hence the swor
d is in poetry called fetil-stingi, a, m. a 'belt-pin,' etc. fe
tla-byrðr, f. a burthen carried by straps, N. G. L. i. 143.
fet-mál, n. a measured step, pace.
fetta, tt, [fattr], to bend back; fetta fingr, to bend the fing
ers back; fetta fingr úti e-t, to criticise (unfairly);
vide fingr.
fettr, adj. slender, = fattr.
fettur, f. pl. mimics, in the phrase, fettur og brettur.
FEYJA, ð, in mod. usage inserting g, feygja, [cp. fúinn
], to let decay, go to ruin; hann feyr (mod. feygir) hús niðr
fyrir óræktar sakir, he lets the house decay, Gþl. 332
.
FEYKJA, t, [fjúka], to blow, drive away, with dat., Ps. i.
4, Rd. 272: absol., Fas. ii. 238: metaph., feykja at e-m, to rush at one,
Al. 40; hann feykir (rushes) inn í húsit sem kólfi
skyti, Fms. vii. 342.
feyra, u, f. mites in cheese, etc.; feyrðr, part. mi
ty.
feyskinn, adj. [fauskr], rotten, esp. of timber.
FIÐLA, u, f. [A. S. fidele; Germ. fiedel], a fiddle,
 Fms. vii. 97, xi. 353 (in a verse); fiðlu-sláttr, playing on
a fiddle, Hom. 106.
fiðlari, a, m. a fiddler, Hkr. i. 30.
fiðra, að, to touch or tickle with a feather; fi
ðringr, m. the effect of being tickled; fiðraðr, p
art. feathered, of arrows, Fas. ii. 173.
FIÐRI, mod. fiðr, n. feathers (vide fjöðr)
, Edda 46, Stj. 83, Fms. vi. 85 (in a verse); sængr-f., the feathers of
a bed; álptar-f., swan feathers; gæsar-f., goose fe
athers; again, a quill is fjöðr.
fiðrildi, n. a butterfly, vide fífrildi.
fiðr-varinn, part. wearing feathers, of a bird, Fas. i. 477 (i
n a verse).
fika, að, in the phrase, fika sig upp, to climb nimbly as a spider
.
fikta, að, to fumble, grope with a thing, as a child, (mod.)
fila, u, f. [vide fjöl], a deal, thin board, N. G. L. i. 75.
FILLA, u, f. the greasy fat flesh, e.g. of a halibut; esp. the
thick film of the head, in vanga-filla, kinn-f., haus-f., hnakka-f.
filungr, m. one who cuts deals, N. G. L. i. 101, Gpl. 80. II. a bird, procellaria maxima.
fimask, að, dep. to hasten, Karl. 382, (rare.)
FIMBUL-, [cp. Germ. fimmel = an iron wedge; Bohem. fimol
; Swed. fimmel-stång = the handle of a sledge-hammer; in

Icel. obsolete, and only used in four or five compds in old poetry], mighty,
great, viz. fimbul-fambi, a, m. a mighty fool, Hm. 103; fi
mbul-ljóð, n. pl. mighty songs, Hm. 141; fimbul-t&yacu
te;r, m. the mighty god, great helper, Vsp. 59; fimbul-vetr, m
. the great and awful winter preceding the end of the world, Vþm. 4
4; fimbul-þul, f. the roaring of a river, Gm. 27, Edda (Gl.)
; fimbul-þulr, m. the great wise man, Hm. 143.
fimi, mod. fimni, f. nimbleness; vide vápn-fimi.
fim-leikr (-leiki), m. nimbleness, agility, Fms. ii. 5, 170
, vi. 5, 225. fimleika-maðr, m. a nimble man, Ísl. ii.
191.
fim-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), nimbly, Fms. ii. 268, B&aelig
;r. 19.
FIMM, a cardinal numb. [Lat. quinque; Gr. GREEK; Goth. fimf; A. S. fif; Engl. five; Germ. fünf; Swed.-Dan. fem
] :-- five, passim; fimm sinnum, five times, passim. COMPDS: fimm-deila, u, f. the fifth part, Ám. 111. fimm-deila, d, to divide into five shares, Ám. 84. fimm-faldr, adj. fivefold, Sks. 416. fimm-nættungr, m. a law phrase, a summ
ons with five nights' notice, N. G. L. i. 124, K. Á. 182, v.l. fim
m-tíu, indecl., old fimm-tigir, m. pl. fifty. fimm-t
ugandi, mod. fimm-tugasti, the fiftieth, 686 C. 1, Stj. 110, O
rkn. 360, Greg. 73. fimm-tögr or fimm-tugr, adj. fifty yea
rs old, Fms. xi. 75 :-- measuring fifty (ells, fathoms, or the
like), cp. áttræðr.
fimmta, að, to summon (v. fimt), Gþl. 423.
fimm-tán, a cardinal numb. fifteen, passim, fimmt&aacute
;n-sessa, u, f. a ship with fifteen seats, Hkr. i. 215.
fimm-tándi, an ordinal numb, the fifteenth, passim.
fimmti, an ordinal numb, the fifth, passim. fimmti-dagr, mo
d. fimtu-dagr, m. the fifth day, Thursday (vide dagr), 415. 8, Bs.
i. 237, Rb. 112, Fms. v. 97; Nj. 274.
fimmtungr, m. the fifth part, Eg. 266, Fms. i. 23, Rb. 136, N. G.
L. i. 79, Gþl. 283.
FIMR, adj. nimble, agile, in bodily exercise; fimr við leika,
Fms. ii. 91; fimr ok hverjum manni görvari at sér um alla hluti, vii
i. 343; sterkr ok fimr, Hkr. i. 290; fimr ok skjótr, Fms. x. 314; fimr &i
acute; orrostum, ii. 106 :-- neut. as adv. dexterously, speedily, b&aelig
;ndum fór eigi fimt at reka flóttann, viii. 407; nú l&aacut
e;t við fimt at leita duranna, Hom. 120; víg-fimr, skilled in figh
t; orð-fimr, mál-fimr, quick of tongue, eloquent: the prop
. noun Fima-fengr prob. means nimble-fingered, Ls.
FIMT or fimmt, f. a number of five: fimtar-tala, u,
f. a set of five or multiple of five (as fifteen, fifty, etc.), Bs
. i. 190. 2. [Swed. femt = a kind of court], a law phrase,
a summoning before a court with a notice of five days: a standing phrase
in the Norse law, so that the verb fimta means to summon: so, fimtar-g
rið, n. pl. a truce during a fimt, N. G. L. i. 342, 351; fimmt
ar-nafn, n. a citation with a fimt's notice, 86; fimmtar-st

efna, u, f. a citation before a court with a fimt's notice, K.
Á. 184: the phrase gera e-m fimt simply means to summon, N. G. L.
i. 346, passim; one fimt is the shortest notice for summoning, five fimts the l
ongest, -- fimm fimtum hit lengsta, ef hann veit nær þing skal vera,
21 :-- the law provides that no summoning shall take place on Tuesday, because
in that case the court-day would fall on Sunday, the day of summoning not being
counted, N. G. L., Jb., and K. Á. passim. -- This law term is very curiou
s, and seems to be a remnant of the old heathen division of time into fimts (pen
tads), each month consisting of six such weeks; the old heathen year would then
have consisted of seventy-two fimts, a holy number, as composed of 2 × 36
and 6 × 12. With the introduction of the names of the planetary days (vide
dagr) and the Christian week, the old fimt only remained in law and common sayi
ngs; thus in Hm. 73, -- 'there are many turns of the weather in five days
(viz. a fimt), but more in a month,' which would be unintelligible unles
s we bear in mind that a fimt just answered to our week; or verse 50, -- 'among
bad friends love flames high for five days, but is slaked when the six
th comes;' in a few cases, esp. in ecclesiastical law, sjaund (hebdomad) is
substituted for the older fimt, N. G. L. passim; it is curious that in Icel. law
(Grág.) the fimt scarcely occurs, as in Icel. the modern week seems to h
ave superseded the old at an early time. COMPDS: Fimtar-dómr, m. the Fifth High Court in the Icel. Commonwealth, vide dómr, Gr&aacut
e;g. Þ. Þ., etc.; the form of the word is irregular, as it means 
the Fifth Court (added to the four Quarter Courts) = dómr hinn fimmti
, as it is also called in Grág. Þ. Þ. ch. 24 sqq.; the old Sc
andin. law term fimt seems to have floated before the mind of the founders, as f
imtar-dómr etymologically answers to Swed. femt, i.e. a court befo
re which one has to appear a 'fimt' from the citation. Fimtardóms-ei&e
th;r, m. the oath to be taken in the Fifth Court, Grág. &THORN
;. Þ. ch. 26. 27, Nj. 241; in Sturl. ii. 128 used of an oath worded as the
oath in the Fifth Court. Fimtardóms-lög, n. pl. the insti
tution of F., Íb. 13, Nj. 166. Fimtardóms-mal, n. an
action before the Fifth Court, Nj. 231. Fimtardoms-stefna, u, f. 
a citation before the Fifth Court, Nj. 168. Fimtardóms-sök, f. a case to be brought before the Fifth Court, Grág. i. 360, N
j. 244. fimtar-þing, n. a (Norse) meeting called so,
Js. 41.
FINGR, m., gen. fingrar, mod. fingrs; dat. fingri; pl. fingr; a neut. 
fingr occurs in O. H. L. 73, 74, which gender is still found in Swed. dialec
ts; the acc. pl. is in conversation used as fem., an Icel. says allar fingr, not
alla fingr: [Goth. figgrs; A. S. finger, etc.; whereas Lat. di
gitus and Gr. GREEK etymologically answer to Icel. tá, Engl. toe, Germ. zehe, a finger of the foot] :-- a finger, Grág.
i. 498, Hkr. ii. 380, 384, Magn. 518, passim: the names of the fingers -- &thorn
;umal-fingr, the thumb; vísi-f., the index finger, also ca
lled sleiki-f., lick-finger; langa-töng, long-prong; gr&aelig
;ði-f., leech-finger, also, but rarely, called baug-f., digitus an
nuli; litli-f., the little finger. Sayings or phrases :-- playing wit
h one's fingers is a mark of joy or happiness -- leika fingrum (Rm. 24), or leik
a við fingr sér (sína), Fms. iv. 167, 172, vii. 172, Orkn. 324
, mod. leika við hvern sinn fingr; also spila fingra, id., Fbr. 198;
vita e-ð upp á sinar tíu fingr, to know a thing on one's te
n fingers, i.e. have at one's fingers' ends; fetta fingr út&ia
cute; e-t, to find fault with; rétta e-m fingr, digito monstrar
e, Grett. 117; sjá ekki fingra sinna skil, not to be able to disti
nguish one's fingers, of blindness, Bs. i. 118: other phrases are rare and o
f foreign origin, e.g. sjá í gegnum fingr við e-n, to shut
one's eyes to a thing, etc.; fingr digrir, thick fingers, of a clown,
Rm. 8; but mjó-fingraðr, taper-fingered, epithet of a lady, 3
6; fingra-mjúkr, nimble-fingered; fingrar-þykkr, a finger thick, Al. 165; fingrar gómr, a finger's end
, Fs. 62; fingra staðr, the print of the fingers, Symb. 59
; fingrar breidd, a finger's breadth. In the Norse law (N. G. L. i
. 172) the fingers are taxed, from the thumb at twelve ounces, to the little fin
ger at one ounce -- not so in the curious lawsuit recorded in Sturl. i. ch. 18-2
7. Also a measure, a finger's breadth, Nj. 27, cp. MS. 732. 5: arithm. any number under ten, Alg. 362: botan., skolla-fingr, a kind of fern, ly
copodium. fingra-járn, n. a 'finger-iron,' a thimble (?
), Dipl. v. 18. fingr-hæð, f. a finger's height, as meas
ure.
fingr-björg, f. [Swed. finger-borg], a 'finger-shield,' a
thimble.
fingr-brjótr, m. a 'finger-breaker,' a false move in chess,
but uncertain which, Fms. iv. 366.
<PAGE NUM="b0154">
<HEADER>154 FINGRGULL -- FISKA.</HEADER>
fingr-gull, n. a 'finger-gold', a ring, Nj. 16, Boll. 356, Bs. i.
641, Fms. iv. 130, Worsaae 243-246, 381-383, 433 sqq.
fingr-höggva, hjó, to hew one's finger off, Ann. 1342.
fingrungr, m. a finger-ring, Stj. 191.
FINNA, pret. fann, 2nd pers. fannt, mod. fanst; pl. fundu; pres. finn and
finnr; in old MSS. and poetry freq. fiðr, Hm. 23, but finnr 63; pret. subj.
fynda; part. fundinn; sup. fundit; the forms funnu and funnit may be found in M
SS., but were probably never so pronounced; for even in Haustl. hund and
fundu rhyme together; with the neg. suff. fannka, Hm. 38: [Ulf. fin&th
orn;an; A. S. findan; Engl. find; Germ. finden; Swed. finna; Dan. finde] :-- to find; Finnar kómu aptr ok h
öfðu fundit hlutinn, Landn. 174; hann leitar ok fiðr, Ísl. i
i. 321; Knútr hinn Fundni, Canute the Foundling, Fms. i. 112; hann
herjaði á Ísland ok fann þar jarðhús mikit,
Landn. 32; fundu þeir Hjörleif dauðan, 35; þar fundusk undi
r bein, Ld. 328. 2. to meet one; hversu opt hann fyndi smala-mann
Þórðar, Ld. 138; ok vildi eigi finna Hákon konung, Fms.
x. 3. β. to visit; en þó gakk þú at
finna konung, Nj. 7; veiztu ef þú vin átt ... far þ&u
acute; at finna opt, Hm. 120. 3. to find out, invent, discover: &T
HORN;orsteinn er fann sumar-auka, Landn. 131, Ld. 12; Nói fann vín
at göra, Al. 64, Stj. 191; rúnar munt þú finna, Hm. 14
3: hann fann margar listir, þær sem áðr höfðu ei
gi fundnar verit, Edda (pref.) β. to discover a country; leit
a lands þess er Hrafna-Flóki hafði fundit, Fms. i. 238: þ
á er Ísland fannsk ok bygðisk, Landn. 24; þá rak
vestr í haf ok fundu þar land mikit, 26; land þat er kallat e
r Grænaland fannsk ok bygðisk af Íslandi, Íb. 9; &iacute
; þann tíma fannsk Ísland, Eg. 15. γ. metaph. f
inna e-n at e-u, a law phrase, to bring a charge home to one, Fms. xi. 75
; hence also, vera fundinn að e-n, to be guilty of a thing; vera ekki
at því fundinn, to be not guilty of a thing; cp. the Engl.
to 'find' guilty. II. metaph. 1. to find, perceive, noti
ce, feel; þú fannt at ek lauss lifi, Fm. 8; Gunnhildr finnr &th
orn;at, Nj. 9; fundu þeir þá brátt, at þangat va
r skotið öllum málum, Eb. 330; hitki hann fiðr þ&oacut

e;tt þen um hann fár lesi, Hm. 23; þá þat finnr
er at þingi kemr, 24, 63; þeir fundu eigi fyrr en fjölmenni dre
if at þeim, Fms. i. 136, Nj. 79. β. impers. fann þat &aa
cute;, it could be perceived, Eg. 51; fann þó mjök &aac
ute; Dofra, er þeir skildu, i.e. D. felt much at their parting, Fm
s. x. 175; fann litt á honum, hvárt honum þótti vel e
ðr illa, it was little to be seen, whether ..., Eb. 42. γ. finna til, to feel hurt, feel a sore pang, is a freq. mod. phrase, but
rarely occurs in old writers: finnr þú nökkut til hverr fj&a
acute;ndskapr, etc., Anal. 175; en Aldrían fann ekkí til þes
sa sjálfr, áðr einn riddari tók brandinn af honum, &THO
RN;iðr. 358; hence tilfinning, feeling. 2. to find, bring f
orward; finna e-t til, in support of a charge; ok finna þat til for&aa
cute;ttu, at ..., Nj. 15; hvat finnr þú helzt til þess, ho
w dost thou make that out? 49; hann fann þó þat til, at .
.., Fms. vii. 258; Eyólfr fann þat til, at ..., Nj. 244; hvat finnr
þú til þess, what givest thou as the reason? Eb. 184;
finna e-t við, to make objection to; hvártz hinn fiðr vi&
eth;, at hann sé eigi þar í þingi, Grág, i. 22;
þá fundu þeir þat við, um gjaforð þetta,
Fms. x. 87, v.l. 3. as a law phrase, to find money, to pay, lay out; hann skal eigi finna meira af fé því, en kaupa leg, Gr&a
acute;g. i. 207; allra aura þeirra er úmaginn skal finna með s&
eacute;r, 206; ok slíka aura f. honum, ii. 210; á hann enga heimti
ng til þess er hann fann við, Jb. 421 (MS.); ef maðr selr ú
maga til frafærslu ok finnr fé með, Grág. i. 266; &thorn
;eim þræli er hann hefir fulla verðaura fyrir fundit, 358; hence
in the old oath, ek hefka fé boðit í dóm þenna,
hefka ek fundit, ok monka finna, hvárki til laga né úlaga (
where bjóða and finna are opposed, i.e. bjóða to offer,
 finna to pay actually], 75: hence is derived the law phrase, at finn
a sjálfan sik fyrir, to pay with one's self, according to the law
maxim, that 'he that cannot pay with his purse shall pay with his body,' used me
taph. to pay dear, to feel sorely; kvað makligt at hann fyndi sik fyr
ir, Sturl. iii. 213, Eb. 154; skaltú sjálfan þik fyrir finna
, Fms. iii. 110, xi. 256, Þorst. Síðu H. 9; the pun in Anal. 17
7 is a mere play of words. 4. finna at e-u, to censure, Fbr. 112,
Edda (pref.), very freq. in mod. usage, hence að-finnsla and að-fyndni,
censure; nearly akin is the phrase, þat eitt finn ek Gunnlaugi, at
mér þykir hann vera úráðinn, that is the only
fault I find with Gunlaug, Ísl. ii. 217; ef nokkut væri þ
at er at mætti finna, if there was anything to blame, Sks. 69 new E
d. III. reflex., 1. recipr. to meet with one another, Fms.
i. 19, Nj. 8, 48; eigi kemr mér þat á úvart þ&o
acute;tt vit finnimk á Islandi, Fs. 20. 2. for some instances wher
e the sense seems purely passive, see above. 3. freq. in a half passive r
eflex. sense, to be found, to occur; finnask dæmi til, examples
occur, Gþl. 45; þat finnsk ritað, it is found written, oc
curs in books, Fms. ii. 153; finnsk í kvæðum þeim er
..., Eg. 589. β. metaph. to be perceived, fannsk þat mj
ök í ræðu Erlings, Fms. vii. 258: adding á, fannsk
þat opt á jarli, Nj. 46; fannsk þat á öllu, at, it was easy to see, that ..., 17, 90; þat fannsk á Arnkatli g
oða, at ..., Eb. 178. γ. finnask til e-s, to be pleased with
a thing: impers., fannsk Grími fátt til hans, Grim was lit
tle pleased with him, Eg. 190; ekki fannsk Eiríki til þessa ver
ks, Eric was not much pleased with it, Fs. 149; fannsk mér fleira
til hans en annarra, I liked him better than the rest, Fms. i. 141; e-m f
innst til e-s, to value; honum finnsk ekki til, he thinks naught of it
, thinks it worthless; Fas. i. 317, freq. in mod. usage: finnask at e-u, 
to admire, Sighvat (obsol.): so in the phrase, láta sér l&iacu
te;tið um finnask, to pay little heed to, rather dislike, Hkr. iii. 2
44; konungr lét sér ekki um þat finnask, Fms. iv. 195; l&eac
ute;t hann sér fátt um finnask, vii. 29; Dagr lét sé
r ekki um finnask eðr fátt, iv. 382; Ölvi fannsk mikit um hann,
O. admired him much, Nj. 41; fannsk mönnum mikit um tal þeirra
, 18; honum fannsk um mikit, he was much surprised, Hkr. iii. 355: e-m fi
nnsk, one thinks, it seems to one; mér finnsk sem hann hafi ö
nga verki, methinks he feels no pain, Barl. 101: finnsk mér sv&aac
ute;, at engi maðr, methinks that no man, 15: very freq. in conversat
ion, with infin. it seems to me, methinks. IV. part. finnandi, a finder, 655 xii. 2; finnanda-spik, n. blubber which is th
e perquisite of the finder of a whale, Grág. ii. 383: part. pass. 
fundit, beseeming, nú mun ok vel fundit, at ..., Anal. 173.
FINNAR, m. the Finns and Lapps; Finnr, m. a Finn; Finna and Finn-kona, u, f. a Finn woman, Fms. x. 378; Finn
-mörk, f. Finmark, Fms. passim; Finnland, n. Finland; Finnlendingar, m. pl. the Finns; the name Lapps only occurs in
Orkn. ch. 1. and Ann. of the 14th century; Finn-ferð or Finn-f&ou
ml;r, f. or Finn-kaup, n. travelling or trading with the Fi
nns or Lapps, Fms. vii, Eg. 25, Hkr. ii. 162; Finn-skattr, m.
tribute paid by the Finns, Eg. 53, Fms. vi. 377; Finn-skref, n. cargo in a Finn merchant ship, Fas. ii. 515. 516; Finnskr, adj. F
innic, Lapp, etc., vide Fms, passim. The trade with the Finns or Lapps was i
n old times regarded as a royal monopoly, cp. esp. Eg. ch. 10, 14. Ó. H.
ch. 122, Har. S. harðr. ch. 104, 106. and the deeds and laws passim. II. again the Finns or Lapps were in old times notorious for sorcery, hence the
very names Finn and sorcerer became synonymous, cp. Vd. ch. 12, Landn. 3. 2, Har
. S. hárf. ch. 25, 34, Hkr. Ól. S. Tr. ch. 36; the law forbids to
believe in Finns or witchcraft (trúa á Finn eðr fordæ&et
h;ur), N. G. L. i. 389, 403 :-- often in the phrase, Finn-ferð, f. going to the Finns; fara Finn-farar, f. pl. (N. G. L. i. 350) and fa
ra á Finn-mörk at spyrja spá (352) are used like Germ. 'to go
to the Blocksberg;' Finn-vitka, að, to 'Finn-witch,' i.e. 
bewitch like a Finn, Fb. ii. 78; Finn-bólur, f. pl. or Finn
ar, m. pl., medic. 'Finn-pox,' pustules in the face, Fél. ix.
209; Finn-brækr, f. pl. 'Finn-breeks,' wizard-breeks, conce
rning which see Maurer's Volkssagen.
finnerni, mod. firnindi, n. pl. a wilderness, desert, in th
e phrase, fjöll ok f., Fms. viii. 432.
finn-gálkn, n. (finn-galp, Fas. iii. 473, wrongly), a fa
bulous monster, half man, half beast, Nj. 183, Landn. 317. v.l., Fms. v. 24
6: the word centaur is rendered by finngálkn, 673. 2, Rb. (1812. 1
7); hence finn-gálknað, part. n. a gramm. term to express inco
ngruous metaphors and the like, cp. Horace's 'desinit in piscem ...,' Ská
lda 187, 204.
finnungr, m., botan. juncus squarrosus; sinu-f., töðu-f.,
nardus stricta, Norse Finna-skæg = Finn's beard.
FIPA, að, fipa fyrir e-m, to disturb, confuse one in reading o
r speaking: reflex., e-m fipast, one is confounded, in reading or talking
.
fipla, að, to touch, finger, Grett. 203 A: for the proverb vid
e feigr.
fipling, vide fífling.

firin-verk, n. pl. lechery, Hkv. 1. 40.
firn, n. pl. (mod. firni), [Ulf. fairina = GREEK], an ab
omination, shocking thing; mæltu margir at slíkt væri mik
il firn, Nj. 156, Fs. 62, Sturl. i. 12, Fms. vi. 38, Gullþ. 13; svá
miklum firnum, Eg. 765; f. ok endemi, or heyr á firn, what a monstrou
s thing! Fms. vii. 21, 25: the saying, firnum nýtr þess er firn
um fær, cp. the Lat. 'male parta male dilabuntur,' Fbr. 28, Grett. 16 new
Ed.: gen. pl. firna-, used as a prefix to adjectives and nouns, shocki
ngly. COMPDS: firna-djarfr, adj. mad, Fms. vii. 65, xi. 54. firna-frost, n. an awful frost, Hom. 87. firna-fullr, adj. awful, Fas. i. 24. firna-harðr, adj. violent, Fms. viii.
225. II. in mod. usage, firni = a great deal, a lot; firnin o:ll,
a vast lot.
firna, að, [Ulf. fairinon = GREEK], to blame, with acc.
of the person, gen. of the thing, Hm. 92, 93; firnattu mik, blame not me, Korm. 100 (in a verse); firna e-n um e-t, id., Mork. 36.
firnari, compar. one degree farther, of odd degrees of cousinship.
e.g. three on one side and four on the other, Grág. i. 50. 171, passim:
cp. D. l. i. 385.
FIRRA, ð, [fjarri], to deprive one of a thing, with dat. of th
e thing, acc. of the person; þegar er hann firði Þórð
augum, whenever he lost sight of Thord, Fms. vi. 201; firðr r&iacute
;ki ok fóstrlandi, bereft of kingdom and 'fosterland,' iii. 6; fir
ra e-n festar-konu sinni, Grág. i. 314; firra konu ráði l&ouml
;gráðanda, 343, cp. Kb. ii. 50. β. to save, defend; viðr því firri (defend) oss Guðs son, Stj. 152; fi
rra e-n ámæli, Fms. v. 307; firra e-n úhæfu. vi. 383;
úhöppum, Lv. 94 (Ed. fríum). 2. reflex. to shun; firrask fund e-s, Eg. 70: hann vildi f. alþýðu þys, Fms
. i. 272; firsk þú eigi gæfu þína, don't shir
k thy good luck, Glúm. 382; firrask e-n eðr flýja, Gr&aacu
te;g. i. 233; ef kona firrisk bónda sinn, if a wife elopes from her hu
sband, 353, cp. Hm. 163; heilsa firrisk e-n, health departs from one,
Sturl. ii. 114 C. II. part. firðr or firrðr, as a
dj. bereft of, void of, Skv. 2. 7, 3. 13, 24; vammi firð, faultles
s, holy, Stor. 23.
firri, adj. compar. farther, Nj. 124, (vide fjarr.)
firring, f. a shunning, removal, Bs. i. 740.
firtur, f. pl. fretfulness; firtinn, adj. fretful; firtast, t, dep. to fret.
firzkr, adj. from fjörðr, q.v., in a great many compds, Brei&eth
;-firzkr, Ey-firzkr, Skag-firzkr, etc., Landn., Sagas, passim.
fiska,, að, to fish, vide fiskja.
<PAGE NUM="b0155">
<HEADER>FISKBEIN -- FÍKTRE. 155</HEADER>
fisk-bein, n. a fish-bone, Blas. 40, Bs. i. 368.

fisk-bleikr, adj. pale as a fish, Fms. vii. 269.
fisk-gengd, f. a shoal of fish, Grág. ii. 350.
fisk-hryggr, m. a fish-spine, Fms. viii. 221.
fiski, f., irreg. gen. fiskjar (as if from fiskr), fishing, Gr&aac
ute;g. ii. 383, Gþl. 422, Bs. i. 360; leysa net til fiskjar, 656 C. 2; r&o
acute;a, fara til fiskjar, to go a-fishing, Edda 35, Bs. i. 654, Fas. ii.
113; fara í fiski, Grág. i. 150; róa á fiski, Gull&
thorn;. 5, Fbr. 158; róa at fiski, Bs. i. 654; öll fiski í La
xá, Am. 91. COMPDS: fiski-afli, a, m. fishing stores. fi
ski-á, f. a fish-river, Jb. 305. fiski-bátr, m.
a fishing-boat, 625. 63. fiski-bekkr, m. a brook full of fish, Fr. fiski-brögð, n. pl. fishing, fiski-bú&e
th;, f. a fishing-booth, Grág. i. 471. fiski-dráttr,
 m. catching fish. fiski-dugga, u, f., vide dugga. fiski-f
ang, n. a catch of fish, Eg. 130, Fms. xi. 225; in pl. stores of f
ish, Bjarn. 34. fiski-fýla, u, f. 'fish-fouler,' a nic
kname of one who returns without having caught any fish, fara fýlu, Finnb
. 352. fiski-færi, n. fishing-gear. fiski-för, f
. a fishing expedition, Gþl. 425. fiski-gangr, m., -ganga
, u, f., and -gengd, f. a shoal of fish, Vigl. 22. fiski-ga
rðr, m. a fish-pond, B. K. 119. fiski-gjöf, f. a c
ontribution in fish, N. G. L. i. 257. fiski-gögn, n. pl. fish
ing-tackle, Gþl. 424. fiski-hylr, m. a fish-pond, Fr. fiski-karl, m. a fisherman, Fas. i. 6: metaph. a spider = dor
dingull, q.v. fiski-kufl, m. a fishing-jacket with a cowl or ho
od, Fms. vi. 388. fiski-ligt, n. adj. fit for fishing, Bs. ii.
141. fiski-lækr, m. a brook full of fish, Glúm., Kar
l. 486. fiski-maðr, m. a fisherman, Bs. i. 360, Blas. 38, Fms.
vii. 121, 122. fiski-mál, n. the range within which fishing is
carried on, Gþl. 461. fiski-mið, n. the place where the
fish-shoals are. fiski-net, n. a fishing-net. fiski-r&oac
ute;ðr, m. rowing out for fish in an open boat, Eb. 26, 28, B&aac
ute;rð. 169. fiski-saga, u, f. fish-news, viz. of shoals of fi
sh, in the saying, flýgr fiskisaga, Þjal. 35. fiski-setr, n.
a fishing-place, Boldt. fiski-skáli, a, m. a fisherman'
s hut, Fms. v. 305, Grág. i. 471. fiski-skip, n. a fishingboat, 656 C. 2, Bs. i. 326. fiski-stöð, f. a fishing-plac
e, N. G. L. i. 257. fiski-stöng, f. a fishing-spear, G&ia
cute;sl. 21. fiski-tollr, m. fish-toll, Vm. 149. fiski-vatn, n. a lake full of fish, Gþl. 455, Stj. 91; in pl. as local name,
Ld. fiski-veiðr, f. a catching of fish, Fms. v. 232, Gr&aacute
;g. ii. 337, Vm. 158, 170. fiski-vél, f. a fishing device,
D. N. fiski-ver, n. a fishing-place, fishing, Fms. xi. 225, Pm. 74
, Band. 4, Hkr. ii. 272. fiski-vist, f. a fisherman's abode, Vm. 1
55.
fiskinn, adj. good at fishing.
fiskja, t; pret. pl. fisktu, Landn. 271; fiskþi, Grág. Kb. i
. 132; fiskja, N. G. L. i. 139, Bs. i. 326; pres. fiskir, Grág. i. 470, 4
71; fiscar, Kb. i. 132, is undoubtedly wrong; fiskt (sup.), 656 C. 2: in mod. us
age always að, and so in MSS. of the 15th century; pres. fiskar, Gþl.
427; pret. fiskaði, Bs. i. 360; pl. fiskaðu, Fas. ii. 111, B. K. 120 :-to fish; fiskja síld, Fms. x. 22.
fisk-laust, n. adj. 'fish-less;' and fisk-leysi, n. bad

fishing.
fisk-lýsi, n. fish-oil.
FISKR, m. [Lat. piscis; Ulf. fisks; A. S. fisc; Engl
. fish; Germ. fisch; Swed.-Dan. fisk] :-- a fish, o
f both sea and fresh-water fish, esp. cod, trout, salmon are often GREEK called
'fish,' Sks. 180, Hkr. ii. 385; var þar undir f. nógr, Bár&e
th;. 169; at miði því er þik man aldri fisk bresta, id.;
þar var hvert vatn fullt af fiskum, Eg. 134; fugla ok fiska, Grág.
ii. 345, Sturl. ii. 165, passim; of the zodiacal fishes, 1812. 17 :-- different
kind of fish, heilagr fiskr (mod. heilag-fiski), halibut, Þorf. Kar
l., Bs. i. 365; flatr f., id., Edda 35; hval-f., a 'whale fish;' b
eit-f. (q.v.), bait fish; ill-fiskar, ill or evil fishes, shark
s; skel-f., shell fish; blautr f., fresh fish, N. G. L. iii. c
h. 2, 5; skarpr f., dried fish, Bs. i. 209, 365, 367, in mod. usage har&e
th;r fiskr; freð-f. = frer-f., frozen fish, preserved by being frozen
: as to fishing vide Hým. 17 sqq., Bs. ii. ch. 2, 87, Guðm. S. ch. 87
, Nj. ch. 11, Edda l.c., Eb. ch. 11, Fbr. ch. 40, Landn. 2. 5, Ld. ch. 12, 58, B
árð. ch. 9, Rafn S. ch. 10, D. I. and Bs. passim in the Miracle-books
: the section of law regarding this important branch of livelihood in Iceland is
wanting in the present Grágás, proving that this collection is no
t complete, but in a fragmentary state. β. the flesh of a fish, for in Icel. the word flesh can only be used of a land-animal; thus, hv&iacut
e;tr á fiskinn, having white flesh. II. metaph., kinn-fiska
r, the flesh on the cheeks (of a man); kinnfiska-soginn, with sunken c
heeks: the phrase, e-m vex fiskr um hrygg, one's back gains muscle, i
.e. one gains strength: fjör-fiskr, live fish, a phrase for spasms of the muscles, the 'growing pains' common in children, -- the fj&o
uml;r-fiskr is said to bound or leap (sprikla), which is regarded
as a sign of good health and growth. III. fish were used as units of valu
e, each = half an ell's worth (vide alin), esp. in southern and Western Icel., c
p. fiskvirði; hence the standing phrase in the title-page of books of later
times, 'charge so many fishes.' COMPDS: fiska-á, f. = fiski&aacute
;, Jb. 305. fiska-ferð, f. = fiskigangr, B. K. 119. fiska-kaup, n. the purchase of (dried) fish, Bjarn. 34. fiska-kyn,
 n. a kind of fish, Stj. 18. fiska-merki, n. the zodiac, Rb. 104. fiska-pollr, m. a fish-pool, Bret. fiska-skip,
n. a fishing-vessel, Fms. v. 101. fiska-stöð, f. = fiskis
töð, Ld. 4. fiska-stöng, f. = fiskistöng, Gísl.
104. fiska-tíund, f. fish-tithe, Vm. 173. fiska-tollr,
fiska-ver, vide fiski-, Am. 3, Fms. iv. 330, and endless other compds.
fisk-reki, a, m. 'fish-driver,' a kind of whale, Edda (Gl.), Sks.
125; as a nickname, Eb., Landn.: fish drifted ashore, Vm. 18.
fisk-veiðr, fisk-ver, etc., vide fiski-.
fisk-virði, n. the value of a fish, about two-pence Engl.; cp.
fiskr III.
fisk-æti, n. fish-meat.
FIT, f., pl. fitjar, gen. fitja, dat. fitjum, the webbed foot of water
-birds, (hence fit-fuglar opposed to kló-fuglar), Grág. i. 416
, Sks. 169: also of a seal, 179. fitja-skamr, adj. havinga short f
. (of a seal), Ld. 56. 2. the web or skin of the feet of animal
s, flá fit af fremra fæti, ok göra af skó, N. G. L.
i. 31, Fas. iii. 386, Fms. iv. 336. II. metaph. meadow land on the ba
nks of a firth, lake, or river, Fms. iv. 41, Vm. 168; á fitjum
ár þeirrar er fellr millum húsa, Krók. 38, Eg. 132;
Agnafit (in Sweden), very freq. in Icel. names of places, vide Landn. 2.
the edge or hem of a sock, knitted things, etc., hence fitja upp,
to begin knitting a piece; dúkr fitja-lagðr, a hemmed kerch
ief, Pm. 99.
fita, u, f. [feitr], fat, grease, Fms. iii. 186; in many compds.
fit-fugl, n. a web-footed bird, water-bird, Sks. 169.
fitja, að, [cp. A. S. fettan, Engl. to fit], to web,
knit; hann lét fitja saman fingrna, he webbed the fingers togethe
r, like the foot of a duck or seal, in order to swim better, Grett. 148. 
β. fitja upp sokk, etc., to 'cast on' a sock or the like, i.e. make the first stitches in knitting it: metaph., fitja upp á nef s&
eacute;r, to knit or screw up the nose in anger, Dan. 'slaa kr&oum
l;ller paa næsen;' so in Engl. 'to knit the brows.'
fitla, að, to finger, to fidget; f. með fingrinum, Clar.;
and fitl, n. fidgeting.
fitna, að, to become fat, Karl. 448.
fit-skór, m. a shoe made of fit (I. 2 = hemingr), Fms. vii.
297.
FÍFA, u, f. [Gr. GREEK], cotton grass, eriophorum, Stj. 40;
Icel. say, léttr sem fifa, light as f.; fífu-kveykr, m. a wick of f. β. metaph. and poët. an arrow,
Edda (Gl.): the name of a ship, from her swiftness, Orkn.
fífil-bleikr, adj. dandelion-yellow, used only of a horse,
Vígl. 20, Finnb. 278.
FÍFILL, m., dat. fífli, pl. fíflar, a dandelion; the withered fífill is called bifu-kolla, q.v.: used in compds of div
ers wild flowers of similar kind, unda-fífill or skari-fífill, 
hawk-weed; Jakobs-f., Jacob's staff; fjalla-f., common avens o
r herb bennet, geum; heiða-f., liver-wort, hepatica alba; t&ua
cute;n-f. = common fífill, Björn, Hjalt.: metaph. a flower
, blossom; renna upp sem fífill í brekku, to run up like a
weed on a bank (of youth); fegri man eg fífil minn, I mind when m
y bloom was fairer, i.e. remember happier days, Eggert.
FÍFL, m. [A. S. fifal = monster], a fool, clown,
boor, Gísl. 46 sqq., Korm. 76, Sd. 176, Fms. vi. 217; fífl ok
afglapi, ii. 156: the proverb, því er fífl að fát
t er kennt, no wonder one is a fool, if one has never been taught; dalafífl, a 'dale-fool,' one born and bred in a low dale, Gautr. S. (F
as. iii), ch. 1 sqq., Parcevals S.; for popular tales respecting such characters
vide Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 505 sqq.; eldhús-fíf
l = Germ. asch-brödel; skáld-fífl, a poëtaster
, Edda. fífls-ligr, adj. foolish; f. hjal, foolish t
alk, Flóv. 43.
fífla, u, f. a girl, Grett.
fífla, d, [fivle, Ivar Aasen], with acc. to fool one, Skálda 168. 2. to beguile a woman, Glúm. 377, Fs.
60, Nj. 107: reflex., fíflask at konu, id., Rd. 318, Bs. i. 663: o
f a woman, to fall into illicit love, Stj. 321, Bs. i. 653.
fíflingar, f. pl. beguilement, Lv. 5, Fs. 138, Eb. 142, Bs.
i. 447.
fífl-megir, m. pl. an GREEK, Vsp. 51, 'monster-men,' fiends; cp. A. S. fifal = monster.
fífl-ræða, u, f. foolish talk, nonsense, Mag. 6.
fíflska, u, f. foolishness, folly, Eg. 729; fífls
ku-fullr, adj. full of folly, Hkr. iii. 274.
fífl-skapr, m. folly, 625. 192; hence the phrase, hafa e-t
í fiflskaparmálum, to speak vainly of a thing (viz. sacred
things).
fíflskr, adj. foolish, Landn.; a nickname.
fífl-yrði, n. pl. foolish, foul language, Gísl.
53.
FÍFRILDI, mod. fiðrildi through a false etymology, as i
f it were from fiðri, [O. H. G. viveltre; A. S. fifalde; provi
nc. Germ. feifalter; Swed. fjäril; Norse fivreld or fibrelde; Lat. p&a-long;pilio] :-- a butterfly, Flor. 18.
fígúra, u, f. [Lat. word], a metaphor, Skálda
160, Alg. 356: a figure of speech, Skálda 183, 211, Stj. 524.
fíkinn, adj. [Dan. figen; Swed. fiken; wanting in Ge
rm., Engl., and A. S.] :-- greedy, eager; freq. in poët. compds, b&o
uml;ð-f., gunn-f., morð-f., sigr-f., etc., warlike, valiant, Lex.
Poët.
FÍKJA, u, f. [Lat. ficus; Germ. feige], a fig, Stj. 331. COMPDS: fíkju-kjarni, a, m. the kernels or s
eeds of a fig, Stj. 645. fíkju-tré, n. = fík-tr&
eacute;, N. T.
fíkjask, t, dep. to desire eagerly; f. á fé,
Sl. 34; f. eptir e-u, id.
fíkjum, dat. used as adv. eagerly, very, freq. in the Jd.;
fikjum grimm, 12; fíkjum íllt, 26; fíkjum haukligt, 41; f&i
acute;kjum hátt, exceeding high, Hom. (St.) 58.
fíkni, f. eagerness.
fíkr, adj. eager, greedy, Fms. vi. 404 (in a verse).
fík-tré, n. a fig-tree, Stj. 36, 325, 399, 403, Mar.
32.
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<HEADER>156 FÍKULA -- FJARRI.</HEADER>
fíkula, adv. greedily, Fms. vi. (in a verse).
FÍLL, m. [early Swed. and Dan. fil], an elephant; th

is interesting word, which is still in exclusive use in Icel., was borrowed from
the Persian fil, and came to Scandinavia in early times, probably by the
eastern road of trade through Russia and Constantinople; it occurs in a verse o
f the 10th century (Fb. i. 209), the genuineness of which may be doubtful, but a
t all events the word is old; freq. in Al., Stj., Flóv., and romances. Bu
t úlfaldi, Goth. ulbandus, A. S. olfend or olvend, a
corruption of the Gr. GREEK, means camel. COMPDS: fíls-bein or fíla-bein, n. ivory, Al., Edda (pref.), Str. f&iacu
te;ls-tönn, f. ivory, Mar.
FÍNN, adj. [Ital. fine and fino = perfect, fr
om Lat. finis; Engl. fine; Germ. fein] :-- fine; it
occurs in the Icel. poems Nikulas-drápa and Skíða-rima, and p
rob. came to Icel. along with the English trade at the beginning of the 15th cen
tury; sax fínt sem spegill, Fas. iii. 543 (MS. 15th century): in a good s
ense, girníst þú barn mitt blezan fá, björg l&ia
cute;fs og gæfu fína, fine luck, happiness, Pass. 37. 4. 
β. of clothes, 'fínn' is opp. to 'coarse,' but the use of the wo
rd is rare in Icel.
FÍRAR, m. pl. [A. S. firas], poët. men, people,
Ls. 25, Hm. 25, Edda (Gl.); fjölð er þat er fíra tregr (a
saying), Sdm. 30, passim.
físa, a strong verb, pret. feis, [Swed. fisa; Dan. fise;
 akin to Lat.], pedere, Hbl. 26; en hann feis við, Ísl. ii
. 177.
físi-belgr, m. small bellows.
físi-sveppr, m. a kind of fungus, = gor-kúla.
fítón-, in compds; hence the mod. fítungr, m.
frenzy; [from the Gr. GREEK; mid. Lat. phitones = wizards,
Du Cange; phitoness = GREEK, a witch, Chaucer.] COMPDS: f&iacu
te;tóns-andi, a, m. magic, Fms. i. 76, x. 223, Fas. iii. 457:
mod. frenzy. fítóns-kona, u, f. a sorceress,
Stj. 491. fítóns-list, f. magical art, Edda (pref.)
fítóns-maðr, m. a sorcerer, Stj. 647, 651.
fjaðra-, vide fjöðr, a feather.
fjaðr-hamr, m. a 'feather ham,' winged haunch (in northern tal
es), like that of Icarus in the Greek legend, Þkv. 3, 5, 9, Þiðr
. 92, 93, Al. 72.
fjaðr-klæði, n. pl. a feather-bed used as a cover
let, Js. 78.
fjaðr-lauss, adj. featherless, Edda 77.
fjaðr-sárr, adj. feather-wounded, of a bird changing fe
athers, K. Þ. K. 112, K. Á. 164.
fjaðr-spjót, n. a kind of spear, Grett. 121, Fs. 64.
fjaðr-stafr, m. the barrel of a quill, Stj. 79.
fjala-, vide fjöl, a deal, plank, board.

fjal-högg, n. a chopping block, Vápn. 24, Bs. i. 696.
FJALL, n., pl. fjöll, [a Scandin. word, Swed. fjäll, Dan
. fjæld, but wanting in the Germ. and Saxon, not even used in the O
rmul., but freq. in North. E. and Scot., where it is of Dan. origin] :-- a fe
ll, mountain, Nj. 25, Hkr. i. 228, Grett. 149, in endless instances: in the
phrase, það gengr fjöllunum hæra, it mounts higher than
the fells, cries to heaven, of injustice: in allit. phrases, fjöll og
firnindi, fells and deserts (vide finnerni); fjall eðr fjör&eth
;r, fells or firths, Hm. 117, N. G. L. i. 117: the pl. fjöll is used
of a mountain with many peaks, Eyja-fjöll, Vaðla-fjöll, Hafnar-fj
öll, Fbr.; but Akra-fjall, Fagraskógar-fjall, of a single mountain:
the pl. is also used of a chain of mountains, thus, Alpa-fjöll, the Alps
; Pyrenea-fjöll, the Pyrenees; but Dofra-fjall, the Dofra ran
ge in Norway: in biblical names it is usually prefixed, e.g. fjallið Sin
aí, fjallið Horeb, etc.; but also Gilboa-fjöll, Sam. Sálm
. 2. 1, prob. for the sake of euphony: fjall is also used GREEK, and as a pr. no
un, of the Alps, in the phrase, fyrir norðan fjall, i.e. Germany n
orth of the Alps; sunnan um fjall, i.e. Italy; the German emperor is
called keisari fyrir norðan fjall, Fms. ix. 229, x. 101, Landn. 24, Fas. i.
223; Norway is also divided into sunnan fjall (i.e. Dofre) and norðan fjall;
in mod. Norse, Norden-fjælds og Sönden-fjælds, Fms. x.
3. COMPDS: fjalla-bak, n. the back of a fell, the sun sinks a&eth
; fjalla baki, behind the fells. fjalla-dalr, m. a valley,
673. 53. fjalla-fé, n. sheep on the fells or hill-pastur
es. fjalla-gol, n. a light breeze from the fells, Fær. 2
03, opp. to haf-gola, a breeze off the sea. fjalla-grös, n. p
l., botan. lichen Islandicus. fjalla-klofi, a, m. a cleft o
r pass between fells, Stj. 87, Al. 26. fjalla-læða, u, f
. 'fell-sneaker,' a mist leaving the fells clear, but covering the low land. fjalla-sýn, f. mountain-view, Bs. ii. 179, freq. in nam
es of places, vide Landn. fjalla-tindr, m. a peak. fjalls-br&ua
cute;n, f. the brow, edge of a fell, Stj. 402, D. I. i. 471. fjall
s-hlíð, f. a fell-side, Fms. i. 211, ix. 527. fjalls-hy
rna or fjalls-gnípa, u, f. the horn of a fell, a sharp peak
. fjalls-hæðir, f. pl. summits, Stj. 59, 607. fja
lls-múli, a, m. a 'mull' or crag projecting between two val
leys, Landn. 313. fjalls-rætr, f. pl. the roots of a f.,
i.e. the foot of a mountain; the fells are metaph. regarded as trees roo
ted in the earth, but cp. the mythical tale in Edda 19 and 221 (App.) fjallsöxl, f. the shoulder of a fell, Stj. 529, Fas. i. 53.
fjall, n. a fell, skin, Lat. pellis, vide berfjall, (rare.)
fjalla, að, to clothe with a fell, cover with fur; fjalla um &
thorn;ik með góðum klæðum, Clar.: metaph. to treat; hence comes the part. fjallaðr, adj. tinted, coloured; bl&
aacute;-fjallaðr, black, etc.; gull-fjallaðr, gilt, Fas. i
i. 173.
fjall-berg, n. a crag, precipice, Fms. ii. 277.
fjall-borg, f. a hill-fort, Stj. 380.
fjall-bygð, f. a county among fells, 625. 87, Eg. 58, Hkr. ii.
65.
fjall-dalr, m. a dale in the fells, Eg. 137, Hkr. i. 47.
fjall-dýr, n. a beast of the fells, wild beast, Bs. ii. 137
(of a fox).
fjall-ferð, f. a 'fell-trip,' mountain excursion, Fs. 71.
fjall-ganga, u, f. going into the fell-pastures to gather sheep, J
b. 284, Vápn. 22. fjallgöngu-maðr, m. men searching th
e fells for sheep.
fjall-garðr, m. a wall of fells, range of hills, Hkr. i. 8, A.
A. 287 (of the Alps), Sks. 143.
fjall-gola, u, f. a breeze from the fells.
fjall-hagi, a, m. a fell-pasture, Eb. 54, Jb. 243.
fjall-hola, u, f. a 'fell-hole,' cavern, Sks. 714.
fjalligr, adj. hilly, mountainous, Sks. 42, (rare.)
fjall-kona, u, f. 'fell-queen,' a giantess, Bs. ii. 26, (rare.)
fjall-maðr, m. = fjallgöngumaðr, Sd. 156.
fjall-nár, m. a law term, a man put to death by being exposed on a
fell, opp. to gálg-nár hanged, sæ-nár drow
ned, vide Grág. Vsl. ch. 90, cp. Rd. ch. 21, 22.
fjall-rapi, mod. fjall-drapi, a, m. a kind of dwarf birch,
Bs. i. 7, Edda (Gl.), Hjalt., Björn.
fjall-rota, u, f. [Norse rutte], a kind of wild partridge,
Edda (Gl.)
fjall-rænn, adj. blowing from the fells, Kristni S. (in a ve
rse).
fjall-skarð, n. a gap in the fell, mountain-pass, Krók.
64.
fjall-skerða, ð, a pun, Krók. l.c., = gilja, to beguile
, (fjallskarð = gil.)
fjall-skora, u, f. a 'fell-scaur,' Hkr. iii. 323, v.l.
fjall-skógr, m. a mountain forest, Stj. 256, 644.
fjall-slétta, u, f. a mountain plain, table land, Flor.
fjall-stöng, f. a fellsman's staff, Eb. 106.
fjall-tindr, m. a mountain peak, = fjalla-tindr, Edda (pref.)
fjall-vegr, m. a mountain road, Stj. 352, v.l., Ísl. ii. 34
9, Fms. viii. 50.
fjall-viðr, m. timber from the fells, Gþl. 455.
fjall-vindr, m. a land wind, opp. to hafvindr, Eg. 370.
fjall-þoka, u, f. fog from the fells.

fjalms-fullr, adj. = felmsfullr, O. H. L. 27.
FJARA, u, f., gen. fjöru, [a Scandin. word, which remains in Orph
ir in the Orkneys, vide ey] :-- the ebb-tide, ebb, 415. 10, Edda 3234, Fms. xi. 6, Fs. 157, Grág. ii. 352-366, passim. 2. [cp. for
e- in the Engl. fore-shore], the fore-shore, beach, sea-board,
Edda l.c., Grág. i. 91, Fas. ii. 148, Nj. 19, Eb. 292, Grett. 89, Orkn.
336, passim: the allit. saying, milli fjalls ok fjöru, between fell and
fore-shore; var þá skógr milli fjalls ok fjöru, 
at that time it was forest between fell and fore-shore, i.e. all over the
low land, Landn. 28, Íb. ch. 1; þar sem mætisk gras e&et
h;r f., where the grass and sea-beach join, Dipl. iii. 11. COMPDS: fj&
ouml;ru-borð, n. the sea-board, the breadth of the fjara, metaph.
from a cup, cp. the mythical tale in Edda l.c. fjöru-grjót,
n. the gravel on the beach, Fms. ii. 93, Fas. ii. 112. fjöru-gr&o
uml;s, n. pl., botan. a kind of sea-weed, opp. to fjallagrös. fjöru-kóngr (fjöru-kúfungr), m. a kind of
snail. fjöru-maðkr, m. a kind of worm used for bait. fjöru-maðr, m. the owner of the shore, Grág. ii.
367, Jb. 318. fjöru-mark, n. the land-marks on the shore, Jb
. 320, Dipl. ii. 5, Grág. ii. 361. fjöru-mál, n. th
e rim of the shore between the flood line and the ebb, more usually fl&aelig
;ðarmál, Sturl. ii. 35, v.l. fjöru-nytjar, f. pl. used of
drift-timber, dead whales, sea-weed, or the like, Engl. jetsum, Vm. 75,
80. fjöru-steinn, m. shingle on the beach, Bs. i. 506 :-- 
mark stones, shewing the tide is so far out as to leave a way along the beac
h, 656 C. 31. fjöru-stúfr, m. a piece of strand or 
strand right belonging to a farm, Dipl. iii. 11.
fjara, að, (but fjarði, Korm. 118), to ebb; er fjarði,
fjarar (pres.), Vm. 96, Korm. l.c.; fjara uppi, of a ship, to be aground, Hkr. i. 152; so, fjaraði um nótt út undan skipinu, the sh
ip was left on dry land, Fms. xi. 241; fjarar nú undan skipinu, Ld. 5
6: metaph. to be upset, Str. 32 (badly): impers., skip (acc.) hans fjara&
eth;i uppi, his ship ran aground, Fms. iv. 65; sum skipin vóru &th
orn;á uppi fjöruð, Hkr. i. 152.
fjarðar-, vide fjörðr, a firth.
fjarg-hús, n. pl. [farg, fergja, fjörgyn], huge, big house
s, Akv. 39, 42.
fjarg-vefjask, dep. to groan and lament, Bjarn. 69 (in a verse), (
MS. fiargvefiar, r = z = sk; the explanation given in Lex.
Poët, cannot be right. Ls. 19 is corrupt, so that there is no evidence for
the word fjörg = gods.)
fjarg-viðrask, að, dep. to groan as under a weight; f. d&y
acute;rin sein og þung, Bb. 3. 35: the phrase, f. um e-t, to groan, mak
e a fuss about nothing.
fjar-lægð, f. distance, Rb. 476, passim.
fjar-lægjask, ð, to leave far behind, A. R. ii. 151, Sta
t. 282.
fjar-lægr, adj. 'far-lying,' distant, Fms. i. 289, x. 227, M
ar. 207.
fjarr, adj. being far off, an obsolete word; as to the dubious pas
sage Alm. 5 vide farri.
fjarran, adv. [A. S. feorran; Old Engl. ferne; Germ. fer
n; Swed. fjärran; Dan. fjern], far off, Hkr. ii. 3
7, D. N. v. 24, = fjarri.
fjarri, compar. firr, mod. fjær, superl. first
or firrst, mod. fjærst; [Gr. GREEK; Goth. fairra, wh
ich is also used to transl. GREEK: A. S. feor; Engl. far; Hel. and
O. H. G. fer] :-- far off; því at útlendir h&
ouml;fðingjar vóru þeim jafnan fjarri, Ó. H. 34; sv&aacu
te; at fjarri flugu brotin, flew far off, Edda 19; vide Ísl. ii. 4
83, passim; skattlöndin þau er fjarri lágu, the provinces t
hat were at a distance (fjar-lægr), Eg. 536: with dat.,
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<HEADER>FJARSKI -- FJÚKA. 157</HEADER>
sólu fjarri, Vsp. 44; hvárt sem eru nær kirkju eða fjarr
i kirkju-garði, far from the churchyard, K. Þ. K. 28; standa f.
e-m, to stand far from one; hamingjan stóð honum eigi fjarri,
Al. 82; stóðtu mér þá fjarri, Nj. 19; úti
búr þat er first var húsum, farthest from the houses,
168; hvar fjarri öðrum mönnum, quite far from other men, G
rett. 127; þeim mönnum er first bygðu megin-héruðum, who lived farthest from the chief counties, Fms. iv. 144; í þ
at horn lands síns er first er lýrittar-vörn hans, Grá
g. ii. 224; þóttusk þeir bazt hafa er first vóru &thor
n;eirra samgangi, the farther off the better, Glúm. 380; sv&aacute
; hátt at þó mátti heyra gerla þótt &tho
rn;eir væri firr, Nj. 118; þó at skip leggi firr bú&et
h; (dat.) en svá, Grág. i. 91; eigi firr garði en í &ou
ml;rskots-helgi, 82; far þú firr sundi, begone from the sound, Hbl. 54; farit firr húsi, Am. 37; the phrase, ganga e-m hendi firr, to go out of one's hand, be lost, Rd. 283, Grett. (in a verse); þykki
mér hann jafnan betri firr mér en nær, Fms. iv. 330; hv&aac
ute;rt þat er nær honum eða firr, Rb. 38, (mod., nær e&eth
;a fjær); með hramminum þeim er firr var berginu, Grett. 101; fi
rr meir, farther aloof; bónda-múgrinn sat firr meir, Fms. i
. 280; ok því firr meir, at ..., and so much more aloof, in orde
r that ..., Sks. 365: in the proverb, allt er fjörvi firr, all is fa
rther than life, i.e. life is the nearest, dearest thing,, Ld. 266,
(or, fé er fjörvi firr); at firr, much less, Eg. ch. 14; &tho
rn;ótt hann sé firr farinn, though be be far away, Hm. 33.
II. metaph., taka e-u fjarri, to take a thing far, i.e. to take
it coolly, deny it flatly; Ormr tók því ekki fjarri, Fm
s. i. 209; þeir tóku því ekki fjarri, 229; ek æt
la þat nú eigi fjarri, well, I think it's not far wrong, Nj
. 248: with dat., ok er þat ekki fjarri hennar skapi, 'tis not far from
her mind, 49; þat er fjarri skapi föður míns, Lv. 87;
þú talar þat eigi fjarri réttu, thou sayest what i
s not far from right, Fms. ii. 14; eigi fjarri því at lengd, i.
e. about so long a time, Bs. i. 61; ferr eigi fjarri getu minni, Fms. iv.
312, vi. 104; the phrase, fjarri fer því, it 'fares' far from t
hat, i.e. far from it, by no means; ok er því fjarri or&
eth;it er ek vilda at væri, it is far from what I had wished for, V
alla L. 221; nú sé ek eigi at mér mætti firr um fara

en þér, now I see not how I can fare worse than thou, Grett
. 150. β. far from, bereft of; fjarri feðr-munum, bere
ft of my patrimony, Fm. 8; fjarri vinum, friendless, Sighvat; fjarri
augum sem menjum, bereft of eyes and treasures, i.e. losing both life
and money, Akv. 27.
fjarski, a, m. a far distance; vera, liggja, í fjarska, 
to be afar off, Fms. xi. 57, Sks. 183, Fas. iii. 459 :-- metaph. in mod. usa
ge immensity, and in many COMPDS: fjarska-legr, adj. immense. fjarska-liga, adv. immensely, fjarska-mikill, fjarska-st&oac
ute;r, adj. immensely big, etc.
fjar-stæðr, adj. 'far-standing,' far from; fjarstæ
tt er um afl várt, there is a long way between our strength, i.e.
no comparison, Fms. iii. 187.
fjar-sýnis, adv. far off, out of sight, Mar.
fjar-tæki, n. [taka fjarri], a flat refusal, Fas. iii. 527.
fjar-vist, f. living far off, Sks. 190.
FJÁ, ð, [Goth. finan = GREEK; A. S. feon or f
jan], to hate; an obsolete word, but occurs in Hým. 22, Ls. 35
: reflex., fjásk e-n, to hate one, Skm. 33. Its participle however
remains in all Teut. dialects, vide fjándi below.
fjáðr, part. [fé], monied, Bjarn. 18.
fjálbr or fjálfr, n. a dubious word, [akin to fela (
?)], the deep, an abyss, Haustl. 18; undir-f., the lower deep, the aby
ss, Þd. 19.
fjálg-leikr, m. [felegbed = security, Dan. ballads],
trust, faith, Hom. 122.
fjálgr, adj. [feleg = safe in Dan. ballads; fjelg
 = comfortable, Ivar Aasen; prob. from fela] :-- safe, well kept, only in compds, glóð-fjálgr, hid in embers, of a fi
re, Ýt. 21; inn-f., stifled, of tears, Hkv. 2. 43.
fjánd-flokkr, m. a host of enemies, N. G. L. i. 34.
fjándi, a, m., mod. fjandi, pl. fjándr, mod. also f&
eacute;ndr; dat. fjándum, mod. fjöndum; [Ulf. fiands = GREEK;
A. S. feond; Engl. fiend; Germ. feind; Swed. fiende; Dan. fjende; the nd indicates the part.; whereas, Engl. foe seems to be formed from the infin.] :-- prop. a hater. 1. an
enemy, Hkv. 2. 30, 35, Rb. 380; freq. in old poetry, vide Lex. Poët.:
in the allit. phrase, sem frændr, en eigi fjándr, as friends, no
t foes, Ísl. ii. 380: the heathen maxim, gefat þínum fj&
aacute;ndum frið, give no truce to thy foes, Hm. 128. 2. [Dan.
fanden; Swed. fan], after the introduction of Christianity fj&aac
ute;ndi came to mean a fiend, the fiend, Bs. i. 452, Niðrst. 4; fj&aa
cute;ndr en eigi menn, fiends and no men, Fas. ii. 535: Satan, K.
Á. 74, Fms. i. 202, Stj. 40; ber þú sjálfr fjá
nda þinn, carry thy fiend thyself (of a bewitched banner), Nj. 274;
fjánda-kraptr, fiendish power, Fms. vii. 295; fjánda-limr,
a devil's limb, viii. 221; fjánda-sonr, a fiend's son, 65

6 C. 14; fjánda-villa, a fiendish heresy, Post. 645. 99: in mod. u
sage fjándi means a fiend. fjánda-fæla, u, f.,
botan. fuga daemonum, angelica, Germ. engel-kraut.
fjánd-ligr, adj. (fjánd-liga, adv.), fiendish, fi
endishly, Fms. v. 162, Bær. 10, Þorst. hv. 44, Fas. ii. 150.
fjánd-maðr, m. a foe-man, Lv. 106, Fms. v. 273, Orkn. 2
24.
fjánd-mæli, n. the words of a foe, invectives, Lv. 39
.
fjánds-boð or fjánd-boð, n. a law term, a
foe's bidding, a sham bidding at an auction; ok sé eigi fjánd
sboð, eigi skal hann at fjándsboði annars hafa, N. G. L. i. 117,
cp. Gpl. 292.
fjánd-semi, f. enmity, Stud. iii. 13.
fjánd-skapaðr, part. hostile, Fms. xi. 261.
fjánd-skapask, að, dep. to shew hostility towards, Sks.
337, Orkn. 226.
fjánd-skapr, m. hostility, Fms. i. 37, iv. 270, ix. 268, Nj
. 49, Hom. 86, 196, Bret. 22. fjándskapar-fullr, adj. hostile, Sturl. iii. 223.
fjár-, vide fé, money.
fjárungr, m. gryllus, a locust, Fél. x. 226.
fjóla, u, f. a violet, Hjalt. (mod.)
fjón, f. [fjá], hatred; an obsolete word, occurs in
old prose in the phrase, reka e-n fjónum, to persecute, Ver. 29, R
b. 388; or else in poetry, leggja fjón á e-n, to hate one,
Hallfred: in pl., konungs f., the king's wrath, Ad. 11; vekja f., to
stir up quarrels, Sl. 76, vide Lex. Poët.; guð-fjón, an a
bomination, that which drives the gods away, Fbr. (in a verse): mod. poets u
se a verb fjóna, að, to hate (Bjarn. 67, 122), probably
misled by the corrupt passage in Sl. 27.
FJÓR-, in many compds = fer-, q.v.: fjór-fættr, adj. four-footed; fjor-menningr, m. a fourth cousin, Js.
71, 96, Fms. i. 285, Gþl. 145; fjor-mynntr, part. 'four-cloven,
' Sks. 394; fjór-nættingr, m., fjór-skeyttr, adj., vide fer-; fjór-skiptr, part. quartered, Stj. 148.
fjórði, adj. [Germ. vierte; Dan. fjærde],
the fourth, Fms. i. 67 (passim).
fjórðungr, m., generally the fourth part, quarter, D. I
. i. 470, Grág. i. 144; f. héraðsmanna, N. G. L. i. 352; f. ra
star, the fourth part of a mile, Fms. viii. 63; fjórðungr v&i
acute;su, the fourth part of a verse-system or stanza, = two li
nes, Edda (Ht.); hence fjórðunga-lok, n. the last quart
er of a verse, Fms. vi. 387: a coin (cp. Engl. farthing), N.
G. L. iii. ch. 13. 2. a liquid-measure = ten pots or twenty

'merkr;' fjórðungs-fata, a vat holding a quarter. 3. a
weight = ten pounds or twenty 'merkr,' Jb. 375, Grág. Kb.
232, Dipl. iii. 4, Grág. ii. 362: the law allows a person to bequeath the
fourth part of his property, this is called fjórðungs-gjöf, f., Gþl. 270, cp. Jb., Dipl. v. 1. 4. the Icel. tithe (t&iacute
;und) was divided into four shares, each of them called 'fjórðungr,'
-- to the poor, bishop, church, and priest, Grág., Tl., passim. II. in Norway counties were divided into fjórðungar quarters (&t
horn;riðjungar ridings, sextungar sextants, áttungar octants, etc.), vide D. N.; hence fjórðungs-kirkja, a quarter
church, parish church, N. G. L.; fjórðungs-maðr, a man fr
om the same quarter or parish; fjórðungs-prestr, the pr
iest of a fjórðungs-kirkja; fjórðungs-þing, t
he meeting of a f.; fjórðungs-korn, corn due to the priest, D. N., N. G. L., the statutes passim; fjórðungs-ból, a f
arm yielding a certain rent, and many others. Again, in Icel. the whole land
was politically divided into quarters or fjórðungar (this division s
eems to have taken place A. D. 964, and exists up to the present time), thus, Au
stfirðinga-, Vestfirðinga-, Norðlendinga-, Sunnlendinga-fjór&
eth;ungr, or east-, west-, north-, and south quarters; each of the
quarters had three or four shires or þing, and each had a parliament call
ed Fjórðungs-þing or Fjórðunga-þing,
 and a court called Fjórðungs-dómar, Quarter-cou
rts, Eb. ch. 10, Landn. 2. 12; (it is uncertain whether the writer Eb. l.c.
intended to make a distinction between Fjórðunga-þing and Fj&oa
cute;rðungs-þing, denoting by the latter a 'general quarter parliament
,' cp. also Landn. 150.) COMPDS: fjórðunga-mót, n. pl.
the borders of the f., Grág. ii. 323, Landn. 251 (v.l.), 237. f
jórðunga-skipti, n. a division into quarters. fj&oacut
e;rðungs-höfðingi, a, m. a Tetrarch, N. T. fjó
rðungs-menn, m. pl. the inhabitants of a fjórðungr, Gr
ág. Þ. Þ., Landn. 98, Nj. 100. fjórðungs-sekt, f. outlawry, exile from one of the quarters, Bs. ii. 75. fj&oacute
;rðungs-úmagi, a, m. a pauper charged to a f., Grág
. i. 445.
fjórir, num. adj., fem. fjórar, neut. fjögur (fjugur);
gen. fjogurra or fjögurra (fjugurra, N. G. L. i. 77, Sks. 173 B), mod. fj&
ouml;gra; dat. fjórum; acc. masc. fjóra, fem. fjórar, neut.
fjögur: [Goth. fidvar; A. S. feover; Engl. four; Hel
. fivar; O. H. G. fior; Germ. vier; Swed. fyra; Dan.
fire; cp. also Lat. quatuor, Gr. GREEK, Aeol. GREEK] :-- four
 (passim). fjögra-manna-far, n. a four-oared boat.
fjór-tán, card. numb., [older form fjögr-tán
 or fjugr-tán, B. K. 9, 60, 62, 125, Sks. 179 B] :-- fourte
en (passim). fjórtán-sessa, u, f. a ship with fourte
en oars, Fms. ix. 408, v.l.
fjór-tándi, ord. numb., [older form fjögr-tá
ndi or fjugr-tándi, N. G. L. i. 49, 348, 350; fjogr-t&aacut
e;ndi, Fms. x. 398] :-- fourteenth.
fjór-tugti, the fortieth, Dipl. ii. 15.
FJÓS, n., contr. form = fé-hús = 'cow-house,'
[Norse fjös; the contracted form is usual even in the earliest writ
ers] :-- a cow-house, byre, stall, Ld. 98, Gísl. 28 sqq., Dropl. 2
8, Njarð. 368, Sturl. ii. 43, iii. 54, Fms. ix. 508; vera í fj&oacute
;si, or fara í fjós, to attend to the cows. COMPDS: fj&o
acute;s-dyr, fjós-haugr, fjós-hlaða, fjós-hurð, fj&
oacute;s-reka, fjós-veggr, etc., the door, mound, barn, hurdle, sp
ade, wall, etc. of a fjós. fjós-gata, u, f. t
he byre-path, Landn. 51. Fjósa-karlar, m. pl. the 'byre-car
les,' the three stars in the sword of Orion. fjósa-kona, u, f.
a byre-maid, Landn. (Hb.) 51: fjósa-konur, the 'byre-maids,' the three stars in the belt of Orion, because the dairy-work is in the winter
months (Dec., Jan.) fixed by the rising of these stars. fjósa-verk, n. 'byre work,' attendance on the cows, Nj. 185, v.l.
FJÓS, mod. þjós, f. the carcase of a whale, Gr
ág. ii. 360, 372, Jb. 310 B (passim).
fjúk, n. [cp. Engl. fog], a snow-storm: allit., fros
t ok fjúk, Fbr. 23; fjúk ok drifa, Bs. i. 158; fjúk var &ua
cute;ti, 672; í fjúki, Landn. 235; stormr með fjúki, Fa
s. ii. 74: in swearing, fái þat fjúk, a 'fjúk'
upon it.
FJÚKA, pret. fauk, 2nd pers. faukt, mod. faukst, pl. fuku; pres. f
ýk,
<PAGE NUM="b0158">
<HEADER>158 FJÚKRENNINGR -- FJÖRÐR.</HEADER>
pl. fjúkum; pret. subj. fyki; part. fokinn; sup. fokit: [Swed. fyka; Dan. fyga] :-- to be driven on, tossed by the wind, of snow, du
st, spray, or the like: allit., fjúka sem fys, as chaff; mold er f
ýkr, 623. 25; axhelmur þær sem fjúka ... ef nokkut f&y
acute;kr frá oss, Stj. 422: of snow, tók þá at f., it began to snow, Grett. 111; var fjúkanda veðr, there was a
snow-storm, 144: hafði fokit yfir öndverðan vetr, they had
been buried (had perished) in the snow, Glúm. 341; henc
e the metaph. phrase, nú er fokið í flest skjól, now
all places of shelter are filled with snow, no refuge left, Gísl. 6
3, Nj. 258; útvegar Háreks eru foknir, all H.'s outgoings are s
topped, Fms. xi. 423; sýndisk þeim sem eldr fyki um alla glugga
na, of embers, Bs. i. 7; fauk svá sandrinn, at ..., of the ashes from a v
olcano, 804, (sand-fok, a drift of sand or ashes.) 2. metaph. t
o fly off; fauk af höfuðit, Nj. 97, Ld. 291; fuku tennrnar ó
r Búa. Fms. xi. 139; láta fjúka í kveðlingum, to reply with sarcastic, extemporised ditties, Grett. 94.
fjúk-renningr, n. a snow-drift, Sturl. i. 155 C.
fjúk-viðri, n. a snow-storm, Sturl. ii. 31.
fjær, and compds, vide fjarri, farther off.
FJÖÐR, gen. fjaðrar; old pl. fjaðrar, later fjaðrir;
dat. fjöðrum: [A. S. feðer; Engl. feather; Germ. 
feder; Gr. GREEK] :-- a feather, it may be used of either the plume o
r the quill, but usually a distinction is made between fiðri or fiðr, plumage, and fjaðrar, quills; væng-fjöðr, a wi
ng-feather; stél-fjöðr, a tail-feather; dynja hana fj
aðrar, Bm. 1; hár ok fjaðrar, Edda (pref.); plokkaði af fja&e
th;rarnar, 77: phrases and sayings, það er ekki fjöðr af fati
þínu, 'tis no feather of thy gear, thou needst not be proud of
it, cp. Aesop's fable; verðr hverr að fljúga sem hann er fja&
eth;raðr, every one must fly as he is feathered; draga fjöðr
um e-t, to slur over a thing (vide draga), Fms. vii. 20: cp. the proverb
in Rafns S. Bs. i. 647, -- lítið er nef várt, en breiðar
fjaðrar, our neb is small, but the feathers large, perhaps somewhat c
orrupt in the text, being taken from some fable about birds; the sense seems to
be something like the Fr. 'l'homme propose, Dieu dispose.' 2. meta
ph. of feather-formed things, α. the blade of a spear, Eg. 285, Stj. 461, Ld. 244, Grett. 121, Sturl. ii. 60, Fas. ii. 209, Fb. 111.
409. β. the fin of a fish, Fas. ii. 131; fiskr niðr fr&aa
cute; beltis-stað ok fjöðr á, Fms. iv. 56 (rare). COMPDS: fjaðra-broddr, m. a feathered, i.e. double-edged, spike,
Bárð. 170. fjaðra-lauss, adj. featherless, Fas. ii.
378; in the riddle, fuglinn flaug fjaðra-lauss, elti fuglinn fóta-la
uss. fjaðra-sárr, adj. = fjaðr-sárr. fjaðraspjót, n. a kind of sword-spear to thrust with, = fjaðr-sp
jót.
FJÖL, f., gen. fjalar, old pl. fjalar, later fjalir, a deal, thin
board, Fms. vi. 15, 281, x. 404: metaph. of snow shoes, Sks. 81 B: s
o in the proverb, það er ekki við eina fjöl fellt, 'tis no
t joined with a single deal, 'tis no plain matter, Mag. 86; or, hann er ekki
við eina fjöl felldr, i.e. fit for many things; fóta-fj&
ouml;l, a foot-board; höfða-fjöl, the head-board of a be
d; rúm-fjöl, the side-board of a bed; gafl-fjöl, 
the barge-board in a gable, etc. COMPDS: fjala-brú, f. a br
idge of planks, Fms. xi. 280. fjala-hlass, n. a load of deals,
N. G. L. i. 142. fjala-köttr, m. a mouse-trap, Fms. iii. 74.
fjala-stóll, m. a deal stool, Pm. 90, etc.
FJÖL-, [akin to Gr. GREEK; Ulf. filu = GREEK; A. S. fela; O. H. G. filu; Germ. viel; lost in Engl. and mod. Dan.; in Ice
l. freq., esp. as a prefix in poetry, but never used as an independent adj.] :-much, manifold. I. in a bad sense: fjöl-beiðni, f
. begging, intruding, Al. 91. fjöl-breytinn, adj. false, w
himsical, Edda 18. fjöl-kunnigr (fjöl-kundr, Barl. p
assim), adj. [kunna], skilled in the black art, Grett. 150, 153, Eg. 119
, 179, Nj. 17, 272, Fms. i. 18, ii. 134, Hm. 114, passim. fjöl-kyngi
(fjöl-kyndi, Barl. passim), f. the black art, witchcraft, Fm
s. i. 10, Korm. 222, Landn. 84, Grett. 151, Rb. 408, Stj. 647; galdrar ok fj&oum
l;lkyngi, K. Þ. K. 76, Grett. 155, etc., passim; fjölkyngis-b&aeli
g;kr, f. pl. magical books, Post. 645. 61; fjölkyngis-f&oacut
e;lk, n. wizard-folk, Hkr. i. 267; fjölkyngis-íþ
rótt, f. magic art, 623. 31, Fms. x. 307; fjölkyngis-k
ona, u, f. a sorceress, Fas. ii. 273; fjölkyngis-liga, ad
v. (-ligr, adj.), with sorcery, Gísl. 31; fjölkyngi
s-list, f. magic art, Stj. 73; fjölkyngis-veðr, n. a gale produced by sorcery, Fms. iv. 44. fjöl-lyndi, f. loos
eness, Lv. 78. fjöl-lyndr, adj. fickle, loose, Sturl. i.
225. fjöl-máligr, adj. tattling, Karl. 439, 686 B. 2.
fjöl-mæli, n. tittle-tattle, slander, Fms. ix. 250, Hkr
. ii. 35, Gþl. 195, N. G. L. i. 57, H. E. i. 479. fjölmælismaðr, m. a tatler, slanderer, Gþl. 197. fjöl-or&eth
;r, adj. = fjölmáligr, Fs. 36, Fms. ix. 277, v.l. fjöl-r
áðr, adj. fickle, loose, Fb. ii. 701. fjöl-r&aelig
;ði, n. fickleness, looseness, 655 ix. C. 2. fjöl-r&aelig
;ðinn, adj. too intimate, Fms. vi. 109. fjöl-skrú&
eth;igr, adj. dressy, showy, Eb. 256. II. in the simple sense
of many: fjöl-auðigr, adj. very rich, wealthy, Lan
dn. 79. fjöl-bygðr, part. thickly peopled, Landn. 168, 27
0, 321 (App.) fjöl-menna, t, to crowd, meet in crowds, Nj. 75

: become peopled, Rb. 392, Edda (pref.) fjöl-menni, n. man
y people, a crowd, Nj. 2, Eg. 38, 271, Fms. i. 54, ii. 152, passim: the c
ommon people, bændr ok f.. Anecd. 6, Sks. 5. fjöl-mennr, o
lder form fjöl-meðr, adj. with many people, Fms. i. 37; r
ikr ok f., Bs. i. 651; riðu menn fjölmennir til þings, Ísl
. ii. 254; far sem fjölmennastr, Fms. vii. 221: peopled, fjölme
nnt þing, veizla, etc., Nj. 167; gildi f., Eg. 22, 46, Ísl. ii. 259
, Fms. vii. 265: neut., vera, hafa fjölmennt, Eg. 5, Sturl. ii. 245; fj&oum
l;lmennt ok góðmennt, many people and good, Eg. 201. fj&oum
l;l-skylda and fjöl-skyld, f., Rd. 293; fjöl-skyldi,
n., N. G. L. ii. 9, Fms. xi. 68, Hom. i, Grág. i. 225: much business,
many duties, with a notion of toil and trouble, Fms. i. 53, iv. 179, vi. 60
, xi. 68, 429, Hom. 135, Bs. i. 90, 686 (of debt); mæðing ok f., Sks.
569; álög né f. (duties), Fms. xi. 224; annask um f.,
to be very busy, Rd. l.c.; eiga f. um at vera, id., N. G. L. l.c.:
in Hom. 1. Lat. occupatio is rendered by fjölskyldi; hvárki
fé né fjölskyldi, neither in money nor in work, Gr&aac
ute;g. i. 225 :-- in mod. usage, encumbrance with many people (childre
n), a large family, household, but this scarcely occurs in old writer
s. fjöl-skyldr (-skyldugr, Mar. 232), adj. busy; f. em
bætti, Sks. 38, 257 B. III. poët. as a prefix to adj. as an or
namental epithet, e.g. fjöl-blíðr, -dyggr, -dýrr, -err
inn, -gegn, -góðr, -kostigr, -kænn, -mætf, -nenninn, -sne
rrinn, -sviðr, -varr, -vitr, denoting exceeding good, wise, valiant, etc. fjöl-höfðaðr, adj. many-headed, V&thorn
;m. fjöl-margr, adj. very many, Gs. 20; vide Lex. Poët.
fjölð, f. = fjöldi, a multitude, Fms. ii. 199, R&oac
ute;m. 383: esp. in poetry, with gen. a plenty of, Höfuðl. 16, A
m. 8. 92, Gs. 5, Þkv. 23, Skv. 3. 2, Gh. 18: used as adv. [Germ. viel], much, Vþm. 3, passim, Hm. 17, 73, Sdm. 30.
fjöldi and fjölði, a, m. multitude, Fms. i. 3
7, Eg. 74, 79, Nj. 8; fjöldi manna = fjölmenni, N. G. L. i. 30.
fjölga, að, to make to increase, Sturl. iii. 242: impers.
, Fas. i. 73. 2. to become numerous, Edda (pref.) β. r
eflex., Fas. iii. 10, Stj. 21.
fjölgan, f. increase in number, Fms. v. 276.
fjöllóttr, adj. mountainous, Fb. i. 431, Stj. 94.
fjöl-móði, a, m. the sea-snipe, tringa maritima, s
o called from its wailing note, Edda (Gl.); hence fjölmóða-v&
iacute;l, n. pitiful wailing, vide Ísl. Þjóðs
. pref. p. xi.
FJÖR, n., dat. fjörvi, mod. fjöri, [Ulf. renders GREEK by
fairvus; A. S. feorh, pl. feoru = life; Hel. fir
ah; obsolete in Engl., Germ., Swed., and Dan.] :-- life, Vsp. 33; me&
eth; fjörvi, 623. 49: esp. freq. in allit. phrases, eiga fótum fj&ou
ml;r at launa; fjör ok fé, Fms. iv. 77, Grág. ii. 21, Sl. 1;
frekr er hver til fjörsins, Þorst. St. 54, Nj. 124; allt er fjör
vi firr, Ld. 266. 2. in poetry it seems to be used of the vital parts,
the body; fleinn hitti fjör, Höfuðl. 9, Hm. 7, Vellekla Hkr.
i. 175, Gh. 18, Skm. 20; cp. Germ. leib, leben, and the Goth. and A. S. s
ense of this word. 3. in mod. usage freq. in the sense of vitality, vi
gour, energy, spirits; thus, fjör-fiskr, m., vide fiskr: fj&o
uml;r-kálfr, m. one bounding with life as a young calf, -- han

n er mesti fjörkálfr; vera með fullu fjöri, to be in the
full vigour of life; fjör-lauss, adj. life-less, listless: fjör-maðr, m. a vigorous man: fjör-mikill,
adj. full of life. II. in poetry fjör is used in a great man
y compds, chiefly those denoting loss of life, death, e.g. fjör-b
ann, -grand, -lag, -lát, -lot, -nám, -rán, -spell, -t&aacut
e;l: the heart is fjör-segi, a, m. the 'life-clod,' Fm. 32.
fjör-baugr, m. 'life-money,' a law term, a fee amounti
ng to a mark, to be paid by a convict of the lesser degree to the executive cour
t (féránsdómr); and if this was not paid, the convict was h
enceforth a full outlaw: :-- hence the convict is called fjörbaugs-ma&et
h;r and the lesser outlawry or conviction fjörbaugs-garðr, m
., because within a fixed space (garðr), the convict was safe, having paid t
he life-money, vide esp. Grág. Þ. Þ. ch. 32 sqq., ch. 40, Nj.
240, and the Sagas and laws passim. In two passages, viz. Flóam. S. ch.
10 and Glúma ch. 24, fjörbaugsgarðr is used in the same sense as
þing-helgi, q.v., viz. of the sacred boundary of a meeting, regard
ed by the heathens as a sanctuary, cp. Eb. ch. 4 fine; in the Edit. of Fl
óam. S. the passage 'til Lóns' is false, the probable reading bein
g 'til Lopz,' i.e. Lopts; in the old MS. Vatnshyrna the shank of the p wa
s prob. obliterated so as to make it look like n, and so one transcriber
read 'Lóns,' another 'Jóns;' the reading ' Lopts' is born out bv t
he historical context, cp. also Landn. 5, ch. 8; the word fjörbaugr is diff
usely commented on in H. E. i. 137 sqq. COMPDS: fjörbaugs-sekt, f. penalty of f., = fjörbaugs-garðr, Grág. Þ. Þ.
ch. 40. fjörbaugs-sök, f. a case liable to fjörbaug
r, Eg. 723, Nj. 164, Grág. i. 90.
fjör-brosa, n, f. a lovely smile; sumir menn mæla at m&
oacute;ðir þín sé engi f., some people say that thy m
other is no f., Mirm. 69.
fjör-brot, n. pl. the death-struggle, esp. of wild beasts, F&
aelig;r. 49, Fm. 21, Bs. i. 345: Norse, a taking of life, manslaughter, N
. G. L. i. 156.
FJÖRÐ or fjorð, adv. [early Germ. fert, used b
y Luther, but obsolete in mod. Germ.; Swed. and Dan. fjord; cp. Sansk. parut] :-- the past year; in Icel. this word is obsolete, and scarce
ly ever occurs in old prose writers; but the mod. 'í fyrra' is derived or
corrupted from an older phrase 'í fjörð,' which is still used a
ll over the Scandin. continent; in D. N. 'í fjörð' repeatedly oc
curs, cp. Fr.; the 'fjörð' in the following passages -- Hkr. i. 186, F
ms. ii. 328, vi. 88, Fs. 95 (Hallfred), all of them poems of the 10th and 11th c
enturies -- is doubtless to be taken in this sense; and the explanation given in
Lex. Pool., s. v. fjörð and following, cannot be right.
fjörð-gamall, adj. a year old, D. N.
fjörðingi, a, m. one who has dwelt for a year in a place,
N. G. L. i. 201.
FJÖRÐR, m., gen. fjarðar; dat. firði; pl. firðir, ge
n. fjarða: acc. fjörðu, mod. firði: [Swed.-Dan. fjord; N
orth. E. and Scot. firth, frith; Engl. ford is a kindred word, bu
t not identical] :-- a firth, bay, a Scandin. word; but a small crescentformed inlet or creek is called vík, and is less than fjörðr, he
nce the saying, fjörðr milli frænda, en vík milli vina, let there be a firth between kinsmen, but a creek between friends, denoting
that
<PAGE NUM="b0159">
<HEADER>FJÖRGAMALL -- FLEINN. 159</HEADER>
kinship is not always so trustworthy as friendship: the allit. phrase, fjall ok
fjörðr, vide fjall; freq. in Icel. and Scandin. local names combined wi
th some other word expressing the shape, etc., Breiði-f., Mjófi-f., D
júpi-f., Grunni-f., Eyja-f., Lima-f. or Eylíma-f., Arnar-f., Alpta
-f., Vatns-f., etc. In Icel. and old Scandin. countries the shore districts are
freq. divided into counties, bearing the name of the firth, just as the inland i
s divided into dales; thus Eyja-f. and Skaga-f. denote both the firth and the co
unty bordering on the firth. The western and eastern parts of Icel. are called V
est-firðir and Aust-firðir; in Norway a county is called Firðir; cp.
Rb. 324 sqq., where over a hundred names of Icel. fjords are recorded, Landn. (
Index), and the Sagas: fjarða-gol, n. a breeze blowing off a f
jord, Fær. 203, Fms. iv. 302; fjarðar-botn, m. the bottom or head of a fjord, Eb. 188; fjarðar-horn, n. the creek
at the head of a fjord, Gísl. 55, also freq. as a local name; fja
rðar-íss, m. fjord-ice, Eb. 242, Bs. i. 327; fjarða
r-kjöptr or fjarðar-minni, n. the mouth (opening) of a fjord, Sturl. i. 121, Hkr. iii. 118; fjarðar-menn, m.
pl. the inhabitants of a fjord county, Sturl. ii. 199.
fjör-gamall, adj. stone-old, (mod.); cp. fjörðgamall
.
fjör-gjafi, a, m. one who saves another's life, = lífg
jafi, Al. 98, Mork. 109.
fjör-grið, n. pl. truce for one's life, Grág. ii.
21.
Fjörgyn, f. [Goth. fairguni = a mountain], Mother-e
arth, Edda.
fjör-löstr, m. loss of life, Grág. i. 187, Fms. x
i. 135; used in the phrase, verða e-m að fjörlesti, to cause one
's death, Gísl. 62.
fjörr, m. a kind of tree, the fir (?), Edda (Gl.)
fjör-ráð, n. a law term, a plotting against one's life
 (cp. Germ. verrathen), Grág. ii. 116, Al. 127. COMPDS: fj&
ouml;rráða-sök, f. a case of fjörráð
, Sturl. ii. 152. fjörráðs-maðr (fjörs-ma&eth
;r, Fagrsk. 181), m. a traitor against one's life. fjörr&aacu
te;ðs-mál, n. a suit for fjörráð, Eb. 129.
fjörræði, n. = fjörráð, Matth. x. 21.
fjör-sjúkr, adj. sick unto death, Og. 9.
fjör-skaði, a, m. 'life-scathe,' injury to one's life, N.
G. L. i. 169.
fjörsungr, m. [Norse fjærsing], a fish, draco marinu
s, Edda (Gl.); arfr fjörsunga, the heirloom of dragons, a hoard,

cp. Fáfnis arfr, Hkv. 2. 23.
fjör-vél, f. a plot against one's life, N. G. L. i. 34
.
fjötra, að, to fetter, Eg. 239, Nj. 136, Fms. iv. 264, vi
. 378; fjötra hest, to hobble a horse, Glúm. 378, = mod. hept
a (q.v.)
fjötur-lauss, adj. unfettered, Fms. xi. 226.
fjötur-láss, m. a fetter lock (for a door), Fms. viii.
341, v.l.
FJÖTURR, m., dat. fjötri, pl. fjötrar; [A. S. fetor; Engl. fetter; Germ. fesser; cp. Lat. com-ped-is] :-- a
fetter of iron, a shackle; sprettr mér af fótum fjöturr
en af höndum hapt, Hm. 150; fjöturr á fótum, Fms. iv. 15
; fjötur allsterkan, annan fjötur, Edda 19; fjöturr af hinu sterk
asta stáli, Fms. x. 172, Hom. 118, 119; sitja í fjötri, Fms.
ii. 12; sitja í fjötrum, id.; þeir brutu af sér fj&ouml
;trana, Nj. 136. β. metaph., sleða-fjötrar, the straps o
f a sledge, Sdm. 15: the straps on a smith's bellows, Vkv. 22, 32. CO
MPDS: fjötra-brot, n. pl. the fragments of a fetter, Fms. xi.
290. fjötrar-rauf, f. the holes in a sledge through which the st
raps go, Eb. 190.
FLAÐR, n. low flattery, fawning.
flaðra, að, to fawn; f. at e-m, to fawn on one, Fas
. iii. 282 (mod. flaðra upp á e-n). flaðrari, a, m. a f
awner, [cp. Germ. and Engl. flatter.]
FLAG, n. [Engl. flaw], the spot where a turf has been cut out; mó-flag, moldar-flag, freq. :-- so also flaga, n, f. a flag
 or slab of stone. Bs. i. 609, cp. Fms. viii. 320. In the East Angl.
counties of Engl. flag is still used of turf as well as stone.
flagari, a, m. a loose person, an impostor.
flag-brjóska, n. the cartilage of the breast-bone, Edda 76,
Bs. i. 378.
FLAGÐ, n., pl. flögð, an ogre, giantess, Fas. i. 59.
Fms. iii. 122, 125, 133, xi. 136, Bs. i. 468: the saying, opt eru flögð
í fögru skinni, oft is a witch under a fair skin, Eb. 46: demons = tröll, Hkr. iii. 299 (in a verse), Fas. iii. 35 (in a verse).
COMPDS: flagða-háttr, m. a kind of metre, Edda (Ht.)
34. flagða-lag, id., Ht. R. 32.
flagð-kona, u, f. a giantess, Fas. ii. 518, iii. 560, Gull&tho
rn;. 20.
flagna, að, to flake off, as skin or slough. Bs. i. 618.
flag-spilda, u, f. a slice, cut, Ísl. ii. 32.
FLAK, n. the hood of a cap; ok saumat flökin at höfð
i hennar, Sturl. ii. 77 C, (Ed. flókinn); hence flaka-ólpa,

u, f. a cap with a hood or flap, Sturl. l.c. β. th
e flapper or fin, e.g. of a halibut.
flaka, ð, to gape, esp. of wounds; f. sundr af sárum, F
as. iii. 485; flakti frá síðan, ii. 139. β. to
flap, be loose, of garments etc.
flaki and fleki, a, m. a 'flake,' esp. a hurdle or shield wicker-work, used for defence in battle, Fms. ix. 30 (v.l.), 421, H
kr. ii. 11, Sks. 416 B.
flakk, n. a roving, roaming about.
flakka, að, to rove about as a beggar, Fas. ii. 228, Fms. viii
. 240, Sturl. i. 70 (MS.): metaph., Vápn. 4.
flakna, að, to flake off, split, Fms. viii. 380, v.l.
FLAN, n. a rushing; feigðar-flan, 'mad-rush' (a saying)
.
flana, að, to rush heedlessly.
flangi, a, m. a coaxer, fawner; hence flangsast, dep. to
fawn and coax.
flann-fluga, u, f. an adulteress, one who runs away from her wedded hu
sband, a law term, N. G. L. i. 28.
flanni, a, m. a giddy person.
FLAS, n. and flas-fengni, f. a headlong rushing.
flasa, að, to rush, cp. Germ. flatschen.
flaska, að, to split, in the popular phrase, flaska á s
keri, to split on a skerry or rock, of a ship, cp. Grett. 148 (in
a verse).
flaska, u, f. [a word prob. of Byzantine origin, from Gr. GREEK, GREEK; D
an. and Swed. flaska or flaske; Germ. flasche; Engl. fla
sk; Ital. fiasco; Span. flasco; Fr. flacon; cp. Du Cang
e s. v. flasco and flasca] :-- a flask; but it must be old
, as flösku-skegg, n. bottle-beard, occurs in Landn. as a nic
kname of an uncle of the old Njal.; flösku-bakr, m. bottle-back, which occurs as a nickname in Grett., cp. Landn.
flaski, a, m. a flaw in timber or the like.
flat-bytna, u, f. a flat-bottomed boat, a barge, Jm. 1.
flat-ligr, adj. flat; flat-liga, adv. flatly, Bs. ii
. 129.
flat-maga, að, to bask in the sun, lie as a dog, (cant.)
flat-nefr, adj. flat-nebbed, Lat. simus, a nickname, Landn.
flatneskja, u, f. a plain, Lat. planities; cp. Engl. fla
ts, as in the Essex flats etc.

flatningr, m. a flat fish, Mk. 53.
FLATR, adj., fem. flöt, neut. flatt; [Engl. and Swed. flat; D
an. flad; Germ. platt] :-- flat, level, of land; slé
tta dala ok flata völlu, Sks. 629: of other things, flatt skjaldþili,
Eg. 233; flattr fiskr, a flat fish, Edda 35, Fs. 129, Bs. ii. 179. &b
eta;. flat; falla flatr, Sturl. i. 85, Hkr. i. 38; draga e-n flatan,
to drag one flat on the ground, Nj. 247; kasfa sér flötum ni&
eth;r, to throw oneself down flat, Fas. i. 53. γ. or the fla
nk of a thing, the phrases, stýra á flatt, to steer on the flan
k (side) of another ship, Korm. 230, Fas. ii. 523; bregða
flötu sverði, to deal a blow with the flat of a blade, Fms. vii.
157; öxin snerisk flöt, the axe turned so as to strike flat,
Grett. 151; bregða við flötum skildi, Nj. 262: metaph., fara flatt
fyrir e-m, to fare ill, be worsted, metaphor from a ship, Sturl. iii. 233
, Fms. vi. 379; koma flatt upp á e-n, to come 'flat' on one, take one
by surprise. flata-fold, f. a flat-field, Bs. ii. 69.
flat-sigling, f. sailing with a side wind.
flat-skjöldr, m. = Lat. pelta, Stj. 572. 1 Kings x. 16, 17.
flat-smíði, n. things wrought flat with a plane or h
ammer, Grág. i. 504.
flat-streymi, n. an eddy coming on the side of a ship.
flat-sæng, f. a bed made on the floor, Fær. 259.
flat-særi (proncd. flassæri), n. a flat wound,
as from a blister.
flat-vegr, m. the flat, broad side, Grett. 151; opp. to an edge.
flat-viðr, m. flat timber, planks, boards, Gþl. 455.
FLAUG, f. [fljúga], flying, flight, Sks. 114 B; fugla f., 6
55 B. 3; fugl á flaug (mod. fugl á flugi), Sks. 81; þessi f.
, Hem. 40; hefja flaug, Hom. 142: metaph., Am. 23, Sks. 423 B: the phrase, vera
á för ok flaugum, to be unsteady and fluttering, Nj. 196. 
II. [Dan. flöj], a vane, Bs. i. 422, ii. 50, Edda (Gl.);
hence flaugar-skegg, n. the edge or tail of the vane.
flaum-ósi (mod. flumósa), adj. rushing heedlessly
on, metaph. from the sudden swelling of a torrent, Gísl. 30, Fs. 30.
FLAUMR, m. [Norse flom; A. S. fleam; Dutch. fleem] :
-- an eddy, Bs. ii. 5: poët. the din of battle, hildar f., g
öndlar f., Lex. Poët. 2. metaph. a bevy, crowd; kvenna f
., a bevy of ladies, Fs. (Hallfred): in the phrase, nema e-n flaumi, t
o bereave one of company and glee, Jd. 5, Ísl. ii. 252 (in a verse);
flaums felli-dómr, the hasty judgment of a crowd, (Sighvat). COMPD
S: flaum-semi, f. flimsiness, Mar. flaum-slit, n. pl. a
forsaking one, abandonment, Hm. 122.
FLAUST, n. [akin to fley], poët. a ship, Lex. Poët, pass
im.
flaustr, n. fluster, hurry; flaustra, að, with dat. 

to be flustered.
FLAUTIR, f. pl. [A. S. flet; Dan. flöde = cream
], a kind of whipped milk, Sturl. iii. 16, 31.
flá, f. the float or quill of a net, Jb. 317, Gr&aac
ute;g. ii. 358: metaph. strips of meadow land = fit, Róm. 310.
FLÁ, pres. flæ,; pret. fló, pl. flógu or fl&oa
cute;u; part. fleginn; [akin to flag]: -- to flay, Finnb. 250; ok fl&oac
ute;u af skinn, Sd. 154; áðr enn flái húð af, G&tho
rn;l. 502; öll húð af honum sem flegin væri, Fms. vii. 227
, Edda 72; flegnir, 28; flá e-n kvikan, Fms. viii. 227: the saying, &thor
n;ar er ekki feitan gölt að flá: metaph. to strip, fl&aac
ute; e-n at gripum, to strip one for one's money, Bjarn. 16: sí&et
h;an flógu þeir hann ór klæðum, stripped him, Fms. vii. 352; þá flógu þeir þá &oacut
e;r fötum, 623. 33: also with acc. of the thing, hann fló af s&eacut
e;r yfir-klæði sitt, stripped his over-garment off him, Sturl.
ii. 231 C: reflex., flæzk hann ór kyrtlinum, he pulled the cloak
off, Bs. i. 442.
fláki, a, m. flat moors, moor-land; fúa-f., m&oacute
;a-f., etc.
FLÁR, fem. flá, neut. flátt, compar. flári, s
uperl. flástr, prop. gaping; flár saumr, a loose ill-st
itched seam. 2. metaph. in the saving, mæla fagrt, en hyggja fl
átt, to speak fair, but think false, Fms. ii. 91, Hm. 90, Bjarn. 2
1, Al. 102.
flá-ráð and flá-ræði, n. fal
sehood, Boll. 348, Fms. x. 390. Sks. 618.
flá-ráðr, adj. false, deceitful, Fas. i. 23, Hm.
119.
fleða, u, f. a sleek, bland person. fleðu-ligr, adj
. bland.
flegða, u, f. = flagð, a giantess.
FLEINN, m. [A. S. flán], a bayonet-like pike, Fms. i
ii. 224, Sks. 394, cp. Grett. 141. β. the fluke of an anchor,
Nj. 42, Orkn. 362; vide akkeris-fleinn. 2. a kind of shaft, a dart, = A. S. flán, Höfuðl. 10.
<PAGE NUM="b0160">
<HEADER>160 FLEIPR -- FLISSA.</HEADER>
13, Rm. 32, Fms. i. 45, cp. Hkr. i. 159, Hm. 85, 151; hence poët. fleindrífa, u, f. a drift or shower of shafts; flein-st&o
uml;kkvandi and flein-varpaðr, m. epithets of archers. 
3. a pr. name, Landn.; hence Fleins-háttr, m. a metre a
ttributed to an old poet of that name, Edda (Ht.)
FLEIPR, n. babble, tattle, Mag. 56.
fleipra or fleipa, að, to babble, prattle, Gísl.

98, Ísl. ii. 151, Grett. 148 B, Fas. ii. 507.
FLEIRI, compar., and FLESTR, superl., (fleirstr is a bad fo
rm, freq. in books of the 18th century), [cp. Lat. plerique, pl&u-long;res; Gr. GREEK, GREEK; Dan. flere, flest; Ulf. uses managistr = GREE
K and managiza = GREEK; vide margr] :-- more, most; sex dóm
endr eða fleiri, Grág. i. 37; eru þeir fleiri er þat sann
a, Fms. x. 275; hinir vóru þó miklu fleiri (more numerous
), Ld. 170; ef hann þarf fleiri bjargkviðu, Grág. i. 55; &a
acute; því vígi eigi fleirum mönnum á hendr at l
ýsa, ii. 34; vil ek heyra fleiri manna órskurð, Fms. i. 42: ne
ut. fleira, more, féll miklu fleira lið hans, 121: with gen.,
hafði hann nokkuru fleira manna, Eg. 77, Bs. ii. 167; fleira barna, Fs. 75;
ekki sagði hann þessum manni fleira, Fms. i. 145. β. metap
h. more communicative, hearty, cp. fár and margr; er nú fle
ira í frændsemi með þeim, Band. 20 new Ed.; hann gör
ðisk við hann fleiri ok fleiri, more and more intimate, Finnb. ch
. 7; fannsk mér þá ok æ síðan fleira til ha
ns, i.e. I liked him then and better ever since, Fms. i. 141: in the sens
e of more, er fleira drekkr, the more he drinks, Hm. 12; fleiri v&
aacute;sbúð hafði hann, en vér höfum haft, Fb. i, &Oa
cute;. T. ch. 26. II. superl., forsjálir um flest, Eg. 73; þ
ér erut um flest einráðir Íslendingar, Ld. 314; flest a
llt, almost all (vide allr), Fs. 174; flest allt stórmenni, Landn.
39, v.l.; flest öll hof, Sks. 234; þeir eru hér flestir menn
at mikils munu virða mín orð, Ld. 184; flestir allir nema f&aacut
e;ir menn, Niðrst. 7; flest lið, the greater part of the people o
r troops, Korm. 236, Eg. 92. β. with the notion of all
; flestr maðr, most people, Höfuðl. 3; þat tel ek fyrs
t er flestr um veit, Ad. 17; reyndr var flestr í fastri fleindrífu
, Fbr. (in a verse); flestan dag, all day long, Gm. 15; flestan aldr, 
all ages, for ever, Arnór; dag-lengis flestan, all day long, K
ormak; því at ek brúðar á flest um ráð
sem faðir, Alm. 5, Lex. Poët.: the saying, flestir kjósa fyr&et
h;ar líf, all men cling to life, Kvöldv. i. 194, as motto to
the fable of Death and the Old Man with the Sack.
fleka, að, with acc. to deceive, beguile.
fleki, a, m. = flaki, Fms. v. 167, viii. 429, ix. 30, 421, v.l., Sks. 417
.
FLEKKA, að, to fleck, stain, pollute, 655 xxxii. 4, Magn. 474:
reflex., H. E. i. 476, Stj. 142.
flekka, u, f. a kind of chequered jacket, Sturl. ii. 218: a fle
ck, spot, in flekku-sótt f. scarlet fever, Fél.
ix.
flekkan, f. pollution, 655 xxxii. 3, Stj.
flekkja, að, to rake the hay into rows for drying.
flekk-lauss, adj. unspotted, eccl., 625. 70, 183, Stj. 49.
flekk-óttr, adj. flecked, spotted, of sheep, dogs, cattle (
skjóttr, of horses), Stj. 98, 177, 178, Rb. 354; flekkótt hekla, L
andn. 319, v.l.; rauð-f., svart-f., blá-f., etc., red-, black-, bl
ue-flecked, etc.
FLEKKR, m., pl. flekkir, gen. flekkja, a fleck, spot, Stj. 124, Fm
s. x. 332, Nj. 68, Fb. i. 258: metaph. a blot, stain, Þorst. St. 51
, H. E. i. 505; blóð-f., q.v.; án flekk, sine contamination
e, Mar. 2. a row of hay spread out for drying.
flenging, f. whipping, Grett. 135.
flengja, d, to whip, Fas. iii. 312: to ride furiously, (mod
.)
flenna, t, to put wide open (cant word), Eg. 305, v.l., Fb. iii. 3
35, 427.
flenna, u, f. [flanni], a gadding, giddy woman.
flenn-eygr, adj. having wide-staring eyes, Fb. i. 276.
flens, n. kissing, licking, coaxing; kossa-flens, kissing and c
oaxing.
flensa, að, [Germ. flansen], to kiss, lick (cant word),
Fms. vi. 359, cp. Mork. 75, where it is spelt flenssa: of an ox, Fas. iii. 500.
fleppinn, adj. [Scot. flypin], crest-fallen.
FLES, f., pl. flesjar, [cp. flas, flaska], a green spot among bare
fells and mountains, Edda 52 (in a verse), Þd. 12.
FLESK (fleski, Rm. l.c.), n. [A. S. flæsc; Engl. f
lesh; Germ. fleisch; not in Ulf.; in Icel. and all northern languages
kjöt (Swed. kött, Dan. kjöd) is the common word,
and flesk is only used of pork or bacon; Dan. flæsk;
Swed. fläsk] :-- pork, esp. ham and bacon, oft
en used in pl.; fán fleski, Rm. 29; fleska bezt, Gm. 18; forn fleski, Sn&
oacute;t 226; brauð ok lítið fleski, Bs. i. 819; galtar flesk, Ed
da 23; hveiti ok flesk, Fms. vi. 263: a dish of kale and bacon was a dainty, hen
ce the saving, drepa fleski í kál, to dip bacon into kale,
Fas. iii. 381; e-m fellr flesk í kál, the bacon drops into one'
s kale, cp. the Engl. 'roasted larks flying into one's mouth;' honum þ
ótti, ef þetta prófaðisk satt, náliga flesk falli
t í kál sitt, Bs. i. 717; feitt flesk féll þér
í kál (Ed. ketil wrongly), ef þú kannt at súp
a, Fms. xi. 348. COMPD: fleski-sneið, n. a cut or slice of
bacon, Finnb. 212, v.l., Fms. iii. 112.
FLET, n. [cp. Scot. and Engl. flat = a story of a house; Da
n. fled in fled-föring; A. S. flett = aula; O.
H. G. flazi; Hel. fletti = coenaculum, domus; mod. provinc.
Germ. fletz] :-- a set of rooms or benches, and hence meta
ph. the house itself; often in pl., chiefly used in poetry and in law. 1. rooms; flet fagrlig, Vtkv. 6; sitja á fleti fyrir, Hm. 1;
ef lengi sitr annars fletjum á, 34; flets strá, rooms strewed w
ith straw, Ls. 46; setjask miðra fletja, to be seated in the middle, Rm. 4; vaxa upp á fletjum, 34; láttu á flet vaða gu
ll-skálir, let the golden goblets go round the benches (as the Eng
l. loving cup), Akv. 10; stýra fletjum, to dwell, keep house, Helr
. 10; bera hrör af fletjum, Scot. to lift and carry a body out of the ho
use, to bury, Stor. 4; um flet ok um bekki, Fas. ii. 164. 2. in law p
hrases, a house; setja hann niðr bundinn á flet sýslu-m
anns, to place him bound in the bailiff's house, Gþl. 147, cp. 534;
þá skulu þeir hafa vitni til, ok setja þann mann bundi
nn á flet hans, N. G. L. i. 162, of compulsory alimentation, cp. Dan. 
fled-föring; er dóttir hans á fleti, if he has a daugh
ter in the house, 341; ganga á flet ok á borð e-s, to b
oard and lodge with one, D. N. ii. 442. 3. a couch, in the phr
ase, rísa ór fleti, to rise up from bed, of a lazy fellow,
Gullþ. 14; the word agrees with the mod. use of flet, a flat bed on the
floor, = flat-sæng. COMPDS; flet-björn and flet-vargr,
 m., poët. = a house.
flet-genginn, part. a law phrase = arfsals-maðr, q.v., Dan. fled-f
öring.
fletja, flatti; pres. flet; part. flattr :-- to cut open; þo
rskr flattr, dried cod, stock fish, Grág. ii. 354 B, Jb. 317: refl
ex. to stretch oneself, Fas. ii. 147: impers., skip (acc.) fletr, to d
rift aside (with the current).
flet-roð, n. a 'clearing the flats,' of a furious onslaught in
battle, Jómsv. 39.
fletta, tt, to strip; fletta klæðum, Nj. 209, Fms. viii.
77, 264; fletta e-n af brynju, vii. 227, viii. 121; fletta e-u af e-m, to st
rip (the clothes) off, iii. 125, Al. 89: metaph., Th. 24. &
beta;. to strip, plunder, Sturl. ii. 208, Fms. ix. 383, Stj. 282; cp.
fé-fletta. 2. the phrase, fletta bók (dat.), to turn th
e leaves of a book, (mod.)
FLÉTTA, tt or að, [Lat. plectere; Ulf. flehtan;
Germ. flechten; Dan. flette; the word is scarcely borrowed from th
e Germ.] :-- to plait; hár fléttað, Karl. 335: reflex.,
hárið fléttask niðr á bringu, the hair fell dow
n in braids on the breast, 226.
flétta, u, f. a braid, string; hár-f., plaited ha
ir. COMPDS: fléttu-band, n. plaited string, cord. fl
éttu-grjót, n. sling-stones, Sks. 422, Ó. H. 185
(in a verse). fléttu-skepta, u, f. a kind of shaft, hasta amen
tata, = skepti-flétta, q.v.
fletting, f. a stripping, plunder, Ann. 1242.
fléttingr, m. braids, knots, Karl. 299, 335, Mag. 33, El. 2
7, 29.
flettu-selr, m, a kind of seal, Sks. 177.
FLEY, n. a kind of swift ship (= snekkja, q.v.); only found in poe
ts, as Thiodolf calls the sea fleyja flatvöllr, the flat-field of the fleys, cp. Hkv. 2. 4; fley ok fagrar árar, a fley and beautif
ul oars, Egill; used by poets also in many compds, as fley-braut, fley-va
ngr, the road-field of the fleys, etc.; never in prose, except in pr
. names, as Gesta-fley, Fms. viii, Sverr. S.; but fley-skip occurs not only in v
erse, Fb. i. 528, but also in a deed of the year 1315, N. G. L. iii. 112 :-- als
o used of merchant ships, Ann. The Span. flibóte, Engl. 
fly-boat (Johnson) point to a form fley-bátr = fley-skip, thou
gh that form has not been found; from the Span. flibóte prob. came
the Ital. flibustiero, Anglo-American filibuster: perh. also the
Germ. freibeuter, Engl. freebooter, Dutch vrijbuiter repres
ent the same word, altered so as to give an intelligible sense in the respective
languages.
fleyðr, n. a scratch.
fleygi-ferð, f. flying speed.
fleygi-gaflok, n. a javelin, Sks. 386, 387.
fleygi-kvittr, m. a loose rumour, Fagrsk. ch. 277.
FLEYGJA, fleygði, [fliúga, flaug], to 'let fly,' throw,
with dat., Fms. ii. 17, v. 223, xi. 72, Ld. 166, Bs. ii. 87, Rm. 32 (where read
fleini): absol., Vsp. 28, Fms. vi. 137; fleygja af hendi, 623. 31. β. impers., mönnum ok fénaði fleygði (were thrown) ti
l jarðar, Ann. 1339.
fleygr, adj. able to fly, Grág. ii. 346, Hom. 89.
fleygr, m. a wedge.
fleymingr, m. [flaumr], jest, sport, in the phrase, hafa e-t &iacu
te; fleymingi, to make sport of, 655 xxxii. 15, Hkr. ii. 187, Grett. 95 A
, Sturl. passim; sometimes spelt flymingi or flæmingi, but less correct.
fley-skip, n. a 'fly-ship,' Fb. i. 528 (in a verse), N. G. L. iii.
112, where it is opp. to langskip: cp. fley.
FLEYTA, tt, [fljóta, flaut], to float, launch, with dat.; f
leyta skipum, Hkr. iii. 433, Eg. 359. β. to lift slightly from th
e ground, Fms. iii. 211: reflex. fleytask, metaph. to pass, go through, but with the notion of a narrow escape, as a boat in shallow water, Band. 7 (
v.l.) new Ed.
FLIKKI, n. a flitch of bacon, Fms. x. 204, Fas. ii. 473, Dipl. iii
. 4. COMPD: flikkis-sneið, n. a cut or slice of bacon,
Fms. iii. 112.
FLIM and flimt, n., esp. as a law phrase, a lampoon, libel
(in verses), Nj. 70, Bjarn. 42.
flim-beri, a, m. a flouter, Fb. iii. 242.
flimska, u, f. mockery, Hb. 14.
flimta, að and t, to flout, lampoon; ef þú flimta
r mik, Fms. ii. 9; flimtaði, Fs. 89; but þeir flimtu Þorgr&iacut
e;m, Fms. vi. 31 (flimtuðu, v.l.); flimtaði (subj.), Fs. 89.
flimtan, f. a lampooning, quizzing, satire, Nj. 50, Eg. 209, Fms.
vi. 193, Sturl. ii. 57, iii. 80; vide danz.
FLIPI, a, m. a horse's lip; (granir, of a cow; vör, of a man.
)
FLISSA, að (and fliss, n.), [Swed. fliss], to titter
.
<PAGE NUM="b0161">
<HEADER>FLÍK -- FLÓÐ. 161</HEADER>

FLÍK, f., pl. flíkr (but flíkar, Þorf. l.c.),
[Germ. flick and flicken], a 'flitch,' tatter, rag, flap, &
THORN;orf. Karl. 436, Pass. 24. 1, 2.
flírur, f. pl. caresses; flíru-ligr, adj. 
bland; flíru-læti, n. pl.
FLÍS, f. [Germ. fliese; Swed. flisa; Dan. flise], a splinter, N. G. L. i. 38, Fms. x. 30: a slice, Mar. (Fr.)
flísask, að, dep. to be split into slices, be splintered, Stj. 641.
FLJÓÐ, n. a woman, only used in poetry, Hm. 78, 91, 101
, Alm 5, Rm. 22, Edda 108; etym. uncertain. II. in pl., a local name in N
orway, Fms. xii.
FLJÓT, n. [A. S. fleôt = ostium; cp. the Fl
eet River in London, whence Fleet Street, Northfleet and South
fleet in Kent; Germ. fliess, usually fluss, whence Dan. 
flod] :-- in old writers scarcely used except as a pr. name of a river, viz.
Markar-fljót (and simply Fljót) in the south of Icel., whence 
Fljóts-hlíð, f. the county, Landn. and Nj. passim; and the
county Fljót (pl.) in the north of Icel., whence Fljóta
-menn, m. pl. the men from Fljót, Sturl. i. 138: in mod. usage
it may be used as an appell. a river, as in Dan. and Germ., but scarcely
except in poetry, e.g. Núm. 7. 1. 2. á fljóti, afloat, Fms. iv. 6;; better á floti, vide flot.
FLJÓTA, pret. flaut, 2nd pers. flauzt; flautt scarcely occurs, pl.
flutu; pres. flýt, pl. fljótum, pret. subj. flyti; part. flotinn;
sup. flotið: [A. S. fleôtan; Engl. float; O. H. G. f
liozan; Germ. fliessen; Dan. flyde; Swed. flyta] 1. to float on the water; sá þar fljóta langskip tja
ldat, Eg. 88; þar sem þat flaut í höfninni, 359; l&aacut
e;ta þeir f. skipit, Fms. x. 347; par sá þeir f. fyrir skip &
THORN;orvalds, Korm. 234; hverir láta fljóta fley við bakka, H
kv. 2. 4; flýtr meðan lifir en sökkr þegar dautt er, Rb. 3
52: in the saying, flýtr meðan ekki sökkr, a phrase answering to
the Engl. sink or swim; fugla er f. á vatni, fowls that swim, Grág. ii. 346; þá flýtr hann til lands, floats
ashore, Sks. 94; séðú hve flotinn flýtr, Sk&aacute
;lda 163. β. metaph. to float about, spread, of news, Bs. ii.
143; láta orð f., Mar. 14; þat hefir flotið um þrj&a
acute; bæi eðr fjóra, N. G. L. i. 141, Hom. 45. γ.
reflex., láta fljótask, to drift, Sks. 133. 2. t
o run, stream, of running waier; svá sem rennandi vötn f. at &ya
cute;missum uppsprettum, Fms. ii. 89: to form a pool, vötnin flutu f
jórtán álna djúp, Stj. 58; með fljótandum
tárum, with gushing tears, Mar. β. intrans. to be
flooded; flaut hann allr í tárum, he was in floods of tears
, Fms. x. 24; flutu í vatni augun klár, Pass. 2. 11; flaut &ia
cute; blóði gólf allt, the floor was flooded with blood, Eg. 217; jörðin flaut af hunangi, Stj. 453; ketillinn flýtr me
ð feiti, Bs. ii. 135; flaut allt land af mönnum, Fms. viii. 400.
fljót-endi, n. the float or cork of a net, Gþl
. 428.
fljót-fanga, adj., Bs. i. 360, read fljót fanga-rá&e

th;s.
fljót-leikr (-leiki), m. fleetness, speed, Fms. x. 3
44. xi. 428, Sks. 82.
fljót-liga, adv. fleetly, swiftly, Fms. i. 69: metaph. p
romptly, iv. 295.
fljót-ligr, adj. fleet, Ld. 232: metaph. speeding, B
s. i. 423.
fljót-mæltr, part. talking quickly, opp. to sein-m&ae
lig;ltr.
fljótr, adj. fleet, swift, of a horse, Flóv. 30: of
a ship, Fs. 28, Fms. vi. 262. β. metaph. ready, speedy; &Oacu
te;lafr var þess ekki fljótr, ok fór þó at b&ae
lig;n Bolla, Ld. 186. II. neut. used adverb. fleetly, swiftly; n&
uacute; lát við fljótt ok leita dyra, Fms. v. 147; svá
fljótt, so soon, 168; sem fljótast, the soonest, at once
, Fb. i. 539; þat fljótast sem þú getr, as soon
as thou canst, Fms. iii. 94; fljótara, sooner, Dipl. v. 5. 2. metaph. promptly; hann tekr honum eigi fljótt, he recei
ved him coolly, Sd. 139; þeir tóku eigi fljótt undir &th
orn;at, Fms. ii. 32.
fljót-ráðr, adj. rash, Hkr. iii. 87, v.l.
fljót-ræði, n. rashness.
fljót-tækr, adj. quick at taking in or apprehendin
g, Fms. xi. 427.
fljót-virki, f. quickness in working, Fms. xi. 431, Th. 19.
fljót-virkni (fljót-virkt, Bs. ii. 96), f. hurrie
d work.
fljót-virkr, adj. quick in working, Mar.; but also opp. to
góðvirkr, working hastily, 'scamping' the work.
FLJÚGA, pres. flýg, pl. fljúgum; pret. flaug, 2nd pe
rs. flaugt, mod. flaugst, pl. flugum; another old pret. fló, Haustl. 2, 8
, Þkv. 5, 9, Gh. 17, Ýt. 14, and prose passim; the form flaug is v
ery rare, in old poets; fló is now quite obsolete, flaug, pl. flugu, bein
g the current form: part. floginn; sup. flogit; pret. subj. 1st pers. flygja, 3r
d pers. flygi; with the neg. suf. flýgrat, Hm. 151: [not on record in Got
h., as the Apocal. is lost in Ulf.; A. S. fleôgan; Engl. fly; O. H. G. fliôgan; Germ. fliegen; Dutch vliegen; Swe
d. flyge; Dan. flyve: cp. flug] :-- to fly, Lat. volare,
 of birds; in the allit. phrase, fuglinn fljúgandi; valr flýgr
, Grág. ii. 170; fló sá hrafn aptr um stafn, Landn. 29; fl&
oacute; hann þangat til, Niðrst. 4; at fljúga eigi upp fyrr, Ed
da 60; Johannes flaug upp til himins, Hom. 47. 2. metaph., fljúga
á e-n (á-flog, q.v.), to fly at one another, in a fight, Nj
. 32: recipr., fljúgask á, to join in a fight, N. G. L. i.
46, Nj. 56. β. of weapons, sparks, rumour, and the like; spjó
tið fló yfir hann fram, Nj. 58: kesjan flaug í völlinn, E
g. 379; gneistarnir (the sparks) flugu, Fms. viii. 8; at vápn sky

li falla at manni eðr f. at honum, Grág. Kb. 108; fljúgandi fl
einn, Hm. 85, 151; fleinn floginn, Höfuðl. 12: um konu þá
fló út ferlegt úorðan, Hom. 115; sá kvittr fl&o
acute; í bygðinni, Fms. ix. 237: flaug þat sem sinu-eldr, i. 2
1. γ. of shooting pains (vide flog); þaðan af fló
á hann mein þat, Bs. i. 446. II. in old poetry and on Runic
stones, used = flýja (q.v.), to flee, Lat. fugere; s&aacute
; er eigi fló at Uppsölum, who fled not at Upsala, Baut. 116
9; en þínir fjándr flugu, Hkm. 12; fló ór lan
di, fled from the land, Ýt. 14.
flog, n. [fljúga], a flying, flight, old form = flug, Barl.
56: medic. a shooting pain, verkjar-flog, or flog-verkr, m., and
flog-kveisa, u, f. rheumatism, Fél. ix.
flogall, adj. volatile, Lat. volatilis, Hb.
FLOKKR, m. akin to fólk, [A. S. floc; Engl. flock; D
an. flok; Swed. flock] :-- a body of men; in law five men m
ake a flokkr; flokkr eru fimm menn, Edda 108; þat heitir f. er fimm menn e
ru saman, N. G. L. i. 61: -- a company, host, party, þeir gengu al
lir í einum flokki, Nj. 100; engla flokkar, a host of angels, Greg
. 34; marga flokka, Th. 3; hlaupa í gegn ór öðrum flokki,
Grág. ii. 10: adverb., flokkum, in crowds, 656. 18; flokkum &thor
n;eir fóru, Sl. 63 :-- a troop, band, hefja flokk, to raise a b
and, to rebel, Fms. viii. 273, ix. 4; ofríki flokkanna, vii. 293; far
a með flokk, to roam about, 318 :-- a tribe, company, in a goo
d sense, Stj. 321, 322, passim, and so in mod. usage. COMPDS: flokka-atv&iacu
te;gi, n. an attack in bands, uproar, N. G. L. i. 165. flokka-fer&
eth;, f. a marching in troops, Grett. 124 B. flokks-foringi, a
, m. a captain, leader, Fbr. flokks-höfðingi, a, m. a
head, chief, Stj. 322. flokks-maðr, m. a man belonging to a f.
 Fms. vii. 252, Sturl. iii. 242. flokks-víg, n. a law term, manslaughter in a faction fight or mêlée, N. G. L. i. 6
4. II. a short poem, Ísl. ii. 237, Fms. v. 227, vi. 391, xi
. 203, 204: as the name of poems, Brands-flokkr, Sturl. iii. 90; Tryggva-f., Fms
. iii. 54, 116; Kálfs-f., 123; Valþjófs-f., vi. 426; cp. esp
. Gunnl. S. and Knytl. S. l.c., vide drápa. 2. in mod. usage an ep
ic poem consisting of several cantos is called flokkr or rímna-flokkr; th
us Úlfars-rímur, Núma-rímur, Þrymlur, etc. are
each of them a flokkr, but the Skíða-ríma or Ólafs-r&i
acute;ma, being single rhapsodies, are not so called.
flokk-stjóri, a, m. a captain or leader of a f., Ld.
268.
florin, m. (for. word), a florin, Bs. ii. 43.
FLOS, n. the 'floss' or pile of velvet.
flosa, u, f. a splinter, = flís, Bev.
flosi, a, m. a pr. name, Landn., Nj. β. [Norse flös], a fop. COMPDS: flosa-háttr, m. flutter. flos
a-legr, adj.; cp. flysjungr.
flosna, að, to hang loose, prop. of threads: to wither,
þar flosna aldregi blómar, Hb. 6. β. metaph., flosna u
pp, to break up one's household, be bankrupt.
FLOT, n. [fljóta], the fat, grease, esp. from cooked meat,

Fms. i. 36, Sd. 163, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18: in the phrase, sjaldan hefi eg flotinu
neitað, Ísl. Þóðs. i. 437. II. afloat, only in the phrases, á flot, with the sense of motion, 'setting' afl
oat, Fms. vi. 249; á floti, 'being' afloat; vera á flo
ti, Hm. 155, Fms. vii. 287, Grág. ii. 357, N. G. L. i. 45.
flota, að, to float, launch, with dat., Fær. 162, Fms. i
i. 107, ix. 447.
flota-hólmr, m. an islet, = um-flotin ey, Sks. 93.
flot-brúsi, a. m. a floating jar, poët. a boat,
Hým. 26.
flot-bytta, u, f. a grease-tub, a cognom., Fms.
flot-fundinn, part. found afloat, of a whale, Grág. ii. 383
.
floti, a, m. [Germ. floss; Dan. flaade], a float, raft, Lat. ratis, Skálda 163, Gþl. 411, Fms. viii. 32. 2. a fleet, Lat. classis, Hkv. 1. 27, 35, 2. 18, Fms. i. 169, viii
. 222, passim. II. = flet, a movable seat, bench, Fms. v. 332, v.
l., perhaps a misspelling.
flotna, að, to come afloat, Fms. viii. 380, Stj. 123: metaph.,
flotna upp, to float up, come to the surface, Bs. i. 724.
flotnar, m. pl., poët. seamen, freebooters, Edda 107, Lex. Po
ët.
flot-rennr, adj. passable by a float or raft, of a river, G
þl. 414.
FLÓ, f., pl. flær, a layer, stratum, Edda 83. II. [A. S. fleâ; Engl. flea; Germ. floh], a flea, Fas. i. 394: the saying, vera eins og fló á skinni, i.e. ne
ver at rest; mar-fló [Germ. floh-krebs], cancer pulex.
flóa-bit, n. flea-bite.
FLÓA, að, to boil milk or fluids; hence, fl&oacu
te;uð mjólk, boiled milk; óflóuð mjól
k, unboiled milk; sólin heitir ok flóar alla veröld, M
ar. 56; hón flóar ok heitir kólnuð hjörtu. 60. 
II. to flood; Lögrinn gengr svá upp á löndin
at víða flóar, Ó. H. 17; af hans sárum fl&oacute
;aði svá mikit blóð, Mar. (Fr.): in mod. usage always decl
ined with ð, flóir and flóði, if in this sense.
FLÓÐ, n. [Ulf. flôdus = GREEK, Luke vi. 49; A. S.
flôd; Engl. flood; Swed.-Dan. flod; Germ. fluth] :-- a flood, inundation, deluge, Rb. 336; flóðit mikla, A
nn. 1199, Fms. xi. 393; vatns-flóð, water-flood. 2. of
the tide, flood = flæðr, Fms. vii. 272, Eg. 195; þ&aacute
; er flóð, er tungl er í vestri ok í austri, 415. 10; f
lóð eðr fjara, Gullþ. 13; at flóði, Fms. viii. 3
89, Orkn. 428, v.l., Landn. 57: in the west of Icel. always flæðr, q.v
. 3. a flood, river or sea, only in old poetry; the allit.
phrase, fiskr í flóði, fish in flood, esp. of salmon, G

m. 21; hvat er þat fiska er renn flóði í, Skv. 2. 1, Fas
. i. 483 (in a verse); fold skal við flóði taka (a saying), Hm. 1
38; cp. meðan jörð heldr flóði, vide Lex. Poët. 
4. a snow-slip, avalanche, Gísl. 33; snæ-flóð
or snjó-flóð (freq.) II. metaph. tumult, uproar; en hinn vegni yrði fyrir því flóði, that the sl
ain should be swept away in that flood, Grág. ii. 140; var Pál
l í því flóði, Paul perished in the tumult, Sturl. iii. 83 C; í þessu flóði urðu þeir Hr
ingr, Fms. v. 268; veit ek hverir hér munu andask, ok monat þ&uacut
e; í því flóði verða, thou shalt not peris
h along with them, Greg. 75; í því flóði ur&e
th;u fjórir tigir riddara, Blas. 38: in a good sense, í þv&i
acute; flóði græddi hann konu þá er Sintica heitir
, Post. 656 B. 11: in the mod. phrase, vera í flóði e-s, to
be in one's train, under one's protection.
<PAGE NUM="b0162">
<HEADER>162 FLÖÐSKITR -- FLÝJA.</HEADER>
flóð-skítr, m. a duck, podiceps cornutus, Edda (
Gl.), = flóa-skítr.
FLÓI, a, m. [Norse flaa-vand, flaa-bygd; cp. the Kelpie'
s flow in Scott's Bride of Lammermoor; also the ice-floe of Arctic na
vigators] : -- a marshy moor, Ísl. ii. 345, Fms. iv. 359, Jb. ii.
280; fúa-flói, a rotten fen; flóa-barð, n
. the edge of a f.; flóa-skítr, m. = flóð
-skítr; flóa-sund, n. a strip of moor; and many othe
r compds. β. a district in the south of Icel., hence Flóamenn, m. pl. the men of F., and Flóa-manna Saga, u, f.
the name of a Saga. II. a bay or large firth, Þ&oacut
e;rð. 7 new Ed.: freq. in local names, Stranda-flói, Grett. 13 new Ed
.; Húna-flói, Sturl. iii. 58 sqq.; Faxa-f. (old Faxa-óss).
Flóa-fundr, m. the battle in F., Sturl., Ann. -- Deep wa
ter in a bay is also called flói, opp. to the shallow water near the
coast, Bjarneyja-flói.
FLÓKI, a, m. 'flock,' felt, hair, wool, etc.; ullar-fl&oacu
te;ki, Edda 237, Fas. ii. 207 (freq.): of a goat's beard, Eb. 92. COMVDS: fl&
oacute;ka-hattr, m. and -hetta, u, f. a felt-hat, Hkr. ii. 202
, Eb. 240. flóka-ólpa, u, f. a jacket with a felt cowl, Sturl. flóka-stakkr, m. id., Fas. ii. 242. fl&oacute
;ka-trippi, n. a foal with a shaggy skin, Fas. i. 9. 2. metaph
. of dense black clouds, Vígl. 22; ský-flóki,
Eb. 260. II. [A. S. flôc], a kind of halibut, passer, so
lea, Edda (Gl.) III. a pr. name, Landn.; hence in names of places, Flóka-dalr, etc., Landn.
flókinn, part. clotted, entangled, Fms. x. 192: of a cloud,
Sks. 226.
FLÓN, m. an oaf, fool; flónska, u. f. fool
ishness; flóns-háttr, m. id.; no example has bee
n found in old writers.
flóna, að, to become warm; þá tók a
t flóna líkit, Stj. 615, 2 Kings iv. 34; þá fl&oacute

;na þeir til ástar við Guð, Mar. 99.
FLÓR, m. [for. word; A. S. flôr; Engl. floor;
O. H. G. fluor; Germ. flur; Dutch vloer] :-- a floor, pa
vement, in Icel. only used of the floor of a cow-stall, Bjarn. 32; mo
ka flór, to clean the floor. Fas. ii. 341: in Norway = cow-stal
l, Bk. 98, D. N. i. 233. flór-fili, n. floor-deals, N.
G. L. i. 38.
FLÓTTI, a, m. [Engl. flight; Germ. flucht, whence Dan. flugt; cp. flýja] :-- flight = Lat. fuga (never =
volatus): kom flótti í lið Eireks-sona, Fms. i. 38, Al
. 142, passim; snúa á flótta, Eg. 290; flótti brestr
, Fms. passim, vide bresta. β. a flying host; reka fló
tta, to pursue the flying host, Eg. 290, 299, Fms. passim. COMPDS: fl&
oacute;tta-gjarn, adj. craven, Stj. 263. flótta-menn, m
. pl. a flying host, Fms. i. 45, Orkn. 106. flótta-rekstr,
m. pursuit of the flying host, Stj. 483, Fms. vi. 323. flótta-s
tigr, m. a path of flight, Sks. 728. Poët. compds: fló
tt-skjarr, flótt-styggr, adj. 'flight-shy,' i.e. valiant, Lex. Poët.
flótt-reka, rak, to put to flight, Bs. ii. 82, (rare.)
FLUG, n., but in old writers usually, if not always, flugr, m. [cp
. fljúga I] :-- flight, Lat. volatus; fuglanna flug (acc.),
Stj. 17; þá beinir hann fluginn, Edda 60; (hann) dró arns&u
acute;g í flugnum, 46; í sínum flug, Stj. 270: the phrase,
á flugi, in the flight; fugl á flugi, a bird of flight, Od. xii. 62; mætir hón hamrinun á flugi, Edda 58; &aacu
te; ferð ok flugi, 'faring and flying,' all in motion, Fas. i. 6, N&u
acute;m. 2. 99: metaph., var hón öll á flugi, she was all
in a flutter, Fb. ii. 335. II. = flótti, Lat. fuga, flight,
 only in poetry; trauðr flugar, unwilling to flee, bold, Hkv. 1.
52, Fms. xi. 186 (in a verse); flugar-trauðr, adj. bold, Hkv.
1. 54; cp. flug-skjarr, flug-styggr, flug-trauðr, flug-varr, adj., flug-þverrir, m. firm in battle, unflinching, all epithets of
heroes, Lex. Poët. III. neut. a sheer precipice; hann er sv&
aacute; hár, ok þat flug fyrir ofan at ..., Fas. ii. 231; hence 
fluga-björg, n. pl. and fluga-hamarr (mod. flug-hamarr),
m. precipices, Bs. i. 330, Fms. viii. 18. 49, Fb. iii. 408, Fas. ii. 231:
also of a current, fluga-fors, m., Mag.; fluga-straumr, m.
a rapid vortex, eddy, Edda 67 (in a verse) :-- other compds in mod. use,
flug-beittr, adj. keen-edged, as a razor; flug-gáfa&eth
;r, flug-næmr, flug-skarpr, adj. keen, acute, quick to learn; flug-háll, adj. (flug-hálka, u, f.), very slippery
; flug-ríkr, adj. immensely rich.
fluga, u. f., gen. pl. flugna, a fly, gnat, moth, Stj. 23, 91, Pr.
474, Edda 70, Ver. 20; gesta-fluga, a moth; mý-f., a gnat;
bý-f., a bee; randa-f., a wasp; hunangs-f., a honey-fly
, a kind of Icel. bee; mel-f., a clothes-moth; þev-f., a kind o
f tipula: myki-f., a dung-fly: maðka-f., a maggot-fly,
all three musca, etc., vide Eggert Itin. ch. 688: the phrase, eins og flu
ga, swift as a fly. Wizards were said to bewitch flies and send them to k
ill their enemies (vide galdra-fluga, gand-fluga), hence the phrase, gína
við flugu, or taka flugu, to swallow the fly or to carry the fly,
 i.e. to be the tool of another man, esp. in a wicked and fatal busin
ess, Eb. 164; ef Hallgerðr kemr annarri flugu í munn þér
, if H. puts another fly in thy mouth, i.e. makes thee to carry anothe
r lie, Nj. 64; þeir gina við þessi flugu, Al. 9; era m&iacut
e;nligt flugu at gína, 'tis not 'mine-like' to open the mouth for flie
s, i.e. lies and slander, Kristni S. (in a verse of the year 998); ha
nn fær komit þeirri flugu í munn eins skiptings, Fms. xi. 445
. COMPDS: flugu-maðr, m. 'a man of flies,' a wizard, occurs in
this sense in the old Swed. law (Verel.): hence metaph. a hired bandit, an a
ssassin, Landn. 181, N. G. L. ii. 51, Fms. v. 45, 190, vi. 188, Glúm.
361, Rd. 307, Lv. 57. flugu-mannligr, adj. looking assassin-like,
Fs. 65.
flugði, a pret. of a lost verb flygja, to shudder; h&oa
cute;n flugði öll, she shuddered all over (from horror), Eb. 318
.
flug-dreki, a, m. a flying dragon, a mythic monster, Nj. 183, Bjar
n. 12, Gullþ., Al., Sks. 79; cp. dreki fljúgandi, Vsp.
flug-dýr, n. a flying insect, Pr. 476.
flug-ormr, m. a flying snake, winged serpent, mythol., Pr.
flug-sjór, m. the giddy deep, Fas. ii. 231, v.l.
flug-skjótr, adj. swift as one winged, Fas. iii. 455.
flug-snarr, adj. = flugskjótr, Art. 149.
flug-stigr, m. a path of flight, poët., Hkv. 2. 47: the popul
ar phrase, eg var kominn á flugstig að fara, I was just about to g
o (or do a thing), but always with the notion that one is prevented at the l
ast moment.
flutning, f., used as masc. (flutningr) in Norse writers, Gþ
l. 432, in mod. usage masc. throughout, [flytja] :-- transport, carriage of g
oods; flutning hálfa, Pm. 122; f. öll, Vm. 150; allar flutninga
r, Grág. ii. 357, 359, Fms. iv. 121, viii. 179, Band. 2 :-- conveyance
of persons, Eg. 75, 477: in mod. usage also = farmr. 2. masc. in the
metaph. sense, help, negotiation, intervention, Hrafn. 14, Fms. vii. 17,
ix. 295; mála-f., pleading, Hrafn. 17 :-- report, var &tho
rn;at þeirra flutningr, they reported, Fms. x. 97, Bs. i. 702, 775;
but fem., 701. COMPDS: 1. fem., flutningar-maðr, m. a carrier of
goods, Grág. ii. 383, Glúm. 393, Vm. 16. flutninga-skip, n. a ferry-boat, Vm. 15. 2. masc., flutnings-maðr, m.
a pleader, Eg. 172, 467, Hkr. iii. 27, Sturl. ii. 17.
FLÚÐ, f. low skerries or reefs flooded by the sea; á flúð eða skeri, Mar.; flúð ok fall, Bs. ii
. 51.
FLÚR, n. [for. word; Lat. flos], a flower, blossom,
Fms. v. 345, Barl., Flor., Stj., Bs. ii, freq. in old translations, but now obso
lete, except in a metaph. sense, a flowery style of writing. II. flour, Fms. viii. 250, v.l., Bs. i. 707, 713. COMPDS: flúr-brau&
eth;, n. flour-bread, Stj. 121, Fms. ix. 241. flúr-hleifr, m. a flour-loaf, El. 21.
flúraðr, part. flowery, esp. in a bad sense, of an affe
cted style, etc.
FLYÐRA, u, f. a flounder, Edda (Gl.), Bs. ii. 179.

flygill, m. [Germ. flügel], a wing, Þiðr. 92
, where it seems borrowed from German ballads.
flyka (and flyksa), u, f. a flake, rag, metaph. a phanto
m, Grett. 111.
flykkjask, t, dep. [flokkr], to crowd, Fms. viii. 81, 411, Hom. 65
, Fas. ii. 80, Orkn. 372 (in a verse).
flysja, að, [flos], to split or cut into slices, H&aacu
te;v. 31 new Ed.; cp. flís.
flysjungr, m. a fop, charlatan.
FLYTJA, pres. flyt: pret. flutti; sup. flutt :-- to cause to flit, car
ry, Gísl. 133; flytja vöru til skips, Nj. 4, Skálda 163,
Eg. 125, 194: of trade, to export or import, þenna fj&aacut
e;rhlut f. menn þaðan, Sks. 184; kaupmenn er mest gæði flytj
a landi þessu, Fms. vii. 122; frillu þá er þú he
fir flutt af Noregi, Ld. 34. 2. metaph., flytja fórn, to bring
an offering, Sks. 781. β. to perform; flytja skírs
lu, járnburð, Ld. 58, Fms. viii. 149, Hkr. ii. 229. γ. to proclaim, preach; hvaða skiru hann flytti, 625. 90: pass., Fms. x.
161: to recite, deliver a poem, speech, etc., flytja kvæði, &Ia
cute;sl. ii. 222; flytja ræðu, to deliver a sermon (mod.): meta
ph., var sú vísa mjök flutt, the verse was much repeated,
went abroad, Fms. i. 48: pass. to be told, Stj. 59, K. Á. 200.
δ. to help, plead, intercede; flytja eyrindi, Fms. x. 44, v
.l.; göfgir menn fluttu þetta mál með honum, Fms. i. 13; n
ú hefi ek flutt sem ek mun at sinni, Hrafn. 17; cp. af-flytja, to disp
arage: pass., Sks. 185 B. ε. to entertain, support; fl
ytja úmegð, Mar. (Fr.): pass. to support oneself, Bs. i. 705.
II. reflex. to flit, migrate; hann fluttisk til fjalls upp, Fms. x
. 411; fluttisk þá herrinn, ix. 353; fluttusk þeir upp &iacut
e; árós einn, Landn. 57: láta skjóta báti ok
fluttisk út á skipit, Nj. 133, Fms. xi. 143; flytjask þeir &
Oacute;lafr þangat ok kasta akkerum, Ld. 76: ef þér flytisk e
igi ór höfninni, Ísl. ii. 127; flytjask fram, to pass, suc
ceed tolerably, Helgi kvað sér við slíkt hafa fram flu
tzk nokkura stund, Fms. v. 257: þó at nú flytisk fram b&uacu
te;ið er þú ert við, Band. 2. III. part. flytjandi,
in the phrase, f. eyrir, movables, money, Grett. 90, Ám. 3, Pm. 22
, Dipl. iii. 6. β. a conveyer, Grág. ii. 358: metaph.
a promoter, Ó. H. 126, Glúm. 349.
flytjan, f. a helping, promoting, Stj. 111.
flyxa, v. flyka.
FLÝJA, pres. flý; pret. flýði; sup. flý&e
th;; part. flýiðr: mod. flúa, pret. flúði, p
art. flúinn, pres. flý; an older form with &oelig; -- fl
&oelig;ja, pres. fl&oelig;, pret. fl&oelig;ði -- occurs in poetry and ol
d prose; sk&oelig;ðr and fl&oelig;ði rhyme even in Pd. 47
(of the 12th century): this older form is rightly formed from the part. fl&oacut
e;; sup. flýit, Fms. i. 26; fl&oelig;r (pres.), 623. 26; fl&oelig;ðu
(pret.), Bret. 74; but flýðu, 40; flyiðr (part.), Edda 154 (pref.
): fl&oelig;ja (inf.), Sdm. 21, 677. 10, 655 xiv. A. 1, 623. 16; fleoði -- f
l&oelig;ði, Hom. (St.) 3; pret. indin. fl&oelig;ðu (fugisse), &Oa

cute;d. 9; pret. subj. fl&oelig;ðim (fugeremus) Fms. ii. 181 (in a ve
rse): [cp. Ulf. þljûhan; A. S. fleon; O. H. G. fli&
ucirc;han, mod. fliehen; Engl. flee; no strong verb correspond
ing to this occurs in the Scandin., except fljúga, which in very old time
s served for both fugere and volare, vide s. v.] :-- to flee, Lat. fugere; þeir flýðu til Upplanda, Fms. i. 19; v&i
acute;st vil ek eigi flýja, x. 348; Kjötvi hinn auðgi flyði,
Eg. 33, Sks. 716 B; þá er Eirekr hafði brott flýit, Fms
. i. 26: landsmenn féllu ok flýðu, Bret. 40; Tyrkir vór
u flyðir í borgina, 88; flýja undan, to flee from one pursu
ing, Eg. 269; or, flyja undan e-m, 623. 16; flýja undan banvænl
igu höggi, Edda 154. 2. adding acc., flýja land, to flee t
he land, Fms. i. 1, Ld. 4; flýðu margir göfgir menn ó
ðul sín, Eb. 3, Fs. 123: to flee from, shun, úhæg
t mun forlögin at flýja, to shun fate, 20; flýja hv&aa
cute;rki eld né járn, Edda 82; ek flýða banann, I sh
unned death, Bret. 90; þá er sá bani, er þing fl&y
acute;r, one who shuns the meeting, i.e. appears not, N. G. L. i.
62.
<PAGE NUM="b0163">
<HEADER>FLÝTA -- FORÐA. 163</HEADER>
FLÝTA, tt, [hence fljótr], to hasten, make haste, wi
th dat.; flýta ferðinni, to hasten on one's journey, Grett. 99
, Bs. i. 130; flýta sér, to hasten, speed oneself, Stj. 221
, Þórð. 69.
flýtir, m. fleetness, speed, Stj. 172, Lv. 41, Fas. iii. 21
9. flýtis-verk, n. hurried work. II. of a person, an instigator, Lex. Poët.
flæða, dd, [flóð], to flood over, Stj. 56, 28
4, Ann. 1345: to flow, of the tide, Fms. vi. 163, ix. 44, x. 98: impers.,
fé ok skip (acc.) flæðir, the flood-tide overtakes sheep an
d boats, i.e. they are lost by the tide, (mod.)
flæði-, in COMPDS: flæði-bakki, a, m. 'floo
d-tide-banks,' banks covered at high water, Gísl. 138, cp. 52. fl&
aelig;ði-sker, n. a skerry which is flooded at high water, Fms. i
i. 142: the phrase, hann er ekki á flæði-skeri staddr, he is
not on a fl., i.e. is in safety.
FLÆÐR, f., gen. flæðar, acc. and dat. flæði
, pl. flæðar, flood-tide, high water, a word used in western Ic
el. instead of flóð, which is used in the south, north, and east; &th
orn;á var flæðrin síð dags, Eg. 600; flæðr
sævar, Sturl. ii. 70; í sandi þar er flæðr g&eacut
e;kk yfir (í flæðar-máli, Landn. l.c.), Fms. i. 248; bi&
eth;u þeir flæðar, Eg. 129; af nálægð tunglsins
vaxa flæðar, Rb. 478; fyrir flæðarinnar skyld, Stj. 57; at
flæðum, Orkn. 428; at flæði sævar, 422; stórstr
aums-f., hábakka-f., smástraums-f. COMPDS: flæðar-bak
ki, a, m. = flæðibakki, Gísl. 52. flæðar-m&aac
ute;l, n. flood-mark, i.e. the space between low and high water, N. G. L. i. 13, Landn. 117. flæðar-mús, f. 'floodmouse,' a fabulous animal in nursery tales, vide Ísl. Þj&oacute
;ðs. and Maurer's Volksagen; the word is, however, probably only a corruptio
n from Germ. 'fleder-maus,' the bat. flæðar-pyttr, m. a pit on the beach, Fs. 158. flæðar-sker, n. = flæ&e
th;isker, Edda 48. flæðar-tími, a, m. flood-time, hig
h water, Stj. 57. flæðar-urð, f. rocks reached by hi
gh water, Grett. 99. The word flæðr may be used as a test, to shew
whether a MS. was written in the west of Icel. or not; but for authorship it is
not sufficient, as copyists were apt to alter such things; thus the Gullþ
. S. (a western Saga) uses flóð not flæðr; at the present d
ay an Icel. from the west is ridiculed in other counties of Icel. for his fl&ael
ig;ðr.
flækingr, m. vagrancy, also a stroller.
flækja, t, [flóki], to entangle: reflex., flækj
a fyrir e-m, to cross one's path, Fas. iii. 380, Grett. 134.
flækja, u, f. entanglement.
FLÆMA, d, to drive away ignominiously, Mart. 119, Fms. v. 30
4, x. 262, Fær. 133: = slæma, q.v., Nj. 262, a bad reading: reflex.
to roam about, rove, (mod.)
flæmi, n. a waste, open place.
flæmingr, m. a stroller, landlouper, (mod.)
Flæmska, n, f. the Flemish language. Flæmskr, a
dj., and Flæmingi, a, m. Flemish, Fas. iii. 262, Bs. Laur. S
., Vm. 62.
FLÆRÐ, f. [flár II], falsehood, deceit, Gþl
. 492, Stj. 169, 631, Hom. 86, 158, Fms. i. 74. β. with the notion o
f blandness, (mod.) COMPDS: flærðar-fullr, adj. full
of deceit, Stj. 78, Fms. x. 221. flærðar-lauss, adj. sin
cere, Sks. 20, 632, Bret. 82. flærðar-orð, n. false (but fair) language, Fas. i. 193. flærðar-samligr
 and flærðar-samr, adj. false, 625. 65, Sks. 308. Flærðar-senna, u, f. Siren-song, name of a poem, cp. Lokasenna.
flærðari, a, m. an impostor, Fms. viii. 235.
flærð-lauss, adj. = flærðarlauss, Stj. 554, Fms. viii
. 239, Hom. 150.
flærðr, part. blended with falsehood, Fas. i. 142.
flærð-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), false, Stj. 55
4, Fms. i. 59, x. 260.
flærð-samr, adj. = flærðarsamr, Sks. 308 B.
flögra, að, to flutter, flap, Grett. 111.
flökr, n. a roving, roaming about, = mod. flakk, Bs. i. 97.
flökra, að, = flökta; fljúga ok f., Barl. 137.
flökrt, n. adj. a 'fluttering' feeling, nausea; mér er
flökurt, I am like to be sick; flökr-leiki, a, m. a
feeling rather sick, Fél.

flökta, t, to flutter and fly about, Fas. i. 393, Greg. 79, F
ms. vi. 62, x. 139.
flösur, f. pl. flaws in iron, Eg. 184 (in a verse).
FLÖT, f., pl. flatir, a plain, freq. in mod. use. Flö
tr, f. pl. a local name, Eb. 15 new Ed., Bs. i. 629.
FNASA, að, [mid. H. G. phnasen], to sneeze, snort, Lat.
fremere, metaph. to snort in rage, Þkv. 13, Korm. 220 (in
a verse).
fnasan and fnösun, f. a sneezing, snorting, Fas. i. 51
9 (in a verse).
fnauði, a, m. a craven, Edda (Gl.), Fms. xi. 141, Mork. 148, u
sed only in poetry.
FNJÓSKR, mod. hnjóskr, m. [Swed. fnöske,
cp. Swed. fnas = husk] :-- touchwood, Fms. vii. 225: meta
ph., synda-f., Mar. 23; fnjóskr eðr kveyking, id.; hence local names
in Icel., as Fnjóska-dalr, Fnjósk-á, Landn., Eggert Itin.
fnjósk-þurr, adj. dry as touchwood.
FNYKR, m., also spelt nykr, [cp. Dan. fnug == an atom, a light
substance; Swed. fnugg] :-- a stench, Bs. ii. 5 (spelt snykr);
þá slöri illum fnyk (MS. fnycc) af líkamanum, Fms. x.
379 (Ágrip); fnykr ok fýla, 213; nykr ok fýla, Bs. i. 199;
þar til er út ferr fnykr (MS. frykr) um nasar yðrar, Stj. 323,
Numb. xi. 20, Barl. 86, v.l.
fnýsa (and older form fn&oelig;sa, Fm. 18, Gkv. 1. 27; fn&oelig;st
u, Þd. 5), t, [Swed. fnysa; Dan. fnyse] :-- to sneeze, Lat. fremere: with dat., fnýsa eitri, to blow out poison,
Fms. i. 160, Fm., Gkv., Þd. l.c.; fnýsa blóði, Hkr. i.
86 (in a verse).
fogl, m. a fowl, vide fugl.
FOK, n. [fjúka], spray, any light thing tossed about by the win
d; hey-fok, fjaðra-fok, hay, feathers tossed about :-- a snowdrift = fjúk, Bjarn. 51. COMPDS: fok-reiðr, adj. wroth,
frantic. fok-sandr, m. drift-sand.
folald, n. a young foal, Lv. 93, Sturl. i. 144.
FOLD, f. [A. S. folde; cp. Engl. field, Germ. feld],
a field of soft grass; flata-foldir, fields, Bs. ii. 79; hence fy
ldinn, adj., q.v. Foldir, f. pl. local name of a grassy oasis in western
Icel.; rare in prose, but freq. in poetry: -- generally the earth, Alm.
11, Vsp. 57, Hým. 24, Haustl. 5, Edda 97 (in a verse); á foldu, on earth, Hyndl. 40. II. the name of a fjord and county in Norway, t
he modern Christjania-fjord; Vest-fold, West-fold, a county; perhaps 'fol
d' is to be taken in this sense, viz. = fjörðr in Hm. 138.
fold-vegr, m. = fold, Vtkv. 3.
FOLI, a, m. [A. S. fola; Germ. füllen; Dan. fole; Swed. fåle] :-- a foal, freq.: in a phrase, Gísl.
27: of a camel, Stj. 183; asna-foli, Sams. 15. fola-fótr, m. a nic
kname, Fms. vii. 51.
FONTR, m. [for. word; Lat. fons], a font, Vm. 6, 52, K. &Aa
cute;. 20, H. E. i. 480, Stj. 289, Pm. 126. COMPDS: font-klæði,
n. a font-cover, Vm. 4, B. K. 83. font-kross, m. the cross on
a font, Vm. 103, 117.
FOR, f., pl. forar, a drain, sewer; í forum þeim er h
ann grefr, Grág. Kb. ch. 187; stíflur (dikes) eða forar
(drains, ditches) er hann hefir görvar með vatns-veitingum, Gr&
aacute;g. ii. 289: in mod. usage, a cess-pit, bæjar-for, hland-for
; for og bleyta, mud and dirt.
FORAÐ, n., in pl. foruð or foröð, mod. foræ&eth
;i, a dangerous place, precipice, abyss, pit; allt er feigs forað
, Sl.; elta e-n á forað, Grág. ii. 117, 120, 157, Bs. i. 200,
Gg. 15, Gþl. 393, 411, N. G. L. i. 342, Vápn. 8, Blas. 46, Thom. 25
6, Fsm. 9, 40; fallanda f. (stumbling-block) þresköldr hennar,
Edda (Gl.): freq. in mod. usage, a bog, quagmire, morass, esp. in the al
lit. phrase, fen og foræði, fens and bogs. β. metap
h. a dangerous situation; vera í foraði, Fms. ix. 517; kom ha
nn sér í mikit forað, 623. 15; in Post. Luke xvi. 26 is render
ed by forað (N. T. djúp). γ. a bugbear, ogre, monster
; hann er et mesta forað, Edda 42; Mystus heitir forað, Pr. 472; &th
orn;ú ert et mesta forað, Nj. 176: cp. the saying, foruðin sj&aac
ute;sk bezt við, cp. also the Germ. 'ein fuchs riecht den andern,' Orkn. 308
: in COMPDS, horribly, awfully; foraðs-hár, adj. ter
ribly tall, Fms. iii. 124. foraðs-íllr, adj. abominable
, Ísl. ii. 162. foraðs-ligr, adj. awful, Thom. 256.
foraðs-veðr, n. abominable weather. Sturl. ii. 50, Bjarn.
54, 56, Post. 656 B. 12.
forað-skapr, m. abominable nature, Stj. 483. 1 Sam. xxv. 25.
for-akt, n. (for. word), intention; með vilja eðr f., H. E
. i. 561. β. in mod. usage = Germ. veracht, contempt.
for-akta, að, [Germ. verachten], to despise, scorn, (mo
d. word.)
forátta, u, f., an older form forurtir, contr. for&oacut
e;ttir, f. pl. occurs, -- forutta-laust, Grág. i. 329, 377 (Kb. ii. 4
2 forótta-laust), 468; forátta-laust, Kb. i. 133, 136; but for&aac
ute;tta, Nj. 15, Eb. 40: [the etymology of the word seems to be 'for' in a priva
tive sense, and 'verk,' cp. A. S. forwyrht = peccatum; in the Icel
. it is used as a law term] :-- a cause of forfeiture, an act whereby the
other party has 'forfeited' his right, but it is not used in a criminal
sense = Germ. verbrechen; ef honum þykkja forurtir til þess,
Grág. l.c.: the phrase, forótta-laust or forurta-laust (foryfta-laust, N. G. L. i. 29, is a false reading), sine causa legali, Grág. l.c.: chiefly in divorce cases, the phrase, finna til forá
ttu, to plead as an excuse, Nj., Eb. l.c. II. in mod. usage = fora
ð; foráttu-brim, foráttu-veðr, n. a heavy surf,
strong gale, etc.
for-beini, a, m. furtherance, Eg. 162, 163, 568, Hkr. i. 189, Bs.
ii. 80.
for-bending, f. a foreboding, Stj. 81.

for-berg, n. a projecting rock, Grett. 141, Fas. iii. 257.
for-bergis, adv. down-hill, Hkv. 1. 41.
for-blindaðr, part. blinded, Pass. 34. 3.
for-boð, n. a foreboding, Fms. vii. 157. II. eccl. a
n interdict, the Germ. verbot, K. Á. 46, 62, 226, H. E. ii. 7
5.
for-boða, að, to forbid, Germ. verbieten, esp. eccl
. to put under an interdict, K. Á. 44, 108, Bs. i. 141, Sturl. i.
123, ii. 4, H. E. i. 466.
for-boðan, f. an interdict, H. E. i. 419.
for-brekkis, adv. down-hill, Grett. 134.
for-brekkt, n. adj. down-hill, Fms. ii. 98, Lv. 112.
for-brjóta, brant, to transgress, Vidal.
for-bænir, f. pl. imprecations, Ísl. ii. 220, Fas. ii
i. 205.
FORÐA, að, prop. to 'forth' oneself, help oneself forth or for
ward, esp. to save one's life, escape danger, with dat.; forða s&
eacute;r, Orkn. 556, Fms. i. 72, v. 87, Eg. 70, Finnb. 320, Magn. 458; halt&uacu
te; undan ok f. þér, Fb. iii. 407; forða fjörvi, lí
fi, to save one's life, Hbl. 12, Fms. vi. 46, Grág. ii. 13: with a
double dat., to be ware of a thing, sál mín þ&eacute
;r fári f., Pass. 11. 9, 16. 10; but usually, forða sér fyrir
e-u, or við e-u. β. hví forðar þú enni h
ægri hendinni, why withholdest than thy right hand? 623. 17. II.
 reflex. to shun, escape, avoid, the thing avoided in acc., Fs. 180;
forðask fund e-s, to shun one, Eb. 92, Fms. ii. 136; forðask forl
ögin, Fs. 24; ekki má f. þá (nothing can escape them
) hvárki menn né dýr, Fms. i. 9: in pass. sense, Sks. 3
31 B: absol. to escape, Edda 21, Nj. 43, Fms. x. 290.
<PAGE NUM="b0164">
<HEADER>164 FORÐI -- FORLYTA.</HEADER>
forði, a, m. respite; skammr f., a short respite, Fms.
viii. 154, v.l.: in mod. usage, stores, viands; lífs f., what s
upports life, a livelihood, -- this sense seems not to occur in old writers;
hence forða-búr, n. a store-house.
for-djarfa, að, [Germ. verderben], to disgrace, Art. 73
, Fas. iii. 289: reflex. to disgrace oneself, Stj. 144, H. E. i. 514: mod
. to spoil, destroy.
for-djörfun, f. destruction.
for-drífa, dreif, [Germ. vertreiben], to drive away,
Clar. 19, Fb. i. 402.
forðum, adv. [akin to fjörð, q.v.], aforetime, formerly,

once, erst, Stj. 121, Fms. x. 413, Sks. 108; forðum daga, in former d
ays, Fms. i. 141, ii. 183, vi. 38; ungr var ek forðum, young was I on
ce, Hm. 46: freq. in mod. usage, but esp. in the sense of yore, in days o
f old; the saying, þrysvar varð allt forðum, Sturl. iii. 253;
cp. 'all good things come in threes.'
for-dúkr, m. a curtain, Vm. 10, 22, 29.
for-dyktr, adj. equipt, Fms. x. 139, (for. word.)
for-dyld, f. [dul], conceit, vanity, show, Pass. 32. 3.
for-dyri, n. a 'fore-door,' vestibule, Fms. viii. 14, Orkn. 368 ol
d Ed.
for-dæða, u, f. [for- negative and dáð = an 'evil
-doer,' cp. Germ. 'missethat;' the etym. given in Js. (Gl.) is inadmi
ssible; only used as a law term] :-- a witch, sorceress, in the worst sen
se, N. G. L. i. 70, 342, 351, Ls. 32, Korm. (in a verse), Grett. 108 new Ed.; b&
ouml;lvuð f., accursed witch! Fms. xi. 435. COMPDS: fordæ&e
th;u-maðr, m. an execrable man, Fms. xi. 432. fordæð
u-skapr, m. witchcraft, sorcery, Hom. 86, Bs. ii. 97, N. G. L. i. 182
, defined K. Þ. K. 76 :-- objects used for sorcery, N. G. L. i. 351
. fordæðu-verk, n. an execrable crime (slaying a man asl
eep), Vígl. 86 new Ed.
for-dæma, d, to condemn, Germ. verdammen, Rb. 338, K.
Á. 224, Bs. ii. 159: eccl., Stj. 151, N. T. passim.
for-dæming, f., esp. eccl. damnation, Germ. verdammung, Stj. 151, Anecd. 28.
for-ellri or foreldri, n., later forellrar, mod. foreldr
ar, m. pl. (inserting d); masc. foreldrar occurs Nj. 224; forellar (e
liding the r), Fms. x. (Ágrip), 410, 413, 418; [Germ. vorä
ltern] :-- forefathers, elders, ancestors, in old writers always in t
his sense; feðr ok forellri. Stj. 240, Fms. i. 34; úlikir sínu
forellri, 195; um þat bregðr mér til forellris míns, vi
i. 64; enir fyrri forellrar várir, Ó. H. 69; frændr ok forel
lrar, id.; frænda ok forellra, Fms. i. 33; sumir hans forellrar, viii. 101
; faðir ok forellar, x. 418 :-- eccl. predecessors, H. E. i. 512. 
forellris-menn, m. pl. forefathers, Fms. ix. 334, Fas. i. 351, Stj. 6
3, 139, Barl. passim. II. in mod. usage, parents, and only in masc
. pl. foreldrar; this sense occurs as early as the N. T. (vide feðgin
), but is unknown to older writers.
for-eyðsla, u, f. desolation, N. T.
for-faðir, m. a forefather, Stj. 124; chiefly in pl., Edda (pr
ef.), Stj. 128, freq. in mod. use :-- eccl. a predecessor, H. E. i. 514,
655 xxxii. 2.
for-fall, n. a let, hindrance, esp. in pl. as a law phrase, G&thor
n;l. 102, H. E. ii. 82: a drawback, Fas. ii. 466. forfalla-laust,
n. adj. and adv. = in case that there be no let or hindrance, Jb.
222, Gþl. 13, K. Á. 22, H. E. i. 516: in N. G. L. i. 351 it is use
d = without legal cause = foráttu-laust. II. sing, a bed
-curtain, Edda (Gl.), Ed. Arna-Magn. ii. 494; hann brá upp forfalli,
ok sá at þar lá madr, Mag. 1: used as masc. (for-fallinn), E

l. 24.
for-fágaðr, part. painted, whitewashed, Gr. GREEK, Matt
h. xxiii. 27.
for-feðgin, n. pl. 'fore-parents,' Stj. 134.
for-fjöl, f. a side-board, Str.
for-flótti, adj. exiled, fugitive, Fms. i. 212, Eg. 284: a landlouper, Stj. 43: flight, Bs. ii. 66; far-flótti, q.v.,
is not so good a reading.
for-ganga, gékk, [Germ. vergeben], to perish, Ann. 1
368, 1412, N. T.
for-ganga, u, f. [A. S. fore-gengd], a 'going before,' help, Hkr. ii. 122. forgöngu-kona, u, f., Mar., Stj. forgöngu-ma
ðr, m. a guide (either man or woman), leader, Hkr. iii. 10
3, Th. 15.
for-gangr, m. = forganga, Háv. 57. forgangs-maðr, m. a leader, Hkr. i. 274, Fms. i. 299, vii. 138.
for-garðr, m. a 'fore-yard,' the fore-court of a house, Fsm. 2
, 3: the metaph. phrase, vera á forgörðum (mod. fara að forg
örðum), of stores, to go out of doors, i.e. to be wasted and
squandered, Fas. iii. 51.
for-gefins, adv. [Germ. vergebens], in vain, (mod.)
for-gildi, n. an GREEK = Lat. praefatio, a preamble, 625. 90.
for-gildra, að, to lay a trap for, Thom. 159.
for-gipt, f. payment for alimentation, = mod. meðgjöf, Sd
. 149, Fms. vi. 298, vii. 112, Fas. ii. 438, Fs. 29, 64. forgiptar-laust,
adj. without costs, 655 xx. 4. II. [Germ. vergift], poi
son, Bb. 3. 68, but in this sense it can scarcely be called an Icel. word.
for-gísl, m. a hostage, Karl. 79.
for-gísla, að, to give as hostage, Karl. 57, O. H. L. 6
5.
for-góðr, adj. exceeding good, Safn i. 92.
for-grípa, greip, [A. S. forgrípan; Germ. vergrei
fen], to do amiss.
for-gyltr, part. (Germ. word), gilded, Vm. 21, 39, Pm. 120, Dipl.
iii. 4.
for-hagr, adj. skilful in handicraft, Stj. 22.
for-harðnaðr and for-hertr, part. hardened.
for-hellir, m. the fore part of a cave, Sams. 19.
for-herða, t, to harden, the Bible passim, [cp. A. S. for-h

eard, very hard.] for-herðing, f. hardness of heart, Bible
.
for-hleypi, n. a 'fore-leaping,' in the phrase, hafa e-n at forhle
ypi, or at forhleypis-manni, to use one as a 'fore-leaper,' i.e. as a
cat's paw, Nj. 224, Sturl. i. 181.
for-hraustr, adj. exceeding valiant, Lex. Poët.
for-hugsan, f. forethought, Bs. ii. 40, 76. for-hugsaðr, part. musing.
for-hús, n. a porch, Eb. 220, Fms. viii. 360, v.l., H. E. i
. 510.
fori, a, m. a bell-wether, Bb. 3. 55; eins og forinn feitr, a ditt
y.
foringi, a, m., gen. ja, pl. jar, a leader, captain, Fær. 10
6, Hom. 111, Fs. 57, Vápn. 25, Bs. i. 48, Fms. iv. 147, v. 295; hers-f.,
liðs-f., a captain of troops; skips-f., a ship's captain.
forka, að, to 'fork' or punt a ship, push it on with a pole, N
j. 273, Fas. ii. 360.
for-kast, n. throwing (hay) before cattle, Ís
l. ii. 141.
for-kirkja, u, f. a church-porch, Stj. 562, Sturl. ii. 59.
for-kláraðr, part. (Germ. word), glorified, Rb. 312.
for-kláran, f. transfiguration.
for-klárast, að, dep., in the Icel. N. T. to be transfigure
d, Mark ix. 1.
for-kostuliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), very finely, Grett. 154
new Ed.
for-kólfr, m. a 'fore-bolt,' metaph. a head, chief,
Al. 127; the reading gjörkólfr in Eb. 86 is prob. false.
FORKR, m. [for. word; Lat. furca], a fork, pole, Landn. 154
: a punting pole, Eg. 220, Fms. vii. 195, viii. 337, ix. 24, 257, passim,
Ld. 56, it occurs even in a verse of the 10th century in Landn. 3. 14 (if the v
erse be genuine): a fork to eat with is in Icel. called gaffall, a mod. w
ord borrowed from Germ. gabel, Dan. gaffel.
for-kuðr, f. [kunna], eagerness to learn, curiosity; var m&oum
l;nnum nú f. á skemtan, Ísl. ii. 326; þá hluti
er þeim er f. á at vita, Orkn. 100 old Ed., 138 new Ed. reads forv
itni: gen. forkunnar- in compds means remarkably, exceedingly; f.
margir, Ísl. ii. 226; f. mjök, Orkn. 332; f. vel, Eg. 253, Nj. 230,
v.l.; f. væn, Fms. i. 70; f. fagr, Edda 46: with a subst., forkunnar or&et
h;, eloquent words, Hom. (St.)
for-kunna, adj. eager to learn; vóru allir f. at heyra or&e
th; hans, Clem. 52.
for-kunnliga, adv., prop, remarkably, exceedingly; f. væn, R

b. 404, Joh. 623. 15; f. fríðr, Fms. i. 212; f. fljótr, viii.
382; f. vel, Grett. 154 new Ed.; sverð búit f., Eb. 226; biðja f.
, to beg ardently, Sks. 616.
for-kunnligr, adj. remarkable, beautiful, Hkr. ii. 73, Fms. x. 319
.
for-lag, n. what is 'laid' up: I. esp. in sing, provisio
n for living, a livelihood, Bs. i. 137, Fms. vi. 304; urðu það
an í frá góð forlög manna, Bs. i: metaph. of marri
age, Ísl. ii. 416, 453: fate in store for one = forlög, Lv. 3
3, Glúm. 333. forlags-eyrir, m. livelihood, Gþl. 259,
442, N. G. L. i. 52: means, Jb. 166. II. in pl. for-lög, n., properly 'fore-law;' hence law or fate, destiny, cp
. ör-lög and lög; the word is not very freq. in old writers, and
chiefly occurs in Sagas such as Vd., Flóam. S., in old poetry only in Km.
23, but rare in genuine heathen Sagas; the very word conveys some Christian not
ion; örlög and sköp are solely heathen, e.g. Hm. 55; this distinc
tion is rightly marked in a ditty of Pal Vídalín -- forlög ko
ma ofan að | örlög kringum sveima | álögin úr y
msum stað | en ólög fæðast heima; in mod. usage forl&o
uml;g is current, but orlög, sköp, obsolete; þetta mun vera forl
ög hennar, Glúm. 333; Hákon kvaðsk þá heyra
vilja forlög sin, ... ef þú vilt vita forlög þ&iacu
te;n, Orkn. 140, Fs. 19; úhægt mun forlögin at flýja, 2
0; eigi mundi tjóa at brjótask við forlögunum, id.; ok m&
aelig;tti þit njóta lengri forlaga, that ye might enjoy a longer
life, 84; honum var annarra forlaga auðit, 6; verðr hverr eptir s&i
acute;num forlögum at leita, 11; torsótt er at forðask forl&ouml
;gin, 24; forlög ekki forðumst ill | fram kemr það hamingjan
vill, Úlf. 3. 69; má vera at hér sé hennar forl&ouml
;g (destiny), Fs.
for-lagðr, part. done with, forlorn, Þorst. St. 51.
for-lát, n. forgiveness, Karl. 552, Pass. 31. 16.
for-láta, lét, to forgive, with dat. II. t
o forsake, [A. S. forlætan], with acc., N. T., Pass.
for-leiga, u, f. rent paid in advance, N. G. L. i. 241.
for-leistr, m. the fore part of a sock, N. G. L. iii.
for-lendi, n. 'fore-land,' the land between sea and hills, Finnb.
242, Bs. ii. 25, Orkn. 324; now undir-lendi.
for-liði, a, m. a leader, Nj. 192, v.l., = fyrir-liði.
for-liga, adv. vehemently; f. reiðr, Thom. 204; vide forr.
for-líkan, f. reconciliation (the Gr. GREEK), Rom. v. 11.
for-líkast, að, dep. [cp. Germ. vergleichen], to com
e to terms, Sturl. iii. 232: in mod. Icel. law, in all but criminal cases, t
he litigants have to appear (in person or by delegates) before two or more 'p
eace-makers' or umpires called forlíkunar-menn, -- usually th
e parson and one or more of the chief men of the parish; the office of the peace
-makers is to try to bring about a friendly settlement called forlíkan

, and this meeting is often repeated; only after a forlíkan has been
tried in vain, can the case be taken before a law-court; by this judicious proce
eding more than half the quarrels are nipped in the bud; there seems to be nothi
ng like this in the old law, and the custom was probably borrowed from Denmark.
There is a saying, 'a lean forlíkan is better than a fat lawsuit.'
for-lítill, adj. exceeding small, Mar. 195.
for-ljótr, adj. exceeding ugly, Bs. i. 802.
for-lýta, tt, to blame, Fms. viii. 4.
<PAGE NUM="b0165">
<HEADER>FORLÖG -- FORRÆÐA. 165</HEADER>
for-lög, n. pl. fate, vide forlag II.
FORM, n. [Lat. forma], form, shape, 655 xxxii. 17, 18, xxv.
1, Rb. 360, Fms. xi. 436, (rare.)
for-maðr, m. a 'fore-man,' captain, Fms. vii. 246. ix. 348, xi
. 243, 402, Nj. 43, Magn. 486 :-- a master, ruler, Edda (pref.); forma&et
h;r konunga, the foremost among kings, Fms. ii. 292; f. annars fól
ks, the foremost man of other folk, vi. 38. COMPDS: formanns-lauss, adj. without a leader, H. E. i. 562. formanns-skapr, m. leade
rship, Stj. 50. II. mod. the foreman or captain in a fishin
g vessel or boat; in many compds, e.g. formanns-hlutr, m. t
he captains share (of the fish caught).
formann-ligr, adj. leader-like, Fms. vii. 63, Valla L. 203.
for-mál, n. a preface, preamble, 625. 90.
for-máli, a, m. a preamble, Eg. 389, 390, 552; konungr skip
aðisk eigi við slíkan formála; Fms. vii. 65; á hver
jum gistingar-stað hafði hann (the bishop) formála sjálfr,
i.e. saying grace, prayers, or the like, Bs. i. 140: a stipulation, conditio
n, með þvílíkum formála sem ..., Fms. i. 90,
Str. 55: a preface, rendering of the mid. Lat. praefatio; in mod.
usage, the preface to a book = Germ. vorwort, vorrede.
for-megan, f. [Germ. vermögen], means, wealth, (mod.)
for-meistari, a, m. a head-master, Edda (pref.)
for-menntr, part. well-trained, highly skilled, Finnb. 290; f. &aa
cute; járnsmíð, Fms. xi. 427, Bs. i. 681, 850, ii. 32.
formera, að, mod. forma, vide áforma, (Lat. word), t
o form, Stj. 14, 20, Bs. ii. and Mar. passim, Magn. 478, Dipl. iii. 5.
formeran, f. form, shape, Stj. 5, 12.
for-merking, f. a symbol, Stj. 281.
for-merkja, t, [Germ. vermerken], to perceive, N. T., Pass.
12.
for-messa, u, f. 'fore-mass,' matins, Fms. vii. 145, viii. 174, ix

. 48, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18.
formi a, m. (Lat. word), the case in which the chalice is kept, Vm
. 29, Pm. 71. forma-dúkr, m. id., Pm. 40.
for-mikill, adj. exceeding great, Bs. ii. UNCERTAIN.
for-móðir, f. a 'fore-mother,' ancestress, Stj. 141.
for-myndari, a, m. [Germ. vormund], a ward, of a minor.
for-myrkvast, að, dep. to be eclipsed, for-myrkvan, f.
an eclipse.
for-mæla, t, to appoint, El. 21. II. to curse,
with dat., N. T.
for-mælandi, part. a spokesman, Hm. 24, 62, Stj. 157, Fms. i
i. 45.
for-mælari, a, m. id., Fms. v. 241.
for-mæli, n. pleading, Stj. 603, Fms. vii. 39, Sd. 155, Bs.
i. 168: a prescribed form, formula, Grág. ii. 249, Stj. 342 :-- ec
cl. saying pravers, tíðir ok f., Bs. i. 167; in Vm. 6 it seem
s to mean the mass or liturgy, = formæla-bók,
f. a book of f., Vm. 21.
for-mæling, f. an imprecation; f. íllan finnr sta&eth
;, Pass. 28. 9.
FORN, adj. [Ulf. fairnis = GREEK; A. S. fyrn; Hel. furn;
 Swed. forn; lost in Engl.] :-- old; forn vinátta, Eg.
729; forn fjándskapr, old enmity, Nj. 49; forn rök, Ls. 25; f
ornt vín, old wine, Pr. 472; en forna fold, the old earth,
Hým. 24; forn timbr, the old timbers, Akv. 42: inn forni fj&aacute
;ndi, the old fiend, Satan, 686 C. 2; forn jötunn, the old giant,
 Hým. 13; fornar tóptir, old abodes. Gm. 11: stores pr
eserved from the past year are called forn, forn mjöðr, old mead, Skm. 37; fornari hey, K. Þ. K. 163. 2. with the notion of old,
worn, rotten, or the like; byrðings-segl várt hið forna, Fms
. iv. 259; forn mörr, Bjarn. 29 (in a verse). 3. old, in temp
, sense; in the Icel. Commonwealth the old priesthoods were called forn g
oðorð and forn goðorðsmaðr, an old priest, opp. to t
he priesthoods instituted along with the Fifth Court, which were termed 'new.' 4. time-honoured, old; forn lög, forn lands-siðr, Bs. i. 6
82. 5. at fornu, formerly, in times past, Eg. 767, K. Á. 15
2, D. I. i. 635; til forna, id., cp. Dan. til forn. 6. in o
ld writers forn is often used of the heathen times with the old mythical lore; f
orn siðr, the old (heathen) rite, Fb. i. 215; fornir me
nn, the men of old, Eb. 132; á fornum skjöldum, on shields
of old, Edda 87; fornar frásagnir, old tales, Hkr. pref.; fo
rn-menn, forn-tíðindi, forn-sögur, the men, lore, or s
aws of the olden age, (forn-fræði, id.; forn-spjöll);
forn átrúnaðr, forn trúa, the old creed, heathenism;
 forn-kveðit mál or hið forn-kveðna is a standing phrase
for an 'old saw,' proverb, the Sagas passim, and vide below. β. metaph. old, i.e. versed in old lore or witchcraft; hann
var forn mjök (he was a great wizard) ok hafði jafnan út
i setið, Orkn. 234; fróð ok forn í skapi, Ísl. ii.

332, Fb. i. 250 (forneskja).
fornaðr, m., in the phrase, at fornaði, furthermore, Fms.
ix. 27, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 85, 145, where Sb. umfram.
fornaðr, part. worn; f. búnaðr, Hkr. i. 90.
for-nafn, n., gramm. a pronoun, Skálda 178, 180, Edda 108,
121.
for-nám, n. an obstacle, Bs. ii. 106, 179 :-- the haft o
n the hilt (nema fyrir), Stj. 383. Judges iii. 16, 22.
forn-bréf, n. an old deed.
for-nema, nam, to perceive, (the Germ. vernehmen), scarcely
in use.
for-nes, n. a promontory, (cp. Furness in Lancashire), Orkn
. 442.
forneskja, u, f. the old heathen time, 'heathenesse;' ág&ae
lig;tis-mönnum þeim er verit hafa í forneskju, Fms. viii. 6; f
. klæða-búnaðr, old-fashioned gear, vii. 321. for
neskju-legr, adj. antique looking. II. old lore, witchcraft
, Grett. 144, Ísl. ii. 391, Nj. 273; f. ok fjölkyngi, Fms. ii. 1
34; fremja forneskju, Grett. 150; fara með f., Orkn. 136. forneskju-ma&et
h;r, m. a sorcerer, Orkn. 136.
forn-fáguligr, mod. forn-fáligr, adj. old and wor
n out, Fms. iii. 166.
forn-fróðr, adj. skilled in old lore, in a bad sense, o
f sorcery, Fbr. 163: mod. learned in old things.
forn-fræði, f. old lore (of witchcraft), Fms. iii. 90. β. archæology, (mod.)
forn-fræðingr, m. an antiquarian, a scholar in old lore,
(mod.)
forn-gildr, adj. of old standard value, Dipl. v. 20, Ann. 1392.
forn-gripr, m. pl. antiquities. forngripa-safn, n. a col
lection of antiquities, (mod.)
forn-haldinn, part. time-honoured, Hallfred.
for-njósn, f. looking ahead, Sdm. 27.
forn-konungr, m. an ancient king, Fms. ii. 138, ix. 455, Fs. 21, S
kálda 194.
forn-kveðit, n. part. said of old, epithet of old saws, Eg. 52
0; satt er hit fornkveðna, svá ergisk hverr sem eldisk, Fær. 21
8, passim; það finnst á mér sem fornkveðit er, a&eth
; fátt segir af einum, a ditty.
forn-kvæði, n. an old poem, Edda 135. β. 
a ballad, vide danz.

forn-leifar, f. pl. old relics, antiquities, (mod.)
forn-ligr, adj. old, with the notion of worn out, decayed,
Fær. 186, Pm., Fms. ii. 142, Fas. ii. 300; fræði f., old lore
, Fms. iii. 90.
forn-maðr, m. a man of the olden time: forn-menn, m. pl
. the ancients, in many compds: the old biographies of the kings of Norwa
y edited 1825 sqq. are by the editors (less correctly) called Fornmanna-s&oum
l;gur, instead of the true old name Konunga-sögur or Konunga-æfi.
forn-menjar, f. pl. old relics, antiquities, (mod.)
forn-menni, n. a man of the olden time, Fms. ii. 59.
forn-mæli, n. an old saw, Fas. iii. 365.
forn-mæltr, part. = fornkveðit, Fms. vi. 4.
forn-orðr, adj. using old phrases, (mod.) II. sweari
ng, Bs. i. 712.
forn-ortr, part. composed in olden time, Þiðr. 2.
forn-rit, n. pl. old writings, (mod.)
forn-saga, u, f. an old tale, esp. of the mythical age, Fas. i. 41
7 (v.l.), Eg. 698: mod. forn-sögur, old legends.
forn-skáld, n. an ancient scald or poët, Edda 1
24, 135, Al. 48.
forn-skrá, f. an old scroll, Vm. 122.
forn-skræða, u, f. = fornskrá, Fas. iii. 237, v.l.
forn-spekingr, m. an old wise-man, Stj. 377.
forn-spjöll, n. pl. old spells, old lore, Vsp. 1.
forn-spurðr, part., in the phrase, göra e-n fornspurðan at e
-u, or göra e-t at e-m fornspurðum, to do a thing without asking one
's leave, Fas. i. 48.
forn-söngr, m. an old song, Þiðr. 181.
forn-tíðindi, n. pl. old tales, Hkr. i. 269, Fms. vii.
97, Ht. R. 2.
forn-troðinn, part.; stígr f., an old trodden path, Fas
. iii. 279.
forn-vinr, m. an old friend, Fas. ii. 422.
forn-yrði, n. old words or saws: fornyrðis-lag or fornyrða-lag, n. a kind of old metre: this word is an GREEK in
Edda lit., whence it has spread into mod. use, but it is better called kvið
u-háttr: mod. an archaism.
forn-yrtr, part. archaizing.

for-næmi, n. a law phrase, plundering another's properly; th
e law distinguishes between rán (by personal violence) and fornæmi,
plunder before the owner's eyes, but without the use of force, Jb. 426,
cp. also Gþl. 402, 416, N. G. L. i. 227.
forn-öld, f. the olden time, mythical age: Fornaldar-s&oum
l;gur, f. pl. mythical stories, (mod.)
for-prís, m. (for. word), great praise, honour, Mar. (Fr.),
Pass. 35. 3.
for-prísa, að, to praise, H. E. i. 404, Stj. 9.
for-prísan, f. glory, Stj. 7, 109, 161.
FORR, adj. forward; of sljór eðr of forr, too slow o
r too forward, Thom. 279 :-- haughty, forr ok framhvass, 180; har&eth
;la forr, ef nökkut reis við, id. :-- as adv. quickly, vinna for
t, to work eagerly, Bs. ii. 93; snúast fort, to whirl (as a
wheel or a spindle), 443 (in a verse): the mod. phrase, fara fort (of fort) &ia
cute; e-t, to go too far (too keenly) into a thing.
for-ráð, n. management, superintendance; með forr&a
acute;ði ok umsýslu e-s, Rb. 400: the phrase, kunna ekki fótum
sínum forráð, Stj. 558 :-- administration, stewardship, hann hafði f. með Auði, Landn. 109; hann tók þar vi&e
th; forráðum öllum, Eg. 36, 84; staðar-forráð, the management of church domain-land, Bs. i. 479; til eignar ok forr&aacute
;ða, Ld. 14; forráð sakar, the leading of a suit, Gr&aacut
e;g. i. 489 :-- as a law term, the holding a goðorð (q.v.) of
the heathen time, manna-forráð, Hrafn. 14, Nj. 149, v.l.; hence rule, sway, Fms. vii. 209, xi. 201, Eg. 50, 401. COMPD: forrá&et
h;a-maðr and forráðs-maðr, m. a manager, warden
, Grág. ii. 405, Vm. 108; f. kristninnar, the leaders of the churc
h, 656 C. 17, Hom. 95; f. ok höfðingi, Ver. 18, Hkr. i. 83; f. &aac
ute; skipi, the captain of a ship, Landn. 56.
for-ráða, réð, [Germ. verrathen], to betr
ay, Bev. 10 (Fr.), N. T., Pass. 5. 1.
for-ráðandi, part. an overseer, manager, Fms. x. 330; f
. skips, Bjarn. 15, Fms. ii. 63 :-- a law term, a guardian, réttr
f. fjár hennar, Grág. i. 377; frænda eðr f., 343.
for-rennari, a, m. a forerunner, Stj. 204: a predecessor, 1
18.
for-ríkr, adj. exceeding rich, Bs. i. 852, Fb. ii. 187.
for-ræða, u, f, .[Germ. vorrede], a preface, Str.
1, (rare.)
<PAGE NUM="b0166">
<HEADER>166 FORRÆÐI -- FORVEÐJA.</HEADER>
for-ræði, n. I. = forráð, management;
f. fjár, Gþl. 217: rule, sway, Fms. i. 4, vii. 105, x. 231,

xi. 326: esp. as a law term, keeping a goðorð (priesthood
); manna-f., Hrafn. 19, Grág., and the Sagas passim, forræði
s-maðr, m. = forráðamaðr, N. G. L. i. 151, 152, Barl. pas
sim. II. [Germ. verrath], treason, mod. and rare. Pass. 16.
6.
FORS, n. wrath, rage, ire; snúa fors í frið, gri
md í grið, 655 xxxii. 24, Bs. ii. 97; með forsi, haughtily, Sturl. iii. 144, Pass. 13. 2; ferr erkibiskup í fors mikit, he fell
into great wrath, Fms. xi. 441; fors ok atköst, Fas. iii. 91; fors ok &
iacute;lska, Stat. 398. COMPDS: fors-fullr, adj. wrathful, insolent, Grett. 106 A. fors-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), insolent, B
s. ii. 66. fors-maðr, m. an angry man, Korm. 80.
FORS, mod. foss, m., prob. akin to the preceding word and forr, [S
wed.-Dan. foss, North. E. force; a test word of Scandin. language
and origin; cp. the curious passage in Constant. Porph. De Admin. Imperii, ch. 9
, where the Byzantine author gives some names of waterfalls in Russia in two lan
guages, GREEK and GREEK (Russian and Slavonic), with a Greek translation; GREEK,
a waterfall, being called GREEK or GREEK (e.g. GREEK = Icel. Hólm-fors,
GREEK = Icel. Báru-fors), whereas GREEK it is called GREEK, i.e. porog
 or prag: Constantine in another passage states that the Russians wer
e Teutonic or 'Franks:' the Garðar (Russia Minor) of that time was in fact a
Scandin. country; even the name Russia is by some (P. A. Munch) explained as Sc
andin., afterwards adopted for the whole empire; it was still regarded so by the
Byzantine authors of the 10th century, as opposed to Slavonic] :-- a 'force,
' waterfall, Landn. 291, 292; fors mikill er Sarpr heitir, Ó. H. 49,
Landn. 277, v.l.: in many local names, Skóga-f. in southern Icel.; G&yacu
te;gjar-f. in the north (Goða-f. is a corrupt form, cp. Þorláks
-kver, p. 288, and Grett. ch. 68, 69, whence the name); Gull-f., Gold-force, a freq. name in western Icel. 2. a brook, stream; this sense i
s curious, and peculiar to the Stj. (by bishop Brand, a native of south-eastern
Icel.); it is well suited to the district of Skaptafells-sýsla, where all
brooks are torrents rushing from glaciers into the ocean; til forsins Bison, St
j. 387. Judges iv. 13; hann grípr einn stein upp ór forsinum, 227;
Davíð tók fimm steina ór einum forsi, 464. 1 Sam. xvii
. 40; við forsinn Besor, 490. 1 Sam. xxx. 9; yfir fors Cedron, 527. 2 Sam. x
v. 23; af forsi drakk hann á götu, 656 C. 2: in the old poem Vsp. fo
rs is evidently used in the same sense; á sér hón ansask au
rgum forsi, 31; falla forsar, 58. This idiom perhaps gives a hint as to the nati
ve place of this poem; falla forsum, to fall in torrents, Fas. ii. (in a
verse). fors-fall, n. a 'forcefall,' torrent, Stj. 32, Ó. H
. 17, Fms. iv. 361.
forsa, að, to stream in torrents: to be enraged, Mar.
for-sala, u, f. a law term, a mortgage, Gþl. 304. COMPDS: forsölu-jörð, f. a mortgaged estate, N. G. L. i. 214.
forsölu-máli, a, m. a mortgage contract, Gþl. 30
4.
for-samliga, adv. unduly, cp. forsóma, Bs. i. 733.
for-sát, f. an ambush, Bs. i. 289, ii. 70, 97.
for-senda, u, f. a part of an angler's line, Od. xii. 253.
for-sending, f. a sending one to certain death, a dangerous mission, Eg. 540, Fms. iii. 68, Hkr. ii. 76, iii. 104 (where forsenda).
for-seti, a, m. the myth. name of a heathen god, Edda, where it however s

eems to mean an umpire or peace-maker, cp. Gm. 15. II. in m
od. usage a 'fore-sitter,' president, chairman; but in 1793 (Fél.
vol. xiii), the chairman is called for-maðr or forstöðu-maðr, a
s forseti was not then an established word.
for-sjá and for-sjó, f., gen. as nom. foresight,
prevision, Nj. 210, Sks. 224 B, Fær. 79, Fms. v. 284, vii. 134, x. 9.
COMPDS: forsjá-lauss, adj. helpless, Njarð. 380. for
sjá-leysi, n. want of foresight, Bret. 38, Grett. 95, Fms. vii
i. 364. forsjá-maðr, m. a warden, overseer, Stj. 243, F
ms. i. 290, x. 421, Sturl. i. 198. II. Providence, Sks. 559 B.
for-sjáll, adj. foresighted, prudent, Nj. 222, Fms. v. 150,
Sks. 436, Al. 8, Eg. 73.
for-sjálliga, adv. prudently, Bs. i. 742, Fms. vi. 325, Fas
. ii. 245.
for-sjálligr, adj. prudent, Greg. 32, Fas. ii. 469, Sturl.
i. 113.
for-sjálni, f. prudence.
for-sjón, f. = forsjá; eccl. since the Reformation, Prov
idence, in hymns, sermons, etc. forsjónar-maðr, m. = forsj
ámaðr, Karl. 500.
for-skáli, a, m. an ante-chamber, lobby, Dropl. 28, Bs. i.
451, Sturl. ii. 173, iii. 193.
for-skepti, n. the 'fore-haft' of a hammer, Edda 70, Fb. iii. 427.
for-skot, n. a vestibule, porch, Stj. 562. 1 Kings vi. 3.
for-sköp, n. pl. bad times, ill fate, Hkv. 2. 32.
fors-lægja, ð, to lower one's pride, Stj. 621.
for-smá, ð, [Germ. verschmähen], to despise, Stj. 142, 621 (v.l.), Sturl. ii. 15, Fms. iii. 89, (now freq.)
for-smán, f. disgrace, H. E. i. 497, Ann. 1394, (now freq.)
for-smiðr, m. a 'fore-smith,' chief builder, Edda (pref.), Bre
t.
for-snjallr, adj. exceeding wise, Vellekla.
for-sorga, að, [Dan. forsörge; Germ. versorgen], to provide for; for-sorgan, f. provision.
for-sóma, að, [Germ. versäumen], to neglect, (mod. word.)
for-sóman, f. neglect, (mod. word.)
for-spá, f. a 'fore-spaeing' (Scot.), prophecy, Fms.
i. 88, 96, 263, ii. 79, x. 275, Bret. 62, Stj, 202, Bs. ii. 7.
for-spár, adj., often used in the description of the wise men of a

ntiquity, such as Njál, Snorri :-- 'fore-spaeing' (Scot.), prop
hecying, Eb. 42, Nj. 30, Fms. iv. 24, 87, Eg. 20, Fs. 54; of Odin, Yngl. S.
ch. 5.
for-spell, n. a heavy loss, Gkv. 1. 3, Fagrsk. 173 (in a verse).
for-spjall, n. a 'fore-spell, ' preamble. Forspjalls-ljó
ð, n. name of a poem.
for-sprakari, a, m. [for. word; Germ. sprechen], a 'for-speaker
' spokesman, Sti. 266; hence the mod. for-sprakki, a, m. a ringlea
der.
for-staða, u, f. standing up for one, shielding one, Gþl
. 265, Ld. 180, Lv. 4, Orkn. 40; mæla e-m forstöðu, to say a g
ood word for one, Hkr. ii. 147. COMPD: forstöðu-maðr, m.
a manager, Ver. 36, Rb. 404.
for-stand, n. [the Germ. verstand], understanding in househ
old matters, forstanda-kona, u, f. (-maðr, m.), a good hous
e-keeper.
for-standa, stóð, (for-stá is freq. in poetry of
the 16th century), [for. word: Germ. verstehen] :-- to understand, Bs. i. 802.
for-stjóri, a, m. a 'fore-steerer' foreman, overseer, leader, Eg. 52, 201, 646, K. Á. 34, 224, Fms. i. 2, v. 72, vii. 238, 265, x. 3
11, Skálda 202.
for-stjórn, f. rule, management, Fms. viii. 5. forstj&oa
cute;rnar-maðr, m. a manager, Glúm. 360.
for-stoð, f. = forstaða, N. G. L. i. 60, 68, Fms. iv. 216.
for-stofa, u, f. = forskáli, Eb. 136, Fms. vi. 34, Ó. H. 11
6, Eg. 216, v.l.
for-stórr, adj. exceeding tall, Vígl. 20.
for-streymis, adj. down stream, opp. to andstreymis, Edda 60, Stur
l. iii. 163, Fms. vii. 253, Ó. H. 20, Bs. ii. 175.
for-stöndugr, adj. [Germ. verständig], clever in
household matters.
for-svar, n. [Dan. forsvar], defence, (mod. word.)
for-svara, að, [from Dan. forsvare, cp. Germ. verantworten], to answer for one, defend.
for-svaranligr, adj. justifiable, Bs. i. 733, but prob. wrongly; f
orsamliga (in the MS.), q.v.
for-syma, ð, = forsóma, Boldt and D. N.
for-sýn, f. foresight, foreboding, Bs. ii. 38.
for-sýnn, adj. gifted with foresight, Fms. xi. 423, cp. Bs.
ii. 81.
for-sæla, u, f. [sól], a shade from the sun, Bb. 3. 8
5, Fas. i. 467 (freq.) COMPD: Forsælu-dalr, in. name of a valley, L
andn.
for-sæti, n. 'fore-seats,' front benches, Nj. 220, Fms. v. 3
32, v.l.
for-sögn, f. order, superintendance, Fms. i. 290, x. 433, Ork
n. 286, Sturl. i. 46 C. β. prophecy, Stj. 114. γ. a law term, previous declaration, N. G. L. i. 88, 89. forsagnar-vitn
i, n. a witness to a declaration, N. G. L. i. 32, Gþl. 475.
for-söngvari, a, m. a precentor in a church.
for-tak, n. denial, protest, Dipl. i. 7. COMPDS: fortaks-laust,
 n. adj., in the phrase, segja, lofa f., to state, promise without reserv
e, positively, fortaks-orð, f. words of contradiction, Bs.
ii. 23.
for-taka, tók, to deny positively, Bs. ii. 31.
for-tapaðr, part. forlorn, Matth. x. 6: for-tapan, f. damnation, N. T.
for-tíða, dd, to forsake; hann fortíddi Guð,
Bret. (Verel.)
for-tjald, n. a curtain, Ld. 29: a bed-curtain, Fms. iii. 1
96, Fas. iii. 391, Háv. 54, Sams. 11: the veil of the Temple, Stj.
321, Pass., N. T.
for-tölur, f. pl. persuasions, Nj. 200, Eg. 9, Hom. 108, Fb.
ii. 56, 85.
for-urtir, f. pl., vide forátta.
forusta, vide forysta.
for-vað, n. shoal water between the cliffs and the flowing tid
e: hence the phrase, í síðustu forvöð, to pass the
last shoal water before the tide cuts the passage off, also metaph. to d
elay till the last moment; göra flekann allan, ok halda upp forvö&
eth;unum þar í hjá, D. N. vi. 167, where it seems to mean a ford.
for-vaði, a, m. a cliff projecting into the forvað, where
the rider has to wade through water, Fbr. 45, Vm. 107.
for-vara, að, [Germ. verwahren], to keep, Matth. xvi. 2
5.
FORVE, n. an GREEK. in the eccl. law of the county Víkin or Borgar
þing, a coast district in the south of Norway, N. G. L. i. 339, 363, where
the law orders that a monster child (i.e. an abortion, a birth without human sh
ape) shall be brought to a place 'forve,' and buried where neither man nor beast
comes by; þat skal á forve (forre, v.l.) f&oelig;ra ok röyra
(put in a cairn) þar er hvárki gengr yfir menn né f&e

acute;naðr, þat er forve (forfue, v.l.) hins ílla. In N. G. L.
i. 13 it is ordered that felons (e.g. traitors, murderers, self-murderers, etc.)
were not to be buried in consecrated soil, but in the 'flood-mark where sea and
green turf meet;' cp. the curious story in Landn. 2. 19, where the Christian la
dy Auda ordered herself to be buried between high and low water mark (&ia
cute; flæðarmáli), as she would not rest in heathen earth; so,
on the other hand, a monster child must not rest in Christian earth. Thus forve
is probably derived from fyrva, q.v., to ebb, and denotes the flood-ma
rk or beach in which the grave was to be dug; the concluding words, &
thorn;at er forve hins ílla, probably mean this place is the forve
of the evil one, i.e. an unhallowed place. The etymology given in
H. E. i. 75 cannot be right.
for-veðja or for-veði, adj. a law term, forfeitable
or forfeited, Vm. 16, Grág. ii. 234, N. G. L. i. 27 (Js. 124), 39
1.
<PAGE NUM="b0167">
<HEADER>FORVEÐJAÐR -- FÓRN. 167</HEADER>
for-veðjaðr, part. forfeited, Bs. i. 227.
for-vegr, m. a trace, foot-print, N. G. L. i. 83, Str. 78, Barl. 1
0, 142.
for-verari, a, m. a predecessor, Dipl. i. 4, ii. 11, (mod.)
for-verð, n. price, worth, Dipl. iii. 10.
for-verk (for-virki, Hrafn. 5), n., prop. humble work, farm wor
k; ef maðr kaupir mann til forverks sér, Grág. i. 272; v&a
acute;rt f., our task, Hom. (St.); of gamall til þræls, ok &t
horn;ótti ekki forverk í honum, too old for a thrall, and unfit
for work, Hkr. i. 199, Fms. i. 77; þetta sumar var lítið f
orverk í Krossavík, Vápn. 29; ok var lítið forve
rk orðit, en hann átti ómegð, Sturl. i. 137; þarf ei
gí meira forvirki en þetta lið orkar, Hrafn. 5; forverk heys, carting hay, K. Þ. K. 100; skal hverr búandi fara er forverk
á sér, N. G. L. i. 128: þú munt fá fö&eth
;ur mínum forverk ef ek ferr frá, Þorst. St. 53: forverks
-lítill, adj. one who is able to do but little f., Fas. iii. 1
58: forverks-maðr, m. a labourer, workman, Gþl. 6, Eb.
150: forverks-tíð, f. work-time, Hom. (St.): þ&ea
cute;r skal fá þræla til forverks, Þorst. St. 55. II
. metaph. [cp. A. S. for-wyrht = peccatum], in the phrase, g&
ouml;ra ekki forverkum við e-n, to treat one well, not meanly, not like a
drudge; er þat líkast at aldri sé forverkum við &th
orn;ik gört, Band. 10; skal aldri forverkum við þik göra me&
eth;an við lifum báðir, 54; ekki skal forverkum við þik
göra þat sem vel er, Fas. ii. 238; vér munum þetta eigi
forverkum göra, we shall do no hireling's work, i. 100; at þ
eir görði lítt forverkum (that they did it thoroughly) at
hefna þeim Dönum spottsins, Mork. 51, 153.
for-viða, adj. ind. [qs. forveðja, q.v.], upset in a fight
, Nj. 228. 246; Gestr varð allr f. fyrir, Bárð. 43 new Ed., R&oac
ute;m. 150 :-- in mod. usage, amazed, greatly surprised.
for-viðris, adv. before the wind, Rd. 276, Sturl. iii. 198, R&
oacute;m. 369, Bs. ii. 5.
for-vindis, adv. before the wind, Fms. iii. 235.
for-vista, n, f. = forysta (forvist, Fms. vii. 25). Eb. 142, Fms. x. 273.
for-vitinn, adj. curious, chiefly in a bad sense. Greg. 27, Sturl.
i. 216.
for-vitligr, adj. curious, Mag. 8.
for-vitna, að, to pry into, enquire; f. e-t, Sks. 183 B; f. um
e-t, to enquire about, 6, 182 B. 2. reflex., forvitnask e-t, t
o enquire, Bret. 94, Fms. i. 147, 252, vii. 258, Eg. 764, Ld. 268: absol., L
v. 15; f. til e-s, id., Fær. 53; f. um e-t, id., Landn. 51,
Grett. 96, 160. 3. impers., e-n forvitnar e-t, or with infin., it make
s one curious to know, Fær. 54, Sks. 182 B, Fas. i. 22.
for-vitni, f. curiosity (often in a bad sense), Fas. i. 71, Sks. 1
83, 553, Fms. i. 145, 260, Glúm. 327, Johann. 625. 89; fáa lei&eth
;ir gott af forvitninni (a saying), Vídal. i. 58.
for-vitri, adj. (-vitra, Fms. vi. 56, 428), very wise, deep, Fms. iv. 24, 239, vi. 56, xi. 79, Band. 3, Eg. 3, Bs. i. 66 (forvitr).
for-vitringr, m. a wise man, Matth. xi. 25.
for-vígi, n. an outwork. forvígis-maðr, m
. a head champion, defender.
for-yflask, d, dep. (foriflask, Al. 110 and 655 xxix; for-&oeli
g;fask, Hom. 151), in the phrase, f. e-s, only used with neg., to shrink
from nothing; Lucinia foryfldisk eigi íllra ráða, B&aelig
;r. 14; Halli foryfldisk eigi at mæla þat er honum sýndisk, F
ms. vi. 360 (foryfildiz, Mork. 93); at þeir muni foriflaz at etja við
afla-muninn, Al. l.c.; þú foræfisk (foryflisk?) eigi eiða
, thou shrinkest not from perjury, Hom. l.c.
for-ynja, u, f. an appearance or foreboding: hygg ek at &th
orn;etta sé f. þín, Fb. i. 67; nú hygg ek at þe
tta beri þína forynju, ok sér þú svikinn, &Oacu
te;. T. 3; f. eðr fyrirfari hinnar fremri tignar, Bs. i. 682. β.
a spectre, Germ. scheusal; þegi þú yfir &thor
n;eim, f. (thou monster!), Ld. 326, v.l.; and so in mod. usage.
for-ysta, u, f. (forosta, Fms. ii. 88, Fs. 8, Grág. i. 503,
Ísl. ii. 87, 330), mod. forusta [qs. forvista, vi = y] :-- headship, leadership, and even used personally a captain,
623. 56, Fms. ii. 88, v. 273, vii. 326, Hkr. ii. 202, v.l., Sturl. i. 759, Mork.
137, 140 (cp. Fms. vii. 25, Hkr. iii. 206), Glúm. 340. COMPDS: forust
u-geldingr, m. a bell-wether, Grág. i. 503, Ísl. ii. 33
0. forystu-lauss, adj. without a leader or protector, Fs.
8, Ld. 260, Bær. 17, Dropl. 32. forustu-sauðr, m. = forustugeld
ingr, Ísl. ii. 87, Bs. i. 138.
for-þénusta, u, f. [Germ. verdienst], merit, m
od. eccl., N. T., Vídal.
for-þokki, a, m. dislike, Þórð. 22 new Ed.
for-þóttr, m. = forþokki, Bs. ii. 37.

for-þykkja, þótti, to dislike, Sturl. iii. 231,
Thom. 300, (rare.)
FOX, n. [A. S. and Engl. fox; Dutch vos; Germ. fuchs; this word occurs in the old northern tongues only in a metaph. sense, and even
then rare and obsolete] :-- a fraud in selling, adulteration; fox
er íllt í exi, Eg. 184 (in a verse); otherwise only in the phrase
, selja e-m fox né flærð, Gþl. 492; kaup-fox, veð-fox
(q.v.), fraud in sale or bailing, Gþl.
FÓA, u, f. a fox; this curious word, which answers to Goth.
fauhô, O. H. G. foha, only occurs in Edda (Gl.), unless th
e present Icel. tóa (the common name for a fox) be a corruption of f&oacu
te;a; if not, the etym. of tóa is quite uncertain. It is a common superst
ition not to call the fox by his right name, whence the variety of names in diff
erent languages, and number of synonymes in the same language.
fóarn, n. the crop or maw of a bird, Fbr. 12.
FÓÐR, n. [Engl. fodder; Germ. futter; Dan. and S
wed. foder], fodder for cattle, (but fæði or fæ&et
h;a of human food), Ísl. ii. 138, Gþl. 503, Fbr. 156: a certain
quantity of fodder or hay, a stack thus contains so many kýr-f
óðr or lambs-fóðr :-- a foddering of lambs for the
parson in the winter, hence a parish has so and so many lambs-fóðr; s
kila úr fóðrum, to return lambs in the spring. f&oac
ute;ðr-birgðir, f. pl. (-birgr, adj.), stores of hay.
fóðr, n. [Germ. futter; Engl. fur], lining.
fóðra, að, to fodder, Fms. i. 272, Ísl. ii.
132: reflex., Sks. 185.
fóðra, að, to fur or line a garment, Fms. vi
. 422, Bs. i. 636; hence in mid. Lat. cappa forata.
fóðr-lauss, adj. unlined, Vm. 29, Pm. 37.
fó-erla, u, f. a duck.
fógeti, a, m. [low Lat. vocatus; Germ. vogt], a k
ind of bailiff, D. N. from the 14th century :-- the bailiff of Reykjav&iacut
e;k in Icel. is called fógeti.
FÓL, n. a fool: allit., fífl ok fól, 656 B. 7
; fól, however, has often the notion of rage and foul language; fí
fl that of pranks or silliness; fól (madman) væri Sverrir &t
horn;á, Fms. iii. 122, viii. 242; bað taka fól þetta, &I
acute;sl. ii. 220 (one who had used bad language); hann þótti &thor
n;ar fól eitt (idiot), Glúm. 336. COMPDS: fóls-l
iga, adv. foolishly, like a madman, Sturl. i. 4, Fms. xi. 280. f&o
acute;ls-ligr, adj. foolish, mad, Fms. viii. 242 (of foul language).
fóli, a, m. = fól, Gísl. 50, Sd. 178; fóli &t
horn;inn, thou fool! Ld. 220.
FÓLI, a, m. [cp. Fr. voler, early Fr. foler, cp. als

o low Lat. felo, Engl. felony; but is prob. a Teut. word from fela
, fólginn ] :-- stolen goods, esp. hidden, a law term; skal binda
fóla á bak honum, N. G. L. i. 83, Js. 129; finna þeir f&oacu
te;la (hidden theft) meðal skjaldbálka, N. G. L. i. 84, passim
; finna fóla, Grág. i. 195: bera inn fóla á hendr m&
ouml;nnum, id. fóla-gjald, n. damages, compensation, in a c
ase of theft, Grág. i. 84.
FÓLK, n., prop. folk with a short vowel, cp. fylki; [A. S. folc
; Engl. folk; Germ. volk: Dan. and Swed. folk] :-- f
olk, people: skjótt fjölgaðisk fólkit, Grett. 88 :-people indefinitely, til at hræða fólk, to frighten f
olk, Bs. i. 764: curiously Icel. say, kvenn-fólk (as in Engl.). wo
man-folk; but karl-fólk never, only karl-menn. 2. in Icel. ch
iefly the people of a household, community, or the like; kirkju-fó
lk, the church-folk, i.e. people assembled in church; boðs-f&o
acute;lk, the guests at a banquet; sóknar-fólk, the pari
sh folk; heimilis-fólk, house-folk, the people of a household;
allt fólkið á bænum, all the folk; vinnu-f&oacu
te;lk, servant-folk; grasa-fólk, people gathering fell-moss; meðal annars fólksins, Nj. 66, v.l.; Njáll gékk inn o
k mælti víð fólkit, 200; mik ok fólk mitt skortir
aldri mat, Band. 13; hott, hott og hæt hér sé Guð &iacu
te; bæ, sælt fólkið allt, Stef. Ól.; fæddi v
arla búféit fólkit, Ísl. ii. 68; var eigi fól
k upp staðit, Hrafn. 20; this sense is to the present day very common in Ice
l.; while the Germ. sense of people, nation (Dan. folket) is stran
ge to Icel.; even lands-fólk is rare, better lands-menn. 3. kin
sfolk; hans fólk ok foreldismenn, his 'folk' and forefathers,
Stj. 139; allt yðart f., Karl. 328: so Icel. say, vera af góðu f&
oacute;lki kominn, to come of good folk, be well born. II. a ho
st = fylking, and hence battle, but only in old poets, cp. Edda 108;
fjórtán fólk, fourteen divisions, troops, Hkv. 1. 49
; ok í fólk um skaut, Vsp. 28; ef ek sék flein í f&o
acute;lki vaða, Hm. 151; þótt í fólk komi, 159; &
iacute; fólk, in battle, Ýt. 10; fara með fólkum
, to wage war, Gm. 48; öndvert fólk, the van of the host,
 Fas. i. 46 (in a verse); and in many compds: adj. a valiant man ii c
alled fólk-bráðr, -djarfr, -eflandi, -glaðr, -harðr
, -prúðr, -rakkr, -reifr, -skár, -snarr, -sterkr, -þorin
n, etc.: weapons, folk-hamla, -naðra, -skíð, -svell
, -vápn, -vöndr: armour, fólk-tjald, -veggr: a warrior, fólk-baldr, -mýgir, -nárungar, -r&ou
ml;gnir, -stjóri, -stuðill, -stýrir, -valdr, -vörðr: the battle, fólk-roð, -víg, Vsp. 28: in pros
e rarely, and only in poët. phrases, fólk-bardagi, a, m. a
great battle, battle of hosts; and fólk-orrusta, f. id., Flov. 40, Orkn. 94; fólk-land, n. = fylki, Hkr. i. 209, paraphr
ase from the Vellekla; fólk-vápn, n. pl. (vide above), w
eapons, N. G. L. i. 101: metaph., Fms. iii. 167.
fólska, u, f. foolishness, often with the notion of madn
ess, impudence, Fms. iii. 167, ix. 405, Sks. 623, Ísl. ii. 84. COMPD
S: fólsku-för (fólsku-ferð), f. a mad ex
pedition, Sturl. ii. 97. fólsku-orð, n. foolish (foul) words, Fms. vii. 118. fólsku-verk, n. a fooli
sh (mad) act, Edda 57: a foul act, Pass. 36. 7.
fólskr, adj. foolish, impudent, Hkr. ii. 138.
FÓRA, u, f. (a for. word), armour, harness; her-fóra

, armour, Stj. 287, Mag., Karl. passim; hence the mod. phrase, hafa e-&et
h; í fórum sínum, to keep a thing hidden under one's har
ness.
FÓRN (fórur, f. pl., Ver. 6), f. offering, [p
rob. a word of Lat. and eccl. origin, derived from Lat. offerre; after th
e introduction of Christianity the old heathen word blót (q.v.) became od
ious, as denoting heathen sacrifice, and is consequently never used in connectio
n with Christian worship; its place being taken by the word fórn]
:-- a sacrifice in the Jewish sense, and in the Christian sense an off
ering to God; but it is scarcely ever used in a heathen sense -- the passage
Fær. 103 is quite peculiar: the phrase, færa fórn, to bri
ng an offering, Stj. passim; Gúð mun sér sjá f&oacu
te;rn til handa, 131, passim; brenni-fórn, a burnt offering; drey
pi-fórn, a drink offering; synda-fórn, a sin offering, Bible, Vídal. passim: fórnar-blöð, n, the sa
crificial blood, Stj. 305, 318; fórnar-
<PAGE NUM="b0168">
<HEADER>168 FÓRNA -- FÓTSTIRÐR.</HEADER>
brauð, n. and fórnar-hleifr, m. the shew-bread,
Stj. 474, 565 (panis propositionis, Vulg.); fórnar-kvikindi, n. a victim, Stj. 430; fórnar-skrín, n. a shrin
e in which the wafer is kept, Vm. 55; fórnar-söngr, m. the offertory in the Roman Catholic service, 625. 190. 2. metaph. ch
iefly in pl. offerings, presents; in this sense it occurs in Am. 5 (a poe
m not too old for such a word), Fms. ix. 416; ríkar ok fagrar fórn
ir, Str. 34; fórnar-lauss, adj. not bringing an offering, A
l. 172: sing., aldri ætla ek óþarfari fórn fær&e
th;a Sveini konungi, en þetta it vánda höfuð, Mork. 87.
fórna, að, to offer, with acc. of the offering, dat. of
the person; fórna mér reykelsi, Stj. 431; mörr er fór
naðr, 430. 1 Sam. ii. 16; þá hluti er hann vildi fórna,
410; fórna þik Guði, offer thee to God, 407: to offer
as a present, Fms. ix. 450, Al. 96: in mod. usage, with dat. of the offerin
g and the Deity, e.g. fórna Guði bænum sínum. 2.
the phrase, fórna höndum, to lift the hands to heaven as in p
rayer, or to wring the hands as in agony; that this phrase was also known
to the ancients may be inferred from the compd, fórnar-hendr, f.
pl. offering hands, uplifted hands, Magn. 514.
fórn-færa, ð, = fórna, to bring an offering, s
acrifice, with acc. of the offering, Fms. ii. 41, Stj. passim: mod. with dat
. of the offering.
fórn-færing, f. an offering, sacrifice, Stj. 17, 248,
276.
fóst-bróðir, m. a foster-brother: 1. prop
. of men brought up together, brothers in arms, and the like; Arinbj&ouml
;rn hersir var f. Eireks konungs, Eg. 401, Fs. 121, 139, Fms. x. 226, Ísl
. ii. 219; frændr ok fóstbræðr, Fs. 120, 122; þeir
vóru vænligir menn ok görðusk fóstbræðr (
brothers in arms) Ingimundar, 13, 15, 16, 19, 24, passim. 2. a
sworn brother, = eiðbróðir, pledged by the rite of blending b
lood together (vide bróðir), Gísl., Fbr., passim: hence F&o

acute;stbræðra-saga, u, f. the name of the history (but the name i
s mod.); fóstbræðra-lag, n. a foster-brotherhood,
Eg. 116. 165, Fms. vii. 25, passim :-- sworn brotherhood, sverjask &iacu
te; f., Fms. iii. 213, cp. esp. Gísl., Fbr.
FÓSTR, n. [a Scandin. word; Swed.-Dan. and North. E. foster; but neither in Goth., A. S., nor Germ.] :-- the fostering of a child, F
ms. i. 1, Eg. 119, Nj. 40, Grág. i. 276, 277, Gþl. 531, Fs. 12, Ld.
passim; for this see barn-fóstr, but cp. also Grág. Ó. &TH
ORN;. ch. 21: the savings, fjórðungi bregðr til fóstrs, Nj
. (vide bregda), and fé er fóstri líkt; ást-f&oacute
;str, q.v.
fóstra, u, f. a foster-mother; fóstra sú er h
ann hefir fæddan lögfóstri, Grág. ii. 60, Fms. iii. 71,
vii. 275 :-- a wet-nurse, Fs. 148. 2. a foster-daughter; f
óstra sú er maðr hefir fædda, Grág. l.c., Eg. 169
, Str. 63.
fóstra, að, to foster, also to nurse, Ld. 108, F
ms. i. 16, Nj. 59.
fóstr-dóttir, f. a foster-daughter.
fóstr-faðir, m. a foster-father, Eg. 117, Ísl. i
i. 139 (v.l.), Fms. ix. 361.
fóstr-foreldrar, m. pl. foster-parents, (mod.)
fóstri, a, m. a foster-father, Íb. 14, Eg. 117, Fs.
13, 19, Lv. 50, Bs. i. 154. 425, Fms. v. 126, Grág. i. 226; freq. in Icel
. in addressing, fóstri minn, fóstra min! 2. a foster-so
n, Nj. 149. 3. a pet, of a favourite horse, Sturl. i. 40, Hraf
n. 8. 4. a foster-brother, Fms. vii. 316, xi. 155, (rare.) 5. in pl., collect. the foster-father and his son (or sons), Fms.
xi. 59.
fóstr-jörð, f. a native country, Nj. 45, Fms. i. 7
6, Hom. 140.
fóstr-land, n. id., Barl. 99, 156, Stj. 50, Fms. x. 340, 34
3, Bret. 100.
fóstr-laun, n. pl. reward for fostering one, Ld. 232, Gr&aa
cute;g. i. 280.
fóstr-man, n. a nurse (bondwoman), Skv. 3. 67 (po&eu
ml;t.)
fóstr-meistari, a, m. a tutor, Karl. 32.
fóstr-móðir, f. a foster-mother, Stj. 83, 548.
fóstr-mær, f. a foster-daughter, Fas. ii. 293.
fóstr-neyti, n., collect. foster-parents, Fms. vii. 237.
fóstr-son, m. a foster-son, Fms. i. 85, Eg. 524, Ísl
. ii. 145.
fóstr-systir, f. (sometimes in MSS. spelt fósystir,

Mar. 14, 15, Stj. 407, Bs. i. 460), a foster-sister, Fs. 139, Fb. ii. 4.
fóstr-systkin, n. pl., collect. foster-brothers and sisters, Fas. ii. 64.
fót-borð, n. a foot-board, Gísl. 31, Vígl
. 17, O. H. L. 36.
fót-brot, n. a fracture of the leg, Bs. i. 431.
fót-brotinn, part. broken-legged, Bs. i. 423, Stj. 279, Eb.
316.
fót-fara, fór, to pace, measure, Ann. Oldk. 1845, p.
164.
fót-festi, f. a foot-hold, in climbing.
fót-fimr, adj. nimble-footed, Róm. 310.
fót-fljótr, adj. swift-fooled, Barl. 103, (rare.)
fót-fúinn, part. 'foot-rotten' i.e. reeling o
n one's legs, a wrestling term.
fót-ganga, u, f., in fótgöngu-lið, n. ho
st of footmen, Stj. 450, Fms. x. 139; fótgöngu-herr, m. id., Hkr. i. 216, Stj. 456; fótgöngu-menn, m. pl. id
., Fms. vi. 413, Stj. 285.
fót-gangandi, part. walking on foot, Bs. i. 535; f. menn, footmen, Fms. x. 139, Stj. 512.
fót-hár, adj. long-legged, high-stepping. Eg. 710.
fót-heill, adj. 'hale-legged,' sound-legged, Gþl. 87.
fót-hrumr, adj. weak-legged (from age), Fms. vii. 9, Bs. ii
. 24.
fót-hvatr, adj. swift-footed, Nj. 38, Edda 31, Ó. H.
71.
fót-högg, n. hewing off one's feet, Eb. 246, Sturl. ii
. 90.
fót-höggva, hjó, to hew one's feet off, Fms. vi
ii. 167, ix. 19, Sturl. ii, 66.
fót-kaldr, adj. having cold feet.
fót-lami, adj. lame of foot, Nj. 219, Stj. 501.
fót-langr, adj. long-legged, Fms. x. 151, v.l.
fót-laug, n. a foot-bath, Hkv. 2. 37.
fót-lauss, adj. foot-less, without feet, Al. 134.
fót-lágr, adj. low-legged, short-legged, Þjal.

29.
fót-leggr, m. the leg, Fb. ii. 387, Bárð. 14 new
Ed., Fms. viii. 162, 447, ix. 528, Magn. 524, Fas. i. 27, Stj. 96.
fót-mál, n. a step, Stj. 129.
fót-mikill, adj. big-footed, Mag. 1.
fót-mjúkr, adj. nimble-footed, a wrestling term, Stu
rl. i. 14.
fót-pallr, m. a foot-board, Fms. x. 186, Hkr. i. 81.
FÓTR, m., gen. fótar, dat. fæti; pl. fætr, gen.
fóta, dat. fótum; in mod. conversation and even in writing the ac
c. pl. is used as fem., thus 'allar fætr,' not 'alla fætr,' and with
the article 'fætrnar,' which form was already used by poets of the 17th c
entury, Pass. 33. 4, Snót 156: [Goth. fôtus; A. S. f&ocir
c;t; Engl. foot; Germ. fuss; Swed. fot; Dan. fod; Gr. GREEK-, Lat. p&e-short;d-, with a short vowel; but with a long vowe
l in all Teutonic languages; fit, q.v., also seems to be a kindred word] :-- 
a foot; and as in some other languages either the foot only or the
foot and leg. Icel. distinguish between various animals, and use fót
r (foot) of men, horses, cattle, sheep, etc.; hrammr (paw) of beas
ts of prey, as bears, lions; löpp (also paw) of cats, dogs, mice; kl
ær (claws) of birds of prey, as the raven, eagle; hreifi (fins) of a seal: Edda 110, Fms. i. 182, xi. 145, Anecd. 6, Nj. 219, 264, Landn. 18
0: the allit. phrase, fótr ok lit (q.v.); þá var uppi f. og
fit, i.e. all (men and beast) were about or all was bust
le; standa báðum fótum, einum fæti, öllum f&oac
ute;tum, to stand (rest) on both ... feet, Fms. viii. 41,
Gísl. 46; spretta (stökkva) á fætr, to start to one'
s feet, Eg. 495; vera á fótum, to be a-foot, to be out of b
ed, Fms. vi. 201, x. 147, Glúm. 368, Eg. 586; vera snemma á f&
oacute;tum, to be early a-foot, Valla L. 223: metaph. to be alive,
Ld. 230; fara á fætr, to rise; skjóta (kasta) f&oacu
te;tum undir sik, to take to his heels, Fms. viii. 358, Þór&
eth;. 43 new Ed.; hlaupa sem fætr toga, to run as fast as feet can go, Gísl. 61. Fas. i. 434; taka til fóta, to take to one's heel
s, Grett. 101, Bs. i. 804; eiga fótum fjör at launa, to owe o
ne's life to the feet, i.e. to run for one's life, O. H. L. 8; leggja
land undir fót, to take a long stride, Bs. ii. 124, Fkv. ii. 2: p
hrases denoting the delight of getting on shore, hafa land undir fæti, 
to feel the ground wider one's feet, 'O quam securum, quamque jucundum in so
lo,' fastr er á foldu fótr, Profectio in Terr. Sanct. 159; falla t
il fóta e-m, to fall at another's feet, 623. 27. 2. phrases
, kominn af fotum fram, off one's feet, bedridden, Fms. xi. 155, Fb. i. 2
01; þótt ek bera þaðan hvárigan fót heilan
þá skal ek þó fara, Fs. 9; hverr á fætr &
ouml;ðrum, one on the heels of another, Eg. 132; Hákon drepr y
ðr á fætr oss, H. slays you on your feet, Fms. x. 386; m
iklu er fyrir fætr þér kastað, many things are cast be
fore thy feet, many obstacles, Korm. 176. β. metaph. phrases, st
anda á mörgum fótum, to rest on many feet, have many resou
rces; stóð á mörgum fótum fjárarli Ska
llagríms, Eg. 137, Fms. xi. 423; standa á tré-fótum,
to stand on wooden legs, be in a tottering state: það er engin
n fótr fyrir því, 'it has not a foot to stand on,' i.

e. is not true: tún-fótr, the outskirt of a home-field, metaphor from a skin stretched out. II. a measure, Al. 163, Ka
rl. 438, 481, 509, 525. Ísl. ii. 402, Landn. 335, Fs. 26; fet is more usu
al. COMPDS: fóta-afl, n. the strength of the feet, Fms. vii
i. 410. fóta-brík, f. the foot-board of a bed, Sturl
. iii. 177. fóta-burðr, m. the bearing of the feet, gait, Bs. i. 670. fóta-búnaðr, m. foot-gear, Stj. 3
66. fóta-ferð, f. a rising from bed; fótafer&
eth;ar-tími, a, m. the time of rising. fóta-festi, f. = fótfesti, Barl. 56. fóta-fjöl, f. = fót
abrík, Fms. v. 340: a foot-board, iv. 277. fóta-gangr, m. trampling, din, Finnb. 246. fóta-grýta, u, f.
a pan with feet, Fr. fóta-hlutr, m. the nether part
of the body, opp. to höfða-hlutr, Eb. 326, Eg. 398, Fms. xi. 277. f&
oacute;ta-kefli, n. a stumbling-block. fóta-klæði
, n., eccl., Lat. pedale, Ám. 90, Jm. 10, 36. fóta-l
æti, n. pl. 'foot-pranks' (of one hanged), Fms. vii. 13. f&o
acute;tar-bragð, n. 'foot-braid,' a wrestling term, vide brag&et
h;. Fas. ii. 370. fótar-mein, n. a sore leg, Nj. 219, Bs. i
. 815, Sturl. i. 64. fótar-sár, n. a foot-wound, Fm
s. viii. 141. fótar-verkr, m. = fótverkr, Hkr. i. 63, Fas.
ii. 106. fóta-saurr, m. the foot-dirt, Post. to Matth. x. 1
4. fóta-skinn, n. a 'foot-skin,' carpet, Rd. 272, Ám
. 6. fóta-skortr, m. missing the feet; e-m verðr f., to slip, stumble. fóta-spyrning, f. a spurning with the fe
et, Fas. iii. 355. fóta-stapp, n. a stamping with the feet,
 Skálda 174. fóta-stokkr, m. a shackle; berja f&
oacute;tastokk, to dangle the legs in riding. fóta-þil, n. the foot-board of a bed, Fms. ii. 84. fóta-þv&aacu
te;ttr, m. foot-washing, Bs. i. 105.
fót-sárr, adj. foot-sore, Lv. 59 (of a horse).
fót-síðr, adj. reaching down to the leg, of a ga
rment, Finnb. 310, Stj. 520.
fót-skemill, m. (-skefill, Bs. i. 155), a foot-board, Fms. v. 301, Sturl. iii. 131, Sks. 292, O. H. L. 26.
fót-skriða, u, f., in the phrase, renna fótskriðu,
to run and slide on ice, Nj. 145, Valla L. 220, Rd. 278.
fót-skör, f. a foot-board, Bs. i. 220, Fms. ii. 132, S
turl. iii. 131, v.l.
fót-spor, n. pl. foot-prints, 623. 36, Fms. i. 280; st&iacu
te;ga í e-s fótspor, to step in one's foot-prints, Fs. 4, S
ks. 13, Vígl. 20.
fót-stallr, m. a pedestal, Fms. ii. 108, Fær. 103 (v.
l.), 655 xxxii. 10.
fót-stirðr, adj. stiff-legged, Eg. 754.
<PAGE NUM="b0169">
<HEADER>FÓTTROÐ -- FRAM. 169</HEADER>
fót-troð, n. treading underfoot, Bs. ii. 57, Thom. 104.
fót-troða, trað, to tread upon, Stj. 42, Fms. ii. 1

72, iii. 165, H. E. i. 506.
fót-veill, adj. with a bad leg, Bs. i. 344, Thom.
fót-verkr, m. 'foot-warke,' gout, Ýt. 26.
fót-viss, adj. sure-footed, a wrestling term.
FRAKKA, u, f. [A. S. franca], a kind of spear; Grimm thinks
that the framea of Tacitus is merely a corruption of franca, a su
ggestion which seems to be almost certain; in northern poems and writers this wo
rd only occurs in Rm. 32, whence it was probably taken into Edda (Gl.); on the o
ther hand, we have an Icel. frakki, a, m. a kind of weapon, in the
compd hræ-f., a 'carrion-fluke,' i.e. the blade of a sword,
Gísl. 7 (in a verse); and akkeris-frakki, a, m. an 'anchor-flu
ke (?),' in a verse of 996, Fs. 92: again, the frakka of the Rm. was probabl
y borrowed from A. S. 2. Frakki, a, m. a proper name, cp. Gull&tho
rn;.; Frakka-nes, n. a farm.
Frakkar, m. pl. the Franks, mod. the French; perhaps derive
d from the national weapon franca, as that of Saxons from seax, sax = gladius; Frakkland, n. the land of the Franks, as fixe
d by the peace of Verdun in 843, Íb. ch. 9 and Fms. i. ii, and in old poe
ts (Hallfred) :-- in mod. language used for France.
frakki, a, m. [Fr. fraque], a frock, coat, mod. word, borro
wed from Dan. frak.
frakkr, adj. [Engl. and Germ. frank], this word never occurs in ol
d writers, and in mod. usage only in the sense impertinent, intrusive.
FRAM, adv. -- the Icel. has a triple adverbial form, fram, denotin
g the going to a place (ad locum); frammi, the being in a place (in loco)
; framan, the going from a place (a loco) -- compar. framarr (mod.
framar) or fremr, = Goth. framis; superl. framast (
framarst) or fremst: proncd. with a double m = framm; and that suc
h was the case in olden times may be seen from Fms. vi. 385 and Skálda 16
8, 171. This adv. with its compds and derivatives may be said to have been lost
in Germ. as well as Engl., and at a very early time. Even Ulf. uses fram
as a prep. in the sense of GREEK, like the A. S. and Engl. from, Swed. från: only in two passages Ulf. uses fram as adv., viz. Rom.
xiii. 12, where he renders 'the night is far spent' (nóttin er um lið
in of the Icel. N. T.) by framis galeiþan, which recalls to mind th
e Icel. fram-liðinn = deceased, past; and Mark i. 19, where GR
EEK is rendered by gaggan framis = Icel. ganga framarr or ganga
fram; cp. also the Goth. compds fram-gahts = progress, Philip
p. i. 25; fram-aldrs = stricken in years; fram-vigis = Icel. fr
am-vegis; fram-vairþis = further: in O. H. G. vram = ultra still occurs, but is now lost in Germ. as well as in Engl.: the Icel., on the
other hand, makes a clear distinction between the prep. frá (from
) and fram, on, forward, = Gr. GREEK, Lat. porro, pro-; in some co
mpds the sense from appears, e.g. framandi, a stranger, -- Ulf. framaþeis, prop. one who is far off or from far off; so
also fram-liðinn, gone, past; ganga fram, to die.
A. fram, forward, (opp. to aptr, backward); aðra lei&et
h; aptr en fram, 655 xxxii. 18; hann féll fram á fætr konung
i, he fell forward on his face at the king's feet, Eg. 92; stefna fram (to go on) hina neðri leið, 582; brautin liggr þar fram &iacu
te; milli, id.; cf þeir vilja fram, or, fram á leið, forward
, Sks. 483; fram rétt, straight on, Fms. ii. 273, v.l.; fram,
fram! on, on! a war cry, Ó. H. 215: koma fram, to reappear, arr
ive, after being long unheard of; hann kom fram í Danmörku, Fms
. i. 62; hann kom fram í kaupstað þeim er ..., Ísl. ii.
332; ok kómu þar fram, er Kirjálar vóru á fjal
li, Eg. 58: the phrase, fram í ættir, in a far or distant
degree (of relationship), 343: people in Icel. in the 14th century used to
say, fram til Noregs, up to Norway (cp. up to London), Dipl. ii. 1
5, 16. II. fram is generally applied to any motion outwards or towards th
e open, opp. to inn, innar; thus fram denotes the outer point of a ness, fram &a
acute; nes; Icel. also say, fram á sjó, towards the high sea, (but upp or inn at landi, landwards); also, towards the verge of a cli
ff or the like, fram á hamarinn (bergit), Eg. 583: when used of a house f
ram means towards the door, thus, fara fram í dyr (eldhús),
but inn or innar í baðstofu (hence fram-bær), var hón &
aacute;valt borin fram ok innar, she was borne in a litter out and in, Bs
. i. 343: of a bed or chair fram denotes the outside, the side farthest from
the wall, horfir hón til þils, en bóndi fram, she tur
ned her face to the wall, but her husband away from it, Vígl. 31. β. again, Icel. say, fram á dal, up dale, opp. to ofan d
alinn, down dale. III. without motion, the fore part, opp.
to aptr, hinder part (cp. fram-fætr); aptr krókr en fram sem
sporðr, Fms. ii. 179; maðr fram en dýr aptr (of a centaur), 673.
2, Sks. 179; aptr ok fram, fore and aft, of a ship, Fms. ix. 310. IV.
 joined with prepp. or particles, Lat. usque; bíða fram &a
acute; dag, fram á nótt, fram í myrkr, to wait far into
the day, night, darkness, Bs. ii. 145; bíða fram yfir, er fram um
Jól, etc., to bide till after Yule; um fram, past over; s
itja um þat fram er markaðrinn stóð, to stay till the fa
ir is past, Fb. i. 124; fram um hamarinn (bergit), to pass the cliff, Eg. 582; ríða um fram, to ride past or to miss, Nj. 2
64, mod. fram hjá, cp. Germ. vorbei :-- metaph., vera um fram e-n,
above, surpassingly; um fram aðra menn, Fb. i. 91, Fms. vi. 58, pass
im; um alla hluti fram, above all things: yfir alla hluti fram, id., Stj. 7: besides, Sks. 41 new Ed.: fyrir lög fram, in s
pite of the law, Fms. iii. 157; fyrir rétt fram, 655 xx. 4; fyrir lof
fram, without leave, Grág. i. 326; fyrir þat fram, but f
or that, ii. 99: the phrase, fyrir alla hluti fram, above all things,
623. 19. β. temp., fyrir fram means beforehand, Germ. vor
aus; vita, segja fyrir fram, to know, tell beforehand, Germ. vorau
s-sagen. γ. fram undan, projecting, stretching forward;
fram undan eyjunni, Fms. ii. 305. δ. the phrase, fram, or more usua
lly fram-orðit, of time, hvað er fram-orðit, how late is it?
i.e. what is the time? Ld. 224; þá var fram-orðit, it
was late in the day, Clem. 51; þá er fram var orðit, 623.
30: dropping 'orðit,' þeir vissu eigi hvat fram var (qs. fram orði
t), they did not know the time of day, K. Þ. K. 90: with gen., fra
m-orðit dags, late in the day, Fms. xi. 10, Ld. 174; áfram, on forward, q.v. V. with verbs, α. denoting motion, lik
e pro- in Latin, thus, ganga, koma, sækja, falla, fljóta, re
nna, líða, fara ... fram, to go, come, flow, fare ... forward,
Eg. 136, Fms. ii. 56, Jb. 75, passim: of time, líða fram, Bs. ii. 15
2 (fram-liðinn). β. rétta, halda fram, to stretch, hol
d forth, Nj. 3; flytja, bera, draga, leiða, færa, selja, setja fra
m, to bring ... forward, Sks. 567; leggja fram, to 'lay forth,' discha
rge, Fms. v. 293, Nj. 3, 11; bjóða fram, to offer; eggja,
hvetja fram, to egg on; segja fram, to pronounce; standa, l&uacute
;ta fram, etc. γ. sjá, horfa, stökkva ... fram fyrir si
k, to look, jump forward, opp. to aptr fyrir sik, Nj. 29 :-- impers., e-m
fer fram, to grow, make progress; skara fram úr, to stand out.

B. frammi, (for the pronunciation with a double m vide Skál
da 169,) denotes in or on a place, without motion, and is formed i
n the same way as uppi from upp, niðri from niðr; Icel. thus say, ganga
fram, niðr, upp, to go on, go down, go up; but vera frammi, niðri
, uppi, to be in, etc.; if followed by a vowel, the final i may be
dropt, thus, vera frammi á dal, or framm' á dal, Hrafn. 6; sitja
framm' fyrir hásæti (= frammi fyrir), Ó. H. 5; just as one m
ay say, vera niðr' á (qs. niðri á) engjum, upp' á (
= uppi á) fjalli: as to direction, all that is said of fram also applies
to frammi, only that frammi can but denote the being in a place; Icel. t
hus say, frammi á dal in a dale, frammi í dyrum in-doors
, frammi á fjalli on a fell, frammi á gólfi o
n the floor, frammi á sjó, etc.; þeir Leitr sitja frammi
í húsum, Fær. 181, cp. also Hrafn. 1; sitja (standa) frammi
fyrir e-m, to sit (stand) before one's face, Hkr. ii. 8l.
II. metaph. the phrase, hafa e-t frammi, to perform a thing, Nj. 2
32, Sks. 161: to use, shew, in a bad sense, of an insult, threatening, or
the like; hafa þeir f. mikil-mæli ok heita afarkostum, Hkr. i. 191:
the particle í is freq. prefixed, hafa í frammi, (not &aac
ute; frammi as áfram, q.v.); svá fremi skaltú rógit
í frammi hafa, Nj. 166; þarftú þá fleira &iacut
e; frammi at hafa en stóryrði ein ok dramblæti, Fas. i. 37; haf
ðú í frammi kúgan við þá uppi við
fjöllin, Ísl. ii. 215: to exercise, Bs. i. 852; hafa f. &iacu
te;próttir, Fms. ix. 8 (rare); láta, leggja f., to contribute,
produce, Fas. iii. 118, Fms. vi. 211.
C. framan, from the front side; framan at borðinu, to the f
ront of the table, Fb. ii. 302; framan at e-u, in the face or front of (opp. to aptan að, from behind); skaltú róa at framan
borðum skútunnar, thou shall row towards the boards of the boat, of one boat trying to reach another, Háv. 46; taka framan af e-u, 
to take (cut) from the fore part, Od. xiv. 474; framan &aacute
; skipinu, the fore part of the ship, Fms. ii. 179; framan um stafninn, v
i. 78. β. temp., framan af sumri, vetri, hausti, váti, the
beginning, first part of summer ...; also simply framan af, in the begin
ning. γ. of the fore part of the body; nokkut hafit upp framan
nefit, Ld. 272; réttnefjaðr ok hafit upp í framan-vert, a
straight nose and prominent at the tip, Nj. 29; framan á brjós
tið, on the breast; framan í andlitið, in the face;
framan á knén, í stálhúfuna framan, Fms. vi
ii. 337; framan á þjóhnappana, Sturl. i. 14 (better aptan &a
acute;). δ. with the prep. í preceding; í fram
an, adv. in the face; rjóðr í framan, red in the fac
e; fölr í framan, pale-faced, etc., freq. in mod. use. 2. fyrir framan, before, in front of, with acc. (opp. to fyrir apta
n, behind); fyrir framan slána, Nj. 45; fyrir framan hendr honum,
60; fyrir framan hamarinn, Eg. 583; fyrir framan merki, Fms. i. 27, ii. 84: as a
dv., menn stóðu með vápnum fyrir framan þar sem Flos
i sat, before F. 's seat, Nj. 220; þá var skotið aptr lo
khvílunni ok sett á hespa fyrir framan, Fms. ii. 84: að framan
, above. 3. as framan is prop. an adv. from the place, Icel
. also say, koma framan af dal, framan af nesi, framan ór dyrum, etc., to come down the dale, etc., vide fram above. 4. 'framan til' in a t
emp. sense, up to, until; nú líðr til þings frama
n, it drew near to the time of parliament, Nj. 12; líðr n&uacu
te; til þings framan, Ld. 88; leið nú framan til Jóla, &
Iacute;sl. ii. 42; framan til Páska, Stj. 148; framan til vetrnátt
a, D. N.; framan til þess er hann átti við Glám, Grett.
155; framan til Leiðar, Anal. 172; frá upphafi heims framan, from
the beginning of the world, Ver. 1; in mod. usage simply fram in all such in
stances.
D. Compar. framarr, farther on; superl. framast, fremst,
 farthest on: 1. loc., feti framarr, a step farther on,
Lv. 59; þar er þeir koma framast, the farthest point they can re
ach, Grág. i. 111; þar sem hann kömr framast, 497; hvar ha
nn kom framarst, Fms. xi. 416; svá kómu þeir fremst at &thor
n;eir unnu þá borg, i. 114; þeir eru mest til þess nefn
dir at framast (foremost) hafi verit, Ísl. ii. 368; þeir er
fremst vóru, Fms. v. 78. 2. temp. farthest back; er ek frem
st um man, Vsp. 1; hvat þú fyrst um mant eða fremst um veizt, V
þm. 34; frá því ek má fremst muna, Dipl. v. 25.
II. metaph. farther, more, superl. farthest, most; erat ha
nn framarr skyldr sakráða við menn, Grág. i. 11; nema v&ea
cute;r reynim oss framarr, Fær. 75; meta, hvárra þörf os
s litisk framarr ganga, whose claim appeared
<PAGE NUM="b0170">
<HEADER>170 FRAMA -- FRAMR.</HEADER>
to us the strongest, Dipl. ii. 5. β. with dat., venju framarr
, more than usual; því framarr sem, all the more, Fms
. i. 184. γ. with 'en' following; framar en, farther than, more
than; mun hér því (therefore) framarr leitað
en hvarvetna annars-staðar, Fms. i. 213; at ganga framarr á hendr &TH
ORN;orleiki en mitt leyfi er til, Ld. 154; hversu Þorólfr var frama
rr en ek, Eg. 112; framarr er hann en ek, he is better than I, Nj. 3; s&o
acute;kn framarr (rather) en vörn, 236; framarr en (farther than) nú er skilt, Js. 48; því at hann væri framarr en
aðrir menn at sér, better than other men, Mar. 25. 2. s
uperl., svá sem sá er framast (foremost) elskaði, Fs. 8
0; svá sem framast má, 655 xi. 2; sem Guð lér honum fra
mast vit til, Js. 5: with gen., konungr virði hann framast allra sona sinna,
Fms. i. 6; at Haraldr væri framast þeirra bræðra, 59; fra
mast þeirra at allri sæmd, viii. 272.
frama, að, [A. S. fremman; Dan. fremme], to further;
 frama sik, to distinguish oneself, Fms. v. 282: with dat. to furt
her, promote a thing, hvárir-tveggju hafa svá mjök frama
t kvöð sinni, at ..., proceeded so far with their suit, that ..., Grág. ii. 50: of a pregnant woman, ek veit at þú ert me&et
h; barni, ok mjök framat, and far advanced, Finnb. 212, Ld. 142.
fram-altari, a, m. a side-altar, opp. to the high altar, Vm
. 77.
framan, vide fram C.
framandi, part. a man of distinction, Bs. i. 797, 805, Orkn. 358.
II. [Ulf. framaþeis; Germ. fremder], a stranger, Pass. 30. 6, (mod.)
framan-verðr, adj. [cp. Ulf. fram-vairþjis], 'fore-wa
rd,' in the front; á framanverðri brekkunni, Fms. vii. 298; nesin
u, Eg. 399; framanverðar fylkingar, Fms. vi. 69; um hökuna framanver&et

h;a, Orkn. 288; í framanvert nefit, Nj. 29.
framar-liga, contracted framarla, adv. 'forwardly,' in front; þá má hverr vera svá framarla sem hann vill (of ra
nks in battle), Fms. viii. 403, v.l.; lagði konungr framarla skip sitt, Eg.
33; þeir kómu svá f. í landit, went so far, Fm
s. xi. 360: Icel. say, framarliga í dalnum, nesinu, far off in the dal
e, etc., where old writers would prefer í framanverðum dalnum, ne
si: f. á sjötta hundraði, high up in the sixth hundred, S
turl. iii. 84. 2. metaph. fully, highly, much; treysta f., to t
rust fully, Fms. v. 236, vi. 151; svá framarla, so far, to that po
int, x. 7, Hom. 40; svá f. sem, so far as, 87; sjá f. v
ið e-u, to be fully ware of, Sks. 358; hann man f. á horfa um
kvánfangit, he will look high, i.e. make great pretensions,
Ld. 88.
fram-boðligr, adj. that can be offered, Fms. iii. 180.
fram-bógr, m. the shoulder of an animal, Hkr. iii. 283.
fram-bryggja, u, f. the gangway leading to the bow of a ship, Eg.
121.
fram-burðr, m. delivery, esp. of a speech: með snjöll
um framburði, Fms. ii. 199, Stj. 151, 260, 261: specially a law term, ple
ading, delivery, Grág. i. 42; f. um kviðinn, delivery of the
verdict, Nj. 87: in mod. usage a gramm. term, pronunciation.
fram-búð, f. lasting for the time to come: in the phras
e, vera til lítillar frambuðar, to be of little lasting use, B
arl. 63.
fram-byggjar, -byggvar, m. pl. 'bow-sitters' the men placed on the
bow of a ship of war, Fms. ii. 312, Eg. 32, Hkr. i. 86, Orkn. 230.
fram-bær, m. the front or fore part of a house.
fram-dráttr, m. carrying, launching a ship, Grág. ii
. 399: metaph. support, maintenance, Fms. v. 23. framdráttar-sa
mr, adj. putting oneself forward, Sturl. ii. 227.
fram-eggjan, f. an egging on, Nj. 61, Fms. viii. 118, xi. 261.
fram-fall, n. a falling on one's face, Karl. 552.
fram-farinn, part. departed, Fær. 264; fram-farandi,
part. act. departing, K. Á. 20.
fram-ferð, f. procedure, course of procedure, Bs. i. 840, Fms.
i. 126, vii. 296: conduct, Stj. 141.
fram-ferði, n. = framferð, Fms. ii. 37: conduct, 655 xxxii
. 2, Stj. 8, 142, Bs. i. 840, Fms. vi. 133: freq. in mod. use, N. T., Víd
al.
fram-ferðugr, adj.; f. maðr, a ready man, Ann. 1348, (rare
.)
fram-flutning, f. maintenance, Eg. 77, Fms. i. 222, xi. 234: gramm
. pronunciation, Skálda 175, 181.

fram-flutningr, m. pleading, Bs. i. 769.
fram-fótr, m. the fore leg (of a quadruped), Fas. iii. 295.
fram-fúss, adj. eager, forward, willing, Bs. i. 238.
fram-færa, ð, to maintain, Grág. passim, (better
as two words.)
fram-færi, n. furtherance, Sturl. i. 72; koma e-u á f
., to further it.
fram-færing, f. pronunciation, Skálda 179; Lat. tr
anslatio, 194.
fram-færinn, adj. (fram-færni, f.), a putting onese
lf forward; úframfærinn, shy; óframfærni, shyness.
fram-færsla, u, f. a 'bringing forward,' bringing up, maintenanc
e, Dipl. iv. 8, Grág. i. 62, 454, Jb. passim. COMPDS: Framf&aelig
;rslu-bálkr, m. the section in the Jb. treating of alimenta
tion. framfærslu-kerling, f. an old pauper woman, Fbr. 9
5. framfærslu-lauss, adj. without means of support, Gr&aacut
e;g. i. 454, Jb. 179. framfærslu-maðr, m. a pauper. Jb.
181, Þorst. St. 55; = mod. sveitar-ómagi.
fram-för, f. advancing, Fms. iv. 270, Hom. 181: departing
from life, Fms. ii. 164, Bs. i. 742, Post. 686 C. 2. 2. metaph. pr
ogress, freq. in mod. usage.
fram-ganga, u, f. a 'going forth,' proceeding, Sks. 520, 563: a
going towards the door from the inner rooms (vide fram), Fs. 140 :-- adv
ancing, in battle, and metaph. valour, exploits, Ó. H. 216 sqq
., Eg. 33, Nj. 127, Fms. xi. 131, Lv. 89, Ísl. ii. 368, Grett. 159. fr
amgöngu-maðr, m. a forward, valiant man, Glúm. 331.
fram-gangr, m. a 'going forward,' advancing, in battle, Fms. viii.
117: metaph. success, vi. 133, vii. 280, ix. 508, Eg. 20 (advancement
): aggression, ofsi ok f., Fms. xi. 93, K. Á. 232.
fram-genginn, part. performed, Sks. 32, 560. 2. of persons,
departed, deceased, Sks. 12.
fram-gengt, part. n. (fem., Fms. x. 401), brought about, successful; in the phrase, verða f., to succeed, come to pass. Ld. 238, Fms.
i. 277, vii. 5, 183, Sks. 32, 560, Ýt. 1.
fram-girnd, f. = framgirni, Barl. 62.
fram-girni, f. forwardness, Fms. v. 246, Fbr. 121.
fram-gjarn, adj. striving forward, H. E. i. 250, Thom. 28.
fram-hald, n. continuation, (mod.)
fram-heit, n. pl. fair promises for the future, Sturl. iii. 232, 2
55.
fram-hleypi (fram-hleypni), f. forwardness, Thom. 175.

fram-hleypiligr, adj. forward, Stj. (pref.)
fram-hleypinn, adj. leaping forward, intruding.
fram-hlutr, m. the fore part, Fms. vi. 351.
fram-hrapan, f. a rushing on, H. E. i. 501.
fram-hús, n. a 'fore-house,' porch, entry, Njarð. 376,
Fs. 149.
fram-hvass, adj. forward, sharp, Fms. ii. 45, Thom. 46, 180.
fram-hvöt, f. encouragement, Ld. 260, Sturl. iii. 6, Bs. ii.
72.
frami, a, m. advancement, but esp. distinction, renown, fame, Sl. 70, Vþm. 11, Hm. 104, Eg. 19, 106, Nj. 38, Fms. i. 287, vi. 133, vi
i. 149, viii. 336: forwardness, vi. 303; lang-frami, lasting fame,
Orkn. 466. COMPDS: frama-ferð, f. a feat, famous exploit, Fs.
4. frama-leysi, n. obscurity, Al. 118. frama-maðr, m.
a man of distinction, Bs. i. Laur. S. frama-raun, f. a trial of
fame, dangerous exploit, Fas. iii. 43. frama-skortr, m. listlessn
ess, Fms. v. 338. frama-verk, n. a 'forward-work,' exploit, feat, Fms. iii. 97, Fs. 4, Orkn. 80.
fram-játan, f. a promise, 655 xxxii. 21, Th. 24.
fram-kast, n. a forecast, empty words, Eb. 46, Mar. (Fr.)
fram-kirkja, u, f. the 'fore-church,' nave, opp. to the choir or c
hancel, Vm. 26, Jm. 13, Bs. i. 829.
fram-kváma, u, f. 'coming forward,' fulfilment, Greg. 32, H
om. 51.
fram-kvæma, d, to fulfil, bring about, Ó. H. 62, Bs.
i. 133, ii. 147.
fram-kvæmd, f. fulfilment, success, prowess; vit ok f., Fms.
i. 195, ii. 119, vii. 280, 300, ix. 7, 625. 175, Sks. 609. COMPDS: framkv&ae
lig;mdar-lauss, adj. listless. framkvæmdar-leysi, n. 
listlessness, Fær. 246. framkvæmdar-maðr, m. a man
of prowess, Nj. 181, Fms. i. 15, xi. 232. framkvæmdar-mikill,
adj., full of prowess, Fms. vii. 431.
fram-lag, n. a 'laying forth,' an outlay, Fms. iv. 33, Sks. 27, Gr
ág. i. 478: contribution, Fær. 69, Fms. vi. 307, xi. 320, 42
8. 2. display, Fms. ix. 495, v.l.
fram-laga, u, f. an advancing, in battle, Hkr. iii. 122.
fram-leiðis, adv. [Dan. fremdeles], further, in future,
K. Á. 20, Jb. 406, Sturl. iii. 269.
fram-leiðsla, u, f. a 'leading on,' conduct; f. lífdaga
, Fms. iii. 89.
fram-leistr, m. the fore part of a sock, N. G. L. iii. 13.

fram-ligr, adj.; f. maðr, a fine man, Sturl. ii. 134 C, Fms. x
i. 56.
fram-lundaðr and fram-lyndr, adj. courageous, Lex. Po&e
uml;t.
fram-lútr, adj. 'louting forward,' prone, 655 xxxii. 3, Bs.
ii. 20.
fram-löpp, f. a fore-paw.
frammi, vide fram B.
frammi-staða, u, f. a 'standing forth,' behaviour, feat, Karl.
149, but only used in peculiar phrases; in Dipl. v. 18 the missal is cal
led frammistöðu-bók, f., from being read by the priest wh
ile standing, frammistöðu-maðr, m. a steward at a wed
ding or feast.
fram-mynntr, adj. with a projecting mouth, Sturl. ii. 133 B.
framning, f. performance, Magn. 480, Hom. 26, 655 xxxii. 3.
framr, adj., compar. fremri or framari, Stj. 127; superl. fremstr or framastr, Fas. i. 320; [A. S. freme, fram = bo
nus; cp. Germ. fromm] :-- forward; in the positive, used almos
t always in a bad sense, impertinently forward, intrusive (but ó-f
ramr, shy); this distinction is old. e.g. mjök eru þeir menn f
ramer, er eigi skammask at taka mína konu frá mér, says the
old Thorodd, Skálda 163 :-- in a good sense, prominent, Bs. ii. 7
0, 155; framr ok góðr klerkr, i. 824; framr spámaðr, Stj.
33. β. neut. framt as adv. so far, to such an extent, Stj. 25
4; ganga framt at, to deal harshly, Dipl. ii. 19; treysta framt á,
to put full trust in, Fms. iii. 184: svá framt sem ..., in cas
e that ..., Dipl. ii. 13, -- better svá framarlega, as soon as, Stj. 287; svá framt sem hann hefir lukt, as soon as he has paid,
Dipl. iii. 9. II. compar. the foremost (of two); til hins fremra
austrrúms, to the fore-pumping room, Fms. viii. 139; enum fremrum
fótum, with the fore-feet (mod. fram-fótum), 1812. 16. 
β. neut., hit fremra, the place nearest the door, Eg. 43: of a r
oad, the 'fore-road,' the road along the coast, (opp. to 'the in-road,' a
cross the inland), Nj. 207, Orkn. 6. 2. metaph. superior, with dat
.; öllum fremri, Fas. i. 205; fremri í öllum hlutum, Fær.
47; göfgari maðr né fremri, Þórð. 9 new Ed. III. superl. fremstr, foremost, Fms. i. 176, ii. 317, Al. 90, &Oacut
e;. H. 121: metaph. the best, foremost, Stj. 93; fremstr at allri s&aelig
;md, Fms. viii. 272; jafn
<PAGE NUM="b0171">
<HEADER>FRAMRAS -- FRÁSKILI. 171</HEADER>
himum fremstum í öllum mannraunum, Eg. 21; allra þeirra br&ael
ig;ðra framastr, Fas. i. 320. 2. temp. farthest back; sem ek f
remst um man; better to be taken as adverb, cp. p. 169, col. 2, l. 5 from bottom
.
fram-rás, f. a 'running forward,' the course of time or tid

e, Th. 78.
fram-reið, f. a riding on, Fms. xi. 256, Ísl. ii. 169,
Karl. 350, Al. 76.
fram-reitr, m. the 'fore-beds' in a garden: metaph., hafa e-t &aac
ute; framreitum, to display, make a show of, Ld. 318.
fram-saga, u, f. a 'saying forth,' as a law phrase, pleading, d
elivery, Nj. 36, 110, Grág. i. 37.
fram-sala, u, f. a giving up, extradition, Grág. ii. 13.
fram-setning, f. the launching a ship, Grág. ii. 403.
fram-skapan, f. rendering of Lat. transformatio, Skálda 188
.
fram-snoðinn, adj. bald on the forehead, Fms. x. 35, Fas. ii.
149.
fram-sókn, f. prosecution of a case, Fs. 74.
fram-staða, u, f. = frammistaða, exertion, 655 xxxii. 3.
fram-stafn, m. the stem, bow, Jb. 383, Eg. 123, Fms. vii. 260, Fb.
i. 431.
fram-sýni, f. foresight, Fms. x. 392, Stj. 444.
fram-sýniligr, adj. foreseeing, Fms. i. 263.
fram-sýnn, adj. foreseeing, prophetic, Landn. 27, Nj. 194,
Háv. 41, Fs. 54, 74, Fms. i. 76, Stj. 126.
fram-sögn, f. assertion, esp. of a witness, Dipl. i. 3.
fram-tönn, f. a front tooth, Gþl. 167.
fram-úrskarandi, part. standing out, prominent, excellent.
fram-vegis, adv. 'fore-ways,' further, for the future, Magn. 474,
H. E. i. 394, Bs. i. 302.
fram-vísi, f. 'fore-wit,' a prophetic gift, Fas. i. 122.
fram-víss, adj. 'fore-wise,' prophetic, Fms. xi. 411, V&aac
ute;pn. 20, Gs. 13.
Frankis-menn, m. pl. the French, Bær., Flóv., El. pas
sim; Frankis-mál, n. the Frankish (French) tongue
, Flóv. 22; Frankis-riddari, a, m. a French knight, Str
. 39; Franz, f. France; Franziska, u, f. the French tong
ue, Bs. i. 799; Franzeis, m. [Fr. Français], a Frenc
hman, Bs. i. 239, in the romances passim.
frata, að, = freta, Ls. 32.
FRAUÐ, n. the froth as of roasted meat or of a roasted apple;
frauðit ór hjartanu, Edda 74: in mod. usage frauð (or frau&eth
;r, m.) is the dry, withered marrow of lean and half-starved animals;
þeir reikna það gras sem auki frauð, Bb. 3. 47.
FRAUKR, m. [Germ. frosch, etc.], a frog; kom hagl sv&aacute
; mikit sem frauka rigndi, Al. 169; the reading frauða-fætr in N. G. L
. i. 351 ought to be frauka-fætr (frauþa = frauka), m. pl. frogs' legs, aricles used in witchcraft; if nails (ungues), frogs' legs, and the like were found in 'bed or bolster,' it made a person
liable to outlawry, as being tokens of sorcery; cp. Shakespeare's Macbeth, '
toe of frog, wool of bat, and tongue of dog.'
FRÁ, prep. with dat., sometimes with í or &aacute
; prefixed, ífrá, áfrá, cp. Swed. ifrån
; áfra, Fms. vi. 326, 439, viii. 25, ix. 508, x. 408; í fr&aac
ute;, xi. 16, 137, 508, Grág. ii. 30, Nj. 83, 108, passim: [Goth. fram
; A. S. fram, from; Engl. from; O. H. G. fram; again in
the Scandin., Swed. från; Dan. fra; Ormul. fra; so a
lso Engl. fro (in to and fro and froward) is a Dan. form, b
ut from a Saxon] :-- from, vide af, p. 3, col. 2; ganga frá
lögbergi, Nj. 87; frá landi, Ld. 118; ofan frá fjöllum,
Ísl. ii. 195; frá læknum, 339: with adv. denoting direction
, skamt frá ánni, Nj. 94; skamt frá landi, Ld.; upp fr&aacu
te; bæ Una, Fs. 33, Ld. 206; niðr frá Mælifells-gili, Lan
dn. 71; ofan frá Merki-á, Eg. 100; ut frá Unadal, Fs. 31; n
orðr frá garði, Nj. 153; norðr frá dyrum, Fms. viii. 2
5; austr frá, ix. 402; suðr frá Noregi, x. 271; skamt fr&aacut
e; vatninu, Ld. 268; allt frá (all the way from) Gnúpu-sk&o
uml;rðum, 124: ellipt., inn frá, útar frá, Nj. 50: with
the indecl. particle er, vetfang þeim er frá (from which) v
ar kvatt, Grág. (Kb.) β. with names of hills, rivers, or the
like, from, but 'at' is more freq., vide p. 26; frá Ósi, Ei
rekr frá Ósi, Þórð. 8 new Ed.; Þór&e
th;r frá Höfða, Ld. 188, 200; frá Mosfelli, frá Hl
íðarenda, Landn., Nj. passim. 2. denoting aloof; brott
frá öðrum húsum, aloof from other houses, Eg. 203;
nökkut frá (aloof from) öðrum mönnum, Fas. i.
241; út í frá öðrum mönnum, aloof from oth
er men, Hkr. i. 223. 3. with adverbs denoting direction; Varbe
lgir eru hér upp frá yðr, Fms. ix. 512; stóðu spj&o
acute;t þeirra ofan frá þeim, Nj. 253; þangat fr&aacute
; garði, er ..., in such a direction from the farm, that ..., Gr&aac
ute;g. i. 82. 4. with verbs, as vita, horfa, snúa frá, t
o look away from, Skálda 242; stafnar horfa frá landi, Fms. xi
. 101; þat er frá vissi berginu, viii. 428. 5. with gen. ell
ipt. cp. 'at' A. II. 7; frá riks manns, from a rich man's [hous
e], Hom. 117; frá Arnórs, Bjarn. 35; frá frú Kri
stínar, Fms. ix. 407; frá bóanda þess, Grág. i
. 300; frá Heljar, Edda (Ub.) 292; frá Bjarnar, Hkr. i. 190. 6.
 temp., fjórtán nætr frá alþingi, Gr&aacute
;g. i. 122; frá þessu, from that time, since; upp frá
þessu, id., Ld. 50, Fms. xi. 334; frá hinni fyrstu stund, S
ks. 559; allt frá eldingu, all along from daybreak, Hrafn. 7; fr&a
acute; öndverðu, from the beginning, Sks. 564; frá fornu
ok nýju, of old and new, Dipl. iv. 14: adding upp, upp frá
því, ever since, Bs. ii. 37. 7. denoting successio
n; stund frá stund, from time to time, 656 A. i. 36; ár
frá ári, year after year, Stj. 17; dag frá degi, Fm
s. ii. 230; hvern dag frá öðrum, one day after another, v
iii. 182; hvárt sumar frá öðru, one summer after anoth
er, Grág. i. 92; annan dag frá öðrum, Eg. 277: in oth
er relations, maðr frá manni, man after man, Finnb. 228. II
. metaph., 1. from among, above, beyond, surpassingly; gö
ra sik auðkenndan frá öðrum mönnum, to distinguish o
neself from (above) other men, Fms. vii. 73, Fb. ii. 73: addin
g sem, frá því sem ..., beyond that what ...; fr&aacu
te; því harðfengir ok íllir viðreignar sem aðrir
, Fms. i. 171; herðibreiðr, svá at þat bar frá &thor
n;ví sem aðrir menn vóru, Eg. 305; nú er þat anna
thvárt at þú ert frá því þr&oacute
;ttigr ok þolinn sem aðrir menn, Fms. ii. 69: cp. frá-gör&
eth;amaðr, frá-bær. 2. with verbs denoting deprivatio
n, taking away, forsaking, or the like; taka e-t frá e-m, to take
a thing from one, Nj. 253; renna frá e-m, 264; deyja frá &uacu
te;mögum, to 'die from orphans,' i.e. leave orphans behind one, Grág. i. 249; segja sik ór þingi frá e-m, to se
cede from one, Nj. 166; liggja frá verkum, to be bedridden 'from w
ork,' i.e. so as to be unable to work, Grág. i. 474; seljask a
rfsali frá úmögum, i.e. to shift one's property from the m
inors, i.e. to cut them off from inheritance, 278. 3. again
st; þvert frá mínu skapi, Fms. vii. 258, Hom. 158; fr&aa
cute; líkindum, against likelihood, Eg. 769. 4. denoting derivation from a person; í mikilli sæmd frá konungi,
Ísl. ii. 394; njóta skaltu hans frá oss, Fbr. 58 new Ed.; - so also, kominn frá e-m, come of, descended from one, Eb. sub f
in., Landn. passim. 5. of, about, concerning; segja frá e-u
, to tell of a thing, Fms. xi. 16, 137, Nj. 100, (frá-saga, fr&aa
cute;-sögn, a story); verða víss frá e-m, to be
informed about one, Fms. iv. 184; er mér svá frá sagt
konungi, I am told so of the king, Eg. 20; lýgi hann mestan hlut f
rá, he lies for the most part, Ísl. ii. 145, cp. Nj. 32. III. adverb. or ellipt. away, off; hverfa frá, to turn awa
y, Landn. 84; snúa í frá, Nj. 108; stukku menn fr&aacut
e;, Eg. 289; hnekkjask Írar nú frá, Ld. 78; ok frá h
öndina, and the hand off, Nj. 160; falla frá, to fall off,
to die (fráfall), Fms. x. 408; til ok frá, to and fro,
Eg. 293, Fms. ix. 422, Pass. 3. 2; héðan í frá, hen
ce 'fro,' Nj. 83; þaðan í frá, thence, Gr&aac
ute;g. ii. 30: þar ut í frá, secondly, next, Fms. vi.
326; outermost, 439 :-- temp., þaðan, héðan fr&aacu
te;, thence, Grág. i. 204, ii. 30, Fms. ii. 231, Nj. 83, V&aacute
;pn. 30: cp. the phrases, af og frá, by no means! vera frá,
to be gone, done with, dead.
frá-beranligr, adj. excellent, Th. 10.
frá-brugðinn, part. different, apart. Sks. 245, v.l.
frá-bæriligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), and frá-b
ærligr, adj. surpassing, Fas. iii. 364, Th. 10, Magn. 512.
frá-bærr, adj. surpassing, Fms. xi. 428, Fas. i. 88,
iii. 627, Th. 22.
frá-dragning, f. subtraction, (mod.)
frá-dráttr, m. diminution, Sks. 491, 800, Anecd. 60.
frá-fall, n. decease, death, Ísl. ii. 276, B. K. 126
(spelt franfall).
frá-ferð, f. = fráfall, Eluc. 48.

frá-fælast, d, dep. to shirk, shun.
frá-færsla, u, f. removal, B. K. 108: the weaning
of lambs, Dipl. v. 10.
frá-færur, f. pl. the weaning of lambs (in June). COM
PDS: fráfæru-lamb, n. a weaned lamb. fráf&a
elig;ru-tími, a, m., and fráfæru-leiti, n. the
season for weaning lambs, (freq.)
frá-ganga, u, f. a going away, departure, Grág. ii.
13.
frá-gangr, m. a leaving one's work well or ill done;
íllr f., work badly done, frágangs-sök, f. 
a thing which makes an agreement impossible.
frá-görðir, f. pl. surpassing feats; var þat
at frágerðum, it was extraordinary, Ísl. ii. 83. COMPD
S, with gen. pl. surpassing, choice: frágörða-lið,
 n. choice troops, Lv. 93. frágörða-maðr,
m. a remarkable man, Fs. 3, Fær. 52, Fms. iii. 114, x. 192. fr&a
acute;görða-mikill, adj. exceeding great, Fms. x. 172.
frá-hverfr, adj. 'froward,' averse.
frá-laga, u, f. retreat (in a sea-fight, leggja frá)
, Sturl. iii. 68.
frá-lauss, adj. free, detached, Grág. i. 494, ii. 19
0.
frá-leikr, m. (-leiki), swiftness, Fms. vi. 211, Gl&
uacute;m. 342, Rd. 212.
frá-leitr, fráleit-ligr, adj. (fráleit-liga,
adv.), 'froward,' averse: fráleitt sinni, a reprobate mind, Rom. i. 28.
frá-liga, adv. swiftly, Th. 79.
frá-ligr, adj. quick, swift, Lv. 73, Fbr. 27, 136, 155, Ld.
38, Háv. 39.
FRÁNN, adj. gleaming, flashing, acc. fránan, Fm. 32:
the word seems akin to frár; only used in poetry as an epithet of serpen
ts, and metaph. of swords and sharp weapons; fránn naðr, Vsp. 65; f.
ormr, Vkv. 16; fránn dreki, frán egg, Lex. Poët, passim: of t
he eyes, flashing, id. Eggert uses it of a cloud gilded by the sun, s&oac
ute;lin brauzt fram ór fránu skýi, Bb. 2. 33. POËT. CO
MPDS: frán-eygr, adj. with flashing eyes, Fm. 5. fr&aac
ute;n-leitr, frán-lyndr, adj. id. :-- hence as a subst. fr&
aacute;nn, m., Edda (Gl.), Merl. 2. 17, or fræningr, m., Edda (
Gl.), a serpent, (cp. Gr. GREEK from GREEK.)
FRÁR, adj., neut. frátt, compar. superl, frári, fr&a
acute;str, but older form frávari, frávastr, hence fráf&ael
ig;ri, Eluc. 48; fráostr, Krók. 37; frávastu (acc.), Stj 48

0: [a word not found in Germ. or Engl., unless O. H. G. frô, frawer, Germ. froh = joyful, be a kindred word; but in Icel., old as wel
l as mod., frár only conveys the notion of swiftness] :-- swift
, light-footed, Fms. iii. 178, Nj 258, Finnb. 236, Bs. ii. 87, Fb. i. 394.
frá-saga, u, f. a story, narrative, Sturl. i. 21, Fms. iv.
348, Eg. fine, Ld. 58. frásögu-ligr, adj. interesting,
Hkr. ii. 135.
frá-skili (frá-skila, frá-skilinn), adj. s
eparated, isolated, astray, with dat., fráskili e-m, Fas. iii. 130, S
tj. 26, 655 xi. 1, Fb. i. 540: rejected, Fs. 128.
<PAGE NUM="b0172">
<HEADER>172 FRÁSKILLIGR -- FRER.</HEADER>
frá-skilligr, adj. = fráskila, 655 xxxii. 27. frá
-skilliga, adv. privately, Thom. 153.
frá-skilnaðr, m. separation, Stj. 195.
frá-snúinn, part. froward, averse.
frá-sögn, f. = frásaga, 625. 83, Stud. i. 1, Hkr. i. 1
, Skálda 159; vera til frásagnar um e-t, to regret a thing,
Ísl. ii. 267, Nj. 97, Orkn. 202. COMPDS: frásagna-maðr, m. an historian, 732. 15 (better sagna-maðr). frásagnar-v
erðr, adj. worth relating, Eg. 425.
frá-vera, u, f. absence, Fms. iii. 164, Fb. i. 512, Bs. ii.
45.
frá-verandi, part. absent, Skálda.
frá-vist, f. = frávera, D. N.
frá-vita, adj. insane.
freðinn, part. frozen; freð-jaki, a, m., and fre
ð-fiskr, m., vide frjósa.
freð-stertr or fret-stertr, m., and freðsterts-m&aacute
;t or fretstertu-mát, n., Mag. 23: [Chaucer calls the queen in
chess fers, which is derived from her Persian name ferz or fer
zan = a king's captain; the Icel. word is no doubt of the same origin
] :-- check-mate with the queen's pawn: other check-mates used in Icel.
are heima-stertr, peð-rífr, gleiðar-mál, níumanna-m
át, and many more.
fregn, f. news, intelligence, Fas. ii. 368, Fms. ix. 483; flugu-fr
egn, gossip, a 'canard.'
FREGNA, pret. frá, 2nd pers. frátt, fráttu, pl. fr&a
acute;gum; pres. fregn; pret. subj. frægi, frægim, Am. 99; part. fre
ginn; sup. fregit; with the neg. suf. fráat, Ýt. 10: in mod. usage
weak fregna, að, pres. fregna, sup. fregnað: in old writers a fo
rm fregna, d, occurs early, thus, pres. fregnir, Fms. xi. 42, Jóms
v. S. 2; pret. fregndi, 14; pres. subj. fregnisk ( = fregnsk), Sighvat, Fms. vi.
41; pres. fregnar, Glúm. 374; sup. fregnt ( = fregit), Ld. 4, is scarcel
y a correct form; pret. pl. fregnuðum, Dipl. v. 16, in a deed of the 14th ce
ntury; -- by that time the word had got its present form: [Goth. fraihnan
= GREEK; A. S. frignan; old Sax. gifrægnan; cp. Germ. fr
agen] :-- to hear, be informed; er þú fregn andlá
t mitt, Blas. 43; er hann slíkt um fregn, Vsp. 30; Þrándr fr
á andlát föður síns, Landn. 214; ok frágu &
thorn;au tíðendi at ..., Ó. H. 106; enda fregn sakar-aðili
vígit á þingi, Grág. (Kb.) ch. 107, (fregni, subj.,
Sb. i. 105); er hann fregn dauða hins, Kb. i. 154; eða fregn hann eigi h
var féráns-dómr átli at vera, Grág. i. 95, ok
er hann fregnar (sic Ed.), safnar hann liði, Glúm. l.c.; þ&aac
ute; frá hann til öndvegis-súlna sinna, Landn. 250; sí
ðan frá engi maðr til hans, Str. 74; frá hann, at Haraldr
..., Fms. vi. 256; eptir því vér fregnuðum af oss ellrum
mönnum, Dipl. l.c.; síðan fregnir hann safnaðinn, Fms. xi.
42; nú sem þessi tíðendi vóru fregin um allt land
it, Str. 54; þeir þóttusk þaðan mart fýsilig
t fregit (Ed. frengt) hafa, Ld. 4; sann-fregit = sann-spurt, Hallfred. II. to ask, only in very old poetry; fregna e-n e-s; hvers fregnit mik, Vsp
. 22; ok ek þess opt fróða menn fregit hafði, Ýt. 6;
fregna ok segja, to ask and say, ask and answer, Hm. 27; ef hann freginn
er-at, 29; fregna ok segja skal fróðra hverr, 61, Skv. 1. 19, Fsm. 8
; fregna e-n ráðs, to ask one's advice, Hm. 109: fregna at e-u
(as spyrja), 32.
fregn-víss, adj. curious, in the saying, fróðr e
r hverr f., Art. 90.
FREISTA, að, [Ulf. frajsan = GREEK, A. S. frasjan, Hel.
and O. H. G. fresan, old Frank. frasan, -- all of them without t; Dan. friste; Swed. fresta] :-- to try, with gen.; f
reista má ek þess, Eg. 606; freista sín, to try one's pro
wess, Edda 31; freista sunds, Ld. 166; hafa ymiss við freistað, &Oac
ute;. H. 34; freista þessar íþróttar, Edda 31; freista
þessa, id. :-- with um or inf., freista um fleiri leiki, 32; at hann mun
f. at renna skeið, 31 :-- absol., bað þá f. ef ..., Eg. 17
4, 279; freista hvé þat hlýddi, to try how, Íb
. 7; freista at vér fáim drepit þá, Fms. i. 9. &be
ta;. to tempt, make trial of, with gen., which sense occurs in Vsp. 2
2; freistum þeirra, Fms. vii. 193; ef hans f. fírar, Hm. 25 :-- esp
. in the religious sense, to tempt, Rb. 82, Symb. 31, Stj. 145 passim, N
. T., Pass., Vídal.
freistan, f. temptation, Hom. 37, 97, Greg. 18; freistnan,
f. id., Stj. 145, 147, 295.
freistari, a, m. a tempter, Hom. 45, Stj. 144, 146.
freisti and freistni, f. temptation, Hom. 17, 82; freistni,
17, 26, Sks. 185 B, 450 B, 623. 26, Stj. passim, Magn. 488, N. T., Pass., V&iac
ute;dal., and all mod. writers insert the n.
freisting, f. = freistni, (mod. freq.)
freistinn, adj. daring, tempting, Sks. 98 B.
freka (mod. frekja), u, f. hardship, Fms. x. 402, v.l., xi.
99: in the phrase, með freku, harshly, with great hardship, Eb. 128,
Ó. H. 92; með svá mikilli freku at, Fms. i. 34, iv. 85, viii.
64, 135, x. 401, xi. 268; með meiri freku en fyrr var vandi til, Bs. i. 706
; ánauð ok íllar frekur, Fms. vii. 75, v.l.
frek-efldr, part. forcible, Fms. x. 418.
freki, a, m., poët. a wolf, Vsp. 51, Gm. 19,
frek-leikr, m. greediness; frekleikr eðr ætni, 655 xxxi.
A. 3.
frek-liga, adv. harshly, Ísl. ii. 385, Fms. ii. 66.
frek-ligr, adj. harsh, exorbitant, Fms. vii. 293, Lv. 54.
freknóttr, adj. freckly, Ld. 274, Sturl. ii. 133, Grett. 90
.
FREKNUR, f. pl. [Dan. fregner; Swed. fräknar], frec
kles, Fél. ix.
FREKR, adj. [Ulf. -friks, in faihu-friks = GREEK; A. S. 
fræc; Germ. frech (bold, impudent), whence Dan. fr&a
elig;k; cp. Engl. freak] :-- greedy; frekr til fjár, Sd
. 140; frekr er hverr til fjörsins, a saying, Njarð. 374; frekir konung
ar, Fms. x. 416: voracious, hungry, fangs er ván at frekum &uacute
;lfi, Eb. 250; svá f. at torsótt sé at fylla þik, Fs.
72: metaph. exorbitant, frek fégjöld, Gþl. 169; frek l
ög, harsh, unfair law, Hkr. ii. 384; frekr harðsteinn, a rou
gh whetstone, Fms. xi. 223; frekr get ek at þeim þykki lokarr mi
nn til frégjalda, I guess they will find my plane rough (cuttin
g thick chips) as to the bargain, ii. 65; bora frekan atsúg at
e-u, Orkn. 144; frekust orð ok umkvæði, Ísl. ii. 149: neut
. frekt, as adv., frekt eru þá tekin orð mín, Fms. ii. 2
60; ganga frekt at e-u, Fs. 32; leita frekara eptir, Fms. x. 227.
FRELSA, t, mod. að, to free; frelstr, Fms. i. 79; pret. frelst
i, 225. 70, Sks. 660, Gullþ. 4; frelstisk, Fms. vii. 59, x. 404, 413; frel
stusk, Sks. 587 (frjalsti B); pres. frelsir, 655 xxxii. 4; imperat. frels, Hom.
159; part. frelst, Stud. iii. 139: in mod. usage always frelsa, að, e.g. hel
dr frelsa (imperat.) oss frá íllu, in the Lord's Prayer; this form
occurs even in MSS. of the 14th century, e.g. frelsaði, Bs. i. 269 (MS. Arn
a-Magn. 482); but frelsi, l.c., in the older recension, Bs. i. 95: an older form
frjálsa, að (frealsa), freq. occurs in old MSS.; pres.
frjálsar, Gþl. 91; frjálsaði, Dipl. i. 11; infin. frj&a
acute;lsa, Sks. 349, 594 B; subj. frjálsisk, 349 B; frealsaðisk, Stj.
26: [Dan. frelse; Swed. frälsa] :-- to free, deliver, res
cue, passim: the law phrase, frelsa e-m e-t, to rescue a thing for one; til at f. honum sína föðurleifð, Fms. ix. 329; Egill kva
ðsk frelst hafa Þórði manna-forráð, Sturl. iii.
139; frelsa þeim jörð er á, Gþl. l.c.; ok frj&aacute
;lsaði jörðina honum til æfinlegrar eignar, Dipl. l.c.; hann
frelsaði sér þann hlut frá, er eptir var, til forr&aacut
e;ða, Bs. i. 269; ok frelsti hón sveininum (veiðina), Gullþ
. 4; frelsa þræl, to set a bondsman free, N. G. L. passim. II. reflex. to save oneself, escape, Fms. vii. 59 passim: as a law t
erm, to get freedom, from bondage, N. G. L. i. 33: in a pass. sense, Sks.
587 passim.
frelsari, a, m. (older obsolete form frjalsari), a saviour,
Stj. passim, 655 xiii. 4: the Saviour, N. T., Pass., Vídal. passi
m.
frels-borinn, part. (and frjáls-borinn, Eg. 284, Grá
g. passim), free-born, Hom. 152.
frelsi, f. (older form frjálsi, Sks. 622 B), freedom, esp. of a bondsman set free, or generally, N. G. L. i. 32, Grág. i. 357
, Fms. i. 33, 222, ix. 352, Fs. 70, 126, in the laws and Sagas passim :-- metaph
. freedom, leisure, Fms. x. 147, v.l., Bs. i. 518, Sks. 504; ná&e
th;ir ok f., rest and leisure, Háv. 57: freedom, privilege, imm
unity, e.g. of the church, Fms. x. 14; frelsi kirkjunnar, Bs. i. 720 and pas
sim. COMPDS: frelsis-bréf, n. a charter of privilege, H. E.
i. 386, v.l. frelsis-giöf, f. a gift of freedom to a bondsma
n, Fs. 126, N. G. L. i. 33. frelsis-öl, n. 'freedom-ale,' a carou
se on occasion of a bondsman being set free, N. G. L. i. 29, 32, 33.
frelsingi, a, m. (frelsingr, 677. i), a freedman, Eg. 42, 6
7, Landn. 123.
fremd, f. [frami], furtherance, honour, Hkr. iii. 99, Rd. 310, Eg.
279, Fms. viii. 321, v.l. COMPDS: fremdar-lauss, adj. inglorious,
Fas. i. 33. fremdar-verk, n. a feat, Fms. x. 230, Fas. i. 162, St
j. 509.
fremi adv. (often, esp. in the Grág., spelt fremmi), only i
n the phrase, svá fremi, only so far, only in that case: temp., se
g þú svá fremi frá því er þessi da
gr er allr, i.e. wait just till this day is past, Nj. 96, Al. 118; jarl h
afði svá fremi frétt til Erlings, er hann var nær kominn
, he only heard of Erling when he was close up to him, Fms. vii. 296; ski
ldisk Hákon konungr svá fremi við er hverr maðr var drepin
n, king H. left [pursuing] only when every man was slain, H
kr. i. 151; svá f. munt þú þetta hafa upp kveðit,
er ekki mun tjóa letja þik, Ó. H. 32; en svá f. vil e
k at vér berim þetta fyrir alþýðu, er ek sé
, 33; svá f. er unnin væri borgin, Róm. 358; svá f. a
t ..., id., Pr. 406; svá fremi ef, in case that, Nj. 260;
þá skulu þeir at dómi kveðja, ok svá f. er
til varnar er boðit áðr, but only when they have called on the
m for the defence, i.e. not before they have, Grág. i. 256; &t
horn;at er jamrétt at stefna svá fremmi hánum er hann missi
r hans þá er kviðarins þarf, it is equally lawful to s
ummon a neighbour-juror in case he does not appear to deliver a verdict, 48:
so far, svá fremi er upp komit, at ..., Finnb. 226.
FREMJA, pret. framði, pres. frem, part. framiðr, framdr, mod. als
o framinn; [A. S. fremman; Dan. fremme] :-- to further, promote
; fremja Kristni, to further Christianity, Fms. x. 416; fremja sik, to distinguish oneself, Nj. 254; fremja sik á e-u, Sks. 25 B; &thor
n;óttú þykisk hafa framit þik utan-lendis, Glúm
. 342; sá er framiðr er framarr er settr, Edda 127. 2. to p
erform, exercise, Fms. i. 260, vii. 164, 625. 60, 656 A. 2. 18, Hom. 52, 655
xi. 4, Og. 146, Nj. 10; fremja seið, heiðni, N. G. L. i. 19, Hkr. i. 19
; fremja munaðlífi, 625. 41; fremja sund, to swim, Rm. 32. 
β. in mod. usage often in a bad sense, to commit, e.g. fremja gl
æp, löst, etc. II. reflex. to advance oneself; hann haf
ði mikit framisk í utan-ferð sinni, Fms. iii. 122, v. 345. 2. in a pass. sense (rarely), Hom. 72. III. part. fremjandi, a
performer, Edda 68.
fremr and fremst, vide fram.

FRENJA, u, f., poët. a cow, Edda (Gl.), Bb. 3. 41. COMPDS: frenju-ligr, adj. hoydenish; and frenju-skapr, m.
FRER, n.pl., also spelt freyr or better frör, (in mod.
usage freðar, m. pl.), [Ulf. frius, 2 Cor. xi. 27; Old Engl.
frore as an adj. or adv.] :-- frost, frosty soil; fara at f
reyrum, to travel when it begins to freeze; bíða fröra, to wait for frost, Ó. H. 17; at frerum, 198; en er konungi þ&
oacute;tti ván fröra, 122; frer ok snjóva, Bs. i. 872: in sin
g., frer var hart úti, a hard frost, ii.
<PAGE NUM="b0173">
<HEADER>FRERJAKI -- FRIÐSTOLL. 173</HEADER>
22. COMPDS: frer-jaki, a, m. a piece of ice, Bárð. 9 ne
w Ed. frer-mánuðr, m. the frost month, answering to Dec
ember, Edda.
frerinn and frörinn, part. of frjósa, = frozen,
mod. freðinn.
FRESS, m. a tom-cat, Edda 63, Grág. i. 501; also called 
fress-köttr, m., and steggr, q.v. :-- a bear, Edda (Gl.), Korm.
(in a verse).
FREST, usually n. pl., but also f. sing, (in mod. usage frestr, m.
), delay; löng frest, Fms. ii. 216: ok væri þar lög
ð frest á, Hkr. i. 292; þessi frest, Stj. 446; þó
at frestin væri löng, Fms. v. 72; biðja sér fresta, ii. 11
4, Rb. 364; ljá e-m fresta um e-t, Fms. iv. 225, Hom. 33; Uni kvað s&
eacute;r ílla líka öll frestin, Fs. 32: the saying, frest eru
ílls bezt, Fms. v. 294, -- mod., frestr er á illu bestr: the phra
se, selja á frest, to sell on credit, Vápn. 7, Sturl. 91,
Gísl. 12; hence frest-skuld, f. credit, Snót 62.
fresta, að, to defer, put up, with dat., Ld. 322, Ó. H.
95. Orkn. 48, Fms. viii. 327, Fb. iii. 408: absol. to delay, tarry, Lv.
52, Fms. ix. 355: reflex. to be delayed, upset, Fær. 93, Fs. 74, Ko
rm. 134, Fbr. 185, Fms. v. 318.
frestan, f. delay, Fb. ii. 42, better frestin.
FRETA, pret. frat, mod. að, to fart, Lat. pedere, Dropl
. 31, Lv. 54.
fret-karl, m. a 'fart-churl,' vagabond, Lv. 59, Fs. 160, Ís
l. ii. 483.
fretr, m. a fart, Fms. vi. 280.
FRÉTT, f. [akin to fregn, but contracted], news, intelligence, Fms. xi. 101, Nj. 175, Bs. i. 735, Grett. 122, Fs. 15, 27; very freq. in mod
. usage, esp. in pl. fréttir, news; hvat er í fréttu
m, what news? in compds, frétta-blað, a newspaper; freg
n and tíðindi (q.v.) are only used in a peculiar sense. 2. 
enquiry, Grág. i. 35, obsolete. β. in a religious sense,
enquiring of gods or men about the future, Nj. 273: the phrase, ganga til
fréttar við e-n; Sigurðr gékk til fréttar við

móður sína, hón var margkunnig, Orkn. 28; þangat
géngu menn til frétta, Fs. 19; gékk hann þá ti
l sónarblóts til fréttar, Hkr. i. 24; biskup gékk ti
l fréttar við Guð, 686 B. 13.
frétta, tt, to hear, get intelligence, Korm. 160, Am. 1, Nj
. 5, Eg. 123, Ísl. ii. 164; very freq., whereas fregna is obsolete. 2.
 to ask, enquire, Korm. 216, Pass. 11. 4, 21. 8; frétta t&iacu
te;ðenda, to ask for news, Fms. i. 101; frétta e-n upp, to
find one out, Edda (pref.); frétta at mönnum, Nj. 34. II.
reflex. to get about, be reported, of news; þetta fréttisk
um héraðit, Korm. 198; fréttisk alls ekki til hans, nothing
was heard of him, Ísl. ii. 168; frettisk mér svá til,
I am told, Boll. 338, Fms. iv. 231. β. recipr. to ask one
another for news; fréttusk þeir tíðenda, Boll. 336;
fréttask fyrir, to enquire, Fs. 78.
fréttinn, adj. curious, eager for news, Fms. i. 184, v. 299
, Bs. i. 776.
FREYÐA, dd, [frauð], to froth; með freyðanda munni
, Al. 168: of roasting, Fas. i. 163: of matter, freyddi ór upp bló
ð ok vágr, Ísl. ii. 218.
freyja, u, f. a lady, in hús-freyja, q.v.; prop. the god
dess Freyja, Edda.
FREYR, m. [Goth. frauja = Gr. GREEK; A. S. freâ; Hel.
frô = a lord], is in the Scandin. only used as the pr. nam
e of the god Freyr, Edda, Vsp., etc.; for the worship of Frey cp., beside
s the Edda, Gísl. ch. 15, Hrafn. ch. 2, Glúm. ch. 9, the talc of G
unnar Helming in Fms. ii. ch. 173, 174, Vd. ch. 10, also Landn. 174, Fms. v. 239
. COMPDS: Freys-goði, a, m. the priest of Frey, a nickname, Hr
afn. Freys-gyðlingar, m. pl. priests or worshippers of Frey
, the name of a family in the south-east of Icel., Landn. Freys-tafl,
n. the game of Frey, probably what is now called goða-tafl, Fl&oacut
e;v.
friða, að, [cp. A. S. freodian], to pacify, restore to
peace; friða ok frelsa, Fms. i. 110; friða ok frelsa land, Ó.
H. 189; friða fyrir e-m, to make peace for one, to reconcile; fri&et
h;a fyrir kaupmönnum, Fms. vii. 16; friða fyrir þeim bræ&et
h;rum við Kolbein, to intercede for them with K., Sturl. iii. 4; fri&
eth;a fyrir önduðum, to make peace for the dead, intercede for them,
 by singing masses, Bs. i. 65; hann friðaði vel fyrir landi s&iacute
;nu, he pacified the land, Fms. vii. 16 :-- in mod. usage esp. to prot
ect by law (birds or other animals), friða fugl, varp, to protect eid
er-ducks. II. reflex., friðask við e-n, to seek for reconc
iliation or to reconcile oneself to another, Fms. iii. 155, v. 202, A
l. 85: in a pass. sense, Fms. viii. 152.
friðan, f. pacifying, Fb. ii. 339: mod. protection.
frið-benda, d, to furnish with friðbönd, Krók.
40.
frið-bót, f. peace-making, O. H. L. 10.
frið-brot, n. a breach of the peace, Eg. 24, Gþl. 21, &O
acute;. H. 190, Eb. 24. friðbrots-maðr, m. a peace-breaker, Sturl. iii. 161.
frið-bönd, n. pl. 'peace-bonds,' straps wound round the s
heath and fastened to a ring in the hilt when the weapon was not in use; hence t
he phrase, spretta friðböndunum, to untie the 'peace-straps,' be
fore drawing the sword, Sturl. iii. 186, Gísl. 55; the use of the word in
Krók. 40 is undoubtedly wrong: cp. the drawings in old MSS.
friðgin, n. pl.; this curious word is analogous to systkin, feðgi
n, mæðgin, and seems to mean lovers; it only occurs twice, viz.
in Clem., þá varð hvárt þeirra friðgina &ouml
;ðru fegit, 37; and in the poem Pd. 53, but here the verse is in a fragmenta
ry state.
frið-gælur, f. pl. enticements of peace, in the phrase,
bera friðgælur á e-n, to make overtures for peace to one, Bjarn. 55.
frið-görð, f. 'peace-making,' truce, treaty, Fms. vi.
63, x. 155, Stj. 566, 650; a part of the Ó. H. is called Friðg&ou
ml;rðar-saga, u, f., referring to the negotiation for peace between Swed
en and Norway, A.D. 1018.
frið-heilagr, adj. inviolate, Gþl. 129, N. G. L. i. 4, K
. Á. 30, Fs. 150.
frið-helga, að, to proclaim inviolate, Nj. 101, Lv. 7.
frið-helgi, f. inviolability, protection by law, Landn. 97, Fm
s. i. 80,
friðill, m. a lover, gallant, poët., Vkv. 27; cp. fri&eth
;gin.
frið-kastali, a, m. a 'castle of peace,' asylum, Fas. iii. 248
.
frið-kaup, n. purchase of peace, Gþl. 142, Fbr. 18 new E
d., Fms. v. 327.
frið-kaupa, keypti, to purchase peace, Ísl. ii. 442.
frið-kolla, u, f. the nickname of a lady, Fms. vii. 63.
FRIÐLA, u, f., usually contr. frilla, [Dan. frille], pr
op. = Lat. amica, a fem. answering to friðill, q.v.; en frí&et
h;a frilla, the fair mistress, Hým. 30; but in prose in a bad sens
e a harlot, concubine, Fms. i. 2, viii. 63, Sturl. ii. 73, Sks. 693. COMP
DS: frillu-barn, m. a bastard child, Landn. 174, Fms. xi. 212. 
frillu-borinn, part. bastard-born, Fas. i. 354. frillu-dótt
ir, f. an illegitimate daughter, Gþl. 238, 239. frillu-lifna
ðr, m. fornication, whoredom, Jb. 137. frillu-lífi,
n. id., K. Á. 218, H. E. i. 477; in the N. T. = the Gr. GREEK. frillu-maðr, m. an adulterer, = Gr. GREEK, N. T.; in pl., Bs. i.
684. frillu-sonr, m. an illegitimate son, Gþl. 237, 238, Hk
r. i. 100, 198, Landn. 260. frillu-tak, n., in the phrase, taka frillutak
i, to take as concubine, Eg. 343, Fms. ii. 291, vii. 110, Sturl. iii. 270
.
frið-land, n. a 'peace-land' or friendly country, Fms. ii. 132

, Hkr. i. 295: used in the laws of old freebooters (víkingar), who made a
compact not to plunder a country, on condition of having there a free asylum an
d free market; -- such a country was called friðland, Eg. 245, Fms. xi. 62,
Ísl. ii. 334.
frið-lauss, adj. outlawed, Fms. vii. 204, N. G. L. i. 15, K. &
Aacute;. 142.
frið-leggja, lagði, to make peace, Fms. iii. 73.
frið-liga, adv. peaceably, Fms. ii. 124.
frið-ligr, adj. peaceable, Hom. 143, Fms. v. 248, Nj. 88, Eb.
266.
frið-mark, n. a token of peace, Fms. x. 347.
frið-mál, n. pl. words of peace, Fms. vii. 23.
frið-menn, m. pl. men of peace, friends, Ld. 76, Lv. 102, Stj.
213, Fms. vi. 28, x. 244, H. E. i. 243; friðmenn konungs, the king's fri
ends or allies, id.
frið-mælask, t, to sue for peace, Krók. 62; f. vi
ð e-n, id., Stj. 398.
FRIÐR, m., gen. friðar, dat. friði, [Ulf. renders GREEK by gavairþi, but uses the verb gafriþon = GREEK, and ga
friþons = GREEK; A. S. frið and freoðo; mod. Ge
rm. friede; Dan. and Swed. fred; lost in Engl., and replaced from
the Lat.] :-- peace, but also personal security, inviolability: in
the phrases, fyrirgöra fé ok friði, to forfeit property and
peace, i.e. be outlawed, Gþl. 160; setja grið ok frið,
to 'set,' i.e. make, truce and peace, Grág. ii. 167: til &a
acute;rs ok friðar, Hkr. i. 16; friðr ok farsæla, Bs. i. 724; vera
í friði, to be in safe keeping, Al. 17; biðja e-n fri&eth
;ar, to sue for peace, Hbl. 28; about the peace of Fróði cp. E
dda 78-81, it is also mentioned in Hkv. 1. 13, and Vellekla. 2. peace,
sacredness of a season or term, cp. Jóla-f., Páska-f., the
peace (truce) of Yule, Easter; ann-friðr, q.v. 3.
peace, rest, tranquillity; gefa e-m frið, to give peace, rest;
gefat þínum fjándum frið, Hm. 128. 4. with the n
otion of love, peace, friendship; friðr kvenna, Hm. 89; frið at k
aupa, to purchase love, Skm. 19; eldi heitari brennr með íllum
vinum friðr fimm daga, Hm. 50; friðs vætla ok mér, I ho
ped for a friendly reception, Sighvat, Ó. H. 81; allr friðr (
all joy) glepsk, Hallfred; connected with this sense are friðiil, fri&et
h;la, friðgin, -- this seems to he the original notion of the word, and that
of peace metaph.: from the N. T. the word obtained a more sacred sense, GREEK b
eing always rendered by friðr, John xvi. 33, -- friðr sé með
yðr, peace be with you. COMPDS: friðar-andi, a, m. spi
rit of peace, Pass. 21. 13. friðar-band, n. a bond of peace, H. E. i. 470. friðar-boð, n. an offer of peace. fri&
eth;ar-boðorð, n. a proclamation of peace, 656 C. 30. fri&
eth;ar-bréf, n. a letter of peace, Fms. x. 133. friðarfundr, m. a peaceful meeting, Fms. x. 38. friðar-görð
, f. = friðgörð, Sks. 45, 655 xxxii. 24. friðar-koss, m. a kiss of peace, osculum pacis, Magn. 478, Bs. i. 175. friðar
-mark, n. = friðmark, Þorf. Karl. 422, 625. 9. friðar-menn,
 m. = friðmenn, Lv. 96. friðar-skjöldr, m. = friðskj

öldr, Fas. i. 462. friðar-stefna, u, f. a peace meeting,
Fms. vi. 27. friðar-stilli, n. a peace settlement, Pass. 21. 8
, cp. Luke xxiii. 12. friðar-tákn, n. a token of peace,
Al. 59. friðar-tími, a, m. a time of peace, Bret. 50.
II. as a prefix in prop. names, Frið-björn, -geirr, -gerðr,
-leifr, -mundr; but it is rarely used in olden times; Friðrik, Germ. Frie
drich, is of quite mod. date in Icel.
frið-samliga, adv. peaceably, Fms. vii. 312, Hkr. ii. 282, Stj
. 183.
frið-samligr, adj. peaceable, Fms. i. 25, Stj. 301, 505, 558.
frið-samr, adj. peaceful, Stj. 187: a name of the mythical kin
g Fróði, Fb. i. 27: also Frið-Fróði, id.
frið-semd, f. peacefulness, Fms. vi. 441.
frið-semi, f. = friðsemd, Grág. pref. p. 168.
frið-semja, samdi, to make peace, Fr.
frið-skjöldr, m. a 'peace-shield,' a shield being used as
a sign of truce, answering to the mod. flag of truce; in the phrase, bregða
upp friðskildi, Fas. ii. 534, Orkn. 432, Hkr. iii. 205: the truce-shield wa
s white and opp. to the red 'war-shield,' Hkv. 1. 33.
frið-spilli, n. a breach of the peace, Fb. ii. 56.
frið-staðr, m. an asylum, sacred place in a temple, Eb. 6
new Ed.
frið-stefna, u, f. = friðarstefna, Edda 47.
frið-stilla, t, to settle, atone, Pass. 3. 14.
frið-stóll, m. a chair of peace, Sturl. i. 155 C.
<PAGE NUM="b0174">
<HEADER>174 FRIÐSÆLA -- FROST.</HEADER>
frið-sæla, u, f. the bliss of peace, Bs. i. 723.
frið-sæll, adj. blessed with peace, Hkr. i. 17.
frið-vænligr, adj. promising peace, Fms. i. 26, 132.
frið-vænn., adj. promising peace, safe, Fms. ix. 5.
frið-þæging, f. propitiation, Vídal.
frið-þægja, ð, to propitiate, of Christ, V&iac
ute;dal.
FRIGG, f. a pr. name, gen. friggjar, [cp. A. S. frigu = love], the heathen goddess Frigg, Edda, Vsp. COMPDS: Friggjar-elda, u
, f. a bird, prob. = mod. Máriatla, the wagtail, motacilla alb
a Linn., Edda (Gl.) Friggjar-gras, n. 'Frigg's herb,' the mandrake
, Hjalt. Friggjar-stjarna, u, f., astron. 'Frigg's star,' Venus, Clem. 26.
frilla, v. friðla.
fritt, n. adj. peaceful, Eg. 572, Stj. 471, 475; in the phrase, em er fritt (or eiga fritt), one's person being safe; hversu vel mun honum
fritt at koma á yðvarn fund, how safe will it be for him to come
to you? Fms. vii. 167; Högni spurði, hvárt þeim skyldi
fritt vera, Sturl. ii. 144 C; eiga í flestum stöðum ílla
fritt, Fbr. 48 new Ed.; ef eigi væri allt fritt (safe) af Steingr
íms hendi, Rd. 277; þá var ílla fritt, things were
ill at ease, uneasy, Bs. i. 363; hvárt skal mér fritt at gang
a á fund yðvarn, Fb. iii. 453.
FRÍ, adj. = fráls, free, released, vacant, used in a
less noble sense than frjáls, q.v.; frí is foreign, but freq. in
mod. writers :-- used as adv. freely, truly, in mod. poets, Pass. 7. 12,
18. 9, 19. 8, 38. 5.
FRÍ, m. [Dan. frier = a wooer, cp. frjá], a lover, = friðill, an GREEK, Hým. 9, cp. friðla; Höfu&
eth;l. 15 is dubious.
frí, n. a mod. college term, vacation, probably from Lat. feria.
fría, að, to deliver, Lv. 94 better firrum: reflex. 
to free oneself, Fms. xi. 424.
frían, f. (in Ó. H. 206 frion), remission, an GREEK,
Fms. v. 55, Pass. 13. 13.
fríða, að, to adorn, Fms. vii. 276, Fas. ii. 196, L
d. 198.
fríðendi, n. pl. good things; heita e-m fríð
endum, to make fair promises, Gísl. 70, Fms. v. 157, Niðrst. 6
; allir kostir ok öll f., Clem. 29; er nökkut þat er til fr&iacu
te;ðenda sé um mik, is there anything good in me? Fms. vi. 207
; revenue, reki með öllum fríðendum, Ám. 12, 1
5; heimaland með öllum fríðendum, 52.
fríðka and fríkka, að, to grow fine and h
andsome.
fríð-leikr (-leiki), m. personal beauty, Eg. 29,
Fms. x. 234; fríðleikr, afl, ok fræknleikr, Hkr. i. 302; fr&ia
cute;ðleikinum samir hinn bezti búnaðr, iii. 264. 2. fr&ia
cute;ðendi; svá mikla penninga at vexti ok fríðleik, Dipl.
i. 11; fimmtán kúgildi með þvílíkum fr&ia
cute;ðleik sem ..., ii. 12, Vm. 74; með þeim fríðleika
sem fyrr segir, Jm. 31.
FRÍÐR, adj., neut. frítt, compar. fríðari, s
uperl. fríðastr, [a Scandin. word, not found either in A. S. or Germ.
] :-- fair, beautiful, handsome, chiefly of the face; fríðr s
ýnum, Eg. 22. 23, Nj. 2, Fas. i. 387, Fms. i. 2, 17: fine, lið
mikit ok frítt, 32, vii. 231; mikit skip ok frítt, Fagrsk.; fr&ia
cute;ð veizla, Fb. ii. 120; með friðu föruneyti, Ld. 22: metaph
. specious, unfair, Fms. x. 252. II. paid in kind; t&oacute

;lf hundruð fríð, twelve hundred head of cattle in payment, Finnb. 226; tólf álnum fríðum, Dipl. ii. 20; hve marg
ir aurar skulu í gripum (in valuables), eða hve margir fr&iacu
te;ðir (in cattle), Grág. i. 136; arfi ens fríða en
eigi ens ófríða, he inherits the cattle but not the other
property, 221; fjóra tigi marka silfrs fríðs, forty mar
ks of silver paid in cattle, Eg. 526, v.l. Icel. at present call all payment
in kind 'í fríðu,' opp. to cash; í fríðu ok
úfríðu, H. E. i. 561. III. as noun in fem. pr. names,
Hólm-fríðr, Hall-fríðr, etc., Landn.; and Fr&iac
ute;ða, u, f. as a term of endearment for these pr. names.
FRÍSIR, m. pl. the Frisians, Fms., Eg. passim. Fr&iacute
;s-land, n. Frisia. Frískr, adj. Frisian, Fms. v
i. 362.
FRÍSKR, adj. [O. H. G. frisc; mod. Germ. frisch], frisky, brisk, vigorous, (mod. word); frísk-leiki, a, m. f
riskiness, briskness, vigour; frísk-legr, adj. (-lega,
adv.), friskily, briskly.
frjá, f. a sweetheart, Skv. 3. 8, and perh. in Fsm. 5 for f
án of the MS.
FRJÁ, ð, [Ulf. renders GREEK and GREEK by frijon, and G
REEK by frjaþva; akin to friðr, friðill; in Icel. this word
has almost entirely disappeared, except in the part. frændi, which is fou
nd also in Engl. friend, Germ. freund: frjá has thus met wi
th the same fate as its antagonist fjá (to hate); both have been l
ost as verbs, while the participles of each, fjándi and frændi, 
fiend and friend, remain :-- vrijen, to woo, still remains in
Dutch; and the mod. High Germ. freien and Dan. frie are borrowed f
rom Low Germ.] :-- to pet, an GREEK in Mkv. 5, -- annars barn er sem &uac
ute;lf at frjá, to pet another man's bairn is like petting a wolf,
i.e. he will never return your love. The passage Ls. 19 is obscure and probably
corrupt.
FRJÁ-, in the COMPDS: Frjá-aptan, m. Friday eveni
ng, Sturl. ii. 216. Frjá-dagr, m. Friday, Rb. 112, 572,
Jb. 200; langi F., Good Friday, K. Á. 68 passim: Frjáda
gs-aptan, m. Friday evening, Sturl. ii. 210 C: Frjádags-kve
ld, n. id., Sturl. ii. 211 C: Frjádags-nótt, f.
Friday night, Fms. viii. 35 (v.l.), Nj. 186: Frjádags-þin
g, n. a Friday meeting, Rb. 332: Frjádaga-fasta, u, f.
a Friday fast, Fms. x. 381. Frjá-kveld, n. = frjáapt
an, Hkr. iii. 277, Sturl. ii. 211 C. Frjá-morginn, m. Friday mo
rning, Fms. viii. 35, Orkn. (in a verse, App.) Frjá-nótt, f. = frjádagsnótt, Fms. viii. 35. It is remarked above, s.v. d
agr, that this 'frjá' is derived from the A. S. form Freâ, a
nswering to the northern Freyr, Goth. Frauja, and is a rendering o
f the eccl. Lat. dies Veneris, as in eccl. legends the Venus of the Lat.
is usually rendered by Freâ (Freyja) of the Teutonic. This word is
now obsolete in Icel., as Friday is now called Föstudagr, vide fasta
.
FRJÁLS, adj., dat. and gen. sing. fem. and gen. pl. frjálsi
, frjálsar, and frjálsa in old writers, but mod. frjálsri,
frjálsrar, frjálsra, inserting r, [a contracted form from fri-hals; Ulf. freihals; O. H. G. frihals; the A. S. freo
ls is prob. Scandin., as it is not used in old poetry: frjáls therefo

re properly means 'free-necked,' a ring round the neck being a badge of s
ervitude; but the Icel. uses the word fri only in the compound frj&aacute
;ls, which is lost in Dan., though it remains in Swed. frälse and ufrälse man; the mod. Dan. and Swed. fri is borrowed from the
Germ. frei, and so is the Icel. frí :-- Ulf. renders GREEK by f
reihals, but GREEK by freis] :-- free, opp. to bondsman; frj&a
acute;ls er hverr er frelsi er gefit, N. G. L. i. 32; ef þræll getr
barn við frjálsi konu, Grág. (Kb.) i. 224; skal þik b&ae
lig;ta sem frjálsan mann, Nj. 57: metaph. free, unhindered, l&aacu
te;ta e-n fara frjálsan, Fms. i. 15: of property, frjálst forr&ael
ig;ði, eign, yfirráð, free, full possession, D. N. passim
; skógar frjálsir af ágangi konunnga ok íllræ&
eth;is-manna, Fs. 20: neut., eiga ... at frjálsu, to possess freely, w
ithout restraint, Fms. xi. 211, Jb. 187, Ó. H. 92; með frj&aacute
;lsu, unhindered, Hrafn. 24.
frjálsa, að, to free, vide frelsa, Stj., Barl., D. N.,
Sks., Karl., passim.
frjálsan, f. rescue, Stj. 50.
frjálsari, a, m. = frelsari, Stj. 51.
frjáls-borinn, part. freeborn, vide frelsborinn.
frjáls-gjafa (-gefa), u, f. a freed-woman, N. G. L.
i. 327, 358.
frjáls-gjafi, a, m. a 'free-given' man, freed-man, in the N
orse law distinguished from and lower than a leysingi, q.v., N. G. L. i. 345, 34
7. II. one that gives freedom, Grág. i. 227.
frjálsi, f. freedom, an unusual form, = frelsi, cp. Ulf. freihals.
frjálsing, f. deliverance, Karl.
frjáls-leikr (-leiki), m. liberty, 655 xxxii. 4: met
aph. liberality, frankness, Fms. xi. 422, Stj. 201.
frjáls-lendingr, m. a free tenant, franklin, Karl.
frjáls-liga, adv. freely, frankly, Hkr. i. 138, Fms. v. 194
, Sks. 619, Stj. 154.
frjáls-ligr, adj. free, frank, independent, Sks. 171, 523,
546.
frjálsmann-ligr, adj. like a free man. Grett. 109.
FRJÓ, n. (and freo), dat. freovi, = fræ, seed,
Th. 23, Stj. 97, 196, H. E. i. 513. COMPDS: frjó-korn, n. = fr&ae
lig;korn, Gþl. 351 A. frjó-laun, n. pl. reward for the se
ed sown, N. G. L. i. 240. frjó-lauss, adj. seedless, barren
, Magn. 494. frjó-leikr (-leiki), m. fertility,
Stj. 56, 202, 398. frjó-ligr, adj. fruitful, Stj. 76, Fb. i
i. 24.
frjór,, adj. fertile, Stj. 75, passim.
FRJÓSA, pret. fraus, pl. frusu; pres. frýss, mod. fr&yacute

;s; pret. subj. frysi, but freri, Gísl. 32; part. frosinn, sup. frosit; a
n older declension analogous to gróa, gröri, is, pret. fröri or
freri, part. frörinn or frerinn, mod. freðinn, altering the r i
nto ð, whereto frer (q.v.) belongs: [O. H. G. friosan; mod. Ge
rm. frieren; A. S. freosan; Engl. freeze; Dan. fryse; Swed. frysa] :-- to freeze; often used impers. it freezes the
m (of earth, water, etc.), i.e. they are frozen, ice-bound, stiff with ic
e; þar fraus þá (acc.) um naetr, A. A. 272; fraus um hann
klæðin (acc.), the clothes froze about his body, Fs. 52; aldre
i skal hér frjósa korn (acc.), Fms. v. 23; hann (acc., viz. the we
ll) frýss svá, at ..., Stj. 96; þeir ætluðu at b&i
acute;ða þess at skip (acc.) Ólafs konungs freri þar &iac
ute; höfninni, until king Olave's ship should be ice-bound, Fms. v.
167 :-- of the weather, absol., veðr var kalt ok frjósanda, cold a
nd frosty, Grett. 134; vindr var á norðan ok frjósandi, St
url. i. 83; aldrei festi snjó útan ok sunnan á hangi &THORN
;orgríms ok ekki fraus, ... at hann mundi ekki vilja at freri á mi
lli þeirra, Gísl. 32; but frysi, l.c., 116; áðr en frj&o
acute;sa tók, Fms. v. 167; þótt bæði frjósi
fyrir ofan ok neðan, 23: the metaph. phrase, e-m frýs hugr við,
one feels horror at a thing, iii. 187; perh. better hrjósa, q.v. II. part., frerin jörð, Grett. 111; frerin þekja, 85 new Ed
.; tá frerin, Edda 59; vátir ok frernir, wet and frozen, Bj
arn. 53; skipit sollit ok frörit, Bs. i. 355; but frosit, l.c., 330; fr&oum
l;rnar grasrætr, Sks. 48 new Ed.; skór frosnir ok snæugir, G&
iacute;sl. 31; flestir menn vóru nokkut frosnir, Fms. ix. 353, where = ka
lnir.
frjóva, að, and frjóa, mod. frjófga or frjóvga, to fertilise, Stj. 69, 73; frjóvandi,
part. blossoming, Sks. 630, 632 :-- reflex. to multiply, be fertile, Fms. i. 159, Fas. i. 177, Stj. 61.
frjóvan, f. fertilising, Stj. 13: mod. frjófgan, Pass. 32. 2.
frjóv-samr, adj. fertile (ófrjósamr, barre
n), Sturl. 101.
frjóv-semi, mod. frjóf-semi, f. fertility.
FROÐA, u, f. (cp. frauð), froth, e.g. on milk, Fas. i. 425
, freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS: froðu-fall, n. a frothing or foaming at the mouth. froðu-fella, d, to foam.
frosk-hleypa, t, to let (a horse) leap like a frog,
Gþl. 412.
FROSKR, m., in olden times prob. proncd. fröskr, cp. the rhym
e, öðlingr skyli einkar röskr | æpa kann í m&o
uml;rum fröskr, Mkv.; [A. S. frox, cp. Engl. frog; O.
H. G. frosc; mod. Germ. frosch; Dan. frö] :-- a fr
og, Hkr. i. 102, Stj. 23, 269, Fms. x. 380. 656 A. 2. 11.
FROST, n. [frjósa; A. S. fyrst; Engl., Germ., Dan., and Swe
d. frost] :-- frost: allit., frost ok funi, Sl. 18, Fas. iii. 613;
frost veðrs, Fms. ix. 241: often used in pl., frost mikil ok kuldar, ii. 29
; frosta vetr, a frosty
<PAGE NUM="b0175">
<HEADER>FROSTATÓL -- FRÝJA. 175</HEADER>
winter, Ann. 1348; frost ok snjóar, frost and snow; hö
rku-f., a sharp frost. frosta-tól, n. 'frosty tools' i.e. frail tools or implements that crack as if frost-bitten.
frosta = frysta, to freeze, Fær. 56.
FROSTA, n. the name of a county in Norway where a parliament, Frosta-&
thorn;ing, was held; hence Frostaþings-lög, n. pl. the
laws of the county Frosta, N. G. L. Frostaþings-bók, f.
the code of this law, N. G. L. i. 126, Fms. passim.
frost-bólga, u, f. 'frost-swelling,' of hands swoln by frost.
frost-brestir, m. pl. 'frost-cracks' in ice, such as are heard dur
ing a strong frost.
frosti, a, m. the name of a horse, freq. in Icel.
frost-mikill, adj. very frosty, Sks. 227 B.
frost-rósir, f. pl. 'frost-roses,' frost work.
frost-vetr, m. a frosty winter, Ann. 1047.
frost-viðri, n. frosty weather, Fms. ii. 195, Sturl. iii. 198
C.
FROTTA, tt, [akin to frata], to sputter; með frottandi vö
rum, with sputtering lips, Sks. 228 B.
FRÓ, f. relief, esp. from pain, Hkr. i. 6, Mar., 656 A. 25,
Sks. 107 B, Bs. i. 181. 299; hug-fró, geð-fró, mind's comf
ort: allit. phrase, friðr og fró, peace and relief, Bb. 3.
3.
fróa, að, to relieve, with acc., þá er &th
orn;ér vilit fróa manninn, Þorst. St. 55: mod. with dat., ch
iefly used impers., e-m fróar, one feels relief.
fróan, f., and frói, a, m. relief, = fr&oacut
e;, Bs. i. 312, Fas. iii. 388.
fróð-leikr, m. knowledge, 625. 50, Landn. 89, Gr&aacute
;g. i. 3, Skálda 160, Sks. 626; til fróðleiks ok skemtunar, for information and pleasure, Edda (pref.): with a notion of sorcery, &THO
RN;orf. Karl. 374, Fs. 131. COMPDS: fróðleiks-ást, f. love of knowledge, Skálda. fróðleiks-bækr,
f. pl. books of information, Rb. 342. fróðleiks-epli, f
. the apple of knowledge, Sks. 503. fróðleiks-tré, n. the tree of knowledge, 625. 3.
fróð-liga, adv. cleverly, Fms. iii. 163; eigi er n&uacu
te; f. spurt, Edda 8.
fróð-ligr, adj. clever, Sks. 553: mod. curious.

FRÓÐR, adj. [Ulf. frôþs = GREEK, GREEK, GRE
EK, GREEK; Hel. frôd; A. S. frôd] :-- knowing, lear
ned, well-instructed; fróðr, er margkunnigr er, Fms. xi. 413; h&o
acute;n var fróð at mörgu, Nj. 194; þat er sögn fr&oa
cute;ðra manna, Ísl. ii. 206; verða fróðari um e-t, Sk
s. 37; at Finnum tveim er hér eru fróðastir (greatest wizar
ds), Fms. i. 8; fás er fróðum vant, little is lacking t
o the knowing, cp. the Engl. 'knowledge is power,' Hm. 107: of books, con
taining much information, instructive, bækr beztar ok fróða
star, Bs. i. 429. β. in some passages in Hm. fróðr seems
to mean clever, Hm. 7, 27, 30, 6l, 107; þá nam ek at fr&aeli
g;vask ok fróðr vera, 142; fróðir menn, knowing men, Ýt. 6; fróð regin, the wise powers, Vþm. 26; en
n fróði jötunn, 30, 33, 35 :-- in some few poët. compds (in
which it seems to be used almost = prúðr, brave, valiant, as
böð-f., eljun-f.) the true meaning is skilled in war (cp. the Gr
. GREEK); sann-f., truly informed; óljúgfróð, &I
acute;b. 4; ú-fróðr, ignorant, = Goth. unfró&
thorn;s, which Ulf. uses to translate GREEK, GREEK; sögu-fró&et
h;r, skilled in old lore. As fróðr chiefly refers to historic
al knowledge, 'hinn Fróði' was an appellation given to the old Icel.
chroniclers -- Ari Fróði, Brandr Fróði, Sæmundr Fr&o
acute;ði, Kolskeggr Fróði, who lived between 1050 and 1150 A.D. B
ut the historians of the next age were seldom called by this name: Odd Munk (of
the end of the 12th century) is only once called so, (Ing. S. fine); Snorri (of
the 13th) twice, viz. Ann. 1241 in a single MS., and Sturl. iii. 98, but in a pa
rt of the Saga probably not written by Sturla himself; Sturla (who died in 1284)
is never called by that name; and the only real exception is Styrmir 'Fr&oacute
;ði' (who died in 1245), though he least deserved the name. Of foreign write
rs the Icel. gave the name Fróði to Bede (Landn. pref.), whom they he
ld in great honour.
FRÓMR, adj., akin to framr, prob. borrowed from Germ. fromm
, Low Germ. from; it seems to have come to Icel. with the Hanseatic trade
at the end of the 15th century, and is found in the Rímur of that time,
e.g. Skáld-Helga R. 3. 22; from Luther's Bible and the Reformation it bec
ame more freq. in the sense of righteous, pious, with the notion of gu
ileless, frómr og meinlaus, and often occurs in the N. T. and hymns,
e.g. Pass. 22. 2, 24. 9: it has however not been truly naturalized, except in th
e sense of honest, i.e. not thievish, and ófrómr, dishonest, thievish, (a euphemism); umtals-f., not slandering, speaking
fair of other people. COMPDS: fróm-leiki, a, m. guilelessne
ss, Pass. 16. 8. fróm-lyndi, f. id.
FRÓN, n. a poët. word = land, country, Lex. Poët,
passim; scarcely akin to the Germ. frohn = demesne; in mod. poets
and in patriotic songs frón is the pet name for Icel. itself, Núm
. 1. 10, 8. 9, 12. 4. Snót 16; Icel. students in Copenhagen about 1763 we
re the first who used the word in this sense.
FRUM- [cp. Lat. primus; Goth. frums = GREEK, fruma =
GREEK; A. S. frum-] :-- the first, but only in COMPDS: frum-br
éf, n. an original deed. frum-burðr, m. the firs
t-born, Ver. 5, Stj. 42, 161, 304, 306, Exod. passim. frum-býlingr
, m. one who has newly set up in life. frum-ferill, m. the
first traveller (visitor) to a place, Nj. 89. frum-f&oacute
;rn, f. first-fruit, Stj. passim, H. E. i. 468. frum-getinn, p
art. first-begotten, Stj. 65, 160, passim. frum-getnaðr, m. =
frumburðr, 656 A. i. 24, Stj. 161. frum-getningr, m. id., Stj.

304. frum-gjöf, f. the first gift, 677. 4. frum-gögn
, n. pl. the primal, principal proofs, a law term, Nj. 234, Gr&aacut
e;g. i. 56. frum-hending, f. the foremost rhyming syllable in a verse,
 a metrical term, Edda (Ht.) 121. frum-hlaup, n. a personal assaul
t, a law term, Grág., Nj. passim. frumhlaups-maðr, m. a
n assailant, Grág. ii. 13. frum-höfundr, m. the origin
al author or writer. frum-kveði, a, m., frum-kveðil
l, mod. frum-kvöðull, m. an originator, Edda 18, Ed.
Arna-Magn. i. 104. frum-kviðr, m. the first verdict, Gr&aacute
;g. i. 34. frum-kvæði, n. the original poem. frum-l&i
acute;na, u, f., mathem. a base-line, Björn Gunnl. frum-m&aac
ute;l, n. in the original tongue, opp. to translation, bók rit
uð á frummáli. frum-rit, n. the original writing, of MSS., (mod.) frum-ritaðr (and of poems frum-kveðinn, frum
-ortr), part. originally written (composed) in this or
that language. frum-smiðr, m. the first workman, Edda (
in a verse). frum-smíð, f. the first attempt of a beginner in any art, in the saying, flest frumsmíð stendr til bóta
, Edda 126. frum-sök, f. the original cause, a law term, Nj.
235, Grág. i. 48 passim. frum-tign, f. the first, highest digni
ty, Bs. i. 37, Magn. 512. frum-tón, m. a musical term, the
tonic, Icel. Choral-book (pref.) frum-tunga, u, f. original tongue
. frum-varp, n. a parliamentary term, a bill under debate, (mo
d.) frum-vaxti and frum-vaxta (frum-vaxinn, Nj. 147, v.l.),
adj. 'first-grown,' in one's prime, Nj. 112, Fs. 31, Fms. i. 157, xi. 3,
Ísl. ii. 203; dóttir f., Eg. 247, Grett. 97. frum-váttr
, m. the first, original witness, Grág. i. 46, Gþl. 477:
eccl. the proto-martyr, Hom. 42, 109, Stj. 51. frum-verr, m. t
he first husband, Hallfred, who calls Odin the fr. of Frigg, Fs. 94, Skv. 3.
59. frum-vöxtr, m. the first growth, first-fruits, Stj. 305:
cp. brum.
frums- (= frum-) exists in a few COMPDS: frumsar-brauð, n. 
bread of the first-fruits, Stj. 615. 2 Kings iv. 42: frums- or frumsa- is in
Icel. and in Norse popular tales esp. used of animals that are first-born throu
gh two or more generations; such animals are thought to have a wonder-power, cp.
Ivar Aasen; hence frumsa-kálfr, m. a 'frumsa' calf;
the word still represents the Gothic form frums, vide above. frumsa-f
rum (or frumsa-brum), n., botan. pollen, Björn. In &Iacut
e;sl. Þjóðs. i. 530. v.l., frumsa, n., is said to mean a lump on the forehead of new-born foals, Gr. GREEK, which was used as a l
ove-spell, cp. Virg. Aeneid. iv. 515, 516.
frunti, a, m. [prob. from the Fr. effronté, cp. Scot. fr
unty], a rude, obtrusive boor; frunta-ligr, adj.; frunta-sk
apr, m.
FRÚ, f., an older nom. sing. frauva, u, f., occurs Fms. x.
421, (Ágrip); frouva, Stj. 47; frou, id.; frú is pro
p. a later contracted form from freyja; therefore the gen. in old writers
is always frú (qs. frúvu); and the word is in the sing. indecl.,
thus, frú-innar, Fms. ix. 292; hann fékk frú Ceciliu, x. 3;
móðir frú Ingigerðar, Landn. 240; frú Krist&iacute
;nar, Fms. ix. 8; slíkrar frou (sic) sem ek em, Str. 40, 47: in mod. usag
e gen. frúar, if used by itself or put after one's name, but indecl. if p
ut before it in addressing any one, thus, Frú Kristínar, but Krist
ínar frúar; the gen. frúar occurs Fas. iii. 586, in a MS. o
f the 15th century; pl. frúr, but older form fruvur or frovur, e.g. frovo
r, Edda (Arna-Magn.) i. 96 (Kb.); but Ob. frúr, Hkr. i. 16: [freyja was o
rigin. fem. of freyr, and prop. meant Lat. domina; Germ. frau; Dan
. frue; no Goth. fraujô is found] :-- a lady; in Icel
. at present only used of the wives of men of rank or title, e.g. biskups-fr&uac
ute;, amtmanns-frú; wives of priests are not called so: again, hús
freyja is more homely, Germ. hausfrau, Engl. housewife, always of
a married woman, vide e.g. the Þjóðólfr (Icel. newspaper
): in the 14th century in Icel. frú was used of abbesses and wives of kni
ghts, but was little used before the 13th century: af hennar (the goddess Freyja
) nafni skyldi kalla allar konur tignar (noble woman), svá sem n&u
acute; heita fruvor, Hkr. l.c.; af hennar nafni er þat tignar-nafn er r&ia
cute;kis-konur (women of rank) eru kallaðar fruvor, Edda l.c.; Kolr h
afði talat margt við frú eina ríka (of a foreign lady in W
ales), Nj. 280: again, good housewives, such as Bergthora in Njála, are c
alled hús-freyjur, but never frúr; thus, kemsk þó at
seinna fari, húsfreyja, Nj. 69; gakk þú út, hú
sfreyja, þvíat ek vil þik fyrir öngan mun inni brenna, 2
00; búandi ok húsfreyja, Grág. i. 157; góð h&uac
ute;sfreyja, Nj. 51; gild húsfreyja, Glúm. 349, Bs. i. 535 :-- the
Virgin Mary is in legends called vár frú, our Lady; cp. ju
ngfrú (pronounced jómfrú).
FRYGÐ, f., and fryktr, m., Stj. 26, 56, 77, [an unclass. word
formed from Lat. fructus], blossoming; fegrð ok f., Stj. 14, 1
42; frygð ok feiti, 154; frygð ok ávöxtr, 15. frygðar
-fullr and -samligr, adj. fruitful, Stj. 27. II. in the
Rímur of the 15th century frygð is used of love, Lat. amor
es, Skáld-H. 5. 38, passim; and frygðugr, adj. amorous,
 Skáld-H. It is a bad word and quite out of use, and seems to have n
o connection with Germ. freude, which is a good Teut. word; the mod. f
rukt, n. humble compliments, and frukta, að, to make su
ch compliments, in a bad sense, are perhaps akin, but they are slang words.
frysta, t, [frost], to freeze, Sturl. iii. 20, Fms. viii. 431, v.l
.
frý-girni, f. [frýja], a provoking, taunting temper,
Hom. 86.
frý-gjarn, adj. provoking, censorious, Ísl. Heið
arv. S. in the extracts of Jon Olafsson, (not frígjarn.)
FRÝJA, pres. frýr, pret. frýði, pres. with the n
eg. suf. frýr-at, Lex. Poët., to defy, challenge, question, taunt
, with dat. of the person; hón fryði honum með mörgum or
ðum, Fas. i. 142: with gen. of the thing, to
<PAGE NUM="b0176">
<HEADER>176 FKýJA -- FRÆNDATJÓN.</HEADER>
challenge, question; frýja e-m hugar, to question one's courage
, Nj. 60, Ísl. ii. 102; meir frýr þú mér g
rimmleiks en aðrir menn, Eg. 255; þessi klæði frýja y
kkr föður-hefnda, those clothes challenge you to revenge your father
, Ld. 260; er hvárigum sóknar at f., neither needed to be s
purred on, Fms. xi. 131; konungr kvað öngan þess mundu f. hon
um, the king said that no one would challenge, question him as to that, v
. 337; hvárki frý ek mér skygnleiks eðr ár&aelig
;ðis (the words of a bravo), Nj. 258; engan heyri ek efndanna f., Fms. vii.
121; enginn frýr þér vits, en meir ertu grunaðr um g&ael
ig;zku, no one questions thy wit (head), but thy godliness
(heart) is more questioned, Sturl. i. 135; frýr nú s
kutrinn (better skutnum) skriðar, a pun, now the stern hangs, the ste
rn-rowers pull feebly, Grett. 113 new Ed. II. frýja á e-t,
a law phrase, to complain of, protest; cp. áfrýja, ef annar
r hvárr frýr á hlut sinn, Gþl. 23; frýja &aacu
te; mál, N. G. L. i. 26; buðu þeir biskupi þann kost fyri
r þat sem á var frýð, Bs. i. 754: to egg on, ekki
skaltú hér enn þurfa mjök á at f., Nj. 58; &tho
rn;yrfti þat þeim at bæta sem brotið var á, en eigi
hinum, er á frýðu (who provoked), Sturl. iii. 162.
frýja, u, f. a defiance, challenge, question, taunt, Fs. 8,
Bs. i. 734, Ld. 236; verja sik frýju, to clear oneself of all questio
n, i.e. do a thing blamelessly, Sturl. iii. 68; ek varða mik kven
na frýju, I cleared myself from the taunts of woman, Eb. (in a ver
se): frýju-laust, n. adj. blamelessly; berjask f., to f
ight hard, Glúm. 381; þeir sækja bardagann f., Fms. xi. 1
36; hann kvað Einar mundu elt hafa f., Sturl. i. 68: frýju-orð
, n. taunting words, Fms. vii. 272, xi. 374, Nj. 108.
frýjan, f. = frýja, Fms. v. 55.
FRÝNN or frýniligr, adj.; this word is never used bu
t as compounded with the prefix ú- (except Fas. ii. 351 in a bad a
nd late Saga), viz. ú-frýnn or ú-frýniligr = frow
ning. The sense as well as the etymology of frýnn is somewhat dubious
; there is the Germ. fron or frohn or fran; but that word s
eems purely German and is by Grimm supposed to be qs. fro min = my lor
d (vide Hel.); neither does Icel. frýnn or Germ. frohn corresp
ond properly as to the root vowel (cp. e.g. Germ. lohn = Icel. laun): on
the other hand there is the Engl. frown, which in form answers to the sim
ple frýnn, but in sense to the compd ú-frýnn; as no similar
word is found in A. S. (nor in Germ. nor in Hel.), frown is most likely
a Scandin. word; and we suppose that the Icel. prefix syllable ú-
is not in this instance = un-, that is to say, negative, but = of-, that is to say, intensive ( = too, very, greatly); the original forms o
f-frýnn, of-frýniligr were contr. and assimilated into ófr&
yacute;nn, ófrýniligr, meaning very frowning, and these com
pds then superseded the primitive simple word: this is confirmed by the freq. sp
elling in MSS. with 'of-' e.g. ofrynn, Ó. H. 144; all-ofrynn, Eg.
Cod. Wolph.; heldr ofrynn, Ó. H. 167; but yet more freq. with '&uacute
;-' e.g. Orkn. 440, Boll. 358, Fær. 50, Fms. i. 40, Fb. i. 73; the ekk
i frýnn, Fas. l.c., is again a variation of úfrýnn: the sta
tement by Björn that frýnn is = bland, affable, is a mere gue
ss by inference from the compd.
frýs, n. the snorting of a horse.
FRÝSA, t, (hon frýsti ferliga, Sams. 9), mod. að, to
snort, whinny, of a horse, Greg. 49, Karl. 3, 4, Fas. i. 60 (where better f
nýsa, q.v.); akin are fryssa, að, and frussa, to spo
rt.
frýsing, f. = frýs, Fas. iii. 441.
FRÆ, n. (not fr&oelig;, as even Eyvind Skaldaspillir rhymes
frævi and ævi), sometimes in old MSS. spelt freo or fr
jó (q.v.), but less rightly; old dat. frævi, mod. fræi; [Ulf.
fraiv = GREEK; Swed. and Dan. frö; not found in Germ., Saxon
, or Engl.; it is therefore a Gothic-Scandinavian word] :-- seed, 677. 11

, Rb. 78, 655 xxx. 2; chiefly used of vegetables, sæði of animal seed;
varpa síðan fræi í fold fyrirmyndan um sjálfs m&
iacute;ns hold, Bb. 3. 54; very freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS: fræ-korn, n. a grain of seed, 673 A. 2, Gþl. 351, Fms. i. 92. fr&aelig
;-mælir, m. a measure of seed, N.G. L. i. 39, Gþl. 343. fræ-vænligr, adj. promising fruit, Sks. 630, v.l.
fræða, dd, [Ulf. fraþvjan = GREEK], to instruct
, teach, Str. 1, 68: reflex. to learn, be instructed, H. E. i. 473.
FRÆÐI, f. and n. [fróðr; qs. Ulf. fraþi, n. = GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, and froþei, f. = GREEK, GREEK, G
REEK]: I. fem. knowledge, learning, lore; sannindi fræði
nnar, Fms. iv. 4, Magn. 430; margháttuð f., Rb. (pref.); mann-fr&aeli
g;ði, personal history, genealogy, Bs. i. 91, Bárð. 24 new
Ed., Fms. viii. 102; landnáma-sögur ok forn fræði, old
lore, Ísl. ii. 189; forna fræði, Fb. i. 397; hann læ
rði Ara prest, og marga fræði sagði hann honum, þ&aacute
; er Ari ritaði síðan; Ari nam ok marga fræði at &THORN
;uríði. Ó. H. (pref.): in mod. usage as compd in many words, a
s, guð-fræði, theology; mál-f., philology; e&
eth;lis-f., or náttúru-f., physiology, etc.; -- hence are f
ormed, guð-fræðingr, a theologian; mál-fræ&eth
;ingr, a philologer; náttúru-fræðingr, a natur
alist, etc.; -- these words are now common, but are of late growth, even in
the Nucl. Latin, of 1738 they are unknown, vide the Latin headings antiquarius,
theologicus, etc. II. neut., esp. in pl. records; hin spaklegu fr&
aelig;ði er Ari Þorgilsson hefir á bækr sett, Skál
da 161 (Thorodd); hvatki er missagt es í fræðum þessum, &
Iacute;b. 3; í sumum fræðum, in some old records, Edda 7
: Fræði (pl.) with the earliest Christians was the lore to be learn
t by neophytes, as the Lat. Credo and Pater Noster, cp. the curious story in
Hallfr. S. Fs. 93; since the Reformation the same name was given to Luther's sh
ort Catechism (to be learnt by heart next after the Lord's Prayer), læra F
ræðin; það stendr í Fræðunum; Fræ&
eth;a-kver, n. Luther's Catechism, (kver, = quire, means in Ic
el. a little book.) 2. with the notion of witchcraft; &thor
n;au kváðu þar fræði sín, en þat v&oacut
e;ru galdrar, Ld. 142: of a poem, hafa kátir menn sett f. þat er, G
rett. 119 new Ed. COMPDS: fræði-bækr, f. pl. books of
knowledge, learned work, Skálda 159. fræði-maðr
(fræða-maðr, Edda pref.), m. a learned man, scholar,
Skálda 159; f. á kvæði, Fms. vi. 391: an historian, eptir sögn Ara prests ok annarra fræðimanna, iv. 5 (v.l.), xi
. 64, Ó. H. pref. 3, Sturl. i. 9, Ísl. ii. 189. fræði
-nám, n. learning, studying, Bs. i. 240. fræði-n&
aelig;mi, n. id., Bs. i. 241.
FRÆGÐ, f. [fragu, vide fregna], good report, fame, renown; til frægðar skal konung hafa, a saying, Fms. vii. 73, -- cp. fylki
skal til frægðar hafa, Mkv. 6, Fms. i. 99, v. 300; með fræg&
eth; ok fagnaði, 655 xiii. B. 4. COMPDS: frægðar-ferð (
-för), f. an exploit, Sturl. i. 4, Eg. 279. fræg&eth
;ar-fullr, adj. famous, Magn. 432. frægðar-lauss, ad
j. (-leysi, n.), inglorious, H. E. i. 516. frægðar-ma
ðr, m. a famous man, Fms. ii. 271, Grett. 196 new Ed. fr&aelig
;gðar-mark, n. a badge of glory, Fas. i. 257. frægða
r-samliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), Stj. frægðar-skot, n.
a famous shot, Fas. ii. 338, Fms. ii. 271. frægðar-verk, n. a feat, Fms. i. 146, Hkr. iii. 96.

frægi-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), famous, Fas. iii. 424
, Stj. 69, 78, 141.
frægja, ð, to make famous, Fms. xi. 436, Stj. 66, Sk&aac
ute;lda 208; við-f., to extol far and wide; ú-frægja, to deprecate.
frægr, adj., frægri, frægstr, or mod. frægari, fr
ægastr, famous; frægr konungr, Fms. i. 114; frægri en a
ðrir menn, Fas. iii. 278; frægstr allra landnáms-manna, Landn.
316, v.l.; var sú för hin frægjasta, Fms. vii. 66; varð &t
horn;etta frægt víða um lönd, i. 164; þat mun vera f
rægt, v. 344; víð-frægr, widely famous; ú-f
rægr, inglorious.
fræjandi, part. bearing seed, Sks. 630 B, 632 B.
FRÆKN (i.e. fr&oelig;kn) and frækinn, adj., com
par. fræknari, superl. fræknastr, valiant, stout, esp. of bod
ily exercise, Fms. i. 161, 258, vi. 150 (v.l.), 315, Háv. 55, Bær.
15, Nj. 15, Hkr. i. 301, Gm. 17.
frækn-leikr (less correct fræk-leikr), m. feat, val
our, Fms. ii. 48, vii. 165, Bær. 19, Fær. 132, Valla L. 214, Gre
tt. 171 new Ed.
frækn-liga (less correct fræk-liga, fræki-liga),
adv. valiantly, Fms. viii. 289 (v.l.), ix. 509, Ísl. ii. 267, Hkv
. Hjörv. 12, Nj. 116.
frækn-ligr (less correct fræk-ligr, fræki-ligr),
adj. valiant, bold looking, 655 xxix. 2, Rd. 244, Sturl. iii. 245, Fas.
i. 72, iii. 153, Fms. i. 25, ii. 106, passim.
frænd-afli, a, m. strength in kinsmen, Orkn. 230, v.l.
frænd-bálkr, m. a 'balk or fence of friends,' a body of k
insmen, great family, Orkn. 470, Eb. 20, Fms. i. 288.
frænd-bætr, f. pl. fines, weregild for a kinsman, N. G
. L. i. 75.
frænd-erfð, f. family inheritance, N. G. L. i. 49.
frænd-garðr, m. = frændbálkr, poët. a stro
nghold of kinsmen.
frænd-göfugr, adi. having distinguished kinsmen, Sturl.
i. 30.
frænd-hagi, a, m. a native place, = átthagi, q.v., Fm
s. vii. 136, 270.
frænd-hollr, adj. faithful to one's kinsmen, pious. Fms. vi.
35.
FRÆNDI, an irreg. part. of the obsolete frjá, pl. fræn
dr. gen. frænda, dat. frændum, [Ulf. renders GREEK by frijonds; A. S. freond; Engl. friend; Hel. friund; O. H. G. fri

unt; Germ. freund; all of them meaning friend = Lat. amicus
; whereas in the Scandin. languages, Icel. as well as mod. Swed. and Dan., i
t is only used in a metaph. sense; Dan. frænde; Swed. fränd
e] :-- a kinsman; not a single instance is on record of the word havi
ng ever been used in another sense, unless an exception be allowed in the allit.
phrase, sem frændr en eigi sem fjándr, in the old Griðam&aacut
e;l, Grág. (Kb.) i. 170 :-- the same usage prevails in the oldest poems,
e.g. Hm., -- deyr fé, deyja frændr, 75; sumr er af senum sæll
sumr af frændum, 68; and Dags frændr, the kinsmen (great
grandsons) of Dag, Ýt. 10. This change in the sense of the wor
d is very curious and characteristic of the Scandinavians, with whom the bonds o
f kinship and brotherhood were strong, and each family formed a kind of confeder
acy or fellowship equally bound in rights and in duties; cp. such phrases as, fr
ænd-bálkr, frænd-garðr: frændr often denotes kin
smen in a narrower sense = brethren; yet sons and frændr are d
istinguished in Hm. 68; but generally frændr is a collective word, Nj. 4;
of a brother, Fs. 57; frændi, my son, Nj. 143, cp. Fms. vii. 22, 31
5, the laws and Sagas passim; ná-frændi, a near kinsman. COM
PDS: frænda-afli, a, m. = frændafli, Valla L. 213. fr&aeli
g;nda-bálkr, m. = frændbálkr, Ld. 102, Fms. xi. 338, Ork
n. 272. frænda-gengi, n. = frændlið, Fms. x. 406. fr&a
elig;nda-gipta, n, f. the luck or good genius of a family, Fs.
15. frænda-lát, n. the loss, death of f., Nj. 222, S
ks. 726. frænda-lið, n. = frændlið, Rb. 370. fr&ae
lig;nda-ráð, n. consent of one's kinsmen, Gþl. 271,
cp. Nj. 38. frænda-róg, n. strife among kinsmen, deadly s
trife, Fms. v. 347; cp. the saying, fé veldr frænda rógi
, Mkv. frænda-skömm, f. a shame to (or within) one's family; kallaði slíka menn helzt mega heita f., Sturl. i.
13; því at Kristnin var þá kölluð f., Bs. i.
11, -- in the last interesting passage it seems to mean such a disgrace that on
e was thereby expelled out of the family, cp. Fms. i. 285. frænda-styrk
r, m. strength (backing) of kinsmen, Hkr. ii. 397, Eg.
474. frænda-tjón, n. loss in f., N. G. L. i. 121.
<PAGE NUM="b0177">
<HEADER>FRÆNDKONA -- FULLTEKINN. 177</HEADER>
frænd-kona, u. f. (contr. frænka), a kinswoman,
655. 88, Eg. 200, Nj. 31, N. G. L. i. 350; cp. frændleif.
frænd-lauss, adi. (frænd-leysi, n.), kin-less, with
out kinsmen, 623. 14, 51, Rd. 265, Grág. i. 188.
frænd-leif, f. one's kinsman's widow, N. G. L. i. 304, 350,
a Norse law term; the eccl. law forbade a man to marry a 'frændkona' withi
n the fifth degree, or a 'frændleif' whose late husband was within the sam
e degree.
frænd-leifð, f. patrimony, inheritance, Fms. iv. 79, Stj
. 600.
frænd-lið, n. a host of kinsmen, a family, Ld. 6, Eg. 13
7, Hkr. ii. 343.
frændlingr, m. = frændi, Fms. iv. 320.
frænd-margr, m. having many kinsmen, Fms. i. 53, iii. 16, Hk
r. i. 170.
frænd-mær, f. a maiden kinswoman, Bs. i. 203.
frænd-ríkr, adj. rich in kinsmen, Sturl. ii. 189.
frænd-rækinn, adj. attached to one's kinsmen, Bs. i. 7
2, Fas. i. 130.
frænd-rækni, f. piety, (mod.)
frænd-samliga, adv. kinsmanlike, kindly, Sturl. ii. 79, Fms.
xi. 93.
frænd-semd, f. = frændsemi, Bs. ii. 106.
frænd-semi (-symi, Stj. passim, Nj. 42, 213), f. kinship,
brotherhood, Fms. xi. 7, Ld. 158, Grág. ii. 72, N. G. L. i. 187, th
e laws and Sagas passim; ganga við f. e-s, to acknowledge one as kinsman (e.g. as a son), Fms. ix. 418 :-- metaph. the kindness of a kinsma
n, var góð f. með þeim, there was good fellowship be
tween them, Sturl. iii. 176, Fs. 45. COMPDS: frændsemis-lögm&a
acute;l, n. the law, rules of kinship, Stj. 425. frændsemisspell, n. breach of kinship, incest, Grág. i. 341, Gþl.
242. frændsemis-tala, u, f. the tracing of kinship, lineage,
Grág;, i. 28; vera í frændsemis-tölu við e-n, t
o be of kin to one, Eg. 72, Fms. i. 14.
frænd-skarð, n. the 'scar,' i.e. loss, of a kinsman, Sturl. iii. 240.
frænd-stórr, adj. having great kinsmen, Fms. iii. 16,
vii. 233.
frænd-stúlka, u, f. a 'kin-girl,' a niece or the like
.
frænd-sveinn, m. a 'kin-boy,' a nephew or the like, Ld. 232.
frænd-sveit, f. a body of kinsmen, Fms. vi. 347.
frænd-víg, n. slaughter of a kinsman, parricide, etc.
, Ó. H. 184.
frær (fr&oelig;r), adj. yielding fruit. Rb. 354: &uac
ute;-frær, barren, Glúm. 340.
fræs (fr&oelig;s), f., Lat. fremitus, Fm. 19; vide fr
ýsa.
frævan, fruitfulness, Rb. 102, 104.
frör-ligr, adj. frosty, chilly, Sks. 228 B.
fuð, f. [Germ. fud or fotze], cunnus. COMPDS: fuð-flogi, a, m. a law term, a runaway from his betrothed bride,
N. G. L. i. 28. fuð-hundr, m. a nickname. Fms., cp. Germ. hunds-v
ott.
fuðra, að, to flame, blaze, akin to funi.
fuð-ryskill, m. a kind of cod-fish, cottus alepidotus, Edda (G

l.)
FUGL, m., an older form fogl is usual in early MSS.: fugls, Hm. 13
; both forms foglar and fuglar in Mork. 7, but in old poets fogl is required by
the rhyme, -- smoglir ástar foglar, Sighvat: [Ulf. fugls = GREEK:
A. S. fugol; Engl. fowl; Germ. vogel; Swed. fogel; D
an. fugl] :-- a fowl, bird; hart sem fugl flygi, Nj. 144, passim;
cp. the saying, skjóta verðr til fugls áðr fái, Ork
n. 346, Mirm. 31: a nautical term, hafa fugl af landi, to 'have fowl off land
' to stand in within range of water-fowl, i.e. be from fifty to seventy mile
s off land; þeir höfðn fogl af Írlandi, Bs. i. 656: collec
t. fowl, síðan samnaðisk fogl í evna, 350; geir-fug
l, the awk, alca impennis; æðar-f., the eider-duck: hr&a
elig;-f., a bird of prey: fit-f., q.v.; smá-fuglar, small fowl,
little birds, Mork. 7: söng-f., singing birds; snæ-f., snow-fowl; bjarg-f., cliff-fowl, sea gulls, etc. COMPDS: fugla-dr
áp, n. bird-catching, Grág. ii. 348. fugla-kippa, u, f. a bundle of fowls, Fas. ii. 425. fugla-kliðr, m., 
fugla-kvak, n., fugla-net, n. a fowling net, Safn i. 61. fu
gla-söngr, m. the song (screeching) of birds, Fas
. ii. 175, Karl. 203. fugla-tekja, u, f. bird-taking. fugla-vei
ðr, f. bird-catching, O. H. L. 45. fugls-rödd, f., mo
d. fugla-mál, n. a bird's voice, in tales, Edda, Fms. vi. 4
45: metaph., karl-fuglinn, poor churl! II. a pr. name, Orkn.
fuglari, a, m. a fowler, Bs. ii. 111, Fagrsk. 109.
fugl-berg, n. a fowling cliff; for this sort of fowling vide Gu&et
h;m. S. ch. 54, Bs. ii. 111, Grett. 144, Bs. i. 360, Eggert Itin.
fugl-stapi, a, m. = fuglberg, D. I. i. 576.
fugl-veiðr, f. fowling, Grág. ii. 337, Js. 94, Pm. 7.
fugl-ver, n. a place for fowling. Fms. iv. 330.
fugl-verð, n. the price of fowl, Jb. 309.
fugl-þúfa, u, f. a 'fowl-bank,' bank on which birds sit, Bs. i. 388.
FULL, n. [A. S. ful; Hel. full]. a goblet full of dr
ink, esp. a toast at a heathen feast, cp. esp. Hák. S. Góða ch
. 16 -- skyldi full of eld bera, and signa full; Óðins-f,, Njarða
r-f., Freys-f., the toast of Odin, Njord, and Frey; Bragar-full (q.v.), S
dm. 8, Eg. 552, Orkn. 198: poët., Yggs-full, Viðris-full, the toast
of Odin, poetry, Al. 6, 14; Dvalins-full, Billings-full, the toast of the
dwarfs, poetry, Lex. Poët.
FULL-, in COMPDS, fully, quite, enough; it may be used with almost
any adjective or adverb, e.g. full-afla, adj. fully able to, G&th
orn;l. 265, 371. full-afli, a, m. a full mighty man, Lex. Poë
t. full-bakaðr, part. full-baked, Orkn. 112, Fas. i. 85. fu
ll-boðit, part. n. good enough for, fully a match for, Bjarn. 8.
full-borða, adj. a 'full-boarded' ship, with bulwarks of full heig
ht, Fms. ii. 218. full-býli, n. full provisions for a house
, Bs. ii. 145. full-djarfliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), with ful
l courage, Fms. viii. 138. full-drengiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.)
, full bold, Eg. 29, Lex. Poët. full-drukkinn, part. quite

drunk, Edda, Fms. i. 291, Ó. H. 72. full-dýrr, adj. full dear, N. G. L. i. 37. full-elda, adj. full hot, Fas. ii
. 361. full-eltr, part. pursued enough, Ísl. ii. 361. fu
ll-féa, adj. = fullfjáðr. full-fengi, n. a suffi
cient haul, Gullþ. 9, Bs. ii. 42. full-fengiligr, adj. quite
good, Stj. 201. full-ferma, d, to load full, Ísl. ii.
77. full-fimr, adj. quite alert, Fas. iii. 485. full-fjá
ðr, part. full monied, Gþl. 514. full-frægt, n
. adj. famous enough, Fs. 17. full-fúss, adj. quite read
y, Fms. x. 402, Grett. 159. full-færa, ð, to prove fully
, Stat. 296. full-gamall, adj. full old, Fas. i. 376, Orkn. 1
12. full-gildi, n. a full prize, Thom. 18. full-glaðr,
adj. full glad, Fms. iii. 52. full-goldit, part. fully paid, Þorst. St. 54. full-góðr, adj. good enough, Fms
. i. 289, vii. 272, Ó. H. 115, Sks. 219. full-göra, ð, to fulfil, complete, perform, Stj. 391, Hkr. ii. 396, Fms. i. 189, Fs. 42,
Bjarn. 25: reflex., K. Á. 108, Str. 2. full-görð, perf
ormance, D. N. full-görla (full-görva, Ls. 30), adv.
full clearly, Stj. 608, Hom. 159, Fms. i. 215. full-görliga,
adv. fully, Str. 19. full-görr, part. fully done, B&a
acute;rð. 165, Stj. 166 (ripe): metaph. full, perfect, f. at a
fli, Fms. vi. 30. full-hefnt, part. fully avenged, Fas. ii. 410, A
l. 34. full-heilagr, adj. full holy, Hom. 156. full-hugðr, part. full-bold, dauntless, El. 6; cp. Gh. 15, where full-hugð
a seems to be a verb pret. and to mean to love. full-hugi, a,
m. a full gallant man, a hero without fear or blame, Eg. 505, Fms. ii. 12
0, vii. 150, viii. 158, Rd. 223, Ísl. ii. 360. full-indi, n. ab
undance, Fas. ii. 502. full-ílla, adv. (full-íllr, adj.), full ill, badly enough, Fas. i. 222, Am. 83. full-kaupa,
adj. bought full dearly, Ó. H. 114. full-kátr, adj.
gleeful, Fms. viii. 101. full-keyptr, part. bought full dearly
, Nj. 75, Þórð. 65. full-koma, mod. full-komna, að, to fulfil, complete, Stj. 51, Bs. i. 694, K. Á. 22. 
full-kominn, part. perfect; f. at aldri, afli, etc., full-grown, Fms. vii. 199, xi. 182, Nj. 38, Eg. 146, 256; f. vin, 28, 64; f. (ready) at göra e-t, Hkr. i. 330: freq. in mod. usage, perfect, N. T. 
full-komleikr (-leiki), m. perfectibility, Barl. fullkom-li
ga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), perfectly, Barl. full-kosta, ad
j. full-matched (of a wedding), Nj. 16, Fms. iii. 108, Fs. 31. full-kv
æni, adj. well married, Skv. 1. 34. full-langt, n. adj.
full long. full-launaðr, part. fully rewarded, Grett. 1
23. full-leiksa, adj. having a hard game (hard job), Bjarn.
66. full-lengi, adv. full long, Fms. vi. 18, Sturl. i. 149. fu
ll-liða, adj. having men (troops) enough, Ís
l. ii. 347: quite able, Gþl. 265, v.l. full-liga, adv. fu
lly, Fms. v. 226, ix. 257, Greg. 58. full-malit, part. having grou
nd enough, Gs. 16. full-mikill, adj. full great, Fs. 16. f
ull-mæli, n. a final, full agreement, Gþl. 211, v.l. f
ull-mælt, part. spoken enough (too much), Hkr. i. 232. full-mætr, adj. 'full-meet,' valid, Dipl. ii. 2. full-numi
, full-numa (full-nomsi, Barl. 73), adj.; f. í e-u, or f. e-s,
having learnt a thing fully, an adept in a thing, Bárð. 181,
Fas. ii. 241, Sturl. iii. 173, Karl. 385. full-nægja, ð, to
suffice, Fb. ii. 324; mod. Germ. genug-thun = to alone for. full-nægja, u, f. [Germ. genug-thuung], atonement. f
ull-ofinn, part. full-woven, finished, El. 27. full-orðinn, part. full-grown, of age, Grett. 87 A. full-ráða, adj
. fully resolved, Fms. viii. 422. full-reyndr, part. fully trie
d, Rd. 194, Fms. vii. 170. full-rétti, n. a law term, a gro
ss insult for which full atonement is due, chiefly in the law of personal
offence: phrases, mæla fullrétti við mann, of an affron
t in words, Grág. i. 156, ii. 144; göra fullrétti vi&eth
; e-n, to commit f. against one, i. 157; opp. to hálfr&eacu
te;tti, a half, slight offence: fullrétti was liable to the lesser
outlawry, Grág. l.c. fullréttis-orð, n. a verbal af
front, defined as a gross insult in N. G. L. i. 70, but in a lighter
sense in Grág. ii. 144, cp. Gþl. 195. fullréttis-skað
i, a, m. scathe resulting from f., Gþl. 520, Jb. 411. fullr&
eacute;ttis-verk, n. a deed of f., Gþl. 178. full-rík
r, adj. full rich, Fms. v. 273, viii. 361, Fas. iii. 552. full-ros
kinn, adj. full-grown, Magn. 448, Grett. 87. full-rýninn, adj. fully wise, Am. 11. full-ræði, n. full effici
ency, Valla L. 202: full match = fullkosta, Fms. i. 3; fullræ&e
th;i fjár, efficient means, Ó. H. 134, cp. Fb. ii. 278: 
fullræða-samr, adj. efficient, active, Bs. i. 76. full-r
ætt, part. enough spoken of, Gh. 45. full-röskr, ad
j. in full strength, Vígl. 26, Grett. 107 A, 126. full-sekta, að, to make one a full outlaw, Ísl. ii. 166. full-skipat
, part. n. fully engaged, taken up, Fas. iii. 542. full-skipta, t, to share out fully, Fms. xi. 442. full-skjótt, n. adj.
full swiftly, Fms. viii. 210. full-snúit, part. n. full
y, quite turned, Fms. viii. 222. full-sofit, sup. having slept eno
ugh, Dropl. 30. full-spakr, adj. full wise, Gs. 8; a pr. name,
Landn. full-staðit, part. n. having stood full long, Gs. 23.
full-steiktr, part. fully roasted, Fs. 24. full-strangr, a
dj. full strong, Mkv. full-svefta (full-sæfti, v.l.),
adj. having slept enough, Sks. 496, Finnb. 346. full-sæfðr,
 part. quite dead, put to rest, Al. 41. full-sæla, u, f.
wealth, bliss; f. fjár, great wealth, Fms. vii. 74, xi. 42
2, Fas. iii. 100, Band. 25; eilíf f., eternal bliss, 655 xiii. A.
2. full-sæll, adj. blissful, Fms. viii. 251, Band. 7. ful
l-sæmdr, part. fully honoured, Fas. iii. 289. full-sæm
iliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), with full honour, Fas. iii. 124. full-sætti, n. full agreement, full settlement, Grág. i
i. 183. full-tekinn, part.; f. karl, a full champion (ironic.), Gr
ett. 208 A. new Ed. (slang). full-
<PAGE NUM="b0178">
<HEADER>178 FULLTÍÐI -- FÚSS.</HEADER>
tíða (full-tíði), adj. full-grown, of ful
l age, Eg. 185, Js. 63, 73, Grág. ii. 112, Landn. 44 (v.l.), Gþ
l. 307, 434, K. Á. 58, Vígl. 18, Ísl. ii. 336: gen. pl. ful
ltíðra, Grág. ii. 113. full-trúi, a, m. a tru
stee, one in whom one puts full confidence, also a patron, Fms. iii.
100, xi. 134, Rd. 248, in all these passages used of a heathen god; frændi
ok f., Bs. i. 117: vinr ok f., Fms. v. 20 :-- in mod. usage, a representativ
e, e.g. in parliament, a trustee, commissary, or the like. full-tr
yggvi, f. full trust, Grett. 97 new Ed. full-týja, &eth
;, to help, = fulltingja, Fm. 6. full-vandliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), with full care, Fas. iii. 237. full-váxinn, part.
full-grown, 655 xxx. 5, Al. 18, Stj. 255, Sks. 35. full-vaxta, adj
. = fullvaxinn, Nj. 259 (v.l.), Sks. 35 (increased). full-veðja, adj. one who is a full bail or security, H. E. i. 529, N. G. L.
i. 215; in mod. usage, one who is fully able to act for oneself. full
-vegit, part. n. having slain enough, Am. 50. full-vel, adv. full well, Skálda 161, Fms. viii. 162, Fas. i. 104. full-velgdr,
 part. quite warm, fully cooked, Fas. iii. 389. full-virði, n. a full prize, Grág. ii. 216. full-víss, adj. full wise, quite certain, Hom. 160. full-þroskaðr, part. full-grown, full strong, Fær. 97, Valla L. 196. full-þurr, adj. full dry, Eb. 260, Grett. 109. full-öruggr, adj. 
fully trusting.
fullna, að, to fulfil, Fms. xi. 219, 686 C. 2; fullna orðt
ak, to finish a sentence, Edda 130: reflex. in the law phrase, e-m fullna
sk vitni, one can produce full (lawful) witnesses, N. G. L.
i. 21, Js. 119, Gþl. 264, 298, 301, passim in the Norse law.
fullnaðr, m., gen. ar, fulfilment, Stj. 523, Fms. ii. 150: the
law phrase, halda til fullnaðar, to stand on one's full right, Gr&aa
cute;g. i. 109; hafa fullnað ór máli, to carry out one's fu
ll claim, in a suit, Finnb. 284; með fullnaði, completely, H.
E. ii. 75. COMPDS: fullnaðar-borgan, f. full atonement, Pass.
fullnaðar-vitni, n. a full (decisive) witness,
Vm. 131.
FULLR, adj., compar. and superl. sometimes in old writers fullari, fullas
tr, in mod. fyllri, fyllztr, fullast, Fms. i. 162; fullara, Sighvat: [Ulf. fu
lls: A. S. and Engl. full; Germ. voll; Swed. full; Dan.
fuld; cp. Lat. pl&e-long;nus, Gr. GREEK]: I. of bags or ve
ssels, full, either with gen., fullr e-s, or with a prep., af e-u; fullr
af silfri, full of silver, Eg. 310; fullr af fiskum, full of fishes, Landn. 51 (with v.l. fullr með fiskum less correct); fullr mjaðar, Ls
. 53. 2. metaph., eitri f., fraught with poison, Bær. 15; full of poison, Fms. ii. 139; fullr lausungar, fullr öfundar, full
of looseness, full of envy, Hom. 151: fullr upp úlbúðar,
full of savageness, Eg. 114; hafa fullara hlut, to have the better of,
 Ísl. ii. 386; fullr fjandskapr, Fms. ii. 256; full skynsemd, i. 138;
fullasta gipt, Greg. 37. II. full, complete, entire; fullt tungl,
full moon, Rb. passim. 2. fullt goðorð, a full priesth
ood, that is to say, complete, lawful, Grág. Þ. Þ.
passim; fullir baugar, fullr höfuðbaugr, full payment, Gr&aacut
e;g. ii. 181, 182; aura fulla, full (good) money, i. 84; me
ð fé fullu, ii. 69. 3. the phrase, halda til fulls við e-n
, to stand on one's full right against one (as a rival), Ó. H. 111
; halda fullara, to engage in a sharper contest, Sighvat, metaphor from a
lawsuit. III. law phrases, fullr dómr, a full court, Gr&aa
cute;g. Þ. Þ., Nj. passim; til fullra laga, to the full extent of
law, Hrafn. 18; fulln ok föstu lýritti, with full protest, Nj. 87; í fullu umboði e-s, Dipl. v. 28: lawful, þar
er maðr tekr sókn eða vörn fyrir annan, ok verðr &thorn
;ó fullt (lawful), þótt ..., Grág. i. 141 (cp.
Engl. lawful); sverja mun ek þat, ef yðr þykkir þ&
aacute; fullara, more lawful (valid), Ísl. ii. 98; ef y&eth
;r þykir hitt fullara, þá vil ek bera járn, Fb. ii. 24
4; þat er jafnfullt, equally lawful, N. G. L. i. 34. IV. adv
., at fullu, fully, Edda 20, Fms. i. 53; til fulls, fully, thoroughly:
 in law, eiga setur ... til fulls, to sit duly (in parliament), Gr&aa
cute;g. i. 7; cp. fylla lög, to make laws.
fullting, n. (mod. fulltingi, and so in paper MSS.: it occurs also
as masc., gen. fulltingjar, Ísl. ii. 74; þinn fullting (acc.), Fb.
ii. 327); [A. S. fultum] :-- help, assistance, Eg. 7, 331, 485, G
reg. 40, K. Á. 122; falla í f. með e-m, to side with one, Grág. i. 1, ii. 343, Gísl. 43, (Ed. nokkurn fullting, masc.), p
assim. COMPDS: fulltings-maðr, m. a helper, Bret. 78, Sks. 611
, Sd. 170, Rd. 254, Bs. i. 683, passim. fulltings-steinn, m. 'help-sto
ne,' translation of 'Ebenezer,' Stj. 1 Sam. iv. 1.

fulltingja, d, [A. S. fultum], to lend help, assist, with d
at.; Guð mun f. þér, Fms. v. 193, viii. 26; fulltingja enum s&a
acute;ra manni, Grág. ii. 27; fulltingja rétt biskups-stóls
ins, Fb. iii: to back a thing, Ó. H. 43, 75.
fulltingjandi, part.; fulltingjari, a, m. a supporter, Greg
. 24, Stj. 33.
fullu-liga, adv. fully, Barl. 3, 198; fullu-ligr, adj. f
ull, Stj. 84.
FUM, n. [from Lat. fumare, through Engl. fume = hurry] :-- confused hurry, (mod.)
fuma, að, to hurry confusedly.
fundera, að, (Lat. word), to found, 655 xxxii. 21, (rare.)
funding, f. (fundning, Bs. i. 255, Karl. 548), finding, Fms
. vi. 271.
FUNDR, m. (fyndr, N. G. L. i. 46, 58), gen. fundar, pl. fundir. [c
p. Engl. find; Germ., Swed., and Dan. fund, from finna, q.v.] :-finding, discovery; fundr fjárins, Fms. vi. 271, v.l.; fundr &Iacu
te;slands, the discovery of Iceland, Landn. 2. a thing found, N. G. L. i. 63, l.c.: fundar-laun, n. pl. reward for finding a thin
g. II. a meeting, Edda 108; koma, fara á fund e-s, or
til fundar við e-n, to go to visit one, Eg. 39, Nj. 4, Grág.
i. 374, Fms. vii. 244, passim; mann-f., a congregation; héraðs
-f., a county meeting; biskupa-f., a council, 625. 54; féla
gs-f., the meeting of a society, and of any meeting. 2. 
a conflict, fight, battle, Nj. 86, Eg. 572, Fms. iii. 9, Fs. 17: in names of
battles, Brúar-f., the fight at the Bridge, Ann. 1242; Fló
a-f., Þverár-f., the fight in F. and Th., Sturl. iii. 76.
fund-víss, adj. quick to find, Mar.
fun-heitr, adj. warm, of blood heat, e.g. mér er funheitt &
aacute; höndum, but never of a feverish heat.
FUNI, a, m. [Ulf. renders GREEK by fon; Germ. funke is perh
aps of the same root; otherwise this word is lost in all Teut. languages] :-- a flame; kyuda funa, Hkv. 2. 37, Gm. 1, 42; funi kveykisk af funa, a sayin
g, Hm. 56: metaph. lust, Fms. ii. 369. II. metaph. a hot-temper
ed man; hann er mesti funi = einsog funi, (mod.)
fun-ristir, m. flame-shaker, a name of Thor, Þd.
fun-rögnir, m., poët., fens f., a lord of the fire of fens,
a prince, (gold is the fire of water), Kormak.
FURA, u, f. [Engl. fir; Germ. föhre; mod. Norse fur
u; Dan. för]: -- fir, Lat. pinus, Edda (Gl.); fur
a vex, wide as the fir grows, Grág. ii. 170, Vkv. 9; ships were bu
ilt of fir-timber, hence the allit. phrase, á fljótandi furu, o
n a floating fir, on hoard ship, Grág. i. 46: in poetry freq. = a
ship, like Lat. abies, Lex. Poët. COMPDS: furu-kvistr, m.
a fir bough, Fas. iii. 34. furu-stöng, f. a fir staff, Str. 10.

furask, að, [cp. A. S. fur or furh; Engl. furrow; Dan. fure], to be furrowed, Edda Ht. 4.
FURÐA, u, f. a spectre, ominous appearance; víst man &t
horn;etta f. þín vera, Ísl. ii. 351, Eb. 262; góð
s furða (góð f.), a good omen, Fs. 172, Fms. viii. 91; &ia
cute;lls f., a bad omen, Sturl. iii. 59, Ísl. ii. 10. 2. me
taph. a strange, wonderful thing; nú er furða mikil um Egil, E
g. 345; ekki er þetta f. nein, ... at þat væri nein f., 'ti
s nothing strange, Ísl. ii. 337; þótti öllum m&oum
l;nnum er sá, mikil furða, Fms. vi. 183; orrosta svá hör&
eth; at f. var at, x. 359; mesta f., Sks. 207, Fas. i. 260, Ó. H. 115, G&
iacute;sl. 71: in COMPDS furðu-, wonderfully, very; fur&eth
;u-djarfr, adj. very insolent, Fms. i. 3; furðu-góð
r, adj. very good, Ó. H. 115; furðu-hár, adj
. exceeding high; furðu-heimskr, adj. very foolish, Eg.
218; furðu-sterkr, adj. very stark or strong, Edda; furðu-vel, adv. wonderfully well, Nj. 230: freq. in mod. usage i
n this sense, but obsolete in the former sense. A local name, Furðu-stran
dir, f. pl. Wonder-shore, the ancient name of Labrador. A. A. fur&
eth;u-verk, n. pl. wonderful works, miracles.
furða, að, to forebode, with dat.; íllu mun f., ef
..., it will bode ill if ..., Fms. ii. 194: mod. impers., e-n furðar
á e-u, one wonders at a thing, Safn i. 55; furðar mig á
fréttum þeim, a ditty.
furðan-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), wonderful, remarkable,
Rb. 360.
furðu-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), id.
fussa, að, to say fie to a thing, with dat.
FUSSUM, interj. fie, Fas. ii. 425: with dat., Grett. 176 new Ed.
fustan, n. (for. word), fustian, Vm., B. K. passim, Fms. viii. 95,
Eg. 602.
FÚI, a, m. rottenness, freq.: medic. putrefaction; h
old-f., mortification.
fúinn, part. adj. of a lost strong verb analogous to búinn,
hence feyja (q.v.), rotten, esp. of a tree, also of clothes, but without
the notion of stinking, Jón. 19; graut-fúinn, mauk-f., fót
-f., ú-fúinn, al-fúinn.
fúki, a, m. [from Lat. fucus], rotten sea-weed or th
e like, cp. fúka-te, n. stale or bad tea, Eggert.
FÚLGA, u, f. [formed from the part. of fela, q.v.], the fee
paid for alimentation, esp. of a minor, or one given into another's charge, = m
od. meðgjöf, Jb. 168, Grág. passim: so in the phrases, inna, met
a ... fúlgu: of hay, fodder, Fb. i. 521; hence in mod. usage, heyf., a little hay-rick. COMPDS: fúlgu-fall, n. failing to
pay the f., Sd. 144. fúlgu-fé, n. sheep or c
attle put out to fodder, Jb. 222, Grág. ch. 224. fúlgu-f&ea
cute;naðr, m. id., Grág. i. 431. fúlgu-kona,
u, f. a woman-boarder, D. I. i. 303. fúlgu-maðr, m. a boarder, Grág. ii. 43. fúlgu-máli, a, m. t
erms or contract for a f., Gþl. 501, Grág. ii. 161. f
úlgu-naut, n. a bullock put out to keep, Gþl. 503.
FÚLL, adj. [Ulf. fûls, John xi. 39; A. S., Dan., and
Swed. ful; Germ. faul; Engl. foul] :-- foul, stinking; fúlt ok kalt, Grett. 158, Fms. vi. 164, Gísl. 39, Fs. 141; andfúll, of foul breath. II. metaph. foul, mean, Stj. 7
7, 78 :-- as a law term in an ordeal, foul, verða fúll af j&aa
cute;rni, to befoul (opp. to skírr, pure), N. G. L. i. 342,
351.
fúl-leitr, adj. of foul appearance, Fas. ii. 149.
fúl-lifnaðr, m. and fúl-lífi, n. lewdn
ess, lechery, Stj. 58, 116, passim.
fúl-liga, adv. meanly, Fas. iii. 664.
fúl-mannligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), mean, paltry, Fas.
iii. 502.
fúl-mennska, u, f. paltriness, baseness, Nj. 185.
fúlna, að, to become stinking, 655 iv. 2.
fúls-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), basely, Stj. 186, Bar
l. 134.
fúl-yrði, n. foul language, Barl. 118, N. G. L. ii. 418
.
fúna, að, to rot, decay, 623. 61, K. Á. 28, Fms.
xi. 12, 280, Edda (pref.): in a pun, Nj. 263.
FÚRR, m. (not furr, but with the vowel long, cp. fúrs, s
kúrum, Vellekla), [A. S. f&y-circ;re; Engl. fire; O. H.
G. fiûr; Germ. feuer; Gr. GREEK] :-- fire, only in p
oetry and poët. compds, never in prose, Lex. Poët.; vide eldr, p. 125.
fús-liga, adv. willingly, Eg. 96.
FÚSS, adj. [O. H. G. funs; A. S. contr. fûs; l
ost in most Teut. languages except Icel. and in provincial Norse; in Icel. it is
a very com<PAGE NUM="b0179">
<HEADER>FYGLA -- FYLLING. 179</HEADER>
mon word] :-- willing, wishing for; in the sayings, fús er hö
nd á venju and þangað er klárinn fúsastr sem hann
er kvaldastr: with gen. of the thing, fúss e-s, or fúss á
e-t, or til e-s; or with infin., þess fús sem Guð er fús
s, Skálda 169, Eg. 521; jarl var þess fúsari, the earl wa
s minded for that, was not unwilling, Orkn. 396; þess var ek fú
sastr at drepa þá alla, Fms. vi. 213; svá sem hann hafði
áðr verit fúsastr til, iii. 49; görði hann fú
san at fara til Finnlands, Hkr. i. 19; Þorgils kveðsk fúsari at
ríða fyrir innan, Korm. 68: absol., fúss (willingly) v

il ek mína hamingju til leggja, Fms. v. 236; kveðsk hann munu eigi sv
á miklu fúsari undan at ríða en þeir, Ísl.
ii. 361: sagði eigi þá menn er hann væri fúsari v
ið at kaupa en þá, Nj. 40; fúst ok falt, N. G. L. i. 237
; ú-fúss, unwilling: in poët. compds, víg-f&ua
cute;ss, böð-f., her-f., warlike, martial; sig-fúss, v
ictorious; böl-f., baleful, malignant; hel-f., murderous.
FYGLA, d, [fugl], to catch fowl, Grág. ch. 240, Js. 107.
fygling, f. fowling, Thom. 20, Vm. 148. fyglingar-maðr,
m. a fowler, Am. 33.
FYL, n. a foal or filly (cp. fylja), Grág. ii. 89, 326, Edd
a 27: in a pun, Fms. x. 220, Gísl.; fyljum, dat. pl. the foal of an as
s, Stj. 183.
fyldingr, m. a kind of fish, Edda (Gl.); also spelt fylvingr.
fyldinn, adj. [fold], soft, of greensward, fleece, or the like.
fylgð, f. a following, backing up, help, guidance; Gamli bau&e
th; honum menn til fylgðar, Grett. 109; fékk hann þeim mann til
fylgðar, þann er vel kunni vegu alla, Fms. i. 72; í sams&aelig
;ti eðr fylgð, Sks. 370 B: fylgðar-lauss, adj. without hel
p, alone, Fms. ii. 280; fylgðar-maðr, m. a follower, atten
dant, guide, Nj. 142, Ld. 48, Sturl. ii. 249 C. 2. party, follower
s; þeir feðgar völdu menn mjök at afli til fylgðar v
ið sik, Eg. 84; vera í fylgð með e-m, Nj. 62: veita e-m styrk
ok fylgð, Fms. i. 20; eigi verri til fylgðar en röskr maðr, Nj
. 106; fór þat lið heim er honum þótti minni fylg&
eth; (less support, use) í, Fms. iv. 350; fylgð ok þj&oa
cute;nusta, Eg. 474: of the body-guard of kings or princes, like the c
omitatus of Tacitus, vide esp. N. G. L. ii. Hirðskrá ch. 32; fylg
ð forn ok ný, the old and new body-guard, id.; halda f., to
wait upon the king, Fms. viii. 166: fylgðar-hald, n. attendan
ce upon the king, N. G. L. l.c.; fylgðar-horn, n. a horn to ca
ll the king's men together, N. G. L. ii; fylgðar-menn, m. pl. 
men attending upon the king, id. passim.
fylgi, n. = fylgð, help, support; vinátta ok fylgi, &Ia
cute;sl. ii. 125; varð Þorsteinn frægr af þessu f., Grett.
109 A; auka sér f., to win followers, Bs. i. 721; beiðslur e
ða f. partizanship, 869; heldr vilda ek hans f. hafa en tíu an
narra, Nj. 183: mod. with the notion of energy, zeal, in backing a case.
COMPDS: fylgi-kona, u, f. (fylgi-mær, Str. 6), a concubin
e, e.g. the mistresses of the clergy before the Reformation were call
ed so, Sturl. i. 56, ii. 169, iii. 139. fylgi-lag, n. concubinage,
Bárð. 167. fylgi-samr and fylgju-samr, adj. a faith
ful follower, Fms. i. 104, v. 316, vi. 211, Ld. 190, Eg. 167, 199, Lv. 26.
fylginn, adj. adherent, attached to, Fms. vi. 240, Sturl.
fylgja, n, f. = fylgð, Grág. i. 343; bjóða e-m fylg
ju sína, ii. 56, v.l., Ísl. ii. 340; í förum ok fylgju
með e-m, Stj. 135, 222; koma í fylgju með e-m, Rb. 356. II. metaph. a fetch, a female guardian spirit of the heathen age, whose a
ppearance foreboded one's death, cp. Hkv. Hjörv. (the prose); þ&uacut
e; munt vera feigr maðr ok muntú séð hafa fylgju þ&i

acute;na, Nj. 62, Hallfr. S. ch. 11: also whole families had a fylgja (kyn-f., &
aelig;ttar-f.), get ek at þetta hafi engar konur verit aðrar en fylgju
r yðrar frænda, Fms. ii. 195; eigi fara litlar fylgjur fyrir þ&e
acute;r, x. 262, Vd. ch. 36; nú sækja at fylgjur Úsví
fs, Nj. 20; manna-fylgjur, Bjarn. 48, Lv. 69; fuglar þeir munu vera mannafylgjur, Ísl. ii. 196; marr (a horse) er manns fylgja, Fs. 68; lig
gja fylgjur þínar til Íslands, thy guardian angels, good
angels, point to Iceland, i.e. thou wilt go thither, Orkn. 14; &thorn
;ínar fylgjur mega eigi standask hans fylgjur, Gullþ. 11, Lv. 104;
hafa þeir bræðr rammar fylgjur, Fs. 50 :-- in mod. lore (as also
sometimes in the Sagas, e.g. Nj. l.c.) fylgja means a 'fetch,' an appear
ance in the shape of an animal, a crescent, or the like going before a pe
rson, only a 'fey' man's fylgja follows after him. 2. = Lat. se
cundinae, a baby's caul, cp. Germ. glückshaube; barns-f., Bs. i
i. 168, freq. in mod. usage, cp. Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 354. 
III. in pl. a law phrase, kvenna-fylgjur, abduction or elopement, Grág. i. 342 (cp. fylgja l. 4. below). COMPDS: fylgju-engill,
m. a guardian angel, Nj. 157. fylgju-kona, u, f. ( = fylgja II.
 above), a female guardian, Fs. 114.
FYLGJA, ð or d, [A. S. folgjan; Engl. follow; Germ. 
folgen; Swed. följa; Dan. fölge] :-- to follow, and metaph. to back, help, side with, with dat., Dropl. 26; landv&aeli
g;ttir allar fylgðu Hafr-Birni til þings, Landn. 271, Grág. i.
46; ek man fylgja Búa bróður mínum, Fms. xi. 111; ok er
úfallit at f. Þjórólfi um þetta mál, Bo
ll. 342; fylgja málum e-s, Fms. i. 86; fylgja e-m at, to side with, ta
ke one's part. xi. 111; man Björn þeim at f., Bjarn. 7 :-- also o
f things, láta sverðit hendi f., let it follow the hand, remain in
it, Eg. 505. 2. to lead, guide one; yðr var fylgt &iacute
; kornhlöðu eina, Eg. 49; fylgja e-m á brott, Ld. 44; vilda ek a
t þú fylgdir mér til frænda minna, Nj. 45. 3. to pursue a flying host, Fms. i. 45, ix. 409. 4. a law term, fylgja
konu, to elope with a woman, Grág. i. 342, 343; an offence liable
to the lesser outlawry, even in the case of accomplices. 5. to be abo
ut one; konungr lét sveininn f. móður sinni, meðan han
n var allungr, Fms. i. 14: tungl fylgir sólmerkjum, Rb. 108; meðan sv
örðr ok hold fylgði, Eg. 770 :-- to follow one as one's mistress
, Fms. xi. 160, Sturl. i. 97; cp. Fms. x. 322, Sturl. i. 94, Orkn. II. metaph. to follow, observe, Róm. 87; fylgja e-s ráðum
, Bs. i. 720; fylgja hirðsiðum, Fms. vi. 240. 2. to follow
as an encumbrance; Margrét fylgi Loptstaða-eign, D. N. i. 82; so in
the saying, vandi fylgir vegsemd hverri :-- to follow as a quality or the
like; þat segi þér at mér fylgi engi hugr, ... you
say that there is no courage in me, Fms. vii. 297; svá mikill kraptr
fylgði þessum mönnum, Edda (pref.); þar fylgði s&aelig
;tr ilmr, Bs. i. 454; upphaf allra frásagna þeirra er (dat.) sannin
di f., true records, Fms. xi. 412; hvat fylgir engli þeim, what
is the quality of this angel? Nj. 157. 3. to belong to; himin
ok jörð ok alla hluti sem þeim f., Edda (pref.); nú fylgir
skógr landi, a forest belongs to the land, Grág. i. 200; s
egl ok reiða er fylgðu skipinu, Hkr. i. 277; aðrar eignir þ&ae
lig;r er þar f., Ld. 96; sök þá er tylptar-kviðr &aa
cute; at fylgja, a case that falls under the verdict of twelve, Gr&aacute
;g. i. 41. 4. causal, to let a thing follow, to add; þat l&e
acute;t hann f., at ..., he added, that ..., Fms. vii. 227; þar l&e
acute;t hann ok f. grávöru mikla, Eg. 69; hann lét þat
f. boði, Fb. ii. 187; þat fylgði ok þeirri sögn, 184. 5. fylgja (sér) at e-u, to work hard, push on with one's work (cp. fylgi, at-fylgi), Bs. i. 793; fylgja e-u at, to pursue, press on with
a thing, Ó. H. 41. 6. with acc., but only as a Latinism in tra
nslation, H. E. i. 514. III. reflex. to follow one another, metaph
. to side with one another, hang together; hann bað sína menn
fylgjask vel, he bade them hold well together, Eg. 288; þeir fylg&e
th;usk at hverju máli, Nj. 72: in a pass. sense rare and unclass., Sks. 3
47. IV. part. fylgendr, pl. followers, Bs. i. 705, Barl. 53
.
fylgjari, a, m. a follower, Sks. 524, Þórð. 72, B
arl. 171.
FYLGSNI, n. pl., often spelt fylksni, fylskni, or fylsni, G
ísl. 60, 67; [Goth. fulhsni = GREEK; from fólginn or fulgin
n the part. of fela] :-- a hiding-place, lurking-place, cavern, Gr&aacute
;g. i. 436, Nj. 133, 267, Fms. i. 210, iv. 170, Blas. 42, Niðrst. 6; &oacute
;r fylgsnum ok ór hellum, id.; helvítis-fylgsni, Sks. 605 B; var h
ann í fylgsnum allt haustið, Hkr. iii. 323; liggja í fylgsnum,
Fms. vii. 275; leiðir allar ok f. á skóginum, i. 71, Stor. 1.
fylgsnis-lauss, adj. without a hiding-place, Ísl. ii. 411.
fyl-hross, n. a mare with a foal, Jb. 348.
fylja, u, f. a filly (cp. fyl), in the pun, ek vil fá &thor
n;ér þar fylju er þú fær mér fola, I w
ill give thee a filly for a foal, from a box on the ear being called 'che
ek-horse' (kinn-hestr), Gísl. 27, 111.
FYLKI, n. [from folk], a county or shire; in Norway the lan
d was divided into fylki, each of them ruled by a fylkir; átta fylkja &th
orn;ing, Fms. v. 4, Hkr. i. 62, passim; esp. with regard to the levy, as from ea
ch fylki twelve ships of war were to be levied; þat er fylki kallat er g&o
uml;ra má at tólf skip, Fms. x. 306; þat kalla Norðmenn
fylki sem eru tólf skip skipað með vápnum ok mönnum,
ok á einu skipi nær sextigi manna eðr sjautigi, Ó. T. 35
. COMPDS: fylkis-kirkja, u, f. the principal church in a county, the '
shire-kirk.' fylkis-konungr, m. the king or chief of a shir
e, Fms. iv. 140, x. 272, passim. fylkis-maðr, m. an inhabitant
of a shire, N. G. L. i. 343, Boldt 169. fylkis-prestr, m. a pries
t of a shire-kirk, B. K. 119, N. G. L. i. 135. fylkis-þing, n.
a county meeting, shire-mote, D. N. II. poët. a host i
n battle, Edda 108.
fylking, f. battle array, the ranks, Hkr. ii. 371, Eg. 268, 286, N
j. 274, Fms. i. 45, vi. passim; the Lat. legio is rendered by fylking, R&
oacute;m. 260, 298. COMPDS: fylkingar-armr, m. the wing of an army, Nj. 274, Hkr. i. 236, Fms. vii. 277, Orkn. 474. fylkingar-broddr, m. the vanguard of a host, Fb. ii. 351. fylkinga-skipan, f. battle a
rray.
fylkir, m., poët. a king, Lex. Poët.
fylkja, t, to draw up (a milit. term), absol. or with dat., Eg. 28
4, Fms. i. 19, viii. 407, passim.
FYLLA, t, [fullr], to fill, pour full, Sks. 416, Stj. 319. &bet
a;. impers., esp. as a naut. term, skip (acc.) fyllir, the ship makes wat
er, i.e. fills with water, Eg. 386; fylldi þegar flotað var
, Fms. ix. 447; þá fylldi gröfina vatns, the hole was fille
d with water, Greg. 62; mik fyllir harms, I am filled with grief, Kar
l. 321. II. metaph., Hom. 108 :-- to fill, complete, make up, Hkr.
iii. 98, Anecd. 92, Sturl. iii. 244, Fms. vi. 90, Fbr. 217, Grág. ii. 30
1. 2. to fulfil, 625. 92, Anecd. 50, Blas. 50, Hom. 51, Fms. x. 23
0, Rb. 80. 3. a parliamentary phrase, fylla lög ok lof, to make l
aws, Grág. i. 7; cp. the Engl. lawful. 4. the phrase, f
ylla flokk e-s, to fill one's host, side with one, Þórð.
, Hkr. i. (in a verse). III. reflex. to be filled, to grow full, w
ith gen.; fyllask áhyggju ok hræðslu (reiði), to be fill
ed with cares and fears (anger), Blas. 46, Fms. i. 216; fylldisk han
n upp fjándskapar, viii. 391. 2. to be fulfilled, Hom. 51,
105, Blas. 42. IV. part. fyllendr, pl. fulfillers, Hom. 133
.
fylli, f., older and better form fyllr, fulness, 655 xxvii.
18, Edda 52. 2. of food, one's fill; vilit þér gefa
mér fylli mína (my fill) af oxanum, Edda 45, 48, Karl. 321;
fyllr matar eðr drykkjar, 54. 3. medic. hydatides.
fylli-liga, adv. fully, Fms. xi. 231, Stj. 29.
fylling, f. filling, fulness, 655 xxvii. 19, Stj. 292: of the moon
, 686 C. 2. II. metaph. fulness: fylling tímans, fulness
of time, N. T. passim: fulfilment, fylling Guðs boðorða
, Stj. passim; fylling laga, Hom. 135; fylling várra bæna, 625. 175
.
<PAGE NUM="b0180">
<HEADER>180 FYLMERR -- FYRIR.</HEADER>
fyl-merr, f. = fylhross, Grág. i. 504.
fylvingar, f. pl. nuts, Edda (Gl.), Gísl. 109 (in a verse),
Þd. 14.
fyndinn, adj. [finna], funny, facetious: fyndni, f. face
tiousness, wit.
fyrðar, m. pl. [A.S. fyrð = troops], poët, men, wa
rriors, Lex. Poët.
FYRIR, prep., in the Editions spelt differently; in MSS. this word is usu
ally abbreviated either F UNCERTAIN (i. e. firir), or F, UNCERTAIN fur, UNCERTAI
N fvr UNCERTAIN (i. e. fyrir); in some MSS. it is idiomatically spelt with i, fir, UNCERTAIN e. g. Arna-Magn. 382 (Bs. i. 263 sqq.); and even in the old
Miracle-book Arna-Magn. 645 (Bs. i. 333 sqq.), just as ifir is written for yfir
(over); in a few MSS. it is written as a monosyllable fyr, e. g. D. I. i.
475, Mork. passim; in Kb. (Sæm.-Edda) occurs fyr telia, Vsp. I; fyr nor&e
th;an, 36; fyr dyrum, Gm. 22; fyr vestan ver, Hkv. 2. 8; in other places as a di
ssyll. fyrir, e. g. Hm. 56, Gm. 54, Skm. 34, Ls. 15, Am. 64, Hkv. 2. 2, 19 (quot
ed from Bugge's edition, see his preface, p. xvi); fyr and fyrir stand to one an
other in the same relation as ept to eptir, und to undir, of (super) to y
fir: this monosyllabic form is obsolete, save in the compds, where 'for-' is mor
e common than 'fyrir-;' in some cases both forms are used, e. g. for-dæmin
g and fyrir-dæming; in others only one, but without any fixed rule: again,
the forms fyri, fyre, or fire, which are often used in Edd., are just as wrong,
as if one were to say epti, undi, yfi; yet this spelling is found now and then
in MSS., as, fyre, Ó. H. (facsimile); fire, Grág. Sb. ii. 288 (als
o facsimile): the particles í and á are sometimes ad
ded, í fur, Fms. iv. 137; í fyrir, passim; á fur, Haustl. 1
. [Ulf. faur and faura; A. S. fore and for; Engl. for and fore-; Germ. für and vor; Dan. for; Swed. för; Gr. GREEK; Lat. pro, prae.]
WITH DAT., chiefly without the notion of movement.
A. LOCAL: I. before, in front of; fyrir dyrum, before th
e doors, at the doors, Nj. 14, Vsp. 53, Hm. 69, Edda 130; niðr f. smi&et
h;ju-dyrum, Eg. 142 :--ahead, úti fyrir búðinni, Nj. 18
1; kómusk sauðirnir upp á fjallit f. þeim, ahead of t
hem, 27; vóru fyrir honum borin merkin, the banner was borne befor
e him, 274; göra orð fyrir sér, to send word before one, Fms. vii. 207, Hkr. iii. 335 (Ó. H. 201, l. c., frá sér
) :--also denoting direction, niðri í eldinum f. sér, beneath in the fire before them, Nj. 204; þeir sá f. s&eacute
;r bæ mikinn, they saw before them a great building, i. e. they
came to a great house, Eg. 546; öðrum f. sér (in front) en öðrum á bak sér, Grág. i. 5. 2. be
fore one, before one's face, in one's presence; úhelgaða ek Otkel
f. búum, before the neighbours, Nj. 87; lýsi ek f. b&uacut
e;um fimm, 218; lýsa e-u (to proclaim) f. e-m, Ld. 8; hann hermdi
boð öll f. Gizuri, Nj. 78; hón nefndisk f. þeim Gunnhildr,
told them that her name was G., Fms. i. 8; kæra e-t f. e-m, &Oacut
e;. H. 60; slíkar fortölur hafði hann f. þeim, Nj. 200; th
e saying, því læra börnin málið að &thorn
;að er f. þeim haft, bairns learn to speak because it is done befor
e them, i. e. because they hear it; hafa gott (íllt) f. e-m, to give a good (bad) example, e. g. in the presence of children; lifa vel
f. Guði, to live well before God, 623. 29; stór ábyrg&e
th;ar-hluti f. Guði, Nj. 199; sem þeir sjá réttast f. Gu
ði, Grág. i. (pref.); fyrir öllum þeim, Hom. 89; á
laun f. öðrum mönnum, hidden from other men, unknown to them, Grág. i. 337, Jb. 378; nú skaltú vera vin minn mikill f.
húsfreyju minni, i. e. when you talk to my wife, Nj. 265; fyrir D
rottni, before the Lord, Merl. 2. 78. 3. denoting reception
of guests, visitors; hann lét ryðja f. þeim búðina,
he had the room cleared for them, for their reception, Nj. 228; Valh&oum
l;ll ryðja fyr vegnu fólki, i. e. to clear Valhalla for slain folk
, Em. I; ryðja vígvöll f. vegundum, Nj. 212; ljúka up
p f. e-m, to open the door for one, Fms. xi. 323, Stj. 5; rýma pal
linn f. þeim, Eg. 304; hann lét göra eld f. þeim, he
had a fire made for them, 204; þeir görðu eld. f. sér,
Fms. xi. 63; ... veizlur þar sem fyrir honum var búit, banquets
that were ready for him, Eg. 45. II. before one, in one's way; þar er díki varð f. þeim, Eg. 530; á (fjör&
eth;r) varð f. þeim, a river, fjord, was before them, i. e. 
they came to it, 133, 161; at verða eigi f. liði yðru, 51; ma&et
h;r sá varð f. Vindum, that man was overtaken by the V., Hkr.
iii. 363; þeirra manna er f. honum urðu, Eg. 92. 2. sitja f. em, to lie in wait for one, Ld. 218, Nj. 107; lá f. henni í
skóginum, Edda (pref.); sitja f. rekum, to sit watching for wrecks, Eg. 136 (fyrir-sát). 3. ellipt., menn urðu at gæta s&i
acute;n er f. urðu, Nj. 100; Egill var þar f. í runninum, E.
was before (them), lay in ambush, Eg. 378; hafði sá bana er f. v
arð, who was before (the arrow), i. e. he was hit, Nj. 8. 4
. verða f. e-u, to be hit, taken, suffer from a thing; ef hann ve
rðr f. drepi, if he be struck, Grág. ii. 19; verða f. &aac
ute;verka, to be wounded, suffer injury, Ld. 140; verða f. reiði
konungs, to fall into disgrace with the king, Eg. 226; verða f. &oacu
te;sköpum, to become the victim of a spell, spell-bound, Fas. i. 130
; sitja f. hvers manns ámæli, to be the object of all men's blam
e, Nj. 71; vera eigi f. sönnu hafðr, to be unjustly charged with
a thing, to be innocent. III. a naut. term, before, off; ligg

ja f. bryggjum, to lie off the pier, Ld. 166; skip fljóta f. stren
gjum, Sks. 116; þeir lágu f. bænum, they lay off the town,
 Bs. i. 18; liggja úti f. Jótlands-síðu, off Jut
land, Eg. 261; hann druknaði f. Jaðri, off the J., Fms. i. II
; þeir kómu at honum f. Sjólandi, off Zealand, x. 394
; hafa úti leiðangr f. landi, Hkr. i. 301; f. Humru-minni, off the
Humber, Orkn. 338, cp. Km. 3, 8, 9, 13, 19, 21; fyrir Nesjum, off the Ne
ss, Vellekla; fyrir Tungum, Sighvat; fyrir Spáni, off Spain, O
rkn. 356. IV. before, at the head of, denoting leadership; smalama
ðr f. búi föður síns, Ver. 26 (of king David); vera f
. liði, to be over the troops, Eg. 292, Nj. 7; vera f. máli, to lead the case, Band. 8; vera forstjóri f. búi, to be s
teward over the household, Eg. 52; ráða f. landi, ríki, UN
CERTAIN etc., to rule, govern, Ó H. 33, Nj. 5; hverr f. eldinum r&
eacute;ði, who was the ringleader of the fire, Eg. 239; rá&eth
;a f. e-u, to rule, manage a thing, passim: the phrase, sitja f. svö
rum, to respond on one's behalf, Ölk. 36, Band. 12; hafa svör f
. e-m, to be the chief spokesman, Fms. x. 101, Dipl. v. 26. V. spe
cial usages; friða f. e-m, to make peace for one, Fms. vii. 16, Bs. i
. 65; bæta f. e-m, to make things good for one, Hom. 109; tú
lka, vera túlkr, flytja (etc.) f. e-m, to plead for one, Fms. iii.
33, Nj. 128,--also spilla f. e-m, to disparage one, Eg. 255; haga, &aeli
g;tla f. e-u, to manage, arrange for one, Ld. 208, Sturl. i. 14, Boll. 35
6; rífka UNCERTAIN ráð f. e-m, to better one's condition, Nj. 21; ráða heiman-fylgju ok tilgjöf f. frændkonu sinn
i, Js. 58; standa f. manni, to stand before, shield a man, stand between him
and his enemy, Eg. 357, Grág. ii. 13; vera skjöldr f. e-m, 655 x
xxii. 4; hafa kostnað f. e-u, to have the expences for a thing, Ld. 1
4; vinna f. e-m, to support one by one's work, Sks. 251; starfa f. f&eacu
te; sínu, UNCERTAIN to manage one's money, Ld. 166; hyggja f. e-u,
to take heed for a thing, Nj. 109; hyggja f. sér, Fs. 5; hafa for
sjá f. e-m, to provide for one, Ld. 186; sjá f. e-u, to
see after, Eg. 118, Landn, 152; sjá þú nokkut rá&
eth; f. mér, Nj. 20: ironic. UNCERTAIN to put at rest, Háv.
40: ellipt., sjá vel f., to provide well for, Nj. 102.
B. TEMP. ago; fyrir þrem nóttum, three nights ago;
 fyrir stundu, a while ago, Nj. 80; fyrir litlu, a little while ag
o, Fms. i. 76, Ld. 134; fyrir skömmu, a sbort while ago; fyrir l
öngu, a long while ago, Nj. 260, Fms. i. 50; fyrir öndverðu
, from the beginning, Grág. i. 80, ii. 323, 394, Finnb. 342; fyrir
þeim, before they were born, Fms. i. 57. 2. the phrase, ver
a f. e-u, to forebode; vera f. stórfundum, Nj. 107, 277; þat
hygg ek vera munu f. siða-skipti, Fms. xi. 12; þessi draumr mun vera
f. kvámu nökkurs manns, vii. 163; dreyma draum f. e-u, 8; fyrir ti&e
th;endum, ii. 65 :--spá f. e-m, to 'spae' before, prophecy to one,
Nj. 171.
C. METAPH.: I. before, above; þóttu þeir
þar f. öllum ungum mönnum, Dropl. 7; þykkisk hann mj&ouml
;k f. öðrum mönnum, Ld. 38; ver f. hirðmönnum, be firs
t among my herdsmen, Eg. 65; Hálfdan svarti var f. þeim br&aeli
g;ðrum, H. was the foremost of the brothers, Fms. i. 4; þorgr&i
acute;mr var f. sonum Önundar, Grett. 87; var Haraldr mest f. þeim at
virðingu, Fms. i. 47. II. denoting help, assistance; haun ska
l rétta vættið f. þeim, Grág. i. 45 (vide above A.
IV and V). 2. the following seem to be Latinisms, láta líf
it f. heilagri Kristni, to give up one's life for holy Christianity, = La
t. pro, Fms. vii. 172; ganga undir píslir fyrir Guðs nafni, Bl
as. 38; gjalda önd mína f. önd þinni, Johann. 17; gefa gj
öf f. sál sinni (pro animâ suâ), H. E. i. 466; fy
rir mér ok minni sál, Dipl. iv. 8; færa Guði fórn

ir f. e-m, 656 A; heita f. e-m, biðja f. e-m, to make a vow, pray for one
(orare pro), Fms. iii. 48, Bs. i. 70; biðja f. mönnum, to inter
cede for, 19, Fms. xi. 287: even with a double construction, biðja f. st
að sinn (acc., which is vernacular) ok heilagri kirkju (dat., which is a Lat
inism), x. 127. III. denoting disadvantage, harm, suffering; &thor
n;ú lætr Egil vefja öll mál fyrir þér, 
thou lettest Egil thwart all thy affairs, Eg. 249; únýtir hann
þá málit fyrir sér, then he ruins his own case, Grág. i. 36, Dropl. 14, 16; Man&dash-uncertain;verjar rufu safnaði
nn f. Þorkatli, the Manxmen broke up the assembly, i. e. forsook
Thorkel, Fms. ix. 422; kom upp grátr f. henni, she burst into tea
rs, 477; taka fé f. öðrum, to take another's money, N
. G. L. i. 20; knörr þann er konungr lét taka fyrir Þ&oa
cute;rólfi, Landn. 56; ef hross verðr tekit f. honum, if a horse o
f his be taken, Grág. i. 436; hann tók upp fé fyrir &ou
ml;llum, he seized property for them all, Ó. H. 60; e-t ferr &iacu
te;lla f. e-m, a thing turns out ill for one; svá fór f. &O
acute;lófu, so it came to pass for O., Vígl. 18; loka dyrr
f. e-m, to lock the door in one's face, Edda 21: þeir hafa eigi &th
orn;essa menn f. yðr drepit, heldr f. yðrar sakir þessi víg
vegit, i. e. they have not harmed you, but rather done you a service in slay
ing those men, Fbr. 33; tók at eyðask f. henni lausa-fé, her money began to fail, Nj. 29; rak á f. þeim storma ok str&
iacute;ðviðri, they were overtaken by gales and bad weather, V&ia
cute;gl. 27; Víglundr rak út knöttinn f. Jökli, V. dr
ove the ball for J., i. e. so that he had to run after it, 24; s&aacu
te; er skar tygil f. Þóri, he who cut Thor's line, Bragi; sv
erð brast f. mér, my sword broke, Korm. 98 (in a verse); brj&o
acute;ta e-t f. e-m, to break a thing for one, Bs. i. 15 (in a verse); Va
lgarðr braut krossa fyrir Merði ok öll heilög tákn, Nj.
167; árin brotnaði f. honum, his oar broke; allar kýrn
ar drápust fyrir honum, all his cows died. 2. denoting d
ifficulty, hindrance; sitja f. sæmd e-s, to sit between oneself and
one's honour, i. e. to hinder one's doing well, Sturl. 87; mikit g&o
uml;ri þér mér f. þessu máli, you make this
case sore for me, Eb. 124; þér er mikit f. máli, thy
case stands ill, Fms. v. 325; ekki er Guði f. því, it is
easy for God to do, 656 B. 9; varð honum lítið f. þv&i
acute;, it was a small matter for him, he did it easily, Grett. III; m&ea
cute;r er minna f. því, it is easier for me, Am. 60; þ
ykkja mikit f. e-u, to be much grieved for a thing, do it unwillingly, Nj
. 77; Icel. also say, þykja fyrir (ellipt.), to feel hurt, be displease
d :--ellipt., er þeim lítið fyrir at villa járnbur&e
th; þenna, it is a small matter for them to spoil this ordeal, &Oac
ute;. H. 140; sem sér muni lítið f. at veiða Gunnar, Nj. 1
13; fast mun f. vera, it will be fast-fixed before (one), hard to move, L
d. 154; Ásgrími þótti þungt f., A. thought t
hat things looked sad (heavy), Nj. 185; hann var lengi f., he was long ab
out it, Fms. x. 205; hann var<PAGE NUM="b0181">
<HEADER>FYRIR. 181</HEADER>
lengi f. ok kvað eigi nei við, he was cross and said not downright no
, Þorf. Karl. 388. IV. in a causal sense, for, because of, Lat. per, pro; sofa ek né mákat fugls jarmi fyrir, I
cannot sleep for the shrill cry of birds, Edda 16 (in a verse); hon undi s&
eacute;r hvergi f. verkjum, she had no rest for pains, Bjarn. 69; fyrir g
ráti, tárum, = Lat. prae lacrymis; fyrir harmi, for sorr
ow; f. hlátri, for laughter, as in Engl.; þeir ædd
ust f. einni konu, they went mad for the sake of one woman, Sól. 1
1; ílla fært f. ísum, scarce passable for ice, Fms. x
i. 360; hætt var at sitja útar f. Miðgarðs-ormi, Edda 35; h
ann var lítt gengr f. sárinu, he could hardly walk for the woun
d, Fbr. 178; fyrir hræðslu, for fear, Hbl. 26; heptisk vegr
inn f. þeim meinvættum sem ..., Fs. 4; gáðu þeir ei
gi f. veiðum at fá heyjanna, because of fishing they took no care
to make hay, Landn. 30; fyrir riki konungs, for the king's power, Eg.
67, 117; fyrir ofríki manna, Grág. i. 68; fyrir hví, fo
r why? Eluc. 4; fyrir hví þeir væri þar, Eg. 375; f
yrir því, at ..., for that, because, Edda 35, Fms. i. 22, vi
i. 330, Ld. 104; en fyrir því nú at, now since, Sk&aa
cute;lda 171; nú fyrir því at, id., 169: the phrase,
fyrir sökum, for the sake of, because of, passim; vide sök. 
V. by, by the force of; öxlin gékk ór liði fyr
ir högginu, the shoulder was disjointed by the force of the stroke,
Háv. 52. 2. denoting contest; falla f. e-m, to fall befo
re one, i.e. fighting against one, Fms. i. 7, iv. 9, x. 196; verð
a halloki f. e-m, to be overcome in fighting one, Ld. 146; látask
f. e-m, to perish by one, Eb. 34; hafa bana f. e-m, to be slain by one
, Nj. 43; þeir kváðu fá fúnað hafa f. hon
um, 263; mæddisk hann f. þeim, he lost his breath in fighting the
m, Eg. 192; láta ríki f. e-m, to lose the kingdom before an
other, i.e. so that the latter gains it, 264; láta lausar eign
ir mínar f. þér, 505; láta hlut sinn f. e-m, Fs. 47;
standask f. e-m, to stand one's ground before one, Edda (pref.); hugð
isk hann falla mundu f. sjóninni einni saman, that he would sink befor
e his glance, 28, Hým. 12; halda hlut f. e-m, Ld. 54; halda frið
ok frelsi f. várum óvinum, Fms. viii. 219; fara mun ek sem ek hefi
áðr ætlað f. þínum draum (thy dream notwit
hstanding), Ld. 216; þér farit hvárt er þér
vilit f. mér, you go wherever you like for me, so far as I am concert
ed, Fær. 37; halda vöku f. sér, to keep oneself awake, Fms. i. 216. β. with verbs, flýja, hlaupa, renna, st&ouml
;kkva f. e-m, to fly, leap, run before one, i.e. to be pursued, Bs
. i. 774, Grág. ii. 359; at hann rynni f. þrælum hans, Ld. 64
; fyrir þessum úfriði stökk Þangbrandr til Noregs, 1
80; skyldi hann ganga ór á f. Hofsmönnum, Landn. 178; ganga f
. e-u, to give way before, yield to a thing, Fms. i. 305, x. 292; v&aelig
;gja f. e-m, to yield to one, give way, Eg. 21, 187, Nj. 57, Ld. 234. VI. against; verja land f. e-m, Eg. 32; verja landit f. Dönum o
k öðrum víkingum, Fms. i. 23; til landvarnar f. víkingum,
Eg. 260; landvarnar-maðr f. Norðmönnum, Fms. vi. 295; gæta b
rúarinnar f. bergrisum, Edda 17; gæt þín vel f. konung
i ok hans mönnum, guard thee well against the king and his men, Eg.
113; góð aðstoð f. tröllum ok dvergum, Bárð.
163; beiða Baldri griða f. allskonar háska, Edda 36; auðsk&ae
lig;ðr f. höggum, Eg. 770. VII. in the sense of being driven
before; fyrir straumi, veðri, vindi, before the stream, wind, weather
 (forstreymis, forvindis), Grág. ii. 384, Fms. vii. 262; halda f. ve&
eth;ri, to stand before the wind, Róm. 211. 2. rýrt
mun verða f. honum smá-mennit, he will have an easy game with the
small people, Nj. 94: ellipt., hafði sá bana er f. varð, 8; s
prakk f., 16, 91. VIII. fyrir sér, of oneself, esp. of phys
ical power; mikill f. sér, strong, powerful; lítill f. s&ea
cute;r, weak, feeble, Nj. 20, Ísl. ii. 368, Eg. 192; þ&eacut
e;r munuð kalla mik lítinn mann f. mér, Edda 33; minnstr f. s&
eacute;r, smallest, weakest, Eg. 123; gildr maðr f. sér, &Iacu
te;sl. ii. 322, Fms. ii. 145; herðimaðr mikiil f. sér, a hardy
man, Nj. 270; hvat ert þú f. þér, what kind of
fellow art thou? Clem. 33; vera einn f. sér, to be a strange fell
ow, Grett. 79 new Ed.; Icel. also say, göra mikið (lítið
) f. sér, to make oneself big (little). β. sj&o
acute;ða e-t f. sér, to hesitate, saunter, Nj. 154; mæla
f. munni, to talk between one's teeth, to mutter, Orkn. 248, Nj. 249. IX. denoting manner or quality; hvítr f. hærum,
white with hoary hairs, Fms. vi. 95, Fas. ii. 540; gráir fyrir j&a
acute;rnum, grey with steel, of a host in armour, Mag. 5; hjölt hv&
iacute;t f. silfri, a hilt white with silver = richly silvered, Eb
. 226. X. as adverb or ellipt., 1. ahead, in front, = &aacu
te; undan, Lat. prae, opp. to eptir; þá var eigi hins verra
eptir ván, er slíkt fór fyrir, as this came first, prece
ded, Nj. 34; at einhverr mundi fara heim fyrir, that some one would go ho
me first (to spy), Eg. 580; Egill fór f., E. went in before, i
d.; at vér ríðim þegar f. í nótt, 283. 
β. first; hann stefndi f. málinu, en hann mælti ept
ir, one pronounced the words first, but the other repeated after him, Nj.
35; mun ek þar eptir göra sem þér gerit f., I shall
do to you according as you do first, 90 :-- temp., sjau nóttum f., seven nights before, Grág. ii. 217. 2. to the fore, at han
d, present; þar var fyrir fjöldi boðsmanna, a host of gues
ts was already to the fore, i.e. before the bride and bridegroom came, Nj. 1
1; úvíst er at vita hvar úvinir sitja á fleti fyrir,
Hm. 1; skal þá lögmaðr þar f. vera, he shall be
there present, Js. 3; heima í túni fyrir, Fær. 50; &thor
n;ar vóru fyrir Hildiríðar-synir, Eg. 98; var honum allt kunni
gt fyrir, he knew all about the localities, 583; þeim óm&oum
l;gum, sem f. eru, who are there already, i.e. in his charge, Gr&a
acute;g. i. 286: of things, föng þau er f. vóru, stores tha
t were to the fore, at hand, Eg. 134. 3. fore, opp. to 'back,'
of clothes; slæður settar f. allt gullknöppum, Eg. 516; bak ok f
yrir, back and front, = bak ok brjóst, Mar. XI. in the phra
se, e-m verðr e-t fyrir, a thing is before one, i.e. one takes tha
t and that step, acts so and so in an emergency; nú verðr ö&
eth;rum þeirra þat f., at hann kveðr, now if the other part a
lleges, that ..., Grág. i. 362; Kolbeini varð ekki f., K. had
no resource, i.e. lost his head, Sturl. iii. 285 :-- the phrase, e-t
mælisk vel (ílla) fyrir, a thing is well (ill) rep
orted of; víg Gunnars spurðisk ok mæltisk ílla fyrir
um allar sveitir, Nj. 117, Sturl. ii. 151; mun þat vel f. mælask, people will like it well, Nj. 29, Þórð. 55 new Ed.; &iacu
te;lla mun þat f. mælask at ganga á sættir við fr&a
elig;ndr sína, Ld. 238; ok er lokit var, mæltisk kvæðit v
el f., the people praised the poem, Fms. vii. 113. XII. in special
senses, either as prep. or adv. (vide A. V. above); segja leið f. skipi, to pilot a ship, Eg. 359; segja f. skipi, to say a prayer for a new ship
 or for any ship going to sea, Bs. i. 774, Fms. x. 480; mæla f.
e-u, to dictate, Grág. ii. 266; mæla f. minni, to bring
out a toast, vide minni; mæla f. sætt, i. 90; skipa, koma e-u f.
, to arrange, put right; ætla f. e-u, to make allowance for;
trúa e-m f. e-u, to entrust one with; það fer mikið
f. e-u (impers.), it is of great compass, bulky; hafa f. e-u, to have
trouble with a thing; leita f. sér, to enquire; biðjask f
., to say one's prayers, vide biðja; mæla fyrir, segja f., etc.
, to order, Nj. 103, Js. 3: of a spell or solemn speaking, hann mæl
ti svá f., at ..., Landn. 34; spyrjask f., to enquire, Hkr. ii. 33
3; búask f., to prepare, make arrangement, Landn. 35, Sks. 551; sk
ipask f., to draw up, Nj. 197; leggjask f., to lie down in despair, Bs. i. 194; spá fyrir, to 'spae' before, foretell; þeir me
nn er spá f. úorðna hluti, Fms. i. 96; segja f., to foretel
l, 76, Bb. 332; Njáll hefir ok sagt f. um æfi hans, Nj. 102; vi
ta e-t f., to 'wit' beforehand, know the future, 98; sjá e-t f., to foresee, 162; ef þat er ætlat f., fore-ordained, id.
WITH ACC., mostly with the notion of movement.
A. LOCAL: I. before, in front of; fyrir dyrrin, Nj. 198; l&
aacute;ta síga brýnn f. brár, Hkv. Hjörv. 19; halda f.
augu sér, to hold (one's hands) before one's eyes,
Nj. 132; leggja sverði fyrir brjóst e-m, to thrust a sword into hi
s breast, 162, Fs. 39. 2. before one, before a court; stefna
e-m f. dómstól, Fms. xi. 444; ganga, koma f. e-n, to go, come b
efore one, Fms. i. 15, Eg. 426, Nj. 6, 129, passim; fyrir augu e-s, befor
e one's eyes, Stj. 611. 3. before, so as to shield; hann kom
skildinum f. sik, he put the shield before him, Nj. 97, 115; halda skildi
f. e-n, a duelling term, since the seconder had to hold one's shield, &I
acute;sl. ii. 257. 4. joined to adverbs such as fram, aptr, út, in
n, ofan, niðr, austr, vestr, suðr, norðr, all denoting direction;
 fram f., forward; aptr f., backward, etc.; hann reiddi ö
xina fram f. sik, a stroke forward with the axe, Fms. vii. 91; hann hlj&o
acute;p eigi skemra aptr en fram fyrir sik, Nj. 29; þótti honum han
n skjóta brandinum austr til fjallanna f. sik, 195; komask út f. d
yrr, to go outside the door, Eg. 206 :-- draga ofan f. brekku, to drag
over the hill, Ld. 220; hrinda f. mel ofan, to thrust one over the grave
l bank, Eg. 748; hlaupa f. björg, to leap over a precipice, Eb.
62, Landn. 36; elta e-n f. björg, Grág. ii. 34; hlaupa (kasta) f. b
orð, to leap (throw) overboard, Fms. i. 178, Hkr. iii.
391, Ld. 226; síga (to be hauled) niðr f. borgar-vegg, 656 C.
13, Fms. ix. 3; hlaupa niðr f. stafn, Eg. 142; niðr f. skaflinn, Dropl.
25; fyrir brekku, Orkn. 450, Glúm. 395 (in a verse). II. in one
's way, crossing one's way; þeir stefndu f. þá, Fms. ix.
475; ríða á leið f. þá, to ride in their w
ay, so as to meet them, Boll. 348; hlaupa ofan f. þá, Nj. 153;
vóru allt komin f. hann bréf, letters were come before him, in
his way, Fms. vii. 207; þeir felldu brota f. hann, viz. they felled
trees before him, so as to stop him, viii. 60, ix. 357; leggja bann f. skip
, to lay an embargo on a ship, Ld. 166. III. round, off a point
; fyrir nesit, Nj. 44; út f. Holm, out past the Holm, Fms. vi
i. 356: esp. as a naut. term, off a point on the shore, sigla f. England,
Norðyrnbraland, Þrasnes, Spán, to sail by the coast of, sta
nd off England, Northumberland, ... Spain, Orkn. 338, 340, 342, 354; fyrir Y
rjar, Fms. vii. (in a verse); fyrir Siggju, Aumar, Lista, Edda 91 (in a verse);
er hann kom f. Elfina, when be came off the Gotha, Eg. 80; leggja land f.
skut, to lay the land clear of the stern, i.e. to pass it, Edda l
.c.; göra frið f. land sitt, to pacify the land from one end to anot
her, Ld. 28; fyrir uppsprettu árinnar, to come to (round) the sources of the river, Fms. iii. 183; fyrir garðs-enda, Gr&aac
ute;g. ii. 263; girða f. nes, to make a wall across the ness, block it up
, cp. Lat. praesepire, praemunire, etc., Grág. ii. 263; so als
o binda f. op, poka, Lat. praeligare, praestringere; hlaða f. gat, h
olu, to stop a hole, opening; greri f. stúfinn, the stump (
of the arm or leg) was healed, closed, Nj. 275; skjóta slagbrandi
f. dyrr, to shoot a bolt before the door, to bar it, Dropl. 29; lá
ta loku (lás) f. hurð, to lock a door, Gísl. 28; setja
innsigli f. bréf, to set a seal to a letter, Dipl. i. 3: ellipt.,
setr hón þar lás fyrir, Ld. 42, Bs. i. 512. 2. alo
ng, all along; f. endilanga Danmörk, f. endilangan Noreg, all along
Denmark, Norway, from one end to the other, Fms. iv. 319, xi. 91, Grett. 97
:-- öx álnar f. munn, an axe with an ell-long edge, Ld. 276;
draga ör f. ödd, to draw the arrow past the point, an archer's
term, Fms. ii. 321. IV. with verbs, fyrir ván komit, one is com
e past hope, all hope is gone, Sturl. i. 44, Hrafn. 13, Fms. ii. 131; taka f
. munn e-m, to stop one's mouth; taka f. háls, kverkar, e-m, to
seize one by the throat, etc.; taka mál f. munn e-m, 'verba alicu
jus praeripere,' to take the word out of one's mouth, xi. 12; taka f. hendr
e-m, to seize one's hands, stop one in doing a thing, Eb. 124; mod., taka
fram f. hendrnar á e-m.
<PAGE NUM="b0182">
<HEADER>182 FYRIR -- FYRIRHÖFN.</HEADER>
B. TEMP.: fyrir dag, before day, Eg. 80; f. miðjan dag, Ld. 14
; f. sól, before sunrise, 268; f. sólar-lag, before suns
et; f. miðjan aptan, Nj. 192; f. náttmál, 197; f. ó
ttu, Sighvat; f. þinglausnir, Ölk. 37; f. Jól, Nj. 269; f. far
daga, Grág. ii. 341; viku f. sumar, 244; f. mitt sumar, Nj. 138; litlu f.
vetr, Eg. 159; f. vetrnætr, Grág. ii. 217; f. e-s minni, before
one's memory, Íb. 16.
C. METAPH.: I. above, before; hann hafdi mest fyrir aðr
a konunga hraustleikinn, Fms. x. 372. II. for, on behalf of; vil e
k bjóða at fara f. þik, I will go for thee, in thy stead, Nj. 77; ganga í skuld f. e-n, Grág. i. 283; Egill drakk ... ok s
vá f. Ölvi, Eg. 210; kaupa e-t f. e-n, Nj. 157; gjalda gjöld f.
e-n, Grág. i. 173; verja, sækja, sakir f. e-n, Eg. 504; hvá
rr f. sik, each for oneself, Dipl. v. 26; sættisk á öll
mál f. Björn, Nj. 266; tók sættir f. Björn, Eg. 1
68; svara f. e-t, Fms. xi. 444; hafa til varnir f. sik, láta lýrit
, lög-vörn koma f.; færa vörn f. sik, etc.; verja, sæ
kja sakir f. sik, and many similar law phrases, Grág. passim; biðja k
onu f. e-n, to woo a lady for another, Fms. x. 44; fyrir mik, on my be
half, for my part, Gs. 16; lögvörn f. mál, a lawful defe
nce for a case, Nj. 111; hafa til varnar f. sök, to defend a case, Grág. i. 61; halda skiladómi f. e-t, Dipl. iv. 8; festa l&ouml
;g f. e-t, vide festa. III. in a distributive sense; penning f. mann, 
a penny per man, K. Þ. K. 88; fyrir nef hvert, per nose = pe
r head, Lv. 89, Fms. i. 153, Ó. H. 141; hve f. marga menn, for how
many men, Grág. i. 296; fyrir hverja stiku, for each yard, 49
7. IV. for, for the benefit of; brjóta brauð f. hungra&
eth;a, Hom. 75; þeir skáru f. þá melinn, they cut t
he straw for them (the horses), Nj. 265; leggja kostnað f. e-n, to de
fray one's costs, Grág. i. 341. V. for, instead of; han
n setti sik f. Guð, Edda (pref.); hafa e-n f. Guð (Lat. pro Deo),
Stj. 73, Barl. 131; geta, fá, kveðja mann f. sik, to get a man as
one's delegate or substitute, Grág. i. 48 passim; þeir
höfðu vargstakka f. brynjur, Fs. 17; manna-höfuð vóru f
. kljána, Nj. 275; gagl f. gás ok grís f. gamalt sví
n, Ó. H. 86; rif stór f. hlunna, Háv. 48; buðkr er f. h
úslker er hafðr, Vm. 171; auga f. auga, tönn f. tönn, Exod.
xxi. 24; skell f. skillinga, Þkv. 32. VI. because of, for;
vilja Gunnar dauðan fyrir höggit, Nj. 92, Fms. v. 162; eigi f. sakleysi
, not without ground, i. 302; fyrir hvat (why, for what) stefndi
Gunnarr þeim til úhelgi? Nj. 101; ok urðu f. þat sekir, L
andn. 323; hafa ámæli f. e-t, Nj. 65, passim. 2. in a good s
ense, for one's sake, for one; fyrir þín orð, for thy
words, intercession, Ísl. ii. 217; vil ek göra f. þ&iacut
e;n orð, Ld. 158, Nj. 88; fyrir sína vinsæld, by his popular
ity, Fms. i. 259: the phrase, fyrir e-s sök, for one's sake, vid
e sök: in swearing, a Latinism, fyrir trú mína, by my fait
h! (so in Old Engl. 'fore God), Karl. 241; fyrir þitt lí
f, Stj. 514; ek særi þik f. alla krapta Krists ok manndóm &th
orn;inn, Nj. 176. VII. for, at, denoting value, price; fyrir &tho
rn;rjár merkr, for three marks, Eg. 714; er sik leysti út f
. þrjú hundruð marka, Fms. ix. 421; ganga f. hundrað, to
pass or go for a hundred, D. I. i. 316 :-- also of the thing bought,
þú skalt reiða f. hana þrjár merkr, thou shall
pay for her three marks, Ld. 30; fyrir þik skulu koma mannhefndir, Nj
. 57; bætr f. víg, Ísl. ii. 274; bætr f. mann, Eg. 259
, passim; fyrir áverka Þorgeirs kom legorðs-sökin, Nj. 101
:-- so in the phrase, fyrir hvern mun, by all means, at any cost; fyrir
öngan mun, by no means, Fms. i. 9, 157, Gþl. 531 :-- hafði
hverr þeirra mann f. sik, eða tvá ..., each slew a man or m
ore for himself, i.e. they sold their lives dearly, Ó. H. 217.
2. ellipt., í staðinn f., instead of, Grág. i.
61; hér vil ek bjóða f. góð boð, Nj. 77; taka u
mbun f., Fms. vii. 161; svara slíku f. sem ..., Boll. 350; þ&eacute
;r skulut öngu f. týna nema lífinu, you shall lose nothing
less than your head, Nj. 7. VIII. by means of, by, through; f
yrir þat sama orð, Stj.; fyrir sína náttúru, Fms.
v. 162; fyrir messu-serkinn, iii. 168; fyrir þinn krapt ok frelsis-h&ouml
;nd, Pass. 19. 12; svikin f. orminn, by the serpent, Al. 63, -- this use
of fyrir seems to be a Latinism, but is very freq. in eccl. writings, esp. after
the Reformation, N. T., Pass., Vídal.; fyrir munn Davíðs, 
through the mouth of David, etc. :-- in good old historical writings such in
stances are few; þeir hlutuðu f. kast (by dice), Sturl. ii. 159
. IX. in spite of, against; fyrir vilja sinn, N. G. L. i. 151; fyr
ir vitorð eðr vilja e-s, against one's will or knowledge, Gr&aac
ute;g. ii. 348; kvángask (giptask) f. ráð e-s, i. 177, 178, &T
HORN;iðr. 190; nú fara menn f. bann (in spite of an embargo) l
anda á milli, Gþl. 517; hann gaf henni líf f. framkvæm
d farar, i.e. although she had not fulfilled her journey (her vow)
, Fms. v. 223; fyrir várt lof, vi. 220; fyrir allt þat, in spite
of all that, Grett. 80 new Ed.; fyrir ráð fram, heedlessly; fyrir lög fram, vide fram. X. denoting capacity, in the sa
me sense as 'at,' C. II, p. 27, col. 1; scarcely found in old writers (who use '
at'), but freq. in mod. usage, thus, eigi e-n f. vin, to have one for a frien
d, in old writers 'at vin;' hafa e-n f. fífl, fól, to make
sport of one. 2. in old writers some phrases come near to this, e.g.
vita f. vist, to know for certain, Dipl. i. 3; vita f. full sannindi, 
id., ii. 16; hafa f. satt, to take for sooth, believe, Nj. 135; koma
f. eitt, to come (turn) all to one, Lv. 11, Nj. 91, Fms. i
. 208; koma f. ekki, to come to naught, be of no avail, Ísl. ii. 2
15; fyrir hitt mun ganga, it will turn the other way, Nj. 93; fyrir hann
er einskis örvænt orðs né verks, from him everything ma
y be expected, Ísl. ii. 326; hafa e-s víti f. varnað, t
o have another's faults for warning, Sól. 19. XI. joined with
adverbs ending in -an, fyrir austan, vestan, sunnan, norðan, ú
tan, innan, framan, handan, ofan, neðan, either with a following acc. denoti
ng. direction, thus, fyrir austan, sunnan ... fjall, east, south of th
e fell, i.e. on the eastern, southern side; fyrir neðan br&uacute
;, below the bridge; fyrir útan fjall = Lat. ultra; fyrir i
nnan fjall = Lat. infra; fyrir handan á, beyond the river;
fyrir innan garð, inside the yard; fyrir ofan garð, above, bey
ond the yard, etc.; vide these adverbs :-- used adverb., fyrir sunnan, in
the south; fyrir vestan, in the west; fyrir norðan, in the no
rth; fyrir austan, in the east, -- current phrases in Icel. to mark t
he quarters of the country, cp. the ditty in Esp. Árb. year 1530; but not
freq. in old writers, who simply say, norðr, suðr ..., cp. Kristni S. c
h. 1: absol. and adverb., fyrir ofan, uppermost; fyrir handan, on the
other side :-- fyrir útan e-t, except, save, Anal. 98, Vkv. 8
; fyrir fram, vide fram.
UNCERTAIN For- and fyrir- as prefixes, vide pp. 163-167 and below: I. 
fore-, for-, meaning before, above, in the widest sense, local, temp.
, and metaph. furthering or the like, for-dyri, for-nes, for-ellri, for-b
eini, etc. β. before, down, for-brekkis, -bergis, -streymis,
-vindis, -viðris, etc. 2. in an intens. sense = before others, ver
y, but not freq.; for-dyld, -góðr, -hagr, -hraustr, -kostuligr, kuðr, -lítill, -ljótr, -prís, -ríkr, -snjallr. II. (cp. fyrir, acc., C. IX), in a neg. or priv. sense; a few words occur
even in the earliest poems, laws, and writers, e.g. for-að, -átta, -d
æða, -nám, -næmi, -sending, -sköp, -verk, -veðja
, -viða, -vitni, -ynja, -yrtir; those words at least seem to be original and
vernacular: at a later time more words of the same kind crept in: 1. as
early as writers of the 13th and 14th centuries, e.g. for-boð, -bænir,
-djarfa, -dæma (fyrir-dæma), -taka (fyrir-taka), -þótt
r; fyrir-bjóða, -fara, -göra, -koma, -kunna, -líta, -muna
, -mæla, -vega, -verða. 2. introduced in some words at the time
of the Reformation through Luther's Bible and German hymns, and still later in
many more through Danish, e.g. for-brjóta, -drífa, -láta, líkast, -merkja, -nema, -sorga, -sóma, -standa, -svara, -þ&e
acute;nusta, and several others; many of these, however, are not truly naturalis
ed, being chiefly used in eccl. writings :-- it is curious that if the pronoun b
e placed after the verb (which is the vernacular use in Icel.) the sense is in m
any cases reversed; thus, fyrir-koma, to destroy, but koma e-u fyrir can
only mean to arrange; so also fyrir-mæla, to curse, and m&ae
lig;la fyrir, to speak for; for-bænir, but biðja fyrir e-m, etc
.; in the latter case the sense is good and positive, in the former ba
d and negative; this seems to prove clearly that these compds are due to for
eign influence.
fyrir-banna, að, to forbid, Skm. 34.
fyrir-benda, d, to forebode, Stj. 87.
fyrir-bending, f. foreboding, Bs. i. 45.
fyrir-birting, f. revelation, Barl. passim.
fyrir-bjóða, bauð, to forbid, Bs. i. 682, 683, N. G
. L. i. 351, Gþl. 276, K. Á. 54, 110.
fyrir-boða, að, to forebode; part., Greg. 16.
fyrir-boðan, f. foreboding, Magn. 488, Fms. viii. 3, Eb. 28.
fyrir-boðning, f. forbidding, Edda 120.
fyrir-boðsmaðr, m. a bidder to a feast, Fms. v. 332.
fyrir-bón, f., in pl. curses = forbænir, Sturl. iii.
45: in a good sense, begging, pleading, (mod.)
fyrir-burðr, m. an appearance, vision, spectre, Nj. 118, Fms.
vi. 63, 229, 404, xi. 289, Bs. i. 184, Eb. 28, 218, 272, Sd. 174, passim.
fyrir-búa, bjó, to prepare, Greg. 18, Fms. i. 138, N
. T. passim.
fyrir-búnaðr, m. preparation, Stj. 127, Fms. vii. 87, x

. 236.
fyrir-búningr, m. id., Hkr. iii. 240.
fyrir-drífa, dreif, to drive away, Th. 16 (fordrífa)
.
fyrir-dæma, d, to condemn, K. Á. 220, Hom. 126, Rb. 3
38, Fms. i. 219.
fyrir-dæmiligr, adj. damnable, H. E. i. 514.
fyrir-dæming, f. damnation, Greg. 17, H. E. i. 514, Stj. 21.
fyrir-fara, fór, to destroy, N. G. L. i. 340: to forfeit
, K. Á. 128: reflex. to perish, Post. 59, N. T. passim.
fyrir-farandi, part. preceding, Vm. 12, Bs. i. 682, 720.
fyrir-fari, a, m. a foreboding, Bs. i. 682.
fyrir-feðr, m. pl. forefathers, Barl. 206.
fyrir-ferð, f. a going before, Stj. 353 :-- bulk, fy
rirferðar-mikill, adj. bulky.
fyrir-fólk, n. great folk, persons of distinction, Hkr. ii.
381.
fyrir-furða, u, f. a foreboding, sign, mark, Fs. 125.
fyrir-ganga, u, f. a walking ahead, leading, Fms. ii. 75, v. 72.
fyrir-gefa, gaf, to forgive, Nj. 170, Hom. 44, Sks. 579, N. T. pas
sim.
fyrir-gefning, f. forgiveness, Rb. 336, Th. 78, Fms. viii. 442, St
j. 110, N. T. passim.
fyrir-gengiligr, adj. pinched, worn out.
fyrir-gleyma, d, to forget, Barl. (rare.)
fyrir-gleyming, f. forgetfulness, Sks. 607, (rare.)
fyrir-göra, ð, to forfeit, N. G. L. i. 341, Eg. 495, K. &
Aacute;. 70, Nj. 191.
fyrir-heit, n. a promise, Fms. i. 217: esp. in a sacred sense, Stj
., Rb. 336, N. T. passim: a presage, Fms. vi. 63, v.l.
fyrir-huga, ð, to premeditate.
fyrir-hugsan, f. forethought, Stj. 10, Barl. 127.
fyrir-hyggja, u, f. (-hygsla, N. G. L. i. 215), forethought, pr
evision, Fms. ii. 121, Ld. 186, Hkr. ii. 102, H. E. i. 387, v.l. (freq.)
fyrir-höfn, f. trouble, toil.
<PAGE NUM="b0183">
<HEADER>FYRIRKOMA -- FYRRI. 183</HEADER>
fyrir-koma, kom, to destroy, put to death, with dat., Al. 132, V&i
acute;gl. 22, Fms. i. 9: to prevent, avert, Korm. 208, Sks. 706; þ&
aacute; var svá fyrirkomít magni þeirra (cp. Germ. vorkom
men), Fms. viii. 53.
fyrirkomu-lag, n. arrangement.
fyrir-kona, u, f. a woman of distinction, a lady, Fms. ii. 22.
fyrir-konungr, m. a distinguished king, Fas. iii. 188.
fyrir-kunna, kunni; f. e-n e-s, to blame one for a thing, to take a th
ing amiss, Eg. 254; eigi vil ek fyrirkunna þik þessa orða, &
Oacute;. H. 57, Stj. passim: with dat. of the thing, to be displeased at,
Str. 9.
fyrir-kveða, kvað, to refuse, Fms. x. 382. Sturl. i. 37, T
hom. 21, 23: reflex., en fyrirkveðask eigi at taka sættir, Fb. iii. 45
1.
fyrir-láta, lét, with acc., to let go, give up, Fms.
i. 1, 156, viii. 251, x. 379: to forsake, i. 129, Mar. passim, Rb. 412.
2. with dat. of the person, acc. of the thing, to forgive, Fms. ix
. 383, 410, Dipl. iv. 8 :-- in eccl. sense, H. E. i. 499, Gþl. 41, K. &Aac
ute;. 206; cp. forláta, which is more freq. in mod. usage.
fyrir-látning, f. forgiveness.
fyrir-látr, adj. forgiving, mild, Fms. xi. 429.
fyrirlát-samr, adj. (-semi, f.); ekki f., stubborn,
Bs. i. 683.
fyrir-leggja, lagði, to lay aside, forsake, Stj. 148: reflex.,
fyrirleggjask um e-t, to leave a thing alone, Bs. i. 194: part. fyrir
-lagðr, forsaken, 823.
fyrir-leitinn, adj. circumspect, Ó. H. 145; eigi f. (and in
mod. usage ófyrirleitinn), not circumspect, i.e. violent,
Grett. 24 new Ed.
fyrir-leitni, f. circumspection, Fas. iii. 175; úfyrirleitn
i, rashness.
fyrir-liggja, lá; f. sér, to fall (of a woman), N. G
. L. i. 213, 233.
fyrir-litligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), contemptible, Stj. 244.
fyrir-litning, f. contempt, Sturl. i. 64, 655 xxvii. 2.
fyrir-líta, leit, to look down on, despise, Lat. despice
re (cp. the preceding words), Greg. 39, Blas. 44, Lv. 95, Sks. 270, Magn. 44
2, Fms. vi. 286, viii. 24, x. 256, Hkr. i. 104, N. T., freq. in mod. usage :-- to forsake, Fms. vii. 174 (rare), vide forláta.
fyrir-ljúga, laug, to forswear by lies, Fms. viii. 293: f.

trú sinni, to forswear one's faith, Karl. 38: with acc. to slan
der, Fas. iii. 307.
fyrir-maðr, m. a foreman, chief, Fms. ix. 341, 483, Ld. 106, N
j. 106: one's better, one who excels others, Fms. xi. 326: a predecess
or, Bs. i. 733: in mod. usage in pl. fyrir-menn, people of distinc
tion.
fyrir-mannligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), like a distinguished man, Fms. xi. 231, Ld. 90.
fyrir-muna, pres. -man, pret. -mundi, in mod. usage -að, (-munar, -mu
naði, -munað) :-- to grudge one a thing; f. e-m e-s, eigi er &tho
rn;at satt, at ek fyrirmuna þér viðarins, Ld. 318; ek fyrirman
ekki Þorgilsi þessarar ferðar, 258, Fms. vi. 59, x. 110, Grett.
159 new Ed., Fas. i. 205, Orkn. 24, Fs. 68, Ó. H. 61: with infin., Sks. 5
54.
fyrir-mynd, fyrir-myndan, f. [Germ. vorbild], a prototype, exam
ple.
fyrir-mæla, t, to swear, Grett. 94 new Ed., Bs. ii. 60, G&th
orn;l. 218.
fyrir-nema, nam, with acc., f. e-t, to withhold, N. G. L. i. 4, cp
. mod. fortaka; f. e-m mál, to deprive one of speech, make one silent,
 Ls. 57 :-- chiefly reflex., fyrirnemask e-t, to forbear, N. G. L. i
. 579, Gþl. 58, Sturl. i. 2.
fyrir-rásari, a, m. a forerunner, Sks. 43.
fyrir-rennari, a, m. id., Hom. 105, Stj. 441.
fyrir-rúm, n. the first room or chief cabin in old s
hips of war, in the after part of the ship next the lypting, as is clear from pa
ssages such as, þá hljóp Ólafr konungr ór lypt
ingunni ok í fyrirrúmit, Fms. x. 360; hann sat aptr i fyrir
rúminu, vii. 185, viii. 223, x. 360, 362, Hkr. i. 302, Orkn. 148 :-- but
Grett. 113 (new Ed.), speaking of a boat pulled by three men, distinguishes betw
een háls, fyrirrúm, skutr, bow, midship (mod. Icel. mið
skipa), and stern, fyrirrúms-menn, m. pl. one placed in
the f., cp. Engl. midshipman, Fms. vii. 223, viii. 224 :-- metaph. ph
rase, hafa e-ð í fyrirrúmi, to keep a thing in the fore-hol
d, i.e. to give preference to it.
fyrir-rægja, ð, to 'foredo' one by lies and slander, N.
G. L. i. 57.
fyrir-sát, f. (less correct fyrir-sátr, n., Fms. x.
341), an ambush, Nj. 93, 160, Ld. 220, Fms. ii. 296, Fs. 33, Valla L. 225
.
fyrir-segja, sagði, to foretell, Fms. i. 141.
fyrir-setning, f., gramm. a preposition, Skálda 180.
fyrir-sjón, f. a laughing-stock, Bs. i. 155.
fyrir-skipa, að, to order, prescribe, Barl. 69, 72.

fyrir-skipan, f. an ordinance, Stj. 621.
fyrir-skjóta, skaut, to make void, N. G. L. i. 52, 53, G&th
orn;l. 268.
fyrir-skyrta, u, f. a 'fore-shirt,' apron, Hdl. 46, Þorst. S
íðu H. 178.
fyrir-smá, ð, to despise, Thom. 23.
fyrir-spá, f. 'fore-spaeing,' prophecy, Sturl. i. 115 C.
fyrir-staða, u, f. a standing before one, Grág. ii. 14:
mod. obstacle.
fyrir-standa, stóð, to understand, Fas. ii. 298, Fms. v
iii. 54, v.l.
fyrir-stela, stal, to forfeit by stealing, Jb. 417, Js. 129.
fyrir-stjórnari, a, m. an overseer, Sturl. i. 1.
fyrir-svara, að, to answer for, Band. 22 new Ed.
fyrir-sverja, sór, to forswear, renounce by oath, Fms. x. 3
96, 419: reflex. to forswear oneself, Hom. 151.
fyrir-sæti, n. a fore-seat, Sturl. i. 21.
fyrir-sögn, f. 'fore-saying' i.e. dictation, instruction, Fms. vii. 226, Grág. i. 7, Bs. i. 133, Fs. 21, Stj. 190, 355: styl
e, Rb. 2: prophecy, 655 xxxi.
fyrir-söngr, m. the 'fore-song' or prelude in a servic
e, Fms. vii. 198.
fyrir-tak, n. prominence; fyrirtaks-gáfur, f. pl. prominent gifts, and in many other compds.
fyrir-taka, tók, to deny, refuse, Bs. i. 758, Fms. ii. 65,
Jómsv. 50, Ld. 186: to forbid, H. E. i. 456.
fyrir-tekt, f. waywardness, caprice.
fyrir-tæki, n. what is taken in hand, a task.
fyrir-tölur, f. pl. persuasion, Fms. ix. 52, x. 301, xi. 11,
Hom. 52.
fyrir-vaf, n. the weft.
fyrir-vari, a, m. precaution, Fs. 65.
fyrir-varp, n. a 'fore-warp,' dam, Bs. i. 315.
fyrir-vega, vá, to forfeit by manslaughter, N. G. L. i. 64,
Fms. v. 101.
fyrir-verða, varð, to vanish, collapse; þá f&

eacute;ll ok fyrirvarð allt sem mold, 656 A. 2. 5, Sl. 27; svá sem au
gu firverða sem eigi taka læknis lyf, 656 B. 12 :-- so also, fyrirver&
eth;a sik, to be destroyed, Stj. 25; also to be ashamed, Clem. 34,
freq. in mod. usage in this last sense, otherwise obsolete :-- and reflex. t
o perish, collapse, Stj. 91, 118, 149, Str. 66.
fyrir-vinna, u, f. = forverk.
fyrir-vinnask, vannsk, dep. to forbear doing a thing, Bs. i. 341,
Þiðr. 140, Grett. 78 new Ed.
fyrir-vinnendr, part. = fyriryrkjendr, Hm.
fyrir-vissa, u, f. a foreboding, Stj. 81.
fyrir-vist, f. = forysta, q.v., Sturl. iii. 270, Eb. 126.
fyrir-yrkjendr, part. pl. (forverk), workmen, labourers, N. G. L.
i. 98.
fyrir-ætlan, f. a design, Nj. 9, Eg. 467, Bs. i. 404, &Iacut
e;sl. ii. 355, Skálda 170.
FYRNASK, d, [forn], to get old, to decay, N. G. L. i. 37: as a law
term, of a claim, to be lost by lapse of time, þá fyrnisk s
ú skuld, 24; legorðs-sök engi fyrnisk, Grág. i. 349; s&ua
cute; sök fyrnisk aldregi, 361 :-- to be forgotten, hans nafn mun al
dri fyrnask, Fas. i. 43 :-- with dat. of the person, with the notion of past evi
ls, henni fyrndisk aldri fall Ólafs konungs, she never forgot king Ola
ve's death, Fms. v. 126; þótti honum sér þá
skjótara fyrnask líflát Droplaugar, Dropl. 9; allít
t fyrnisk mér þat enn, Korm. 172; henni mátti eigi fyrnask v
ið Svía konung, at ..., Ó. H. 51: the saying, fyrnisk vinskapr
sem fundir (mod. svo fyrnask ástir sem fundir), Fms. ii. 62: part. de
cayed, fallinn ok fyrndr, Stj.; kirkja fyrnd ok fölnuð, Bs. i. 198;
fölnar fold, fyrnist allt og mæðist (a ballad). II. mod.
in act. to lay up stores; fyrna hey, etc.
fyrnd, f. age, antiquity, Dipl. ii. 5, Sks. 517; esp. in the phras
e, í fyrndinni, in times of yore, 625. 170, Fas. i. 513, Sks. 67 :
-- decay, dilapidation, Pm. 122, Bs. i. 293 :-- a law term, loss of a
claim by lapse of time. Thom. 76.
fyrning, f. decay, Grág. ii. 267: pl. fyrningar, old sto
res left from last year, hey-f., matar-f., etc., (mod.)
fyrnska, u, f., prop. age; slitin, fúinn af f., worn, ro
tten from age, Stj. 366: decay, Grág. ii. 268: at fyrnsku. 
from olden times, N. G. L. i. 45; í fyrnskunni, in days of yore, Str. 1 :-- a law term = fyrnd, skal þar eigi f. fyrir ganga, N. G. L. i
. 249 :-- old lore, witchcraft, Fb. i. 231, Fs. 131. fyrnsku-há
ttr, m. old fashion, Fms. xi. 430.
FYRR, compar. adv. sooner; FYRST, superl. first, soonest
: [cp. Goth. faurþis = GREEK, GREEK, and faurþizei
= GREEK; Engl. for-mer; Swed. -Dan. för, först; Lat. prius.] I. compar. sooner, before; því betr &tho
rn;ykki mér er vér skiljum fyrr, the sooner we part the better,
 Fas. ii. 535; at vér bræðr myndim þetta fyrr gö
rt hafa, Nj. 61; veitti Eirekr fyrr, Landn. 216: fyrr enn, before that, L
at. priusquam, enginn veit sína æfina fyrr en öll er (a
saying); fyrr enn ek hefir eignask allan Noreg, Fms. i. 3, Nj. 5, Stj. 135, Ld.
176. 2. before; ekki hefi ek þar fyrr verit, er ..., Eb. 22
4; sem engi veit fyrr gört hafa verit, K. Á. 28; svá sem fyrr
sögðum vér, Fms. x. 366. II. superl. first; fyrst
sinna kynsmanna, Ld. 162; þá sök fyrst er fyrst er fram s&oum
l;gð, Grág. i. 79; sá fyrst (first) er hánum var
first (last) boðit, N. G. L. i. 14: first, in the beginning, fore
most, opp. to síðarr or síðast, Eirekr veitti fyrst v
el ok ríkmannliga en Hallsteinn síðarr, Landn. 216, v.l.; g&ea
cute;kk Hrútr fyrst, foremost, Nj. 6; hreppsóknar-menn eru
fyrst aðiljar at þessum sökum, Grág. i. 295; at eigi s&eac
ute; fyrst (for a while) samlendir, Ísl. ii. 386. β. s
em fyrst, as soon as possible, Nj. 4, Eg. 602. 2. for that, be
cause, as, very freq. in mod. usage, but hardly ever found in old writers; a
nd the following passages -- fyrst þín bón kemr þar ti
l, Bárð. 171; fyrst hestunum mátti eigi við koma, Sturl. i
. 19; fyrst hón er karls dóttir, Fas. i. 22 -- are all taken from
paper MSS.; Bárð. new Ed. 20 has 'síðan þú le
ggr þat til,' and Sturl. MS. Brit. Mus. the proper word 'er.' III.
as imitations of Latin supradictus or praedictns are the following
-- á fyrr-greindum árum (jörðum), aforesaid, Vm.
44, Dipl. ii. 4; fyrr nefndr, afore-named, Stj., Bs. passim, but never i
n old vernacular writings. fyrr-meir, adv. 'fore-more,' i.e. fo
rmerly, in former times, Ísl. ii. 365, Finnb. 212, Lv. 64, H. E. i. 4
34.
fyrra, u, f., the phrase, í fyrrunni, formerly, Stj. 10.
FYRRI, compar. adj. former; FYRSTR, superl. the first, f
oremost: I. compar., yðra fyrri frændr, Fms. i. 282; fyrra
sumar, the former summer, before the last, Grág. i. 38; enn fyrra
hlut vetrar, in the former part of winter, Eg. 713; spurðisk eigi til
þeirra heldr en til enna fyrri, Ó. H. 129; Drottins dag (annan dag
viku) inn fyrra í þingi. Grág. i. 49 (the parliament lasted
about a fortnight); enn fyrra sunnudag, N. G. L. i. 348; í fyrra dag, the day before yesterday, Háv. 50; í fyrra sumar, the summ
er before last, id.; með hinum fyrrum fótum, with the fore fee
t (mod. með
<PAGE NUM="b0184">
<HEADER>184 FYRRUM -- FÆRA.</HEADER>
fram-fótunum), Bær. 9; ætla ek á engan mann at leita f
yrri, Fms. vi. 109; vera e-m fyrri at e-u, to get the start of one, Hm. 1
22; usually verða f. til e-s, verða fyrri til höggs, Úlf. 7.
56. II. superl. the first; þær sakar skal allar fyrst
ar segja fram, Grág. i. 38; ef sá verðr eigi búinn til
er fyrstr hefir hlotið, id.; enn fyrsta aptan er þeir koma til þ
ings, 100; eigi fellr tré við hit fyrsta högg (a saying), Nj. 22
4.
fyrrum, adv. formerly, before, Fms. i. 268, ix. 422, Hkr. i. 80.
FYRSA, t, [fors], to gush, stream in torrents, Stj. 414.
fyrsi, n. gushing in torrents; hvít-fyrsi, Thom. 21.
fyrsta, u, f., in the phrase, í fyrstunni or í fyrstu, i

n the beginning, at first, Stj. 293, Fms. x. 265; í fyrstu, first,
 i. 2.
FYRVA, ð, [forve], to ebb; þaðan ór fjör
u er fyrvir útast, Grág. i. 356, 380: metaph. to fall short, to
lack, ok skal telja þann dag með er á fyrvir, the lacki
ng day shall be counted with the rest, Rb. 1812. 72; gjalda þat er &aa
cute; furði (afurði MS.), Grág. ii. 180.
FYS, n., better fis, [Germ. fese; O. H. G. fesa; Gr.
GREEK], prop. of the husks of beans, any small light substance; sem fys,
Ps. i. 4.
fysa, að, in the phrase, e-m er ekki fysað saman, a thing not
put slightly together, well knit, Fms. iii. 590.
FÝ, interj. fye! skalf á hnakka hý | h
verr maðr kvað fý, Sturl. i. 22.
fýla, u, f. [fúll], foulness, stink, Fas. iii. 171,
Fms. x. 213: of a person, a dirty, paltry fellow, Sturl. ii. 135; f&yacut
e;lur enn ekki dugandi menn, Fbr. 211; helvítis-fýlur, Niðrst.
107; fiski-fýla, q.v.
fýls-enni, a nickname, prob. Gaelic, Landn.
fýri, n. fir, = fura. fýri-skógr, m. fir-wood, Karl. 326, Fms. vii. 236.
fýri, n. fire, Lex. Poët.; vide fúrr.
FÝSA, t, [fúss], to exhort; fýsa e-n e-s, wit
h acc. of the person, gen. of the thing, Fms. xi. 22; auðheyrt er þat
hvers þú fýsir, Ld. 266: with infin., Nj. 47, Fb. ii. 13: ab
sol., Eg. 242. 2. impers., mik fýsir, I wish, Fms. vi. 238,
viii. 412; hverr hafi þat er hann mest fýsir til, Nj. 197; sv&aacu
te; skjótt sem hann fýsir til, Fms. xi. 437; fýsir konung t
il á sund at fara, Al. 22; þik fýsi at kanna annarra manna s
iðu, Ld. 164: in the reflex. form the impers. usage disappears, ek fý
sumk aptr at hverfa, Sks. 3, Fms. vi. 398; fýstisk Ástrí&et
h;r þá at fara þangat, i. 77: fýsask himneskra hluta,
to wish for heavenly things, Greg. 31; hann kvaðsk eigi fýsask
til Íslands at svá búnu, Nj. 123. 3. part. f&yac
ute;sendr, exhorters; margir vóru þess fýsendr,
Sturl. ii. 175.
fýsari, a, m. a persuader, 655 ii. 8.
fýsi, f. a wish, desire, Fms. i. 184, vi. 57, vii. 281, ix.
277, Landn. 201, Fs. 23, Stj. 42, 145, Bs. i. 167, Hom. 47.
fýsi-liga, adv. willingly, Fms. ii. 239: desirably,
viii. 47.
fýsi-ligr, adj. agreeable, 656 B. 5, Sks. 29: winning, w
insome, attractive, Eg. 30, 116, Nj. 131, Eluc. 51, Sks. 2, v.l.
fýsing, f. exhortation, Fas. i. 225.
fýst, mod. fýsn, f. = fýsi, Fms. i. 117, xi.

244, Fs. 22. Magn. 468, Str. 66; frá þessa heims fýstum ok g
irndum. Stj. 148; rangar fýstir, Fms. v. 217, Stj. 149: in eccl. sense th
e Gr. GREEK is sometimes rendered by fýsn (e.g. fýsn holdsins, f.
augnanna, 1 John ii. 16; heimrinn og hans f., 17), though more freq. by girnd (lust): fýsn is used much like Germ. neigung = impulse, in
clination: it occurs in a great many compds, as fróðleiks-f&yacut
e;sn, lestrar-f., lærdóms-f., náms-f., desire for knowled
ge, learning; andleg f., holdleg f., spiritual, carnal desire; k&ael
ig;rleiks f.; mannlegar fýsnir, human affections.
FÆÐ, f. [fár, adj.], fewness, scantiness, Fms. i.
291. II. coldness, cold intercourse, cp. fár, Þ&oacu
te;rð. 65; fað hefir verit á með þeim, Glúm. 373
; hann görði fæð á við Kálf, Fms. v. 126, v
i. 30, 110, 243, xi. 327, passim: melancholy, en er dró at J&oacut
e;lum tók Eirekr fæð mikla ok var úglaðari en hann &
aacute;tti vana til, Þorf. Karl. 404.
FÆÐA, dd, [i.e. f&oelig;ða; cp. Goth. fôdia
n; A. S. fêdan; Engl. feed; Germ. füttern; S
wed. föda; Dan. föde] :-- to feed, give food to,
Symb. 28, Rb. 82, Fms. ix. 490, Nj. 236, Grág. i. 43, K. Þ. K. 50;
fæða barn á brjósti, to feed a bairn at the breast, Bs. i. 666 :-- to feed, of sheep, Dropl. 14. 2. to rear, bri
ng up, N. G. L. i. 239, 351; ef maðr fæðir barn öðrum
manni, Grág. i. 276; hann fæddi Helga (dat.) barn, Dropl. 14; f&oa
cute;stra sú er maðr hefir fædda, Grág. ii. 60; Teit fad
di Hallr í Haukadali, Íb. 14; mik fæddi Gamaliel, 655 xvi. B
. 3. II. to give birth to; faddi Bergljót sveinbarn, Fms.
i. 31, Ó. H. 122; til barn er fætt, N. G. L. i. 340; litlu s&iacute
;ðar fæddi hon barn, Ó. H. 144. III. reflex. to feed,
live on a thing; við hvat fæddisk kýrin, Edda 4, Stj. 16:
metaph., Bs. i. 166 :-- to be brought up, þat vóru ná
frændr Bjarnar ok höfðu með honum fæðzk, Eg. 253: e
sp. adding upp, fæddusk þar upp synir Hildiríðar, 25, Fms
. i. 4, 187, Edda 18 :-- to be born, freq. in mod. usage; fæddr,
 part. born, 625. 93; þar var Kristr fæddr, Symb. 29.
fæða, u, f. food, Stj. 19, 29, 149, Fms. ii. 139.
fæði, n. food, Fms. vi. 164, Stj. 22.
fæðing, f. birth, delivery, Stj. 198, 248, passim.
fæðingi, a, m. a native, Fms. i. 130, x. 225, Ld. 24, &T
HORN;iðr. 123, Karl. 434, Róm. 184.
fæðir, m., poët, a feeder, breeder, Lex. Poët.
fæðsla and fæzla, u, f. food, 625. 91, Fms.
iii. 136, viii. 31, x. 367, Greg. 64, Sks, 20, 784, Sturl. i. 20 (Ed. fetlima,
qs. fetzluna), Stj. 29, 52, 61. COMPDS: fæðslu-lauss, adj. w
ithout food, Hom. 101. fæðslu-leysi, n. want of food, Fas. iii. 8.
fægi-ligr, adj. [fága], neat, polished, Stj. 22, 42,
Bret. 24.
FÆGJA, ð, [Germ. fegen], to cleanse, polish, Sks.
43, 234, Fms. viii. 416: medic., fægja sár, to cleanse a wound,
 Rd. 283, Glúm. 383, Fbr. 209; eldr var á gólfi ok velg
di hón vatn til at fægja sár, Ó. H. 222, Hom. 70.
fækka, v. fætta.
FÆLA, d, [fála], to frighten, drive away by fright. G
rág. ii. 110; ok f. þá í braut, Nj. 104: reflex. t
o be frightened, of horses or the like; svá at landvættir f&ael
ig;ldisk við, Landn. 258; ef menn skaka eðr skella at hrossum svá
at þau fælisk við, Grág. ii. 234, Fms. vi. 335; fæ
ldusk hestar Grikkja, Al. 142, Bs. i. 8; þetta fælask Skræling
jar, Þorf. Karl. 424.
FÆLA, ð, [i.e. f&oelig;la from fúl], to fool,
mock, Clem. 44; þeir mundu skjótt hafa fælt þik ok
svá verit, El. 14, 18; lesi hann, fyrr en fæli, librum Machabaeorum
, Al. 22.
fæling, f. a frightening, Fms. xi. 160.
fælinn, adj. shy, of a horse, Grett. 25 new Ed.; myrk-f., afraid of the dark.
fælni, f. shyness, fright, of a horse: myrk-f. fear of da
rkness, of children.
FÆR, f. a sheep; in Swed.-Dan. faar and fär are the usual words for sheep; but in Icel. it is almost unknown; it o
ccurs in Skálda 162; also now and then in the compd fær-sauð
r, m., spelt fjar-sauðr, Tistr. 4 (prop. a 'sheep-sheep,'
sauðr being the common Icel. word for sheep), Stj. 45, 177, 235, N. G
. L. i. 75, K. Þ. K. 130; from fær is also derived the name F&ael
ig;r-eyjar, f. pl. the Faroe Islands (Sheep-islands); F&ael
ig;r-eyskr, adj., and Fær-eyingar, m. pl. the Faroe Islander
s; described by Dicuil as plenae innumerabilibus ovibus, p. 30 (Ed. 1807): f
ær is a South-Scandin. word, and seems to be formed from the gen. of f&eac
ute; (fjár).
FÆRA, ð, [from fár, n., different from the following wor
d, having á as root vowel], to slight, taunt one, with dat.
; ok færa þeim eigi í orðum né verkum, offend t
hem not in words nor acts, Hom. 57: mod., færa at e-m, id.
FÆRA, ð, [i.e. f&oelig;ra, a trans. verb formed from the
pret. of fara, fór; not in Ulf.; A. S. fergan or ferjan; E
ngl. to ferry; Germ. führen; Dan. före; Swed. 
föra] :-- to bring; a very freq. word, as the Germ. and Saxon 'bring' was unknown in the old Scandin., as in mod. Icel.; the Dan. brin
ge and Swed. bringa are mod. and borrowed from Germ.; færa f&e
acute; til skips, Nj. 4; færa barn til skírnar, K. Þ. K. 2 pa
ssim; ef Þorvaldr væri færandi þangat, if Th. could b
e carried thither, Sturl. i. 157. 2. to bring, present; haf&et
h;i Þórólfr heim marga dýrgripi ok færði f&
ouml;ður sínum ok móður, Eg. 4; þér munut f.
mér höfuð hans, 86; færa e-m höfuð sitt, to su
rrender to one, Fms. x. 261; færa fórn, to bring offerings, Stj. passim; færa tak, to offer, give bail, Gþl. 122: the
phrase, koma færandi hendi, to come with bringing hand, i.e. to
bring gifts. 3. phrases, færa ómaga á hendr e-m,
of forced alimentation, Grág. Ó. Þ. passim; færa til

þýfðar, to bring an action for theft, Grág. i. 42
9; færa e-t til sanns vegar, to make a thing right, assert the truth of
it, 655 xxviii. 2; færa alla hluti til betra vegar, to turn all th
ings to the best account; þat er gjörtæki, ok færir t
il meira máls, and leads to a more serious case, Grág. i. 4
29, v.l.; færa til bana, to put to death, Rb. 398; færa &iacu
te; hljóðmæli, to hush up, Nj. 51; færa í &
uacute;tlegð, to bring to outlawry, banish, Rb. 414; færa til K
ristni, to bring to Christ, convert, Fms. xi. 408; færa sik &iacute
; ætt, to vindicate one's kinship (by a gallant deed), Sturl. ii. 1
97; er þú færðir þik með skörungskap &iacu
te; þína ætt, shewed thee to be worthy of thy friends,
Glúm. 338. 4. special usages; færa frá, to wean l
ambs in the spring, Vm. 13, hence frá-færur, q.v.; færa e
-n af baki, to throw one, of a horse, Grág. ii. 95: færa ni&
eth;r korn, sæði, to put down corn, seed, i.e. to sow, N
j. 169; tiu sáld niðr færð, Vm. 55; sálds sæ&e
th;i niðr fært, D. I. i. 476, Orkn. 462; færa e-n niðr, t
o keep one under, in swimming, Ld. 168; færa upp, to lift up, N
j. 19: færa upp, a cooking term, to take out the meat (of the ke
ttle), 247; færa í sundr, to split asunder, Grett. 151 (
of logs); færa til, to adduce as a reason; færa við baki&
eth; (síðuna, etc.), to present the back (side, etc.) t
o a blow, Fms. vi. 15, Korm. 6; færa e-n fram, to maintain, feed, G
rág. passim; færa fram, to utter, pronounce, Skálda 1
78; as a law term, to produce (færa fram sókn, vörn), G
rág. passim; færa fé á vetr, to bring sheep to win
ter, i.e. keep them in fold, Grág. ch. 224; færa e-t &aa
cute; hendr e-m, to charge one with a thing, 656 A. 1. 3; færa sk&o
uml;mm at e-m, to sneer at one, Eg. 210; færa á e-n, to m
ock one, Fms. v. 90, but see færa (from fár); færa e-t sa
man, to bring a thing about, Sturl. i. 139 C; færa kvæði,
to deliver a poem, Ld. 114, Landn. 197, 199. 5. to remove, cha
nge; færa kirkju, to remove a church, in rebuilding it, K. &THO
RN;. K. 38, cp. Eb. fine; færa bein, Bjarn. 19, Lat. translatio; f&
aelig;ra mark, to change the mark on cattle, Grág. i. 416; f&aelig
;ra landsmerki, to remove the landmarks, ii. 219: metaph., færa til
rétts máls, to turn into plain language, viz. into pros
e, Edda 126; færa heimili sitt, to change one's abode, Gr&aacut
e;g. i. 146; færa út búðarveggi, to enlarge the walls
, Ísl. ii. 293. II. reflex. to bring, carry oneself; h
ann gat færsk þar at, he dragged himself thither, Fms. vi. 15
; færask við, to strain, exert oneself, Eg. 233; færask &
iacute; aukana, to strive with might and main, vide auki; færask at
, to bestir oneself, Fms. vii. 243; mega ekki at færask, to be u
nable to do anything, 220, 265; svá hræddir, at þeir m&aa
cute;ttu ekki at f., so frightened that they could do nothing, 655 xxvii.
22; færask e-t ór fangi, to withhold from, vide fang; f&ael
ig;rask undan, to withhold; færa undan sökum, to plead not
guilty, Fms. xi. 251; bera járn
<PAGE NUM="b0185">
<HEADER>FÆRÐ -- FÖXOTTR. 185</HEADER>
at færask undan, to carry iron (as an ordeal) in order to quit o
neself, v. 307; færask á fætr, to grow up, Ld. 54;
aldr færisk (passes) e-n, one grows up, Fs. 3, Rb. 346; tv&
iacute;mælit færisk af, is removed, Lv. 52.
færð, f. the condition of a road, passage, from snow, ra

in, etc.; íll f., Sturl. iii. 22; þung f., Fms. ii. 75, freq.
færi, n. a being within reach; and as a shooting term, a
range, Fms. i. 12, viii. 49, Nj. 63, Eg. 115, Ver. 26: a match for one, Ld. 116, Fms. ii. 27; ekki barna f., no match for bairns, Háv.
52: in pl. allit., fé eðr f., money or means, Grág. i.
62, 252: the phrase, vera í færum til e-s (mod. um e-t), to be a
ble to do a thing, Grett. 110 C, Fms. xi. 265; með-fari, e.g. þa&e
th; er ekki mitt með-færi, it is no match for me :-- söng
-færi, hljóð-f., a musical instrument; veiðar-f., fishing gear; verk-f., tools; mál-f., organs of speech; tæki-f., occasion. COMPDS: færi-leysi, n. want o
f means, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 12. færi-vandr, adj. cautiou
s, Rd. 294. færi-ván, f. opportunity, Gísl
. (in a verse). færi-veðr, n. weather fit for a journey,
Eb. 482, 485, Fms. xi. 374.
færi, n. a fishing-line, Vígl. 46, freq. in mod. usag
e.
færi-kvíar, f. pl. movable pens (of sheep).
færi-ligr and fær-ligr, adj. practicable, easy to d
o, Fms. vii. 335, viii. 33 :-- færiligr hestr, a strong, serviceabl
e horse, Ld. 276.
færing, f. a freight, Jb. 393. 2. translation,
415. 14. 3. = færi, Anal. 201: better farning, q.v., Bjarn. 73, St
url. i. 74, bad readings.
fær-leikr, m. ability, strength, esp. in bodily exercise, Fs
. 3, Finnb. 242, Orkn. 114, Grett. 149 C, Fas. i. 331.
fær-leikr, m. a horse, freq. in mod. usage, akin to fæ
r (?).
færr, adj. able, capable; færr til e-s. capable of,
 or with infin., able to do a thing, Nj. 215, Fms. i. 284, v. 71, xi.
24; vel færr, doing well, strong, Ísl. ii. 357; hress ok ve
l f., Eg. 84 :-- able, strong, in travelling, manna bezt færir b&ae
lig;ði á fæti ok á skíðum, 73; færr hve
rt er þú vilt, Ld. 44; Sigmundr görisk færr (able-bod
ied) maðr mjök, Fær. 77; færr hestr, a strong, servi
ceable horse, Grág. i. 46, 328; búfé fært at mat
sér, Gþl. 502. 2. of things, fit for use, safe; of a
ship, sea-worthy, opp. to úfært, Eg. 114: of weather, f&aeli
g;rt (úfært) veðr, weather fit (unfit) for tra
velling, Gþl. 31, freq.; þegar fært var landa milli, wh
en the passage was open from one land to another (of the sea), Fms. ii. 232:
of roads, rivers, sea, etc., safe, passable, Petlands-fjörðr va
r eigi f., i. 200; vegir færir at renna ok ríða, Gþl. 411
; al-f., ú-fært, íll-f., etc.: the law phrase 'eiga eigi f&a
elig;rt út hingað,' not to have leave to return hither (i.e.
to Icel.), is the third degree of outlawry, Grág. i. 119, Þ. &THORN
;. ch. 60 :-- neut. with dat. denoting safe, unsafe, er þér
at síðr fært með þessi orðsending, at ek hygg ...
, it is so far from safe for thee to go with this errand, that ..., Fms.
iv. 131; freq. in mod. usage, þat er ekki fært (ófært);
mér er ekki fært (ófært): in many compds, þingf., able to go to parliament, Grág. i. 46: Icel. also say in neut.
, þing-fært, messu-fært, when so many people are gathered toge
ther that a meeting or service can be held; bænabókar-fær, able to read one's prayer-book, i.e. not quite ólæs.
FÆTA, tt, a dubious word, in the phrase, eiga um vandræði
at f., to have to grapple with hardships, Glúm. 374; er hann sv&a
acute; í öllu sínu athæfi at trautt megu menn um hann f
æta, such in all his doings that people could hardly manage him, Fb
. i. 167; menn megu trautt heima um þik fæta, 173, (tæla, Fms.
xi. 78, 92): Icel. now say, það verðr ekki við hann tæt
t, there are no ways with him, of an unruly person.
fætlingar, m. pl. [fótr], the ends formed by the feet, in a skin.
FÆTTA, mod. fækka, which form occurs in MSS. of the 14
th century, also fætka; but in a poem of 1246 tí-ræ
tt and fætta are made to rhyme: [fár] :-- to make few
, reduce in number, in old writers with acc., in mod. with dat.; at fæ
tta skyldi húskarla, Ó. H. 113 (Fms. iv. 255).; Hkr. ii. 183 f&ael
ig;kka less correct; ok fætta svá lið þeirra, Fbr. 74 new
Ed., but fæcka in Fb. ii. 164, l.c.: reflex. to grow fewer, less,
en er Hákon jarl sá fættask liðit á skipum s&iacu
te;num, Fms. i. 174; þegar grjótið fættisk, xi. 95; &thor
n;á er fattask tóku föng, Sturl. i. 135; at eldiviðrinn t
æki at fættask, Orkn. 112; fækkuðusk skotvápnin, Eb
. 248. 2. to grow cold, unfriendly, (fár II); heldr t&oacut
e;k at fækkask með þeim, Vápn. 9, Fs. 149.
fögnuðr, v. fagnaðr.
föl, n. [fölr], a thin covering of snow, Fb. ii. 149, 15
4, Fbr. 31 new Ed.
föl-leitr, adj. looking pale, Nj. 39, Fb. i. 545, Vápn
. 29.
föl-litaðr, part. pale, Nj. 183.
fölna, að, to grow pale, Edda 36, Ld. 224, Fas. i. 189, S
ks. 466 B; prop. to wither, of grass, gras fellr allt ok fölnar, Edd
a (pref.); fölnanda lauf, Sks. 608 B; eidr fölnaðr (of fire), Eb.
100 new Ed., v.l. :-- rarely, and less correctly, of other things, kirkja fyrnd
ok fölnuð, decayed, Bs. i. 198; dúkr fölnaðr, a faded cloth, Ann. 1344: reflex., Stj. 142, (badly.)
fölnan, f. a withering, fading away, Fms. vii. 91.
FÖLR, adj., old forms fölvan, fölvir, etc.; in mod. usage
the v is left out, fölan, fölir, etc.; [A. S. fealo; O.
H. G. falo; Old Engl. fallow; Dutch vaal; Germ. fahl
and falb; cp. Lat. pallidus, Gr. GREEK] :-- pale; föl
r sem grass, pale as grass, Nj. 177; hann görði fölvan &iac
ute; andliti, Glúm. 342; fölr sem nár, pale as a corpse, Fb. ii. 136; fölr sem aska, pale as ashes, Þiðr. 171, 1
77: poët., fölvir oddar, the pale sword's point, Hkv. 1. 52; f&
ouml;lr hestr, a pale horse (but rare), 2. 47; net-fölr, pale-neb
bed, Am.; fölr um nasar, id., Alm. 2; ná-fölr, pa

le as a corpse.
fölskaðr, part. pale, burnt out, of fire, Fs. 6, Eb. 100
new Ed., Ísl. ii. 135.
fölski, a, m. [O. H. G. falavizga: mid. H. G. valwische; Swed. falaska; the word is composed from fölr and aska] :-- t
he pale, white ash spread over burning embers; so Icel. call the ashes while
they still keep their shape before crumbling in pieces; þeir sá &a
acute; eldinum fölskann er netið hafði brunnit, Edda 39; fölsk
i var fallinn á eldinn, Fas. ii. 388; fölskar, Stj. 58, Mar. (Fr.):
metaph. in mod. usage, fölska-lauss, adj. without f., sincere, re
al, e.g. fölskalaus elska, sincere love.
föngu-ligr, adj. [fang], stout-looking, in good condition, St
url. i. 159 C.
FÖNN, f., gen. fannar, pl. fannir, [cp. Gæl. feonn = white], snow, esp. a heap of snow, Landn. 154, Fms. iii. 93,
Sturl. ii. 118, Sd. 164, Karl. 441, 501, N. G. L. i. 291; fannir, heaps of sn
ow, Grett. 111 C, cp. fenna, fann-. In Norway Folge-fonn is the name
of a glacier.
FÖR, f., gen. farar; old pl. farar, later and mod. farir; the acc. w
ith the article is in old writers often contracted, förna = förina; [f
ara, cp. far, ferð] :-- a 'fare,' journey, Nj. 11; er þeir v&aa
cute;ru komnir á för, when they had started, 655 iii. 3; vera
heim á för, to be on the road home, Ísl. ii. 362; ver
a í för með e-m, to be in company with one. Eg. 340; var
brúðrin í för með þeim, Nj. 50: a procession
, Lex. Poët.; bál-för, lík-f., funerals; br&u
acute;ð-f., a bridal procession. 2. chiefly in pl. journeys
; hvat til tíðinda hafði orðit í förum hans,
what had happened in his journeys, Eg. 81 :-- of trading voyages (
far-maðr), vera í fo:;rum, to be on one's travels, Ld. 248, N
j. 22; eiga skip í förum, to own a trading ship, Fb. i. 430,
(cp. fara milli landa, to fare between countries, i.e. to trade, H
kr. pref.): fara frjáls manns förum, to fare (live) about free, to live as a free man, N. G. L. i. 32; svefn-farar, sleep, Gísl.; að-farir, treatment. 3. in law, of vagrants
(vide fara A. I. 2); dæma för úmögum, Grág. i. 87;
dæma e-m för, 86; dæma úmaga (acc.) á för,
to declare one a pauper, order him to 'fare' forth, 93, passim in the law
(förumaðr). 4. a hasty movement, a rush; þá
syndusk þar miklir hundar ok görðu för at Petro, 656 C. 29;
var för (MS. for) í sortanum, the cloud was drifting swiftly, Fms. vii. 163, cp. far :-- the phrases, vér munum fara allir sömu
förina, all the same way, in a bad sense, xi. 154; munt þ&uacu
te; hafa farar Hákonar jarls, x. 322; vera á föru (mod. f&oum
l;rum), to be on the wane; lausafé hans er mér sagt heldr
á förum, Þorf. Karl. 366; þá var nokkut á
föru (förum, pl.) virkit Bersa, there was something wrong with B.'s
castle, it was going into ruin, Korm. 148. 5. an expedition,
in compds, Vatns-dals-för, Apavatns-för, Grímseyjar-för, R
eykhóla-för, Kleifa-för, the expedition to Vatnsdale, Apavat
n, etc., Sturl., Ann. COMPDS: fara-bók, f. an itinerary, a
book of travels, Clem. 38. farar-bann, n. = farbann, Fas. ii. 494. farar-beini, a, m. furthering one's journey, Eg. 482 (v.l.), Gr&aacu
te;g. i. 298: metaph., Fms. i. 226. farar-blómi, a, m. travelli
ng with pomp, Orkn. 370, Fms. xi. 438, Fas. iii. 376. farar-broddr, m
. the front of a host, Al. 56, Hkv. 2. 17. farar-búinn, par
t. = farbúinn, Fms. i. 3. farar-dvöl, f. delay, Gr&aac
ute;g. i. 441, 436. farar-efni, n. pl. outfittings, Eg. 169, 194,
Ísl. ii. 204, Lv. 23. farar-eyrir, m. money for travelling,
Gþl. 8. farar-fé, n. id. farar-gögn, n.
pl. necessaries for a journey, Nj. 259, v.l. farar-greiði, a,
m. a conveyance, K. Á. 70, Fms. ii. 234, Fs. 24, Eg. 541, Gþ
l. 369. farar-hapt, n. a hindrance, stoppage, 625. 184. farar-h
estr, m. a nag, (Fr.) farar-hlass, n. a wagon-load, N.
G. L. i. 240. farar-kaup, n. on board-wages, N. G. L. i. 98. fa
rar-leyfi, n. leave to go, Eg. 424, Fbr. 91 new Ed., Hom. 141. far
ar-maðr, m. = farmaðr, N. G. L. i. 199. farar-mungát,
n. a bout before going, Eg. 88, Fas. i. 396. farar-nautr, m. = f&o
uml;runautr, O. H. L. 78. farar-orlof, n. = fararleyfi, Bs. (Laur.) fa
rar-skjótr, m. (-skjóti, a, m.), a means of travelli
ng, esp. a horse (or ass), Stj. 610, Fas. i. 126, Fms. iv. 38;
hest, hinn bezta fararskjóta, Sturl. ii. 145 C. fararskjóta-la
ust, n. adj. without a horse, Fms. viii. 31, Bs. i. 349. farar-sta
fr, m. a walking-stick, 656 B. 1. farar-tálmi, a, m. hindrance, Jb. 283, 400, Orkn. 396.
förla, að, to grow faint, weak; ef hann of förlar, if he fails, (the passage is dubious, and something seems left out), K. &T
HORN;. K. 42: reflex. to fall into ruin, ef förlask reiðir, sv&a
acute; at um bæta þarf, Gþl. 77; þá mun br&aacute
;tt f. afl ráða-görðar, Sks. 331 :-- impers., e-m förla
sk, one grows weak, esp. from age, Krók. 40; in mod. usage, finn e
g að augum förlast sýn, I feel my eyes grow dim, Hallgr.
förnuðr, v. farnaðr.
föru-kona, u, f. a vagrant woman, Þiðr. 226.
förull, adj, rambling, strolling about, Nj. 131; ví&et
h;-f., wide-travelling.
föru-maðr, m. a vagrant man, a pauper, Gþl. 432. Jb
. 183.
föru-mannliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), beggarly, Ví
gl. 60 new Ed.
föru-nautr, m. [Germ. fahr-genosse], a companion, fellow-t
raveller, Ísl. ii. 336, Sturl. i. 116, ii. 21, Fms. ii. 8, Nj. 14, V&
aacute;pn. 29, passim.
föru-neyti, n. a company of travellers. Clem. 32 (spelt f&oum
l;runauti), Edda 108, Jb. 380, Eg. 23: a retinue, Fms. iv. 82, x. 102, Nj
. 37: a company, 280, Sks. 579, Grett. 139 C.
FÖSULL, m., pl. föslar. [Germ. fasel; O. H. G. fasal;
 A. S. fæsel] :-- a brood; gljúfra f., the bro
od of the chasms, a dragon, poët., Nj. 109 (in a verse), an GREEK.
föxóttr, adj. [fax], a horse with mane differing in colour
from the body, Landn. 195, Fas. ii. 168, Rd. 299, Karl. 151, 350; gl&oacut
e;-f., Bs. ii. 261.
<PAGE NUM="b0186">
<HEADER>186 G -- GAGL.</HEADER>
G (gé) is the seventh letter. In the old Gothic Runic alphabet (Go
lden horn) it is represented by RUNE, which was probably taken from the Greek &c
hi;. The later common Runic alphabet had no g, and made the tenuis k (RUNE, called Kaun) serve for both; still later, g was distinguished s
imply by a dot or stroke, RUNE or RUNE, and this character was called 'Stunginn
Kaun,' i.e. dotted or cut Kaun, just as the name of Stunginn T&yac
ute;r was given to cut or dotted t.
A. In Scandinavia the letter g begins many fewer words than in Ger
man or Saxon, mainly because the prefixed particle geis absent. In the
fragments of Ulf., although so little is left, ga- is prefixed to about t
hree hundred words, mostly verbs and nouns; in the Anglo-Saxon at least three or
four thousand such words are recorded, and in modern German still more: indeed
the number is so to say endless, as it can be put to almost any verb. In Icel. t
he only traces of this prefix are, I. in a few words retaining g b
efore the liquids l and n (gl and gn): α. gl in the word glíkr, similis (and derivatives); gl&iacu
te;kr is now obsolete, and even in very old MSS. of the 13th or even the 12th ce
ntury both forms, glíkr and líkr, glíkendi and líken
di, glíkjast and líkjast, occur indiscriminately; but in older poe
ms gl is the only form. β. gn in gnadd, gnaga, gnau&et
h;a, gnegg, gneisti, gnípa, gnísta, gnolla, gnógr, gn&uacut
e;a, gnúpr, gnyðr, gnæðingr, gnöllra, gnötra (q.v
.), and some poët. words, as gnat, etc. But in mod. usage, in gn and
gl, the g is dropped both in spelling and pronunciation, nadd, na
ga, nauða, hnegg, neisti, nípa ... núpr, nyðr or niðr,
næðingr, nöllra, nötra; the gn in these words is alm
ost constantly used in very old MSS., but even at the end of the 13th and in the
14th century the MSS., e.g. Hb., begin to drop the g, vide p. 206 sqq.:
the exceptions are few, e.g. Icel. never say nýja tor gnýja, but t
he word itself, although known, is almost obsolete: so also in modern writers gn
ótt and gnægtir (abundance) often occur: but the sound gn
 may be said to be almost extinct. The Danes, Swedes, and Norse still keep
the g before n, e.g. Dan. gnave, Swed. gnaga; wherea
s in glíkr the g has been dropped, and the word has become in Swed
. lik, etc.; in Dan. lig, lige, ligning, etc. II. in two Ic
el. words the prefixed g has hardened into a radical consonant, so that
its proper sound is no longer perceived, viz. granni (and compds), a neighbou
r, prop. one of the next house, Goth. garazna = GREEK, qs. g-r
anni, from rann, domus; and greiða, explicare, = Goth. gara
idian. The Scandinavian tongues have furthermore done away with the Saxon an
d German prefix to passive participles, and no trace of them remains even in the
earliest writers or poems. The modern English has followed the same law as the
Scandinavian in gn, for though it still appears in Engl. words (as gna
w, gnash), it is hardly sounded. The participial prefix remained long in so
uthern England (see Morris's Specimens), but weakened into y or i
till at last it dropped altogether.
B. PRONUNCIATION. -- It is sounded hard, soft, or aspirate; hard, as in E
ngl. gate, gold; soft, as in Swed. dag, Germ. tag, or mod.
Gr. γ, but lost in Engl.; aspirate also lost in Engl. I. hard, 1
. as initial before a hard vowel, garðr, gull, gott, etc.; and before a
consonant, glaðr, gráta; but the prefixed g, in the instances
A. 1. above, was prob. always sounded soft. 2. as final after consonants,
as sorg, belg, ung, höfgi, or if double, as in egg. II. soft, never
as initial (unlike mod. Greek, in which γ is sounded soft throughout), bu
t only as final or sometimes as medial: 1. if single after a vowel, as da
g, hug, log, veg, stig. 2. between two vowels if the latter is hard, lega
, ligum, vega, vegum, dögum; but in case both the vowels, or even only the
last, are soft (an i vowel) the g sound is lost, and it is elimina
ted altogether or assimilated to the preceding vowel, which thus becomes a dipht
hong; the same is the case if j follows g; thus syllables and word
s such as bagi and bæi, dagi and dæi, degi and deigi, eygja and eyja
or eya, lagi and lægi or læi are all sounded alike; in olden times
there must have been a difference of sound, as old MSS. never confound the spell
ing in words like those above, whereas in modern letters written by uneducated p
eople, nothing is more frequent than to see, um dæinn for um daginn, or &a
acute; deíinum for á deginum, and the like; the poets also rhyme a
ccordingly, e.g. segi -- hneigi, Pass. 38. 13; segja -- deyja, 25; segja -- beyg
ja, 25. 12; drýgja -- nýja, 30. 3; eigið -- dregið, 7. 10;
deyja -- teygja, 16. 13, etc.; even MSS. of the end of the 15th century frequen
tly give seigia for segja (to say), e.g. Arna-Magn. 556 A, see the pref.
to Ísl. ii. p. vi: as a medial, before d the g is sounded h
ard almost all over Icel., and the d soft (sagði); yet in the peninsu
la of Snæfells Sýsla many people still reverse this rule, and say s
agdi, lagdi, bygdi, bygd, sounding the g soft but the d hard; in t
he east of Icel. people say bregða, sagði, pronouncing gð bot
h soft; this is no doubt the best pronunciation, and accords well with the moder
n English said, laid, and the like. III. the aspirate g is
sounded, 1. as initial before a soft vowel or j, gefa, gæta,
geyma, geir, gjöld. 2. as final, a double g (gg) or g after a consonant is sounded as aspirate in all instances where a single
g is lost (vide above), thus laggir, leggja, byggja, byggi, veggir, or m
argir, helgir, göfgi, engi, mergjar, elgjar, engja. Between two consonants
the g is not pronounced, thus fylgdi, morgna, fylgsni, bólgna are
sounded as fyldi, morna, fylsni, bólnar.
C. SPELLING. -- Here is little to notice: I. in old MSS. the aspir
ate g as initial is frequently marked by the insertion of i after
it, thus giæta, giefa, = gæta, gefa, but this is not now used. II
. in old Norse MSS., -- and, by way of imitation, in some Icel., -- the soft
g before a vowel is frequently marked by inserting h after it, t
hus dagh, deghi, vegha, sagha; in the Middle Ages many foreign MSS. expressed so
ft sounds in this way, and so they wrote dh = ð, gh = s
oft g, th = þ, whence comes the th in modern E
nglish; we also find gh in words such as Helghi, Fb. pref.; probably the
g was in olden times sounded soft in rg, lg, which agrees with the
change in English into holy, sorrow, etc.; ngh = ng also o
ccurs, e.g. erlinghi, Eb. i. 537, denoting a soft sound of ng as in moder
n Danish and Swedish. In MSS. we now and then find a spurious g before j and a vowel, e.g. deygja, meygja, for deyja, meyja, because the sound was
the same in both cases.
D. CHANGES. -- The hard and aspirate g, especially as initial, usu
ally remains in modern foreign languages, gate, ghost, give, get, except
in Engl. yard, yarn (Icel. garð, garn), etc., where the Anglo-Saxon h
ad a soft g sound. Again, 1. the soft g after a vowel takes
a vowel sound, and is in English marked by w, y, or the like, day, sa
y, saw, law, bow, way, low, = Icel. dag, segja, sög, lög, bogi, ve
g, lág, etc.: and even a double g, as in lay, buy, = Icel.
leggja or liggja, byggja. 2. so also before or after a consonant, thus, E
ngl. said, rain, gain, sail, tail, bail, fowl, etc., = Icel. sagði, r
egn, gagn, segl, tagl, hagl, fugl; Engl. sorrow, follow, fellow, worry, borro
w, belly, = Icel. sorg, fylgja, félagi, vargr, byrgi, belgr. In Dan.
lov, skov, vej answer to Icel. lög, skóg, veg, whereas Sweden
and Norway have kept the g, Swed. lag, skog, väg.
E. INTERCHANGE. -- Lat. h and Gr. χ answer to Icel. and Teut.
g, but the instances of such interchange are few, e.g. Lat. hostis, h
ortus, homo, hoedus, heri, = Icel. gestr, garðr, gumi, geit, gær;
Lat. hio, Gr. GREEK, cp. Icel. gjá, gína; Gr. GREEK = g&ael
ig;r, GREEK = gáss, GREEK = gall, etc.
GABB, n. mocking, mockery, Fms. vii. 17, 59, ix. 385, Sturl. i. 15
5, Sks. 247, Karl. 474, Grett. 101.
gabba, að, [Scot. gab], to mock, make game of one, Fms.
i. 72, ii. 67, vi. 112, ix. 385, Stj. 609, Mag. 68, Ísl. ii. 165, Fs. 15
9; gabb ok gaman, Ó. H. 78: reflex., Bs. i. 319.
gadda, að, to goad, spike, Str. 25, Karl. 172: gaddaðr,
 part., Sams. 13.
gaddan, n. a kind of head-gear, an GREEK, Orkn. 304; perh. Gaelic.
GADDR, m. [Ulf. gads = GREEK, 1 Cor. xv. 55, 56; A. S. gadu; Engl. gad, goad; Swed. gadd] :-- a goad, spike, Str. 77,
Gísl. 159 (on a sword's hilt); gadda-kylfa, u, f. a 'gad-club,
' club with spikes, Fms. iii. 329; gadd-hjalt, n. a 'gad-hilt,' hi
lt studded with nails, Eb. 36 new Ed., Gísl. 159, Fas. iii. 288, cp.
Worsaae 494, 495, as compared with 330: metaph. phrase, var mjök í g
adda slegit, 'twas all but fixed with nails, i.e. settled, Nj. 280
. II. a sting, Al. 168; (cp. Engl. gad-fly.) III. pe
rhaps a different root, hard snow, also spelt galdr (Fms. viii. 41
3, v.l., cp. gald, Ivar Aasen); the phrase, troða gadd, to tread t
he snow down hard, Fms. vii. 324, viii. 413, ix. 364, 490; en er Birkibeinar
vóru komnir upp á galdinn hjá þeim, Fb. ii. 688: eve
n used as neut., gaddit, Fms. viii. l.c. (in a vellum MS.); gaddit. id. (also ve
llum MS.); hence gadd-frosinn, part. hard-frozen; gadd-hestr, m. a jade turned out in the snow. IV. a 'gad-tooth,' a d
isease in cattle, one or more grinders growing out so as to prevent the animal f
rom feeding, described in Fél. xiv. note 250; gadd-jaxl, m. a '
gad-grinder.'
gaffall, m. [Germ. gabel], a fork to eat with, (mod.)
GAFI, a, m. [A. S. geaf = funny], a gaff; fregna eig
um langt til gafa, Mkv.: a saying, cp. spyrja er bezt til váligra þ
egna.
GAFL, m. [Ulf. gibla = GREEK, Luke iv. 9; Engl. gable; Germ
. giebel; Dan. gavl; Swed. gafvel] :-- a gable-end, gabl
e, Sturl. ii. 50, Nj. 209, Ísl. ii. 74.
gafl-hlað (gaflað, Nj. 203, 209, Orkn. 244). n. a gable
-end, Gísl. 88: in pl. gaflhlöð, Orkn. 470; eystra g., 244;
at húsendanum við gaflhlaðit, 450; gaflhlaðit hvárt-tv
eggja, Ísl. ii. 352; selit var gört um einn ás ok lá h
ann á gaflhlöðum, Ld. 280.
gafl-stokkr, m. a gable-beam, Eg. 90.
gafl-veggr, m. a gable-end, Nj. 197.
gaga, að, to throw the neck back, Flor. 18.
gagarr, m. a dog; gagarr er skaptr því at geyja skal,
a dog is so made as to bark, Mkv. 4: used as a nickname, Landn. 145: in

a verse in Eg. a shell is called 'the ever mute surf-dog' (sí&thor
n;ögull brimróta gagarr), prob. from a custom of Icel. children, who
in play make shells represent flocks and herds, kú-skeljar (cow-shell
s), gymbr-skeljar (lamb-shells), and put one shell for a dog. gaga
ra-ljóð, n. pl. 'dog-song' (?), a kind of metre in R&iacut
e;mur.
GAGG, n., onomatop. the fox's cry.
gagga, að, to howl (of a fox), metaph. to mock at one,
689. 66.
gag-háls, adj. [gagr], with neck thrown back, epithet of a
stag, Gm. 33.
GAGL, n. [Ivar Aasen gagl = wild goose, cp. the Scot. a
gale of geese = a flock of geese] :-- a wild goose, Edda (Gl.)
; gagl fyrir gás, a saying, Ó. H. 87: in poetry, of any bird, hr&a
elig;-g., blóð-g., etc., a carrion-crow; the
<PAGE NUM="b0187">
<HEADER>GAGLBJARTR -- GALLI. 187</HEADER>
word is not used in Icel. except in the saying above; the goshawk is call
ed gagl-fár, n. and gagl-hati, a, m. goose-destroyer.
gagl-bjartr, adj. bright as a goose, an epithet of a lady, Akv. 39
; the wild goose is here made to serve for a swan!
gagl-viðr, m. an GREEK, Vsp. 34; explained by the commentators, a
forest where there are wild geese, but perhaps better as the name of a plant
, the sweet gale or bog-myrtle.
GAGN, n. [a Scandin. word, neither found in Saxon nor Germ.; only Ulf. ha
s the root verb gageigan = GREEK; Swed. gagn; Dan. gavn; E
ngl. gain is prob. borrowed from the Scandin.]: 1. sing, gain, advanta
ge, use, avail; hluti þá er ek veit at honum má gagn at
verða, things that can be of use to him, Nj. 258; er oss varð at
mestu gagni, Ísl. ii. 175; er eigi mun vera gagn í, that will b
e of no use, Fms. iii. 175; það er að litlu gagni, of littl
e avail, etc., passim. 2. gain, victory; sigr ok gagn, Orkn. 3
8; hafa gagn, to gain the day, Rb. 398, Hom. 131, Fms. vii. 261; f&aacute
; gagn, id., Fas. i. 294, freq. in poetry; gagni feginn, triumphant, Fm. 25; gagni lítt feginn, i.e. worsted, Hbl. 29. 3. 
produce, revenue, chiefly of land; jarðir at byggja ok vinna ok allra ga
gna af at neyta, Eg. 352; hence the law phrase, to sell an estate 'með &ouml
;llum gögnum ok gæðum.' 4. goods, such as luggag
e, utensils, or the like; síðan fór hann norðr &aacute
; Strandir með gagn sitt, Sturl. i. 10; ker ok svá annat gagn sitt, G
rág. ii. 339; bæta garð aptr ok öll gögn ok spellvirk
i, Gþl. 421; þeir héldu öllum farmi ok öllu gagni (
luggage), því er á skipinu var, Bs. i. 326. β
. in mod. usage almost always in pl. gögn = household implements, esp. tubs, pots, etc.; bú-gögn, heimilis-gögn, hous
ehold jars; far-g., farar-g., q.v. 5. in pl. a law term, proofs, e
vidence produced in court; at eigi dveli það gögn fyrir m&oum
l;nnum, Grág. i. 25; nefna vátta at öllum gögnum þ
eim er fram vóru komin, Nj. 87; eptir gögnum ok vitnum skal hvert m&
aacute;l dæma, a law phrase, upon evidence and witnesses shall every ca
se be tried, Gþl. 475; öll gögn þau er þeir skul
u hafa at dómi, Grág. ii. 270; þeir menn allir er í d
ómi sitja eðr í gögnum eru fastir, i. 105, 488, and passi
m; gagna-gögn, vide below. COMPDS: gagna-höld, n. pl. a hold
ing back of proofs, evidence, Grág. ii. 273. gagn-auðgan,
f. wealth, Fms. ii. 215. gagn-auðigr, adj. wealthy, well st
ored, Stj. 361, Ld. 38, Bs. i. 643. gagn-ligr, adj. useful. gagn-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), profitable, Bs. i. 690, 770
. gagn-samr, adj. useful, profitable, Sturl. i. 74, Hrafn. 23, Lan
dn. 83, Ísl. ii. 62, Stj. 92. gagn-semd and -semi, f. us
efulness, profitableness, Hrafn. 24. gagns-lauss, adj. useless. gagns-lítill, adj. of little use. gagns-mikill, ad
j. of great use. gagns-munir, m. pl. useful things, Fbr. 22
; veita e-m g., to help one, Hkr. ii. 251: mod. gain, profit, eigi
n g., Pass. 28. 6.
GAGN-, an adverbial prefix:
A. [Cp. the adv. gegn], gain- (in gainsay), counter,
esp. in law terms :-- hence gagna-gögn, n. pl. counter-proofs, Grág. i. 106. gagn-augu, n. pl. 'counter-eyes,' temples.
gagn-dyrt, n. adj. with doors opposite one another, Fas. ii. 181.
gagn-gjald, n., prop. a 'countergild,' antidote, a Norse law term
, which seems identical with mundr or tilgjöf, opp. to heiman-fylgja, do
wry, which in case of the husband's death or divorce was to be the wife's pr
operty; gjöf and gagngjald are distinguished, N. G. L. i. 29; þ&aacut
e; skal hon þarnast gagngjalds ok gjafar, 51. gagn-görð, f
. transgression, 15. 1 (MS.) gagn-hollr, adj. kind to one anoth
er, Hm. 31. gagn-kvöð, f. a counter-summons, Gr&aacut
e;g. ii. 102. gagn-mælendr, part. pl. gain-sayers, opponents, Mart. 114. gagn-mæli, n. gain-saying, contradiction, Fms.
x. 403, Stj. 331. gagn-nefna, u, f. a mutual nomination, of arbitr
ators, Grág. i. 495. gagn-staða, u, f. 'gain-staying,' resi
stance, Fms. x. 387, Hom. (St.) 43. gagnstöðu-flokkr, m. 
the opposite party, Fms. viii. 323: gagnstöðu-maðr, m. an opponent, adversary, 623. 12, 655 xvi. B. 3: gagn-staðleikr
(-leiki), m. the contradictory, reverse, Stj. 263. gagn-sta&eth
;ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), contrary, opposed to, Fms. i. 263,
viii. 326, x. 233, Stj. 29, 73, Ó. H. 195, Sks. 576. gagn-staðr, adj. id., Stj. 163, Fms. viii. 323. gagn-stæðligr and
gagn-stæðiligr, adj. = gagnstaðligr, Fms. ix. 528, Sks. 11
1, 130, 337, Stj. 335, Fs. 172. gagn-sök, f. a counter-action, co
unter-charge, a law term, -- the defendant brought forth counter-charges, to
be set off against those of the prosecutor, vide Nj. passim, Grág. i. 29
4, K. Þ. K. 160, Fs. 74, 125, Grett. 151, Valla L. 204, Rd. 300. gagn-t
ak, n. a 'holder against,' the strap to which the girth is attached,
Fms. vii. 170, Sturl. iii. 114, Glúm. 393, Hkr. iii. 283, Karl. 458, Flor
. 78; also called mót-tak. gagn-vert and gagn-vart, n. adj.
, used as prep. and adv., over against, with dat., Eg. 206, Fms. vi. 32,
vii. 253. xi. 34, Nj. 34, Sd. 163; sitja g. e-m, Fs. 148; g. sólunni, 181
2. 133; g. dyrum, Gullþ. 26, Fbr. 37, 64, passim :-- as adv., Landn. 62, F
ms. ii. 27, xi. 125.
B. [Cp. gegnum and the adj. gegn], through, right through, straight; and so thorough, thoroughly, very (in which sense gay or ge
y is still used in Scot. and North. E., Jamieson Suppl. s.v.) :-- hence g
agn-drepa, adj. wet through. gagn-færiligr and gagn-f
ærr, adj. through-going, used as transl. of the Lat. penetr
ans, Stj. 89, 656 A. i. 34, 655 xxxii. 19. gagn-gört, n. adj. straight, Fb. iii. 296, Gísl. 38. gagn-hræddr, adj. 
'gay' (i.e. very) frightened, Fms. iv. 147, 625. 18. gagn-k
unnigr, adj. knowing thoroughly. gagn-leiði, n. the 'ga
nest' (i.e. shortest) way, Al. 92. gagn-orðr, adj.
'gane-worded,' speaking shortly, to the point, Nj. 38; (opp. to marg-or&e
th;r or lang-orðr.) gagn-skeytiligr, adj. to be shot through,
Sks. 398 B. gagn-skorinn, part. scored through, i.e. cut throu
gh by fjords, rivers, etc., Fas. iii. 511: also thoroughly scored, i
.e. carved all over, Vígl. 48 new Ed. gagn-stígr, m.
a 'gane' way, short cut, Al. 109, Sks. 2, Fms. vii. 82 (in a verse). 
gagn-sæll, adj. through-seeing, penetrating, Sks. 208, (rare.)
gagn-sær, adj. transparent, Rb. 354; gagnsætt gler, Ho
m. 128. gagn-vátr, adj. wet through. gagn-vegr, m. [
Swed. genväg] = gagnstígr, Hm. 33. gagn-þurr, a
dj. dry all through, quite dry.
gagna, að, to help, be of use to one, Bs. i. 799; ok læt
r sér vel gagna, 655 xxxii: reflex. to avail, be of use, Bs. ii. 1
41, 143, Vígl. 30, Dipl. i. 6, Jm. 20.
gagn-dagr, gagn-fasta, vide gangdagr, gangfasta.
GAGR, adj. bowed back; this obsolete word is still used in Norway,
e.g. gag ljaa, of a scythe; gagt menneska, a conceited man; cp. gaga, to throw the head back: in compds as gag-háls, q.v. People in Icel.
say, hnakka-kertr, one who throws the neck back, but keikr of bending
the backbone back; e.g. standa keikr, where the Norse say standa gag. The ex
planation in Lex. Poët, is guess-work, as the word is not in use in Icel.,
vide remarks on the word by Bugge in Oldn. Tidsskrift.
gag-vígr, adj. an GREEK; g. bardagi, wanton strife, Fb. (Sv
err. S.) ii. 553.
gal, n. crowing; hana-gal, cock-crowing.
GALA, pres. gelr, Hm. 28, 150, Vsp. 35; pret. gól, pl. gólu
; pret. subj. g&oelig;li, Haustl. 20; in mod. usage, pres. galar, áðr
en haninn galar, Matth. xxvi. 34, 74, 75, Mark xiv. 30, cp. Pass. 12. 7; but fy
rr en haninn gelr, Luke xxii. 61; in pret. the old form is preserved, ok jafnsna
rt gól haninn, Matth. xxvi. 74; þá gól nú hani
nn fyrst, Pass. 11. 5; gól haninn annað sinn, 11. 8, Luke xxii. 60; o
g strax gól haninn, John xviii. 27; but elsewhere in mod. usage weak, gal
aði: [not recorded in Goth., as Ulf. renders GREEK l.c. by hrukjan; A
. S. galan; Old Engl. and Scot. to gale = to cry; Dan. g
ale; Swed. gala] :-- to crow; hún heyrir hana gala, Stj
. 208; gól um Ásum Gullinkambi, Vsp. 35; en annarr gelr, só
trauðr hani, id.: of a crow, Hm. 84. II. metaph. to chant, sing, used trans.; gala sér úgott, Hm. 28, Ls. 31; afl gól han
n Ásum, Hm. 161; þann kann ek galdr at gala, I can chant that so
ng, with the notion of spell, Hm. 153; svá ek gel, 150; hón (t
he sibyll) gól galdra sína yfir Þór, Edda 58: ironic.
, gólu þeir eptir á staðnum, O. H. L. 17; gala at um e-t
, to beg blandly, Fms. xi. 113; Herodias gól at um lífl&aac
ute;t Johannes, 625. 96 :-- with acc. to gladden, cheer, Sl. 26.
galarr, m. an enchanter, the name of a dwarf, Vsp.
gald, n. hard snow, = gaddr, q.v.
galdr or galðr, m., gen. galdrs, pl. galdrar, [from gala; A. S

. gealdor = cantus, sonitus] :-- prop. a song, hence in na
mes of old poems, Heimdalar-galdr, Edda 17; but almost always with the notion of
a charm or spell, vide gala II above; hón kvað þ
ar yfir galdra, Grett. 151, Hkr. i. 8; kveða helgaldra, Fbr. 24; gala galdra
, Edda 58, Hm. 153; með rúnum ok ljóðum þeim er gald
rar heita, Hkr. i. 11; galdr ok kvæði, Stj. 492: hence II. w
itchcraft, sorcery, esp. in pl.; galdrar ok fjölkyngi, Fb. i. 214, K. &
THORN;. K. 76, Grett. 155; galdrar ok gjörningar, Anal. 244; galdrar ok for
neskja, Gísl. 41, Grett. 155; með göldrum, 180 (in a verse); sj&
aacute; við göldrum, Hom. 86, Ísl. ii. 77: a fiend (= Ice
l. sending), reka þann galdr út til Íslands at Þorleif
i ynni at fullu, Fb. i. 213, (rare.) COMPDS: galdra-bók, f. a b
ook of magic, 655 xiii, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 514. galdr
a-fluga, u, f. a 'witch-fly,' a kind of fly, tipula nigra subhirta
, Eggert Itin. 604; cp. flugu-maðr. galdra-fullr, adj. full of
sorcery, Fas. i. 108. galdra-hríð, f. a magic storm, h
urricane raised by spells, Fas. i. 108. galdra-kind, f. a foul wit
ch, Fas. i. 97: galdra-kinn, f. a 'spell-cheek,' a nickname, E
b. galdra-kona, u, f. a witch, sorceress, Ísl. ii. 73, Stj.
491, v.l. galdra-ligr, adj. magical, Stj. 91. galdra-list,
f. magic art, Stj. 100, Fas. iii. 237. galdra-læti, n. pl.
magical mummeries, Fas. ii. 373. galdra-maðr, m. a wizard, Fms. xi. 435, Fas. i. 5, Barl. 102, 149. galdra-meistari, a, m. a
magician, Stj. 437. galdra-raumr, m. a great sorcerer, Fas. ii
. 375. galdra-samligr, adj. magical, Stj. 91. galdra-smiðr,
 m. a 'spellsmith,' sorcerer, magician, Hkr. i. 10. galdra-snapr, m. a wizard-impostor, galdra-stafir, m. pl. magical charact
ers. galdra-sögur, f. pl. tales of witches. galdra-v&e
acute;l, f. a magical device, Post. 80.
GALEIÐ, f. [a for. word; galea, galio, galeida, Du Gauge], a galiot, Fms. vi. 134, 168, vii. 78, 179, Ísl. ii. 394.
gal-gopi, a, m. a coxcomb.
galinn, prop. a part. from gala, enchanted, but used in the sense
of mad, Fms. i. 44, vii. 187: frantic, Gísl. 138: volupt
uous, sensual, Stj. 55; þú er galin í girnd sem sv&iacut
e;n, Úlf. 3. 57.
GALL, n. [A. S. gealla; Engl. gall; Germ. galle; Dan
. galde; Gr. GREEK] :-- gall, bile, Pr. 472-474, Fbr. 137: metaph.
an acid drink, Anecd. 10; edik galli blandað, GREEK, Matth. xxvii. 3
4.
gall-harðr, adj. hard as cinders, qs. gjall-harðr, Bs. ii.
65, freq.
GALLI, a, m. [cp. Swed. gall = barren], a fault, flaw, d
rawback, Hm. 134, freq. in mod. usage (ár-galli, q.v.); hence gall
a-lauss, adj. faultless,
<PAGE NUM="b0188">
<HEADER>188 GALLOPNIR -- GANGA.</HEADER>
Hom. (St.) 64, 72: gallaðr, part. vicious, guileful. II. a nickname, Bs. i. Laur. S.
gall-opnir, m., poët. a cock, Lex. Poët.

gall-sótt, f., medic. atra bilis.
gall-súrr, adj. sour or hot as gall.
GALM, f. or galmr, m., only in local names, Galmar-strönd,
 [cp. A. S. gealm = din], prob. called so from the roaring of
the surf.
galpín, mod. galapín, n. [for. word; Scot. galopi
n = lackey], a merry fellow; þú ert mesta galap&i
acute;n! -- a nickname, Sturl. iii. 209 C.
galsi, a, m. wild joy; galsa-ligr, adj. frolicsome.
galti, a, m. (vide göltr), a boar, bog, Fms. iv. 58, Fas. i.
88, Gullþ. 15, Fs. 71, 141; Galt-nes, n. 'Hog's-ness,' a loc
al name; Galt-nesingr, m. a man from G., Sturl.
gal-tómr, adj. quite empty, of a tub.
Gal-verskr, adj. from Galilee, Mar.
gamal-dags, as adv. old-fashioned, (mod.)
gamal-karl, m. an old man, Fms. ii. 182.
GAMALL, contr. forms, gamlan, gamla, gamlir, gamlar, gömlum, etc., f
em. sing. and neut. pl. gömul; neut. sing, gamalt; the compar. and superl.
from a different root, viz. compar. ellri, superl. ellztr, mod. eldri eldstr or elztr: [not recorded in Ulf., who renders GREEK by alþeis; but in A. S. gamol and gomel occur, although
rarely even in Beowulf; in mod. Engl. and Germ. it is lost, but is in full use i
n all Scandin. dialects; Swed. gammal; Dan. gammel; Norse gamal
, fem. gomol, Ivar Aasen]: I. old, Lat. senex; i
n the sayings, þeygi á saman gamalt og ungt, Úlf. 3. 44; opt
er gott þat er gamlir kveða, Hm. 134, Fb. i. 212; íllt að
kenna gömlum hundi að sitja; gamlir eru elztir, old are the eldest, i.e. the most cunning, clever; tvisvar verðr gamall maðr bar
n; engi verðr eldri en gamall; en þótt konungr þessi s&ea
cute; góðr maðr ... þá mun hann þó eigi
verða ellri en gamall, Fms. iv. 282; faðir minn var gamall, Nj. 31; g.
spámaðr, an old spae-man, 656 B. 12; hence gamals-aldr,
m. old age, Ld. 4, Fms. ii. 71: compds, af-garnall, fjör-g., eld-g.
, q.v.; cp. also ör-gemlir = Germ. uralt, a giant in Edda. 2.
grown up, old, of animals; arðr-uxi gamall, Grág. i. 502; gam
lir sauðir, old rams; gjalda grís fyrir gamalt svín, &O
acute;. H. 86; fyrr á gömlum uxanum at bæsa en kálfinum
, a pun, Fms. vi. 28. 3. old, of things, freq. in mod. usage, but
the ancients use gamall of persons or living things, and distinguish between gam
all and forn (q.v.); a man is 'gamall,' but he wears 'forn' klæði (
old clothes), thus in the verse Fms. xi. 43 gamall prob. refers to Gorm and
not to land; Merl. 1. 61 is corrupt; vide gjallr (below); gamall siðr, Anal.
187, does not appear in Fb. iii. 401 (the original of the mod. text in Anal.) II. old, aged, of a certain age; nokkurra vetra gamall, some yea
rs old, Fms. xi. 78; fjögurra vetra gömul, Þiðr. 221; hv
e gamall maðr ertu, how old art thou? Ísl. ii. 220; tól
f vetra gamall, 204; fimm, sex, vetra gamall, Grág. i. 502; vetr-gamall,
a winter old; árs-gamall, a year old; misseris-gamall, h
alf a year old; nætr-g., a night old, etc. III. in pr. n
ames, hinn Gamli is added as a soubriquet, like 'major' in Lat., to distinguish
an older man from a younger man of the same name; hinn gamli and hinn ungi also
often answer to the Engl. 'father and son;' thus, Hákon Gamli and
Hákon Ungi, old and young H., Fms.; also, Jörundr Gamli, Ket
ilbjörn Gamli, Örlygr Gamli, Bragi Gamli, Ingimundr hinn Gamli, etc.,
vide Landn.; Ari hinn Gamli, Bs. i. 26, to distinguish him from his grandson Ari
Sterki; cp. the Lat. Cato Major: in some of the instances above it only
means the old = Lat. priscus.
B. The compar. is ellri and superl. ellztr; eigi ellra en e
innar nætr, 1812. 57; fjórtan vetra gamall eðr ellri, K. &Aacut
e;. 190; enir ellri synir Brjáns, Nj. 269; inn ellzti, 38; ellztr br&aeli
g;ðranna, Grág. i. 307; hann var ellztr, Eg. 27, Fms. i. 20,
gamal-ligr, adj. elderly, Fms. ii. 59.
gamal-menni, n. an aged person, Eg. 89, Orkn. 78, Rd. 302.
gamal-órar, f. pl. dotage from age, Eb. 318.
gamal-ærr, adj. in dotage, Nj. 194, Eb. 322, Grett. 116, Fas
. ii. 93.
GAMAN, n., dat. gamni, (gafni, Fas. i. 176, Fms. x. 328, Bær. 9); [
A. S. gomen, gamen; Engl. game; O. H. G. gaman; mid. H. G.
gamen; Dan. gammen] :-- game, sport, pleasure, amusement;
in the sayings, lítið er ungs manns gaman; maðr er manns gaman, H
m. 46; and in the phrases, göra e-t að gamni sínu, or, sé
r til gamans, to do a thing for amusement; mart er sér til gamans
gert, Tíma R.; jötni at gamni, Þkv. 23; var þá me
st g. Egils at ræða við hana, Eg. 764; þykja g. at e-u, t
o make game of; þá mun Rútr hlæja ok þykja g
. at, Rut will then laugh and be amused by it, Nj. 33: gaman þykir
kerlingunni at móður várri, 68; henda g. at e-u, to make ga
me of, Bs. i. 790, Þiðr. 226, Grett. 142 new Ed., Fms. xi. 109. β. in proverbial sayings; kalt er kattar gamanið, cold is the c
at's play, i.e. she scratches; þá ferr að grá
na gamanið, the game begins to be rather rude; or, það fer
að fara af gamanið, the game fares to be serious :-- love, ple
asure, poët., in the allit. phrase, hafa geð ok gaman konu, Hbl. 18
, Hm. 98, 162; gamni mær undi, Hbl. 30; unna e-m gamans, Skm. 39, Fsm. 43,
51: coitus, er hann hafði-t gýgjar g., Vþm. 32.
gaman-ferð, f. a pleasure-trip, Fas. ii. 77.
gaman-fundr, m. a merry-making, Nj. 113.
gaman-leikr, m, a game, Grett. 107, Mag. 30.
gaman-mál, n. merry folk, joking, Fms. xi. 151, Ld. 306, Ka
rl. 532.
gaman-rúnar, f. pl. merry talk, Hm. 122, 132.
gaman-ræða, u, f. merry talk, Sks. 165, Fs. 72.
gaman-samligr, adj. amusing, Sks. 118, 621, Fas. i. 332, ii. 459.
gaman-samr, adj. gamesome, merry, Fms. ix. 249, Sks. 634.

gaman-vísa, u, f. a comic ditty, Hkr. iii. 71.
gaman-yrði, n. playful words, fun, Sks. 433.
gaman-þing, n. a meeting of lovers, Lex. Poët.
gamban-, a dubious word, perh. costly; in A. S. poetry gamban occurs twice or thrice in an allit. phrase, gamban gyldan = to pay
a fee (Grein): gamban-reiði, f. splendid gear (?), Skm. 33
; gamban-sumbl, n. a sumptuous banquet, Ls. 8; gamban-teinn, m. a staff, Skm. 32. These poems seem to be by one hand, and the word o
ccurs nowhere else in the northern languages.
gambr, m. = gammr, Barl. 39, Þiðr. 92, D. N. ii. 255, iv. 457:
gambrs-kló, f. a griffin's claw, used as a pedestal for a d
rinking-horn, D. N.
gambr, n. wanton talk, boasting.
gambra, að, to brag, bluster, Glúm. 332, Al. 138, 655 x
iii. A. B, Grett. 134 A, Fms. xi. 147 :-- to prate, Stj. 401. Judges ix.
38; við höfum tíðum gambrað Geir, um götu kræ
ktir saman, Sig. Pét. Ný Fél. vii. 194.
gambrari, a, m. a bragger, blusterer.
gambr-mosi, a, m. a kind of moss, Hjalt.
gamlaðr, part. very aged, Hkr. i. 148, Fas. i. 372, Ver. 15, L
d. 250.
gamli, a, m., poët, an eagle, Edda (Gl.): a pr. name, Landn.
gammi, a, m. (a Fin. word), the dwelling of a Finn, Fms. i. 8, x.
379, Fas. ii. 174: of a dwarf's abode, Þiðr. 21; dwarfs were often con
founded with Finns.
gammi, a, m. the gamut in music, Skálda.
GAMMR, m. a vulture, Fms. iii. 207, Nj. 123, Fas. ii. 151, 231, ii
i. 210, 366, 612, Karl. 527, 544.
gamna, að, with dat. to amuse, divert, Fms. viii. 4.
GAN, n. frenzy, frantic gestures; fara með hlátri ok ga
ni, Nj. 220; hon hljóp með ópi miklu ok gani, Fas. iii. 177.
gana, ð, mod. að, to rush, run frantically; hann spurð
i hví hann gandi svá, Sturl. ii. 177; ganaði hann langt undan
hernum, Fas. iii. 422; ganir at honum ok höggr, Jómsv. 49; þ&o
acute;tt þú ganir galinn, Skáld H. 2. 57: of wildfire, Sk&aa
cute;lda 202 (in a verse); in Fbr. 162 (in a verse) it has the notion to glar
e in one's face; akin is góna (q.v.), to stare.
GANDR, m. :-- the exact sense of this word is somewhat dubious; it is mos
tly used in poetry and in compds, and denotes anything enchanted or an
object used by sorcerers, almost like zauber in Germ., and hence 
a monster, fiend; thus the Leviathan of northern mythology is called Jö
rmun-gandr, the great 'gand;' or Storðar-gandr, the 'gand' of the

earth: a snake or serpent is by Kormak called gandr or gandir, Korm. ch. 8:
wildfire is hallar g., a worrier of halls, and selju g., a willow-wor
rier, Lex. Poët.: the wolf Fenrir is called Vonar-gandr, the monste
r of the river Von, vide Edda. COMPDS: Gand-álfr, in. a pr. na
me, a wizard, bewitched demon. gand-fluga, u, f. = galdrafluga, a 'gand' fly, gad-fly, a kind of tipula, Eggert Itin. 604. gand-rekr, m. a gale brought about by witchcraft, Bs. i. 647 (in a verse), Edda (G
l.) Gand-vík, f. 'Gand' bay, i.e. Magic bay, the old
name of the White Sea, for the Lapps were famous sorcerers. gand-rei&
eth;, f. the 'witches' ride;' in nursery tales a witch is said to rid
e on a broomstick, Germ. besenstiel; in old lore they were said to ride b
y night on wolves, which are hence in poetry called 'the steeds of witches;' f&a
acute; þú mér út krókstaf minn ok bandvetlinga
því at ek vil á gandreið fara, Fms. iii. 176; ekki skor
ti gandreiðir í eynni um nóttina, Fas. ii. 131; hann kvað
hann séð hafa gandreið, ok er þat jafnan fyrir stórt
íðindum, Nj. 195; cp. also on this subject Ísl. Þj&oacut
e;ðs. i. 440 sqq.; renna göndum, to slide on 'gands,' ride a witch-r
ide; víða hefi ek göndum rennt í nótt, of a wi
tch in Fbr. 124; víta ganda, to bewitch 'gands,' i.e. to deal i
n sorcery, Vsp. 25, cp. the passage in Þiðr. S., fór Ostrac
ia út ok r&oelig;rði gand sinn, then O. (a witch) went out (cp. útiseta) and reared her 'gands,' i.e. raised ghosts, or gener. exercised her black art, -- the MSS. have here even neut. ga
nnd (gönd) sín. The compd spá-gandar in Vsp. seems to mean 'spae-ghosts' or spirits of divination.
UNCERTAIN Some
but the sense
gandr is used
st in the west
commentators render gandr bv wolf, others by broom;

no doubt lies deeper. Gunnar Pálsson (died 1793) says that
in Icel. of the helm of a ship; but no such word is known, at lea
of Icel.
GANGA, pret. gekk or gékk, 2nd pers. gékkt, mod. gék

st; pl. gengu, geingu, or géngu, and an old poët. gingu; gengengu in
Vsp. 12 is a mere misspelling (vide Sæm. Möb. 258); pres. geng, pl.
göngum; pret. subj. gengi (geingi); imperat. gakk and gakktú; with t
he neg. suffix geng-at, gengr-at, gékk-at, gakk-attu, passim; a middle fo
rm göngumk firr, go from me, Gm. 1: a contracted form gá occu
rs now and then in mod. hymns; it is not vernacular but borrowed from Germ. and
Dan.: [cp. Ulf. gaggan; A. S. and Hel. gangan; Scot. and North. E.
gang, mod. Engl. go; Dan.-Swed. gange or gå;
Germ. gehen; Ivar Aasen ganga: Icel., Scots, and Norsemen have pr
eserved the old ng, which in Germ. and Swed.-Dan. only remains in poetry
or in a special sense, e.g. in Germ. compds.]
<PAGE NUM="b0189">
<HEADER>GANGA. 189</HEADER>
A. To go: I. to walk; reið jarl en Karkr g&eacut
e;kk, Fms. i. 210, Rm. 1, 2, 6, 14, 23, 24, 30, Edda 10, Grág. ii. 95, pa
ssim; ganga leiðar sinnar, to go one's way, Fms. x. 290, Krók.
26: adding acc., g. alla leið, Fms. xi. 202, 299; g. berg, to climb a cl
iff; g. afréttar, to search the fell-pastures (fjallganga), H&
aacute;v. 39; also g. (to climb) í fjall, í kletta, Fms. x.
313: Icel. also say, ganga skó og sokka, to wear out shoes and socks;
 hann gékk tvenna skó; ganga berserks gang, q.v. β. absol. to go a-begging, Grág. i. 226, 232, Ísl. ii. 25;
ganga vergang, húsgang, id. (göngumaðr). II. addin
g adverbs, infinitives, adjectives, or the like, α. an adverb denot

ing direction; g. út ok inn, Vkv. 4, Lv. 26; g. inn, Fms. i. 16, vi. 33;
g. út, to go out, Lat. exire, Nj. 194; g. aptr, to retur
n, Fms. x. 352; g. fram, to step forward, Hm. 1, Eg. 165; g. upp, 
to go up, ashore; g. ofan, niðr, to go down; g. heiman, 199; g. h
eim, to go home; gakk hingat, come hither! 488; g. móti, &i
acute; gegn e-m, to go against, to meet one; g. braut, to go away;
g. til e-s, or at e-m, to go to one; g. frá e-m, to leave one;
 g. með e-m, to go with one; g. hjá, to pass by; g.
saman, to go together; g. yfir, to go over; g. gegnum, to go t
hrough; g. undir, to go under; g. undan, fyrir, to go before;
g. eptir, to go behind; g. um, to rove, stroll about, and so on pa
ssim; g. í sæti, to go to one's seat, take a seat, Eg. 551;
g. til hvílu, to go to bed, Nj. 201; g. til matar, to go to din
ner, Sturl. iii. 111, Eg. 483; g. til vinnu, verks, to go to one's work, cp. Hm. 58; g. í kirkju, to go to church, Rb. 82; g. á
fjall, to go on the fells, Hrafn. 34; g. á skip, to go on board
, Fms. x. 10; g. af skipi, to go ashore. β. with infin.,
in old poems often dropping 'at;' ganga sofa, to go to sleep, Fm. 27; g.
at sofa, Hm. 19; g. vega, to go to fight, Vsp. 56, Ls. 15; g. at eiga ko
nu, to go to be married, Grág. i. 318. γ. with an ad
j.; g. hræddr, to be afraid; g. úviss, to be in ignoranc
e, etc., Fms. vii. 271, Sks. 250, 688. 2. in a more special sense; g.
til einvígis, bardaga, to go to a duel, battle, Nj. 64; g. &aacut
e; hólm (hólmganga), Eg. 504, 506; g. á eintal, Nj. 103; g.
til máls við e-n, to speak to one, Eg. 199, 764; g. í
glímu, to go a-wrestling, Ísl. ii. 246; g. á fang, id., Ld. 206; g. í danz, to go a-dancing; g. til skripta, to go to shrift, Hom. 157; g. at brúðkaupi, to go to be marri
ed, Fms. vii. 278; g. í skóla, klaustr, to go to school, g
o into a cloister (as an inmate), (hence skóla-genginn, a school-m
an, scholar), Bs. passim; g. í þjónustu, to take serv
ice, Nj. 268; g. í lið með e-m, to enter one's party, side
with one, 100; g. í lög, to enter a league with one; g.
ór lögum, to go out of a league, passim; g. í f&eacute
;lag, ór félagi, id.; g. á mala, to take service as a soldier, 121; g. á hönd, g. til handa, to submit to one
as a liegeman, surrender, Eg. 19, 33, Ó. H. 184, Fms. vii. 180; g. &a
acute; vald e-m, to give oneself up, Nj. 267; g. á hendr e-m, t
o encroach upon, Ver. 56; g. í skuld, to bail, Grág. i.
232, Dipl. ii. 12; g. í trúnað, to warrant, Fms. xi.
356; g. til trygða, Nj. 166, and g. til griða, to accept truce, surre
nder, Fas. ii. 556; g. í mál, to enter, undertake a case, Nj. 31; g. í ánauð, to go into bondage, Eg. 8; g. ti
l lands, jarðar, ríkis, arfs, to take possession of ..., 118,
Stj. 380, Grág., Fms. passim; g. til fréttar, to go to an oracl
e, take auspices, 625. 89; g. til Heljar, a phrase for to die, Fms. x
. 414; g. nær, to go nigh, go close to, press hard on, Ld. 146, 322
, Fms. xi. 240 (where reflex.); var sá viðr bæði mikill og
góðr því at Þorkell gékk nær, Th.
kept a close eye on it, Ld. 316.
B. Joined with prepp. and adverbs in a metaph. sense :-- g. af, to dep
art from, go off; þá gékk af honum móðrinn ok
sefaðisk hann, Edda 28; þá er af honum gékk hamremin, E
g. 125, Eb. 136, Stj. 118; g. af sér, to go out of or beyond oneself; mjök g. þeir svari-bræðr nú af sér, Fbr.
32; í móti Búa er hann gengr af sér (rages) s
em mest, Fb. i. 193; þá gékk mest af sér ranglæ
ti manna um álnir, Bs. i. 135: so in the mod. phrases, g. fram af s&eacut
e;r, to overstrain oneself; and g. af sér, to fall off, decay:
to forsake, g. af trú, to apostatize, Fms. ii. 213; g. af viti
nu, to go out of one's wits, go mad, Post. 656 C. 31; g. af Guðs bo&e
th;orðum, Stj. passim: to pass. Páskar g. af, Ld. 200: to b
e left as surplus (afgangr), Rb. 122, Grág. i. 411, K. Þ. K. 92
:-- g. aptr, to walk again, of a ghost (aptrganga), Ld. 58, Eb. 278, Fs.
131, 141, passim; and absol., g. um híbýli, to hunt, Landn
. 107: to go back, be void, of a bargain, Gþl. 491 :-- g. at e-m, to go at, attack, Nj. 80, 160: to press on, Grág. i. 51, Di
pl. ii. 19 (atgangr): g. at e-u, to accept a choice, Nj. 256; g. at m&aac
ute;li, to assist, help, 207: to fit, of a key, lykla þ&aacu
te; sem g. at kístum yðrum, Finnb. 234, Fbr. 46 new Ed., N. G. L. i.
383: medic. to ail, e-ð gengr at e-m; ok gengr at barni, and if th
e bairn ails, 340, freq. in mod. usage of ailment, grief, etc. :-- g. &aacut
e; e-t, to go against, encroach upon; ganga á ríki e-s, Fm
s. i. 2; g. upp á, to tread upon, vii. 166; hverr maðr er &oac
ute;lofat gengr á mál þeirra, who trespasses against thei
r measure, Grág. i. 3: to break, g. á orð, eiða
, sættir, trygðir, grið, Finnb. 311, Fms. i. 189, Ld. 234; g. &aac
ute; bak e-u, to contravene, Ísl. ii. 382; ganga á, to g
o on with a thing, Grág. ii. 363; hence the mod. phrase, mikið ge
ngr á, much going on; hvað gengr á, what is going on
? það er farið að g. á það (of a task or
work or of stores), it is far advanced, not much left :-- g. eptir, to
go after, pursue, claim (eptirgangr), Nj. 154, Þórð. 67, F
ms. vii. 5; g. eptir e-m, to humour one who is cross, in the phrase, g. e
ptir e-m með grasið í skónum; vertu ekki að g. eptir s
tráknum; hann vill láta g. eptir ser (of a spoilt boy, cross fello
w): to prove true, follow, hón mælti mart, en þ&oacut
e; gékk þat sumt eptir, Nj. 194; eptir gékk þat er m&e
acute;r bauð hugr um, Eg. 21, Fms. x. 211 :-- g. fram, to go on well
in a battle, Nj. 102, 235, Háv. 57 (framgangr): to speed, Nj. 150,
Fms. xi. 427: to grow, increase (of stock), fé Hallgerðar g&e
acute;kk fram ok varð allmikit, Nj. 22; en er fram gékk mjök kvi
kfé Skallagríms, Eg. 136, Vígl. 38: to come to pass,
skal þess bíða er þetta gengr fram, Nj. 102, Fms. xi. 22
: to die, x. 422 :-- g. frá, to leave (a work) so and so; g
. vel frá, to make good work; g. ílla frá, to mak
e bad work; það er ílla frá því gengi&e
th;, it is badly done :-- g. fyrir, to go before, to yield to, to be s
wayed by a thing; heldr nú við hót, en ekki geng ek fyrir
slíku, Fms. i. 305; þó at vér gangim heldr fyrir bl&i
acute;ðu en stríðu, ii. 34, Fb. i. 378, Hom. 68; hvárki g&
eacute;kk hann fyrir blíðyrðum né ógnarmálum
, Fms. x. 292; hann gékk þá fyrir fortülum hennar, Bs.
i. 742: in mod. usage reflex., gangast fyrir íllu, góðu: to
give away, tók hann þá at ganga fyrir, Fb. i. 530: Icel
. now say, reflex., gangast fyrir, to fall off, from age or the like (vid
e fyrirgengiligr): to prevent, skal honum þá eigi fyrnska fy
rir g., N. G. L. i. 249; þá er hann sekr þrem mörkum nem
a nauðsyn gangi fyrir, 14; at þeim gangi lögleg forföll fyri
r, Gþl. 12 :-- g. í gegn, to go against, to meet, in mod. us
age to deny, and so it seems to be in Gþl. 156; otherwise in old wr
iters it always means the reverse, viz. to avow, confess; maðr gengr
í gegn, at á braut kveðsk tekit hafa, the man confessed and
said that he had taken it away, Ísl. ii. 331; ef maðr gengr &iac
ute; gegn legorðinu, Grág. i. 340; sá goði er í geg
n gékk (who acknowledged) þingfesti hans, 20; hann iðra&
eth;isk úráðs síns, ok gékk í gegn at han
n hefði saklausan selt herra sinn, Sks. 584, -- this agrees with the paralle
l phrase, g. við e-t, mod. g. við e-u, to confess, both in old an
d mod. usage, id. :-- g. hjá, to pass by, to waive a thing, Fms. v
i. 168 :-- g. með, to go with one, to wed, marry (only used of a woma
n, like Lat. nubere), þú hefir þvert tekit at g. me&et
h; mér, Ld. 262, Sd. 170, Grág. i. 178, Þiðr. 209, Gkv.
2. 27, Fms. xi. 5: medic., g. með barni, to go with child, i. 57; wit
h acc. (barn), Bs. i. 790, and so in mod. usage; a mother says, sama sumarið
sem eg gékk með hann (hana) N. N., (meðgöngutími); b
ut dat. in the phrase, vera með barni, to be with child; g. með b
urði, of animals, Sks. 50, Stj. 70; g. með máli, to assist, pl
ead, Eg. 523, Fms. xi. 105, Eb. 210; g. með e-u, to confess [Dan.
medgaae], Stj., but rare and not vernacular :-- g. milli, to go betwe
en, intercede, esp. as a peacemaker, passim (milli-ganga, meðal-ganga) :
-- g. í móti, to resist, Nj. 90, 159, 171: of the tide, en
þar gékk í móti útfalls-straumr, Eg. 600 :-g. saman, to go together, marry, Grág. i. 324, Fms. xi. 77: of a b
argain, agreement, við þetta gékk saman sættin, Nj. 250;
saman gékk kaupit með þeim, 259 :-- g. sundr, to go asunder,
part, and of a bargain, to be broken off, passim :-- g. til, to
step out, come along; gangit til, ok blótið, 623. 59; gangit til,
ok hyggit at, landsmenn, Fms. iv. 282: to offer oneself, to volunteer, B
s. i. 23, 24: the phrase, e-m gengr e-ð til e-s, to purpose, intend;
en þat gékk mér til þess (that was my reason) a
t ek ann þér eigi, etc., Ísl. ii. 269; sagði, at honum g
ékk ekki ótrúnaðr til þessa, Fms. x. 39; g&eacute
;kk Flosa þat til, at ..., Nj. 178; gengr mér meirr þat til,
at ek vilda firra vini mína vandræðum, Fms. ii. 171; mælg
i gengr mér til, 'tis that I have spoken too freely, Orkn. 469, Fm
s. vi. 373, vii. 258: to fare, hversu hefir ykkr til gengið, how h
ave you fared? Grett. 48 new Ed.; Loka gékk lítt til, it fa
red ill with L., Fb. i. 276: mod., þat gékk svá til, 
it so happened, but not freq., as bera við is better, (tilgangr, int
ention) :-- g. um e-t, to go about a thing; g. um sættir, to
go between, as peacemaker, Fms. v. 156; g. um beina, to attend guests, Nj. 50, passim: to manage, fékk hón svá um gengit
, Grett. 197 new Ed.; hversu þér genguð um mitt góðs
, 206: to spread over, in the phrase, má þat er um margan ge
ngr; þess er um margan gengr guma, Hm. 93: to veer, go round, of th
e wind, gékk um veðrit ok styrmdi at þeim, the wind went rou
nd and a gale met them, Bs. i. 775 :-- g. undan, to go before, escape, Ver. 15, Fms. vii. 217, Blas. 49: to be lost, wasted, jafnmikit sem und
an gékk af hans vanrækt, Gþl. 338: to absent oneself,
eggjuðusk ok báðu engan undan g., Fms. x. 238 :-- g. undir, to
undertake a duty, freq.: to set, of the sun, Rb. 468, Vígl. (
in a verse): to go into one's possession, power, Fms. vii. 207; -- g. upp
, to be wasted, of money, Fær. 39, Fms. ix. 354: of stones or earth
-bound things, to get loose, be torn loose, þeir glímdu sv&a
acute; at upp gengu stokkar allir í húsinu, Landn. 185; flest g&ea
cute;kk upp þat sem fyrir þeim varð, Háv. 40, Finnb. 248;
ok gékk ór garðinum upp (was rent loose) garðtorfa
frosin, Eb. 190: to rise, yield, when summoned, Sturl. iii. 236: of a st
orm, gale, to get up, rise, veðr gékk upp at eins, Grett. 94,
Bárð. 169; gengr upp stormr hinn sami, Bs. ii. 50: of an ice-bound ri
ver, to swell, áin var ákafliga mikil, vóru höf
uðísar at báðum-megin, en gengin upp (swoln with ice) eptir miðju, Ld. 46, Fbr. 20 new Ed., Bjarn. 52; vötnin upp gengin,
Fbr. 114; áin var gengin upp ok íll yfirferðar, Grett. 134 :- g. við, in the phrase, g. við staf, to go with a staff, rest on it:
 with dat., g. við e-u, to avow (vide ganga í gegn above)
:-- g. yfir, to spread, prevail, áðr Kristnin gengi yfir, Fms.
x. 273; hétu á heiðin goð til þess at þau l&e

acute;ti eigi Kristnina g. yfir landit, Bs. i. 23: the phrase, láta eitt
g. yfir báða, to let one fate go over both, to stand by one anothe
r for weal and woe; hefi ek því heitið honum at eitt skyld
i g. yfir okkr bæði, Nj. 193, 201, 204, Gullþ. 8: so in the sayi
ng, má þat er yfir margan gengr, a common evil is easier to bear
, Fbr. 45 new Ed. (vide um above); muntu nú verða
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<HEADER>190 GANGA.</HEADER>
at segja slíkt sem yfir hefir gengið, all that has happened, F
ms. xi. 240; þess gengr ekki yfir þá at þeir vili &thor
n;eim lengr þjóna, they will no longer serve them, come what may
, Orkn. 84: to overrun, tyrannize over, þeir vóru &oacut
e;jafnaðar menn ok ganga þar yfir alla menn, Fms. x. 198 (yfirgangr):
to transgress, Hom. 109: to overcome, þótti öllu
m mönnum sem hann mundi yfir allt g., Fms. vii. 326: a naut. term, to da
sh over, as spray, áfall svá mikit at yfir gékk þ
egar skipit, Bs. i. 422; hence the metaph. phrase, g. yfir e-n, to be astonis
hed; það gengr yfir mig, it goes above me, I am astonished.
C. Used singly, of various things: 1. of cattle, horses, to gra
ze (haga-gangr); segja menn at svín hans gengi á Svínan
esi, en sauðir á Hjarðarnesi, Landn. 124, Eg. 711; kálfrin
n óx skjótt ok gékk í túni um sumarit, Eb. 32
0; Freyfaxi gengr í dalnum fram, Hrafn. 6; þar var vanr at g. hafr
um túnit, Nj. 62; þar var til grass (görs) at g., Ld. 96, Gr&a
acute;g. passim; gangandi gripr, cattle, beasts, Bjarn. 22; ganganda f&ea
cute;, id., Sturl. i. 83, Band. 2, Ísl. ii. 401. 2. of shoa
ls of fish, to go up, in a river or the like (fiski-ganga, -gengd); v&oum
l;tn er netnæmir fiskar g. í, Grág. i. 149; til landauðn
ar horfði í Ísafirði áðr fiskr gékk upp
á Kvíarmiði, Sturl. ii. 177; fiskr er genginn inn ór &a
acute;lum, Bb. 3. 52. 3. of the sun, stars, vide B. above, (sólargangr hæstr, lengstr, and lægstr skemstr = the longest and shorte
st day); áðr sól gangi af Þingvelli, Grág. i.
24; því at þar gékk eigi sól af um skamdegi, L
andn. 140, Rb. passim :-- of a thunder-storm, þar gékk reiði-du
na með eldingu, Fb. iii. 174 :-- of the tide, stream, water, vide B. above,
eða gangi at vötn eða skriður, K. Þ. K. 78. 4. of
a ship, gékk þá skipit mikit, Eg. 390, Fms. vi. 249; l&eacut
e;tu svá g. suðr fyrir landit, Eg. 78; lét svá g. su&et
h;r allt þar til er hann sigldi í Englands-haf, Ó. H. 149; r
éru nótt ok dag sem g. mátti, Eg. 88; gékk skipit br
átt út á haf, Ó. H. 136. β. to pass; kvað engi skip skyldi g. (go, pass) til Íslands þat
sumar, Ld. 18. II. metaph. to run out, stretch out, project, of a
landscape or the like; gengr haf fyrir vestan ok þar af firðir st&oacu
te;rir, Eg. 57; g. höf stór ór útsjánum inn &ia
cute; jörðina; haf (the Mediterranean) gengr af Njörva-sundum (the
Straits of Gibraltar), Hkr. i. 5; nes mikit gékk í sæ &uacu
te;t, Eg. 129, Nj. 261; í gegnum Danmörk gengr sjór (the Balt
ic) í Austrveg, A. A. 288; fyrir austan hafs-botn þann (Bothnia) er
gengr til móts við Gandvík (the White Sea), Orkn. begin.: fr&
aacute; Bjarmalandi g. lönd til úbygða, A. A. 289; Europa gengr
allt til endimarka Hispaniae, Stj. 83; öllum megin gengr at henni haf ok kr
ingir um hana, 85; þessi þinghá gékk upp (extended) um Skriðudal, Hrafn. 24: of houses, af fjósi gékk forsk&a
acute;li, Dropl. 28. 2. to spread, branch out; en af þv&iacu

te; tungurnar eru ólíkar hvár annarri, þær &tho
rn;egar, er ór einni ok hinni sömu hafa gengit eða greinzt, &tho
rn;á þarf ólíka stafi í at hafa, Skálda
(Thorodd) 160: of a narrative, gengr þessi saga mest af Sverri konungi, this story goes forth from him, i.e. relates to, tells of him, Fb.
ii. 533; litlar sögur megu g. af hesti mínum, Nj. 90; um fram alla m
enn Norræna þá er sögur g. frá, Fms. i. 81. II
I. to take the lead, prevail; gékk þaðan af í
Englandi Valska, thereafter (i.e. after the Conquest) the Wels
h tongue prevailed in England, Ísl. ii. 221; ok þar allt sem D&
ouml;nsk tunga gengi, Fms. xi. 19; meðan Dönsk tunga gengr, x. 179 :-of money, to be current, hundrað aura þá er þ&aacu
te; gengu í gjöld, Dropl. 16; eigi skulu álnar g. aðrar e
n þessar, Grág. i. 498; í þenna tíð g&eacut
e;kk hér silfr í allar stórskuldir, 500, Fms. viii. 270; ep
tir því sem gengr (the course) flestra manna í millum
, Gþl. 352 :-- of laws, to be valid, ok var nær sem sí
n lög gengi í hverju fylki, Fms. iv. 18; Óðinn setti l&ou
ml;g í landi sínu þau er gengit höfðu fyrr með
Ásum, Hkr. i. 13; þeirra laga er gengu á Uppsala-þingi
, Ó. H. 86; hér hefir Kristindóms-bálk þann er
g. skal, N. G. L. i. 339; sá siðr er þá gékk, Fb
. i. 71, (vide ganga yfir) :-- of sickness, plague, famine, to rage, &tho
rn;á gékk landfarsótt, bóla, drepsótt, hall&a
elig;ri, freq.; also impers., gékk því hallæri um allt
Ísland, Bs. i. 184; mikit hallæri ok hart gékk yfir f&oacut
e;lkið, 486, v.l.; gékk sóttin um haustið fyrir sunnan lan
d; þá gékk mest plágan fyrri, Ann. 1402, 1403. IV.
 to go on, last, in a bad sense, of an evil; tókst sí&e
th;an bardagi, ok er hann hafði gengit um hríð, Fs. 48: impers.,
hefir þessu gengit (it has gone on) marga manns-aldra, Fms. i. 282;
gékk því lengi, so it went on a long while, Grett. 7
9 new Ed.; gékk þessu enn til dags, Nj. 272; ok gékk þ
ví um hríð, 201; ok gékk því allan þ
ann dag, Fms. vii. 147; lát því g. í allt sumar, xi.
57; gengr þessu þar til er ..., Fb. i. 258. V. denoting vi
olence; létu g. bæði grjót ok vápn, Eg. 261;
létu þá hvárir-tveggju g. allt þat er til v&aa
cute;pna höfðu, Fms. ix. 44; láta höggin g., to let it r
ain blows, Úlf. 12. 40; háðung, spottyrði, hró
p ok brigzl hver lét með öðrum g. á víxl, Pass
. 14. 3, (vápna-gangr); Birkibeinar róa þá eptir, ok
létu g. lúðrana, and sounded violently the alarum, Fms.
ix. 50, (lúðra-gangr); láta dæluna g., to pour out b
ad language, vide dæla. VI. to be able to go on, to go,
partly impers.; ef þat gengr eigi, if that will not do, Fms. vi. 28
4; svá þykt at þeim gékk þar ekki at fara, th
ey stood so close that they could not proceed there, Nj. 247; þ&aacute
; nam þar við, gékk þá eigi lengra, there was a
stop; then it could go no farther, Fms. xi. 278; leiddu þeir skipit
upp eptir ánni, svá sem gékk, as far as the ship could g
o, as far as the river was navigable, Eg. 127: esp. as a naut. term, impers.
, e.g. þeim gékk ekki fyrir nesið, they could not clear the
ness; þá gengr eigi lengra, ok fella þeir þá
seglið, Bs. i. 423; at vestr gengi um Langanes, 485, v.l. VII. with
adverbs; g. létt, fljótt, to go smoothly; g. þungt,
seint, to go slowly; oss munu öll vápna-viðskipti þ
ungt g. við þá, Nj. 201; þungt g. oss nú má
laferlin, 181; gékk þeim lítt atsóknin, Stj. 385; at
þeim feðgum hefði þá allir hlutir léttast geng

it, Bs. i. 274; seint gengr, Þórir, greizlan, Ó. H. 149; g.
betr, verr, to get the better, the worse; gékk Ribbungum betr &iac
ute; fyrstu, Fms. ix. 313; gengu ekki mjök kaupin, the bargain did not g
o well, Nj. 157, cp. ganga til (B. above) :-- to turn out, hversu g.
mundi orrostan, 273; gékk þá allt eptir því se
m Hallr hafði sagt, 256; ef kviðir g. í hag sækjanda, if
the verdict goes for the plaintiff, Grág. i. 87; þótti
þetta mál hafa gengit at óskum, Dropl. 14; mart gengr verr e
n varir, a saying, Hm. 39; þykir honum nú at sýnu g. (it
seems to him evident) at hann hafi rétt hugsað, Fms. xi. 437; g.
andæris, to go all wrong, Am. 14; g. misgöngum, to go ami
ss, Grág. i. 435; g. e-m í tauma, to turn false (cro
oked); þat mun mér lítt í tauma g. er Rútr
segir, Nj. 20; g. ofgangi, to go too high, Fms. vii. 269. VIII. o
f a blow or the like; hafði gengit upp á miðjan fetann, the ax
e went in up to the middle of the blade, Nj. 209; gékk þegar &a
acute; hol, 60; gékk í gegnum skjöldinn, 245, Fb. i. 530. 
IX. of law; láta próf g., to make an enquiry; lá
ta vátta g., to take evidence, D. N. X. to be gone, be l
ost; gékk hér með holdit niðr at beini, the flesh w
as torn off, Fb. i. 530: esp. in pass. part. genginn, dead, gone, ept
ir genginn guma, Hm. 71; moldar-genginn, buried, Sl. 60; hel-genginn, 68;
afli genginn, gone from strength, i.e. powerless, Skv. 3. 13. 
β. gone, past; gengið er nú það gör&et
h;ist fyr, a ditty; mér er gengið heimsins hjól, gone for m
e is the world's wheel (luck), a ditty. XI. used as transit. w
ith acc.; hann gengr björninn á bak aptr, he broke the bear's bac
k in grappling with him, Finnb. 248; ok gengr hana á bak, ok br&yacut
e;tr í sundr í henni hrygginn, Fb. i. 530. 2. medic. with d
at. to discharge; ganga blóði, to discharge blood (Dan.
blodgang), Bs. i. 337, 383; Arius varð bráðdauðr ok g
ékk ór sér öllum iðrum, Ver. 47.
D. REFLEX.: I. singly, gangask, to be altered, to change, be co
rrupted; gangask í munni, of tradition; var þat löng &aeli
g;vi, ok vant at sögurnar hefði eigi gengisk í munni, Ó.
H. pref.; má því eigi þetta mál í munni
gengisk hafa, Fb. ii. Sverr. S. pref.; ok mættim vér ráð
a um nokkut, at málit gengisk, that the case could miscarry, be lost, Glúm. 380 :-- láta gangask, to let pass. waive; l&eacu
te;t Páll þá g. þá hluti er áðr h&ou
ml;fðu í millum staðit, Sturl. i. 102; ef þú l&aelig
;tr eigi g. þat er ek kref þik, Fms. xi. 61. 2. e-m gengsk hu
gr við e-t, to change one's mind, i.e. to be moved to compassion,
yield; sótti hón þá svá at honum gé
kksk hugr við, Eb. 264; þá gékksk Þorgerði hug
r við harma-tölur hans, Ld. 232; ok mun honum g. hugr við þat
, svá at hann mun fyrirgefa þér, Gísl. 98; nú
sem hann grét, gékksk Ísak hugr við, Stj. 167; er sendi
maðr fann at Birni gékksk hugr við féit, Ó. H. 194;
við slíkar fortölur hennar gékksk Einari hugr (E. was
swayed) til ágirni, Orkn. 24. II. with prepp. (cp. B. above);
gangask at, to 'go at it,' engage in a fight; nú gangask þ
eir at fast, Dropl. 24, Ísl. ii. 267; gengusk menn at sveitum, of wrestle
rs, they wrestled one with another in sections (Dan. flokkevis), G
lúm. 354; þeir gengusk at lengi, Finnb. 248 :-- gangask fyrir, vide
B. above :-- gangask í gegn, at móti, to stand against, fight
against; at vér látim ok eigi þá ráða
er mest vilja í gegn gangask (i.e. the extreme on each side), Íb.
12, cp. Fms. ii. 241; at þeir skipaði til um fylkingar sínar,
hverjar sveitir móti skyldi g., i.e. to pair the combatants off, i
x. 489; þeir risu upp ok gengusk at móti, Stj. 497. 2 Sam. ii. 15 :
-- g. nær, to come to close quarters (Lat. cominus gerere),
Nj. 176, Fms. xi. 240 :-- gangask á, to dash against one another, to s
plit; á gengusk eiðar, the oaths were broken, Vsp. 30: 
to be squared off against one another, sú var görð þei
rra, at á gengusk vígin húskarlanna, Rd. 288; ekki er annar
s getið en þeir léti þetta á gangask, i.e. they
let it drop, Bjarn. 47; gangask fyrir, to fall off, Fms. iii. 255 :- gangask við, to grow, gain strength; áðr en við geng
isk hans bæn, before his prayer should be fulfilled, x. 258; ef &th
orn;at er ætlað at trúa þessi skuli við g., Nj. 162;
hétu þeir fast á guðin, at þau skyldi eigi l&aacut
e;ta við garrgask Kristniboð Ólafs konungs, Fms. ii. 32; þe
tta gékksk við um öll þau fylki, vii. 300; mikit gé
kksk Haraldr við (H. grew fast) um vöxt ok afl, Fb. i. 566; Eyvi
ndr hafði mikið við gengizk um menntir, E. had much improved hims
elf in good breeding, Hrafn. 24; vildi hann prófa hvárr &thorn
;eirra meira hafði við gengisk, which of them had gained most strengt
h, Grett. 107: to be in vogue, in a bad sense, ok löngum við
gengisk öfund ok rangindi, Fms. i. 221, cp. Pass. 37. 7 :-- gangask &oacu
te;r stað, to be removed, Fms. xi. 107. III. in the phrase, em gengsk vel, ílla, it goes well, ill with one, Hom. 168, Am. 53;
ílls gengsk þér aldri, nema ..., the evil will never leav
e thee, thou wilt never be happy, unless ..., 65.
ganga, u, f. a walking, Bs. i. 225, Vþm. 8; tóku heyr
n daufir, göngu haltir, 625. 82, cp. Matth. xv. 31; nema sýn eðr
göngu frá mönnum, Post. 645. 70: the act of walking, Ko
rm. 182, Fms. vi. 325; ganga göngu, to take a walk, Korm. (in a vers
e) :-- a course, ganga tungls, the course of the moon, Edda 7; hva
ta göngunni, id.; ganga vinds, the course of the wind, 15, Rb. 112,
476 :-- a procession, Fms. x. 15, Fs. 85, Ísl. ii. 251; vera sarna
n í göngu, to march together, Band, 11; lögbergis-g., the procession to the hill of laws, Grág. Þ. Þ. ch. 5, E
g. 703; kirkju-g., a going
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<HEADER>GÖNGUDRYKKJA -- GARÐR. 191</HEADER>
to church; her-g., a war-march; hólm-g., a duel, q.v
.; fjall-g., a walk to the fell (to fetch sheep) :-- of animals, h
rossa-g., grazing, pasture for horses, Dipl. v. 14; sauð-g., shee
p-pasture: esp. in pl. fetching sheep from the fell-pastures in autum
n (fjall-ganga), Grág. ii. 310, cp. Korm. ch. 3, Vd. ch. 44, Vápn.
22; ó-göngur, straits. COMPDS: göngu-drykkja, u,
f. a drinking-bout, Fms. viii. 209. göngu-færi, n. = g
angfæri, Fms. viii. 400. göngu-kona, u, f. a vagrant woman,
 Grág. i. 340, Nj. 142, Bs. i. 494. göngu-lag, n. gait
. göngu-lið, n., collect. footmen, Bær. 17. göngu-maðr (pl. -menn), m. a vagrant, beggar, Gr&aac
ute;g. i. 163, 295, 341, K. Þ. K. 34, 80, Gísl. 54-56, 141. g&ou
ml;ngumanna-erfð, n. taking the inheritance of a vagrant, Gr&aacu
te;g. i. 190. göngumann-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), beggarli
ke, beggarly, Fms. iii. 209, Fas. iii. 202. göngu-móðr, adj. weary from walking. göngu-stafr, m. a walking-stic
k. göngu-sveinn, m. a beggar-boy, Korm. 192.
gangari, a, m. [Dan. and Scot. ganger, a transl. of the mid. Lat.

ambulator]: -- an ambling nag, a palfrey, Sturl. iii. 117; spelt g
angvari in Þiðr. 16, 23; passim in the romances.
Gang-dagr, freq. spelt by metath. Gagn-dagr, m. [A. S. Gang-d&a
uml;g], the Rogation-days, called 'Ganging days' from the prac
tice of going in procession round the boundaries on those days, K. Þ. K.,
Rb., N. G. L. passim: the 25th of April is called Gangdagrinn eini, the minor
Rogation-day, K. Þ. K. 106, Rb. 46, 544; in pl., Grág. i. 325,
Fms. vii. 228, N. G. L. i. 24, 348, K. Þ. K. 102, vide Bs. ii. 247. COMPD
S: Gangdaga-helgr, f. Rogation-holidays, N. G. L. i. 10. Gangda
ga-vika, u, f. Rogation-week, K. Þ. K. 100, 102, Rb. 544, 558.
Gangdaga-þing, n. a meeting during Rogation-week, Fms. vii.
217, 347. In all these compds spelt variously 'gagn-' or 'gang-.' The word Gangd
agar is undoubtedly borrowed from the A. S.
gang-fagr, adj. with a graceful gait, Eb. (in a verse).
Gang-fasta (Gagn-f.), u, f. the Rogation-fast, in the Rogat
ion-week, Vm. 94, N. G. L. i. 17.
gang-færi, n. [Dan. före or gangföre], t
he condition of a road; íllt (gott) g., bad (good) w
alking, Fms. viii. 400.
gang-færr, adj. able to walk, Hom. 152.
gang-lati, a, m. a 'lazy goer,' an idler; and gang-löt, f. id., pr. names of the servants in the hall of Hela, Edda.
gang-leri, a, m. obsolete, except as a pr. name of the mythical wanderer
Edda; in Scot. still found as an appell. in the true sense, a gangrel = stroller, vagabond.
gang-limir, m. pl. 'gang-limbs,' shanks.
gang-mikit, n. adj. a great crowd, tumult.
gang-prúðr, adj. with stately gait, Sks. 291.
gangr, m. [A. S. gong; Scot. gang = a walk, journey;
Dan. gang; Swed. gång; cp. Germ. gehen] :-- a go
ing, walking, Sks. 370; vera á gangi, to be walking to and fro, Grett. 153: metaph., röng eru mál á gangi, bad reports a
re going about, Bs. i. (in a verse); vápn á gangi, weapons
clashing (vide II. 2. below), Grág. ii. 8; þá var hvert
járn á gangi, Fb. i. 212 :-- gefit mér gang, give me way
, passage, let me go, Fms. xi. 275, 347 :-- pace, a horseman's term,
engan (hest) hafa þeir slíkan séð bæði sakir g
angs ok vaxtar, Róm. 422: Icel. say, það er enginn g. í
honum, he has no pacing or ambling in him; or gang-lauss, a
dj. not pacing :-- grazing, úti-g., útigangs-hestr,
opp. to a stall-fed horse :-- course, of the sun, stars, moon, gangr him
in-tungla, Edda (pref.), hence sólar-g., the course of the sun abo
ve the horizon = day; stuttr, lítill, langr sólar-g., a
short, long day :-- course, of money. II. metaph., 1. a going onward, prevailing, being in vogue; hafa mikinn gang, to be muc
h in vogue, Al. 87; heldr er vaxandi g. at þeim, they were rather o
n the increase, Gísl. 66; þótti þeim hann hafa ofm
ikinn gang (favour) af konungi, Fms. ii. 54; með-g., good luck; mót-g., adversity; upp-g., thrift; á-gangr, inr
oad; yfir-g., tyranny. 2. rapid or furious going; þá var svá mikill gangr at um aptr-göngur Þ&oac
ute;rólfs, at ..., the huntings of Th. (a ghost) went so far, t
hat ..., Eb. 314; ok nú görisk svá mikill g. at, G&iacute
;sl. 151; svá görðisk mikill g. at þessu, Eb. 174; sv&aacu
te; mikill g. var orðinn at eldinum, the fire had got to such a height, Bs. i. 445; elds-g., fire; vápna-g., a clash of weapons; vatna-g., a rush, flood of water; öldu-g., sjáfar-g., hi
gh waves; brim-g., furious surf; skriðu-g., desolation from e
arth-slips; berserks-g., berserker fury :-- trampling, horns g
. ok hófs, Grág. ii. 122. 3. law term, a process; l
aga-g., Skálda 201, rare in old writers, but freq. in mod., Dan. rette
rgang. 4. medic. a discharge, esp. from the stomach; vall-gang
r, excrement; þarfa-g., urine; þeir vóru sumir
er drukku gang sinn, Al. 168; niðr-g., diarrhoea; upp-g., expector
ation :-- a privy, ganga til gangs, Grág. ii. 119; þeir
skyldu hafa búðar-tópt Skútu fyrir gang, Rd. 305; n&uac
ute; er hundr bundinn í gangi, Grág. l.c. III. collective,
a gang, as in Engl.; drauga-g., a gang of ghosts; músa-g.,
a gang of mice; gaura-g., a gang of roughs; trolla-g., a gang o
f trolls (giants); þjófa-g., a gang of thieves. - Vide göng, n. pl. a lobby.
gang-rúm, n. a passage-room, lobby, Grett. 99 B.
gang-silfr, n. current money, Sturl. iii. 307, Fms. ix. 470, Jb. 1
57, Grág., N. G. L. passim.
gang-skör, f., in the phrase, göra g. at e-u, to make steps
in a thing.
gang-stigr, m. a footpath, Sks. 4, Greg. 59.
gang-tamr, adj. pacing (of a horse), Hðm. 3.
gang-vari, a, m. (gang-ari, gang-verja, u, f.), collect. a suit
of clothes, Grág. i. 299, Sks. 288, Bs. i. 876, Ann. 1330.
gang-verja, u, f. = gangvari, Stj. 367, 616.
GAP, n. [A. S. geap; Engl. gap; Dan. gab; cp. gapa],
prop. a gap, empty space, whence Ginnunga-gap, the Chaos of the S
candin. mythol., Edda, Vsp. 2. metaph. gab, gibes; óp ok ga
p, háreysti ok gap, Fb. iii. 425, cp. Nj. 220. gaps-maðr, m. a gaping fool, a gaby, Fbr. 12.
gapa, pret. gapði, Edda 20, Mart. 118; and gapti, pres. gapi, Bs. i.
647; sup. gapat, imperat. gapi, Skm. 28: [Dan. gabe; Germ. gaffen]
:-- to gape, open the mouth wide, Edda l.c.; með gapanda munn, of a
wolf, 41, Fms. iv. 57; með gapandi höfðum, Þórð.
94 new Ed.
gapaldr, m. a Runic character used as a spell, Ísl. Þj&oacut
e;ðs.
gapi, a, m. a rash, reckless man, freq.; Icel. say, angr-gapi (q.v
.), sólar-gapi, hann er mesti sólargapi, perhaps with reference to
the Wolf and the Sun, Edda 7. COMPDS: gapa-legr, adj. (-lega, adv
.), hare-brained. gapa-muðr, m. a gaping, heedless fellow,

 a nickname, Fms. gapa-skapr, m. recklessness. gapa-stokkr,
 m. the stocks or pillory. gap-uxi, a, m. a blustere
r, a bully, Fs. 71.
gap-lyndi, n. bluster, Karl. 493.
gap-ripur, f. pl., or gap-riplar, m. pl. an GREEK, for the reading
vide Johnson. Nj. Lat. l.c., gaping, staring with open mouth, Nj. (in a
verse).
gap-þrosnir, m. = gapi, Edda (Gl.), an GREEK.
garð-bót, f. reparation of a fence, Grág. ii. 26
3 sqq., Gþl. 454.
garð-brjótr, m. (-brytill, Gþl. 388), a fencebreaker, N. G. L. i. 41.
garð-brot (garða-brot), n. breach of a fence, G&tho
rn;l. 350, 391.
garð-fóðr, n. hay for fodder in a farm-yard, N. G.
L. i. 38.
garð-hlið, n. a gate, Fms. ix. 414.
garð-hús, n. a privy, Fms. iv. 169, vi. 15, Stj. 629.
garð-hverfa, u, f. a fence, pinfold, Bs. i. 46.
garði, a, m. the wall in a stall supporting the manger (in wes
tern Icel.)
garð-lag, n. the laying of a fence, Grág. ii. 262 sqq.,
Sd. 180: a pound, Vm. 87. garðlags-önn, f. the work (season) for fencing, Grág. ii. 261.
garð-lauss, adj. fenceless, N. G. L. i. 8.
garð-leiga, u, f. house-rent, Gþl. 93.
GARÐR, m. [Ulf. gards = GREEK; A. S. geard; Engl. ya
rd, garth, garden; O. H. G. gart; Germ. garten; Dan.-Swed. 
gård; Lat. hortus]: I. a yard (an enclosed space)
, esp. in compds, as kirkju-g., a church-yard; vín-g., a viney
ard; stakk-g., a stack-yard; hey-g., a hay-yard; kál-g.
, a kale-yard; urta-g., a kitchen-garden; aldin-g. and gras-g., a garden; dýra-g., a 'deer-yard,' a park :-- garðr, alone
, is a hay-yard (round the hay-ricks); hence garðs-seti or 
garð-seti, q.v. 2. a court-yard, court and premises; &thor
n;eir ganga út í garðinn ok berjask, Edda 25, a paraphrase fro
m 'túnum' in Gm. 41; þeir Grímr hittu menn at máli &u
acute;ti í garðinum, Eg. 109; þá sá hann at &ouml
;ðrum-megin í garðinum brunaði fram merkit, Ó. H. 31;
ganga til garðs, 71; mikill kamarr (privy) var í garðinun,
id.; en er þeir Hrærekr sátu í garðinum, 72; f&oa
cute;ru þegar þangat í garðinn sem líkin vó
ru, id.; er hann kom heim í þorpit ok gékk um garðinn, F
ms. x. 218; gengið hef eg um garðinn móð, gleðistundir dv
ína, a ditty; innan stokks (within doors) eða í gar&eth

;i úti, Gþl. 136; eigi nenni ek at hann deyi undir görðum
mínum, Lv. 59 :-- a fishyard, Vm. 14. 3. esp. in Norway, De
nmark, and Sweden, a house or building in a town or village, [Dan
. gaard = Icel. bær]; hann var í Hróiskeldu ok &aacut
e;tti þar garð, Bjarn. 6; Egill spurði hvar g. sá vær
i í borginni (in York) er Arinbjörn setti, Eg. 407; hann var &iacute
; garði þeim er Hallvarðs-g. var kallaðr, Bs. i. 634; í
garð Arons, 636; konungs-g., the king's yard, Fms. passim and in rec
ords referring to Norway. garða-leiga, u, f. house-rent, H. E.
i. 394. garða-sól, f., botan. the orach, Hjalt. gar
ðs-bóndi, a, m. a house-owner, Grett. 103, Jb. 157. gar
ðs-horn, n. a 'yard-nook,' cottage, Fas. iii. 648: esp. in tales,
in the phrase, kongur og drottning í ríki sínu og karl og
kerling í Garðshorni, Ísl. Þjóðs. passim: th
e saying, það er ekki krókr að koma í Garðshorn.
garðs-húsfreyja, u, f. a town-lady, Grett. 158 A: in I
cel., where the whole population are country-folk, this sense of garðr is on
ly used in metaph. phrases, saws, = home, house; kemr engi sá til
garðs (to the house) at viti hvat í sé, Band. 13; f&aa
cute;tækum manni er til garðs kemr, Dipl. ii. 14; hyggjum ver at &iacu
te; yðvarn garð hafi runnit, into your hands, your possession, Ld
. 206; helmingr skal falla í minn garð, the half shall fall into m
y share, Fær. 117; skal aukask þriðjungi í þ&ia
cute;num garði, in thy keeping, Nj. 3; þótt nökkut
komi þat ór várum garði, 54; leggja málaferli &ia
cute; garð e-s, to bring a case home to one, Sturl. ii. 27; þes
s alls ens ílla sem þá var honum í garð borit, all the evil that was brought to his door, Hom. 119; Guð í gar&e
th;i ok góð Jól, a greeting, Grett. 99 (MS.); líðr
vetr ór garði, the winter passed by, Nj. 112; ríða
í garð, to arrive (of a rider), Sturl. iii. 185; rí&eth
;a ór garði, to depart, Ld. 96; ríða um garð, to pass by; vísa gestum á garð várn, Fas. iii. 5;
göra e-n af garði (mod. ór garði), to equip one when
departing, e.g. a son, a friend, or the like; eigi ertú svá af ga
rði görr sem ek vilda (a mother to a departing son), Grett. 94; hversu
herralega keisarinn görði hann af garði, Karl.
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<HEADER>192 GARÐSENDI -- GAUPN.</HEADER>
148; ok hefða ek gört þik af garði með gleði ok fagna
ði, Stj. 181; but esp. to endow a daughter when married, göra d&
oacute;ttur sína vel (ílla) ór garði, etc.; búa
í garð, to prepare; hann hefir svá í garðinn
búit, he has made his bed so: the phrase, það er allt u
m garð gengið, all past, done, bygone; föður-g., fath
er house, paternal house; bú-garðr, an estate: also in poe
ts, í Eyjafirði upp á Grund á þann garðinn fr
íða, a ditty :-- a local name of several farms in Icel., Garðr, s
ing., or more usually Garðar, Landn., prob. from corn-fields: the saying, v&
iacute;ðar er Guð enn í Görðum, addressed to presumptuou
s people who think God is God only for themselves. 4. denoting a stron
ghold; tann-g., the 'tooth-wall,' the teeth and gums, Gr. GREEK; &Aac
ute;s-garðr, the hold of the gods, Edda; Mið-garðr, Middle
-hold, i.e. the earth; Út-garðar, Outer-hold, where
the giants dwell, Edda: the phrase, ráðast á garðinn &tho
rn;ar sem hann er laegstr, to assault the weakest part, to encroach upon the
weak and helpless. 5. in western Icel. a heavy snow-storm is called g
arðr. II. in Icel. sense a fence of any kind; garðr of &th
orn;jóðbraut þvera, Grág. ii. 264: in the law phrase, ga
rðr er granna sættir, a fence (yard) is a settler amo
ng neighbours (i.e. forms the landmark), Gþl., Jb. 258; leggja gar&eth
;a, to make fences, Rm. 12, Landn. App. 325; þeir biðu hj&aacut
e; garði nokkurum, Nj. 170: esp. the fence around the homefield, also
called tún-g., Grág. i. 82, 453, Nj. 83, 114, Eg. 766, Ld. 148. &
Iacute;sl. ii. 357, passim; skíð-g., a rail fence; grjó
t-g., a stone fence; torf-g., a turf fence; haga-g., the hedge
of a pasture, Eb. 132; tún-g., a 'tún' fence; vi
rkis-g., a castle wall, Fb. ii. 73 (in a verse); stíflu-g., a d
itch: rif-g., a swathe. COMPDS: garðs-endi, a, m. the e
nd of a fence, Grág. ii. 263. garðs-hlið, n. a gate
, = garðhlið, Eg. 713, Fms. vii. 245, viii. 170, N. G. L. i. 290. garðs-krókr, m. a nook of a fence, Sturl. i. 178. gar
ðs-rúst, f. the ruin of a fence, Sturl. ii. 227. gar&et
h;s-önn, f. = garðönn. III. Garðar, m. pl. (
í Görðum), Garða-ríki or Garða-veldi, n. the empire of Gardar, is the old Scandin. name of the ScandinavianRussian kingdom of the 10th and 11th centuries, parts of which were Hólmgarðar, Kænu-garðar, Nov-gorod, etc.; the name being derived from
the castles or strongholds (gardar) which the Scandinavians
erected among the Slavonic people, and the word tells the same tale as the Roma
n 'castle' in England; cp. the interesting passage in Ó. H. ch. 65 -- ok
má enn sjá þær jarðborgir (earth-works, castles
) ok önnur stórvirki þau er hann görði, -- K. &T
HORN;. K. 158, Fms., Ó. H. passim, (cp. Munch Det Norske Folks Hist. i. 3
9 sqq.); the mod. Russ. gorod and grad are the remains of the old
Scandin. garðr = a castle; cp. Gerzkr, adj. from Gardar, i.e.
Russian, β. Mikli-garðr -- the 'Muckle-yard' the Great
town, i.e. Constantinople, passim. COMPDS: Garðaríkismenn, m. pl. the men from G., Russians, Fas. iii. 314. Garðs-k
onungr, m. the Greek emperor, Fms. vi. 167, Fas. iii. 671, Mar. 141.
garð-rúm, n. a court-yard, D. N.
garð-saurr, m. sewage, N. G. L. iii. 14.
garð-seti, a, m. a 'yard-sitter' the end of a hay-rick, Eb. 19
0.
garð-skipti, n. partition by a fence, Js. 100.
garð-smugall, adj. creeping through a fence, N. G. L. i. 41.
garð-staðr, m., mod. garð-stæði, n. the p
lace of a fence or hay-yard, Dipl. iv. 9, v. 16.
garð-staurr, n. a stake for fencing, 623. 58, Eg. 80, Fms. ix.
56: the phrase, enginn skal öðrum at garðstauri standa, no one
is bound to stand up as a rail stake for another, i.e. an inroad into an unf
enced field is no trespass, the owner must fence it himself, N. G. L. i. 40.
garð-sveinn, m. a 'yard-boy,' valet, hence Fr. garço
n, Þiðr. 230.
garð-torfa, u, f. a slice of turf, a sod, Eb. 190.
garð-virki, n. fencing materials, Grág. ii. 263.

garð-vörðr, m. a 'court-warder,' overseer, Karl. 10.
garð-önn, f. the season of fence-work, Grág. ii. 2
61.
GARG, n. a shrieking, bawling; and garga, að, [from Gr.
GREEK through Ital. gargagliare, Engl. gargle], to shriek wit
h a coarse voice.
gargan, n. a serpent, Edda (Gl.); a nickname, Sturl. ii. 142.
garland, n. (for. word), a garland, Fms. x. 149.
GARMR, m. the name of a dog in the mythol. Edda, Vsp. 2. a tatt
er, rag, pl. garmar. rags; so also fata-garmar, hence metaph. in addr
essing any one, garmrinn, poor wretch! cp. tetrið! ræfillinn!
GARN, n. [A. S. gearn; Engl. yarn; Dan.-Swed. garn];
spinna gam, to spin yarn, Eb. 92; ek hefi spunnit tólf áln
a gam, I have spun yarn for a twelve ells web, Ld. 224; lín ok gam
, Js. 78; silki-garn, silk yarn; tvinna-garn, twine yarn, twisted yar
n; opp. to ein-gerni, q. v. II. the warp, opp. to vipt, the
weft, Nj. 275.
garn-dúkr, m. a cloth of yarn, D. N.
garnir, f. pl. guts, vide görn; garn-engja, u, f. c
onstriction of the bowels; garn-mörr, m. suet.
garn-vinda, n, f. a skein of yarn.
garp-ligr, adj. martial, Eg. 16, Ld. 274, Hom. 143.
garp-menni, n. a martial man, Ld. 42, Fms. iii. 83.
GARPR, m. a warlike man, but often with the notion of a bravo, Grett. 155; g. eða afreksmaðr, Nj. 261; mikilúðligr ok g
. enn mesti, Fms. xi. 78; garpar miklir ok afætor, 111, Fb. ii. 72, V&aacu
te;pn. 19, Bjarn. 34: even of a woman (virago), hón var væn
kona ok g. mikill í skapi, Sturl. i. 148. β. the name of an
ox, Gullþ. 23, whence Garps-dalr, m. the name of a farm, Landn.: of
a horse, hvat mun garprinn vilja er hann er heim kominn, Hrafn. 8. γ. the Hanseatic traders in Sweden and Norway were in the Middle Ages called Ga
rpar, D. N., Boldt, Verel.; hence Garpa-skuld, n. a debt due to the Ga
rps, D. N.
garp-skapr, m. bravery, Korm. 142, Fms. xi. 151, Grett. 131, &THOR
N;órð. 36.
garri, a, m. in compds. garra-legr, adj. [from Ital. garrulo], garrulous.
gaskóna-háttr, m. (for. word), gasconade.
gaspr, n. gossip, prating.
gaspra, að. to gossip, a mod. word, prob. from the Engl.
gassi, a, m. a gander: metaph. a noisy fellow, a 'goose,' G

ísl. 10. Band. 8 (in a verse), Karl. 474; g. ok glópr, El. 15. COM
PDS: gassa-glæpr, m. a law term, a 'goose's crime,' such as
hitting one person when one has thrown at another, N. G. L. i. 72. gas
sa-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), boisterous, waggish. gassa-ska
pr, m. waggery.
GAT, n., pl. göt, [A. S. geat and Engl. gate = entr
ance; Hel. gat = foramen], a hole, Fms. iii. 217, Fas.
iii. 486; skrár-gat, a key-hole; lúku-gat, a trap-door;
 cp. the following word.
GATA, u, f. [Ulf. gatva = GREEK; Old Engl. and Scot. gate =
way; O. H. G. gaza, mod. gasse; Swed. gata; Dan. gade] :-- prop. a thoroughfare (cp. gat above), but generally a
way, path, road, Nj. 75, Grág. i. 89, 93, Fms. ix. 519, Ld. 44, Ver.
21, passim; á götu e-s, in one's way, Blas. 40; þ&oacu
te;tt slíkir sveinar væri á götu minni, Nj. 182; alla g
ötu, as adv. 'algates,' always; ek hefi verit alla götu (thr
oughout) lítill skörungr, Bs. i. 297, Stj. 119, 164, 188, 194, 2
52; götur Guðs, the ways of God, Post. 656 C. 14; gata til Gu&e
th;s, 655 iv. 1; ryðja götu fyrir e-m, to clear the road for one, Hom. 146; búa götu e-s, 625. 96. Mark i. 2: the name of a farm, F&
aelig;r.; Götu-skeggjar, m. pl. the name of a family in the Faroes,
Ld., Fær.; reið-gata, a riding road; skeið-gata, a racecourse; hlemmi-gata, a broad open road; fjár-götur, a
sheep path; snið-gata, a zigzag path; kross-götur, four c
ross roads, for popular tales about them vide Ísl. Þjó&e
th;s. COMPDS: gatna-mót, n. pl. junction of roads, Gr&aacu
te;g. ii. 161, Landn. 306, Stj. 197, Fms. viii. 171, Karl. 456, Finnb. 328. g
ötu-breidd, f. the breadth of a road, Eg. 582. götu-gar&
eth;r, m. a road fence, D. N. götu-nisti, n. the Lat. 
viaticum, Bs. i. 249. götu-skarð, n. a slip in a road, Fs. 90. götu-stigr, m. a foot-path, Fas. iii. 279. g&oum
l;tu-þjófr, m. a law term, a thief who has to run the gauntl
et through a defile, Swed. gatu-lopp, N. G. L. i. 334.
GAUÐ, f. [geyja], a barking, Rb. 346; hunda-gauð né
ulfa-þytr, Post. 645. 73. II. neut. a poltroon, Bb. 3. 47.
gauða, að, to bark at, scold one; út-gauða e-m,
to out-scold one.
gauð-rif, n. abuse, barking, Sks. 435.
GAUFA, að, (and gauf, n., gaufari, a, m.), to saunte
r, be sluggish, freq. akin to gafi, cp. Goth. gepanta in a reference
by Jornandes -- nam lingua eorum 'pigra' gepanta dicitur, whence
'Gepidi,' the name of an ancient Teut. people.
GAUKR, m. [A. S. geâc; Scot. gowk], a cuckoo,
Edda 79, Gs. 7; hrossa-g., the horse cuckoo, a name given to the green
sand-piper, because of its neighing cry. COMPDS: gauk-mánuðr,
 m. cuckoo-month, the first summer month, about the middle of April t
o the middle of May, Edda 103. gauk-messa, u, f. cuckoo-mass, = th
e 1st of May, D. N., N. G. L. gauk-þjór, m. a kind of bir
d, Edda (Gl.)
GAUL, n. a lowing, bellowing, Fms. iii. 201, passim :-- medic., ga
rnagaul, 'stomachus latrans.' II. fem. a river in Norway, hence Gaular-dalr, m. the name of a county; Gaul-verjar, m. pl. the men

from G.; Gaulverja-bær, m. a farm in Icel.; Gaul-verskr, adj., Landn.
gaula, að, to low, bellow, Ó. T. 70, Bev. 22, Fms. iii.
201, Hom. 69.
gaulan, f. a lowing, bellowing, Fms. v. 90, Ó. H. 135, 222,
Barl. 3, Róm. 234.
gaum-gæfa, ð, to observe, give heed to, Str. 37, Rb. 4.
gaum-gæfð, f. attention, heed, 625. 166, Str. 24.
gaum-gæfi, mod. gaum-gæfni, f. a heeding, attention
, Barl. 75, 100. gaumgæfis-leysi, n. heedlessness, Anecd
. 18.
gaumgæfi-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), carefully.
GAUMR, m.; fem. gaum also occurs, góða, litla gaum, Hom
. 33. 69, and so sometimes in mod. writers; [A. S. geâme and gym
en, Ormul. gom] :-- heed, attention; only used in the phrase,
gefa gaum at e-u, to give heed to a thing, Nj. 57, Eg. 551, Fms. viii. 18
, Hom. 69; var engi gaumr gefinn at því, Ó. H. 71, 116; gefa
góða, litla (fem.) g. at e-u, Hom. l.c.
GAUPA, u, f. the lynx, Al. 167, 168, 173, N. G. L. iii. 47, &THORN
;d. 5, Merl. 2. 61; vide hergaupa.
GAUPN, f. [Scot. goupen or goupin; O. H. G. coufan;
mid. H. G. goufen; Swed. göpen], prop. both bands held tog
ether in the form of a bowl; in the phrases, sjá, horfa, líta,
lúta í gaupnir sér, to look, lout (i. e. bend do
wn) into one's goupen, to cover one's face with the palms, as a token
of sorrow, prayer, thought, or the like, Sturl. iii. 113, Orkn. 170, Al. 115, O
. H. L. 13; hón sá í gaupnir sér ok grét, 
she covered her face and wept, Vápn. 21, cp. Grett. 129; þ&aac
ute; laut hón fram í gaupnir sér á borðit, Greg.
65; ilja gaupnir, poët. the hollows in the soles of the feet, &THOR
N;d. 3; hafa e-n í gaupnum sér (better reading greipum), to hav
e a person in one's clutch, O. H. L. l.c. 2. as a measure, as muc
h as can be taken in the hands
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<HEADER>GAUPNASYN -- GEFA. 193</HEADER>
held together, as in Scot. 'gowd in goupins;' gaupnir silfrs, g
oupens of silver, Fas. ii. 176; gaupnir moldar, goupens of earth, id.
gaupna-sýn, f. a looking into one's palms, covering one's fac
e, O. H. L. l.c.
GAURR, m. [Ulf. gaurs = sad], a rough, a 'sad fellow,' used in Kormak 240, but esp. freq. in old romances translated from French; se
ldom used in genuine old writers; in exclamations, gaurr! vándr g! etc.,
Flóv., Art., Str. passim, Fas. iii. 6. gaura-gangr, m. a gang o
f ruffians, Gísl. 53.
gauta, að, to prate, brag, Fas. i. 485; still used in the east
of Icel.
gautan, f. prating, Lv. 53, Gd. 16.
GAUTAR, m. pl. a Scandin. people in western Sweden, called in A. S. G
eâtes, and to be distinguished from Gotar, Goths; hence Gaut
-land, n. the land of the Gauts; Gaut-Elfr, f. the river Go
tha, the 'Elbe of the Gauts;' Gauta-sker, n. pl. the Skerries
of the north-western coast of Sweden; cp. also the mod. Göteborg, Ó
. H., Fms., passim.
Gautr, m., a poët. name of Odin, Vtkv., Edda; it seems to mean fa
ther, vide gjóta: poët. a man, sá óg&aelig
;funnar gautr, that hapless man, Hallgr.; váða-gautslegr, adj
. miscreant-like.
Gautskr, adj. from Gautland, Fms. passim.
GÁ, ð, pres. gái, part. gáð; pret. subj. g&a
elig;ði, Am. 70: [cp. Lat. caveo] :-- to heed, mark, with infi
n. or gen., Landn. 30, Fb. i. 210; jarl gáði varla at lúka m&
aacute;lum sínum fyrir tali þeirra, Orkn. 300: with gen., er miklu
meiri hans ofsi, en hann muni nú þess gá eðr geyma, &Ia
cute;sl. ii. 239, Sks. 446, Hm. 115; Guðs hann gáði, he gave h
eed to God, Sl. 4; gá sín, to take heed to oneself :-gá til e-s, to mark, Fb. ii. 193 :-- in mod. usage, gá a&e
th; e-u, to heed, observe; gef mér Jesu að gá að &t
horn;ví, Pass. 1. 27; freq. in phrases such as, gáðu að &t
horn;ér, take heed! beware! gáðu að Guði, ta
ke heed to God! take care what thou art doing! with infin., eigi mun g&aacut
e;ð hafa verit at setja fyrir lokurnar, they have not taken care to lock
the door, Lv. 60, Fms. vi. 368: without the mark of infin., glýja &th
orn;ú né gáðir, thou didst not care to be gleeful, t
hou wast sorrowful, Hðm. 7.
GÁ, f. barking; hund-gá, Lv. 60; goð-gá (
q.v.), blasphemy.
gáði, a, m. a scoffer, mocker, Edda (Gl.), Korm. 172 (i
n a verse).
GÁFA, u, f. [from Germ. gabe], a gift in a spiritual
sense; skáldskapar-gáfa, a poetical gift: esp. in pl. g
ifts, wit.
gáfaðr, part. gifted; flug-g., vel-g., clever; &
iacute;lla-g., treg-g., dull-witted.
gála, u, f. a lively girl, Lex. Poët.
gálast, að, dep. to make jokes.
gá-lausliga, adv. heedlessly, Grett. 93 A.
gá-lausligr, adj. heedless, wanton, Fms. viii. 4, Hom. 57.
gá-lauss, adj. wanton, careless, Hom. 73, Eluc. 28, Sks. 30
1.
gá-leysi, n. heedlessness, Gþl. 162, Bs. ii. 172.

GÁLGI, a, m. [Ulf. renders GREEK by galga; A. S. gealga;
 Engl. gallows; Hel. galgo; Germ. galgen; Dan.-Swed. galge] :-- the gallows; in olden times they were worked by a lever,
and the culprit was hauled up (spyrna gálga), Fms. vii. 13; hence also t
he phrase, hengja á hæsta gálga, festa upp, and the like, vi
de Gautr. S. ch. 7; an old Swed. allit. law phrase, á gálga ok gre
n, on gallows and green tree (Fr.), as trees were used for gallows (cp. t
he Engl. 'gallows-tree'); reisa, höggva gálga, Orkn. 436, &Oa
cute;. H. 46, Am. 37, 55, Grett. 128: in poetry (vide Lex. Poët.) the gallo
ws are called the horse of Sigar, from the love tale of the Danish hero o
f that name: the cross is now and then called gálgi, e.g. Mar. S.,
and even in mod. eccl. writers (Vidal.), but very rarely, and only in rhetorica
l phrases. COMPDS: gálga-farmr, m. load of the gallows, ref
erring to the myth told in Hm. 139 sqq., of Odin hanging in the tree Vinga-meid
or Ygg-drasil. gálga-gramr, -valdr, m. the king, ruler of the g
allows, poët. names of Odin, Lex. Poët. gálga-tré
, n. a gallows-tree, Fms. vii. 13, viii. 261, Fas. i. 215. A hook is poët. called agn-gálgi, 'bait-gallows,' Lex. Poët
.
gálg-nár, n. 'gallows-carrion,' the corpse of one hung i
n chains, a law phrase, Grág. ii. 131.
GÁLI, a, m. a wag. COMPDS: gála-ligr, gála
-samligr, adj. waggish, Fas. iii. 399. gála-skapr, m. waggery.
GÁLKN, n. [prob. a Fin. word; Lap. galco = a beast],
a monster; in old poetry weapons are called hlífa-g.; randar-g&aa
cute;lkn, the beast of shield and armour, Lex. Poët.; else in prose,
finn-gálkn, q.v.; hrein-gálkn, a dub. word, Hým. 24.
gáll, m. a fit of gaiety; það er gállinn &
aacute; honum núna.
gá-mikill, adj. waggish, noisy, Grett. 128 A.
gámr, m. a kind of cod-fish.
gáningr, m. attention; ó-gáningr, heedless
ness.
GÁR, n. buffoonery, Sturl. i. 24.
gáraðr, part. full of chinks or sparks; s&oacute
;l-g., a poët. epithet of waves tipped by the sun, Vígl. (in
a verse).
gár-fenginn, adj. given to buffoonery, Bs. i. 646.
GÁRI, a, m. the chinks in a tree; gára-lauss,
adj. chinkless; gáróttr, adj. wood full of chink
s.
gárungr, m. a buffoon, Grett. 144 A, Sturl. i. 172, Stj. 42
4. Ruth iii. 10 (young men); gárungs-háttr, m. bu
ffoonery, Bb. 3. 49.
GÁS, f., gen. gásar, nom. pl. gæss, acc. gæs, m

od. nom. gæs, gæsar, pl. gæsir, gæsa, gæsum, keepi
ng the æ through all cases: [Dan. gaas, pl. gjæs; A. S. gôs, pl. gês or gees; Engl. goose, pl. geese; O. H. G. ganzo; Germ. gans, pl. gäns
e; cp. Lat. anser, dropping the initial; Gr. GREEK] :-- a goose, Grág. ii. 346, 347, N. G. L. i. 211 (Js. 78), Korm, 206, Ó. H.
86, Gkv. 1. 16; heim-g., a tame goose; grá-g., a 'grey goose,'
wild goose; brand-g., q.v. COMPDS: gása-fiðri, n. a go
ose feather, D. N.; mod. gæsa-fjaðrir, etc. 2. g&aac
ute;s, cunnus, Fms. xi. 52. II. Gásir, f. pl. the lo
cal name of a harbour in Icel., Landn.
gá-samr, adj. (-semi, f.), attentive, Hom. (St.) 62.
gás-haukr, m. a gos-hawk, Edda (Gl.), N. G. L. i. 242, Str.
, Karl., passim.
gáski, a, m. wild joy.
gás-veiðr, f. goose catching, Vm. 140.
GÁT, f. [gá, gæta], heed, attention, Pass. 21.
4; í ógáti, inadvertently.
gát, n. [geta], a dainty, Lex. Poët.; mun-gát,
q.v., Dan. mundgodt.
GÁTA, u, f. [geta; Dan. gaade; Swed. gåta], a guessing; til-gáta, a suggestion; get-gáta, guess
-work, but in old writers scarcely used in this sense. II. a riddl
e, Stj. 411, Fas. i. 464 sqq.; Icel. bera upp gátu, to ask a riddl
e; ráða gátu, to read a riddle; hence the saying, m
yrk er óráðin gáta, mirk (dark) is an
unread riddle, cp. Bs. i. 226; koll-gáta, in the phrase, eiga kollg&a
acute;tuna, to guess the riddle; cp. geta í kollinn.
GÁTT, f. [gaatt, Ivar Aasen], the rabbet of a door-sill,
 against which the door shuts; hann gengr þá útar fr&aac
ute; konungi til gáttar, to the door-sill, Jómsv. 12; henc
e such phrases as, hurð hnigin á gátt, a door shut but not
locked, Gísl. 29, Fas. ii. 345; sá gægðisk út
hjá gáttinni, Bárð. 171; cp. gætti; hurð &aa
cute; hálfa gátt, a door half open, = á klofa in old
writers; innan-gátta, in-doors, Eb. 302; utan-gátta, ou
t-of-doors, Stj. 436. gáttar-tré, n. a door-post, Gþl. 345. II. in pl. the door-way, the place nearest to the do
or, Hm. 1; hón lauk upp hurðinni ok stóð í g&aa
cute;ttum stund þá, Fb. i. 547. -- Gátt is now in Icel. esp.
used of the space (esp. in stalls) between the door-post and the wall, hence tr
oða upp í gáttina, to fill up the 'gatt.'
GEÐ, n. [a Scandin. word, neither found in Ulf., Saxon, nor Germ.; lo
st in mod. Dan. and Swed.; gje, Ivar Aasen] :-- mind, mood; the ol
d Hm. often uses the word almost = wits, senses; hann stelr geði guma
, he steals the wits of men, steeps them in lethargy, 12; vita til s&iacu
te;ns geðs, to be in one's senses, 11, 19; heimta aptr sitt geð,
of a drunkard, to come to one's senses again, to awake, 13; vera gæ
tinn at geði, to be on one's guard, 6; cp. gá (geyma) s&iacute
;ns geðs, Fms. vii. 133, x. 10: in pl., lítil eru geð guma, ma
ny men have little sense, Hm. 52 :-- this meaning is obsolete. 2. 
spirits; uppi er þá geð guma, then folk are in high spir
its, Hm. 16. 3. mind; hverju geði styrir gumna hverr, Hm.
17; ok þér er grunr at hans geði, and thou trustest not his
mind towards thee, 45. 4. in prose, favour, liking; at Þ
orgilsi var eigi geð á, whom Th. liked not, Ld. 286; fé
llsk hvárt öðru vel í geð, they liked one another
well, Band. 3, 9; ok þat geð at ek görða mér v&iac
ute;sa fjándr at vilöndum, and such grace (engaging mind) that I made open foes into well-wishers, Stor. 23; blanda geði vi
ð e-n, to blend souls with one, Hm. 43; hann var vel í geð
i til Freysteins, he was well disposed to Fr., Fb. i. 255 :-- ó-ge
ð, dislike :-- in mod. usage also vigour of mind; Icel. say of
a boy, það er ekkert geð í honum, there is no 'go' in h
im, he is a tame, spiritless boy. COMPDS: 1. denoting character,
temper, or the like; geð-fastr, adj. firm of mind; ge&e
th;-góðr, adj. gentle of mood; geð-íllr,
adj. ill-tempered; geð-lauss, adj. spiritless, tame, R
d. 241, Stj. 424, v. l.; geð-leysi, n. fickleness, Hom. 24; geð-mikill and geð-ríkr, adj. choleric; ge&
eth;-stirðr, adj. stiff of temper; geð-styggr, adj. hot-tempered; geð-veykr, adj. brain-sick, of unsound mind; and geð-veyki, f. hypochondria; geðs-lag, n., and
geðs-munir, m. pl. temper: or adjectives in inverse order, b
ráð-geðja, fljót-geðja, of hasty temper; har&e
th;-geðja, hardy; laus-geðja, fickle; lin-geðja, we
ak-minded, crazy; stór-geðja. proud; þung-geðja
, hypochondriac. 2. denoting grace, pleasure; geð-fe
ldr, adj. pleasant; ó-geðfeldr, unpleasant: ge&e
th;-ligr or geðs-ligr, adj. engaging, Sks. 407, Fas. i. 23
3: geð-þekkni, f. good-will, content: geð-þ
ekkr, adj. beloved, dear to one: geð-þokki, a, m. loveliness, engaging manners. 3. rarely of wit; geð-spakr, adj. witty (better get-spakr). 4. in many poët. compd adjec
tives, geð-bjartr, -framr, -frækn, -horskr, -hraustr, -rakkr, -skj&
oacute;tr, -snjallr, -strangr, -svinnr, bold, valiant, and the like,
Lex. Poët.
GEDDA, u, f. [cp. gaddr; Swed. gädda; Dan. gjæde
], a pike, Edda Gl.), Fas. i. 152, 489, Sæm.
geð-fró, f. heartsease, Sks. 114: the name of an Icel.
poem.
geðjask, að, dep. to be pleased with, like, Fms. iii. 97;
e-m g. vel at e-u, to be well pleased with, Vígl. 25.
GEFA, pret. gaf, 2nd pers. gaft, mod. gafst, pl. gáfu; pres. gef;
pret. subj. gæfi; part. gefinn; with neg. suff. gef-at, gaft-attu, Fm. 7;
mid. form gáfumk (dabat or dabant mihi, nobis), Stor. 23, B
ragi, Edda: [Goth. giban = GREEK; A. S. gifan; Engl. give;
Dutch geven; O. H. G. gepan; Germ. geben; Swed. gifva; Dan. give.]
A. To give, with acc. of the thing, dat. of the person; g. gjafar, to
give gifts, Fm. 7, Fms. vii. 40, Nj. 29, Hm. 48; mikit eitt skala manni gefa
, 51; hann kvaðsk eingin yxn eiga þau áðr at honum þ&
aelig;tti honum
<PAGE NUM="b0194">
<HEADER>194 GEFA -- GEGN.</HEADER>
gefandi (gerundial, worth giving to him), Rd. 256; hann gaf stórgj
afir öllu stórmenni, Ld. 114; hann gaf þeim góðar g
jafir at skilnaði, Gísl. 9; Rútr gaf henni hundrað &aacute
;lna, Nj. 7; viltú g. mér þá, 73, 75, 281, passim. II. to give in payment, to pay; gefa vildim vit þér f&e
acute; til, we will give thee money for it, Nj. 75; yðr væri mi
kit gefanda (gerundial) til, at þér hefðit ekki íllt &aa
cute;tt við Gunnar, you would have given a great deal not to have provoke
d Gunnar, 98; ek mun g. þér til Guðrúnu dóttu
r mína ok féit allt, id.: to lay out, hann gaf sumt ver&eth
;it þegar í hönd, Gísl. 12; gefa e-t við e-u, to
pay for a thing; at þér gefit mjök margra Kristinna manna
líf við yðvarri þrályndi, that you will cause th
e loss of many Christian lives with your stubbornness, Fms. iv. 195; þ
at er líkara at ek gefa mikit við, Nj. 53; gefa sik við e-u, t
o give oneself to a thing, attend to, be busy about, mod.: gefa í mil
li, to discount; hygg at hvat þú gefr í milli tveggja
systra, Fms. iv. 195 (hence milli-gjöf, discount). III. in s
pecial sense, to give in matrimony; Njáll bað konu til handa H
ögna ok var hon honum gefin, Nj. 120; Vígdís var meir gefin t
il fjár en brautargengis, V. had been more wedded to the money than to
her advancement, Ld. 26; segir at dóttir þeirra muni eigi betr
verða gefin, 114 :-- gefa saman, to betroth, Fms. x. 381 :-- in mod.
sense to marry, of the clergyman. 2. to give as a dowry, porti
on; búum þeim er Sveinn hafði gefit til hennar, Fms. x. 31
0 (hence til-gjöf, dowry); eigi skal ok í klæðum me
ira heiman gefask með konu en þriðjungr (hence heiman-gjöf, dowry), Gþl. 212 :-- so also, gefa í erfðir, to give a
s inheritance, Bs. i. 285 :-- gefa ölmusu, to give alms, Bs. pas
sim; gefa fátækum, to give to the poor, passim. IV. to give, grant; hann gaf honum vald yfir öllu landi, Fms. i. 18; gefa
heimleyfi, to grant 'home-leave,' furlough, ix. 474; gefa orlof, ii. 64;
gefa grið, to grant a truce to one, pardon, Nj. 165, Fms. ix. 479;
gefa e-m líf, to grant one his life, 470. V. in various phr
ases; gefa e-m nafn, to give one a name, Nj. 91, Fms. i. 23, Grág.
ii. 146; gefa þakkir, to give thanks, Fms. i. 231; gefa e-m till&a
elig;ti, to indulge one, Nj. 169; gefa e-m rúm, to give place t
o one, Fms. ii. 254, vi. 195; gefa ráð, to give counsel, advic
e, Nj. 75, 78; gefa góð orð, to give good words, answer ge
ntly; gefa e-m stór orð, to give one big words, Fms. v. 15
8; gefa slög, to deal blows, ix. 313; gefa gaum at, to give heed
to, Nj. 57, Eg. 551; gefa hljóð, to give a hearing, in pub
lic speaking, Nj. 230; gefa tóm, to give time, leisure, 98; gefa r
ó reiði, to calm one's wrath, 175 :-- gefa e-m sök, to
bring a charge against, complain of, 82; ok gaf ek þó hj&aacut
e;lminum enga sök á því, I did not like the helmet l
ess for that, Ld. 128; at eigi sé mælt, at þú gefi
r dauðum sök, that thou bringest a charge against a dead man (wh
ich was unlawful), Nj. 82; en hvártki okkat gefr þat öðru
at sök, neither of us likes the other the less for that, 52; ekki ge
f ek þér þat at sök þótt þú s&
eacute;r engi bleyðimaðr, 54; engi þorði þó sakir
á at gefa, none durst complain, Al. 123; Sigurðr jarl ba&eth
; konung eigi gefa Þrændum þetta at sök, Fms. i. 57; gefa
kæru upp á e-n, to give in a complaint against one, Dipl. i
i. 13. 2. gefa sér um ..., to give oneself trouble about, take
interest in, mostly followed by a noun; gefa sér fátt um e-t,

to take coolly; gefa sér mikit um, to take great interest in; Þorfinnr lét gefa honum mat, en gaf sér lítið
at honum, but else took little notice of him, Grett. 96; ekki er þe
ss getið, at hann gæfi sér mikit um, that he shewed great in
terest, Fms. i. 289; mun ek mér ok ekki um þetta gefa, I wil
l let this pass, not take offence at it, Boll. 354; en ef til mín k&a
elig;mi tveir eða þrír, þá, gaf ek mér ekki
um, then I took no notice of it, Fms. ii. 151; konungr gaf sér f&
aacute;tt um þat, Fb. i. 261; hann þóttisk vita hvat keisaran
um mislíkaði ok gaf sér þó ekki um at sinni, Fms.
vi. 71; ok gáfu sér ekki um viðbúnaðinn, vii. 87;
so also, Skúli gaf sér litið at hvat biskup sagði, S. t
roubled himself little at what the bishop said, Bs. i. 873 :-- akin is the m
od. phrase, eg gef ekki um það, I do not want it; gefðu ekk
i um það, do not care for it, mind it not; eg gaf ekki um a&eth
; sjá það, I did not want to see it, etc. 3. gef
a staðar, to stop; lét hann þá staðar gefa r&
oacute;ðrinn, he stopped rowing, Fms. vi. 384; konungr gaf staðar
ok hlýddi til frásagnar þeirra, viii. 400; ok þ&aacut
e; er sá íss gaf staðar ok rann eigi, Edda 3; ok þeir ge
fa eigi stað ferðinni fyrr en þeir kómu norðr, 151 (pre
f.); svá at staðar gaf (MS. naf) höndin við sporðinn, 40
. VI. to give out, deal out; hón bað gefa sér dr
ekka, bade give him to drink, Eg. 604: to give a dose, gefa e-m ei
tr, Al. 156 :-- absol. to give fodder to cattle, gefa göltum, Hkv. 2
. 37; gefa nautum, kúm, hestum, Sturl. ii. 42, Gísl. 28 :-- gefa &
aacute;, to dash over, of sea-water, cp. ágjöf: to pour wa
ter on, var gluggr á ofninum syá at útan mátti &
aacute; gefa, Eb. 134; síðan lét hann gefa útan &aacute
; baðit í glugg, 136; gefa á ker, to fill a goblet, Cla
r.: metaph. to press on, gefr Ormr þá á, Fb. i. 530 (
in wrestling). VII. with prepp., fyrir-gefa, to forgive, freq. in
mod. usage, but scarcely found in old writers; so also gefa til, cp. Dan. til
give, D. N., vide Safn i. 96, (rare and obsolete) :-- gefa upp, to give
up; gefa upp gamalmenni, to give old people up, let them starve, Fms.
ii. 225; gefa upp föður eða móður, 227; bændr b&a
acute;ðu hann gefa upp eyna, Grett. 145: to remit, en þó
vil ek nú upp gefa þér alla leiguna, Nj. 128; gaf honum upp
reiði sína, Fms. x. 3, 6; ok gefit oss upp stórsakir, ii. 33;
Brján konungr gaf upp þrysvar útlögum sínum ina
r sömu sakir, Nj. 269: absol., hvárt vilit þér gefa hon
um upp, pardon him, 205; gefa upp alla mótstöðu, to g
ive up all resistance, Fms. ix. 322; gefa sik upp, to give oneself up, su
rrender, i. 198; þá gefum vér upp várn stað,
104; gefa upp ríki, konungdóm, to give up the kingdom, abdicate
, resign, x. 4, xi. 392: to give up, hand over to one, Magnús
konungr gaf honum upp Finnferðina með slíkum skildaga, vii. 135;
ek vil gefa ykkr upp búit at Varmalæk, Nj. 25; allir hafa þat
skaplyndi at gefa þat fyrst upp er stolit er, 76: to give up, leave of
f, gefa upp leik, to give up playing, Fas. iii. 530; gefa upp horn, F
ms. vi. 241: to exhaust, empty, upp ætlu vér nú gefna
r gersimar yðrar, vii. 197.
B. IMPERS., a naut. term; e-m gefr byri, byr (acc. pl. or sing.), one
gets a fair wind; gaf þeim byr ok sigla þeir í haf, Nj. 4
; gaf þeim vel byri, 138; er þeir vóru búnir ok byr ga
f, Eg. 99: so also absol. with or without dat. of the person, gaf kaupmönnu
m burt af Grænlandi, the sailors got a wind off Greenland, so as to sai
l from it, Fb. iii. 454; því at eigi gaf suðr lengra, Fms.
ii. 185; gaf þeim vel, ix. 268; gaf honum ílla, x. 4; gaf honum eig
i austan, Nj. 63: so in the saying, svo gefr hverjum sem hann er góðr
. 2. in other phrases, to get a chance; ef færi (acc.) gefr
á, if you get a chance, Nj. 266; halda njósnum, nær b
ezt gæfi færi á honum, to keep a look-out, when there was
best chance to get at him, 113; til þess gefr nú vel ok h&oacut
e;gliga, 'tis a fair and easy opportunity for that, Al. 156; mæltu
menn at honum hafði vel gefit til (had good luck) um hefndina, Fms. v
ii. 230; ef yðr (dat.) gefr eigi missýni í þessu m&aacut
e;li, if you are not mistaken in this matter, Fbr. 32; gaf þeim gl&
aacute;msýni (q.v.) er til vóru komnir, Sturl. i. 179, Stj. 401; &
thorn;á gaf mér sýn, then I beheld (in a vision), Fm
s. vii. 163; þat gaf öllum vel skilja, it was clear for all to und
erstand, it lay open to all, vi. 70; e-m gefr á að líta, one can see, i.e. it is open and evident.
C. REFLEX., gefask vel (ílla), to shew oneself, prove good
(bad); það sé ván at þú gefisk honum
eigi vel, er þú gefsk öllum öðrum mönnum &iacut
e;lla, Nj. 32; eigi deilir litr kosti ef þú gefsk vel, 78; hversu g
afsk Björn þér, Kári, 265; opt hafa mér vel gefi
sk yður ráð, your counsels have often proved good to me, L
d. 252; hefir þeim þat ok aldri vel gefisk (it has never turned o
ut well) í þessu landi, Fms. vii. 22; ílla gefask &iacut
e;lls ráð, a saying, Nj. 20; hétu allir góðu um at
gefask vel (i.e. to fight manfully), Fms. vii. 262 :-- to happen, turn
out, come to pass, sem síðan gafsk, x. 416; svá honum gaf
sk, so it turned out for him, Sl. 20; ok svá gæfisk, ef eigi
hefði Guð þá sína miskun til sent, and so it wou
ld have come to pass, unless ..., Fms. x. 395 :-- gefsk mér sv&aacut
e;, it seems to me so, methinks it is so, Karl. 290, 308 (vide A. V. 2. a
bove); þat allsheri at undri gefsk, to all people it is a wonder, A
d. 18; e-m er e-t svá gefit, to be so and so disposed, to think so and
so of a thing; ef þér er þetta svá gefit sem &tho
rn;ú segir, Fms. v. 236; svá er mér gefit, son minn, at ek
em þér fegin orðin, Ó. H. 33; sagði hann at sv&aacut
e; mundi jarli gefit, Fms. ix. 244; en svá ætla ek flestum lendum m
önnum gefit, at eigi munu skiljask frá Skúla jarli, 429, v.l.
; þyki mér ok sem svá muni flestum gefit, at fé s&eac
ute; fjörvi firr, Ld. 266; en þat mun þó mestu um st&yac
ute;ra hversu Þórdísi er um gefit, 302; síðan tal
aði konungr þetta mál við systur sína, ok spurði
hversu henni væri um þetta gefit, Fms. ii. 221: of the gifts of nat
ure, mikill máttr er gefinn goðum várum, Nj. 132; ok er &thorn
;at mál manna, at henni hafi allt verit ílla gefit þat er he
nni var sjálfrátt, i.e. that she was a bad woman in everything
of her own making (but well gifted by nature), 268; ok svá er sagt at
honum hafi flestir hlutir höfðinglegast gefnir verit, 254. 2. w
ith prepp., gefask upp, to give up, give in, surrender, Nj. 64, 124, Eg.
79: mod. to lose one's breath: upp gefinn, upset; eigi þykj
umk ek upp gefinn þó at ek sjá smávofur, Grett. 112;
eigi þyki mér vit upp gefnir, ef vit veitumk at, 131; en þ&oa
cute; at þeir feðgar sé ríkir menn, þá eru
vér þó ekki upp gefnir fyrir þeim, Fb. ii. 195: in mod
. usage, exhausted, having lost one's breath, eg er uppgefinn; also of a
horse, hann gafsk upp, harm er stað-uppgefinn :-- e-m gefsk yfir, to do w
rong, commit a fault, fail; þat mæla menn at þessi hlutr h
afi konunginum yfir gefisk helzt, Fms. xi. 283; ef göfgum mönnum g&aac
ute;fusk stórir hlutir yfir, if the noble gave gross offence, did evil
things, Bs. i. 107; engi er svá vitr at eigi gefisk yfir nokkut sinn
, Karl. 451 :-- to give oneself to one, gefask Kristi, N. G. L. i. 339; g
efsk þú hánum þá í dag með Guði,
Nj. 157; gefask á vald e-s, to give oneself into another's power,
Fms. ix. 479. II. recipr. to give to one another; gefask gj&ouml
;fum, Bret. 48; gáfusk þeir gjöfum áðr þeir s
kildu, Bs. i. 274. III. part. gefinn, given to a thing, in
a spiritual sense, devout; g. fyrir bækr, lestr, smíðar,
etc., given to books, reading, workmanship, etc.
gefendr, part. pl. givers, Hm. 2, Grág. ii. 169.
gefins, adv. gratis, (mod.)
gefja, u, f. [Gael. gwayw], a missile, Edda (Gl.)
Gefjon, f. the name of the goddess, Yngl. S. ch. 1, Edda ch. 1; in the Mi
ddle Ages the Icel. used to render Diana by Gefjon, e.g. mikil er G. gyðja,
great is the goddess Diana, 655 xvi. B, Acts xix. 28; hof Gefjonar = Lat.
templum Dianas, Bret. 20 note, passim: rarely = Venus, Stj. 90,
or = Minerva, Bret. 20 :-- name of a woman, Dropl. 36.
Gefn, f., poët. name of the goddess Freyja, Edda 21; prop. a give
r, in poët. periphr. descriptions of women, Lex. Poët.
gefna-geð, n. even temper, good temper, Sks. passim.
geggjast, að, dep. to get out of joint; geggjaðr, p
art. disordered.
GEGN, adv., old form gögn,
uses and and viþra; A. S.
in- (in gain-say), a-gain;
 Swed. gen: cp. the adj. gegn] :--
with dat. [not found in Ulf., who

gegn in compds; Engl. ga
Germ. gegen; Dan. igjen;
against, right
<PAGE NUM="b0195">
<HEADER>GEGN -- GEIMI. 195</HEADER>
opposite; í gegn vindi sem forvindis, Bs. i. 22; gegn veðri, B
jarn. 52; sjá í gegn sólu, to look straight at the sun, Fms. viii. 114; þeir áttu at vega í gegn jelinu, xi. 136
. 2. metaph. against, contrary to; Örn var til móts, e
n mestr hluti manna honum í gegn, voted against him, Ld. 74; r&iac
ute;sa í gegn e-m, Fms. i. 221; í gegn slíku ofrefli, viii.
29; í gegn eðli, against nature, Bs. i. 335; þat eitt
er eigi mæli því í gegn, which is not contrary to i
t, Grág. i. 7; ok mælti því manngi í gegn,
Íb. 17, Anecd. 72: in medic. sense, þar eru alls-kyns tré o
k aldin í gegn (against) meinum manna, Eluc. 24, (rare.) β
. absol. or ellipt., svá bjartr at þeir þorðu eigi &i
acute; gegn at vega, Fms. v. 161; þó vörðusk þeir ei
gi né í gegn hjöggu, 655 xi. 1: so the law phrase, ganga &iac
ute; gegn e-u, to avow or meet a charge; mod. to gainsay, deny,
 vide ganga. γ. þar er vígt í gegn þe
im öllum, Grág. ii. 9; skalat húsum skipta í gegn land
, i.e. land shall not be exchanged against houses, 256. 3. [Engl.
again], in turn; hann sendi rit Drottni ok tók við &iac
ute; gegn af honum, 623. 52; en þeir hétu honum gulli í gegn
, Sl. 21; þar í gegn (again, Germ. dagegen), Stj. 76;
grát at gamni skaltú í gögn hafa (in turn), Sk

m. 30.
GEGN, adj. [North. E. and Scot. gone; Swed. gen; Dan. gj
en :-- akin to the adv. gegn; cp. gagn-, gegnt, gegnum] :-- prop. 'gane,'
short; hinn gegnsta veg, Mar. 545; a 'gane' way, the 'ganest' road
are found in Old Engl. and Scot., and still remain in the northern provinces; cp
. the prefix gagn- signf. B, and gegnt. II. metaph. 'gane,' i.e. ready, serviceable, kindly, a usage also found in old North. E. and Scot.,
vide Jamieson; gegn ok sannorðr, Band. 10; gegn ok öruggr, 'gane' a
nd steady, Fs. 129; gegn ok vitr, Fms. v. 194; gegn ok úskapbr&aacute
;ðr, 'gane' and good-tempered, Sturl. iii. 126; gegn ok gæfr, 'gane' and gentle, Grett. 90; gegn ok góðfengr, 92: in po&euml
;t. compds, bráð-gegn, fjöl-g., frið-g., hvar-g., hyggju-g.,
ráð-g., i.e. good, wise, gentle, Lex. Poët.; ó-ge
gn, 'ungainly,' ungentle.
gegna, d, [Germ. begegnen, cp. gegn, the adv.], to go against,
meet, encounter; hann hafði þar mikit lið ok skyldi g. Birkibe
inum, Fms. vii. 324; g. þeim er á sund hlaupa, ix. 22; skyldu &thor
n;eir g. um njósnir ok annask vegu alla, Sturl. iii. 236. II. meta
ph., 1. to meet an engagement, to pay, discharge; ef hann á
bú, þótt hann gegni eigi tillögum, though he pays n
o rates, Grág. i. 160; þá á hón at g. &tho
rn;riðjungi (take the third part of the charges) fyrir ómaga &
thorn;eirra, 337; ok skal hann þá g. (account, redress) vi&e
th; hinn ef landsleigur væri minni en verðit, ii. 239: as a law term,
of a duty, to meet, discharge; but also of rights, to be entitled to; þá g. börn beggja arfi, N. G. L. i. 33; ok g. réttu
m öllum, 55; g. kostnaði, Fms. viii. 371: to pay, g. þingf
arar-kaupi, Grág. passim, Ísl. ii. 344, Íb. ch. 10; g. skyl
du sinni, to do one's duty :-- g. líkum, ok syngja sálu-mes
su, to meet the bodies, of the officiating clergyman, N. G. L. i. 390. 2. to suit one, be meet for one; velit þat er yðr gegnir,
choose what best suits you, 623. 30; leyfi þér honum at fara
sem honum gegnir bezt, Nj. 10, Fms. viii. 102; þat man bezt g. (be mee
test) at þín ráð sé höfð, Nj. 24, Fs
. 155; kjöri hann þat af er betr gegndi, Fms. i. 202; mun þat b
etr g., it will do better, iv. 209; ok mun mér þat allvel g.
, 237; hve ílla mönnum gegndi (how ill it suited men) at fara
, Íb. 8; þann kost er þér gegnir verr, Fs. 134; &thorn
;á gegnir þat, it is fit, Sks. 433. 3. to signify,
mean, matter; ok spurði, ef hann vissi nökkut hverju gegndi, if
he knew what was the matter, Eg. 53; spurðu hverju at gegndi um fer&eth
;ir hans, Rd. 237; spurði, hverju gegndi úgleði sú er hann
hafði, asked, what his sadness meant, Eg. 518; spyrr, hverju gegndi
þyss sjá eða kliðr, Gísl. 56; sumir maeltu í
móti, ok kváðu öngu g., some denied it, and said it we
nt for nothing, Nj. 25; Háls kvað þat mundu öngu g., R
d. 237; það gegnir furðu, it means a wonder, it is astonishing;
 hví gegnir (what means?) þetta atkvæði? 656 B
. 5; er helzt sá at ráði gegndi, i.e. where he saw that the
re was reason in it, Fms. vii. 257; g. tíðendum, to be of impo
rtance, of great consequence; séð hefi ek þat er ek æ
tla tíðendum muni g., Ld. 272; meir en hófi gegnir, more th
an is due, above measure, Fms. vii. 132; er viti gegnir, which has sense or meaning, Al. 6; um hluti þá er íþr&oacut
e;ttum gegndi, which imply or can be called art, Ó. H. 102
:-- of numbers, to amount to, svá at mörgum hundruðum geg
ndi, so that it amounted to several hundreds, by many hundreds, Fas. iii
. 356; svá náttum gegndi, i.e. several nights, Ld. 304, v.l
.; at degi einum vas fleira en heilum vikum gegndi í tveim misserum, i.e.
that in a year there is one day over the complete number of weeks, &Iacu
te;b. 7: with gen. (rare), mér þyki tvennra vandræða g.,
it is a double difficulty, i.e. on both sides, Grett. 143 A. 4.
 to answer, reply, freq. in mod. usage, with dat. of the person and t
he reply; hann gegnir öngu, he gives no reply; hann gegnir mé
r ekki, he does not answer me. β. to yield, be obedient; hann gegnir öngum, he obeys none, is cross and disobedient, freq.
in mod. usage.
gegnd, f. moderation, reason; það er engi gegnd í
því, 'tis unreasonable; ó-gegnd, excess; &iac
ute; ó-gegnd, excessively; það er mesta ó-gegnd,
id.: gegndar-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), = gegniligr; gegn
dar-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.), unreasonable, exorbitant.
gegn-görð, f. a Norse law term, 'harbouring the king,' a
tax, D. N.
gegni-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), 'gainly,' meet, due, V&iacu
te;gl. 32, Sturl. ii. 63; vide the adj. gegn.
gegning f. = gegnd, Band. 3, Fms. ii. 88.
gegn-ligr, adj. straight, Sks. 4: metaph. = the adj. gegn II, Hom. 69.
gegnt, adv.: I. almost like a prep. with dat. opposite to,
= gagnvart, q.v.; Laugabær stendr gegnt Tungu, Ld. 122; í öndv
egi gegnt konungi, Eg. 304; yfir gegnt þeim á brekkunni, Ísl
. ii. 200; gegnt rekkju þeirri er Kjartan var vanr at liggja í, Ld.
202; í öðru öndvegi g. honum, Ó. H. 43; gegnt Hofi,
Sd. 142: vóru þá komnir mjök svá þar gegn
t, Nj. 247. II. really as adv. straight; svá gegnt (so s
traight, with so good an aim) at í sitt auga kom hver örin, Fas.
i. 271. 2. compar. gegnra or gegnara, more straight; gegnra skauztu í sumar, Fms. viii. 140; hann mun miklu lengra skj&oacut
e;ta ok gegnara, ii. 266. 3. superl. gegnst, [Swed. genast
= at once; Dan. gjennest], the 'ganest,' shortest way; hann
stefnir þegar et gegnsta, the 'ganest' way, Ld. 240; ok it gegnsta
reið hann til Þyrils, Ísl. ii. 109; ok skal gerða it gegns
ta þar, Grág. ii. 264; for Öngull þar á land sem
honum þótti gegnast ('ganest,' shortest), Grett. 155 A. &
beta;. metaph. meetest, most right or just; spyrja vitrir menn
hvat gegnast muni í þessu máli, Ld. 80: cp. the adj. gegn.
GEGNUM, adv., old form gögnum rhyming to Rögn, Orkn. 80:
[this word seems not to be found in Germ. and Saxon, but Dan. igjennem,
Swed. genom; cp. gagn-, gegn] :-- through, with acc.; laust g&ouml
;gnum súluna, gögnum Geirröð ok gögnum vegginn, Edda 6
1; holtriða hver í gegnum, Hým. 27; súlur í g&ou
ml;gnum, 29; hann hljóp báðum fótum gögnum skipit,
Edda 36; gögnum hellu mikla, 20; ok renndi svá í g. hann, El
. 15; Gerzkan mann skýtr hann í gegnum með gafloki, Al. 40; ef
þú leggr í gögnum báða skjölduna, El.
12; flaug skotið í gögnum hann, Edda 37; brjóta ný
ja ósa í gögnum fjöru manns, Grág. ii. 354; &iacu
te; gegnum skjöldinn, Nj. 84; en ek þykjumk sjá allt í
gegnum þá er ek kem í land, 134; ok gókk þegar
í gegnum, 262; í gegnum eyjarnar, Eg. 251; út í g. v
egginn, 398; ef hval rekr í g. merkiósa, Grág. ii. 353, Fms
. i. 217; ganga gegnum fylkingar, to go right through the ranks, Fms. xi.
131; í g. Danmörk, through Denmark, A. A. 288; settar gullkn
öppum í gegnum niðr, all through, Eg. 516; ek vil &iacute
;sinn láta höggva í g. út, all along, all through, Fms. viii. 416; hence adverb., út í gegn, all through, from
beginning to end. II. temp., allan dag í gegnum, all the d
ay long, Fms. xi. 27; allan vetr í gögnum, all the winter lo
ng, Orkn. 80; haustnótt gögnum, all through the autumn night,
 Fms. vi. (in a verse).
GEIFLA, að, [cp. A. S. geaflas = grinders], to mumbl
e with the lips; gömlum kennu vér nú Goðanum at g. &
aacute; saltinu, see how we teach the old Godi to mumble the salt, Bs. i.
25; -- it was usual to put salt into the mouth of neophytes when baptized as a
symbol of the words (Matth. v. 13) 'ye are the salt of the earth,' vide Bingham'
s Origg. iv. 39 :-- metaph. to mutter, þótt þú
geiflir slíkt, Grett. 116 (MS.) :-- geifla sig, to make a wry mouth as if about to cry.
geiga, að, to take a wrong direction, to rove at random, of a
bolt or the like; ok geigaði á fluginu, Grett. 124; hann skaut tveimr
örum eðr þremr ok geigaði þat allt, Sturl. ii. 135; ei
gi veit hvar óskytja ör geigar, none can tell where a shaft ill-s
hot may stray to, Fms. vii. 262, Fas. ii. 358, (a saying.) 2. l&aacut
e;ta augun g., to look askance, Hom. (St.)
geig-orðr, adj. caustic, sarcastic, Nj. 38, v.l.
GEIGR, m. a scathe, serious hurt; ef þeir fá geig af
vápnum sínum, Nj. 115; vinna, veita, göra e-m geig, to hur
t one, 253, Fms. xi. 119; at óstyrk kona skyldi geig göra mega s
vá miklum sel, that she should have been able to cause death to so big
a seal, Bs. i. 335; eigi vilda ek þér geig hafa gört, Nja
rð. 378; en þess varð aldregi víst, hverr honum hafði g
eig veittan, who had slain him, Orkn. 376, Fbr. (in a verse); ef kirkju v
erðr geigr af eldi, K. Þ. K. 48. 2. danger; er þat
enn mesti geigr, Ld. 238, Fms. vii. 270; en mér þótti &thor
n;ú stýra oss til ens mesta geigs, Hkr. ii. 222; at eigi veitti ha
nn þau áhlaup í bræði sinni er geig setti, 686 B.
1; sagði at þá væri búit við geig mikinn me&et
h; þeim feðgum, Eg. 158. 3. a squint, a leer; geigr er &
thorn;ér í augum, Nj. in a ditty. COMPDS: geigr-ligr, adj.,
poët. dangerous, Lex. Poët. geigr-skot, better geigskot, n. a deadly shot; in the phrase, at skjóta g. í m
óti e-m, to shoot the death bolt against one, i.e. to seek to t
ake one's life, Fb. ii. 353, Fms. v. 76. geigr-þing, n. a da
ngerous meeting, battle, Hallfred; better in two words.
geig-vænliga, adv. dangerously, Bs. i. 343.
geig-vænligr, adj. dangerous, fatal, Fas. iii. 123, Hom. 39,
Fms. xi. 132, Finnb. 346.
GEIL, f. [cp. gil, a chasm] :-- a narrow glen; geilar &thor
n;ær sem ganga fyrir framan Titlingshól, Vm. 156, Fms. viii. 409, N
j. 114, Gísl. 136; geilar þreyngar at ríða at bænu
m, Orkn. 450; gras-geilar, grassy 'gills,' Hrafn. 20; Hrossa-geilar, id.
II. any narrow passage, e.g. a shaft through a hay-rick or
the narrow lane between hay-ricks or houses. COMPDS: geila-ga

rðr, m. a 'glen-formed' fence, a walk, id.; geilagarðs-hli
ð, n. a gate in a fence, Sturl. ii. 247; skal geilar göra af
mönnum (defile of men) heim at kirkjugarðs-hliði, Bs. i. 29
1: göra e-m geilar, a law phrase, to let (a thief) run the
gauntlet, N. G. L. i. 253, passim; hafs-geil, the sea-lane, through
which the host of Pharaoh passed, Stj. 287, cp. Exod. xiv. 23.
GEIMI, a, m., mod. geimr, m., poët. the main, the sea,
Edda (Gl.); skaut jörð ór geima, Edda Ht. 13: in mod. usage gei
mr means a vast empty space; himin-geimr, the universe, the air, ether
; háfa skilr hnetti
<PAGE NUM="b0196">
<HEADER>196 GEIP -- GENGR.</HEADER>
himingeimr, Jónas 167: the popular phrase, spyrja e-n útí a
lla heima og geima, to speer (ask) freely about everything.
GEIP, n. idle talk, nonsense, in mod. usage esp. foolish exagge
ration, Nj. 214, Fms. ii. 286, Karl. 478.
geipa, að, to talk nonsense, Fms. v. 333, 341, Sturl. i. 206,
Gísl. 99.
geipan, f. brag, nonsense, Sturl. i. 207, Lv. 60, Glúm. 342
.
geir-fálki, a, m. [a for. word; mid. Lat. gyrfalco], a g
erfalcon, H. E. i. 391, N. G. L. ii. 471.
geir-fugl, m. alca impennis, Edda (Gl.); hence Geirfugla-sker, n. a local name in Icel.
geir-hvalr, m. a kind of whale, Sks. 124, Edda (Gl.)
GEIRI, a, m. [Engl. goar or gore; Germ. gebre], a
goar or triangular strip, Orkn. 374 (in a verse), freq.; land-g., a
goar of land; gras-geirar, grass strips among rocks; set-g., a
goar let into breeches. II. a pr. name, Landn. III. fire, poët., Edda (Gl.)
geir-laukr, m. garlic, Edda (Gl.), Gkv. 1. 18.
geir-nagli, a, m. the nail fastening a spear's head to the shaft,
Grett. 123, Gþl. 105, Fas. i. 239, Gísl. 11.
geir-nefr, m., and geir-nyt, f. a fish, chimaera monstrosa
Linn.: a sea-rat, Eggert Itin. 598.
GEIRR, m. [A. S. gâr; Hel. gêr; O. H. G. kei
r, whence kesja, q.v.; cp. also Lat. gaesum, a Teut.-Lat. word] :-- a spear, Edda 41, Fms. i. 177, Hm. 15, 37, Hkv. 1. 15, Hbl. 40; Odin is re
presented wielding a geir, called Gungnir, as are also the Valkyrjur; marka sik
geirs-oddi, to mark oneself in the breast with a spear's point, so as to
make blood flow, was a heathen rite whereby warriors on their death-bed devoted
themselves to Odin; it was the common belief that a man who died a natural death
was not admitted into Valhalla after death; this rite is only mentioned in myth
ical Sagas such as Yngl. S. ch. 10; cp. also Gautr. S. ch. 7. -- þ&aacute
; stakk Starkaðr sprotanum á konungi ok mælti, nú gef ek
þik Óðni: the origin of this rite is in Hm., where Odin himsel
f is represented as hanging on the tree Yggdrasil 'wounded with a spear and give
n to Odin, myself to myself;' some trace it to a Christian origin, which is not
very likely. Again, the cruel blóðörn (q.v.) is no doubt connect
ed with this kind of sacrifice to Odin. II. a pr. name, and also in many
compds, Sig-geirr, Þór-geirr, Ás-geirr, Vé-geirr (
the holy spear), and Geir-hildr, Geir-ríðr, Geir-mundr, Geir-laug
, Geir-röðr, and many others, vide Landn. Geira, u, f. a pr. nam
e, Landn.
geir-síl, n. a kind of herring, Edda (Gl.)
geir-skaft, n. a spear-shaft, N. G. L. i. 144.
geir-varta, u, f. the nipple, of a man, Rb. 346, Sturl. i. 41, Ld.
136, 140, Fs. 145: of a woman, less correctly, Mar. 603.
geis, n. [M. H. G. gis = yeast], boasting, Fbr. 99 n
ew Ed.
GEISA, að, [Ulf. gaisjan or usgaisjan means to be al
armed, astonished; mid. Germ. gise and Swed. gäsa = t
o ferment; cp. Engl. yeast] :-- to chafe, rage, of fire, Vsp.
57; láta gráðugan loga geisa, Mar. 530; hón (an excited
lady) geisaði mjök, Nj. 57; látum Gamminn geisa, of a ship unde
r sail, 135 (in a ditty); þeirra ofsi geisar hátt, their insolen
ce runs high, Edda 146 (pref.); hversu sunnarlega geisar ríki fö
ður þíns, Bær. 13; ofarr lét Grettir g. saxit &iac
ute; fyrra, Grett. 99 new Ed. Cod. Ups. II. to be panic-stricken,
a notion which only appears in the word geiski: cp. geysask.
geisan, f. impetuosity, Band. 9.
geiski, a, m. panic, fear, Fas. i. 193, where spelt gyzki. geis
ka-fullr, adj. frightened, of a hunted deer, Hkv. 2. 35.
GEISL, m. (gísli, Fb. ii. 273, less correctly), [cp. O. H.
G. geisila, mid. and mod. Germ. geissel, a scourge] :-- the st
aff used by men sliding in snow shoes, O. H. L. 153. 2. the short
ribs, costae, Björn.
geisla, að, to shed rays, Sks. 206, Fms. iii. 51, v. 341, Sl.
42; geislaði af meyjunni, it beamed from the maid, she shed rays of light
, Mar. 618: metaph. to shed, Magn. 428.
GEISLI, a, m. 1. prop. a beam, staff, = geisl; but only use
d, 2. metaph. a beam, ray, of the sun, Rb. 472, Fas. i. 516, Hkv.
1. 15, Hom. 128; sólar-g., a sun-beam; ár-g., morning-be
am, poët.: the eye is called brá-geisli, brow-beam, Korm.
Geisla-dagr, m. 'Beam-day;' it is prob. a rendering of Epiphany,
though it is not used of that very day, which is called Þrettándi,
but of the seventh day after, viz. the 13th of January.
geislung, f. = gísling, Fas. i. 5 (badly).
GEISPA, að, [Engl. to gasp; Dan. gispe; Swed. g&auml
;spa], to yawn, Nj. 20, Fas. i. 11, Fms. x. 204, Fb. i. 259.
geispi, a, m. a yawn, Fms. vi. 199.

GEIT, f., gen. geitar, pl. geitr, [Goth. gaitei; A. S. gâ
t; Engl. goat; Germ. geiz; Swed. get; Dan. geed;
Lat. hoedus] :-- a she-goat (the he-goat is hafr), Grág. i
. 418, 503, Hkv. 1. 42, 2. 35, Skm. 35, Rm. 12, Gm. 25, Edda 24, 46, passim; ste
in-geit, the steinbock or wild goat. 2. metaph. a coward
 (cp. Engl. hare); hann er mesta geit, he is a 'frightened hare,' cp. Grett. ch. 8, Valla L. 212 :-- this metaphor is taken from the sk&oacute
;gar-geit or roebuck, Fms. ii. 309, Hkv. 2. 35. COMPDS: geitar-h&aacut
e;r, n. goat's hair, Stj. 306. geitar-horn, n. a goat's hor
n, Fms. vii. 156. geitar-hugr, m. a she-goat's courage, cowardice,
 Fms. x. 351. geita-hús, n. a goat's fold, Ó. H.
15, Njarð. 374, Grett. 150 A. geita-kúgildi, n. a cow's va
lue paid in goats, Am. 50. geitar-skegg, n. a goat's beard, Fm
s. iii. 94. geita-sveinn, m. a goat-boy, goat-herd, Fas. i. 139.
geit-belgr, m. a goat-skin (blown up), Rd. 245 (a nickname), ge
it-bjálfi, a, m. a goat-skin coat, Fas. iii. 621. geit-f&ea
cute;, n. collective noun, like Lat. pecus, Fas. iii. 383. geit-h&
eacute;ðinn, m. a goat-skin jacket, Nj. 211; a pr. name, Bs. i. geit-sauðr, m. much the same as geitfé, Grág. i. 503; ge
ner. she-goats, Stj. 45. geit-skinn, n. a goat-skin, Stj. 4
70: goat-skins were used by sorcerers, Nj. 20; hence the phrase, vefja geitskinn
i at höfði e-m, to hoodwink one. geit-staka, u, f. a g
oat-skin, Fas. iii. 502. II. botan., geitna-njóli, a, m
. aegopodium. geitna-skóf, n. lichen proboscideus, H
jalt. geit-skór, m. 'goat-shoe,' the willow-weed, epilobium, Ivar Aasen: a nickname, Íb. ch. 2. III. medic. geitr, only in pl
., scurvy in the head from vermin, Fas. i. 9.
geitir, m., poët. a giant: a pr. name, Landn.
geitla, u, f. angelica sylvestris, Hjalt.
geitungr, m. [Swed. geting; Dan. geding], a wasp; in
Edda (Gl.) wrongly rendered as a bird.
GELDA, d, mod. t, [root in Goth. gilþa = a sickle], to geld, Grág. i. 301, Edda 149 (pref.), Sturl. ii. 69, 181, Fms. v
ii. 185, Hkv. 1. 39. II. part. geldr (geltr), Hkv. Hjörv. 20.
geldask, t, dep. to become barren, yield no milk.
geld-fé, n. a barren sheep (cp. geldær), Grág.
i. 416, 421, Eg. 740, Vm. 87. COMPDS: geldfjár-afréttr, -hagar
, m., -höfn, f. pasture for geldfé, Vm. 60, 80, G
rág. ii. 326. geldfjár-kúgildi, n. a cow's value
paid in geldfé, Vm. 34, Jb. 361. geldfjár-rekstr, m. =
geldfjárhöfn, Grág. ii. 327, Jb. 284, Dipl. iv. 9. geldfj&
aacute;r-samnaðr, m. a flock of geldfé, Grág. i. 4
16.
geld-fénaðr, m. = geldfé, Dipl. v. 7.
geld-hestr, m. a gelded horse, gelding, Vm. 18.
gelding, f. a gelding, Grág. i. 419. geldinga-maðr, m. = geldir.
geldingr, m. a wether, Grág. i. 502, 503, Nj. 26, Ís
l. ii. 330, Vm. 58-60, Sturl. i. 81, Band. 4, Rd. 299, Þorst. Stang. 51, p
assim; also in local names, Landn., Bs. geldinga-hús, n. a fold
for wethers, Rd. 235. II. an eunuch, K. Á. 120, Al. 57
, Stj. 195.
geldir, m. a gelder; hesta-g., a nickname, Landn.
geld-mjólk, f. adj.; g. kýr, a barren cow (Swed. 
gall-ko), Grág. i. 502.
geld-neyti, n. barren neat (cattle), Ld. 98, Vm. passim.
GELDR, adj. [Swed. gall], barren, yielding no milk, Gr&aacu
te;g. i. 502, 503, Vm. 33.
geld-ær, f. a barren ewe (Scot. gelt gimmer, Jamieson
), Vm. 168.
GELGJA, u, f. [akin to gálgi], the cheek bones of a fish; gelgju-bein, n. the small bones in the gelgja; hence gelgju-legr
 or gelgju-leitr, adj. haggard-looking, pinched in the face. II. mythol. the name of the tack or pin belonging to the chain whereby the
wolf Fenrir was fastened, F. Edda 221, cp. 20.
GELLA, d, [A. S. gellan], to yell, esp. of wild beasts, Hkr
. i. 229, Ísl. ii. 170, Karl. 140, Bs. ii. 10.
gellini, a, m. a nickname, Ó. H.
gellir, m. a yeller, a nickname, Landn.: a bull, Edda (Gl.)
gellungr, m. = geldingr, D. I. i. 257.
gelt, n. barking.
GELTA, t, (cp. gella), to yell; prop. of dogs, to bark; &th
orn;eir gjölltu sem hundar, Fas. iii. 623: gelta and gelt are now the curre
nt words in Icel., but scarcely occur in old writers, as Hm. 86 is a mod. interp
olation.
GEMLA, u, f. a stump, worn out tooth, in the mouth of old people,
Bjarn. 186; but also of teeth in the mouth of new-born babes, called skál
da-gemlur, 'poet-grinders,' from the old saying that a child born with te
eth will become a poët. Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 5.
gemlingr, m. (dimin. gemsi, a, m.), a year old (gamal) s
heep, Sd. 154.
gemlir, m., poët. the old, an eagle, Lex. Poët.: in myth
ol. names as Ör-g., cp. Germ. ur-alt, Edda, Lex. Poët.
GEMS, n. a gibe, scoff, Fbr. 169, Sturl. iii. 80, Bs. i. 649, Band
. (MS.) 19, where masc.
gemsa, að, to gibe, scoff.
gemsan, f. gibing, Bs. i. 649.
gems-mikill, adj., full of gibes, Sturl. iii. 69.
gemsungr, m. a giber, Sturl. iii. 262.

GENGI, n. [ganga], good luck, success; in the saying, án er
ílls gengis (íllt gengi) nema heiman hafi, ill luck is homebre
d, is one's own making, Nj. 27, Dropl. 23, Ísl. ii. 144, Gísl
. 63; or, áni er ílls gengis, áni used substantively (vide
'an,' p. 43); ok várt g. vaxa, and promote our success, Þ&oa
cute;rð. 64 :-- help, support, várt g. eðr liðsinni, F
b. ii. 126, 131; afla sér gengis, to gather troops, Fms. x. 394; g
. Þrænzkra drengja, g. goða, g. Norðmanna, Hallfred, Hkm. 3,
10; vígs-gengi, helping sword in hand, Ld. 224; heita e-m gengi
sínu, Fms. viii. 151: victory = gagn, Lex. Poët.: the saying,
vex (göfgask) hverr af gengi, good luck makes a man's fame, Edda H
t. 26, Mkv. 12: Icel. also say, vera í góðu (miklu) gengi, 
to enjoy fame, popularity; vera í litlu g., to be of small reputat
ion.
gengi-legr, adj. passable, Vellekla.
gengr, adj. able to walk, Grág. ii. 33, Fms. vii. 208, Land
n. 226 :-- passable, fit to walk, Bs. i. 322; ó-gengr, unfit to
walk or impassable; íll-g.,
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<HEADER>GENJA -- GETA. 107</HEADER>
bad to pass, of ice, crags, or the like :-- the phrase, eiga heiman-gengt
, to be able to go from home, i.e. to have leisure, Fbr. 17 new Ed
.; eg á ekki heiman-gengt, ílla heiman-gengt, etc. :-- of money, good, D. N.
genja, u, f. [gana], an GREEK: poët. an axe, Edda (Gl.): the
name of a ship, Branda-genja, Sturl. ii. 166: the nickname of a woman, id.
GENTA, u, f. a girl; a special Norse word not used in Icel. and no
t found in old writers earlier than the 14th or 15th century, unless 'getta' in
the verse in Hálfs S. be the same or kindred word; hvað lí&eth
;r nú grautnum, genta, Fas. iii. 382, 389, 393 (Eg. Einh. S.), is the onl
y passage where it is used in Icel. writers. In many languages the equivalents a
re curious, Engl. girl, Swed. flicka, Norse genta (proncd.
yenta, vide Asbjörnsen's Tales), Icel. stúlka, Dan. pige, -- all words that baffle etymologers. The Germans seem to have no suc
h word, as mädchen and mädel are plain enough. The Lapps
have ganda = a girl, which may be the origin of genta.
gepill, m. a little ill-shaped spoon, spón-gepill; akin to
geifla.
GER, n. [Dan. gjær], yeast, vide gör.
ger-, in compds, vide gör-, görsemi, etc.
GERA, ð, to do, vide göra.
gerð, gerningr, etc., vide görð, görningr, doing.
GERÐ (and görð less correctly), f. yeast, ferment; ok
kom þó ekki gerð í mungát, Bs. i. 339; þ&a

acute; kom þegar görþ í keren gnóg ok gó&e
th;, id.; þat öl brásk alldregi þá er gerðar
beiddi, 394; ok lét í kerinu sem þá er gerð v&ael
ig;ri í, Mirm. β. medic., í-gerð, suppuration in a wound, (mod.)
GERÐ, f., used to rhyme with e (verðung -- gerðar), Fms. vi. 448 :-- gear, harness, and in pl. esp. armour; sú gerð (fashion) var mönnum mjök tíð,
iv. 110; klæði með slíkri gerð, sem ..., Al. 121 :-- armour, vápn ok allar gerðar, Skáld H. R. 5. 43; ger&et
h;ar hans er hann hafði, feld ok spjót, Glúm. 344; Hárs
gerðar, war-gear, Fms. l.c.; gerðar várar, our armour,
 Hkm. 33. II. girth; digrask í gerðum, to become
stout in the waist, euphon. of a woman, to be with child; Icel. now
say, hón er farin að þykkna undir belti.
gerða, ð, [garðr], to gird with a fence, hedge, Lex. P
oët.
GERÐI, n. [cp. garðr], a place girded round, a hedged or fenced field, garth; hann ferr til gerðisins ok sár niðr ko
rninu, Nj. 170; ok snúa upp í gerði þat er heitir &aacut
e; Örlygsstöðum, sauða-hús stóð í ger
ðinu, Sturl. ii. 218; Finnbogi kvaðsk eiga gerði eitt, bað hann
þangat fara ok leggja þar garð um, Finnb. 336: a pinfold,
láta srnala sinn í gerði, Gþl. 406: akr-gerði, a
field. COMPDS: gerðis-beiti, n. the 'bite' or pasture
in a garth, Gþl. 406. gerðis-tún, n. a garden, Matth. xxvi. 36. gerðis-vöndr, m. fence-faggots, G&thor
n;l. 379.
gerðing, f. a girding, fencing, N. G. L. i. 41, Fb. ii. 7.
Gerðr, f. a pr. name of a goddess, Edda; also of a woman, Eb., Landn.
; and in many compds, Ás-gerðr, Hall-g., Ingi-g., Val-g., Þor-g
., etc., Landn.
geri, a, m. [gerr], 'ravener,' the mythol. wolf of Odin, Gm., Edda
.
ger-járn, n. a gridiron, Fas. iii. 240, an GREEK.
gerp-ligr, gerpi-legr, m. [garpr], martial, Nj. 72, Fb. ii. 204; g
. ráð, good circumstances, Þorst. Síðu H. 178
.
GERR, adj. [akin to gjarn, q.v.], greedy; eigi ofdrykkju-maðr
né ákafliga gerr, 686 B. 2, 1 Tim. iii. 8: gluttonous, opp.
to neyzlu-grannr, freq. in mod. usage.
gerr, adj. = perfect, vide görr, göra.
gersemi, vide görsemi.
GERSTA or gesta, t, [A. S. gæstan], to annoy;
g. hug e-s, to tease one, Greg. 64, Pr. 442, 623. 54; vér skulum g
. hug hans, eigi sem þeir gerstu forðum á eyðimörkinni
er Moysi fylgdu, Mart. 132: this word is quite obsolete, and chiefly used in ol
d translations of legends. II. part. gerstr, [Germ. garstig

= hideous; O. H. G. garst = sour, harsh; cp. Engl. ghas
tly, agast], sour, dismal; gerstan dag, Skm. 30, Rm. 9 :-- sulky, hann leit gerstr við mér, he looked sulkily on me, Sighva
t, Ó. H. 81 (Ann. for Nord. Oldk. 1866, p. 196).
gervi, n. gear, vide görvi.
Gerzkr, adj. from Gardar, Nj. 46, Fms. passim. II. = Girksk
r, Greek, Al. 26, 40.
gest-beinliga, adv. hospitably, Vápn. 23.
gest-erfð, f. inheritance after a stranger (guest) who
dies in one's house, N. G. L. i. 51.
gest-feðri and gest-feðrungr, m. a law term, defined in N.
G. L. i. 209, ch. 5; a man who dies leaving no heirs and whose property lapses
partly to the king and partly to the owner or landlord of the house in which he
dies (or to the captain if he dies on board ship), N. G. L. i. 208, 209, Js. 74.
gest-félagi, a, m. a guest-friend, rendering of Gr. GREEK.
gest-gjafi, a, m. a host; góðr g., a good host,
Gísl. 47.
gest-kominn, part. come as a guest, a stranger, Stj. 152: a gue
st, Matth. xxv. 38.
gest-kvæmt, n. adj. much visited by strangers.
GESTR, m., gen. gests; pl. gestir, acc. gesti; [Ulf. gasts = GREEK
; A. S. gest; Engl. guest; Germ. gast; Dan. gjæst;
 Swed. gäst; Lat. hostis]: I. a guest; the
original meaning of this word is a stranger, alien, cp. Lat. hostis. β. the Guests, one division of the king's men; the Guests
were a kind of policemen, and had not the full privileges of the king's guardsme
n or hirðmenn, although they were in the king's pay; they had their own s
eats in the king's hall, the guests' bench, gesta-bekkr, m., F
b. i. 347; their own chief, gesta-höfðingi, a, m., Nj. 7,
Hkr. ii. 69, Fms. vii. 35; their own banner, gesta-merki, n., Fms
. ix. 489; their own meeting, gesta-stefna, u, f., Fms. viii. 250;
they formed a separate body, gesta-sveit, f., Fas. i. 318; skulu
þar fylgja hirðmenn ok gestir, Ó. H. 204, in the battle at Stik
lastað: a guests' hall, gesta-skáli, a, m., is mentione
d in Eg. 28, Fas. ii. 93: a ship, gesta-skip (gesta-fley),
n., Fms. viii. 139; cp. the Sagas passim, esp. the Konunga Sögur, Fms. x.
147, Hkr. passim, but esp. N. G. L. in the section Hirðs-skrá, or 
the law (rules) for the king's men, and Sks. 257 sqq. As the g
estir were lower in rank than the hirðmenn, a recruit had often to serve his
apprenticeship among them, e.g. var hann í gestasæti, he was se
ated among the guests, i.e. was held in small repute, Fas. i. 51. II.
a stranger, guest, Lat. hospes, but keeping the old notion of a s
tranger, prop. an accidental guest, chance comer, and is distinguished fr
om boðs-maðr, an invited guest, or the like; hence the allit. phr
ase, gestr ok gangandi, a guest and ganger, since with the ancients the p
oor had to go from house to house (cp. gangleri); this is to be borne in mind, i
f one would understand old sayings such as, Guð elr gesti, God feeds gues
ts, Bs. i. 247; or many passages in the old heathen poem Hávam&aacute
;l, e.g. órir gestr við gest, guest quarrels with guest, Hm. 3
1; gestr at gest hæðinn, guest mocking guest, 30, which reminds

one of Hom. Od. xviii. 1-33; gest þú né geyja né &aa
cute; grind hrekir (scoff not at a guest, nor drive him to the door), get
þú váluðum vel, Hm. 136, where gestr (a guest) a
nd válaðr (a vagrant) are used synonymously; ganga skal, skala
gestr vera æ í einum stað, 34. In olden times there were no pu
blic hostelries, and all entertainment was (as it still is in Icel.) private bou
nty; a fine instance of a munificent hostess of the heathen age is recorded in L
andn., -- Geirríðr sparði ekki mat við menn, ok lét g&
ouml;ra skála sinn of þjóðbraut þvera, hón
sat á stóli ok laðaði úti gesti, en borð st&oac
ute;ð inni jafnan ok matr á, 2. 13. After the introduction of Christi
anity, when churches were built and endowments given, the donors often imposed t
he duty of 'feeding guest and ganger for a night' (ala gest ok ganganda), Dipl.
i. 169, 174; or, þar er ekki gesta eldi skylt (it is not required to fe
ed guests), ala hvern at ósekju er vill, 200; ala þurfa-menn ok
þá er fara skylda-erinda, 201, cp. 273 passim :-- gener. a visi
tor, guest: gesta-eldi, n. shelter for guests, D. I. (vide abo
ve): gesta-fluga, u, f. a guest-fly, a moth, Ísl. Þj&
oacute;ðs. i. 558: gesta-herbergi, n. a 'guest-harbour,' hostel, i
nn, Gr. GREEK, Luke ii. 7: gesta-hús, n. a guest-room,
Sturl. i. 216, ii. 191: gesta-koma, u, f., gesta-nauð, n. a
coming, crowding of guests: gesta-maðr, m. a guest-man (b
ishops had a special servant so called), Bs. i. 850, 876: gesta-rúm, n. a guest-bed: gesta-skáli, a, m. a guest-chamber, Hom. 36: gesta-spjót, n. pl., a cat is said to raise the 'gu
est-spears' when it lies on its back and cleans itself with its hind legs, w
hich is a token that a stranger is at hand, Ísl. Þjóðs.
i. 558. III. as pr. names, Landn., freq.; also in compds, Þor-gestr
, Heim-gestr, Goð-gestr, Hleva-gastir on the Golden horn (Bugge's reading),
and Gr. GREEK, GREEK. Gestr is a name of Odin = the Traveller, Edda, V&th
orn;m., Gm., Hervar. S. ch. 15 (Gestum-blindi). It is curious to notice that whe
reas with the Romans hostis came to mean a foe, with the Teutons (
as with the Gr. GREEK) the equivalent word became a term of friendship, used 
of a friend staying at one's house.
gest-risinn, adj. hospitable, Greg. 32, Bs. i. 101, 1 Tim. iii. 2,
Tit. i. 8, 1 Pet. iv. 9, passim.
gest-risni, f. hospitality, 655 v. 2, Bs. i. 81, 830, Rom. xii. 13
, Heb. xiii. 2, passim.
gest-vænliga, adv. hospitably, Vápn. 23, (prob. a fal
se reading.)
GETA, pret. gat, 2nd pers. gazt, pl. gátu; pres. get; pret. subj.
gætí; sup. getið, but getað in the mod. sense of could; part. getinn; reflex. pres. and pret. getsk or gezk, gatsk or gazk, mod. gez
st and gazst; with the neg. suff. gátu-ð, Korm. 224, Sighvat; gat-at,
Lex. Poët.
WITH ACC.
A. [Ulf. begitan = GREEK; A. S. getan; Engl. get; O.
H. G. gezan] :-- to get; this use of the word, which is so common
in Engl., is dying out in Icel.; it is found in the old poems, esp. in the old
Hm.; it is used in law phrases, but is rare in common prose, even in the oldest
Sagas; geta þögn, to get silence, a hearing, Höfuðl.
3, Hm. 8; geta orðstír, to get fame; en orðstír dey
r aldrigi hveim sér góðan getr, 75; orðstír of gat,
Eirekr at þat, Höfuðl.; ey getr kvikr kú, Hm. 69; sjaldan

liggjandi úlfr lær um getr, né sofandi maðr sigr, 57; e
f hann sylg um getr, 17; né þat máttu ... geta hvergi, th
ey could nowhere get it, Hým. 4; gambantein at geta, gambantein ek ga
t, Skm. 34; hvar gaztú vára aura, Vkv. 12; geta gjaforð, to
marry, Alm. 6: geta sér, to get for oneself; hættr er h
eimis-kviðr nema sér góðan geti, Sdm. 25; sá er s&a
elig;ll er sér um getr lof ok líknstafi, Hm. 8; er sér getr
slíkan sefa, Hkm. 19; góðs um æðis, ef sér g
eta mætti, if he could get it, Hm. 4; geta gjöld, laun e-s, 6
4, 124, Gm. 3; geta gott af e-m, to get good of one, Hm. 43, 44 :-- in la
w, nema hann getí þann kvið, at ..., unless he can get that
verdict, that ..., Grág. i. 17; goðinn seksk ef
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<HEADER>198 GETA -- GEYMA.</HEADER>
hann getr engi (acc.) til at nefna féránsdóm, 95; ella skal
hverr þeirra geta mann fyrir sik, 26 :-- in common prose, biðja konu
þeirrar er honum væri sómi í, ef hann gæti, Fms.
xi. 47; veit ek eigi hvar sú kona sitr er mér sé mikit hap
p í at geta, Ld. 88: to get, earn, svá at hann megi s&eacut
e;r mat geta af sínu fé eðr verkum, Grág. i. 293 :-- to get, learn, fátt gat ek þegjandi þar, Hm. 104; lengi
man þat er ungr getr, an old saying, Ísl. ii. 248; þá
skal hann eiga stefnu við fimm lögmenn, þá er hann m&aacut
e; helzt geta af (five lawyers of whom he can best learn, i.e. five of
the wisest men of law) áðr hann segi hvern þátt upp
, Grág. i. 3. 2. with dat. of the person added, mostly in referenc
e to feeding or entertaining; get þér vel at borð
i þínu, keep a good table, Sks. 20; get þú v&aa
cute;luðum vel, entertain well the poor, Hm. 136; nú er honum
vel getið (he has good cheer) af gnógum mat ok góðu
m drykk, Str. 7; geta e-m sumbl, to give a feast to one, Ls. 8; geta e-m
fótlaug, to get him a foot-bath, Hkv. 2. 37; geta e-m drápu
, to entertain one with a poem, Sighvat: the phrase, geta sér (e-m
) vel, ílla, to do, cause good or evil to one; ofrmæl
gi hygg ek at ílla geti hveim er ..., a loose tongue will bring evil t
o any one that ..., Vþm. 10; en ef hann forðask minn fund þ&
aacute; mun hann sér ílla geta í því, if he
shuns me he will do worse to himself, Orkn. 252 (in a verse). II. jo
ined to an infinitive, a participle, or a supine, to get to do (fá
, q.v., is used in a similar sense), -- hence to be able: 1. almos
t like an auxil. verb, α. with infin. but without 'at;' ek gat'k un
na Gunnari, I got to love G., Óg. 21; en sá gat taka vi&eth
; syndum, Sl. 6; ek gat líta, I got to see, beheld, Korm. 14 (in a
verse); ek gat blóta, Hallfred (Fs. 94); getum hræra, we do rea
r, Edda; geta sjá, to get to see, Hkr. i. 205 (in a verse); ha
nn gat teygja at sér, he did draw to himself, Edda 65 (in a verse)
; geta fæða, to give birth to, Am. 103; ef hann eignask getr,
Hm. 78; hveim er eiga getr, Hkv. Hjörv. 9 :-- with 'at,' esp. in the phrase
, geta at sjá, líta; þá geta þeir Hákon
jarl at líta, earl H. got to see, behold, Fms. xi. 131; þ&aa
cute; gátu menn at sjá land fyrir stafu fram, 656 C. 22; Sölv
i gat at líta hvar þeir flýðu, Nj. 247; Enok gat at eiga
þann son, Stj. 45; gat at heita, Rm. 42. β. with part. acc.,
with a notion of being able, Lat. posse; Gyðingar gátu
enga sök sannaða, the Jews could not prove any of their charges, 656 C. 19; því mér lízt svá, sem vér

munim þá aldri sótta geta, Nj. 197; ef vér getum Hara
ld Gráfeld af lífi tekinn, Fms. xi. 21; ok geta rétta fylki
ng sína, 131; mikinn fisk ok fagran ok gátu eigi veiddan, iv. 89.
γ. so also with sup.; gátu þeir ekki at gört, Nj.
115; ok hætta á hvárt ek geta keypt (kaup, v.l.) fyrir y&et
h;r. if I can get a bargain for you, 157; Björn gat séð
(beheld) manna-reiðina, 260; ef ek gæta vel fyrir mér s&
eacute;ð, 22; sem mest gat hann flutt eptir sér, Ó. H. 85; eig
i at heldr gat hann veitt þann íkorna, id.; ef ek get eigi fylgt y&
eth;r, Fms. vi. 211. 2. absol. in old writers geta seems never to occur i
n the sense of to be able, but only periphrastically as above; but in mod
. usage geta has almost displaced the old verb kunna in this sense, e.g. eg get
það ekki, I cannot; getr-ðú komið, canst thou
come? ef hann hefði getað, if he could have; ekki þurf
ti, eg gat, I could, and endless other instances. III. impers. 
there is got, there is, cp. Germ. es giebt; eigi getr slíkan
(there is none such) í konungs herbergjum, Fms. vii. 148; þa
r getr stein (acc.) er asbestos heitir, there is got the stone asbestos,
xi. 415; eigi getr vitrara mann, no wiser man is to be got; slíka
menn getr varla til vitrleiks, Lv. 54; þar getr reykelsi, Hb, 8. IV. reflex., in the phrase, e-m getsk at e-u, one is pleased at a thing, one li
kes it; því at mér gezk vel at þér, beca
use I like thee well, Fms. i. 66; ok mun mér ekki at getask, nema han
n sé sæmilega af höndum leystr, and I shall not be pleased,
unless ..., Ld. 298; at þú fengir mér konu þ&aac
ute; er mér gætisk at, Fms. i. 289; honum gatsk ílla at &tho
rn;essu, Ld. 104; eru þeir nokkurir hér at þér getisk
eigi at, Fms. vii. 104; konungr sagði at honum gatsk eigi at þeirri s&
aelig;tt svá búit, ix. 486; haf þökk fyrir, ok getsk m&
eacute;r nú vel at, vi. 372; segir, at henni getsk eigi at þessi &a
elig;tlan, Finnb. 312; Þorgrímr bað hann til hætta hve ho
num gætisk at, 336; svá hefir þeim at getisk vápnum Fr
anceisa, so they have tasted thus far the weapons of the French, Karl. 18
4: with sup., láta sér getið at e-u, to take interest in, b
e pleased with; eigi læt ek mér at einu getið, 'tis not
my taste to have always the same, I want some change, something new, Grett.
149 new Ed.; lát þér at góðu getið, rejoic
e in the good, Hm. 129.
B. To get, beget, engender, used alike of both parents, severally
or jointly; fótr gat son við fæti, Vþm. 33: hve sá
börn gat, 32; þá ek mög gat, Ls. 35; við systur &tho
rn;inni gaztu slíkan mög, 36; hann gat son er Guðröðr h
ét, Fms. i. 11; þat barn er þau geta, Grág. i. 178; ef
austmaðr getr barn með konu, ef skógarmaðr getr launbarn me&
eth; konu, 352; svein þann sem hón hafði getið með Abra
m, Stj. 114; dróttning gat son við Ívari, Fms. vii. 230; sonu
marga Öndurdís við Óðni gat, Ht.; þau gá
tu sér son er Mörðr hét, Nj. 38; fíllinn getr eigi
optarr en um sinn, Stj. 70; þegar sem þeir geta burð saman, 97;
hann var getinn (born) austr, Landn. 148; throughout Matth. i. the Icel.
text renders begat by gat, cp. Mar. S. 19, Luke i. 35 :-- to conceive
, þú munt verða getandi í kviði, Stj. 409. Judge
s xiii. 5; fyrir sinn erfingja getinn ok ógetinn, Grág. ii. 170; &
thorn;ú munt son geta ok fæða, Mar. 18; gefr hann son at geta &
thorn;ann er hon fæðir síðan, Mar.: reflex. to be engend
ered, þaðan getsk löngunin, 656 B. 7: to be born, Mar.
19.
WITH GEN., of the same form throughout, though different in construction

and sense.
A. [Engl. guess (from the Scandin.?); Swed. gissa; Dan. 
gjætte; not in Germ. nor Saxon] :-- to guess; geta gátu
, to guess a riddle, Fas. i. 465; in the saying, opt verðr villr s&aa
cute; er geta skal, Fb. iii. 384; hvárt getr þú þessa,
eðr veiztú með sannindum, Fms. ii. 260; ef þik hefði s
vá dreymt sem áðr gat ek, xi. 7; ok gat þess til, at &th
orn;ú mundir, Nj. 90; þess munda ek geta, at ..., Lv. 104; þ&
aacute; fór sem hann gat, at ..., Fms. xi. 22; ek get verit munu hafa Gun
nar á Hlíðarenda, Nj. 35; sendimenn sögðu at hann gat
rétt, Eg. 541; ef ek skal geta til, þá ætla ek ..., N
j. 134; eptir því sem Halldórr gat til, Ld. 324; sem &Oacute
;lafr konungr gat til, Fms. vii. 104, x. 354; get þú til (guess!
) segir Stúfr, rétt getr þú (thou guessest rig
ht) segir Stúfr, vi. 390; gat síns hverr til hvat skipum vera
mundi, viii. 213; nú geta menn þess til at Gísli muni drukna
ðr vera, Gísl. 46, (tilgáta); þá get ek at &aacut
e; sína hönd mér setisk hvárr þeirra, Ld. 324: s
o in the phrase, geta til launanna í knefa e-m, to guess for the rewar
d into another's nieve (closed hand), Sturl. iii. 151; geta í
kollinn, to guess, guess right, passim. 2. to think, mean,
almost like the American I guess; ekki get ek at hón sálug
sé mjök djarftæk, I guess that she, poor thing, will ..., Stj. 422; ek get hann eigi þessa eina hjálp okkr veita, 423, pa
ssim: recipr. getask, proncd. getrast.
B. [Found neither in Engl., Saxon, nor Germ.; lost in mod. Swed. and Dan.
] :-- to speak of, mention; þess er getið sem gört er, Gre
tt.; gettu eigi vafurleysu þeirrar, Band. 28; öngra manna gat K&aacut
e;ri jafnopt sem Njáls, Nj. 211; konungr þagnar hvert sinn er &THOR
N;órólfs er getið, Eg. 54; þá þarf þe
ss eigi at geta ef sættask skal, Fms. iv. 130; so also, geta um e-t, to
speak about; Guanarr reið heim ok gat fyrir öngum manni um, Nj. 82
; ok gátu fyrir henni um bónorðit, Fms. xi. 22; ok er ekki get
ið um ferð þeirra fyrr en þeir kómu til hirðar R&
ouml;gnvalds jarls, iv. 130. 2. to tell of (in records etc.); &tho
rn;ess getr Glúmr Geirason í Gráfeldar drápu, Fms. i
. 25, 30, 38, 50, 55, 65, 91, iv. 62, 63, passim; en í annarri sögu
er þess getið, at ..., xi. 14; enn getr Einarr hversu Hákon jar
l hefndi föður síns, i. 56; sem síðarr mun getið
verða, as will be told later (i.e. below), 230; sem fyrr var g
etið, as is told above, v. 24: impers., e-s getr, it is told, reco
rded (in books, poems); þess getr í Hrunhendu, at ..., opt skal
góðs geta, a saying, the good shall be often spoken of, Hm. 1
02.
geta, u, f. a guess, mostly in pl.; leiða getum um e-t, Nj. 14
, 205; margar getur, guess-work, Fms. iv. 288, vi. 400, xi. 244, Eg. 766:
rarely in sing., getu verðir eða frásagnar, worth mentioning,
 Sks. 180; ætla ek eigi þat til getu, at hann sé þa
r, it is not likely that he is there, Fms. ii. 110; vandast oss nú
getan, Mork. 167: cp. the saying, spá er spaks geta, the spae (prophecy) is the wise man's guess, Fms. xi. 154. getu-mál,
 n. a doubtful case, Fs. 59.
getara, u, f. one who gives birth to, Mar. passim,
get-gangr, m. guessing, Fb. iii. 385.
get-gáta, u, f. guess-work.
getnaðr, m., gen. ar, conception, Mar. 33, K. Á. 104, p
assim: birth, foetus, vera með getnaði, Sks. 689, Stj. 159. Gen.
xxv. 24. COMPDS: getnaðar-frjó, n. seed, Stj. 80. ge
tnaðar-liðr (-limr), m. genitalia, Bs. i. 310, 644, St
j. 63, 80, 326, Fms. ix. 414. getnaðar-tími, a, m. (-t&iacu
te;ð, f.), the time of conception, K. Á. 18, Mar. 345.
getning, f. = getnaðr, Str. 52.
getrask, að, dep. to play at guessing with small shells in the
hands, a favourite Icel. child's play.
get-sakir (proncd. gessakir), f. pl. 'guess-charges,' i.e.
imputations, insinuations without evidence, in the phrases, fyrir getsaki
r, Fms. vi. 383; sækja getsakir, to prosecute one upon loose imputation
s, Gísl. 123: the mod. phrase, gera e-m getsakir, to make insinuat
ions; gerðu mér engar getsakir, make no insinuations to me.
get-spakr, adj. wise at guessing, prophetic.
get-speki, f. 'guess-wisdom,' gift of prophecy, Rb. 394, Pr. 83.
GEYJA, pret. gó, Orkn. 114, 150, Nj. 74, Rd. 302, Fas. ii. 33; 3rd
pers. pl. gó, Fms. xi. 12; pret. subj. g&oelig;i, 10; pres. indic. geyr
(spelt g&oelig;r), Clem. 44: [Dan. gjö; Swed. gö] :-- to bark; er vér heyrðum hvelpana g., Fms. xi. 12, passim (above)
:-- metaph. to scoff at, blaspheme, with acc., vil ek eigi goð geyja
, Bs. i. 17: in a ditty of the year 999 A.D., hann g&oelig;r Gefjon (acc.), Clem
. l.c.; g. gest, Hm. 136; also, g. á e-n, to abuse one (á-g
auð); geyr hón á þá, Gísl. 139: geyja at e
-m, to bark at one, Nj. 106: reflex. recipr. geyjask, to abuse one ano
ther, N. G. L. i. 333. This word is now obsolete in Icel. and replaced by ge
lta, q.v.
GEYMA, d, [Ulf. gaumjan = GREEK, GREEK, etc.; A. S. gyman;
lost in Germ., but gaume = to keep house, in the Zürich idiom
, De Herr Professer by August Corrodi; Dan. gjemme; Swed. gömma] :-- to keep, watch, heed, mind; and with gen. to take care of;
at allir geymi þín sem bezt, Nj. 14; ok g. eigna várra, Fms
. i. 156; hann hafði geymt hlutverka (not hlut verks) sinna, he had minde
d his work, Gísl. 29; g. tungu sinnar, to keep a guard on one's to
ngue, Th. 78; göra hark, svá at lögréttu-menn mega e
igi g. dóma sinna, to make a noise (in court) so that the judge
s cannot mind their duty, Gþl. 16; g. þess (to watch) at
enginn komizt í braut, Nj. 198, Fms. vi. 390; g. at e-u, id.; n&ua
cute; geymir Björn
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<HEADER>GEYMARI -- GILDI. 199</HEADER>
eigi, B. heeded not, iv. no; geyma til, id.; geymit þ&eacute
;"r til vel (mark'
well) ef þér verðit við nokkura nybreytni varir, i. 71.
P. with dat., g.
sauðum, to watch sheep, Stj. 177; þú skalt g. mín
um skilmála, 115, and
geymirþeimsíðan, 81, 99. "Y- abso'-' Fms. i. 126; hanngeymdi ei
gi hvat
tré' þat var, Grett. 151 A, Stj. 365, 486. 8. with acc., hvart hann
vildi
heldr g. (watch) bæinn eðr ganga at jarli, Grett. 85 A; g. heil
ræðit,
Fms. xi. 433, both of them late MSS.; bað hann þá hlífa
sér ok g. skotvápn oil, Fb. ii. 43; but gætum vápna várra, Ó
. H. I. e.; cp. Stj. 231,
where dat. in text, but acc. in v. 1.; þó treystisk hann eigi at g.
þá, Sd.
l6o (paper MS.), Bev. 16. The acc. seems not to occur in very old MSS.,
but in mod. usage it is very freq., although the gen. is not quite obsolete::
Icel. still say, geyma Guðs boðorð, to keep God's commandments, N. T.,
Pass., Vidal. passim :-- to keep a thing for another, eg skal g. bukina f
yrir
þig á meðan, geymdu það fyrir mig: reflex, to be o
bserved, of law, H. E. i.
509, N. G. L. i. II. part, geymdr, observed, retained, Rb. 202.
geymari, a, m. a keeper, Fms. iii. 158, Stj. 9.
geymd, f., only in pl., gefa geymdir at e-u ( -- gefa gaum at e-u), Lv. 4
4,
Hom. 160, Sks. 564 B; hafit g. á hvar þessi hinn vándi ina&e
th;r er, Stj. (MS.)
geymiliga, adv. beedfully, Grett. 150, Stj. 150.
geyminn, adj. heedful, Bs. i. 48, Fms. v. 240.
geymsla, u, f. guardianship, watch, Stj. 8, 177, Fms. vii. 25, Sd.
160,
Grett. 112 (vigilance); fjar-g., f beep-keeping. COMPDS: geymsluengill, m. a guardian angel, Stj. 8. geymslu-lauss, adj. unguarded,
 Fas. ii. 138, Karl. 161. geymslu-leysi, n. carelessness. geymslumaðr, m. a keeper, Stj. 42.
geypna, að, [gaupn], to encompass, Geisli 16, Us. 29, Lb. 25.
GEYSA, t, [from gjosa, q. v., and different to geisa] :-- to rush
furiously, gush, =- Lat. grassari, of fire, the sea, etc.; hann Isetr
g. eld ok
jam, Fms. xi. 42 :-- usually dep., geysask votii at þeim með forsfalli
, O. 'H.
164; þá geysisk hafit á londin, Edda 41; gcystisk at þ
ví allr lands-mugr,
O. H. 34; múgrinn flotans geystisk inn á síórskipin,
Fms. viii. 227: pai'tgeystr, gushing, rushing forth, Nj. 247, Fms. vii. 326, Fb. i. 253:
metaph. enraged, Fms. vii. 230, viii. 202, Hkr. ii. 356: big, enormous
,
 Fms. vii. 99 :-- neut. geyst, as adv. furiously, violently, i. 165,
Finnb. 35~-
geysi-, a prefix, exceedingly, greatly; geysi-ujafnt, Edda 11; gey

siglaðr, exceeding glad, Stj. 478; geysi-morg, very many, Edda 1
4; þat er
þeim geysi-haglig geit, what a wonderful goat, 24; geysi-illa, v
ery badly,
 Fms. ii. 295; g. kalli, piercing cold, viii. 306; g. feginn, unco
mmonly
glad, Barl. 85; g. mjök, very much, Fb. i. 210; g. inikill, v
ery muckle,
 481; g. fagr, wonderfully fair, Olf. 3. 41, and many others :-- with
nouns,
geysi-fúl, a big fool, Flov.
geysiliga, adv. enormously, Fas. i. 64.
geysiligr, adj. enormous, Fas. ii. 243, Mar. 166, 423.
geysingr, in. impetuosity, Finnb. 354, Fas. i. 157, Ísl. 11
. 347, F"15- xi. Si.
Geysir, in. the name of a famous hot spring in Iceland. Foreign
writers often use geysir as an appellative; but the only Icel. words for hot
springs are hver (a cauldron, hot ivell) and laug (a hot ba/h). Th
e present Geysir is never mentioned in old writers, and it seems from a record
in the led. Annals that the great hot wells in the neighbourhood of llaukadale were due to the volcanic eruptions of 1294, when old hot springs
disappeared and those now existing came up, -- hjá Haukadal kóniu
upp
hverir stórir en sumir hurfu þeir er áðr höfðu
verit; unfortunately the
end of Arua S. (the bishop), the sole historical work of that time, is lost.
The word geysir = a gusher must be old, as the iuilexive - i r is
hardly used
but in obsolete words (læknir a leach, hellir a cave, etc.,
are exceptional');
it was probably borrowed from some older hot spring. A pretty legend,
referring to the 'moving' of springs when defiled with innocent blood, is
recorded in Ísl. þjóðs. ii. 112, 113; this tale could no
t have sprung up
unless a change in the place of the hot springs had been observed.
geytlan, f. gluttony, Rum. 306, (an air. A. e*y.)
-GI (or -ki after i or s), a particle suffixed to nouns and
adverbs.
A. In a positive sense [Lat. -que] , ever, Lat. -que, -cimqite:
 1. with
the pronoun hverr (quis) through all cases, answering to the Lat. qnis
-quc:
 out of the Laws we can nearly make a full paradigm :-- noin. hverr-gi or
hver-gi, Lat. qids-que, qui-cunque, Grág. Kb. i. 14, 31, 45, 85, 1
71 (twice),
183, 195, 221, ii. 7, 23, 82, ioi: nom. and acc. neut. hvat-ki (quod-quc).
 i. 34, 155, 162, 183, 244, ii. 77, 140, 154, Jómsv. 15, Ib. 3; also
hvurtki, id., Grág. Kb. i. 61 (twice): gen. hvers-kis (cujits-que), 238: dat.
hverjun-gi (ctti-que), 31, 156: acc. inasc. hvern-gi (quem-que), 1
47, 155,
221, 22=;, 245, ii. 47, 66: abl. hve-gi or hvi-gi, however, \. 147, 195,
ii.
64, ioi, 128, 151, joinsv. 14 :-- plur. acc. neut. hver-gi (quae-que): du
al
dat. sing, hvarnn-gi megin, on both sides (of a river), Grug. Kb. ii. 93:
-- even in historical prose, því at hit næsta surnar gat hve
rgi ber á íslaiuii,
the following:. ummer every nian gathered berries in Iceland (to make som
e
kind ot wine), Bs. 1. 135, (or are we to read hvar-gi, everywhere ?). 2.
with adverbs; hvert-ki (quociin-que modo), Grág. ii. 50; nivr-gi.
whenever (ubi-cunyue), i. 191; hvar-gi, wherever, 25, 166, 240, ii. 128,
212.
B. In a negative sense, with a few pronouns, adjectives, adverbs,
and rarely in old poems with substantives: 1. witli nouns, in the pr.
name Lopt-ki, an air. Aey., Ls. 19: with appellatives, þürf-gi
, no need, an
arr. \ey., Hkv. Hjörv. 39; freq. in mann-gi, no man, cp. Lat. n&e
circ;mo, íb. (which is even used in mod. writers and poets; væt
-ki, naught; vettu-gi
(dat.) and vettcr-gis (gen.), Vsp.: with adjectives, ein-gi (q. v.), none, a
common word; otherwise rare, sjálf-gi, 'self-not, ' i. e. not o
neself, Ls. 29, an
air. \fy.: with a dat. case of langr, þá löngu-gi, t
hen not for a long time,
 Konr. (MS.): with pronouns, in the dual, hvarr-gi, neither, Lat. 
neuter,
 Grág. Kb. i. 46, ii. 93, 151; gen. hvárs-kis (netitrius), freq.; dat. hvarungi (jieulri), i. 215; hvarum-gi, ii. 63: neut. hvaru-gi, 216; hitt-ki, ne
illud quidem. Urn. 21, 23; þat-ki, Hbl. 6; þat-ki at ek f&aacute
; (not even that
I get) mala minu falslausan, Mork. 83. 2. with adverbs, only in
poetry or laws or very old prose; sva-gi. not so, Grág. Kb. ii. 99
, Mork.
83; þá-gi, then not; þey-gi, though not, qs. &t
horn;ó-gi; æva-gi, never: again,
hver-gi (q. v.), nowhere; ei-gi (q. v.), not; aldri-gi (q. v.), never; hvar-ki
(q. v.), neither, are common words in prose and in speech. The negative gi can never be suffixed to verbs (vide '-at, ' p. 2); therefore býðgi, non
jubeo (in Islands-vaka 61, a poem of the last century. Fél. i. 236),
is a
spurious imitation of the old idiom; neither can -at be put to nouns;
ráð-at hann kuiini, Jónas 105, ought therefore to be rá
ð hann kunni-t,
issue be knew not.
C. In an indefinite sense; in a few instances -gi seems to be used
almost like Latin quidem with a preceding negative: eigi miklo-gi miuiia,
ne multo quidem minus, Ileiðar. S., Ísl. ii. 360; eigi storu-g
i meiri, ne multo
quidem majora, 386; engi miklo-gi görr... . nemo multo quidem plus .
..,
 Grág. i. 209; cp. also the adverbs iillun-gis or oldun-gis, quite, altogether
(allr, -gi); einun-gis, only, solely (einn, -gi). both formed from da
t. sing.:
the obsolete vil-gi (qs. vel-gi) is ambiguous, being used both in a nt-g.
sense -- -not well, and posit. =-well, bene quidem, cp. Bs. i. 393
, note; Hrn.
66, malun-gi, is doubtful; -- prob. þyrftig-at múlun-gi mat should
be read, -at being taken not as a prep, but as a negative verbal suffix, and -gi
as a
positive suffix; Icel. now say, hann á ekki málungi matar, he d
oes not
know where to look for his next meal.
igsf The negative -gi is peculiar to Scandin., and no traces of it are
found in any Saxon nor German idioms; whereas, as a positive suffix, it
is common to all Teutonic tongues, and remains in the Engl. many and
any; ' many' being qs. man-y -- man-ever, ' homo-cunque, ' Goth, tnanags,
 and 'any' qs. ane-y = every-one; so also is the cf;' in Icel. margr
and
hvárigr, which are remnants -- the former of the positive, the latter of
the negative -gi.
gift, gifta, u, f. gift, vide gipt, gipta.
GIKKR, m., pl. ir, [Dan. gjcek -- -jester] , a pert, rude perso
n. COMPDS:
gikks-hattr, m. pert manner. gikks-ligr, adj. pert, rude; the saying, hver sem glettist við gikkinn fær af honum hnykkinn, who meddl
es
with a ' gik' will get a kick.
GIL, n., gen. pl. gilja, dat. giljum, [Ghyll or Gill
in North. E. and Scot.,
local names] :-- a deep narrow glen with a stream at bottom, like the Gr.
âpáSpa; brooks and tributary streams flowing through clefts in th
e fell
side to the main river at the bottom of a vale are in Icel. called gil; very
freq. in local names, Isfírðinga-gil, Branda-gil, Hauka-gil, Hrafna-g
il,
Hellra-gil, Gilj-á, þver-gil, vide Landn.; (a chasm without water o
r with
stagnant water is not gil, but gja; also gljiifr, a deep chasm forming
the bi. il of a river), Valla L. 223, Hrafn. 7, Eg. 766, Ld. 218, Krók. 6
4,
Fms. vii. 149, passim. COMPDS: Gils-bakki, a, in., prop. Gill-bank,
 a local name, Landn., whence Gils-bekkingar, in. pl. the name of a
family, Landn. gils-botn, m. n gill bottom, Sturl. i. 82, 84. gilsgjá, f. a chasm with a gill (rare), Grett. III. gils-bröm, f.
the
edge of a gill, Ld. 2r8, Dropl. 23, Grett. in.
gilda, t, to be worth so and so. only in mod. usage, esp. in metap
h. and
impers. phrases, mig gildir cinu, / d') not mind: láttu þig
einu g., never
mind: hvað sem gildir, n t any price; hirt aldrei hvaö sem g
ildir, at
hætta á, ósatt null, Pass. 13. 2.
GILDI, n. [gjalda; UÍf. gild -- tribute, Luke xx. 22, Mark
xii. 14;
A. S. gilt!; Hei. geld; Frank, chalta; Germ, geld -- money;

it remains in
Old Fngl. weregild :-- payment, tribute; this sense is very rare, as gjal
d
(q. v.) is the common word; chiefly used in compels, as nef-giltli, head-tax;
 baug-gildi, q. v.; skatt-gildi, a tax; skuld:i-giidi, / ay 7/
itvi t of debts, Gr;ig. i.
302. 2. recompense; in the saying, æ sér til gildis gjof (mo
d. a: sor gjiit
til gjalda), Hom. 146. 3. value; al-gildi, full-g. Vhalf-g., whole, fu
ll,
half value; ið-gilði or i-gildi, equivalence; hon er karlmanu
s-igikli. J3.
worth, value, esteem; the phrase, vera í !niklu, litlu, engu gildi
, to be in great,
small, no repute; án Drottins ráða er aðstoð maims
í cngu ininsta gildi,
Pass. i). 2: lYeq. in mod. usage, but rare in old writers, þegar &e
acute;r komiy. t
i giUii við hiifdingja eðr kierleika, Finnb. 266. II. a banquet,
feast, [cp. Dan. gilde; so called from the fee paid?], Eg. 20 sqq., E
dda
45' 57' ^'- '• 3^3' ^Þ'- J 7^' ^rcíl- 'u "'^ poems; the poetic
al mead is
called Gauta g., Konnak; or gildi Grjótaldar, the cheer of the Giants;
 gefa lilfum gildi, to feast the wolves. Lex. Poët.; to this see
ms to belong
the passage in Vsp. 27, hvárt skyldi Æsir al'rað gjalda eðr
skyldi goðin
oil gikli eiga, where the eiga gildi means to hold a feast, with the noti
on
of making a league or peaceful agreement, as opp. to gjalda afra&e
th; (q. v.),
to pay tribute as a badge of submission. III. in a technical sense,
a guild, throughout England and Scandinavia during the Middle Ages;
the first guilds in Norway were instituted by king Olave (1066-1093),
<PAGE NUM="b0200">
<HEADER>200 GILDINGR -- GIRNA.</HEADER>
Ólafr konungr lét setja Mikla-gildi í Níðar&oacu
te;si, ok mörg önnur í kaupstöðum,
en áðr vóru hvirfings-drykkjur (but before there were drink
ing-bouts),
Fms. vi. 440: the guilds were secular brotherhoods or trades'
unions (and often became political clubs); they assumed the names of
saints or sacred things, as Kross-g., Cross-guild; Ólafs-g., St
. Olave's
guild (in Norway); Knuts-g., St. Canute's guild (in Denmark), and so
on: in Icel. this sense rarely occurs, mælti at einhverr vildis-manna &ael
ig;tti
at hefja gildit, Sturl. i. 20; ok var gildit at Ólafs messu hvert sumar,
23;
cp. also gildis-fundr, m. a guild-meeting, mentioned in Sturl. i.
58;
and gildis-bændr, m. pl. guild-franklins, guild-brothers, 23
, (about the
middle of the 12th century); but guilds never took root in Icel.:
gildis-skáli, a, m. a guild-hall, Fms. viii. 160, ix. 22, D
.N. passim:
gildis-tíð, n. a guild-term, Fms. viii. 151.
gildingr, m. a thing rated at its full worth, fully measured, Gr&a
acute;g. ii.
357, 380: pride, pretension, án gildings, 655 xxvii. 2.
gildir, m., in poetry a payer, contributor, Lex. Poët.: a
feaster, poët.
the wolf that feasts in blood: a guild-brother, öld Ól
afs gilda (gen. pl.),
the host of St. Olave's guild-brothers, Geisli 10; Hropts gildar, the
champions
of Odin, Hd.
gild-leiki, a, m. strength, full size, Grett. 148: mod. stoutne
ss.
gild-liga, adv. stoutly, metaph. with a grand air, Korm. 60
.
gildna, að, to become stout.
GILDR, adj., neut. gilt, [cp. gildi, gjalda; Swed., Dan., and Norse
gild] :-- of full worth, full: 1. a trade term, of full
measure, size,
quality, and the like; gillt fé, Grág. i. 503; gildr skal tr&e
acute;skjöldr, ef,
Gþl. 105, cp. 104; bolöxar gildar, N.G.L. i. 126; þeim manni er
bæði
hefir gildar (full-measured) álnar ok faðma, Grág. ii.
262; gild dagleið,
Bs. ii. 2. valued at, with dat., gildr tveim mörkum, Gr&aacut
e;g. ii. 86;
g. átta aurum, id.; svá gildr, id.; hversu þau sár er
u gild, at how much
those wounds are rated, N.G.L. i. 172; tví-gildr, hálf-g., alg., of double,
half, full worth. II. metaph. complete, absolute, great; g. ko
nungr,
Fms. ix. 69; g. höfðingi, xi. 18; gild húsfreyja, Glúm. 3
49; gildr maðr,
Eg. 182; flestir enir gildari menn (honoratiores), Ld. 106; Hallfreyð
r var
þá sem gildastr, H. was then at his best, Fs. 100; á
gildasta aldri, id., Stj.
230: so of things, honum var þat gildr þykkr, a great shock,
Ísl. ii. 321;
með gildum sóma, with great fame, Fms. xi. 18; gild hefnd, &Ia
cute;sl. ii. 116;
gild ferð, a famous journey, Fas. ii. 513. III. in mod. usage,
stout, brawny, cp. Grett. 148; Icel. now say gildr of a man, digr of thin
gs;
but in compds, mittis-digr, not mittis-gildr; to use digr and digrask (q.v.)
for gildr and gildna is now thought rude; but in olden times only digr
was used in that sense, e.g. Ólafr Digri, Þorbjörg Digra (a la
dy); the
passage referred to, Grett. 148, comes near the mod. sense of that word,
but is not to be so understood.
GILDRA, u, f. a trap, Gþl. 445. Niðrst. 3; sem melrakki

í gildru,
4; vide knatt-gildra: gildru-merki, n. a trap mark, Gþl. 444
: metaph.,
Fms. i. 221, ii. 48, vi. 145, Mar. 506.
gildra, að, to trap, Gþl. 444: metaph. to contrive, g. til e-s, ef maðr
gildrar til þess at vápn skuli sjálf falla á menn, Gr
ág. ii. 117, Fms. ii. 294,
vii. 202; g. til veiða, viii. 63, 80; g. svá til, at..., to contri
ve so, that...,
Stj. 451, Þiðr. 242, Róm. 257.
gildri, n. the laying a trap, N.G.L. i. 341, 379.
gildri, n. = gildi, [Ulf. gilstr, Róm. xiii. 6; O.H.G. g
elstar] , payment,
Grág. Kb. ii. 204.
gilja, að, [Ulf. gailjan = GREEK; Swed. gilja], to b
eguile a woman,
Grett. 161, Krók. 64 (a pun), Bs. i. 238.
Gilli, a, m. [Gael. gillie = a servant], only in Irish pr. names,
Fms., Landn.
gil-maðr, m. a libertine, Blanda.
GIM, n. [in A.S. gim is masc., and so it seems to be used in Vkv.
5;
A.S. gim from Lat. gemma] :-- in poetry a gem, a jewel; the
sun is
called fagr-gim, the fair gem; gims gerðr, a lady, Lex. Po&eum
l;t. 2. in
poets metaph. fire, Edda (Gl.): never used in prose.
Gimli, a heavenly abode, sal sá hón standa só
lu fegra gulli þakðan
á Gimli, Vsp. 63; it occurs only there, whence it came into Edda 12;
even the gender is uncertain, whether n. or perhaps better dat. of a masc.
gimill = himill = himin, n. heaven.
gim-steinn, m. a 'gem-stone,' a jewel, Edda 147, Greg. 27, Fms. i.
15,
vi. 3, Stj. 191, 254; a name of a poem: gim-steinaðr, part. set wi
th
gems, Karl. 284.
GIN, n. [A.S. gin], the mouth (Germ. rachen) of beas
ts, Edda 42, Al.
37, Fms. vi. 165; ulfs-gin, Bs. i. (in a verse), passim. COMPDS:
gin-faxi, a, m. a magical character, Ísl. Þjóðs.
i. 446. gin-fjara, u, f. a
very low ebb. gin-kefli, a, m. a mouth-piece, a gag, put in th
e
mouth of animals, Fas. iii. 314. gin-keyptr, adj., in the phrase, vera
ginkeyptr eptir e-u, to be eager for a thing, prop, open-mouthed a
s a fish for
bait. gin-klofi, a, m., medic. spasmus cynicus, Fél. gin
-ljótr, adj.
with a hideous mouth.
gingi-brauð, n. ginger-bread, H.E. ii. 91.
gin-hafri, a, m. a kind of oats, Edda (Gl.)
ginn, ginnr, or ginnir, m. a juggler, jester, Fms. vi. 295,
viii. 307
(in a verse). II. a magical character, Ísl. Þjóðs
. i. 446.
GINN-, or perhaps better gínn-, [cp. A.S. gin or ginn =
vast, wide;
it seems however better to derive it from the verb beginnan, Engl. beg
in,
a word used in all Teutonic languages, except the old Scandinavian
tongue, where it is unknown, unless in this mythological prefix] :-- only
used as a prefix: I. in old mythol. words, great, holy:
ginn-heilög (adj. pl.) goð, the most holy gods, the supreme g
ods, as opposed to
Asir and Vanir, the lower gods, Vsp. passim: ginn-regin, n. pl. 'magna
numina,' Hm. 143, Haustl. 13, in the same sense as ginnheilög goð i
n Vsp.;
in Hým. 4 opp. to tívar (dii); in Alm. goð and ginnregi
n are distinguished,
cp. also Hm. 79: ginnungar, m. pl., seems used in the same sense as
ginnregin, whence Ginnunga-gap, n. chaos, the formless void, in wh
ich
abode the supreme powers, before the creation, Edda, Vsp.: later, in the
11th century, the sea between Greenland and America was called Ginnunga-gap,
A.A. 295: Ginnunga-himin, m. of the heavenly vault of
Ginnunga-gap, Edda 5: Ginnunga-vé, n. pl. the holy places of th
e
Ginnungar, the universe, Haustl. 15: Ginnarr (Ginnir), m., is a na
me
of Odin, prop. = aetherius, and also used of the eagle, the falcon. II.
in an intensive sense only in poets; ginn-viti, a, m. a large fire, Sighvat;
perhaps also we may read, Vkv. 5, ginn-fasti, a, m. a great fire i
n a
smithy, for gim fasti.
GINNA, t, to dupe, fool one, Nj. 225, 263, Band. 5, 27, 69, Fms. v
i.
205, Edda 36; g. e-t af e-m, Fms. iii. 98; g. e-n at sér, to fall out
with
one, Vápn. 7 :-- to intoxicate, lát af at drekka v&iacu
te;n, svá at þú gerir þik
ginnta, Stj. 428; ferr þessi maðr í tavernis hús, ok fer
r eigi fyrr burt en
hann er ginntr, Mar.; drykkja var þar óstjórnleg, svá
at þeir urðu allir
ginntir, Bárð. 26 new Ed.: intoxicating, of liquor, hennar vat
n er svá
ginnt ok galit, Stj. 84.
ginning, f. imposture, fraud, Fms. vi. 205, Ld. 322, Stj. 267:
ginningar-fífl, m. a fool, one who runs a fool's errand, Nj
. 160;
Gylfa-ginning, the Fooling of Gylfi, a part of the Edda, vide Edda Ub. th
e
beginning.
ginnungr, m. a juggler, jester, Fs. 87, Edda (Gl.)
GIPT, gift, f. [gefa], a gift, 656 C. 12, Greg. 37, Hom. 62; Heila
gs
Anda gipt, 625. 30, 655 A. 13. 3: a gift of nature, endowment, Fms. x.
314, Eluc. 27, Edda 144 (pref.): income, N.G.L. i. 345, 347: a wedding
,
A.S. gifta, giptar-gáfa, u, f. a wedding gift, D.N.:
giptar-jörð, f.
a dowry farm, N.G.L. i. 356: giptar-kveld, n. a wedding eve, cp.
brúðgjöf and bekkiargjöf, N.G.L. i. 356: giptar-m&aacute
;l, n. [Dan. givtermaal],
a marriage, D.N.: giptar-orð, n. marriage, El. 10: g
iptar-vitni, n.
a wedding witness, N.G.L. i. 356.
gipta, u, f. [A.S. gifeðe = fatum, Beowulf], good luck,
Ld. 104, Nj.
17, Fms. vi. 299, Fs. 27, 97, Stj. 198, passim; cp. auðna, hamingja.
COMPDS: giptu-drjúgr, adj. lucky, Fs. 142. giptu-f&aacut
e;tt, n. adj.
luckless, Fær. 154. giptu-liga, adv. happily, boding good
luck, Fms.
iii. 174, Fas. ii. 429. giptu-ligr, adj. lucky, auspicious, Fms. v
i.
9. giptu-maðr, m. a lucky man, Grett. 163, Fms. vi. 274, Fs. 4
3,
80. giptu-munr, m. the turn of the scale, the crisis of one's luck,
Fas. iii. 312. giptu-ráð, n. a good, auspicious match,
Vigl. 23.
giptu-samliga, adv. auspiciously, Fms. i. 214, Sturl. ii. 78.
giptu-samligr, adj. = giptuligr, Fms. x. 31. giptu-skortr, m. b
ad luck, Fær.
265. giptu-tómr, adj. luckless, Al. 95. giptu-vænl
igr, adj. 
promising good luck, auspicious, of a man, Njarð. 344, Fs. 10. II.
marriage (rare); giptu-mál, n. a marriage, Landn. 11
0 (v.l. in the
MS. Melabók).
gipta, t, to give a woman in marriage; fyrr skulu grónir
grautar&dash-uncertain;dílarnir á hálsi þér, e
n ek muna gipta þér systur mína, Eb. 210; gipti
Höskuldr Gró systur sina, Ld. 24, Nj. 17, Eg. 5, Rm. 20, 37, passim.
II. reflex, to marry, of both man and wife; in old writers
the man 'kvángask,' i.e. takes a wife, the woman is 'gipt,' i.e. given away,
Fms. ix. 269, Ld. 128 passim; in the course of time the primitive sense
of the word was lost, and it came to mean to marry: the saying, þa&
eth;
grær áðr en þú giptist, i.e. never mind, it wil
l be healed before thou marriest,
addressed to a boy or girl about to cry for a slight hurt.

gipting, f. marriage, in old writers only of a woman, Js. 63, Fms.
ix. 269. COMPDS: giptingar-dagr, m. a wedding day, Gþl. 221.
giptingar-maðr, m. one who gives away (parent, warder), G&thor
n;l. 212, 215,
229. giptingar-orð, n. = gjaforð, marriage, Fms. x. 87.
giptingar-veð, n. wedding-security, i.e. for the dowry, N.G.L.
ii. 304.
giptingar-vitni, n. a wedding witness, N.G.L. ii. 305. II.
in
mod. usage marriage, applying both to man and wife, passim, and in
many compds.
GIRÐA, ð, mod. t, older form gerða, [Ulf. gairdan = GREEK] :-to fence, Fms. x. 211, Grett. 168, Grág. ii. 263; cp. gyrða, whic
h means
to tie up, gird.
girði, n. materials for fencing, Jb. 100: wood for making h
oops.
girðing, f. fencing, Fms. x. 212: mod. fences.
Girkir, m. pl. the Greeks; Girkland, n. Greece, mod. Grikki
r,
Grikkland.
GIRNA, d, [Ulf. gairnjan = GREEK; A.S. girnan; Engl. to
yearn], 
to desire, in act. used impers., e-n (acc.) girnir til e-s, 655 xxxviii. 11;
cp. fýsa. II. reflex. girnask, to desire (personally), Stj.
passim, Sks.
105, 623. 21. Fs. 4: absol., Fms. i. 262, Sks, 152, Band. 3, Bs. 1. 691, v.l.
<PAGE NUM="b0201">
<HEADER>GIRND -- GJALL. 201</HEADER>
girnd, f. desire, lust, Fms. ii. 238, x. 373, passim. COMPDS: girn
daraugu, n. pl. eyes of lust, 623. 23, 811. 54, 125. girndar-bruni,
-eldr, -logi, a, m. the burning (fire, flame) of lust, i. e. ardent hi
st, Greg.
60, Vígl. 22. girndar-grafar, f. pl., Stj. 324, rendering of ' Kibrothhattaavah, 'Numb, xi-34. girndar-hugr, m. amour, Stj. 7. girndarráð, n. a (/oo li s h) love match, Ld. 128, Fms.
iv. 194; veil ek at báðurn
er þetta girndarráð, ye are both mad with love, Nj. 49;
vide fy'sn.
girni, f. = girnd, [Ulf. gairnei] , yearning, desire, esp.
in compds, metorða-g., drottnunar-g., ambition; fe-g., avarice; heipt-g., spite; a-girni,
q. v.; sin-g., selfishness; eigin-g., id.
girni-liga, adv. desirably, Th. 75.
girni-ligr, adj. desirable, to be coveted, Sks. 499; girnilegt til

fróðleiks, Gen. iii. 6, passim, Fms. v. 259 (pleasant, engaging).
Girskr, adj. Greek, Skálda 160, Greg. 75, K. þ. K. 74
, Fms. vi. passim;
mod. Griskr: Girska, u, f. the Greek language, Stj. 70, Fms. vii. 96, Sk&
aacute;lda
160 passim. II. = Gerzkr, i. e. from Garðar, Russian, passim.
GISINN, part. [Swed. gisten; Scot, and North. E. geizened~\, le
aky,
 of tubs, wooden vessels, freq. in mod. usage.
gisna, að, [Swed. gistna] , to become leaky (gisinn).
GISTA, t, [gestr], to pass the night; g. at e-s (etc.), Eb. 222, N
j. 15,
74, Ld. 130, Al. 40, Fs. 138: with acc. of the host, g. e-n, to spend a
night with one, N. G. L. i. 51, 623. 14.
gis-tenntr, part, with teeth far apart, not closed.
gisting, f. a passing the night as a guest at a place, or the p
lace in
which one stays, night quarters, Eg. 37, Nj. 258, Ld. 46, F. b. 266, Sturl.
i. 74, Grdg. i. 91, Ísl. ii. lo, Grett. 149 new Ed., Fbr. 14, Lv. 92, pas
sim.
COMPDS: gistingar-ból, n. = gistingarstaðr, Fbr. 55 new Ed. gistîngar-staðr, m. night quarters, Ísl. ii. 23, 25, 343, Bs
. i. 140, Fms. viii.
66, passim.
gizka, að, to guess; g. á e-ð, to guess at a thi
ng; a-gizkan, a guess.
gizki, a, m. a kind of kerchief (of goal-skin 9); hón horf&
eth;i upp í fjallit
ok veifði gi/, ka eðr dúki, Fs. 59; síðau veifði h
ann gizka til fjalls ok
tók þá af veðrit, 78 :-- mod. a scarecrow. II. an
island in Norway, Fms.
GÍFR, n. pl. [A. S. gîfre = rapacious, used as an epi
thet of the devil,
wildfire, etc., and as noun, a glutton, vide Grein] :-- witches, fiend
s, - Germ, unhold, Vsp. 52, Hkv. Hjörv. 15; freq. in poetry, al-gifr
i, pandemonium, Rragi; gifrs grand, ' witch-bane' = the god Thor, Eb.
(in a verse);
wolves are gifrs hestar, 'witch-horses, ' Jd., and hræ-gífr,
carrion beasts,
 Gkv. 2. 29, Lex. Poët.: the simple word is never used in prose, but in
compds; it however remains in prose in the following adv.
gífr-liga, adv. savagely; láta gifrliga, Sturl. ii.
238, Fas. ii. 424 (of a
dog): mod. exorbitantly.
gífr-ligr, adj., prop, savage: mod. immoderate, exorbita

nt.
GÍGJA, u, f. [Germ, geige; mid. H. G. gtge; old Fr.
gigue; and t o
jig in Scot, means to play the fiddle, while in Engl. a jig
is a lively
d a n c e] :-- a fiddle, Stj. 181, Hkr. ii. 136, cp. Yn
gl. S. ch. 25, Fms. vii. 97
(in a verse); this instrument was known at an early age, as a lawyer in
Icel. in the first part of the loth century was called gigja, prob. because
of his eloquent pleading or his clear voice, Nj., Landn.
gígjari, a, m. a fiddler, Hkr. i. 30.
gíma, u, f. a vast opening, F'b. i. 210; in mod. usage also
gimald, n. id.
GÍNA., pret. gein, pl. ginu; pres. gin (Edda 101); sup. ginit; in
old
poems a weak pret. gínði also occurs, Amur, Orkn. 90; pl. gindu, Geis
li
29, Fms. iii. 4 (in a verse); [A. S. gînan; Engl. to yawn
; Germ. tfä hníw;
Or. x*"'"w] :-- to gape, yawn, esp. of wild beasts; ginandi lilfr, Hrn.
84;
hann brá líndúk um hödduna ok gein yfir, Fms. i. 36: o
f wounds, en er
gína tóku súr hans, Bjarn. 10; gína við agni, to snap at the bait, Hyni'.
22; gína við fiugu, to snap at a fly; þóttisk Sig
mundr mi yfir flugu ginit
hafa, Ísl. ii. 25; Miðgorðs-ormr gein yfir oxa-hüfuðit,
Edda 36; vide
fluga.
GÍSL, m. [A. S. gîsel; lost in Engl.; Germ, geisse
l; Swed. gislan;
 Dan. gidsel; to be distinguished from geisl; mod. Germ, and Dan. con
found the two forms, one of which has ei and the other î as
root vowel;
mid. H. G. retained a distinction] :-- a hostage, Ls. 39, Fms. v. 171, ix
.
359, passim. II. a king's officer, a bailiff; gisl keisarans, Fms. i.
151, cp. Bs. i. 9, i. e. of the German emperor :-- a warder, watchman,
þeir höfðu sett til gisla at gæta hans (of a prisoner),
Fms. viii. 23; konungr
lagði íe til höfuðs honum ok setti hvervetna fyrir hann gisl
a (viz. to
catch him) hvar sem hann kynni fram at koma, vi. 16 :-- this sense is
very rare, and in Icel. never occurs except in metaph. phrases. III.
a pr. name, Gisl and Gisli; in many compds, þor-gísl, Spá-g&
iacute;sl, Auð-gísl,
Her-gísl, but usually by metathesis -gils, e. g. þor-gils, etc.
gísla, að, to give as hostage, Fxlda 15, Fms. ix. 447,
N. G. L. i. 103;
menn höfðu gíslat Kniiti konungi sonu sína, Hkr. ii. 385;
haim hafði
verit gíslaðr (taken as hostage) af Skota-konungi, Orkn. 418 o
ld Ed.;
 gilstir*=gíslaðir, N. G. L. i. 103; gisla ser land, to take p
ossession of the
land as a hostage, Fagrsk. 158.
gíslar, f. pl. sur eties, securities; hann tók gisla
r af honum ok bondum,
Eg- 589; hann tók gislir (v. 1. gislar, gisla) af bóndum, Fms. ix.
313,
409, passim; gisla (tlje persons) and gislar (the things) are ofte
n used indiscriminately. II. metaph. security, guafd, in the phrase, setj
a
gislar fyrir, to guard, secure (vide gisl II); Hjalti bað hann g&aeli
g;ta sin, ok
setja þær gislar fyrir sem honum þætti vænst at &t
horn;eim mundi duga, Sturl.
iii. 7; þá var svá gislum skipat fyrir at á Heiðm
örk vóru áttján skip í
Mjörs, Fms. viii. 45.
gísling, f. hostage, Gþl. 81, Fms. ii. 43, vi. 240, i
x. 447, passim: guard,
 setja gislingar fyrir = to guard (vide gislar); setti þ&oacute
;rir þá gíslingar fyrir
Gretti (an outlaw) hvar hann kæmi fram, Grett. 139 C: in the old Swed.
law gislunga-lagh = the section of law respecting bail and mainprise, Ver
cl.
gjafar-, vide gjöf.
gjafari, a, m. a giver, K. Á. 76.
gjaf-erfð, f. a bequest, Fms. vii. 124, N. G. L. i. 50.
gjaf-falr, adj. to be had for a trifle, Fms. vii. 124.
gjaf-göltr, m. a fat bog, Gþl. 396.
gjaf-laust, n. adj. 'gift-less, ' without gift, Sturl. ii. 145, Fm
s. vii. 106.
gjaf-lendingar, m. pl. feudatories, Fms. viii. 244.
gjaf-lyndi, n. open-handedness, Fms. v. 188.
gjaf-mildi, f. liberality, THom. 6 (Ed.)
gjaf-mildr, adj. open-handed, Karl. 170.
gjaf-orð, n. a match, of a woman to be married, Fr. parlie,
 Eg. 36, 598,
Nj. 38, Fms. i. 298, Lv. 38, Aim. 6, passim.
gjaf-stóll, n., poet, a throne, Lex. Poët., cp. A. S.
gifstol.
gjaf-vaxta, adj. (a maid) grown up, of marriageable age to be give
n
away, Grett. 118.

gjaf-vinr, m. an open-handed friend, benefactor, Fbr. 204, Sturl.
i. 89.
gjald, n. [vide gildi]: I. sing, tribute, payment; þv
í er gjöf
gj:ildi betri, at..., N. G. L. i. 54; gjatd þat er Finnar skyldu reiða
,
Eg. 67; seint gengr gjaldit, Fms. iv. 329; þá héldu bæ
ndr gjaldinu, they
kept back the payment, vii. 302; beiddi nokkurra fresta um gjaldit,
viii. 174; hann lagði gjald á borgina, Ó. H. 22. II. us
ually in
pl.; hann tók stór gjold af sumum, Fms. i. 28; til gjaida ok til l
itgöngu, payment, Grág. i. 184; ly'sti hann til gjalda ok &uacu
te;tgrcizlu, Nj. 15;
stefna til tveðra gjalda, double payment, i. e. double the value, Grág. ii.
188; gjalda einum gjoldum, the actualvalue, 132; fullum gjöldum, 0.
H.
86: a fine, maðr á at taka gjold um konu, Grág. i. 278;
manu-gjold, weregild. 2. metaph. retribution; Drottinn syndi liver gjold koma munu
fyrir ofstopa, 655 xxi. 3: rarely in sing., ella mun þér gjald at v
erða,
tbou shalt pay dear for it, Nj. 126 :-- freq. in eccl. use, synda-gjold,
illverka-gjold, Pass. 32. 11: so in the phrase, góðra gjalda vert, ef...
, i. e. one
must even be thankful, if not, . .; ok góðra gjalda vert ef ekki
eru drepnir
sumir, Sturl. iii. 266 :-- reward, compensation, in a good sense, æ
sér gjöf
til gjalda, gift calls for gift, Gísl.
GJALDA, pret. gait, 2nd pers. gait, mod. galzt; pl. guldu; pres,
geld: pret. subj. gyldi; imperat. gjalt or gjald þú; sup. pret. gol
dit,
goldinn; with neg. suff. gjald-attu; [Ulf. us-gildan = åiroSid&o
acute;vai; A. S.
gyldan; Engl. yield; O. H. G. geltan; old Fr. ielda; Ge
rm, gelten;
 Dan. gjelde; Swed. gälld] :-- to pay money, p
ay a fee, duty, or the like,
the person in dat., the money in acc., Grág. i. 87, 408, passim, Fæ
r. 120,
Fms. iv. 346, xi. 81, Nj. 58, K. Þ. K. 162, passim :-- to yield, repay,
return, g. gjüf við gjöf, Hm. 42j gjaldið engum íllt
móti illu, Róm. xii.
I 7; sakir þær er ek á at g. Olafi, 0. H. 213; sögðu
, at þeim var sin
óhamingja miklu illu goldin, 232; skal ek g. þeim svá &uacut
e;trúleik sinn, 58 :-þér eigit at g. aptr (to restore) sendimenn hans manngjoldum
, Eg. 575:
-- g. leiðangr, to yield a levy, Fms. viii. 173. II. metaph. to
yield or yield up, deliver; pa guldu þeir Guði andir sínar,
thevyielded
up their souls to God, Blas. 36; gjalt mik lærifcðrum inínu
m, 656 B. 5;
væri hann þá andaðr goldinn sínum borgar-münn
um, 10. p. so in
the phrases, g. skynsemi við e-u, to give (yield) reason for, Sk&aacu
te;lda 205,
Sks. 787, Johann. 28; g. samkvæði, to yield, give consent to, F
ms. v. 70,
Nj. 233; also to vote for, Grág. i. 2, 43; g. varúð, va
rhuga, við e-n, t o
be on one's guard against, beware of, Ísl. ii. 369, Fms. ii. 166,
vi. 42,
Hkr. i. 50; g. e-m fjandskap, to shew ill-will towards, Ld. 134; g. &ouml
;fund,
Ls. 12. 2. with gen. ellipt., the fine being understood, to pay for,
suffer on account of; ok munu margir þess g., Nj. 2: njóta e-s
denotes
to profit, gjalda e-s to suffer on account of another; þar m
unuð þit
min gjalda, Vígl. 28; sú harnia-bylgjan djúpa, gékk
yfir þig þá galztu
mín, Pass. 41. 4; svá mun ok vera, segir Njáll, ef þ&
uacute; geldr eigi annarra
at, Nj. 147; Helga (gen.) hefir þú goldit at í þessu,
Fas. i. 28; hugði,
at hann mundi þess viðar koma at hann mundi njóta föðu
r sins en
gjalda, Gísl. 73; heldr geldr Leifr fm'mdar en nytr frá mér
, Fms. ii.
116; gcldr at nybreytni (gen.) konungs ok þessa ens nyja siðar, i. e.
it
is a just punishment for the innovation of the king and the new creed, Ld.
168; konungr sagði, at lion skyldi eigi gjalda frá honum tiltæk
ja föður
sins, Fms. ix. 477: part, gjaldandi, a payer, Grág. i. 394.
gjald-dagi, a, m. pay-day, Grág. i. 199, ii. 235.
gjald-fang, n. payments, equivalents, Sturl. i. 182.
gjald-gengr, adj. taken in payment, Grág. i. 502, Fms. v. 3
46.
gjald-keri or gjald-kyri, a, m. the king's rent-master or stewa
rd,
 N. G. L. i. 311, 335, Fms. vi. 12, Grett. 158 A, Jb. 173, Orkn. 204 :-mod. a treasurer: the word is prob. of foreign origin.
GJALL, n, cinders from a smith's furnacc.
<PAGE NUM="b0202">
<HEADER>202 GJALLA -- GLAÐLIGR.</HEADER>
GJALLA, pret. gall, pl. gullu; pres. gell, pl. gjalla; pret. subj. gylli;
sup. gollit; mod. infin. gella; [A. S. giellan; Engl. yell; Dan.
gjalde; Swed. gälla] :-- to yell :-- of birds of prey
, to scream, shriek, hrafnar tveir ok gullu hátt, Fms. i. 131; ern
ir gjalla hátt, Sighvat; fuglar sýngja, gjalla eðr klaka, Sk&a
acute;lda 170: of a bull, to bellow, Fb. i. 545: of things, as of a bow-s

tring, to twang, strengr gellr, Fbr. 206; strengir gullu, Arnór; g
jallandi geir, Eg. (in a verse): of a man, to yell, shout, hann stök
k þá upp ok gall við, Fms. vii. 171: mod. to shout out (
in reply), hún er gipt dóna fyrir austan, gall einhver við af
Neðri-bekkingum, Piltr og Stúlka, p. 73: of an echo, to ring,
svá gall í hverjum hamri, Fms. ix. 513, v.l.; so of a blacksmith's
hammer, Eg. (in a verse).
gjallr, adj., also spelt gallr, ringing, poët. epithet
of gold, a shield, weapon, horn, Fs. 111 (in a verse), Vsp. 42, Haustl. 1, Fm.
9, 20; gallir geirar, Ó. H. 23: of a person weeping, Skv. 3. 33: as the w
ord is rare and obsolete, esp. in the form gallr, transcribers and editors have
in some passages wrongly put the well-known gamlir (old) where that word
yields no sense, as in Vsp. l.c., Ó. H. l.c. 2. as subst., the sea
, a sword, shield are called gjallr, the resounding, Edda (Gl.)
gjalti, vide göltr.
gjarða, u, f. a hood, Edda (Gl.)
gjarðari, a, m. a cooper, N. G. L. iii. 2, 10.
GJARN, adj., compar. gjarnari; superl. gjarnastr; [Ulf. gairns, on
ly once; A. S. georn; Germ. gern; lost as adj. both in Dan. and Sw
ed.; cp. gerr above, which is only used in a limited sense] :-- eager, willin
g, Fms. iv. 81, Dropl. 19; a saying, gjörn er hönd á venju
, Grett. 130: with gen., gjarn e-s, 656 C. 24, passim; used in a great many po&e
uml;t. compds, but also freq. in prose, as in góð-g., gentle;
íll-g., malevolent; öfund-g., envious; metorða-g.,
ambitions; væru-g., loving rest; á-gjarn, avarici
ous; fé-gjarn, covetous; sín-g. and eigin-g., selfis
h; óbil-g., unyielding; nám-g., eager for learning;
 háð-g., scoffing; ó-gjarn, unwilling; s&aac
ute;tt-gjarn, peaceful; vide Lex. Poët. p. 246.
gjarna, mod. gjarnan, adv. willingly, Nj. 57, Lv. 20, Eg. 2
34, Fms. i. 79, Ísl. ii. 441, Bret. 34, Sks. 241, Orkn. 158.
gjarnliga, adv. willingly, Bs. i. 355.
gjarn-samliga, adv. = gjarnliga, Sks. 221.
GJÁ, f., gen. gjár, acc. and dat. gjá; pl. gj&aacute
;r, gen. gjá, dat. gjám, mod. gjáar; [a Scandin. word, akin
to gína; found in the north of Scotland in the form geo, geow: cp
. Gr. GREEK] :-- a chasm, rift, in fells or crags; hrinda þeim fyri
r björg eðr í gjár, Fms. ii. 238; til þess er hann
kemr at gjá einni, en sú gjá gengr um eyna þvera, fyr
ir annan enda gjárinnar, hinu-megin gjárinnar, yfir gjána,
etc., Fær. 170, 171; kasta hringinum í gjár eða vöt
n, Bs. i. 329; milli gjá ok gljúfra, Stj. 90; at enni efri gj&aacu
te;nni, Nj. 224: also freq. in local names, Ahnanna-gjá, the famous rift
in Thingvalla, Nj. 113, 246, 247, Sturl. i. 206, Landn. 312, v.l.; Hrafna-gj&aac
ute;, Brímils-gjá, Kötlu-gjá; it often denotes a rift
with a tarn or pool at bottom, whereas gil is a rift with running water. COMPDS:
gjár-bakki, a, m. a rift brink (that of the Almanna-gj&aac
ute;), Nj. 224. gjár-barmr, m. the edge of a geow, Fas. iii
. 414. gjár-munni, a, m. the mouth of a geow, Fas. iii. 415
. gjár-skúti, a, m. a geow-nook, Bárð. 16
6.
gjá-hamarr, m. the upper wall of the Almanna-gjá, Gr
ág. i. 26.
GJÁLFR, m., gen. rs, poët. the din of the sea, the swellin
g waves, Sks. 148 :-- the sea, freq. in poëtry and in poët
. compds, vide Lex. Poët.; in prose Icel. say, orða-gjálfr, '
word-din' empty sounding wards, flood of phrases. gjálfr-ligr, gj&
aacute;lfr-samr, gjálfrugr, adj. noisy, roaring, Sks. 192. Sh
ips are gjálfr-dýr, gjálfr-marar, gjálfr-st&oacut
e;ð, steeds of the sea, Lex. Poët.
gjálfra, að, to roar, of the sea: to chatter.
gjálgrun, f. [cp. gjelg = din, Ivar Aasen], idle
talk, prating, Ísl. ii. 139.
gjá-lífi, n. = gjólífi.
Gjálp, f. [A. S. gealp; Hel. gelp; Engl. yelp
], Yelper, name of a giantess, Edda; from gjálpa, að, to yelp.
gjár, yesterday, vide gær.
GJÓ, f. [cp. Engl. gay], enjoyment, esp. in a bad se
nse, sensuality, Sks. 435. COMPDS: gjó-lífi, n. a
'gay,' i.e. vain, life; g. eðr ofdrykkjur, Fms. viii. 106 (v.l.)
, Stj. 161. gjólífis-menn, m. pl. vain persons, Fms
. viii. 238, v.l. gjó-menn, n. pl. id., Sks. 366; in mod. u
sage gjá-lífi, n. (and gjá-lífr, adj.)
, a life of pleasure, a gay, idle life, Vídal., Pass. 4. 10.
GJÓÐR, m. [gjo, Ivar Aasen], (a bird, falco haliaetu
s, Edda (Gl.), Stj. 316, Róm. 382, Þiðr. 93.
gjóla, u, f. a gust of wind.
GJÓSA, pret. gauss, mod. gaus, pl. gusu; pres. gýss, mod. g
ýs; pret. subj. gysi; part. gosinn: [a Scandin. word not found in Saxon n
or Germ., cp. Engl. gush] :-- to gush, break out, of a furnace, vo
lcano, or the like; þar gauss upp stundum eldr, Nj. 204; hann sá el
d mikinn g. upp, Grett. 96; gauss ór honum spýja (a vomit)
mikil, Eg. 216; froða gaus ór kjapti þeim, Fas. i. 425; sv&aacu
te; sem þar gjósi upp svartr reykr, Sks. 203; gaus upp grátr
, Róm. 234.
gjósta, u, f. a gust, Edda 99, Bs. i. 667 (in a verse).
gjós-æðr, f. a 'gush-vein,' an artery, Sturl. iii
. 97.
GJÓTA, pret, gaut, pl. gutu; pres. gýtr; pret. subj. gyti;
part. gotinn;, [Ulf. gjutan; A. S. geôtan; O. H. G. giuza
n; Germ. giessen; Dan. gyde; Swed. giuta = to cast (of metal), but this sense is not found in the Icel.] :-- to drop, throw,
cast one's young, with dat.; Icel. say kefla or kelfa (kálfr), of a
cow, whale, deer; kasta, of a mare; kæpa, of a seal (kópr, a you
ng seal;) hrygna, of a fish; gjóta, of a cat, dog, fox, mouse, and of
a fish, to spawn; whence gota, spawn; got-rauf, q.v.; þ&aac

ute; gjóta þeir hrognum sínum, Sks. 46; nýgotinn hvol
pr, a new-dropped cub (dog, kitten). 2. in the phrase, gjót
a augum, to twinkle, Fas. iii. 497; gjóta hornauga, to look ask
ant. -- That gjóta was originally used in a nobler sense maybe inferr
ed from the fact that the names of two Teutonic people, the Gautar (Gauts
) and Gotar (Goths, = the born, Lat. nati) are in all likel
ihood derived from the same root.
gjóta, u, f. [Dan. gyde], a narrow lane.
GJÖF, f., gen. gjafar, pl. gjafar, later gjafir; dat. gjöfum: [
Ulf. giba; A. S. gifu, geofu; Engl. gift; Germ. gabe, whence mod. Swed. gåfua, Dan. gave, and Icel. g&aacut
e;fa] :-- a gift, Nj. 7, 163, Eg. 33, Fms. i. 296, iv. 105, x. 47, Bs
. i. 76, 143, N. G. L. i. 8, passim: in mod. usage Icel. distinguish between gj&
ouml;f and gáfa, using the latter of the gifts of nature, gifts of min
d, cleverness, but gjöf in a material sense. The ancients were fond of
exchanging gifts, which were either a part of hospitality or tokens of friendshi
p; the former were munificent, the latter might be small, Hm. 51: at a feast (we
dding, funeral, or the like) the host used to make gifts to all his more honoure
d guests at departure; the technical phrase for this was, leysa menn út m
eð gjöfum, to dismiss with gifts; vóru allir menn með
gjöfum brott leystir; hence útlausnir, departure from a feas
t, Sturl. iii. 268: a departing friend or visitor had to be dismissed with a gif
t (kynnis-gjöf, Fms. vi. 358). The gifts consisted chiefly of weapons and c
ostly clothes; but favourite gifts were a steed (Bjarn. 55, 58) or oxen of a fin
e breed (Sturl. i. 106), hawks, tents, sails, white bears (Ó. H. ch. 114,
Fms. vi. ch. 72-75, 100, Hung. ch. 2), in short anything that was rare and cost
ly, görsimi, metfé. Again, friends had to exchange gifts, so as to c
ement their friendship, cp. Hávamál passim, -- vápnum ok v&
aacute;ðum skulu vinir gleðjask; gefendr ok endrgefendr erusk lengst vin
ir, 40; gjalda gjöf við gjöf, 41; geði skaltú við h
ann (viz. the friend) blanda ok gjöfum skipta, 43; glík skulu gj&oum
l;ld gjöfum, 45; sýtir æ glöggr við gjöfum, 47.
Gifts were obligatory, and were a token of grace and goodwill on the part of giv
er and receiver. A gift when received was called the 'nautr' of the giver, e.g.
a ring or sword presented by a king was konungs-nautr. The instances in the Saga
s are very many, e.g. Eg. ch. 36, 81, Ld. ch. 7, 27, 43, 45, Sturl. passim, Gl&u
acute;m. ch. 6, 25, Vápn. p. 19, Hrafn. 23, Lv. ch. 14, 15, Ó. H.
ch. 114, Har. S. Gilla ch. 16, Hung. ch. 13, 17, Páls. S. ch. 16, and las
t, not least, the curious Gautr. S.; the remark of Tacit. Germ. ch. 21, gaudent
muneribus, sed nec data imputant nec acceptis obligantur, is only partly true; &
aacute;st-gjafar, love-gifts; vin-gjafar, friend-gifts, cp. Gr. GR
EEK, Ó. H. 125; hefndar-gjöf, a fatal gift; Jóla-gj&ou
ml;f, a Yule present, Eg. ch. 70; sumar-gjafir, summer-gifts, on t
he day when summer begins. COMPDS: gjafa-laust, n. adj. dismissed with
out gifts, Nj. 167, Fms. vii. 106, Sturl. iii. 268. gjafa-leysi, n. scanty gifts, Fms. v. 188. gjafa-skipti and gjafa-víxl, n. exchange of gifts, Gísl. 13, 96, Bs. i. 82 :-- in a technica
l sense, brúð-gjöf (q.v.), bekkjar-gjöf (q.v.), morgun-gj&o
uml;f, a bride-gift, bench-gift, morning-gift, cp. N. G. L. i. 27, 29, 51
, passim: til-gjöf, a dowry, -- all referring to a wedding: meðgjöf -- fúlga, q.v.; á-gjöf, q.v.; milli-gjöf, d
iscount; líf-gjöf, pardon; ofaní-gjöf, reb
uke: Icel. also give the name to foddering, setja á gjöf,
hence gjafar-mál, n. foddering hour, Gþl. 442.
gjöfull, adj., pl. gjöflir, munificent, Eg. 42, Fms. v.
240, Bs. i. 61: with gen., g. síns fjár, Hm. 38; stór-gj&ou
ml;full, q.v.
GJÖGR, f. a cleft, rift; gljúfr ok gjögrar, Bs. i
. 200; rare, but still existing as the local name of a fishing-place in north-we
stern Icel., (Gjögr, or á Gjögri), used as neut.
gjögra, að, to reel, stagger (now skjögra), Fas. ii.
550 (in a verse).
GJÖLL, f. [vide gjalla], din, alarum (poët.) COMPDS: 
Gjallar-brú, n. the bridge leading to Hel, vide Edda. Gjall
ar-horn, n. the horn of Heimdal, Edda, Vsp.
GJÖLNAR, f. pl. [Engl. gills; Dan. gjæller; Swed
. gäl] :-- the gills of a fish, Edda (Gl.); elsewhere rare, t
álkn (q.v.) being the common word.
gjölnir, in. a kind of fish, Edda (Gl.)
GJÖRÐ, f., pl. gjarðar, mod. gjarðir, [Ulf. gairda = GREEK; Engl. girth, girdle; Dan. gjord] :-- a girdle, &
Iacute;sl. ii. 340, Sks. 403, freq.; söðul-g., a saddle-girth; m
egin-g., main girdle, the belt of Thor, vide Edda: poët. the sea is
called jarðar-g., earth-girdle :-- a hoop on tubs, botn-g., a bottom hoop :-- a kind of lady's head-gear, in western Icel. a ker
chief wrapped round the head.
glaða, að, = gleðja, to gladden, but only in pres., Hk
v. 1. 44, Höfuðl. 17, Fsm. 48: in prose, Fas. i. 221, Barl. 60.
glaðel, n. [from Lat. gladiolus], a kind of sword, Ld.
330, Þiðr.
glað-látr, adj. cheerful, Grett. 140 A, Fas. iii. 219.
glaðliga, adv. gladly, friendly, Nj. 177, Fms. xi. 376: gla
dly, willingly, i. 102, ix. 254, Fas. i. 218.
glaðligr, adj. glad, bright, cheerful, Fms. vi. 357.
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<HEADER>GLAÐMÆLTR -- GLER. 203</HEADER>
glað-mæltr, adj. talking cheerfully, Fms. i. 19, ii. 109
.
glaðna, að, to be gladdened: esp. of the sky, to bright
en, clear up, það glaðnar til; and of a face, það gl
aðnar yfir honum, his face brightens.
glaðning, f., gladdening, Mar.: good cheer.
GLAÐR, adj., fem, glöð, neut. glatt, compar. glaðari, su
perl. glaðastr; [A. S., Engl., Swed., and Dan. glad; it does not occu
r in Ulf. nor in Germ.; in Hel. gladmod = glad-mood (twice), vide
Schmeller; cp. also Lat. laetus] :-- glad, gladsome; glaðr ok
reifr skyli gumna hverr unz sinn bíðr bana, Hm. 14; ek væra gla
ðari ef þú værir með hundrað manns, Lv. 80; snotr
s manns hjarta verðr sjaldan glatt, Hm. 54; Gunnarr varð g. við &tho
rn;at, Nj. 42; Flosi var allra manna glaðastr ok beztr heim at sækja,
most cheerful of all men and the best to visit, 254, cp. Eb. 88, Fms. i.
31; glaðr í máli, vi. 59; hraustr ok g., x. 420; glaðr ok
spurall, iv. 82; glaðr, heilhugaðr, vitr, Fagrsk. 14; glöð tr&u
acute;, cheerful faith, Lex. Poët.; drekka glaðr inn gó&e
th;a mjöð, Gm. 13; drekka glöð ór gullnum kerum, 7; ok
þótti glaðara (pleasanter) at tala við Helgu en vera
í starfi með kaupmönnum, Ísl. ii. 212: acc. adverb., tak
a glaðan á e-u, to take it gladly, Fms. xi. 112; ó-gla
ðr, sad, moody. II. glad, bright, of the sky, weather;
tunglið skein glatt, Fas. iii. 622; veðr glatt, Þjal. 47; þa
t ljós gaf glaðan veg, Bs. ii. 109; eldarnir vóru sumir sem gl
aðastir, Gísl. 126: of gold, Bs. ii. 142: freq. in mod. usage, gla&et
h;a sólskin, glad sunshine; glaða túnglskin, bright
moonshine; loga glatt, to blaze merrily; eldrinn logar þess gl
aðar, Vídal. i. 145: the phrase, sjá aldregi glaðan dag, never to see a sunny day, be dull and downcast; Glöð, f., pr. nam
e of a bell (cp. Engl. a merry peal), Fms. vi.
GLAÐR, m., poët. a horse, Edda (Gl.), Gm. 30, vide Lex. P
oët.
glað-væri, mod. glað-værð, f. gladness,
 Stud. i. 206, ii. 125.
glað-værr, adj. gladsome, cheerful, Bs. ii. 89, Magn. 47
4.
GLAM, mod. glamr, m. [cp. glaumr], a tinkling sound, Finnb.
348, Fms. xi. 129: noise, Hom. 34; gný ok glamm, a clash of we
apons, Fms. vi. 156; ára-glam, a dash of oars; orða-glamr,
tinkling words; Skála-glam, a nickname, 'Tinkling-scale,'
xi. 128, 129. Glammaðr or Glömmuðr, m. a nickname, Tinkler, Landn.
glama, ð, to twaddle, talk idly, Hm. 30.
glampi (or glanpi?), a, m. a ray of light; akin to glenr.
glanni, a, m. a reckless jester, Edda (Gl.) COMPDS: glanna-legr
, adj. hoydenish. glanna-skapr, m.
glansi, a, m. [mod. from Germ. glanz], glitter.
GLAP, n. hallucination, seems only to be used in pl. glöp, as
elli-glöp, dotage: a law term, flaws in law proceedings, Gr&
aacute;g. i. 10.
glap-máll, adj. speaking vainly of, Ad. 1.
glapna, að, to grow blunt or dim; glapnaði honum he
yrn ok sýn, Eg. 754; hversu honum glapnaði sona-eignin, Fms. iv. 321
.
glapp, n., pl. glöpp, only in the phrase, höppum og glöppu
m, by 'haps and gaps,' by haphazard; and in compds, glappa-skot, n
. as a law term, a chance shot, a mishap (shooting one inadvertently), N. G. L. i. 157, cp. § 27 :-- in mod. usage, a blunder, slip:
glappa-verk, n. accidental mischief done, Fs. 160.
glappast, dep. to blunder.

glap-ræði, n. a blunder, Band. 4.
glap-skuld, f. a fool's fine for pranks or foolish acts, Hallfr.
glap-stígr, m. a fool's path, a stray path, cp. the Dan. sa
ying, gjensti bliver ofte glapsti.
glap-víg, n. accidental manslaughter, Landn. 180.
GLAS, n. glass, vide gler. glas-ker, n. a glass vessel; glaskeri ber eg minn fésjóð í, Pass. 1. 27, cp. 2
Cor. iv. 7.
Glasir, m. the Glassy, name of a grove with golden leaves, Edda.
GLATA, að, (the old pres. glatir, K. Þ. K. 66, Sks. 700; mod. g
latar), with dat. to destroy, slay; at glata manndráps-mönnu
m, Hom. 43, Stj. 643; ella mun ek g. þér, 656 B. 4: with acc. a La
tinism, 673. 55, Mar. passim: to ruin, esp. in mod. sense, glata ön
d ok líkama, Blas. 48: to lose, til þeirra óðala
er nú glatar hann, Sks. 512; þá glatisk þau auð&
aelig;fi fyrir honum, 700; hverfr fé þat eðr glatizt á a
nnan veg, K. Þ. K. 66; ef maðr finnr fjárhlut manns ok hefir e
igandi glatað, Gþl. 546; görla þú nem ok glata (imp
erat.) eigi, Sl. 32.
glatan and glötun, f. perdition, esp. in eccl. sense,
671. 1, 625. 75, Sks. 654, 661, freq. in N. T., Vídal., Pass.
GLAUMR, m. [glam, cp. Scot. glamer = noise], a merry noi
se, esp. at a banquet; var þar inn at heyra glaumr mikill, Ld. 170; g
laum ok hornaskol, Eb. 28; sat við drykkju, þar var g. mikill, Eg. 30
3; glaumr mikill ok fjölmenni, Fms. xi. 108; g. ok gleði, Stud. i. 23,
24, Fms. iv. 48; gný ok glaum herliðsins, Hkr. iii. 65: freq. in mo
d. usage, g. heimsins, g. veraldar, the noise and bustle of the world, V
ídal. 2. in old poetry joy, merriment; glaums andvana, 
cheerless, Gkv. 2. 41; bella glaumi, 29; manna g., joy (society) of men, Skm. 34; glaumr þverr, the cheer (the heart) sinks, Glúm. 339 (in a verse). β. a lusty crow
d of men; val-glaumr, a host of warriors, Gm. 21.
GLÁMR, m. a poët. name of the moon, Edda (Gl.) :-- the
name of a ghost in Grett. S., see the famous ghost story in that Saga, ch. 3437; the word is interesting on account of its identity with Scot. glamour, which shews that the tale of Glam was common to Scotland and Iceland, and t
hus much older than Grettir (of the year 1014, cp. glam = a ghastly-lo
oking man, Ivar Aasen). glám-sýni, f. (in mod. usage al
so glám-skygni, f. and glám-skygn, adj.), 'glam-s
ight,' glamour, illusion, Grett. 115 A, Sturl. i. 179, Stj. 401. Judges ix.
36, Ölk. 36 (blunder), Þorst. Síðu H. 178: Icel.
also say, glám-bekkr, m., in the phrase, að fleygja e-u &aacut
e; glámbekk, to throw a thing on the 'glamour-bench,' i.e. to f
ling it carelessly about where it can be taken by any one, or lost. glám-blesóttr, adj. a horse with a moon-shaped blaze
on the forehead. Gláma, u, f. the name of a glacier.
glápa, t, to stare vacantly; gláp, n. a st
are.
GLEÐA, u, f. [A. S. glida; Engl. glead; Scot. gled], a kite, Brest. 50.
GLEÐI, f. [glaðr; Swed.-Dan. glæde], gladness, me
rriment, good cheer; in old writers esp. of enjoyment at a festival,
story-telling, music, sport of any kind; leikar ok allskyns gleði, Fs. 25; g
leði ok gamanræður, 72; g. ok góð fylgd, 130; lí
til var gleði manna at boðinu, Ísl. ii. 251; var þar &thorn
;á gleði mikil, Nj. 254; eptir þat fór fram g. ok skemta
n, Ld. 202; kvaðsk mundu undir standa með þeim um hverja gleði
er þeir vildi fram hafa, Sturl. i. 20; tóku þeir þar v
eizlu góða ok höfðu gleði mikla, Eg. 371; gleði ok g
óð Jól, Grett.; þar var gleði mikil, leikar ok fj&ou
ml;lmenni, Sturl. iii. 258; görði hann sik léttan við al&tho
rn;ýðu ok átti alþýðugleði, Bs. i. 680; g
örðisk þá gleði mikil í hallinni, Fms. i. 162;
drukku með mikilli gleði ok skemtan, iv. 82; glaumr ok g. (vide above);
vilda ek nú til þess mæla at ér tækit upp nokkur
a gleði nýja til skemtunar mönnum, xi. 109; eptir þetta v&
oacute;ru leikar upp teknir, gengu Fossverjar fyrir gleðinni, Vígl. 2
4: in the Middle Ages the wakes were often called gleðir (pl.), J&oac
ute;la-gleði, Christmas games, etc. COMPDS: gleði-bragð, n. merry looking, Nj. 118. gleði-búnaðr, m. f
estival gear, Stj. 52, Sks. 39. gleði-dagar, m. pl. days of me
rriment, happiness, Grett. 151 A. gleði-fullr, adj. joyful, Fb. ii. 331. gleði-hljómr, m. a merry peal. gle&et
h;i-kendr, part. merry, i.e. tipsy. Stj. 424. gleði-lig
r, adj. happy, Stj. 33. gleði-maðr, m. a cheery man
; Ingimundr var hinn mesti g. ok fékk sér allt til skemtunar,
Sturl. i. 19, Eg. 3, 146, Lv. 74. gleði-mót, n. = gleðibra
gð, Nj. 118. gleði-orð, n. words of joy, Vígl.
89 new Ed. gleði-raust, f. a merry voice. gleði-spell, n. a kill-joy, Mag. gleði-stundir, f. pl. merry, happy
hours, Vígl. 23. gleði-söngvar, m. pl. glad songs
, hymns, Stj. 50. gleði-vist, f. a merry sojourn, Lv. 75.
-- Gleði in the sense of Lat. gaudium is freq. in mod. use, but old w
riters prefer fögnuðr in the abstract sense; ó-gleði, sad
ness, despondency, Lv. 75: medic. ailment, cp. the phrase e-m er &oac
ute;glatt, one is ailing.
gleðill, m. a nickname, Landn.
gleðja, pret. gladdi; pres. gleðr; part. gladdr; sup. glatt :-- to gladden, enliven, make glad, Hom. 18, 159, Fms. v. 49, Fas. i. 122: ref
lex. to be glad, rejoice, Eg. 55, Ísl. ii. 360, Fms. i. 261, vi. 6
0, Sks. 551, Fb. i. 405: to brighten, sem dagrinn gladdisk, Verel.
gleiðr, adj., neut. gleitt, [glíða, qs. líða, c
p. gliðna], standing astraddle, with one's legs wide apart. Sturl. ii
. 106, freq. in mod. usage.
Gleipnir, m. the Lissom, name of the mythol. fetter in Edda 19.
glenna, t, to open wide the mouth, fingers, or the like (a slang w
ord); greipa-glennir, a nickname, Ísl. Þjóðs.
glenna, u, f. mummery, N. G. L. ii. 424: a nickname, Sturl. ii. 19
2.
Glenr, m., mythol. the husband of the Sun, Edda.

GLENS, n. gibing, fun, a gibe, jest, Fms. ii. 279, Ld. 220, &Iacut
e;sl. ii. 393. COMPDS: glens-ligr, adj. gibing, Fms. ii. 182. g
lens-mikill, adj. full of gibes, Háv. 4. glens-yrði, n. pl. (and orða-glens), gibes, fun, Fms. iii. 80.
glensa, að, to jest, gibe, 655 xxxii. 2, Sturl. iii. 170.
glensan, f. gibing, Sturl. iii. 265.
GLEPJA, pret. glapði; sup. glapið or glapt; pres. glep; [glap] :- to confuse one in reading, speaking, or the like, Nj. 33: as a law term
, to confound, glepja sókn, vörn, görð, Grág.
i. 60, 382; g. þingför, þingreið, ii. 78; ok varðar &t
horn;eiin fjörbaugs-garð ef þeir göra eigi ok hvegi er &thor
n;eir glepja, i. 485: to beguile, Fms. i. 7, ii. 7, vi. 163, vii. 113, vi
ii. 391, Eg. 587, Ls. 20, Eb. 252. 2. reflex. to be confounded; hu
gði hann at glepjask mundi þerririnn (of weather), Eb. 152; hversu hon
um glapðisk sona-eignin, Ld. 236, Ó. H. 145 (vide glapna).
glepsa, að, an iterat. to snap, bite, 655 xxxi. 7, Al. 144.
GLER, n. [A. S. glæs; Engl. glass; Germ. glass; early Dan. glar; the mod. Dan. and Swed. glas seem to be borrow
ed from Germ.; Icel. distinguish between gler (glass) and glas (a smal
l glass bottle); but s seems to be the original consonant, and the w
ord is akin to Glasir, glys, glæsa, q.v.] :-- the word originally meant amber, 'succinum' quod ipsi (viz. the Germans) glaesum vocant, Tacit
. Germ. ch. 45; glass beads for ornament are of early use; quantities are found
in the great deposits (in cairns and fens) of the earliest Iron Age, but only in
a single instance in a deposit of the Brass Age (which ends about the beginning
of our era), vide Ann. for Nord. Oldk. 1868, p. 118; and such is the sense of t
he word in the three places that it occurs in old heathen poems: magical Runes w
ere written on glass, Sdm. 17: metaph., nú er grjót þat at g
leri orðit, now those stones are turned into gler, of an altar 'glass
ed' with sacrificial blood, Hdl, 5; cp. also the curious reading,
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<HEADER>204 GLERAUGU -- GLÍKR,</HEADER>
bresta í gleri, to be shivered, to break into shivers, Hým.
29, -- the reading of Kb., 'í tvau,' is a gloss on the obsolete phrase :
-- glæs also occurs twice or thrice in A. S. poetry, but not in the
oldest, as Beowulf, vide Grein. For window-panes glass is of much later date, a
nd came into use with the building of cathedrals: a Danish cathedral with glass
panes is mentioned in Knytl. S. ch. 58 (year 1085); in Icel. the first panes bro
ught into the country were probably those presented by bishop Paul to the cathed
ral at Skalholt in the year 1195; the ancient halls and dwellings had no windows
in the walls, but were lighted by louvres and by round openings (gluggr) in the
roof, covered with the caul (of a new-born calf, called skjall or líknabelgr) stretched on a frame or a hoop and called skjár: these are still u
sed in Icel. farms; and Icel. distinguish between the round small caul windows (
skjár or skjá-gluggar) and glass windows (gler-gluggar) :-- h&aacu
te;ll sem gler, slippery as glass, of ice, Nj. 144: in eccl. and later wr
itings, Hom. 127, Sks. 424, Vm. 21, Fas. iii. 393: in the saying, sjaldan br&yac
ute;tr gæfu-maðr gler. COMPDS: gler-augu, n. pl. 'glass-eyes
,' spectacles. gler-gluggr, m., vide above, Fms. iii. 187, xi. 271-27
6, Bs. i. 131, B. K. 98, Vm., Pm. passim. gler-hallr, m. a glass stone
, agate. gler-hálka, u, f. (gler-háll, adj.), slippery as glass, of ice. gler-himinn, m. a sky-light, Hom.
130, Mag. 5. gler-kaleikr, m. a glass chalice, Hom. 138. gler-k
er, n. a glass vessel, Mar. 603, Am. 58. gler-lampr, m. a g
lass lamp, Vm. 129, 162. gler-pottr, m. a glass pot, Þi
ðr. 164. gler-steinar, m. pl. glass stones, agates, Edda 68. gler-tölur, f. pl. glass beads, Þorf. Karl. 374, belong
ing to the gear of a heathen prophetess. There is a curious Icel. local name 
Gler-á, f. Glass Water, Eb., -- perhaps from the Gaelic gla
s, dark-gray.
gletta, u, f. banter, Fms. iii. 9, x. 141, Sturl. i. 69.
gletta, u, f., or glettun, f. banter, raillery, Fms. ii. 9,
Sturl. i. 69. glettu-atsókn, f. a feint or ruse to prov
oke the enemy to attack, Fms. x. 141.
glettask, tt, dep. to banter, rail against one; g. við e-n, Fm
s. ii. 180, Fær. 51, Grett. 101 A: milit. to taunt, provoke the enemy, Fms. vi. 151, viii. 49, 405.
glettiliga, adv. tauntingly, Fms. ii. 13.
gletting, f. banter, raillery, Fær. 109: gen. as adv. gle
ttingar-bára, u, f. a splashing (no trifling) wave.
glettinn, adj. (glettni, glettun), bantering, Sturl. i. 69
C. gletunar-maðr, m., engi g., not a man to be trifled with, N
j. 105.
GLETTR, m. banter, raillery, taunting; and as a milit. term, a
feint or ruse to irritate or provoke the enemy; þeir l&
eacute;tu vakka við skipin ok höfðu nokkut svá í glet
t, Fms. viii. 289; munum vér ganga í glett við borgamenn, ok v
ita ef vér getum ginnt þá frá borginni, Stj. 364. Jos
h. viii. 5; ekki mun ek eggja þik at fara í glett við þ&a
acute; Svía, to provoke the Swedes, Fær. 88; eigi leiðis
k þeim enn at vit eigimk við glettur, Sturl. i. 69; ríð ekk
i í glett við oss, því at úsýnt er hv&aacu
te;rt vér þolum þér þat, ii. 52.
GLEYMA, d, [glaumr, q.v.; Swed. glömma; Dan. glemme; b
ut unknown to Germ. and Saxon] :-- prop. to make a merry noise; this sens
e is almost obsolete, but occurs in Bret., þeir gleymdu þar yfir, they held a bout around the horse, 94: reflex. to be merry, Merl. 1.
52. II. metaph. to forget, with dat.; at hann gleymi öllum G
uðs boðorðum, Fms. v. 217, xi. 235, Barl. 7, 56, Al. 12, Sks. 743, p
assim: absol., Edda 154 (pref.), Sks. 238: with acc., Karl. 524 (rare): with inf
in., freq. in mod. usage, eg gleymdi að taka það: with gen., a Lat
inism, Stj. 78. 2. in a pass. sense, to be forgotten, Th. 79.
gleyming, f. forgetfulness, Stj. 212, Hom. 125, Barl. 130.
gleymr, m. pranks, jollity, Bjarn. (in a verse); vide glaumr.
gleym-samligr, adj. forgetful, Sks. 451 B.
gleymska, u, f. forgetfulness, H. E. 494, Stj., N. T., Vída

l., Pass.
GLEYPA, ð and t, [cp. Dan. glube, glubsk = voracious],
to gulp down, swallow, Stj. 193, Barl. 56, Edda 8, Fms. iii. 216, Eluc. 1
0.
gleyping, f. a gulping down, swallowing, Stj. 236.
gleypi-næmr, adj. quick at learning (of children); hann er g
.
gliðna, að, to fall asunder, go to pieces; þv&iacute
; at bótin gliðnar frú fatinu aptr, Matth. ix. 16.
GLINGR, m. [A. S. gleng = showy things], a toy, Fas.
iii. 219; barna-glingr, a child's toy, freq.
glingra, að, to toy, trifle with.
GLISSA, t, [Norse glisa], to grin, Hm. 30, but obsolete in
Icel.
GLIT, n. 'glitter,' used of brocades or rich tissues; ofit í glit af gulli, Gísl. 21; dúkr hálfr með
sprang, hálfr með glit, Pm. 123. COMPDS: glit-ábreiða,
 u, f. a brocaded cover. glit-dúkr, m. a brocaded st
uff. glit-ofinn, part. brocaded. glit-vefnaðr, m.
brocade weaving.
glita, að, [Ulf. glitmunjan = GREEK, Mark ix. 3; Hel. glita
n; O. H. G. glizan] :-- to glitter, Fms. viii. 350 (v.l.), ix.
301, Sturl. i. 21 (in a verse); glitar á vápnin, Karl. 254.
glitaðr, part. tissued, Vm. 5.
Glitnir, m. a mythical name of the Golden Hall in heaven, Gm. 15.
glitra, að, = glita, Barl. 74, Karl. 358, Fms. viii. 350.
glit-rauðr, adj. gleaming red, Fas. iii, 491.
glitsamligr, adj. glittering, Sks. 530.
glitta, tt, = glita; það glittir í e-ð, a thing g
litters far away.
glíka and líka, adv. also, freq. in mod. usag
e and always without the g.
glíkindi and líkindi, n. pl. likelihood; ska&
eth;i meiri en ek mætta at glíkindum ráða, Ld. 126, Band
. 10; ef at glíkindum færi, Bs. i. 338; but, at líkindum, 33
7, 529; Halli þóttisk sjá at glíkindum, at ..., Gl&ua
cute;m. 378; þótti honum frá líkindum (beyond like
lihood, extraordinary) hversu þungr hann var, Eg. 769; ok er þat
at líkendum, it is as could be expected, Nj. 187; eptir lí
kindum, Fms. x. 208; glíkindi, Gísl. 137; engi líkindi til,
Fms. viii. 147; meiri, minni, engin líkindi, more, less, no probabili
ty, id., passim; ef þetta mætti verða með nokkrum l&iacu
te;kendum, Sks. 149; allt er með líkindum ferr ok eðli, Edda 69;
þeir sögðu Jakob þess líkindi at ..., Ver. 16; &thor
n;eir görðusk nú mannvænligir sem líkindi er &aacut
e;, Sturl. i. 3; hégómlig líkendi, vain forecast, St
j. 142; til líkinda við, in comparison with, Barl. 55 :-- as a
law term, fara þangat er hann veit mest líkendi á, N. G. L.
i. 255; gefa sök þeim er í líkindum þykkja vera,
bring a charge against those who are likely to have done it, 351, 362; a
t þeir mætti því heldr kenndir verða at líke
ndum, from likeness, appearance (of detecting criminals), Gþl. 18.
II. semblance, remains; svá at um morguninn eptir sá
menn engin líkendi Dana-virkis nema grjótið, so that the m
orning after one saw not a remnant of the Danish wall but a heap of stones,
Fms. i. 128; snúask í kvikindis líkindi, Barl. 135; &oacute
;líkindalæti, feint, dissimulation.
glíking and líking, f. likeness, image; gl&ia
cute;king Guðs, Eluc. 18; glíking góðs verks, 655 xxvi. 4:
liking, imitation, í líking Tróju, Bret. 98; l&iacu
te;king djöfuls, Best. 54; til þeirrar sömu líkingar, Fms
. ii. 89; ok af þeirra líkingu mun hann fremjast, v. 345; gerð&
uacute; þó í líking annarra manna, after the likin
g of other people, Edda 37; svá sem með nokkurri skynsemdar l&iac
ute;king, with some shade of reason, Stj. 143 :-- eptir-líking, a parable.
glíkja and líkja, ð and t, to make like;
Clemens glíkði atferð sína eptir Petro postula, Clem. 39;
glíkir sik gömlum karli, Stj. 475: to imitate, with acc., a L
atinism, Hom. 57; g. eptir, to imitate; er öllum sé gott epti
r at glíkja, Bs. i. 140; þat skyldi eptir öðru líkj
a er goðin ætti rammari, Fms. v. 319; hinna höfðingja d&aelig
;mi, er betra er eptir at líkja, vii. 296, Magn. 504; kölluðusk
þat allt líkja eptir biskupi, Sturl. ii. 12, (likea, Bs. i. 500, l.
c.); líkja alla sína dóma eptir Guðligum daemum, Sks. 5
99. II. reflex. to belike, resemble; mun ek glíkjask foglum
þeim er ..., 623. 53; nú glíkðusk menn Guði, Greg.
21; líkjask í ætt e-s, Ld. 24; at þú skyldir n&
uacute; meir líkjask í ætt Haralds ens Hárfagra um sk
aplyndi en Rana Mjónef móður-föður þínum
eðr Nereið jarli enum Gamla, Ó. H. 31; Haraldr líktisk &i
acute; móður-ætt sína, Fas. (Hb.) i. 356; nú l&ia
cute;kisk barn þat honum, N. G. L. i. 30; at líkjask þeim, Sk
s. 18, Magn. 466.
glíkleikr, m. (glíkleiki, a, m.), likelihood,
Sks. 195, 565.
glíkliga and líkliga, adv. favourably, esp. i
n the phrase, taka líkliga á e-u, to give a favourable answer t
o; því máli var vel tekit ok svarat líkliga, Eg.
26; Tryggvi tók því vel ok líkliga, Fms. i. 59, iii.
78; for þá allt tal þeirra líkliga ok sáttgjarn
liga, ii. 36, x. 132; skiljask þau nú drottning ok konungr heldr l&
iacute;kliga, they parted on friendly terms, Fas. i. 33: in mod. usage, probably; -- the spelling with g scarcely ever occurs.
glíkligr and líkligr, adj.; in old poets with gl,
 geta þykkjat mér gotnar | glíkligs, Hallfred; but usual
ly with l only, e.g. Nj. 49, Fms. xi. 87, Hkr. i. 261, where Mork. gl :-- likely, probable, þótti mönnum glíkligas

t at stolit mundi vera, Bs. i. 348; gör af drauminum slíkt er &thorn
;ér sýnisk líkligast, Ísl. ii. 196; at honum þ
ætti Rauðs-synir líkligstir til at valda, Fms. iv. 380, Hom. 11
5 :-- fit, promising, nú þykkir Eyjúlfi þetta e
t glíkligsta, Gísl. 148; göra sik líkligan til e-s, to shew oneself inclined to, countenance, Fms. x. 334.
GLÍKR, adj., mod. líkr; in old poems in alliteration
the g is always sounded, e.g. glíkr er geira s&aeli
g;kir | gunnsterkr ..., Bjarn. 33; urðu-a it glíkir | &
thorn;eim Gunnari, Gh. 3; glík skulu gjöld gjöfum, Hm. 4
5; Baldri glíkan bur, Ls.; but the vellum MSS. use both forms, though gl&
iacute;k is more freq. in the older, líkr in the later; sometimes false r
eadings arose, e.g. ólíkt (unlike) hafa gört þei
r menn, Bs. i. 140, where the sense requires glíkt, but the lower part of
the g having been obliterated, the transcriber read it as o; or F
s. 22, where ugglikt (suspicious) yields no meaning, and is to be read &u
acute;glíkt (different, quite another thing): [Ulf. galeiks
= GREEK: A. S. gelîc; Engl. alike, like; O. H. G. gl&ici
rc;k; mod. Germ. gleich; Swed. lik; Dan. lig] :-- l
ike, alike; with dat., sonr er feðr glíkari en dóttir, Elu
c. 10; annarr atburðr varð enn þessum glíkr, Bs. i. 346; ek
ki því grjóti glíkt öðru er þar er, Eg
. 142; því glíkt, as adv. such-like, in like manner,
Post. 686 C. 2; lifði því líkara sem hann væri &ia
cute;lldýri, Ísl. ii. 481; fríðr sýnum ok mj&oum
l;k líkr föður sínum, Fms. i. 14, x. 265; ok er Ká
ri öngum manni líkr, K. has no match, Nj. 265; skal ek eigi g
öra þik þeim líkastan er þú vill lík
astr vera en þat er Óðinn, Sturl. i. 101; þat þ&oac
ute;tti mér líkara harmi en skaða, Ld. 126; landi líkar
i en fiski, Sks. 139; þá munu þit verða Guði l&iacute
;k, 503; svá sem þeir menn verða líkastir er tvíb
urar eru, Rb. 100; hnot eða myl, eða líkt, or the like, Ed
da 109; líkt ok ekki, like nothing, Gullþ. 54; er ok eigi l&
iacute;kt (i.e. it is beyond comparison) hvárt sannari er s&uacute
; saga, eðr hin, Fms. viii. 1; cp. ok er þat úglíkt hv&a
acute;rt þú ferr í lofi mínu, eðr ...,
<PAGE NUM="b0205">
<HEADER>GLÍMA -- GLYS. 205</HEADER>
Fs. 22 (vide above) :-- at glíku (líku), adv. all the same, nev
ertheless; því at jarl hefir at líku líf v&aacute
;rt, ef hann vill eptir því leita, Nj. 267; þykki mér
þat at glíku, it seems to me all the same, Ísl. ii. 4
83: so in the phrase, leggja til líka, to settle; at þeir vi
ldi allt til líka leggja með góðra manna ráði,
Dipl. ii. 11; því-líkr, 'that-like,' such; ú-l
íkr, unlike; slíkr, qs. svá-líkr, such, Germ. solch = so like. II. metaph. likely, probable, Fs. 4; en þó er þat líkast at hann snúisk ti
l várrar ættar, Nj. 38; þat er líkara at fyrir ö&
eth;ru þurfi ráð at göra, 261; þat er ok líka
st at þeir komist þar at keyptu, Eg. 64; Björn segir þat
líkast at hann mundi fara af landi á brott, 156; þat var l&i
acute;kara, Ísl. ii. 141: neut. líkt, likely; ok lík
t at þér fylgi gipta, Fms. vi. 8; hann kallaði þá

líkasta til slíkra íllbragða, 379; ok líkara at
hann mundi koma í Þórarinsdal, Bjarn. 6l; þá &t
horn;yki mér þat líkt, at ..., Sks. 52. 2. likely,
promising, to the purpose; taka oss þar fari hverr sem líkast
þykkir, Nj. 259; nær líkast væri til at veita atfö
r jarli, Fms. i. 54; þá leituðusk þeir um hvar lík
ast var út at komask, Eg. 233; mér þykir eigi til lík
t (it looks not well) um ferð þeirra bræðra, V&iacute
;gl. 25; sá hann eigi annan líkara útveg, Bs. i. 690; &thor
n;ví at þeir sá þá sinn kost engan annan l&iacu
te;kara, Fb. i. 405; kann vera at endirinn verði líkari (better) en upphafit, Bs. ii. 64; at þat væri líkast til heilla s&a
acute;tta, Fms. iv. 139; til þeirrar stundar sem mér þyki nok
kuru líkast at fram megi komask þetta eyrendi, 133.
GLÍMA, u, f. [this word occurs neither in Germ. nor in Saxon, nor
yet in the mod. Scandin. tongues (of Sweden, Norway, and Denmark), and the origi
n is not known] :-- wrestling, a favourite national sport with the Icel.
people, in old as well as in modern times, answering to the Gr. GREEK: gl&iac
ute;mu-brögð, n. pl. wrestling-tricks, vide bragð II. 2:
to the technical terms there mentioned, add, hnykkr, hælkrókr, sve
ifla, etc.: glímu-félagi, a, m. a wrestling-match, H
áv. 41: glímu-færr, adj. able-bodied as a wrestler
, Finnb. 328: glímu-galdr, m. a 'wrestler-spell,' to ch
arm one's legs and make them steady, Ísl. Þjóðs. i: g
límu-maðr, m. a wrestler: glímumann-liga, ad
v. like a good wrestler, nimbly, Fas. iii. 502: glímu-völ
lr, m. the wrestling-ring. The earliest match recorded is that of Tho
r and the giantess Elli (Age), -- for the tale vide Edda 33; freq. in the Sagas,
Sturl. iii. 20, 268; glenz ok glímur, Fms. i. 149 sqq., 182, iii. 187, 1
88, Grett. and Finnb., Kjaln. passim, Eg. ch. 40; leikr (sport) and gl&ia
cute;ma are often used synonymously, as Ld. ch. 45. The glíma was a popul
ar game at any meeting or festival, where many young and active men met together
: thus at the banquet in Reykhólar (1119) the guests amused themselves by
dancing, glímur, and story-telling, Sturl. i. 23; at the parliament (al&
thorn;ing) there was a palaestra, Fanga-brekka ('wrestling-brink'); in Gl
úm. ch. 13 a fight is recorded between the Northerners and Westerners ass
embled there; as also in Grett. ch. 75 (in the parliament at Hegranes); in Gunnl
. ch. 11 the crew of the ships in harbour made up a glíma. The mod. Icel.
bænda-glíma is just the same, as it was practiced in the college a
t Hólar, and later in the school at Bessastaðir, as also at fishing-s
tations and wherever young men came together; the young men are divided by lot i
nto two parties, which are then drawn up in a row, each having their leader or '
bóndi' (whence the name); the bændr pair off their men against one
another to wrestle in the arena or defile between the two ranks, one after anoth
er; if the one side was weaker in number, or the one bóndi had lost all h
is men, he might challenge his antagonist, and their match decided the game, Egg
ert Itin. ch. 518. The bænda-glíma at college and school was by far
the best-played, and much stress was laid on nimble and graceful movements. UNC
ERTAIN In Hom. 24 scurrilitas is rendered by glíma.
glíma, d, to wrestle, Landn. 185, Fms. iii. 187, Sturl. iii
. 268, Finnb. 222.
glíminn, adj. able or alert as a wrestler.
glíra, u, f. [cp. glire = to blink witb the eyes, Iv
ar Aasen], in a nickname in Vápn., Glíru-Halli.
gljá, ð, to glitter, Lat. nitere; það

gljáir á það.
gljá, f. a spot glittering against the sun: the name of a r
iver.
GLJÚFR, n. almost only in pl. [A. S. glôf = cliff], an abrupt descent or chasm, esp. in the bed of a river, &aa
cute;r-gljúfr; hvar hin litla áin féll ór glj&uacute
;frum, Eg. 134; eru gljúfr mikil upp með ánni, Fær. 62,
Landn. 251, Glúm. 362, Al. 92, Fms. viii. 51, Gullþ. 8; en tveim-me
gin gengu at g. há ok hin brattastu björg, Stj. 452. 1. Sam. xiv. 4:
sing., Grett. 142 (in a verse): so the mod. phrases, -- glæfra-fer&eth
;, f. a neck-breaking, dangerous exploit (as among precipices); gl
æfra-göng, n. pl. straits, Broddi er kominn í g.,
a ditty of Pal Vídalín; glæfra-ligr, adj. dangerou
s, horrible, -- are all derived from gljúfr.
gloppa, u, f. a big hole, a nickname, Fms. x. 142; gloppu-gat, 
id.
glopra, að, with dat. to drop, lose a thing heedlessly.
glor-hungraðr, part. very hungry.
glossi, a, m. [glousse = a spark, De Professer], a blaze
.
glott, n. a grin; draga glott at, Ó. H. 151, Bs. i. 647.
GLOTTA, tt, to grin: absol., g. at e-u, to grin at a thing,
Fbr. 160, 162 (in a verse); hón (the witch) glotti við sólunn
i, Fas. ii. 127; so also, g. við, Nj. 27; g. við tönn, to smile
scornfully, sarcastically, so as to shew the teeth, Edda 30, Nj. 182 (of Ska
rpheðinn), and passim; Erlingr sá til hans, ok glotti við tö
nn, ok mælti, Ó. H. 114.
GLÓA, að, [A. S. glowan; Engl. glow; Germ. gl
ühen; etc.], to shine, glitter (of metals or bright things); er
vápnin glóðu, Fagrsk. 138, Bs. i. 348, Rb. 358; hón gl&
oacute;aði af gulli, Stj. 206, Fas. i. 333; hann glóar sem eldr, Hb.
544. 39: red-hot, járn-sía glóandi, a red-hot iro
n, Edda 61, Fms. viii. 8; glóandi hiti = Germ. glühend, G
reg. 36: scalding hot, of broth or the like.
gló-barr, n. the glowing bud; poët. the gold of
the tree Glasir, Bm.
gló-bjartr, adj. light blond, of hair.
GLÓÐ, f., pl. glæðr (glóðir, Post. 656 C.
5), [A. S. glêd; Germ. gluth; Dan. glöd] :-- red-hot embers; taka glóð af eldi, Eb. 278; þeir höf
ðu reykelsi á glóð, burning incense (at mass), Bs.
i. 22; hann lét glóð undir fætr sér, Fs. 176; haf
ði glóð í hendi, Hom. 156: esp. in pl., hón t&oacut
e;k glæðr af arni, Sturl. ii. 101, Fas. ii. 182; sitja við gl&aeli
g;ðr, to sit at the fireside; Pétr sat við glæðr
ok vermdi sik, Post. 656 C. 4, Clem. 25; ganga yfir glæðr, Hom. 17; m
unnlaug full af glóðum, Fms. ii. 167, v. 324: the metaph. phrase, ver
a (ganga) á glóðum, to be as on glowing coals. COMPDS:

glóðar-auga, n. a black eye. glóðar-j&aac
ute;rn, n. an iron plate for baking, a girdle (griddle)
, Am. 92, Vm. 65. glóðar-ker (glóð-ker), n.
a fire-pot, Fms. v. 106, Vm. 21, 83, Stj. 316, 319.
glóð-rauðr, adj. red as embers, Fm. 9.
glóð-volgr, glóð-heitr, adj. ember-hot.
GLÓFI, a, m. [A. S. glôf occurs as early as Beowulf],
a glove, Nj. 46, Fms. i. 246, Dipl. v. 18, Bs. i. 342, Gullþ. 6, 8
, Fb. i. 529. glófaðr, part. gloved, Karl. 288. The wor
d is no doubt borrowed from the English, and is used in the Sagas chiefly of cos
tly embroidered gloves; another word is handski = 'hand-shoe,' prob. from
the Germ. handschuhe; the popular words are vöttr and vetlingr.
gló-föxóttr, adj. light-maned, of a horse, Bs.
ii. 261.
glói, a, m. the name of a dwarf, Vsp.: in mod. usage freq. the nam
e of a light-coloured dog.
glópaldi, a, m. an idiot, Glúm. 342.
GLÓPR, m. an idiot, baboon, Glúm. 358, Finnb. 298, H
áv. 41, Bær. 5. Gísl. 53.
glópska, u, f. foolishness.
glóra, ð, [glüürle, De Professer], to glea
m, glare like a cat's eyes; það glórir í e-ð.
glósa, u, f. (for. word), a gloss, explanation, Sks. 552, B
s. i. 737: a banter, taunt (Dan. glose), mod.
glósa (glósera), að, to explain by a gloss, Bs. i. 737, Sks. 7: to chatter, Fas. ii. 110.
gluggaðr, part. with windows, Ísl. ii. 402.
GLUGGR, m., and gluggi, a, m., Stj. 171, 207, Fms. ix. 427, and so
always in mod. use; (glyggr, m., pl. ir, Sks. 427 B, rare) :-- a wind
ow, Nj. 114, Eg. 420, 421, vide gler above; according to Nj. ch. 78 the win
dows were placed above the wall plate in the roof; gler-gluggi, skjá-g.,
baðstofu-g., skemmu-g., stofu-g., búr-g., eldhús-g;. COMPDS: glugga-grind, f., and glugga-kista, u, f. a window-frame, (m
od.) glugga-tjald, n. window-curtains. glugga-tópt,
f. a window-sash. II. prop. an opening, a hole, Ó. H
. 152; inn um þann glugg er hann hafði rofit, Fbr. 66 new Ed.; einn la
up ok skar allan gluggum, he took a box and cut holes in it all over, Fms
. viii. 342; var gluggr yfir ofninum, Eb. 136; létta steini af brunnsins
glugga, Stj. 171. Gen. xxix. 10 ('the well's mouth'); marga glyggi (acc.
pl.) ok smá, Sks. l.c.; höfðu þeir brotið á st&
oacute;ran glugg, Bárð. 180: metaph., glugga-þykn, n. dense clouds with openings in them, Grett. 114 A.
glugg-stúka, u, f. a window-sash, Bev.
glumra, að, to rattle, Fas. i. 91, ii. 492, Hkm. 5, Sks. 229.
glumra, u, f. a masc. nickname, Landn. glumra-gangr, m. rattlin

g.
glundra, að, to turn topsy-turvy, glundroði, a, m.
topsy-turvy.
glutra, að, (glytra, Fms. xi. 439), to squander, &THORN
;iðr. 143, Th. 6.
glutran, f. (glutr, n., Fms. xi. 439, Bs. i. 907), squandering,
extravagance. COMPDS: glutr-maðr, m. a spendthrift, Bs.
i. 581. glutr-samligr, glutrunar-samr, adj. dissolute, Al. 6. g
lutr-samliga, adv., Mar.
glúmr, m. a bear, poët., Edda (Gl.): a pr. name, Landn
.
GLÚPNA, að, [a Scandin. word found in Ormul. forr-gloppnedd
, and Scot. and North. E. gloppen] :-- the radical sense was prob. to become soft, but in usage to look downcast, let the countenance fall
, as one about to cry, Fm. 31, Am. 73, Gísl. (in a verse), Eb. 60, &O
acute;. H. 63.
glúpr or gljúpr, adj. soft, porous, esp. of s
ponge or sponge-like things.
glyðra, u, f. a harlot, Edda (Gl.)
glygg, n., dat. glyggvi, the opening of a visor. Al. 39, Karl. 473
: poët. wind, gale, Lex. Poët.
GLYMJA, glumdi, pres. glym, to rattle, clash, plash, Str. 46: freq
. in poetry of the sea or waves, vide Lex. Poët.: in prose esp. of an echo,
það glumdi í klettunum, það glymr undir, or the like
.
glymr, m. a clash, plashing, Edda 110, Skálda 169: freq. in
poët. compds, esp. of wind or waves, Lex. Poët.
glypsa, að, vide glepsa, to snap, Sturl. i. 128 C.
glyrnur, f. pl. [glóra], cat's eyes glittering in the dark,
Fas. iii. 385: in mod. usage as a cant name for eyes red or blood-shot.
GLYS, n. finery, and as a trade term millinery, Fms. vi. 26
3, x. 30, Barl. 6, Al. 34, Stj. 78, 188, passim; gull ok glys, Edda 220; kaupa g
lys, Fb. iii, 175; glys fjandans, Greg. 15; glys heimsins, Hallgr., Vídal
.
<PAGE NUM="b0206">
<HEADER>206 GLYSGJARN -- GNÍSTA.</HEADER>
COMPDS: glys-gjarn, adj. fond of finery, Eb. 256 (of a lady), Fas.
ii. 182. glys-ligr, adj. showy, specious, Fms. i. 74, ii. 135. glys-mang, n. millinery, N. G. L. iii. 159. glys-mangari, a,
m. a 'finery-monger' milliner, N. G. L. ii. 246. glys-mál (
glys-mæli), n. pl. specious, vain words, Bjarn. 19. glys-
máll, adj. flattering in one's speech. glys-samligr, ad

j. specious, vain, Sks. 528.
GLÝ, n. [A. S. gleow; Engl. glee], glee, gladness
, poët., Edda (Gl.)
glýja, u, f. dazzling from whiteness. glýju-skin,
 n. dazzling light.
glýja, að, to be gleeful, Hðm. 7. glýja&e
th;r, part. gleeful, Vsp. 39; fá-glyjaðr, dismal, E
yvind.
glýjari, a, m. a 'gleeman,' jester, Str. 68, Barl. 4.
glýra, u, f. glitter, Sks. 229.
glý-stamr, adj. an GREEK, glee-steaming, epithet of tears,
Hðm. 1, cp. Homer's GREEK.
GLÆÐA, dd, [glóð], to sparkle; sá &tho
rn;eir at glæddi ór forsinum, Gullþ. 9: in mod. trans., esp.
in eccl. writers, to kindle.
glæja, dd, to glow; glæjanda frost, a sharp frost, Sks. 229.
glæ-napask (qs. glæ-gnapast), að, to go thinly
clad in blast or cold.
glæ-nýr, adj. clear, opp. to clouded, of eggs.
glæpask, t, dep. to transgress, do foolishly, Stj. 454, 577,
Greg. 38: the phrase, g. á e-u, to do amiss in a thing, Stj. 469:
mod. to make a foolish bargain, buy a pig in a poke.
glæpi-liga, adv. wickedly, Fas. iii. 664, Fb. i. 206.
glæpi-ligr, adj. wicked, Fms. x. 334, Stj. 584, Mar. passim.
GLÆPR, m., gen. s, pl. ir, [glópr], crime, wickedness, Fs. 178, 180, Hkv. Hjörv. 32, Stj., Sks. passim, and freq. in mod. usage,
Vídal., Pass. COMPDS: glæpa-fullr, adj. full of wickedne
ss, ungodly, Stj. 457, Mar. 449, Barl. 107. glæpa-maðr, m.
a miscreant, Fms. ii. 85, Skálda 204. glæpamann-ligr,
adj. ruffianly, ill-looking, Band. 7. glæpa-verk, n. a c
rime, Stj. 91. It is worth notice that in the heathen morals (as in the Old
Test.) 'foolish' and 'wicked' are kindred words: glæpr, the derivative wit
h changed vowel, means an evil deed, the primitive word glópr a
fool; cp. also glap, glepja, which are from the same root.
glæpska, u, f. a foolish, evil act, Fms. iii. 112, Hkr. ii.
395, Stj. 622.
glæp-varr, adj. righteous (sceleris purus), Fms. v. 2
40, Sks. 355.
glæp-yrði, n. pl. foul language, Þorst. Sí&
eth;u H. 177.
GLÆR, m., poët. the 'glaring,' i.e. the sea, Lex

. Poët.: in prose in the phrase, kasta á glæ, to throw into
the sea, squander, Bjarn. 57, Ó. H. 38, Finnb. 250, Fms. vii. 62 (in
a verse), cp. Ad. 13; hlaupa á glæ, to run in vain, Al. 181
.
glær, adj. clear, e.g. of a fresh egg, = glænýr
, q.v.
glæra, u, f., in regn-g., drops of rain, Sks. 227; vide eldglæringar.
glæ-ræði, n. = glapræði, a job, Band. (M
S.) 9.
GLÆSA, t, to make shining, embellish, Fms. iv. 247, Bs. ii.
10: part. glæstr, splendid, embellished; gulli g., embell
ished with gold, gilded; halli g., painted, etc., vide Lex. Poë
t.
glæsi-ligr, adj. shining, splendid, Fms. ii. 300, Ó.
H. 161, passim; g. orð, specious words, Fb. i. 76, 374.
glæsi-maðr, m. a bright, illustrious man, Edda (Gl.)
Glæsir, m. a pr. name; of an ox (because of the horns), Eb. Gl&a
elig;sis-vellir, m. pl. a mythical local name, Hervar. S. ch. 1, Fms. iii. 1
83 sqq.
glæsur, f. pl., in orða-glæsur, fine phrases, Thom
. 297.
glögg-leikr, adj. sharpness of sight, acuteness, Stj. 12.
glögg-liga, adv. [cp. Ulf. glaggvuba = GREEK, GREEK], clea
rly, distinctly, Eg. 54, Fms. ii. 102, vi. 36; spyrja g. at, Fb. i. 253.
GLÖGGR, adj. (also spelt gleggr and gleyggr), acc. glöggvan wit
h a final v in the weak cases; compar. glöggra and glöggvari; s
uperl. glöggstr and glöggvastr; [the prob. Goth. form is glaggvus; A. S. gleaw; Hel. glau; Scot. gleg = quick, clever; O. H. G. glaw] :-- clear-sighted, and in metaph. sense clev
er, of things clear, distinct; ok hafa þat allt er hitsug leifi
r eðr glöggra er, Grág. i. 7; glöggt er gests augat, sha
rp (prying) is the stranger's eye, a saying; skýring e&
eth;r glöggvari greining, a clearer distinction, Skálda 205;
Stjörnu-Oddi er gleyggstr var í allri tölu ok himintungla-gangi
, Rb. 90; glöggr til brjósts ok bækr, Thom. 12 :-- neut., sk&
yacute;ra glöggt frá e-u, to expound distinctly, Hom. 47; eig
i þarf glöggra at skýra, 52; eigi er mér þat gl&o
uml;ggt, 'tis not clear to me, Grett. 108; vera glöggrar greinar, to distinguish sharply, Bs. ii. 11; hón kenndi hann glöggt, 
she knew him well, Fms. iv. 131; Þorgnýr föður-fað
ir minn mundi glöggt (remembered clearly) Eirík Uppsala-konun
g, 162; mun ek glöggt vita hvárt rétt er ráðit e&e
th;r eigi, vii. 107; víðast af löndum spurði hann um sið
u manna þá menn er glöggst vissu, Hkr. ii. 61; vita gleygt, id., 625. 96. 2. metaph. stingy; sýtir æ gl&ouml
;ggr við gjöfum, a saying, Hm. 47; glöggr við gesti, a stin
gy host, Hym. 9; glöggr flugar, poët. unflinching, Skv. 1.
7; fé-glöggr, stingy of money; matar-g., stingy of meat; hugar-g., mean, Fbr. 162 (in a verse).
glögg-rýnn, adj. 'clear-rouning,' Fas. i. 212.
glögg-skygn, adj. (glögg-skygni, f.), sharp-sighted, Nj. 77, Stj. 228.
glögg-sýniliga, adv. distinctly, Str.
glögg-sýnn, adj., Stj. 228, v.l.: sharp-witted, Bs. i.
272, Eluc. 16.
glögg-sær, adj. clear-sighted, Bs. i. 808, v.l.: man
ifest, Þorf. Karl. 380.
glöggvingr, m. a stingy man, Edda (Gl.), Ad. 1.
glögg-þekkinn, adj. clear-sighted, quick to know or 
discern, Ísl. ii. 341, Vápn. 24, Ld. 274, Fb. ii. 288.
glögg-þekkni, f. a clear sight, Sks. 559 B.
glögg-þekkr, adj. = glöggþekkinn, Barl. passim.
glömmungr, m. a kind of fish, Edda (Gl.)
glöp, n. pl. blunders, as a law term. Grág. i. 10; vid
e glap, elli-glöp.
GNADD, n. a grumbling, muttering, Bjarn. 18, Fms. x. 342, Stj. 322
, 326, 330, 453, Fbr. 27 new Ed.
gnadda, að, to murmur, Stj. 327, Grett. 98 A (where nöddu
ðu stands): to vex, hón gnaddar hit sama bæði dag ok
dægr, 'she pressed him daily with her words,' Stj. 417. Judges xvi
. 16.
GNAGA, að, mod. naga, but in allit. and old writers with g,
 as ok um grjót gnaga, Hm. 106: it was originally a strong verb, pret
. gnóg, as ala ól, and is still used so in some provincial dialect
s of Norway, vide Ivar Aasen; hence part. gnagit, Barl. 56 (Norse); in old Icel.
writers it only remains in poetry, viz. pres. gnegr, Fms. vi. 310 (in a verse o
f the 11th century); gengr, i.e. gnegr, Edda (A. M.) i. 68, note 12: [Engl. g
naw; Swed. gnaga; Dan. gnave] :-- to gnaw; en N&iacute
;ðhöggr gnagar neðan rótina, Edda 10, Gm. 33; hestar gn&ouml
;guðu beizlin, Karl. 376; þeir gnöguðu skjaldar-rendr, Fas. i
. 425; mýss tvær gnagaðu um rætr trésins, Barl. 56
.
gnap, n., poët. high places, the high sea, Edda (Gl.): in po&
euml;t. compds, gnap-hjarl, -salr, -stóll, -turn, Lex. Poët.
GNAPA, t, to jut out, stoop forward; hann (the ghost) gnapti innar
yfir dyrnar, Grett. 114 A; fjallit sýnisk mjök yfir gnapa ö&et
h;rum fjöllum, Fms. x. 313; ef hón sæi háska eðr sk
aða yfir gnapa (impendere) sínu ríki, 223: to droop
with the head, snapa ok gnapa, to be snubbed and droop the head, Hm.
62; gnapir grár jór yfir gram dauðum, Bkv. 6; sköltar gn&
ouml;pðu, Fms. ii. 259 (in a verse); hann gnapir með hettu, Fas. iii. 49
4 (in a verse).
gnarr, n., poët. the sea, Edda (Gl.); prop. the 'gnarrer,'
murmurer.
gnastan, f. a gnashing, Hom. 70.
gnat, n. a clash (of weapons), Höfuðl.; the Engl. gnat
 is so called from the sound of its wings.
gnata, að, to clash, Vsp. 51.
gnauð (gnauðan, Bs. i. 206), f. a rustling noise, F
as. iii. 129, Ór. 56; metaph. a murmur, Grett. 98.
GNAUÐA, að, mod. nauða, to rustle, ring; hann l
ætr g. broddinn í jöklinum, of the sound of a mountaineer's st
aff, Bárð. 171; gnauðaði svá at skjálfa þ
óttu húsin, of troops riding over the ice, Sturl. iii. 147; hence
mod. nauða á e-m, to din in one's ear.
gnaust, n., and gnaustan, f. a clash, tinkling, Hallfred, L
ex. Poët.
Gná, f. the name of a goddess, Edda: freq. in poetry, of women.
gnegg, n., mod. hnegg, neighing, Hrafn. 7, Al. 67, Karl. 28
2.
GNEGGJA, að, mod. hneggja, to neigh, Hrafn. 8, Rd. 267,
Stj. 78, Karl. 376, Hkv. Hjörv. 20.
gneista, að, [mid. H. Germ. ganeiste], to emit sparks,
Fms. viii. 8.
GNEISTI, a, m., mod. neisti, [mid. H. Germ. ganeist; Dan. gnist; Swed. gnista; cp. the mineral gneiss, so called from
its sparkling particles]: -- a spark, Edda 4, Fms. iii. 193, v. 1
75, Sks. 204, Skálda 175: metaph., g. lífsins, Fms. x. 368. gne
ista-flaug, f. a shower of sparks, Bs. i. 44, Fms. iii. 180.
gnella, gnall, gnullu, to scream; haukar þeirra gnullu lei&e
th;iliga, Karl. 376.
GNERR, m. [Chaucer's gnarr], a knot or knob: metaph.
, stóð við þann gnerr nokkra daga, it stopped at that 'g
narr,' i.e. it lasted, for some days, Fms. viii. 263, v.l.
GNESTA, pret. gnast, pl. gnustu, [A. S. gnæstan], to crac
k; hlíf gnast við hlíf, Skálda (in a verse); vi&eth
;ir brotna eðr gnesta, 169; málmar gnustu, Hallfred; gnestr hann (the
sword) hátt í þeirra hausum, Fas. i. 102: the phrase, g. &i
acute; eyrum e-s, to tinkle in one's ears; múgrinn æpti sv&a
acute; at gnast í eyrum borgar-manna, Stj. 360, 647. 2 Kings xxi. 12; &th
orn;essi ódæmi sem öllum mönnum gnestr í eyrum, Ma
r.; gnustu þá saman vápnin, Sturl. iii. 174; ok gnestr &iacu
te; steininum, Bs. i. 601; gnast í brynjunni, Karl. 175.
gneypr, adj. jutting, bent forward; stóð höfuð
it gneypt af bolnum, Eb. 244; Egill sat uppréttr ok var gneypr mjök,
Eg. 304, Fas. iii. 117.

gniða or niða, að, [Dan. gnide], to rub;
þat var sem sviðit ok gniðat öðru-megin, hón l&ea
cute;t telgja á lítinn flatveg þar sem gniðat var, Grett
. 177 new Ed.
gnissa, u, f. a spectre, Edda (Gl.); cp. Dan. nisse = a
hobgoblin.
gnit, f., mod. nitr, f. pl. [Dan. gnid; Ivar Aasen gnit], a nit, Lat. lens.
GNÍPA, u, f., not gnýpa, (ríp í bratta
gnípu, Rekstefja 28), a peak, Fms. ii. 154, Sks. 171 C, G
reg. 62, Bs. i. 360, Róm. 352.
gníst, n. a gnashing, Nikulás-d. 56.
GNÍSTA, t, mod. also nista, to gnash the teeth; g. t
önnum, Mar. freq., Greg. 55, Mart. 118, Fas. iii. 629 (where nísta,
paper MS.); ok þeir nístu tönnum yfir honum, Acts vii. 54 :-trans. to tease, mundu þér eigi gníst hafa yðvarn
biskup með svá skarpri meingörðar ör, Mar. 457. 2. to snarl as a dog; þeir ýldu ok gnístu, Fms. vii.
192; við þetta spratt hundrinn upp gnístandi, iii. 13; hans hu
ndar hversu þeir gnístu, Þíðr. 368; gnístan
di frost, a biting frost, Fms. ii. 225. UNCERTAIN Nesta or nísta (
q.v.), to pin, is a different word.
<PAGE NUM="b0207">
<HEADER>GNÍSTAN -- GOÐ. 207</HEADER>
gnístan, f. gnashng of teeth, in the phrase, óp ok t
anna g., Post. 656 C. 30; spelt gnístran, Matth. viii. 12, xiii. 42, 50,
xxii. 13, xxiv. 51, xxv. 30, Luke xiii. 28.
gnístingr, m. a creaking, Stj. 71.
gnjóðr, m. a kind of seed, Edda (Gl.)
gnjóstr, m., Tann-g., Teeth-gnasher, one of Thor's he-goats
, Edda.
gnolla, d, to shiver; impers., tekr þeim at gnolla, Fms. xi.
136.
Gnóð or Gnoð, f., poët. name of a ship,
Edda (Gl.); properly a mythical ship like the Greek Argo, Fas. iii. 406, 407, (
Eg. S. Einh. fine.)
gnóg-leikr, m. abundance, Magn. 450, Rb. 110.
gnóg-liga, adv. (mod. nóg-liga, and so Stj. 30, Fms.
vi. 15, MSS. of the 14th century), abundantly, Edda 9, Fms. i. 77, Hom.
37, Stj. 414.
gnóg-ligr, adj. (mod. nóg-ligr, and so Fms. ii. 228,
Sks. 134 B. new Ed., MSS. of the 13th century), abundant, Stj. 428, Mar.
474.
GNÓGR, adj.; in old alliterative poets gn, þess var g
rams und gömlum | gnóg rausn, Arnór, and so in very ol
d MSS.; but even vellum MSS. as old as Hb., Stj., Arna-Magn. 66 (vide below), be
gin to drop the g, which was either lost or replaced by í (
í-nógr) as in Engl. e-nough: the declension also is intere
sting; in old writers it has regular neut. gnógt or nógt, but late
r the t was dropped; an Icel. says, það er nóg rú
m (room enow), the old form being gnógt rúm; the gen. has a
lso been dropped, and so the word has become an irregular though not indeclinabl
e adjective: again, an indeclinable nógu has been formed, nógu mar
gr, mikill, etc., answering to Engl. enough after an adjective: [Ulf. 
ganôhs, -- GREEK; A. S. genôh; Engl. enough and enow; O. H. G. ganah; Germ. genug and genung; Dan. nok; Swed. nog and noga] :-- enough, sufficient, plentiful
, of stores; þar er sæmðar ván er gnóg er til,
Nj. 21; selveiðar gnógar ok fiski-fang mikit, Eg. 130; mundu þ
ar fá gnógt lið, Fms. vii. 276; ok svá nógt er &
iacute; fjöllum þeim gull sem grjót, Pr. 400; þat it fj&
oacute;rða er nógt var, which was enough by itself, Bret. (Hb.
) 66; þeim með er hann hefir gnógastan til, Sks. 229 B; hafa gn
ógan liðs kost, Fms. viii. 220; því at þar var n&o
acute;gt búfé Dana til strandhöggva, i. 128; gaf hann öl
lum nóga skotpenninga, xi. 202; honum mun gefast svo hann gnóg haf
i, Matth. xiii. 12; skógar-dýr er jafnan vóru gnóg,
Stj. 560 (nóg and í nóg, v.l.); með svá n&oacute
;gum gný (so great a din) ok vápna-braki, at ..., Stj. (MSS
.) 127 :-- of persons (rare), nú var hann nógr orðinn um kvikf
é, now he was well stocked with cattle, Bjarn. 39; nú munt&
uacute; ok vera þér nógr einn (= einhlítr, q.v.) um &
thorn;etta mál, Band. 6. II. adverbial use; at nógu, suf
ficiently, plentifully; þat sem at nógu döggvir allan aldi
n-viðinn, Stj. 68; ok vinnsk oss þat at nógu, it is enough f
or us, Fms. v. 48 (but at gnógu, Ó. H. 202, l.c., and so Fb. i
i. 329); í-nóg, enough; hann (the cypress) er þar &i
acute;-nóg, Stj. 88, Al. 171; þar til er þeir allir hafa druk
kit í-nóg, Stj. 136; fóðr höfum vér &iacute
;-nóg, id.; allt var í-nóg þat er hafa þurfti,
203; biskup sagði at þeir hefði í-nóg at geyma, Bs.
i. 866 :-- nógu, indecl. enough, only in the later Sagas, þ
reif Öngull til saxins, ok kvað hann nógu lengi (long enough) borit hafa, Grett. 154; því at nógu margir munu vera m&
oacute;tstöðu-menn þínir, 156; nógu mikit, mickl
e enough, Bs. i. 909 (Laur. S.)
gnótt, f. [A. S. geniht], abundance, plenty; æ
rin gnótt vista, Fms. xi. 36; gnótt fjár, Band. 9; aura gn&
oacute;tt, plenty of money, Greg. 39; gnótt grunnýðgi (
gen.), Am. 1; þau áttu gnótt í búi, Nj. 257; e
n svá mikil gnótt at sólunni um sumarit, so great plenty
of sun during the summer, Sks. 71; hljóta sumir mikla gnótt
af þessum gjöfum, 561; hann mun gefa þér gnótt al
lra hluta, Blas. 43; þar vóru gnóttir hvers-vetna, Fs. 65; e
n at ek gera gnótt spurning þinni, that I give sufficient answer
to thy question, Fas. iii. 665. COMPDS: gnótta-brunnr, m. 
the well of abundance, Stj. 164. Gen. xxvi. 22. gnótta-maðr, m. a wealthy man, Grett. 127 (MS. A. nótta-maðr).
GNÚA, mod. núa, pres. gný; pret. gneri, gn&ou

ml;ri, or neri; part. gnúit; [cp. Dan. gnide] :-- to rub; h
ann tók til orða, ok gneri nefit, and rubbed his nose, Orkn. 3
94; gnera ek vátum höndum um augu mér, Ó. H. 224; gner
a (gnöra, v.l.) ek í sundr öll málmhlið sterkra borg
a, Sks. 631 B, Mirm. 31: with dat., hón rakaði af honum allt h&aacute
;rit ok neri (paper MS.) í tjöru (dat.), and rubbed it with tar, Fas. i. 18; hann gnýr þar við bakinu þar til er bogastrengrinn skarsk, ii. 547; þó at þér sveinar haeð
i at því, at þú sitir mjótt ok gnúir sam
an lærum þínum, Band. 13, Mar. 539; nokkurrir fiskar gn&uacut
e;a sér svá fast við kviðinn, at ..., Stj. 77.
gnúfa, ð, (qs. gnúpa), to droop, stoop; skalf h&
oacute;n öll af hræðslu ok gnúfði hón með h
öfði sínu, Str. 76.
gnúfa, adj. drooping, stooping; hann sat gnúfa hrygg
r ... lypti upp höfði sínu, Str. 73.
gnúpa, u, f. = gnúfa, a nickname, Landn.
gnúp-leitr, adj. = gnúfa, Edda 19.
GNÚPR, m. a peak ( = gnípa); þá g&eacut
e;kk maðr út ór gnúpinum, Nj. 211; undir gnúpinu
m, Landn. 277, v.l.: freq. in local names, Lóma-g., Rita-g.; Gnúpa
r, pl., and Gnúpr, names of farms, Landn.: a pr. name, Bs.
GNYÐJA, gnuddi, to mutter, grumble; herrinn gnuddi nú &
iacute;lla, Fms. vi. 156 (nuddi, v.l.); en þó gnuddi þetta me
st á Sturlu, they grumbled most against Sturla, Sturl. 157: to
scream, grunt, gnyðja mundu nú grísir ef þeir vissi
hvat hinn gamli þyldi, Fas. i. 282.
gnyðr, m., pl. ir, mod. nyðr, or even spelt niðr, a murmur; þykki mér íllt at heyra gnyð ykkar
yfir mér, Fas. iii. 194; görðisk þá mikill gn&yacut
e;r ok gnyðr af ópi ok hlaupum, Stj. 452, v.l. II. in mod. usa
ge freq. the murmur of a river or brook, ár-niðr, lækjar
-niðr.
gný-fari, a, m., poët. the wind, Edda (Gl.)
GNÝJA, pres. gnýr, pret. gnúði, to sound,
of wind and sea; derived from gnúa, with the notion of a grating soun
d, as of a stream over pebbles, the tide against the beach, etc.; brí
m gnýr Kormak, vide Lex. Poët.; breki gnúði á staf
ni, Höfuðl. 11; gnýr allr Jötun-heimr, Vsp. 53; gnýj
anda gjálfr, Sks.; útan gnýr á eyri Ýmis bl&o
acute;ð, Edda (in a verse); vindar eru þá úkyrrir ok gn&
yacute;ja héðan ok handan, Edda 8; þar megu vér n&uacute
; heyra gnýja bana Þorkels frænda, Ld. 326; gnúði
á hallæri mikit ok veðrátta köld, Bs. i. 171; &thor
n;á gnú/ði á hin snarpasta hríð, Fms. ii. 22
5; þótti honum görask mikit vandkvæði í &thor
n;essu er á gnúði, iv. 145; hvat sem á gnýr, Tho
m. 114.
gný-mikit, n. adj. stormy, windy, Grett. 111 A.
gnýpr, m., mod. nýpr, = gnúpr, a local word.

gnýr, m. a clash, din, as of wind, waves, weapons, etc., Nj
. 272, Edda 41, Mag. 6, Skálda 169, Fms. vi. 156, x. 264, Sl. 57: esp. fr
eq. in poët. compds referring to the din of war, Lex. Poët.: metaph.,
gnýr ok ótti, alarm and fright, Niðrst. 5.
gnæða, dd, mod. næða, to feel a draught, það næðir um þig.
gnæðingr, m., mod. næðingr, a gust of wind,
 Bárð. 171.
GNÆFA, ð and að, to project, Lat. eminere; af
Gnár nafni er svá kallat, at þat gnæfi sem hát
t ferr, Edda. 22; merki mörg óðfluga ok gnæfðu fyrir o
fan brekkuna, Hkr. i. 150; engi sá fyrr en þar gnæfaði me
rki yfir þeim, Fms. viii. 62; en er bændr sá þat &iacut
e; móti dags-brúninni at merki konungs gnævaði há
tt, 126; ok gnæfar yfir liðinu sem einn hár turn, Al. 141; hans
bust næfði (sic) náliga við limar uppi, Fb. ii. 27; g. vi&
eth; himin, Fas. i. 185 (in a verse); hann gnæfði ofarliga við r&a
acute;frinu, Grett.: metaph., Lat. impendere, hvílíkr h&aac
ute;ski at yfir gnæfir þeirra sálum, H. E. i. 514 :-- very fr
eq. in mod. usage.
gnæfr (gnæpr, Fb. i. 258), adj. floating high,
of a banner, Hd. 40.
GNÆGJA, ð, [gnógr], to endow, bestow upon; gn&ael
ig;gð með góðum hlutum, Stj. 421; hve hann yrþjó
ð (acc.) auði gnegir, how he endows men with bliss, Ad. 18; and g
negðr at fjárafli, endowed with wealth, id. In mod. usage n
ægja, það nægir, 'tis enough, e.g. sá he
fir nóg sér nægja lætr, a saying, freq.
gnægr, adj., mod. nægr, = gnógr; þ&uacute
; hefir þat gnægara, er meira þarf við, Lv. 43; þv&i
acute; at lands-folkit var gnægt til, i.e. populous, Hkr. i. 45; ha
nn á nægri börn en kýr, he is better stocked with ba
irns than kine, Bs. ii. 141; skaupi gnegr, full of contempt, scoffing, Ad. 2.
gnægt, f. (nægt, nægð, Stj. 235, freq. in mo
d. usage), = gnótt, abundance: esp. in pl., eiga alls nægtir
, to have one's fill of all good things, freq.
gnægta, t, = gnægja; Dróttinn mun þik g. öl
lum góðum hlutum, Stj. 421.
GNÖLLRA, að, (nöllra, Karl. l.c.; hence the mod. 
nöldra to grumble, nöldr grumbling) :-- to
howl, bark; hundrinn hljóp upp gnöllrandi, Fas. iii. 545; hauka
r þeirra gnöllraðu, Karl. 376, v.l.; við þessi orð
spratt hundrinn upp ok gnöllraði hátt, Fms. iii. 13; hjarta hans
gnöllraði í honum innan-brjósts eins og greyhundr, rende
ring of Od. xx. 13, 14; þar eru tveir hundar ok nöllra þeir ok
grenja, Þiðr. 245.
gnöllran, f. howling, Mar.

GNÖTRA, að, [gnat], to clatter, rattle; gnötrar (gno
ttir, Verel.) sverðit hvárt yfir annat, Bret. 55; menn þ&oacute
;ttusk heyra at beinin gnötruðu við hræringarnar, his bone
s clattered, Bs. i. 69: esp. of the teeth, skelfr hann svá mjök
at gnötrar í honum hver tönn, Háv. 54; tennr hans n&ouml
;truðu, Fbr. 149: metaph., þar hlaut at nötra um, Sd. 169 :-- in
mod. usage freq. to shiver, shake, as with cold.
GOÐ, n. pl. [all the Teutonic languages have this word in common; Ulf
. guþa, n. pl., Gal. iv. 8; guda, id., John x. 34, 35; and Guþ, m.; A. S. godu, n. pl., and God, m.; O. H. G. 
Cot: in mod. languages masc.; Engl. God; Germ. Gott; Dan.-Swed
. Gud].
A. HISTORICAL REMARKS. -- In heathen times this word was neuter, and was
used almost exclusively in plur., as were also other words denoting Godhead, e.g
. regin or rögn = numina, q.v.; and bönd, höpt, prop. = bonds, and metaph. gods :-- this plur. usage seems not to refer to a
plurality of gods, but rather, as the Hebrew HEBREW, to the majesty and mystery
of the Godhead; it points to an earlier and purer faith than that which was cur
rent in the later ages of the Scandinavian heathendom; thus the old religious po
em Völuspá distinguishes a twofold order of gods, -- the heavenly po
wers (regin or ginn-heilög goð) who had no special names or attributes,
and who ruled the world, like the GREEK or GREEK of Gr. mythology; -- and the c
ommon gods who were divided into two tribes, Æsir (Ases) and Vanir,
whose conflict and league are recorded in Vsp. 27, 28, and Edda 47. II.
after the introduction of Christianity, the masculine gender (as in Greek and La
tin) superseded the neuter in all Teutonic languages, first in Gothic, then in O
ld High German and Anglo-Saxon, and lastly in the Scandinavian languages; but ne
ither in Gothic nor in Icel. did the word ever take the masc. inflexive r
or s, so that it remains almost unique in form. 2. in Scandinavia
n the root vowel was altered from o to u (goð to guð), [Sw
ed.-Dan. gud], yet in old poems of the Christian age
<PAGE NUM="b0208">
<HEADER>208 GOÐ -- GOÐI.</HEADER>
it is still made to rhyme with o, Goðs, boðnum; 
Goð, roðnar, Sighvat; as also in the oldest MSS. of the 12th
century; sometimes however it is written &g-long;þ, in which case t
he root vowel cannot be discerned. 3. in Icel. the pronunciation also und
erwent a change, and the g in Guð (God) is now pronounced g
w (Gwuð), both in the single word and in those proper names which have b
ecome Christian, e.g. Guðmundr pronounced Gwuðmundr, whence the abbrevia
ted form Gvendr or Gvöndr. The old form with o is still retained in
obsolete words, as goði, goðorð, vide below, and in local names from
the heathen age, as Goð-dalir; so also Gormr (q.v.), which is contracted fr
om Goð-ormr not Guð-ormr. On the other hand, the Saxon and German have k
ept the root vowel o. III. in old poems of heathen times it was al
most always used without the article; gremdu eigi goð at þér, L
s.; áðr vér heilög goð blótim, Fas. i. (in a v
erse); ginnheilög Goð, Vsp. passim; goðum ek þat þakka,
Am. 53; með goðum, Alm.; in prose, en goð hefna eigi alls þeg
ar, Nj. 132. 2. with the article goð-in, Vsp. 27: freq. in prose, um
hvat reiddusk goðin þá er hér brann hraunit er nú
stöndu vér á, Bs. i. (Kr. S.) 22; eigi eru undr at goðin
reiðisk tölum slíkum, id.; Hallfreðr lastaði eigi go&et

h;in, þó aðrir menn hallmælti þeim, Fms. ii. 52; al
lmikin hug leggr þú á goðin, Fs. 94; eigi munu goðin
þessu valda, Nj. 132, passim. 3. very seldom in sing., and only if
applied to a single goddess or the like, as Öndor-goðs (gen.), Haustl.
7; Vana-goð, of Freyja, Edda; enu skírleita goði, of the Sun, Gm
. 39. IV. after the introduction of Christianity, the neut. was only used
of false gods in sing. as well as in pl., Sólar-goð = Apo
llo, Orrostu-goð = Mars, Drauma-goð = Morpheus, Bret.
(Verel.); and was held up for execration by the missionaries; gör þik
eigi svá djarfa, at þú kallir goð hinn hæsta konu
ng er ek trúi á, Fb. i. 371. Yet so strongly did the neut. gender
cleave to the popular mind that it remains (Grág. Kb. i. 192) in the oath
formula, goð gramt = Goð gramr; and Icel. still say, í Guðan
na (pl.) bænum. 2. guðír, masc. pl., as in A. S. guda
s, is freq. in eccl. writers, but borrowed from the eccl. Lat.
B. IN COMPDS: I. with nouns, goða-blót, n. sa
crifice to the gods, Fb. i. 35. goða-gremi, f. a term in the heat
hen oath, wrath of the gods, Eg. 352. goða-heill, f. favour
of the gods, Þorst. Síðu H. 9. goða-hús,
n. a house of gods, temple, Dropl. 11, Nj. 131, Fb. i. 337. goðastallar, m. pl. the altar in temples, Fas. i. 454. goða-st&uac
ute;ka, u, f. the sanctuary in heathen temples, answering to the choi
r or sanctuary in churches, Landn. 335 (App.) goða-tala, u, f. in the
phrase, í goðatölu, in the tale (list) of gods
, 625. 41. goð-borinn, part. GREEK, god-born, Hkv. 1. 29.
goð-brúðr, f. bride of the gods (the goddess Ska&et
h;i), Edda (in a verse). Goð-dalir, m. pl. a local name, hence Go&
eth;-dælir, m. pl. a family, Landn. goð-gá, f. bl
asphemy against the gods, Nj. 163, Ld. 180. goð-heimr, m. the
home of the gods, Stor. 20, cp. Ýt. goð-konungr, m. (cp. G
r. GREEK), a king, -- kings being deemed the offspring of gods, Ýt
. goð-kunnigr and goð-kyndr, adj. of the kith of gods, Edda 6, 11, 13. goð-lauss, adj. godless, a nickname, Landn
. goð-lax, m. a kind of salmon, Edda (Gl.) goð-leið
r, adj. loathed by the gods, Korm. goð-máligr, adj.
skilled in the lore of the gods, Hým. 38. goð-mögn, n. pl. divine powers, deities, Edda 1; biðja til þinna go&et
h;magna, Bret. (Verel.) goð-reið, f. 'a ride of gods' thro
ugh the air, a meteor, thought to forebode great events, Glúm. (in
a verse), cp. the Swed. åska. goð-rifi, n. scorn of
the gods, Sks. 435. goð-rækr, adj. 'god-forsaken,' wicke
d, 623. 30. goðum-leiðr, adj. = goðleiðr, Landn. (in
a verse). goð-vargr, m. a 'god-worrier,' sacrilegus, 'lupus in san
ctis,' Bs. i. 13 (in a verse). goð-vefr, vide guðvefr. go&
eth;-vegr, m. the way of the gods, the heaven, the sky, Hdl. 5. Go
ð-þjóð, f. the abode of the gods, Vsp. :-- but G
oth. Gut-þjuda = the land of the Goths, by assimilation Go&e
th;-þjóð, passim in old poems and the Sagas. II. with pr
. names, originally Goð-, later and mod. Guð-; of men, Guð-brandr, G
uð-laugr, Guð-leifr, Guð-mundr, Guð-röðr, Guð-ormr
or Gutt-ormr, etc.; of women, Guð-björg, Guð-finna, Guð-laug, G
uð-leif, Guð-ný, Guð-ríðr, Guð-rún, etc
.; cp. the interesting statement in Eb. (App.) 126 new Ed. (from the Hauks-b&oac
ute;k), that men of the olden time used to call their sons and daughters after t
he gods (Goð-, Þór-, Frey-, Ás-); and it was thought tha
t a double (i. e. a compound) name gave luck and long life, esp. those compounde
d with the names of gods; menn höfðu mjök þá tvau n&o
uml;fn, þótti þat likast til langlífis ok heilla, &tho
rn;ótt nokkurir fyrirmælti þeim við goðin, þ&aa

cute; mundi þat ekki saka, ef þeir ætti eitt nafn, though a
ny one cursed them by the gods it would not hurt if they had 'one' name, i.e
. if they were the namesakes of the gods, Eb. l. c.; -- we read 'eitt naf
n' for 'eitt annat nafn' of the Ed. and MS. In Fb. i. 23, the mythical king Raum
is said to have had three sons, Alf, Björn, and Brand; the first was reare
d by the Finns, and called Finn-Alf; Björn by his mother (a giantess), and
called Jötun-Björn; and Brand was given to the gods, and called Go&eth
;-Brand (Guð-brandr, whence Guðbrands-dalir, a county in Norway); cp. al
so Eb. ch. 7.
UNKNOWN For the Christian sense of God and its compds vide s. v. Guð.
goddi, a, m. [cp. Germ. götze] a nickname, Ld.
GOÐI, a, m. [Ulf, renders GREEK by gudja (ufar-gudja, ahumi
sta-gudja, etc.), GREEK by gudjinassus, GREEK by gudjinôn; an Icel. gyði, gen. gyðja, would answer better to the Goth. form, but
it never occurs, except that the fem. gyðja = goddess and prieste
ss points not to goði, but to a masc. with a suppressed final i,
gyði; a word coting occurs in O. H. G. glossaries, prob. meaning the
same; and the form guþi twice occurs on Danish-Runic stones in Nura
-guþi and Saulva-guþi, explained as goði by P. G. Thorsen, Dansk
e Runem.; (Rafn's explanation and reading of Nura-guþi qs. norðr &aacu
te; Gauði, is scarcely right): with this exception this word is nowhere reco
rded till it appears in Icel., where it got a wide historical bearing] :-- prop.
a priest, sacerdos, and hence a liege-lord or chief of the Ice
l. Commonwealth.
A. HISTORICAL REMARKS. -- The Norse chiefs who settled in Icel., finding
the country uninhabited, solemnly took possession of the land (land-nám,
q.v.); and in order to found a community they built a temple, and called themsel
ves by the name of goði or hof-goði, 'temple-priest;' and
thus the temple became the nucleus of the new community, which was called go&
eth;orð, n. :-- hence hof-goði, temple-priest, and höf&e
th;ingi, chief, became synonymous, vide Eb. passim. Many independent go&e
th;ar and goðorð sprang up all through the country, until about the year
930 the alþingi (q.v.) was erected, where all the petty sovereign chiefs
(goðar) entered into a kind of league, and laid the foundation of a general
government for the whole island. In 964 A.D. the constitution was finally settle
d, the number of goðorð being fixed at three in each þing (shir
e), and three þing in each of the three other quarters, (but four in t
he north); thus the number of goðar came to be nominally thirty-nine, really
thirty-six, as the four in the north were only reckoned as three, vide Í
b. ch. 5. On the introduction of Christianity the goðar lost their priestly
character, but kept the name; and the new bishops obtained seats in the Lög
rétta (vide biskup). About the year 1004 there were created new goðar
(and goðorð), who had to elect judges to the Fifth Court, but they had
no seats in the Lögrétta, and since that time the law distinguishes
between forn (old) and ný (new) goðorð; -- in Gl&u
acute;m. ch. 1 the word forn is an anachronism. It is curious that, especially i
n the 12th century, the goðar used to take the lesser Orders from political
reasons, in order to resist the Romish clergy, who claimed the right of forbiddi
ng laymen to be lords of churches or to deal with church matters; thus the great
chief Jón Loptsson was a sub-deacon; at last, about 1185, the archbishop
of Norway forbade the bishops of Icel. to ordain any holder of a goðorð
, unless they first gave up the goðorð, fyrir því bj&oacute
;ðum vér biskupum at vígja eigi þá menn er go&eth
;orð hafa, D. I. i. 291. In the middle of the 13th century the king of Norwa
y induced the goðar to hand their power over to him, and thus the union with
Norway was finally brought about in the year 1262; since that time, by the intr
oduction of new codes (1272 and 1281), the name and dignity of goðar and go&
eth;orð disappeared altogether, so that the name begins and ends with the Co
mmonwealth.
B. DUTIES. -- In the alþingi the goðar were invested with the L
ögrettu-skipan (q.v.), that is to say, they composed the Lögrét
ta (the Legislative consisting of forty-eight members -- on the irregularity of
the number vide Jb. ch. 5), and were the lawgivers of the country; secondly, the
y had the dómnefna (q.v.), or right of naming the men who were to sit in
the courts, vide dómr :-- as to their duties in the quarter-parliaments (
vár-þing) vide Grág. Þ. Þ. and the Sagas. The au
thority of the goðar over their liegemen at home was in olden times somewhat
patriarchal, vide e.g. the curious passage in Hænsaþ. S. ch. 2; tho
ugh no section of law relating to this interesting part of the old history is on
record, we can glean much information from the Sagas. It is to be borne in mind
that the goðar of the Saga time (10th century) and those of the Grág
ás and Sturlunga time (12th and 13th centuries) were very different; the
former were a kind of sovereign chiefs, who of free will entered into a league;
the latter had become officials, who for neglecting their duties in parliament m
ight be fined, and even forfeit the goðorð to their liegemen, vide Gr&aa
cute;g. Þ. Þ. Neither þing (q.v.) nor goðorð was ever
strictly geographical (such is the opinion of Konrad Maurer), but changed from t
ime to time; the very word goðorð is defined as 'power' (veldi), and was
not subject to the payment of tithe, K. Þ. K. 142. The goðorð cou
ld be parcelled out by inheritance or by sale; or they might, as was the case in
the latter years of the Commonwealth, accumulate in one hand, vide esp. Sturl.
passim, and Grág. The liegemen (þingmenn) were fully free to change
their lords (ganga í lög með goða, ganga ór lög
um); every franklin (þingmaðr) had in parliament to declare his &thorn
;ingfesti, i.e. to name his liegeship, and say to what goði and þing h
e belonged, and the goði had to acknowledge him; so that a powerful or skilf
ul chief might have liegemen scattered all over the country. But the nomination
to the courts and the right of sitting in the legislative body were always bound
to the old names, as fixed by the settlement of the year 964; and any one who s
ought the name or influence of a goði had first (by purchase, inheritance, o
r otherwise) to become possessor of a share of one of the old traditionary go&et
h;orð; see the interesting chapter in Nj. The three goðar in one þ
ing (shire) were called sam-goða, joint-goðar; for the se
nse of allsherjar-goði vide p. 17.
<PAGE NUM="b0209">
<HEADER>GOÐAKVIÐR -- GÓÐR 209</HEADER>
C. NAMES. -- Sometimes a chief's name referred to the god whom he especia
lly worshipped, as Freys-Goði, Hrafn., Gísl., whence Freys-gyðlin
gar, q.v.; (the ör-goði is dubious); more frequently the name referred
to the liegemen or county, e.g. Ljósvetninga-Goði, Tungu-Goði, et
c.; but in the Saga time, goði was often added to the name almost as a cogno
men, and with some, as Snorri, it became a part of their name (as Cato Censor in
Latin); hann varðveitti þá hof, var hann þá kalla
ðr Snorri Goði, Eb. 42; seg, at sá sendi, er meiri vin var h&uacu
te;sfreyjunnar at Fróðá en Goðans at Helgafelli, 332. Name
s on record in the Sagas :-- men living from A.D. 874 to 964, Hallsteinn Goð
i, Landn., Eb.; Sturla Goði, Landn. 65; Jörundr Goði and Hró
arr Tungu-Goði, id.; Ljótólfr Goði, Sd.; Hrafnkell Freys-G
oði, Hrafn.; Oddr Tungu-Goði, Landn.; Þormóðr Karn&aacu

te;r-Goði, Vd.; Áskell Goði, Rd.; Úlfr Ör-goði, L
andn.; Grímkell Goði, Harð. S.; Þorgrímr Freys-go&et
h;i, Gísl. 100, 110: -- 964 to 1030, Arnkell Goði, Landn., Eb.; &THO
RN;orgrímr Goði, Eb.; Geirr Goði, Landn., Nj.; Runólfr Go&
eth;i, id.; Þóroddr Goði, Kristni S.; Þormóðr
Allsherjar-Goði, Landn.; Þorgeirr Goði, or Ljósvetninga-Go&
eth;i, Nj., Landn.; (Þorkell Krafla) Vatnsdæla-Goði, Vd.; Helgi
Hofgarða-Goði, Landn., Eb.; Snorri Hlíðarmanna-Goði, Lv.;
Þórarinn Langdæla-Goði, Heiðarv. S.; and last, not l
east, Snorri Goði :-- in the following period goði appears, though very
rarely, as an appellative, e.g. Þormóðr Skeiðar-Goði (a
bout 1100) :-- of the new goðar of 1004, Höskuldr Hvítaness-Go&e
th;i, Nj. :-- used ironically, Ingjaldr Sauðeyja-Goði, Ld. 2. go&
eth;orð mentioned by name, -- in the south, Allsherjar-goðorð, Landn
. (App.) 336; Dalverja-goðorð, Sturl. ii. 48; Lundarmanna-goðorð
, i. 223; Reykhyltinga-goðorð, 104, iii. 166, 169; Bryndæla-go&eth
;orð, Kjaln. S. 402: in the north, Ljósvetninga-goðorð, Lv. c
h. 30; Möðruvellinga-goðorð, Bs. i. 488; Vatnsdæla-go&eth
;orð, Fs. 68; Fljótamanna-goðorð, Sturl. i. 138: in the west,
Snorrunga-goðorð, 55; Jöklamanna-goðorð, iii. 166; Rau&eth
;melinga-goðorð, Eb. 288; Reyknesinga-goðorð, Sturl. i. 9, 19; &
THORN;órsnesinga-goðorð, 198: the new godords of the Fifth Court,
Laufæsinga-goðorð, Nj. 151; Melamanna-goðorð, id., Band.,
Sturl. i. 227. Passages in the Sagas and Laws referring to goðar and go&eth
;orð are very numerous, e.g. Íb. ch. 5, Nj. ch. 98, Grág., L&o
uml;gréttu-þáttr, and Þ. Þ. passim, esp. ch. 1-5
, 17, 35, 37, 39, 44, 58, 60, 61, Lv. ch. 4 (interesting), Vd. ch. 27, 41 (in fi
ne), and 42, Vápn., Hrafn. ch. 2, Eb. ch. 10, 56, Sturl. iii. 98, 104, pa
ssim; for the accumulation of godords, see i. 227 (3, 22), Bs. i. 54; for the ha
nding over the godords to the king of Norway, D. I. i; and esp. article 3 of the
Sáttmáli, D. I. i. 631, 632. The godords were tithe-free, ef ma&e
th;r á goðorð, ok þarf eigi þat til tíundar at
telja, vald er þat en eigi fé:, K. Þ. K. 142. COMPDS: go&
eth;a-kviðr, m. a law term, the verdict of a jury composed of twelve go&
eth;ar, commonly called tylftar-kviðr, a 'twelver-verdict,' fixed for
some special cases, defined in Grág.; the goða-kviðr was opposed
to the búa-kviðr, vide búi, Grág. i. 168, passim. g
oða-lýrittr, m. a law term, a protest or interdict,
Grág. i. 112, ii. 97, passim; but it is uncertain whether it is derived
from goði, i.e. the protest of a goði, or from goð, i.e. t
he great ban, a protest in the holy name of the gods. goða-þ&aa
cute;ttr, m. a section of law about the goðar, Grág. i. 73
. II. = goð, i.e. good genius, in the Icel. game at dice calle
d goða-tafl, with the formula, heima ræð eg goða minn b
æði vel og lengi, ... og kasta eg svo fyrir þig, cp. also &aacut
e;st-goði.
goð-orð, n. (seldom spelt guðorð, as in Grá
g. ii. 154); hann var maðr félítill en átti staðfes
tu góða í Skálholti ok goðorð, Bs. i. 54; for t
his word vide goði. COMPDS: goðorðs-lauss, adj. without a godord, Nj. 149, Band. 2. goðorðs-maðr, m. a 'godordman,' = a goði, Hrafn. 13, 14, Fs. 67, Glúm. 324, Sturl., passim.
goðorðs-mál, n. an action concerning a godord, Stu
rl. ii. 89. goðorðs-tilkall, n. a claim to a godord, Sturl
. ii. 88: erfða-goðorð (q.v.), Sturl. i. 198; fornt goðorð,
vide above: forráðs-goðorð = manna-forrað, a godord to
which forráð (power) is attached, an GREEK in &Iac
ute;sl. ii. 173 (Hænsa Þ. S.)
goggr, m. a gag or hook: brýna gogginn, to whet t

he beak, of a raven: a term of abuse, Edda (Gl.)
gogli, a, m. ooze, mud, Mork. 13; cp. blóð-gögl, blood-ooze, Björn.
GOL, n,, mod. gola, u, f. a breeze: metaph., Al. 99; fjalla
-g., q.v.
gol-grænn, adj. yellow-green, epithet of the sea.
gollr, m. [Old Engl. goll],
awk, esp. of artificial kind; in N. G. L.
r a goshawk if found astray with the goll
nám, i.e. compensation for damages
the talon or claw of a h

i. 242 a man has to return to the owne
fastened to him, but he may claim land
done on the land.
gollungr, m. [gollr], poët. a kind of hawk, Edda (Gl.)

gollurr, in. the pericardium, Edda (Gl.) gollur-hús,
n. id., Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 579; hence gollor-hei
mr, m., poët. the breast.
gol-mórauðr, adj. yellow-brown.
golsi, a, m., golsóttr, adj. a sheep with a dark yellow
belly.
gol-þorskr, m. 'yellow-cod,' a cod-fish so called from its c
olour.
gopi, a, m. a vain person, Edda (Gl.)
goppa, að, [Dan. gumpe; Engl. jump], to skip, (r
are.)
GOR, n. [A. S. gor; Engl. gore; Swed. går], wh
ence Gor-mánuðr, m. Gore-month, the first winter month,
about the middle of October to the middle of November, so called from the slaug
htering of beasts for winter Store, Edda 103; vetr ok g. kemr laugardag, Rb. 
II. the cud in animals, but also used of chyme in men, e.g. s
púa græmi gorinu, to vomit the green g., of one far gone in
sea-sickness. COMPDS: gor-blautr, adj. clammy, of the hide of a
fresh slaughtered animal. gor-geir, m. impudence. gor-k&uacute
;la, u, f. a fungus, lypoperdon. gor-vargr, m. a law term, [ea
rly Dan. and Swed. gornithing; Ivar Aasen gortjuv], a 'gore-wor
rier,' one who feloniously destroys another man's cattle, liable to outlawry
, defined in N. G. L. ii. 523. gor-vömb, f. the first stomach, Ísl. ii. 375.
GORMR, m. ooze, mud, grounds in coffee and the like :-- a local na
me of a muddy creek at the bottom of Gils-fjörðr in the west of Icel. II. name of an old Danish king, prob. contracted from Goð-ormr, cp. Guthrum in the Saxon Chronicle.
gort, n. bragging, fanfaronade, and gorta, að, to br
ag.
gosi, a, m. [Swed. gossa = a boy], the knave in cards.
got, n. spawning. gota, u, f. spawn.

Goti, a, m., pl. Gotnar, the Goths; hence Gotland, n. Go
tland; Gotneskr, adj. Gothic, Lex. Poët.; Gota-veldi, n. the Gothic empire, (of the island Gotland, A.D. 1319.) The
name of the Goths with compds occurs freq. in Scandin. history, esp. in Sagas re
ferring to the mythical age; and distinction is made between Ey-Gotar, the Is
land-Goths, i.e. the inhabitants of the Danish Isles, and Reið-Gotar or
Hreð-Gotar in the south of Sweden. According to Jornandes and the late Norwe
gian historian P. A. Munch, a race of Gothic origin, speaking a dialect closely
akin to that of Ulfilas, lived in parts of Scandinavia during the 3rd and 4th ce
nturies of our era; Munch even supposes that Ermanarik (Jörmunrekr) was a S
candinavian-Gothic king, and lived in the 4th century, and that the Runic monume
nts on the Golden horn, the stone in Tune, the Bracteats, etc., are of this and
the subsequent period; on this interesting question see Munch's Norske Folk's Hi
st., vol. i, and several essays by the same. II. poët. a horse, Lex. Poët.
got-rauf, f. the spawn hole in female cod-fish or salmon.
gotungr, m. young fish, fry.
góð-brjóstaðr, part. kind-hearted, Gl&uacute
;m. 308.
góð-fengr, adj. good-natured, Grett. 92 A, 107, Fms. ii
i. 107.
góð-frægr, adj. of good repute, famous.
góð-fúsliga, adv. willingly, Fms. ii. 204, Stj.
góð-fúss, adj. benevolent, 655 xxx. 10, Fms. ii.
238, Th. 12, Stj. 154.
góð-fýsi, f. goodness, Sks. 12, Fms. i. 304, v.
239, xi. 297, Mar.
góð-fýst, f. good-will, Fms. ii. 225.
góð-gengr, adj. going well, smooth-going, of a horse, o
pp. to harð-gengr.
góð-girnd and góð-girni, f. goodness, kin
dness, Fms. x. 368, Nj. 250, Grett. 106 A, Clem. 51, Fs. 29, 38.
góð-gjarn, adj. benevolent, kind, Nj. 30, Fms. i. 76, i
i. 19, Bs. i. 61, 66.
góð-gjarnliga, adv. kindly, Fms. iii. 48, vii. 148.
góð-gjarnligr, adj. kind, kindly, Nj. 255, Fms. viii. 1
01.
góð-granni, a, m. a good neighbour, Sks. 226.
góð-gripr, m. a costly thing, Fms. ii. 61, iii. 134, Fa
s. i. 394, Thom.
góð-gæfiliga, adv. gently, quietly, Str.

góð-gæt, f. good cheer, good fare, cp. Dan. mu
ndgodt, Str. 21.
góð-görð, f. charity, Barl. 60, 71: mod. in pl
. good cheer, hospitality. góðgörða-samr, adj.
charitable; góðgörða-semi, f. charitablene
ss.
góð-görning, f. = góðgörningr, Hom. 128.
góð-görningr, m. a good deed, charity, 655 xxiii.
1, Fms. i. 142, vi. 272, Hom. 70, Stj. 25, 399, Bs. i. 109.
góð-háttaðr, part. well-mannered, Bs. i. 38.
góði, a, m. a boon, Fms. xi. 72.
góðindi, n. pl. boons, good things, Barl. 6, 190, 193,
Stat. 289.
góð-kunningi, a, m. a good acquaintance.
góð-kunnugr, adj. on good terms.
góð-kvendi, n. collect. a good, gentle woman.
góð-kvennska, u, f. goodly womanhood, Jb. 64.
góð-látr, adj. good-natured, gentle, Pr. 429. góðlat-samr (góðlát-semi, f.), adj. 
id.
góð-leikr, m. (góð-leiki, a, m.), goodnes
s, Fms. i. 141, 258, ii. 152, vii. 118, Stj. 374.
góð-lifnaðr, m. a good life, Stj. 120, Bs. i. 46.
góð-lífi, n. a good life, 625. 183, Bs. i. 109.
góð-lyndi, n. good nature, Str. 21.
góð-lyndr, adj. good-natured, Str. 21, Fas. i. 3.
góð-mannliga, adv. like a good man, Fms. vi. 304, Bs.,
passim.
góð-mannligr, adj. gentle, Bs. i. 874.
góð-málugr, adj. = góðorðr, Hým.,
or better goð-málugr (?).
góð-menni, n. a good, gentle man, Sturl. i. 211, Fms. v
iii. 136.
góð-mennska, u, f. goodness, gentleness, Barl. 60 (freq
.)
góð-mennt, n. adj. good people, Eg. 201, Fms. ix. 293;
vide fámennt.
góð-mótliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), kindly, gent
ly, Sturl. 14.
góð-orðr, adj. gentle in one's words, Nj. 147.
GÓÐR, adj., neut. gott with a short vowel; but that the ancien
ts, at least in early times, said gótt is clear from the analogy with &oa
cute;ðr neut. ótt, fróðr neut. frótt, and from rhym
es such as gótt, dróttni; [Ulf. usually renders GREEK by gôþs, but GREEK by þiuþigs; A. S. g&ocirc
;d; Engl. good;
<PAGE NUM="b0210">
<HEADER>210 GÓÐRAÐR-GRAFJURR.</HEADER>
O.H.G. got; Germ. gut; Dutch goed; Swed.-Dan. god] :
 1. good,
righteous; góða frá íllum, Eluc. 37; góð
an mann ok réttlátan, Ver. 7;
góðr ok réttlátr konungr, Fms. vii. 263; góð
ir ok ágætir, Alex. 65;
góðr maðr, Sks. 456; góð kona, 457; er hón g&oa
cute;ð kona, er þú hefir
svo lofat hana? Bs. i. 799; góð verk, Hom. 97; góðr vili,
good-will :
 allit., Góðr Guð; biðja Góðan Guð; Gu&eth
; minn Góðr! and the like :
also as a term of endearment, my dear! Elskan mín góð!
barnið gott,
good child! M. N. minn góðr! 2. good, honest; dr
engr góðr,
passim; góðir vinir, good friends, Ísl. ii. 393; g&oacu
te;ðir menn, good men,
 Grág. i. 301; aðrir góðir menn, Fms. ix. 268; Guð
i ok góðum mönnum,
Grág. ii. 168; góðr vili, good will, honest intention,
Bs. i. 746 : in
addressing one, góðr maðr! Sks. 303, passim; góðir h&a
acute;lsar! 3. kind;
 góð orð, good, kind words, Fms. vii. 40; vera &iacute
; góðu skapi, to be in
good spirits, Sturl. ii. 178 : with dat. kind towards one, þ&aa
cute; er þú vart
honum íllr þá var hann þér góðr, 655
xiii. A. 4. 4. good, gifted;
 gott skáld, a good poet, Nj. 38; góðr riddari, 
a good knight, Fms. vii. 56;
góðr þrautar, enduring, Sks. 383 :-- good, favourable
, göra góðan róm at
e-u, to applaud; gott svar, and many like phrases. II. good,
fine, goodly, rich; góð klæði, Fms. v. 273; gó&e
th;ar gjafir, vii. 40; góðr
mjöðr, Gm. 13; góða hluti, good things, Nj. 258; g&oa
cute;ðr hestr, a fine
horse, 90; hafr forkunnar góðan, Fms. x. 224; af góðu
brauði, Sks.
321; gott veðr, fine weather, Fms. v. 260; góðan kost skip
a, a goodly
host of ships, vii. 40; með góðu föruneyti, with a go
odly suite, x. 224;
fá góða höfn, to make a good harbour, Ísl.
ii. 398; mikil ey ok góð, a
muckle island and a good, Eg. 25; í góðri virðingu, in good renown,
 Fms. vi. 141; góðr sómi, Ísl. ii. 393; gó&e
th; borg, a fine town, Symb. 21;
góðr beini, good cheer, Fms. i. 69; góðr fengr, 
a good (rich) haul, Ísl.
ii. 138; gott ár, a good year, good season, Eg. 39; góð
ir penningar,
good money, Fms. vii. 319; góðr kaupeyrir, good articles of
trade, vi.
356 :-- wholesome, medic., hvat er manni gott (bezt)? Fas. ii. 33; &uacut
e;gott,
unwholesome. 2. the phrases, göra sik góðan, to
make oneself good,
to dissemble; heyr á endemi, þú görir þik g&o
acute;ðan, Nj. 74. β. in the
phrase, góðr af e-u, good, liberal with a thing; gó&eth
;r af griðum, merciful,
 Al. 71; góðr af tíðindum, good at news, communicat
ive, Grett. 98 A; at
þú mundir góðr af hestinum, that thou wast willing to
part with (lend) the
horse, Nj. 90 (cp. af C. VII. 2); góðr af fé, open-hand
ed, Band. 2 : with
gen., góðr matar, good in meat, a good host, Hm. 38. III. neut.
as subst.; hvárki at íllu né góðu, neither fo
r evil nor good, Sks. 356;
eiga gott við e-n, to deal well with one, stand on good terms with, S
tor. 21;
færa til góðs eðr ílls, to turn to good or bad ac
count, Grág. ii. 144; fátt
góðs, little of good, Hom. 38; fara með góðu, to bring good, Ísl. ii. 136;
enda mundi eigi gott í móti koma, Ld. 150; gott gengr þ&eacu
te;r til, thou
meanest it well, dost it for good, Nj. 260; gott var í frændsem
i þeirra,
good was in their kinship, i.e. they were on good terms, Hrafn. 2;
vilja
e-m gott, to wish one well, Fms. ix. 282; vilja hverjum manni gott, i. 21
:
with the notion of plenty, bountifulness, in the phrase, verða gott t
il e-s,
to get plenty of; var þá bæði gott til fjár
ok mannvirðingar, there was
ample wealth and fame to earn, Eg. 4; ok varð ekki gott til fjár,
they
got scant booty, 78; var þar gott til sterkra manna, there was plen
ty of
able-bodied men, 187; ok er gott um at velja, plenty to choose from,
Nj.
3 : the phrase, verða gott við e-t, to be well pleased with a thing, Al.
109; verði þér að góðu, be it well with thee!

 IV. compds, eygóðr, ever good; hjarta-góðr, kind-hearted;
skap-góðr, geð-góðr, goodtempered; skyn-góðr, clever; svip-góðr, enga
ging, well-looking; siðgóðr, moral, virtuous; hug-góðr, bold, fearless;
 lið-góðr, a good helper,
good hand; vinnu-góðr, a good workman; sér-g&oacute
;ðr, odd, selfish : as a
surname, Hinn Góði, the Good, esp. of kings, Fms. UNCERTAIN Fo
r compar.
betri and superl. beztr, vide pp. 6l, 62.
góð-ráðr, adj. giving good counsel, Landn. 2
39, Fms. iv. 82, x. 266.
góð-ræði, n. goodness, Lv. 108, Fms. ii. 150.
góðs and góz, n. goods; prop. a gen. from
góðr, hvat góðs, quid boni?
 Nj. 236; allt þat góðs sem hann átti, 267, Hrafn. 2
9; sá er síns góðs
misti optliga, Thom. 2 (Ed.) : esp. freq. in later writers, Ann. 1332, 1346,
Stj. 135, Bs. passim, H.E. i. 432; cp. Dan. gods = property.
góð-verðr, adj. worthy of good, Rd. 242.
góð-viðri, n. good, fine weather, 623. 21.
góð-vild, f. = góðvili, Nj. 15, Fms. i. 159, x. 234
.
góð-vili, a, m. good-will, Eg. 411, Fms. i. 74, 281, St
url. i. 210; friðr
á jörðu og mönnum góðvili, Luke ii. 14, in the t
ext of 1540, but góðr
vili (in two words) in the later texts. COMPDS: góðvilja-fullr, adj.
benevolent, kind, Fms. i. 219. góðvilja-maðr, m. a benevolent man,
 Sturl. ii. 14, Orkn. 50. góðvilja-mikill, adj. full of
good-will, Gísl. 87.
góð-viljaðr, part. benevolent, Barl. 200 : willi
ng, Fms. ii. 37.
góð-viljugliga, adv. willingly.
góð-viljugr, adj. kind, Magn. 474, Fs. 9 : willing,
ready, Anecd. 96.
góð-virki, n. good work, Anecd. 96.
góð-virkr (góð-yrkr), adj. painstaking, making g
ood work, Nj. 55.
góð-vænligr, adj. promising good, Band. 5.
góð-vættliga, adv. amicably, Sturl. i. 14.
góð-ættaðr, adj. of good family, Grett. 93 A.

GÓI, f. indecl., always so in old writers, (g&oelig;, i.e. g&oacut
e;e, Bs. i. 9, v. 1.),
mod. góa, u, f.; the month Gói has thirty days, from the mi
ddle of
February to the middle of March; for the mythical origin of this word
vide Fb. i. 22, Edda 103, Landn. 154, 225, Rb. 48, 50, Ann. 1276, 1340,
Bs. i. 9, Ó.H. 64 :-- in Icel. the names of the winter months Þorri
and
Góa are still very common. COMPDS: Gói-beytlar, m. pl., bot
an.
equisetum vernum hyemale, Landn. 222. Gói-blót, n. a sacrifice in
the month Góa, Fb. 1. c. Gói-mánaðr, m. t
he month Gói, Landn.
256, Rb. 516. Gói-þræll, m. the last day of the mon
th Góa, see the
Icel. almanack.
GÓLF, n. [Dan. gulv; Swed. golf], a floor, V&
thorn;m. 9, 11, 13, Nj. 2,
Eg. 217, Fms. vi. 365, passim; stein-gólf, a stone floor; fjala-g&
oacute;lf, a deal
floor : gólf-stokkar, m. pl. floor beams, Eg. 90; g&
oacute;lf-þili, n. floor
deals, Eg. 236, Hkr. i. 17, Hom. 95. 2. an apartment, Edda 2,
Stj.
56, Dipl. v. 18, Gm. 24, Clar. 134, Mar.; this sense, which is more rare,
is preserved in the Icel. staf-gólf, a room formed by a partition, an
apartment; a room is divided into two, three, or more stafgólf.
gó-ligr, adj. gay, joyful, Eluc. 35, Hom. 50, 152, Fms. vii
i. 23; gólig
föng, good cheer, Lex. Poët.
GÓMR, m. [A.S. gôma, whence Engl. gums; O.H.G.
guoma; Germ.
gaumen; Dan. gane], the palate, Edda 20, Sks. 178 : in the
phrase, e-m
berr mart á góma, to talk freely of many things, Fms. vi. 2
08, Grett. 148.
COMPDS: góm-bein, n. os palati, Fas. iii. góm-spa
rri, a, m. a gag,
 Edda 20. góma-spjót, n. pl., metaph. the tongue, Anal. 177.
GÓMR, m. a finger's point, Edda 110 : freq. fingrar-g&oacut
e;mr, a finger's
end, Fs. 62.
GÓNA, d, to stare sillily.
graðall, m., Bk. 83, Vm. 6; or grallari, a, m., Am. 10, 40, Di
pl. v.
18 (gradlari), Pm. 24, 80, Jm. 8, passim, which also is the mod. form,
a gradual, a choral book.
graddi or griddi, a, m. a bull, Fas. iii. 212, 499.
GRAÐR, adj. entire, of cattle, Grág. i. 502, Gþl.

392, Lv. 18, Nj.
187. COMPDS: grað-fé, n. entire cattle, Grág. i.
426, Fb. i. 545.
grað-hafr, m. a he-goat, Grág. i. 503. grað-hest
r, m. an entire
horse, a stallion. grað-rót, f., botan. mandrake, H
jalt. graðsmali, a, m. = graðfé, Jb. 431. grað-uxi, a, m. a b
ull, Boldt. 168.
grað-ungr, mod. and less correct grið-ungr (both forms occ
ur e.g. in
Stj.), m. a bull, Grág. i. 426, ii. 122, Landn. 245, Eg. 506, Jb.
276, Bret.
8, Edda 148 (pref.), Stj. passim.
GRAFA, pret. gróf; pres. gref; part. grafinn, with neg. suffix gr&
oacute;f-at,
Fas. i. 436 (in a verse) : [Ulf. graban = GREEK ; A.S. grafan; Nor
th.E.
to grave; Germ. graben; Swed. grafva; Dan. grave] :- to dig; grafa
engi sitt, to drain one's field, Grág. ii. 181; jörðin va
r grafin í hám
fjallatindum, Edda 144; en er vatnit gróf tvá vega þá
féllu bakkarnir, Ó.H.
18; grafa til vatns, id.; grafa út ósinn, Bs. i. 331; þ&aacu
te; er þeir höfðu út
grafit fitna (dug through it), Ó.H. 18; g. gröf, to dig a
grave, 623. 28,
Eg. 300; grafa niðr, to dig down, Grág. ii. 351; hann (the hor
se) var svá
kyrr, sem hann væri grafinn niðr, as if he had been rooted in the g
round,
 Hrafn. 7; g. torf, to dig peat, Njarð. 370, Rm. 12; g. upp, t
o dig up;
þeir grófu upp líkamina, Nj. 86; g. upp bein, K.Þ.
K. 40, N.G.L. i. 44;
grafa alone, Fms. iv. 110 : reflex, to bury (hide) oneself, hanu gr&oacut
e;fsk í brúkit,
he hid himself in the seaweed, Njarð. 380; var grafinn lykill (the
key was
hid) í dyra-gætti, Störnu-Odd. 20. 2. to earth,
bury (Old Engl. en-grave);
 vóru þá allir ríkis-menn í hauga lagð
ir en öll alþýða grafin í jörð, Ó.H
.
(pref.); var hann grafinn (buried) hjá leiði Kols biskups, Bs.
i. 64, passim;
grafa lík, g. niðr, etc., Bjarn. 19, Eb. 338, K.Þ.K. passim. 3. to
carve, engrave; grafa innsigli, Mar., Sturl. ii. 222; krismu-ker grafit me&e
th;
tönn, Vm. 117; g. fílsbein í eik, Edda 151 (pref.); Margret g
róf ok tönn
til ágæta-vel, Bs. i. 143; grafa, steinsetja ok amalera, Fms. xi. 4
27. II
metaph. to enquire, dive deep into, Hom. 84 : to unearth, find out the
sense,
 kveða má svá, at vísan sé fegri þ&aac
ute; grafin er, Grett. 94 A; nú festir maðr
sér konu, ok grefsk upp skylda með þeim, and relationship is
found out
afterwards, N.G.L. i. 350; þá grófsk Þórir
eptir (Th. enquired) en Úlfr
segir at lyktum, Gullþ. 5; gróf hann vandlega eptir (he made a c
lose
enquiry) þess manns atferð, Fms. viii. 15; gróf hann sv&aac
ute; undir þeim (he
sounded them so), at hann varð margra hluta víss, 16; hann gr&oac
ute;f at
vandlega, ok bað hana segja sér, Dropl. 4; g. um e-t, id., Hom
. 43; en
grafa eigi um þat er vér megum eigi skilja, Greg. 75 : g. upp, t
o unearth,
make out; gátu menn þá upp grafit, at..., Grett. 162; gr
afask upp, to
come to the light, Orkn. (in a verse). III. medic. to suppurate;
 impers., lærit (acc.) tók at grafa bæði uppi ok ni&e
th;ri, ... var lærit allt
grafit upp at smá-þörmum, Grett. 153, 154.
grafar-, vide gröf, a grave.
grafgangs-maðr, m. a Norse law term; if freed slaves married against
their master's will, and became paupers, the master might put them into
an open grave till one died, when the survivor was taken out. The tale
of Svaði digging a grave for the poor, Fms. ii. 222, refers no doubt to
this cruel law, which is described in N.G.L. i. 33, but not recorded elsewhere. II. generally a proletarian, N.G.L. i. 97.
graf-götur, f. pl., in the phrase, ganga í grafgötur um
e-t, to make a
close enquiry about.
grafjurr, m. an engraver, Stj. 158.
<PAGE NUM="b0211">
<HEADER>GRAFKYRR -- GRAUTR. 211</HEADER>
graf-kyrr, adj. quiet as if rooted to the spot.
graf-letr, n. an epitaph.
grafningr, m. or f. expounding, Stj. 412. II. a local name,
Graveling, in Flanders, Thom.
graf-silfr, n. a buried treasure, Landn. 146, 243.
graf-skript, f. an epitaph, (mod.)
graf-svín, m. a battering swine = a battering ram, S
ks. 412.
graf-tól, n. pl. digging tools, Eg. 398, Eb. 176, Bs. i. 33
1, Fms. vi. 271.
graf-vitnir, m., poët. a serpent, Lex. Poët.

gram-fullr, adj. dire, Art. 109.
gram-ligr, adj. vexatious, Hom. 143.
GRAMR, adj. [mid. H.G. gram; Dan. gram; gramr and grimmr
(q.v.) are kindred words from a lost strong verb, grimman, gramm] :-wrath, esp. of the gods, in the heathen oath formula, sé mé
r goð holl ef
ek satt segi, gröm ef ek lýg, whence the Christian, Guð s&eacute
; mér hollr ef ek
satt segi, gramr ef ek lýg, N.G.L. ii. 397, 398, (cp. the Engl. so hel
p
me God); goð gramt, Grág. i. 357 : esp. in poetry, gramr er y&eth
;r Óðinn,
Fas. i. 501; mér skyli Freyr gramr, Fs. 95; Dönum vóru go&eth
; gröm, Fms.
vi. 385. II. gramir or gröm, n. pl. used as subst., fiends, demons;
deili gröm við þik, Hkv. Hund. 1. 40; taki nú allir (allar
MS.) gramir
við honum! (a curse), Fs. 147; gramir munu taka þik, segir hann, er
þú gengr til banans, Mork. 43; farþú nú, &thorn
;ars þik hafi allan gramir,
Hbl. (fine); mik taki hár gálgi ok allir gramir ef ek lýg,
Fas. i. 214;
hence gramendr, f. pl., qs. grama hendr : farið ér í sv
á gramendr allir!
Dropl. 23, (vide tröll, tröllendr); glama með grömum, Hm. 30.
III.
in poetry, gramr means a king, warrior, Edda 104, Hkr. i. 25, Lex. Po&eum
l;t. :
name of a mythical sword, Edda.
GRAN, n. a pine-tree, Lex. Poët.; but better fem. grön,
q.v.
gran-bein, n. the bone of a fish's gills, Bs. i. 365.
gran-bragð, n. grinning, moving the lips with pain, N.G.L. i.
67 :
granbragðs-eyrir, m. a law term, a fine for an injury causing the
pain
of granbragð, 172.
GRAND, n. a grain, Thom.; ekki grand, not a grain. II.
metaph. (prop. a mote?), a hurt, injury, Fms. iii. 80, viii. 112,
xi. 228,
277, N.G.L. i. 74 (freq.) 2. in poetry freq. that which causes evil,
ruin, Lex. Poët. 3. evil doing, guile, Symb. 19, Skv. 3.
5 : grandalauss, adj. guileless, Lex. Poët. 4. medic. mortificat
ion, Al. 120.
granda, að, to hurt, damage, with dat., Fms. i. 31, Sks. 69, F
as. iii.
250, Bs. ii. III (freq.)
grand-gæfiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), minute, (mod.)

grandi, a, m. an isthmus, a strip of beach above the water at ebb
tides,
or on the edge of the snow, Gþl. 419, Stj. 14, Mar.
grand-lauss (mod. grann-laus), adj. guileless, Bær. 2
1, Al. 106 :
esp. suspecting no evil, single-minded, eg var grannlaus, etc.; hence
grann-leysi, n. singleness of heart, eg gerði það &i
acute; grannleysi.
grand-ligr, adj. dangerous, Grett. 145.
grandvar-liga, adv. without guile, Hom. 141.
grand-varr, adj. guileless, 656 C. 30, Pr. 133, Mar. 291.
grand-veri, f. guilelessness, Róm. 332, Bs. ii. 40, Stj. 30
2, Hom. 17.
granna, u, f. a female neighbour, Str. 16, 23.
grann-fengr, adj. slender, tiny, Korm. (in a verse).
grann-hygginn, adj. silly, of weak understanding.
GRANNI, a, m. [for etym. see p. 186 A. II], a neighbour, N.G.L. i.
11,
341; granna-stefna, a meeting of neighbours, Gþl. 383; granna s&ael
ig;tt, 380 :
the saying, garðr er granna sættir, N.G.L. i. 40, cp. Jb. 258, (freq.)
grann-kona, u, f. = granna, N.G.L. i. 340.
grann-leikr (-leiki), m. slenderness, Bs. ii. 164.
grann-leitr, adj. thin looking, Ld. 274, Fms. i. 185.
grann-liga, adv. tenderly, Skálda 198.
grann-ligr, adj. slender of build, Edda 81, Ld. 274, Eg. 486, Eb.
42.
GRANNR, adj., compar. grennri and grannari, [as to etym., grannr
is prob. akin to grein, a branch, hence the long vowel (vide II); but bot
h
are different from gr&oelig;enn, green, which is from gróa] :-- thin, slender, very
freq. in mod. usage, = Lat. gracilis, epithet of a lady, Edda 85 (in a ve
rse);
mittis-grannr, thin in the waist : in gramm. single, of vowels, op
p. to
digr, of diphthongs; þat hljóð er grannara, Skálda 177 :
neut. grannt,
adv. nicely; ör-grannt, id. II. it appears with a long
vowel in
grón (or gr&aolig-acute;n UNCERTAIN, qs. grönn) ván, thin,
slender hope, Gísl. 66 (in a verse);
friðv&aolig-acute;n UNCERTAIN segi gr&aolig-acute;na UNCERTAIN (granna), Stu
rl. iii. 216 (in a verse); and perhaps also

in grón lind, a thin, slender shield, Edda 106 (in a verse).
grann-vaxinn, part. slender of stature, Fms. vii. 175, Bs. ii. 164
.
grann-vitr, adj. thin-witted, silly.
gran-rauðr, adj. [grön], red bearded, a nickname = Bar
barossa. Fms. xii.
gran-selr, m. a kind of seal, Sks., Fms. ii. 270.
gran-síðr, adj. long bearded, Akv. 34.
gran-sprettingr, m. [cp. Dan. grönskolling], =Lat. puber, Róm. 304.
gran-stæði, n. the lips, where the beard grows, Eg. 304.
GRAS, n. [Ulf. gras = GREEK ; A.S. græ and g&aelig
;rs; Engl.
grass; Germ, gras; Swed. and Dan. gras] :-- grass, herb
age, opp. to
wood, trees, Vsp. 3, Fm. 25, Hm. 20; hrísi ok grasi, 120; grös ok vi
ðu,
Rb. 78; fölr sem gras, Nj. 177; góðir landa-kostir at grösu
m ok skógum,
Fs. 26; svá er sagt, at á Grænlandi eru grös gó&
eth;, good pastures, Sks. 44
new Ed.; reyta gras, to pick grass, Nj. 118; þar var náliga
til grass
at ganga (better görs), Ld. 96; bíta gras, to graze, Gr&aacut
e;g. ii. 299; gras
grær, grass grows, Edda 145 (pref.); tak af reiðinginn ok f&ael
ig;r hestinn
á gras, Sturl. iii. 114; þú ætlaðir mik þat
lítilmenni at ek munda hirða
hvar hestar þínir bitu gras, Fs. 57; þar þótti G
relöðu hunangs-ilmr ór
grasi, Landn. 140 : vegetation, in such phrases as, þar sem m&aelig
;tist gras ok
fjara, grass and beach, Dipl. iii. 11 : the grassy earth, opp. to
a wilderness
or the sea, þat var í ofanverðum grösum, high up, near
the wilderness,
Dropl. 33; allt austr undir jökla sem grös eru vaxin, Landn. 65 :-phrases, hníga í gras, to bite the dust, Ísl. ii. 36
6; mun ek hafa mann
fyrir mik áðr ek hníga at grasi, Njarð. 378; lúta &
iacute; gras, id., Fbr. 90 new
Ed.; heyra gras gróa, to hear the grass grow (of the god Heimdal),
cp. Edda 17 : sugared language is said to make the grass grow, við hvert
orð þótti grös gróa, Clar.; þau vóru o
rðin, at gróa þóttu grösin við,
Mirm. : ganga eptir e-m með grasið í skónum, to go afte
r one with grass
in one's shoes, i.e. to beg hard, intercede meekly with one who is cr
oss
and angry. 2. a herb, a kind of grass; ek hefi þat ei
tt gras, etc.,
Fms. ix. 282; af grasi því er vér köllum hvann-nj&oacut
e;la, x. 336 : esp. in plur.
herbs with healing powers, þau grös sem mandragore heita, Stj.
175; afl
dauðfærandi grasa, Johann. 26; með góðum grösum, B
las. 43; ilmuð
grös, sweet herbs, Bb. 2. 20; tína grös, to clean gra
ss, pick the moss clean :
-- botan. in plur., Iceland moss, Jb. 310; and in composition, brön
u-grös,
mandrake; esp. of lichens, fjalla-grös, fell lichen, Liche
n Islandicus;
 fjöru-grös, seaweeds, sea-wrack; Gvendar-grös, id.; Mariu-grös, lichen
nivalis; Munda-grös, lichen coacervatus edilis; trölla-gr&o
uml;s, lichen albus.
 COMPDS: grasa-fjall, n., in the phrase, fara á grasafjall, to go
gathering
moss. grasa-fó1k, n. folk gathering moss. grasa-grau
tr, m. a
porridge of Iceland moss. grasa-leit, f. herb-gathering, Pm. 7
.
grasa-mjólk, f. milk cooked with Iceland moss. grasa-pok
i, a, m. a
grass-poke, of Iceland moss. UNCERTAIN In derivative compds, blá-gres
i, geranium;
star-gresi, sedge; íll-gresi, evil grass, weeds; bló
m-gresi, flowers, etc.
grasa, að, to collect moss.
grasaðr, part. prepared with herbs (of mead), Ó.H. 71,
Barl. 136.
gras-bítr, m. a 'grass-biter,' a beast, brute, Nj. (in a ve
rse), freq.
gras-blettr, m. a grass-plot.
gras-dalr, m. a grassy dale, Karl. 14.
gras-garðr, m. a garden, Hkr. i. 71, Gþl. 178, Fas. i. 5
30 : hortus,
þat köllum vér g., Stj. 68, Bs. i. 698, N.T., Pass. (Gethseman
e). grasgarðs-maðr, m. a gardener, D.N.
gras-gefinn, part. grassy, fertile.
gras-geilar, f. pl. grassy lanes, Hrafn. 20.
gras-geiri, a, m. a grass goar, strip of grass.
gras-gott, n. adj. a good crop of grass, Fb. i. 522.
gras-grænn, adj. grass-green, Sks. 49.
gras-hagi, a, m. a grass pasture.
gras-kyn, n. grass kind, the species 'grass,' Stj. 389.

gras-laukr, m. a kind of leek, garlic, Hom. 150.
gras-laust, adj. without grass, barren.
gras-leysa (-lausa), u, f. 'grasslessness,' barren ground;
í graslausu,
Grág. i. 383, Sturl. i. 121, 127, ii. 128, Ann. 1181.
gras-leysi, n. barrenness, Sturl.
gras-ligr, adj. grassy, Hom. 37.
gras-loðinn, adj. rich in grass, Ld. 156, Fas. iii. 276; m&yac
ute;rar víðar ok
grasloðnar, Bs. i. 118; but gras-loðnur, f. pl. a rich crop, 306, l.c.
gras-lægr, adj. lying in the grass, touching the grass, Hkr.
i. 293, (of
a ship's keel); a scythe is called graslægr, if it cuts too close.
gras-maðkr, m. a grass maggot.
gras-mikill, adj. rich in grass, Konr. 56.
gras-nautn, f. the use of grass (grazing), Grág. ii. 222, J
b. 215, Vm. 48, 79.
gras-rán, n. grass-stealing, N.G.L. i. 40. grasrá
ns-baugr, m. a
law term, a fine payable for grazing one's cattle in another's field, N.G
.L.
i. 40, Js. 99.
gras-rætr, f. pl. roots of herbs or grass, Bs. ii. 81
, Sks. 48.
gras-setr, n. 'grass-farming,' opp. to sowing and tilling; þ
rjú ár seri
hann jörðina ok fjórða sat hann gras-setri, D.N. ii. 248.
gras-skaði, a, m. loss in crop, D.N.
gras-sótt, f. grass-fever, in a pun, Fb. ii. 365.
gras-svörðr, m. greensward.
gras-toppr, m. grass-top, Bb. 2. 23.
gras-tó, f. a strip of grass among rocks or in a wildern
ess, Fbr. 156.
gras-vaxinn, part. grown with grass, Str. 4, Gþl. 405.
gras-verð, n. a fine for grazing, = grasránsbaugr, G&th
orn;l. 405.
gras-víðir, m. a kind of willow, salix herbacea, Hjalt.
gras-völlr, m. a grassy plain, Str. 4, Art.

gras-vöxtr, m. growth of grass, crop.
graut-nefr, m. a nickname, porridge nose, Sturl.
GRAUTR, m., gen. grautar, [A.S. grut, gryt; Engl. groats; D
an.
gröd; Swed. gröt; Ivar Aasen graut; hence Germ. grütze] :-- porridge,
a favourite mess with Scandin. peasants, see the tale of Grautar-Halli,
<PAGE NUM="b0212">
<HEADER>212 GRAUTARKETILL -- GREFTRA.</HEADER>
answering to Germ. Hanswurst, N.G.L. i. 349, Korm. 150, Eb. ch. 13,
39, Fas. iii, Eg. S. Einh. ch. 5, Fms. vi. 363 sqq. (porridge eaten with
butter) : a pudding, Fms. ii. 163 : the phrase, gera graut, to make po
rridge,
Eb.; hefja graut, to lift (i.e. to eat) graut, Fms. vi. l.c. : a n
ickname,
Dropl. 3. COMPDS: grautar-ketill, m. a porridge-pot, Fbr.
209. grautar-sótt, f. porridge fever, a pun, Fms. v. 93. grautartrog, n. and grautar-trygill, m. a porridge trough, mash trough, Fms. vi.
364, Eb. 36. grautar-þvara, u, f. a ladle to stir the porridge i
n cooking,
 Eb. 198 : töðugjalda-grautr, a harvest porridge, supper of porr
idge.
grá-bakr, m. 'grey-back,' poët. a dragon, Edda.
grá-barði, a, m. grey-beard, a cognom., Fms. ix.
grá-beinn, adj. [graabein in the Norse tales], 'g
rey-leg,' i.e. the wolf,
 D.N. i. 199.
grá-bíldóttr, adj. with grey-spotted cheeks,
of a sheep, Rd. 240.
grá-björn, m. a grey bear, opp. to white bear, Fb. i.
257, Fas. i. 51.
gráða, u, f. [Lat. gradus], a step, Stj. passim,
Fms. vi. 267, vii. 97,
Skálda 209 : in mod. usage esp. the steps round the altar in a church :
metaph. degree, Stj. 8 : mathem. a degree, Rb. 458, 460; í
gráðu eru
sextigi minuta, Hb. 732. 7.
gráði, a, m. [grár; Ivar Aasen graae], a bree
ze curling the waves, Edda
(Gl.) : in mod. usage fem. gráð, það er grá&e
th; á sjónum :-- bad grey
 butter is called gráði, borinn var innar bruðningr og gr&aac
ute;ði, Snót 216.
GRÁÐR, m. [Ulf. grêdus = GREEK ; Engl. greed], prop. hunger, freq.
in Lex. Poët.; úlfa gráðr = úlfa sultr : greed,
gluttony, Bs. ii. 137, Róm.
184, Sks. 113 B (gráði); hel-gráðr, voracity presaging
death; ok er nú
kominn á þik helgráðr er þú hyggsk öll
ríki munu undir þik leggja (of
insatiable ambition as presaging downfall), Fas. i. 372; cp. hel-fíkr, id.,
385; (these passages are paraphrases from old lost poems.)
gráðugr, adj. [Ulf. grêdags; A.S. grædig
; Engl. greedy; O.H.G.
grâtag] :-- greedy; g. logi, Stj. 385; g. elska, Hom. 84; g
. ágirni, id.;
g. halr, a glutton, Hm. 19; g. búkr, a gluttonous belly, Bb
. I. 5; g.
vargar, Bs. ii. 134.
gráðu-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), greedily, Mar.,
Magn. 420.
grá-eygr, adj. grey-eyed, Grett. III A.
grá-feldr, m. a grey furred cloak, Hkr. i. 176 : a nickname
, id.,
whence Gráfeldar drápa, name of a poem, id.
grá-fygli, n. and grá-fygla, u, f. = grág&aac
ute;s II. 2.
grágás, f. a 'grey goose,' a wild goose, Edda (Gl.),
Þiðr. 347. II.
metaph. the name of a Norse code of laws in Drontheim (Frostaþingslög
),
prob. from the grey binding or from being written with a goose quill,
Fms. viii. 277 (Sverr. S.), Hkr. iii. 23; cp. Gullfjöðr, gold feathe
r, gold
quill, name of an eccl. code; or Hryggjar-stykki, a kind of duck, but
also the name of a book. 2. in later times (in the 16th century)
the name Grágás was misapplied to an old MS. of Icel. laws of the
Commonwealth time, the present Cod. Arna-Magn. 134 folio, or Sb., and
has since been made to serve as a collective name for all Icel. laws framed
before the union with Norway, sometimes including, sometimes excluding
the eccl. law (Kristinna-laga þáttr = K.Þ.K.); the whole matt
er is fully
treated by Maurer, s.v. 'Graagaas,' in Ersch and Gruber's Encyclopedia;
he makes out that the Icel. of the Commonwealth, although they
had written laws, had no code, and that the passage in Íb. ch. 10 does
not refer to codification, but to the committal of oral laws to writing;
the two vellum MSS., the Kb. and Sb., are merely private collections of
the 13th century, and differ very much one from the other. Upon the
union with Norway, Iceland was for the first time blessed with a code,
which they called Ironside (Js.); and a second code, the Jon's Book, was
introduced A.D. 1281.
grá-hærðr, adj. hoary, with grey hairs.
grá-jurt, f. gnaphalium montanum, Björn.

grá-klæddr, part. grey-clad, Sturl. ii. 190.
grá-kollóttr, adj. grey and 'humble' (i.e. withou
t horns), of sheep,
Gullþ. 19. grá-kolla, u, f. a grey humble ewe.
grá-kufl, m. a grey cowl, Fb. ii. 333.
grá-leikr, m. malice, trickery, Bs. i. 809, Fb. i. 408, Bar
l. 117.
grá-leitr, adj. pale-looking, pinched, Bs. i. 797.
grá-liga, adv. spitefully, with malice, Nj. 71, Mar.
grá-ligr, adj. malicious, cruel; g. leikr, rude play, Stj. 497. 2 Sam. ii.
16, Fms. x. 445.
grá-lyndr and grá-lundaðr, adj. pettish, mali
cious, Bs. i. 646, Valla L.
205, Nj. 38.
grá-magi, a, m. 'grey-maw,' a stone grig, cyclopterus, Bjar
n. 42, 43.
grá-munkr, m. a grey friar, Fms. ix. 377, x. 127, 128, Stur
l. iii. 209.
grána, að, to become grey, metaph. to be coarse and
spiteful; tekr at
grána gamanit, the play began to be coarse, Sturl. i. 21, (gr&aeli
g;ðna, v.l.)
Grána, u, f. a grey mare. Gráni, a, m. a g
rey horse : the mythol.
horse of Sigurð Fáfnis-bani is prob. to be proncd. thus, not Grani.
GRÁP, n. a storm, sleet; grund var grápi hrundin, Ha
ustl. 15; Egils
hryn-gráp, the hail of Egil, poët. arrows; Egil, broth
er of Völund, is
the Tell of the northern mythology, vide Lex. Poët.; in prose this word
seems not to occur, whereas krap, n. sleet (q.v.), and krapi, a, m. id
., are
common words; cp, the mod. grape-shot.
grápa, að, [grípa], to pilfer, Stj. 78, 154, 167
.
grá-peningr, m. a 'grey penny,' a false coin, Karl. 247.
GRÁR, adj., contr. acc. grán, dat. grám, etc. [A.S.
græg; Engl. gray
 or grey; O.H.G. graw; Germ. grau; Dan. graa; Sw
ed. grå] :-- grey;
 grám vaðmálum, Fms. i. 118; í grám kyrtli,
Ísl. ii. 218; gjalda rauðan
belg fyrir grán, Nj. 141; grár fyrir hærum, grey, hoary, Fms. vi. 95, Fas.
ii. 557; grár fyrir járnum, mailed in grey steel, of armour
, Mag. 98 : grá
þoka, grey fog : of silver, grátt silfr, grey, false silv
er, opp. to skírt (true)
silver, whence the phrase, elda grátt silfr, to play bad tricks. II.
metaph. spiteful, Bjarn. 3; þó at í brjósti gr
átt búi, although bearing
malice in the heart, Str.; cp. grá-lyndr, as also grá-beinn, g
rá-dýri, of the
wolf : neut. grátt, basely, Ísl. ii. 467.
grá-rendr, part. grey-striped, Gísl. 156.
grá-silfr, n. grey (bad) silver, brass; bera af e-m sem gul
l af grásilfri.
Gkv. 2. 2; cp. the mod. phrase, sem gull af eiri, -- the old language has
no special word for brass, eir being derived from Latin.
grá-síða, u, f, name of a spear, grey steel, G&i
acute;sl.
grá-skinn, n. grey fur, Fms. vii. 74, Grett. 61, Jb. 187.
grá-skinnaðr, part. lined with grey fur, Sks. 228.
grá-skýjaðr, part. covered with grey clouds, Sks
. 228.
grá-slappi or gró-slappi, a, m., mod. grá-sle
ppa, u, f. a female stone
grig, cyclopterus : a nickname, Ld.
grá-steinn, m. grey-stone, Bjarn. 64 : a kind of stone, Ivar Aasen.
GRÁTA, grét, grátið, pres. græt, with neg.
suff. grátt-at-tu, weep not
thou, Hkv. Hjörv. 41; [Ulf. grêtan; A.S. grætan; Hel. greotan; lost in
mod. Engl., but used in North. E. and Scot, to greit or greet = weep;
 Swed. gråta; Dan. græde; Ivar Aasen graata
] :-- to greit, weep; grét
Þórir, en Sigmundr mælti, grátum eigi, frændi, m
unum lengr, Fær. 33;
Freyja grætr eptir, en tár hennar eru gull rautt, Edda 21; h&oacute
;n tók at
gráta ok svaraði engu, Nj. 11; hvárt grætr þ&uacut
e; nú Skarphéðinn, 202;
hón greiddi hárit frá augum sér ok grét; Flos
i mælti, skapþungt er
þér nú, frændkona, er þú grætr, 176
, cp. Edda 38, 39; fár er fagr ef
grætr, Fb. i. 566; hversu bersk Auðr af um bróður-dauða
nn, grætr hón
mjök? Gísl. 24, 62; gráta sáran, to 'greit sore,' Ísl. ii. 103; gráta hástöfum,
to weep aloud; hón mátti eigi stilla sik ok grét h&a
acute;stöfum, Nj.
27; gráta beiskliga, to weep bitterly, N.T.; gráta fög
rum tárum, to
weep fair tears (cp. GREEK), to 'greit sore;' gráta fegins-t&a
acute;rum, to
weep tears of joy. II. trans. to bewail, weep for one, 677. 1;
þó
er þat vel er þú grætr góðan mann, Nj. 176;
gráta Baldr ór Helju, Edda
39; ef allir hlutir í heiminum kykvir ok dauðir gráta hann, 38
: the saying,
sé gret aldrei fyrir gull sem ekki átti það, he never
wept for gold
who had it not, Vídal. i. 286, ii. 84. III. part. gr&aacute
;tinn, bathed
in tears, Stj. 385, Am. 94; hón var löngum grátin, Bs. i.
193; hón var
grátin mjök, Vígl. 28.
grát-bæna, d, to implore, beg with tears.
grát-fagr, adj. beautiful in tears (epithet of Freyja), Edd
a 63.
grát-feginn, adj. weeping for joy, Ld. 82, Fms. vi. 235, Bs
. ii. 132.
grát-gjarn, adj. prone to weeping.
grátinn, part., vide gráta III.
grá-titlingr, m. 'grey-titling,' a kind of sparrow.
grát-kjökr, n. sobbing, choked tears.
grát-liga, adv. piteously.
grát-ligr, adj. pitiable, Hom. 11 : piteous, Fms. ii
. 223.
grátr, m. [Dan. graad; Swed. gråt], 'greiti
ng,' weeping, Edda 37, Fms.
i. 138, Rb. 332, Bret. 68, Mar. gráta-guð, n. the weeping g
oddess,
 Freyja, Edda.
grát-raust, n. a weeping voice, Nj. 82, Fms. vii. 38.
grát-samligr, adj. piteous, Mar. 12.
grát-stafir, m. pl. weeping, crying aloud.
grát-stokkinn, part. bathed in tears; g. augu, Bs. ii. 28.
grát-sök, f. a cause of tears, Mar. 28.
grát-þurfa, adj. needing tears, needing repentance by tea
rs, Hom. 38.
grá-valr, m. a grey falcon, H.E. i. 391, Art.
grá-vara, u, f. grey fur, Eg. 69, 575, Ó.H. 134.

grá-víðir, m. 'grey-withy,' a kind of willow.

greðgi = reður(?), Sturl. ii. 39.
grefill, m. a little hoe, Landn. 293, v.l.
grefja, u, f. a kind of bier(?), Sturl. ii. 223.
gref-leysingr, m. a law term, a kind of freedman, intermediate bet
ween
a freedman and a slave, a freedman, but whose freedom is not published fr
om
the thingvold and who has not been 'leiddr í lög,' defined in Gr&aac
ute;g. i. 358.
grefr, m., grefi, acc. pl.,
e, Landn. 141,
293, Vm. 87, Stj. 451, N.G.L. iii.
í grefi fyrir sik, cp. hafa
another for one's hoe,
use him as a tool, Róm.
or páll.
Róm. 167, [grafa], 'a digger,' a ho

2, 10, Bk. 83 : the phrase, hafa e-n
e-n fyrir grjótpál, to have
l.c. : in mod. usage called járn-karl
grefsi, m. = grefill, Landn. 293, v.l.

grefta, t, [gröftr, grafa], to earth, bury, Fms. i. 241, Karl
. 551, Trist.
14 : part. greftr, Bs. i. 426. Stj. 112, 228.
greftr, m. = gröftr, burial, Karl. 263.
greftra, að, = grefta, Fms. x. 208, Fær. 187, Sturl. i. 112; pa
rt. greftraðr,
buried, Mar. passim.
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<HEADER>GREFTRAN -- GREINARMAL. 213</HEADER>
greftran, f. burial, freq. in mod. usage, Pass. 50.
GREIÐA, dd, [Ulf. garaidjan = oia. ra. Tr(iv, i Cor. xvi. i, T
it. i. 5,
and wporiOtcOai, Ephes. i. 9; A. S. gercedan; North. E. (see Atkin
son's
Cleveland Glossary) to graitb -- tofurnish or equip; in Icel. grei
ða and
reíða seem to be only a double form of the same word, the former havi
ng
kept the prefixed g; in sense they are akin, cp. Dan. rede, Swed.
reda, and
see greiðr] :-- to arrange, disentangle; greiða hár, to
comb or dres s the
bair; Hildigunnr greiddi hárit frá augum sér, H. com
bed or stroked back
(be bair from her eyes, Nj. 176; þá tók konungr þa
r laugar, ok let greiða

(comb) hár sitt, Fms. i. 189; en hón hafði hendr at, ok
greiddj lokka
bans, Karl. 532; sem fyrst er hann var greiddr (combed), Mar. 161; &oacut
e;greitt
hex, unkempt bair; greiða ull, to comb or cardwool, Bre
t. 30, 32. 2.
to make or get ready; greiða segl, to make the s ail
ready, Sturl. i. 118;
g. vað, to make the fishing-line ready, Edda 36; g. net, a fishing te
rm :-also intrans. to get ready, g. til um e-t, to get ready for a thing, i. e. get
 í t ready; g. til um vápn sin, to get the weapons r
eady, Eg. 2 20; sagði at
bann skyldi til g. at verðir væri Öruggir, that he should take
it in charge,
that..., Fms. ix. 22; g. til frasagnar, to m a ke ready for the st
ory, 655
xxvii. 6. 3. to speed, further; g. ferð e-s, Fms. ii. 16; greiðit
Drottins götur, make straight the way of the Lord, 625. 90. Luke iii
. 4:
reflex., greiddisk honum vel, it speeds well with him, he speeds well, Eg
.
180; honum greiddisk vel ferðin, Ísl. ii. 393; greiddisk ferð han
s vel,
Eg. 140; ef henni greiðisk seint, if she speeds slowly, Fms. iv.
28. II. [Ulf. garapjanâpiofitiv, Matth. x. 30; Dan. r í de,
itdrede] , to pay; hann skal honum greiða í sliku fc se
m hann hefir
til, Gþl. 305; mi vil ek at þú greiðir öxar-verð
it, Fs. 68; fc þetta
skyldi greiðask á þremr várum, Fms. ii. 114; hann skyldi
heimta landskyldir ok sjá yfir at allt greiddisk vel, x. 227; Mörðr grei&et
h;ir fram
(pa id out) heimanfylgju dóttur sinnar, Nj. 11; g. aptr, to pay
back, H. E.
1. 460: to discharge, annan dag eptir greiðir þór&oacute
;lfr skattinn af hendi,
Eg. 64; þeir leggja féð fram þóat ek greiða af
hendi, they find the
money although í pay it, Fms. v. 293. 2. to discharge, perform;
 greiða vörð, to keep watch, Fms. ix. 23; g. útv&
ouml;rð, hestvörð, viii. 90,
Sturl. iii. 241; g. róðr, to pull, Fms. ii. 178; g. atr&oacute
;ðr, to attack (in a
sea-fight), vii. 264; g. til atlögu, id., 290: merely circumlocutory
, g.
rás, to run, Rb. 210; g. göngu, to proceed, walk, Stj.
566; g. skirslu
af höndum, to perform the ordeal, Fms. vii. 230; g. ok gjalda lei&et
h;angr,
to perform (of personal duty) and pay the levy, 173. III.
metaph. to interpret, make out; at þeir gangi í lögr&ea
cute;ttu ok í setur sínar,
at greiða lögmál þetta, to expound the law, Gr&aacu
te;g. i. 7; en þat eru stórsögur, ef þær eru greiddar út í gegnum, if the
y are told to the end,

 Al. 36; hann raeddi um við Árna at hann skyldi greiða (se
ttle) mál hans
búandans, Orkn. 336; bað þorstein eiga í allan hlut at &
thorn;etta mál
greiddisk, Boll. 352; hvi gengr eigi fram málit? Guðmundr kvað br
átt
greiðask munu, Fs. 74; greiða fyrir e-m, to entertain one, or the
like.
greiða, u, f. a comb; hár-greiða, a hair comb.
greið-fara, adj. walking with speed, fsl. ii. 469.
greið-færr, adj. speeding well: neut. passable, o
f a road, Ísl. ii. 410,
Eg, 239: e a sy, Fms. ii. 84.
greið-gengr, adj. = greiðfærr, Eg. 239.
greiði, a, m. [Ulf. garaideins = Ôiaraf^, navíiv, ffi
6ypa] , disentanglement, arrangement, ordering; mun hann ekki fýsa Onund at göra gr
eiða
á málinu, to pwt the ca s eri^ ht, Eg. 366; &
thorn;au tóku lítið af hans máli til
greiða, Fms. viii. 17; skipaðisk lítt til greiða með &tho
rn;eim, nothing was settled
between them, Bs. i. 752, Sturl. i. 239 C; ok er honum þótti r&
aacute;ð hennar
nijök seinkask til greiða, th er e was no change for the bett
er in her state,
 Bs. i. 158; fara at greiða, to goonwell, N. G. L. i. 137; &thorn
;rándr segir
at þat var skylt ok heimilt, at hann gerði þann greiða &aacu
te; fyrir konungs
or& sem hann mátti, that he discharged it for the king's sake as w
ell as be
could, Fms. iv. 344; bændr gerðu þar engan greiða &aacut
e;, vi. 333; Leifr spurði
hverr greiði á mundi verða um silfr þat, L. asked if the
money would be
paid, Faer. 215. 2. entertainment; vera má at þer &thorn
;yki alkeypt, at
þú vildir engan greiða göra oss, that tbou wouldest giv
e us no entertainment, Eb. 266; þar höfðu þeir greiða-dvöl, 
they baited there, waited for
refreshment, Eg. 564, v. 1.; |jorkell fagnar þeim vel, ok by'ðr &t
horn;eim
greiða, Fbr. 97 new Ed.; þeir heilsuðu iþorgilsi, en bj&oacu
te;ða honum engan
greiða, Sturl. iii. 140; bað hann göra góðan greiða
Gauti, Fb. i. 505,
A6m. 210; Starkaðr for inn ok kvaddi sér greiða, Bs. i. 54
4.
greiðir, m. = greiði, N. G. L. ii. 431: afurtberer. Lex. P
oët.
greið-liga (greiðu-liga, B. K. 118), adv. readily, promptly, North. E.
'gradely, ' Sturl. i. 155, Fms. v. 306, Hkr. iii. 6: quite, downright,
actuolly, þeir eru eptir tveir menn þeir er g. (actually) v&o
acute;ru at viginu, Bjarn.
?2 • g. berr, quite stripped off, Fb. ii. 139; þó at en
gir menn bæri vápn
* mik g. (downright), Bs. i. 580; ekki vigi ek vötnin g. (really)
, 575;
CIgi er ek g. í heyþroti, / a m not actually without bay, fs
h ii. 137.
greið-ligr, adj. ready, prompt; var songriirn eigi g., the
song did not
go smoothly, Fms. vii. 152; greiðlig kaupstefna, þorf. Karl. 402;
ok er
tniklu greioligra, at..., more to the purpose, that.. ., Nj. 92, v. 1.; g
örit
greiðligt fyrir mér (speak out plain to one) hvat yðr byr
í skapi, Grett.
146; göra e-m greiðlig orð, to make plain words of it, Fb. i
. 64.
greið-mæltr, part, of ready speech, j?iðr. 175, (
greiðr, adj. [cp. North. E. gradely] , ready, free; vis
a e-m á greiSa götu,
to lead one in the straight path, Fms. i. 304; la honum þat greitt
fyrir,
it was ready at hand, Fær. 257; verða má, at leiðin
verði eigi svá greið
sem þeir ætla, that the passage will not be so free as they think
, Sturl. i. 18:
as adv., skip þat for greitt, th a t sh ip speedetb well,
 Clem. 38; it greizta,
45; hit greiðasta, straight, with good speed, Fms. i, 292; hann er g&
oacute;ðr
ok greiðr (expedite) við alla sína nágranna, Band.
3; g. ok góðviljugr,
D. N. i. 88; úgreiðr, unready, entangled.
greið-skapr, m. readiness, promptness, Nj. 18, Fms. ii, 287, J
b. í a;
entertainment, Korm. 68, Fms. iii. 61.
greiðsla (greizla), u, f. payment, discharge, Sturl. ii. 203,
iii. 265,
Am. 40; ef þat væri til greiðslu með þeim, if that
could do them good,
 Sturl. ii. 239.
greið-talaðr, part. = greiðmæltr, Stj. 253.
greið-ugr, adj. = greiðvikinn.
greið-vikinn, adj. serving, obliging; greið-vikni, f.
greifi, a, m. [A. S. gerêfa; Engl. reeve (shire-reeve
= sheriff); Germ. graf;

 the word is not Scandin., and for the etym. see Grimm's Rechts-alterth.
752 sqq. J :-- an earl, count; Edda 93 states that gerêfas i
n Saxony
(i. e. Germany), barons in England (after the Conquest), and lendir me
nn
 in Norway are all synonymous; Nj. 157, Fms. vii. 59, 60, Mar. passim:
Stj., Al., and Róm. render Lat. praefectus by greifi: as a nicknam
e, Bs.
i. 555. greifa-dómr, m. an earldom, county, Ann. 216, Stj.
GREIN, f., pl. ar and ir; the mod. pl. greinar means branches, in
other
senses greinir: [Dan. green; Swed. gren; not found in Germ., Saxon
,
nor Engl.]: I. prop, a branch of a tree, 'lim' is the foliage;
af hverri grein draup hunang sætt, Pass. 32. 4; vínviðar-greini
r, vine
branches, Stj, 200; pálma-viðar-g., a palm branch; kv&iacu
te;slask með stórum
greinum, spread with large branches, Sks. 441, 443; þar vex fyrst u
pp
einn bulr af rotunum, ok kvíslast síðan með mörgum gr
einum ok limum,
555. II. metaph. a branch, arm: 1. hafs grein, an arm
of the sea, Stj. 287; í sjau staöi er skipat þessarar list
ar greinum, Alg.;
visinda grein, branch of science (Germ, fach); lærdóm
s-grein, branch
of doctrine; sundr-skiptingar grein, subdivision, Stj. 287; tvifaldle
g grein,
double kind, N. G. L. ii. 352; þessi er grein (particulars)
á kaupeyris
tiund, id.; sannkenningar hafa þrenna grein, Edda 122; Guð er einn
í Guðdómi en þrennr í grein (of the Trinity), Fas
. iii. 662; einkanligr
i grein, Bs. ii. 21; allar greinir loptsins ok jarðarinnar, Edda 144 (pref.)
;
hann greindi í tvær greinir ok tuttugu, Rb. 78; í þess
i grein, o n thi s
head, in thi s cas e, Band. 11. p. denoting cause, reason;
fyrir þá grein,
therefore, Stj. 124; fyrir sagða grein, for the said reason, M
ar., Sks. 682;
fyrir þá (þessa) grein, Stj. 22, 23, 167, passim; finnr hann
til þess þrjár
greinir, Grett. 208 new Ed.; at þér upp lúkit nokkurri grein
fyrir mer,
at þat megi skilja, Sks. 660. y. a point, bead, part; meðr samr
i grein,
under the same head, Dipl. i. 521; í annari grein, in the secon
d place,
 iv. 7, Grett. 156, Fb. i. 216; með slíkri grein sem her segir, K
. Á. 82;
í öllum greinum, Mk. 9; sagða grein, the said point, bead, Dipl. iii. 13; i
nokkurum greinum, in some points, i. 3; hverja grein, in every point, Gþl.
177; fyrir allar greinir, in all respects, Mar. 616; en er biskup vissi
þessar greinir, the points, particulars (of the case), Bs. i. 727-
2. denoting distinction, discernment, division; höggva svá tít

t at varla mátti grein
sja, Bret. 64; sjá grein handa, to discern one's hands, Bs. ii. 5;
fyrir utan
alla grein, without exception, i. 281; hver er grein setningar hát
tanna, disposi t ion of the metres, Edda 120; hljóðs grein, di
stinction of sound, accent,
 id., Skálda 182; göra grein góðs ok ills, Eluc. 20;
setja glögga grein, t o
make a clear distinction, 677. 5; fyrir greinar sakir (for the sake of
distïhction) er diphthongus fundinn í norraenu, Skálda 178;
sundr-grein ok
saman-setning, 177; ok veil ek þó grein allra stunda, Fms. v. 335;
litlar
greinir ok tengingar höfum ver konungs-málanna ór flokki y&et
h;rum, i. e.
you take little notice of the king's errand, Mork. 138; bera grein &aacut
e; e-t,
to discern a thing, Mar.; þar kann ek at göra grein á,
I can explain
that, Fb. i. 419. P. understanding; þau (the idols) hafa enga g
rein,
Fms. x. 232; vitr ok frábærrar greinar, xi. 429; glöggrar grei
nar, sharpwitted, Bs. ii. II; sumum gefsk anda-grein, spiritual discernment, Gr
eg.
20. Y- a record; þessa grein konungsdóms hans ritaði fyr
st Ari,
thi s record of the king's reign was first written by Are, &Oacute
;. H. 188;
i greinum ok bóklegu námi, Mar. 8. a part, bead, paragraph,
 in a book (mod.); ritningar-grein, a quotation from Scripture. 3.
 denoting diversity, difference; en þó er her, herra, gr
ein i, Fb. ii. 78;
en þó er þar grein á, hvárt..., K. Á. 12
4; ok voldi því grein tungna
þeirra er hann var konungr yfir, Sks. 458; at grein var á tr&uacute
; þeirri er
hvárt þeirra hafði til Guðs, 470; sú er grein &aacut
e; syslu biskups ok konungs,
at..., 803. P. dissent; brátt görðusk greinir í um
samþykki konuuganna, Fms. vi. 185; varð mart til greina með þeim, 195; greinir ok
sundrþykki, ix. 428; var þá grein mikil með fólki
um konungs-tekjuna,
x. 41; vald fyrir utan alla grein, power without dissent, i. e. absolu
te,
undisputed power, Bs. i. 281; grein eða áskilnaðr, Stj. 298;
en ef verri
menn gengu á milli þá vóru jafnan greinir talaðar
, Fb. ii. 411; urðu
margar greinir með þeim Kolbeini Tumasyni, Sturl. ii. I. COMPOS:
greinar-laust, n. adj. indiscriminately, Bs. ii. 96, Stj. 7 * '• 
unconditionally, Bs. i. 736, 767. greinar-mal, m. a reasonable case, Bs. ii.
<PAGE NUM="b0214">
<HEADER>214 GREINARMIKILL -- GRID.</HEADER>

greinar-mikill, adj. discerning, clever, Stj. 95. greinar-munr, m.
discrimination, di s tin c tion; göra g. gó&eth
;s ok ills, to knmvgood and evil, Gen.
iii. 5. greina-vænn, adj. likely toca ws e a difference, Fms
. x. 107.
GREINA, d, to branch: I. to divide into branches; ve
rohlin var
greind í þrjár hálfur, Edda (pref.); sá er gre
inir ok sundr skilr, Stj. 95;
greina í sundr dag ok nátt; greina tima, daga, 15; skaltú h
ana (the
ark) með gólfum greina^ 56; hann greindi skepnuna í tvær
greinir, Rb.
78; var þá engi skepna greind önnur frá annarri, Ver. i
; hanu greindi
(s et apart) þá tíð (viz. Lent) meirr til meinl&a
elig;ta en aðrar, 625. 93;
heimrinn allr grcindr í þrjá þriðjunga (of a map),
Al. 117. 2. t o
discern, distinguish; máttir þú greina þann Gu&
eth;, er á himnum er, frá
þeim guðum, er..., 625. 65; ef greina má þeirra bein fr&a
acute; annarra
manna beinum, N. G. L. ii. 351; þá skilr hann ok greinir alla hluti
görr,
Skálda 169; at greina hvern lim eða kvist þeirrar ræð
u, Sks. 568; greina
gang himintungla, Fms. v. 334; hljóð þat sem eyru megu greina,
Skálda
173; grein þér vitrlega hversu ..., discern wisely for thyself h
ow ...,
 Mar.; til þess er konungr ok erkibiskup greina (discern, settle) allt þat
er milli manna stóð, Bs. i. 727. 3. to expound, tell, record;
sem
áðr er greint, as is told above, Fms. ii. 168; þó
at ek greina þat eigi
at sinni, i. 223; til greindrar bænar, Magn. 532; epîir greinda s&ya
cute;n,
Mar. 471? í greindri sæmd, 617; áðr greindum mönnum
, Dipl. ii.
19: impers., sem fyrr greinir, a s above mentioned, Rb. 232; at ha
nn
skyldi svá greina frásögu (tell his story) um atbur&et
h; þenna, Ld. 58;
greindi Örnúlfr þessi landa-merki, Dipl. iv. 17; vitnin kunnu
eigi at
greina með hverjum hætti, the witnesses could not tell how ...,
Mk. 79;
nú skal greina framkvæmd þessa hluiar, Bs. ii. 163. II. reflex.
to branch out; svá sem tungurnar greindusk, Edda 145; en af &thorn
;ví at
tungurnar era þegar úlikar, þær þegar er or einni
ok enni sömu tungu
hafa gengið eða greinzk, Skálda 160; hennar efni leiðisk ok g
reinisk af
fyrir-farandi frásögn, Stj. 246; hanga sumar limarnar niðr en su
mar
greinask (br a nch) útí frá tveim-megin, Rum.
148; sumar (arms of
water) greinask ok renna mjök grunnt, Bar). 72. 2. to be separated;
 ok greindusk ser hvar skipin, Fms. vii. 289; síðan greinisk tign
ok vald
með þeim, Sks. 249. 3. to differ, disagree; menn greinask at &t
horn;ví,
hvárt..., ö. H. 219, cp. Fms. v. 83; greinask menu at (there are
different records) hvárr fyrri áverki varð, Sturl. iii. 249;
greinask menn á
fyrir því hvárt tíguligra þótti, Fms. xi
. 316. P. to disagree, fall
out, become enemies; var þá skipuliga með þeim &iacut
e; fyrstu en greindisk
hratt, Sturl. ii. I; en þá meirr tók at greinask með &th
orn;eim kompámim,
Bs. i. 620; var þá sæmiliga með þeim í fyrst
u, en þó greindisk (MS.
grênðisk) brátt, 489; friðr grenisk (i. e. greinisk), th
e peace is broken,
 Sturl. i. 458 (in a verse); vanir grenask, the hope i s broken up
, Hkv. 2. 49;
(the explanation of this passage given in Aarböger for Nord. Oldk. 1866,
p. 384, where it is derived from grár, ^ rey, qs. græ-na, do
es not hold good
either in sense or form, as the inflex. inchoative -na causes no umlaut, and
grár, grey, when metaph. only denotes spite.) III. i
mpers. to fall on. ',
discord; spurði Helgi at kistlinum en Geitir í mot at hringnum, o
k greindi
þá (acc.) sy'nt um, Vápn. 9; en ef nokkura menn greindi &aac
ute; (quarrelled),
 bá þótti engi maðr skjótlegri til stó
rræða en Ögnumdr, Fms. ii. 68; þat
höfum vit ætlat at láta okkr (acc.) ekki á greina, Nj.
greind, f. discernment, freq. greindar-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), cleverly.
greini-liga, adv. distinctly, Eg. 55, 271, Nj. 235, Fms. i. 300, F
b. i.
503: quite, sheer, Stj. IO.
greini-ligr, adj. distinct, articulate, Skálda 174 (of soun
d).
grein-ing, f. distinction; gloggvari g. = -- epexegesis, Sk
ulda 205; greiningar-vit, the senses, Bs. i. 785; að-greining, distinction.
GREIP, f., pl. grcipr, [A. S. ^ni p], the space between the thu
mb and the
other fingers, a grip, grasp, Edda no; at hin hægri greip spenni um hh
r. i
vinstra nlflið, Sks. 291; ok rann upp á greipina, Fms. v. 85; þ
rekligar
greipr, Sd. 147; því næst brestr fram or bjarginu greip eigi
smáleit, Bs.
ii. Hi: metaph., ganga í greipr e-m, to fall into one's clutches,
Fs. 37,
Fms. vi. 210; meir fyrir þat at vér vórum þá ko
mnir í greipr honum,
Orkn. 88; ganga or greipum e-s, to slip from one's grasp; spcnna grcipr,
t o c la s p the hands: the phrase, láta greipr s&oa
cute;pa, um e-î, to make a clean
sweep, Grett. 127: the name of a giantess, Edda. (J^jij Icel. distinguish
between greip and neip (qs. gneip, the interval between the otherfingers).
greipa, að or t, to grasp, comprehend, Edda (in a verse): meta
ph., g.
glaep, to commit, Am. 82.
gréla, u, f. a r us ty, blunt knife, Snot 70.
gre-ligr, adj. = greiðligr, Sks. 407 B.
grell-skapr, m. [Germ, groll~\, spite, Edda no.
gremi, f. [gramr], wrath, anger; gremi Óðins, Hkv. 1. 1
1: esp. of the
gods, in the allit. phrase, goða gremi legg ek við, lögbrot ok go&e
th;a gremi
ok griða rof, Eg. 352; hann skal hafa goða gremi ok' griðní&e
th;ings-nafn,
Fs. 54; gremi Guðs, Ísl. ii. 382; Guð Drottins gremi, Grág
. ii. 382, 383.
GREMJA, gramði, [vide gramr; Ulf. gramjan = Trapopyifav; A. S.
and Hel. gramian; Dan. gr&oelig;mme; Swed. grama = to grieve] :-- to anger,
provoke, esp. the wrath of the gods (God), to offend the gods (by per
jury or
wickedness); greniðu eigi goð at þér, Ls. 12; sá gre
mr Guð at sér, Hom.
86, 159; þú hefir gramit at þér Maumet, Karl. 434; ok
gremja svá
Guð at sér ok alla góða menn, Fms. xi. 364; þ&uacute
; ert her kominn at óleyfi bræðra minna ok gremr svá go&
eth; at þér, Fas. ii. 69, else rare •
gremr hann konunginn at ser (vexes the king) með vápna-gangi,
Al. 42;
hvat gremr þik líf þitt, quid le offendit vita tua, Ho
m. 12; göra lítið úr
gáfum hans, gremja svo mildi skaparans, Bb. I. 8. II. refle
x, t o
get angry, be grieved; en ef þit vildut þat göra, &thorn
;á munda ek ekki
gremjask ykkr, Fms. v. 238; fagna þeirra fagnaði er fógnuð
göra Guði,
en grata hina er við hann gremjask (those who provoke him), D. i. 363
(to render the Lat. ~/? ere cum flentibus): mod., mér gremsk a&eth
; sjá það, it
grieves me to see it,
gremja, u, f. fretting, annoyance, gremju-verðr, adj. annoy
ing.
GREN, n., gen. pl. grenja, a lair; gren eðr holur (of a snake)
, Stj.
93; varga gren, haföi úlfrinn dregit eitt lik inn í grenit (lair, of a wolf),
Mirm. 36: in Icel. only of a fox's lair, sem melrakki í greni, Nj.
198,
Karl. 144, Sturl. i. 88; hann mun bíta knnna nær greninu, Ld. 278.
COMPDS: grenja-leit, f. seeking a fox's lair. gren-smogin, part.;
tóa grensmogin, a fox with cubs.
greni, n. [gron], pine timber, greni-borð, n. a pine-wood b
oard.
grenja, að, to h ow l, bellow, Eg. 486, Bs. i. 42, ii.
49, Fms. iii. 179, vi.
150, Konn. 82, Fas. ii. 484, Edda 20, Mar. 116.
grenjan, f. bellowing, Fas. ii. 481; g. inna úörgu d&y
acute;ra, Post. 645. 73.
gren-lægja, u, f. =:grenskolli.
grenna, d, [grannr], to make thin, slender: reflex, to become t
hin.
grennd, f. [granni], vicinity, Gþl. 393, Js. 98, 100. grennd
ar-far,
n. = lnisifjar, q. v., N. G. L. i. 40.
grenni, n., in na-grenni, neighbourhood, D. N.: the phrase, sv&aac
ute; er mal
með grenni (mod. svo er mál með vexti), Fas. iii. 59.
gren-skolli, a, m. a fox in its earth, Fs. 48.
grenslan, f. enquiry; eptir-grenslan, investigation.
grenslask, að, dep. [granni], to pry int o, enquire, Gr
ett. in.
greppi-liga, adv. = greypiliga, Fb. i. 530.
grepp-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), frowning, ugly, Faer. 9, Fs. 142.
GREPPR, m. [perhaps akin to garprl, a poet; g. cnn ungi, the yo
ung
bard, Lex. Poët.; biðjandi hjartans grepp ininn góðan, g
öra fyrir mig
drápu-korn, Jón fjorl.; skald heita greppar, ok rétt er &ia
cute; skúldskap at kenna
svá hvern matin, Edda (Arna-Magn.) ii. 528. greppa-minni, n. a
kind of metre, Edda (Ht.); a kind of memorial verses, the question
s in the
first half stanza, the responses in the second, Edda (Ht.) 40. II.
a strange creature, a monster; sér hann þá hvar gengr
grcppr mikill (of
a giant), þykist hann þá kenna Dofra troll, Fb. i. 565; &thor
n;á sá þeir ekki
lítinn grepp (of a ghost) suðr við garðinn, ok var þar

Klaufi ok hafði
höfuöit í hendi sér, Sd. 160.
grér, m. [gróa (?)], a twig(?), only used in mod. po
et, circumlocution
ot a man; geira grór, iirva grt'r, etc.
gresja, að, [gras; Dan. grcesse~] , to graze: in the sa
ying, þar er ekki um
auðugan garð að gresja, i. e. there is little to be had.
gres-járn, n. a kind of iron, Edda 34, Fas. iii. 240.
GRETTA, tt, esp. reflex, grettask, to frown, make a wry face; hann
skaut niarga vega augunum ok gretti sik, Fb. i. 541: to frown, Fas. iii.
355' Stj. 459 (of a lion), Bárð. 35 new Ed.; g. um tennr, to grin,
 El.
grettinn, adj. making wry faces, freq. in mod. usage.
grettir, in., poiit. a 'frowner, ' dragon, Edda: pr. name, Landn.,
whence
Grettis-færsla, u, f. name of a poem; Grettis-h. af, n. Grettir's lift,
 is in Icel. the popular name for giant boulders.
grettur, f. pl. wry faces: metaph., bna-grettnr, quarrels among
neighbours (cp. mod. biia kritr), 655 xxi. 3; vina-grcltur, quarrels among
friends, Frump.
GREY, n., pl. grey í a, a greyhound; grcyjum sinum gullbond
sncri,
]pkv. 6, Hm. joo (of a lap dog); grey (a bitch) þykki im'r Freyja,
Jb. ch.
IO: mciaph. a paltry jelh. iv, coward; grey þitt, Gísl. 68;
grey eðr
bleyöim:. ðr, Fagrsk.; grey eðr ættar-skönun, Mirm.; gre
yja atgangr, a
dog-flght, Fms. viii. 308.
grey-baka, u, f. a bitch, jbiðr. 106.
GREYFA, ð, [grúfa], to grovel, bow down will) the face to t
he earth,
 Fms. viii. 333 C: reflex., Eg. 508, Fms. iii. 127, Fas. ii. 251.
grey-hundr, m. a greyhound, Fms. xi. IO.
grey-karl, m. a dogged churl, Bær. 2.
grey-liga, adv. meanly, poorly, El. 101.
grey-ligr, adj. paltry.
grey-mennska, u, f. and grey-skapr, m. paltriness, Fas. iii. 64.
GREYPA, t, t o g r oo ve, Fb. i. 258, (si. ii. 462.
greypi-liga, adv. fiercely, Fms. vi. 367, vii. 134, Sturl. i. 44 G
, Vígl.
26, Fas. iii. 123.
greyping, f. a groove, N. G. L. ii. 110 (freq.)
greyp-leikr, m. fierceness, Rum. 298.
greyp-ligr, adj. fierce, fearful; g. langraeki, Hom. 143, Stj. 144
; gs(ir, fearfnl wounds, Fas. iii. 126.
GREYPR, adj. fierce, cruel, Róm. 333, 346, Fms. x. 380, 385
, Eg.
304; g. glaepr, a fearful crime, Bs. ii. 117; g. úhly'ðni, 112
.
grey-skapr, m. paltriness, Fms. ii. 61, Fs. 99, El. 580. i, Al. 46
.
grey-stóð, n. a couple of hounds, Akv. ii.
GRIÐ, n. [a Scandin. word, found in the Saxon Chron. year ion, and
<PAGE NUM="b0215">
<HEADER>GRIÐFANG -- GRÍÐ. 215</HEADER>
in the A. S. poem Byrnoth, but in both passages it is a Danish, not a gaxon word
].
A. Prop. a domicile, home, with the notion of service; segja mann
af griði, to give one notice to leave, Grág. i. 146; fá
e-m grið, to get one a situation, id.; ef maðr hefir sér
eigi grið (if a man has no home, no livelihood), ok varðar &thorn
;at útlegð, id.; koma til griðs, to come to (take up) service, 147; þiggja grið með e-m, to lodge with one,
 160; taka grið með e-m, id., 149; vera í griði me
ð e-m, to be in lodgings with one, N. G. L. i, 210; lög-grið
, a lawful home, id.; búi sínu eðr griði, one's
household or abode, Grág. i. 163; fara ór griði, to lea
ve service, ii. 144. COMPDS: grið-fang, n. the taking a dwelli
ng, Grág. i. 20. griðfanga-dagr, m. = skildagi, Grá
g. ii. 468. grið-fastr, adj. having a home, Lex. Poët. griðka, u, f. = griðkona, Grett. 148 A. grið-kona, a, f.
a housemaid, Nj. 118, Fms. viii. 243, Fs. 51, Grett. 148 A, Hrafn. 25, G
rág. passim. grið-lauss, adj. homeless. grið-ma&
eth;r, m. a 'house-man,' servant, lodger, Grág. i. 35, 242, ii
. 143. grið-taka, u, f. a hiring of servants, Grág. i.
153. grið-vist, f. lodging, Njarð. 366.
B. In pl., metaph. a truce, peace, pardon; friðr is the genera
l word, grið the special, deriving its name from being limited in time or sp
ace (asylum); rjúfa grið, spilla griðum, to break truce; s
etja grið, to make truce; halda grið, to keep truce; m&ael
ig;la fyrir griðum, to say the truce formula, etc., Grág. ii.
165 sqq.: the phrase, grið ok frið, fé-grið ok fjör-gri&
eth;, truce for money and life, 168; segja í sundr griðum, 
to declare the truce to be at an end, Sturl. iii. 317; lífs grið
ok lima, safety for life and limbs, Eb. 310; biðja griða, to s
ue for quarter (in battle), Nj. 45; beiða griða Baldri fyrir allskon
ar háska, Edda 36; gefa e-m grið, to give one quarter (after a
battle), Nj. 265; ganga til griða, to sue for (take) pardo
n, Fms. vii. 245; þeir beiddu griða (truce) einn dag til he
imreiðar, Eg. 279; kom hann þá griðum á ok þv&
iacute; næst sættum, Fms. i. 81: a sanctuary, asylum, þ
eim er á grið kirkjunnar flýr, K. Á. 34. COMPDS: gri
ða-beiðandi, part. one who sues for peace, Grág. ii. 2
3. griða-brek, n. pl. breach of truce, Grág. ii. 22. griða-gjöf, f. a granting truce (life), Orkn. 456,
Fms. ix. 524. griða-lauss, adj. truceless, Germ. vogelfrei,
 Edda 40, Fas. iii. 391: neut., er allt var griðalaust (truceless
) með mönnum, Eb. 234. griða-mark, n. a sign of truce, Edda 47. griða-mál, n. pl. truce formularies, &Iacute
;sl. ii. 379. Grág. ii. 165 sqq., Fms. vii. 62, griða-rof, n.
pl. breach of truce, Grág. ii. 22, Eg. 352, Fas. i. 72. gri&eth
;a-sala, u, f. a granting truce, N. G. L. i. 177, Eg. 232. gri&eth
;a-setning and grið-setning, f. truce-making, Sturl. ii. 1
59, Grett. ch. 77. griða-staðr, m. a sanctuary, asylum, Ed
da 37, Gþl. 179, Fas. ii. 63. griða-stund, f. a term of truc
e, Bret. griða-tíð, f. id., v.l. grið-b&
iacute;tr, m. a truce-breaker, Grág. ii. 166, O. H. L. 75. 
grið-níðingr, m. a law term, a truce-breaker, Gr&aacut
e;g. ii. 167, Nj. 102, Orkn. 430. grið-samr, adj. peaceful, mercif
ul, Fms. viii. 234. grið-spell, n. pl. breach of truce, N
. G. L. i. 254.
griði, a, m. a horseman, servant, Fb. ii. 335.
grið-mál, grið-sala, grið-setning, etc., vide grið
a- above.
Grikkir, m. pl. Greeks; Grík-land, mod. Grikk-lan
d, n. Greece; Grikkja-konungr, m. the Greek king; G
rikklands-eyjar, f. pl. the Grecian Isles, 625. 64; Grikklands-haf
, n. the Grecian Archipelago, Fms. passim.
grikkr, m. [prob. from Engl. grig, cp. Johnson on this word], a
juggle (mod. word); göra e-m grikk, to play one a trick.
Grikskr, adj. Greek, passim; Gríska, u, f. the Gr
eek tongue; in old writers usually by metathesis, girskr, etc.
grimd, f. grimness, fierceness; sakir grimðar eðr í
llvilja, Fms. i. 71; en eigi skorti hann spekt né grimd, 117; grimdar-and
i, breathing wrath, Stj. 288; grimdar-mála dagar, days of wrat
h, Stj. 642. 2 Kings xix. 3; grimdar-náttúra, savage dispos
ition, Mar. 604: grimdar-fullr, adj. savage, Fms. i. 207, Stj.
469: grimdar-hugr, m. fiery mood, Fms. v. 271. II. metaph.
a biting frost; var grimd svá mikil at klæði þeir
ra freri, Fas. ii. 427: grimdar-frost, n. id., Bs. i. 381.
grimmask, d, (and að, Háv. 39), dep. to chafe, be furious; g. móti Guði, Fms. viii. 240; g. upp á heilaga kirkju, Tho
m. 6 (Ed.); hann byrsti sik ok grimmisk mjök (of a wild bear), Finnb. 248,
Mar. 563; útan Þorbjörn, hann grimmask við hann fyrir allt
saman, Háv. l.c.; hvárt mun þín reiði grimmask &
iacute; gegn öllum mönnum, Stj. 329; grimmask á e-n, to rage
against one, Pr. 402.
grimm-eygr, adj. fierce-eyed, Fms. ii. 20; better grunneygr, q.v.
grimm-hugaðr, adj. in a grim, fierce humour, Fas. i. 178, Stj.

187.
grimm-leikr (-leiki), m. savageness, cruelty, Eg. 255, Nj.
176, Fms. x. 380, Hom. 42, Sks. 496, Stj. 256, Mar. passim.
grimm-leitr, adj. grim, stern-looking.
grimm-liga, adv. grimly, fiercely, sternly, esp. in the phrase, he
fna g., to take a fearful revenge, Fms. i. 266, vii. 157, x. 221, Fas. i.
13; g. reiðr, fearfully angry, Anal. 240; gráta g., to 'gr
eit' sorely, Skv. 3. 25.
grimm-ligr, adj. 'grim-like,' fierce, Eg. 305, Nj. 104, Hkr. i. 10
, Fms. ii. 100, vi. 131: savage, Edda 19; g. atganga, a furious onslau
ght, Mar. 575; g. orrosta, Bret.; g. dómr, Fms. ii. 223: fearful, Fs. 17; g. gnýr, a fearful crash, Sl. 57.
grimm-lundaðr, adj. of grim temper, Fagrsk. 24.
GRIMMR, adj. [A. S., Engl., and Hel. grim; Dan. grim = u
gly; in old Icel. writers this word implies the notion of ferocity, stern
ness, wrath, but not of wanton cruelty, and seldom of ugliness
as in Engl., Dan., etc.] :-- grim, stern, horrible, dire, sore; grimmt
er fall frænda at telja, 'tis grim to tell of a kinsman's death, St
or. 10; grimt várumk hlið, a sore gap it was to me, 6; gr&aacu
te;ta grimmum tárum, to weep grim, bitter tears, Hkv. 2. 43; fimm
grimmar nætr five grim, miserable nights, Korm. 184 (in a verse); g
rimm orð, lamentation, Gh. 1; hugðak mér grimt í sv
efni, I had a fearful dream, Bkv. 16. 2. stern, savage, Lat
. ferox; hón var allra kvenna grimmust ok skaphörðust, Nj
. 147; ákafa-maðr mikill í skapi, grimmr, úþ&yacu
te;ðr ok fátálr, Fms. i. 19; glaðmælt, undirhyggju-m
aðr mikill, ok hin grimmasta, 20; fyllask ens grimmasta hugar, to be fill
ed with rage, 623. 25; g. híðbjörn, a grim bear, Gre
tt. 100. 3. with dat. wroth; svá var hón orðin
grimm Brjáni konungi, at ..., she hated him so much, that ..., Nj.
269; hence in poët. phrases, baugum, vellum grimmr, fé-grimmr, hodd
-g., hating, wasting gold, munificent, Lex. Poët.: neut., með gr
immü, grimly, Fms. ii. 9; gjalda e-t grimmu, to take grim revenge
, 223. II. metaph., 1. with the notion of ugly, hideous; ljótt andlit ok grimmt ok andstygt mannligu kyni, Sks. 539, (rare.) 2. piercing, of cold; svá sem kalt stóð af Niflhei
mi ok allir hlutir grimmir, Edda 4.
grimm-úð, f. ferocity; grimm-uðigr, adj. 
furious, Fas. i. 32, Am. 55.
GRIND, f., pl. grindr, a lattice door, gate; lék þar
grind á járnum, Fms. v. 331; eru garðar hennar forkunnar h&aac
ute;fir ok grindr stórar, Edda 18; forn er sú grind, en þat
fáir vitu hve hón er í lás um lokin, Gm. 22; gest &t
horn;ú né geyja né á grind hrekir, Hm. 136, Am. 36,
Fsm. 9; láta hlið á ok grind fyrir eðr hurð, Gr&aacute
;g. ii. 228; nú ganga menn í gegnum garðs-hlið þ&aac
ute; skal sá ábyrgjask er upp lýkr grindum, N. G. L. i. 41;
hestrinn hljóp svá hart yfir grindina, at hann kom hvergi nið
r, id.; var grind fyrir borghliðinu ok lokin aptr, Þórr g&eacut
e;kk á grindina ok fékk eigi upp lokit, þá smugu &tho
rn;eir milli spalanna, 30; Hel-grindr, the gates of Hel, Edda 38; &Aacut
e;s-grindr, the gates of the Ases, id.; ná-grindr, the gates of
death, Skm. COMPDS: grindar-hlið, n. a gate with a lattice, Fms. ii. 148. grindar-hæll, m. a peg to keep the gate fast, Gþl. 383. grinda-sög, f. a saw (in a frame). gri
nd-garðr, m. a lattice fence, Fs. 183. grind-hlið, n.
= grindarhlið, Lv. 19. II. an enclosure, α. for s
hips, docks; liggja (of ships) í grindum, Hkv. 1. 49: pens
for catching whales, hence the Dan. grinde-hval, grinde-fangst, of catch
ing whales by penning them in; esp. veiða elgi (to catch elks)
í görðum eða grindum, Gþl. 449: of store-houses, f
olds, fullar grindir, full-stocked folds, Hm. 77; fé byrgt &i
acute; grindum, sheep penned, Eg. 375; honum var sagt at fé allt v
æri heilt í grindum ok úsakat, Fas. i. 71: lattice work, fjórar grindr lætr hann göra með fjórum hornum,
ok níu reita rístr Þrándr alla vega út fr&aac
ute; grindunum, Fær. 183, 184; lét göra grind um útan u
m legsteininn, Fms. viii. 237: in compds, beina-grind, a skeleton; d&uacu
te;n-grind, q.v.: a gridiron, grinda-brauð, n. bread baked
on a gridiron, Dipl., Vm.
grip, n. a grip, grasp; upp-grip, plenty to take, abundance; á-grip, q.v.; yfir-grip, compass: medic. spots on the ski
n, believed to be the finger-prints or marks of goblins or demons, Fél.
grip-deildir, f. pl. rapine, robbery, N. G. L. i. 20, Gþl. 4
73, Fms. i. 221, vi. 218.
gripla, að, to grope; fara griplandi hendi eptir, Gþl. 4
6.
griplur, f. pl. groping; henda griplur til e-s, to grope after,
 Eluc. 22; griplur er sem hendi þá, Mkv. 2: gloves without f
ingers, mittens. II. name of an epic Rímur in parchment, a dim
in. = Rímur af Hrómundi Gripssyni.
GRIPR, m., gen. ar, pl. ir, [akin to grípa, to hold, seize,
cp. A. S. gripe = manipulus] :-- prop. anything possessed;
nú hafa tveir menn veðmæltan einn grip báðir,, Gr&a
acute;g. i. 412; hross eðr skip eðr aðra gripi, 437; alla þ&a
acute; gripi er menn eiga saman, hvárt sem þat er akr eða eng e
ða aðra hluti, Gþl. 505. 2. value, money's worth; ha
nn kvað þó verra grip í (of less worth) enn hann
ætlaði, Nj. 73; yðr er ekki happ at drepa hann, ok engi gripr at h
afa hann brott, not worth one's while to drive him away, Fms. vii. 218; e
nn þriðja hlut á hann þann er mikill gripr er í, E
dda 15; epli þau er henni munu gripir í þykkja, 46; í
gripum sæmiligum ok löndum, ... í þeim gripum er engi v&
aelig;ri minna en tíu aura verðr, Sturl. iii. 293: gripa-tak,
n. seizure of property, Grág. ii. 196, Gullþ. 19. 3.
esp. in pl. costly things, pretiosa; klæðnaðr Þ&oacut
e;ru ok gripir, Eg. 158; hann skyldi ok kaupa gripi til handa henni svá a
t engi jafnfjáð kona ætti betri gripi, Ld. 132; klæði
, vápn, ok annars-konar gripi, Fms. vi. 182; hann gaf sinn grip hverjum &
thorn;eirra, Gullþ. 9, 19; húsbúnað ok klæðna&
eth; ok góða gripi, Fb. ii. 186; kost-gripr and kjör-gripr, a
costly thing, Fs. 43; dýr-gripr, a jewel; spilla gripum s&iac
ute;num, to spoil one's own things, 51: gripa-kista, u, f. a je
wel chest, Sturl. ii. 108 C: grip-auðigr, adj. rich in preciou
s things, Ld. 154. II. in mod. usage esp. of cattle, stock; ga
ngandi gripir, live stock, Bjarn. 22; stór-gripr, great cattle (cows, horses), opp. to smali, small cattle (sheep). III. a pr
. name, Landn.
gripr, m. [Germ. griff], a vulture, Þiðr. 92.
GRÍÐ, f. frantic eagerness; í gríð, eagerly: gríðar-liga (gríðu-
<PAGE NUM="b0216">
<HEADER>216 GRÍMA -- GRÓA.</HEADER>
liga, Mag. 99, Ed.), adv. eagerly: gríðar-ligr, adj. eager. II. mythol. Gríðr, f. a giantess; Gríðar-völr, m., Edda 60.
GRÍMA, u, f. [A. S. grîma; Dan. grime = a h
orse's halter], a kind of hood or cowl covering the upper part
of the face, Edda (Gl.), Sks. 304, Þórð. 30; ríðr B
arði at Snorra Goða ok hefir grímu á höfði s&eacu
te;r, Ísl. ii. 378, Mirm. 58. β. armour covering a horse's
breast, a poitrail; en utan yfir beisli ok um allt höfuð hestsins
ok um háls framan ok til söðuls þá skal vera g. g&
ouml;r á panzara lund, Sks. 405: the beak on a ship, gyldar gr&iac
ute;mur, Gkv. 2. 16: grímu-eiðr, m. a Norse law term, a kind o
f oath taken by six compurgators, an GREEK, N. G. L. i. 56 (vide eiðr); the
origin of the name is uncertain, perhaps the compurgators had to appear in court
in cowls: grímu-maðr, m. a cowled man, a man in disguise, Fb. i. 509, Fas. iii. 321, N. G. L. i. 175. II. metaph. the night, poët., Alm. 31, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët.; óróar gr&ia
cute;ma, a night of woe, Stor. 18; so in the saying, hverf er haust-gr&ia
cute;ma, shifty is the autumn night, Hm. 73: curious is the phrase, &thor
n;að renna á e-n tvær grímur, one wavers, is uncertai
n, það runnu á mig tvær grímur; the metaphor i
s either derived from a horse's halter or hood = doubly hoodwinked or fro
m the night = in double darkness. UNCERTAIN Grímr and Gr
ímnir are names of Odin from his travelling in disguise, Edda: Gr&iac
ute;mr also is freq. a masc. pr. name, and in compds, Þor-grímr, &A
acute;s-grímr, Stein-grímr, Hall-grímr, etc.; and of women
Gríma, Hall-gríma, etc.; prefixed in Grím-kell, G
rím-úlfr, etc.: a serpent is in poetry called gr&iacute
;mr.
GRÍPA, greip, gripu, gripit, [Ulf. greipan = GREEK, GREEK;
A. S. grîpan; Engl. grip, gripe, grapple; O. H. G. gr&ici
rc;fan; Germ. greifen; Swed. gripa; Dan. gribe] :-- to grasp, seize: 1. with the notion of suddenness or violence; hann
greip skjöld sinn ok sverð, Ó. H. 117; konungr greip til sver&et
h;s þess er stóð hjá honum, Fms. i. 16, vi. 159; Egill k
astaði þegar niðr horninu, en greip sverðit ok brá, Eg.
215; Egill greip þá skjótt meðalkafla sverðsins, 37
9; síðan greip hann til Egils, 192; hann greip upp Þór&e
th; ok keyrði niðr, id.; Ormr grípr þá í m&oa
cute;ti fleininum, Fb. i. 530; hann greip upp beiti-ásinn ok barði me
ð, 491; hann greip til hans (the dog snaps at him) um sinn ok reif kv
iðinn, Fms. ii. 174; hann grípr nárann, Anal. 122. 2. to capture, seize; gripinn, and gripinn höndum, captured, Hom
. 131, Pass. 6. 12, 9. 1, 11. 1. β. to seize upon, rob; &thor
n;at er mér sagt at þú farir heldr óspaklega ok gr&ia

cute;pir fyrir mönnum góðs sitt, Grett. 130 (grip-deildir). &
gamma;. to grasp; hann greip á stafni, Hým. 27. 3. phrases, grípa gulli á við e-n, to coax one; at sv&a
acute; þykki (lest it shall seem) at ek grípa gulli á
við þá, Nj. 6; ok gríp nú gulli á við
konunginn, ok lát sem þú þykisk þar allt eiga e
r konungrinn er, Fms. xi. 112; grípa á kýlinu, to touch
upon the sore place; Eysteinn konungr svarar, nú greiptu á k&y
acute;linu því er ek hugða at fyrir löngu myndi springa, v
ii. 121: grípa í tómt, to grasp the air (cp. when th
e bird is flown): grípa á e-u, to decide; hann kvaðsk e
kki mundu svá skjótt grípa á slíku, he sai
d he would take time to consider, xi. 362. 4. medic. of fits or sick
ness, to seize upon; þitt geð grípi, seize thy senses
 (of insanity)! Skm.; þá var hann gripinn af æði miki
lli, 623. 12. II. metaph. to understand, very rare and borrowed fr
om Lat. comprehendere, Sks. 559 C, Eluc. 21: in mod. usage, to grasp,
encompass with the mind; but nema, to learn. III. reflex., gr&
iacute;pask þeir þá til (they grasped at one another)
ok glíma lengi, Fb. i. 530.
GRÍSS, m., pl. ir, gen. ar, Odd. 28, [Swed.-Dan. gris; Scot
. grice], a young pig; gyltar gríss, a sucking pig,
Fs. 107; gyltr ok gríss, Gullþ. 60, Fs. Vd. ch. 44, Grág. i.
504, Jb. 287, Sd. 163: the saying, grísir gjalda þess er gömu
l svín valda, cp. quidquid delirant reges plectuntur Achivi, Stj.
63; gnyðja mundu grísir ef þeir vissi hvat hinn gamli þy
ldi (ef galtar böl vissi, v.l.), Fas. i. 282: of a young wild pig, F
b. ii. 25: grísa-gyltr, f. a sow with pigs, Vm. 85; gr&i
acute;sar-höfuð, n. a pig's head, Odd. 28. 2. a pr.
name, Landn.; cp. Grísar-tunga, name of a farm, 71. II. [as in Nor
se, vide Ivar Aasen], gener. a pig; er gamlir grísir (old swine
) skyldi halda mér at höfuðbeinum, Grett. (in a verse); as a
lso the Icel. grís-efldr, adj. strong as a grís (
a hog ?), i.e. prodigiously strong, of great muscular strength; this
word however, which is freq. in mod. usage, is not recorded in old writers, but
it occurs in Lex. Run.
GRJÓN, n. pl. [Swed.-Dan. gryn], groats, Edda (Gl.),
Gþl. 524: grjóna-grautr, m. a porridge of groats.
grjón-bakr, m. 'groat-back,' a nickname, Fms.
GRJÓT, n. [A. S. greôt; Engl. grit; Hel. gr
iot; O. H. G. grioz; Low Germ. grott = gravel; Germ. greis, meaning gravel, shingle, pebbles, or the like; cp. also Eng
l. to grout = to build a wall of rubble with liquid mortar poured
in; the Icel. grautr (q.v.) and grútr (q.v.) are also kindred] :-- sto
nes, but chiefly with the notion of rough stones or rubble in
a building, etc.; grjót, like Engl. grit, is a collective word, an
d is consequently never used in plur.; a single stone is called steinn, not grj&
oacute;t; velta grjóti, to roll stones, Gs. 12; nú er grj&o
acute;t þat at gleri orðit, Hdl. 10; grjót (quarry) &tho
rn;at er til kirkna þarf at hafa, N. G. L. i. 240; hann lét ok g&ou
ml;ra há-altarit með grjót, Bs. i. 830; telgt grjót, cut stones, Stj. 564; rata munn létumk grjót gnaga, Hm. 106;
hljóp ofan skriða mikil með grjóti, Anal. 64; verða at
grjóti, to be turned into stones, Edda 89; þeir báru
grjót á rótina, Gullþ. 50; torf eða grjót
, Grág. ii. 262; þeir ruddu hitt ok báru þar í

grjót (sinking a ship), Eg. 125; dys ór grjóti, Ld. 152; be
rja grjóti, to stone, Gísl. 34; vóru þau barin
grjóti í hel, id.; sá engin líkindi Dana-virkis, ne
ma grjótið, but the heaps of stones, Fms. i. 28; konungr hug&
eth;i at grjótinu ok sá þar rautt allt, xi. 239; svá
at þess mætti eigi sjá merki, nema þat eina er grj&oacu
te;tið var rautt eptir, 241 (of the shingle on the beach); hvárt sem
vill, af heitu grjóti eðr köldu, Sks. 421; límsett grj&oa
cute;t, lime-set stones in a wall, Orkn. 352 (in a verse); lét jar
l bera vatn í at kæla grjótið þat er brunnit var,
id., (in a siege in order to make the walls crack, see Notes and Queries, Nov. 2
1, 1868); berjask með skotum ok grjóti (in a battle), Fs. 14; grj&oac
ute;t ok skot, stones and missiles, Fms. vii. 82; þeir höf&et
h;u borið at sér grjót ok báru á þá
, bíða þess er grjótið eyddisk, Sturl. ii. 59: of bricks, Stj. 264: in poetry, ölna grjót, the stones of the w
rist, = jewels; skýja-grjót, 'cloud-stones,' hail; grjót orða, munns, the stones of words, of the mouth, i.e.
the teeth: giants are called grjót-niðaðr, grjót
-móði, grjót-öld, the stone people, people of the
Stone Age, Lex. Poët.; Grjót-unn, name of a giantess (cp. Steinunn, a female name), whence Grjótunnar-garðar, a gian
t's castle, Edda: collectively in compds, -grýti, blá-g
rýti, stór-grýti, rough stones; hraun-grýti,
lava. COMPDS: grjót-berg, n. quarry, Fms. viii. 278
, Bs. i. 890. grjót-björg, n. pl. rocks, Vsp. 52. g
rjót-björn, m. a pun, = Arinbjörn, Ad. grjót-brot
, n. a stone hoe, Vm. 92, 117. grjót-burðr, m. t
hrowing showers of stones (in a fight), Sturl. ii. 136. grjót-fall
, n. raining stones, Ann. 1362. grjót-flaug, f. a st
one shower (in a fight), Fms. vi. 156, x. 361, Fas. ii. 449, Fs. 17, Al. 46,
Bs. i. 412. grjót-flutning, f. carrying stones, Fms. viii.
279. grjót-garðr, m. a stone fence, Grág. ii. 2
82, Jb. 242: a pr. name, Fms. grjót-hagl, n. stone-hail, St
j. 369. grjót-haugr, m. a heap of stones, a cairn, Stj. 364
. Josh. vii. 26, 655 xiv. B. 2. grjót-hlað, n. a stone pave
ment, Hkr. ii. 5. grjót-hlass, n. a load of stones, N.
G. L. i. 415. grjót-hóll, m. a stone mound, stone heap, Hrafn. 21, Finnb. 314. grjót-hríð, f. a shower o
f stones (in battle), Fms. ix. 514, xi. 95. grjót-hörgr,
m. a stone altar (heathen, vide hörgr): a stone heap = grj&oa
cute;thaugr, Sturl. ii. 223 C, where Ed. grjóthaugr. grjót-kast
, n. throwing stones, Fas. iii. 243, Bs. i. 412. grjót-klet
tr, m. a boulder, Bs. ii. 134. grjót-ligr, adj. ston
y, flinty, Fms. x. 445, Mar. 609. grjót-meistari, a, m. a s
tone-mason, B. K. 124. grjót-möl, f. 'stone-grit,' gra
vel, pebbles, Stj. 67. grjót-páll, m. a stone hoe: metaph., vera e-s g., to break stones for one, do a stone-breaker's work; þeir vóru knáligir menn ok vóru mjök grj&oac
ute;tpálar fyrir búi Ósvífrs, Ld. 122; en Halli var
grjótpáll fyrir málum hans, Valla L. 205. grjót-s
kriða, u, f. a stone slip, Ann. 1337. grjót-smiðr, m. a stone-mason, B. K. 124, Bs. i. 830. grjót-smí&e
th;, f. stone masonry. grjót-starf, n. stone work, Stj. 562. grjót-sveinn, m. a stone-mason's lad, D. N. grjót-sýsla, u, f. = grjótstarf, D. N. grjó
trugr, adj. stony, Barl. 18. grjót-varði, a, m. 
a stone pile, obelisk, Dropl. 23. grjót-varp, n. = grjó
thríð, Lex. Poët.
grjúpan, n. a sausage, Orkn. (in a verse), still in use in

the east of Icel., [cp. grupa = to hatch or grind, Ivar Aas
en.]
grobba, að, (grobb, n.), to boast: grobbari, a,
m. a boaster.
Grotti, a, m. the mythical mill in Edda; whence Grotta-söngr,
m. name of a poem; also in local names Grotti, a current near to Reykjav&iacute
;k; akin to Engl. grit, groats, cp. also Ivar Aasen s. v. grötte (the nave in a mill-stone); the tale of the enchanted mill grinding g
old and salt etc. at the bottom of the sea is common to all Teutons (vide Edda),
and survives in popular tales of Germany, Norway, and Iceland: the sea is calle
d Skerja-grotti, Skerry-grinder, Edda (in a verse).
GRÓA, greri, gróinn, pres. græ (gr&oelig;), [A. S. growan; Engl. grow; Swed. gro; Dan. groe; cp. Lat. cre-scere, crev-i] :-- to grow: I. of grass, trees, vegeta
tion; þá var grund gróin gr&oelig;num lauki, Vsp. 4; vi&
eth;i gróin, grown with wood (of the earth), Edda 65 (in a verse);
jörð grær, the earth grows, Eg. (in a verse), Ísl.
ii. 381; gras grær, grass grows; gróandi grös, Sks. 72
8 B; þá grær gras á þeirri moldu er efst er &aac
ute; jörðunni, Edda 145 (pref.); gróa ok ávaxtask (of the
earth), Stj. 38: absol. to grow, þann vetr var veðrátta
góð, ok greyri snemma um várit, the winter was mild, and e
arly crops in the spring, Fms. ii. 244; er íllu korni niðr s&aacu
te;ð, enda mun íllt af gróa, Nj. 174. II. to grow to
gether, to close; var einart þak á húsinu ok ekki gr&oac
ute;it, a fresh thatch (of turf) and not yet set, Ld. 280; en um
morguninn var hann gróinn aptr sem áðr, the opening (in
a cairn) had grown together as before, Bárð. 180; ok æ
sem annarr grær (unites, joins to) við meginland, þ&aacut
e; kemr annarr hólmi í, Sks. 94; höfuð konungsins var gr&
oacute;it við bolinn, Nj. 275. 2. to be healed, of wounds; s&a
acute;r hans gréru seint, Korm. 130; tóku sár Þ&oacut
e;rólfs at gróa, Eg. 34; þat sár greri svá, at
..., Fs. 153; en hann lá lengi í sárum ok greri seint, ok
rifnuðu aptr þá er gróin vóru, Gullþ. 31: c
p. the saying, betra heilt en gróit, better hale than healed: abso
l., ok greyri þegar fyrir stúfinn, Nj. 275; grær fyrir tungustúfinn, Fms. v. 152; Íngólfr lá í sár
um vetr þenna, ok greri yfir at kalla, Ingolf's wounds were outwardly h
ealed, Fs. 67: mod. gen., gróinn sára sinna, healed of one'
s wounds, Fms. iv. 164, Grett, 82: the phrase, gróa um heilt, to b
e quite healed; þá skera þeir af grandit allt at um heilt
megi gróa, Al. 120: metaph. to be reconciled, at um heilt m&aelig
;tti gróa með þeim, Fms. xi. 57; héðan frá gr
eri aldrei um heilt með þeim Glúmi ok Esphælingum, Gl&uac
ute;m. 348.
<PAGE NUM="b0217">
<HEADER>GRÓA -- GRÚFA. 217</HEADER>
Gróa or Gró, f. a pr. name, Landn., cp. Edda 58 (the
giantess mother of Örvandil, Orion); cp. Swed. groda, Norse
gro = a toad, paddock,
gró-andi, f. the growing one, poët. the earth,

Alm. 11.
gróði, a, m. 1. = gróðr; þess vondr sk
yldi gróða taka, Post. 686 B. 13. 2. increase; þ&
aacute; skal gróði (swell, flood) koma bæði í
sjó ok vötn (vatna-vöxtr), Rb. 104: mod. usage distinguishes b
etween gróðr, growth, and gróði, gain, increase
of wealth. gróða-maðr, m. a prosperous, wealthy man
.
gróðr, m., gen. gróðrar, [Dan. afgröde;
Swed. gröda = crop], growth, a crop; þá
fundu þeir Góibeytla ok annan gróðr (vegetation),
Landn. 226; hverr maðr á gróðr á sínu landi
, Grág. ii. 291, cp. Jb. 248 C. (Ed. vöxt); en at miðjum vetri b
lóta til gróðrar, Hkr. i. 13; gróðrum ok græn
um grösum, Stj. 276: metaph., andlegs gróðrar, Hom. 45: summe
r, Edda (Gl.)
gróðr-samr (gróðrsam-ligr, Barl. 10), adj. fertile, Sks. 40, Ver. 2.
gróðr-setja, tt, to plant; g. víngarð, Stj.
344, Greg. 10, Mar. 12.
gróðr-vænligr, adj. healable, Fas. iii. 139.
GRÓF, f. [grafa; Ulf. grôba; Germ. grube], 
a pit, Nj. 153, Grett. 94; eld-gróf, an ash-pit, Eb. 99 (v.l.)
new Ed.; hnakka-gróf, the pit in the nape of the neck; hlj&oacute
;p hann síðan með reykinum í gróf (gröf?) nokk
ura ok hvíldi sik, ok er þat síðan köllut Ká
ra-gróf, Nj. 202.
grófr, adj. [from Germ. grob], coarse, of clothes, linen, (
mod. and rare.)
GRÓMR, m. (mod. gróm, n.), grime, dirt; metap
h. a blot, dirty spot; þá er menn hugðu at eið &thor
n;eim, þótti sem g. (blot) hefði í verit, Grett.
161 A. COMPDS: gróm-lauss, adj. spotless, single-hearted, G
reg. 19; heyrit ér hvat karlinn segir, eigi er hann grómlauss, 
he suspects something, Nj. 143. gróm-tekinn, part. soiled w
ith dirt, of linen or the like.
gróna, að, to become green, Bb. 1. 21.
gróp, f. a groove.
GRÓPA, að, to groove, a joiner's term.
gróska, u, f. [Germ. grüsch], a kind of barley,
Edda (Gl.)
grufl, n. grovelling.
GRUFLA, að, (gr&oelig;fla, Mar.), to grovel on all fours; J&oa
cute;nathas gruflaði heldr en gékk, Stj. 452. 1 Sam. xiv. 13; gruflar
hón af læknum, Ísl. ii. 340, Bs. i. 331, Pr. 412; Gr&iacute
;mr gruflar eptir knettinum, Fas. iii. 530: ganga gruflandi að e-u, to go
grovelling, groping after a thing.
grugg, n. mud, dregs. grugg-óttr, adj. muddy,
Fas. i. 142.
GRUNA, að, to suspect; þá mun Hrútr hl&ael
ig;ja, ok mun hann þá ekki gruna þik, Nj. 33; vera grunað
r um svik, Fms. i. 59; engi maðr frýr þér vits en meirr
ertú grunaðr um græsku, Sturl. i. 105; grunaðr var hann um
þat at hann mundi blóta mönnum, Fs. 28; Grettir grunaði ha
nn, G. trusted him not, Grett. 138 A; ætla ek at þeir hafi gr
unat mik, Lv. 8l; eigi skulu þér gruna oss, 656 C. 39; þ&aacu
te; var móðir grunað, Hom. 56; nú grunar hann þat at
þeir vili eigi heilar sáttir við hann, Grág. ii. 21; en
eigi gruna ek þat, þótt ..., Ísl. ii. 183; ætla
ek at þeir hafi grunat mik, Lv. 81; sem þú skalt eigi g., as thou shall not doubt, Fb. i. 34; ekki grunum vér (we doubt not
) íllvilja yðvarn, 412: en til þess at þú megi
r eigi gruna sögn mína hér um, Fms. i. 192; Þorkell tre
fill grunar nokkuð hvárt þannig mun farit hafa, Ld. 58. 2. impers., grunar mik enn sem fyrr, at ..., Eg. 76; nú em ek at raun kom
in um þat er mik hefir lengi grunat, Nj. 17; en hann grunaði þ&o
acute;, at ..., Ld. 306: with gen. of the thing, slíks grunaði mik, I suspected that, Lv. 81: with acc. of the thing, hvat grunar þik (what thinkest thou), hverr skóp Adam? Mirm.; grunar mik um (I d
oubt) hversu heilla-drjúgr hann verðr, Grett. 72 new Ed.
grunan, f. suspecting one, Lv. 21; (grununa, qs. grununina.)
grun-brusligr, adj. suspicious looking, ill-favoured, Finnb. 338 C
.
GRUND, f. [prob. to be derived from gróa, qs. gróandi, and
different in etymology from grunn and Engl. ground, etc.] :-- a green
field, grassy plain; á grundunni, Sd. 165; þar heitir Haugsnes
er bardaginn var ofan frá á grundinni, Sturl. iii. 84, Clar. 134;
nú setjask þeir niðr á grundina, Gísl. 107: po&eu
ml;t. the earth, the green earth, grund gróin grænum lauki,
Vsp. 4, Vþm. 16, Haustl. 15: the name of a farm, Grenfield, Sturl.,
Landn.
grunda, að, = gruna, to suspect, Gísl. 133. 2. [
Germ. ergründen], to meditate, (rare and mod. in that sense.)
grundan, f. meditation. Fas. iii. 247.
grundr, n. = grunr; in the phrase, grafa grund at e-u, to enquire into
a thing; því gref ek svá mikinn grund hverr þ&uac
ute; ert, Konr. (Fr.); hann lét mjök grund at grafa (Ed. gefa) um ep
tirleitina, Fas. iii. 300.
grund-valla, að, to found, Fms. i. 139, Mar. 12, Stj. 26, Fb.
i. 513.
grund-völlr, m. [cp. Goth. grunduvaddjus = GREEK; mid. H. G.
gruntwal; Dan. grundvold]: 1. prop. ground marked out fo
r a building, marka grundvöll til húss (kirkju), Ld. 298, Fms. i
. 203, Korm. 8, Sks. 110, Orkn. 286, Stj. 134. 2. metaph. ground-plan,
 Mar. 12; setja grundvöll Kristni sinnar, Hom. 147; tólf postula
r eru grundvöllr undir várri trú, Mar. 12; er lítill&a
elig;ti sannr grundvöllr undir öllum mannkostum, id.; Kristiliga tr&ua
cute; vera grundvöll ok upphaf góðra verka, Gþl. viii. (pr
ef.); þann grundvöll, er upphaf er allrar speki, Sks. 4; af þes
sum grundvöllum timbrask enar mestu höfuð-úgæfur, 26;
orð eðr erendi, er tekin eru af mannvits grundvelli, which are found
ed on good sense, 438; reisa hús af grundvelli, to raise a buildin
g from the ground, Fms. vi. 440. grundvallar-maðr, m. a founde
r, Anecd. 66.
grun-lauss, adj. unsuspecting; grunlaust æði, a guile
less mind, Ad. 2; eigi er mér þat grunlaust, I am not withou
t misgivings, Grett. 159 A, Fas. i. 129; trúa Guði grunlaust, 
to put one's trust in God, Ó. T. 37; vera grunlauss af e-u, to be
unsuspected, above suspicion, Mar.
GRUNN, n. [A. S. grund; Engl. ground; Germ. grund, w
hence mod. Swed.-Dan. grund] :-- a shallow, shoal; á grunn,
aground; en er þeir Erlendr vóru mjök svá komni
r at landi, þá réru þeir á grunn, Fms. i. 212;
skip Gregorii sveif upp á grunn; hann kom akkeri í skip þeir
ra ok dró þá af grunninu, vii. 264, 265; gengu skipin mikinn
út yfir grunnit, Ó. H. 17; ok er þeir komu út yfir g
runn öll, undu þeir segl, Grett. 94 A; standa grunn, to be aground
, Stj. 59, Grág. ii. 358; ganga á grunn, to come to an end (metaph.), Fms. xi. 439; silfr þat gekk aldri á grunn, Fæ
r.; fundning þessi reis af gömlu grunni villunnar, Karl. 548.
grunn-eygr, adj. goggle-eyed: mod. úteygðr, 'out-eye
d,' opp. to inneygðr, 'in-eyed,' Fms. ii. 20.
grunn-fall, n. a breaker on a shoal, Nj. 267, Eg. 405, Bs. i. 453,
ii. 50.
grunn-fastr, adj. fast aground, Bs. ii. 48.
grunn-firi, n. shoals left by the ebb tide, Nj. 124 (Lat. Ed.), v.
l.
grunn-færi, n. pl. anchor-tackle, a cable; draga upp g., 
to weigh anchor, Fms. ii. 17; þurfti hit mikla skip góðra
grunnfæra, vi. 310; skip þau er fest vóru með grunnfaerum
, x. 68.
grunn-hygginn, adj. shallow-minded, silly, Fas. ii. 337.
grunn-hyggni, f. silliness, Fas. ii. 354.
grunn-lauss, adj. boundless; grunnlaust grepps æði, a
boundless poetical mind, (or grunlaust, q.v.), Ad. 2.
grunn-lendi, n. a thin or shallow soil, Barl. 18.
grunn-mál, n. shallow soundings in the sea.
grunn-mið, n. pl. fish marks upon shoal places or near the
shore.
GRUNNR, m. [the Goth. form would be grundus; Ulf. afgrundi&thor
n;a = GREEK; akin to grunn, n.] :-- the bottom of sea or water; draga
e-n til grunns, to drag one to the bottom, Al. 174; fór öngu
llinn til grunns, Edda 36; langskipin sukku í grunn niðr, Anal. 203:
plur., síðan fór hann niðr til grunna, then he sank dow
n to the bottom, Bs. i. 355; en jafnskjótt er hann kom til grunna, id
.; niðr á grunnum í sjálfu sjávar-djúpinu
, Stj. 288; hann kafaði niðr til grunna, Eg. 142; sökkva til grunna
(metaph.), to come to naught, Symb. 19; segja menn at hann lysti af honu
m höfuðit við grunninum, Edda (Arna-Magn.) i. 170, is a false readi
ng instead of við hrönnunum (Ub.), cp. hlusta grunn við hrönnu
m, Hd. (Edda 54), of which poem the prose is a paraphrase.
grunnr, adj., compar. grynnri (gryðri), superl. grynnstr, [Swed.-Dan.
grund], shallow; vaðil-sund nokkut grunnt, Eg. 362; sög&
eth;u hafit baeði grunnt ok myrkt, Al. 170; gryðra, shallower, Bs
. i. 342; vatnföll tvau hvártki gryðra en tók í mi
ðja síðu, 349: metaph., standa grunnt, to be shallow; vin&
aacute;tta okkur stendr grunnt, Eg. 520; grunuðu at vinátta þei
rra mundi vera heldr grunn, Fms. xi. 108: in local names, Grunna-vík, f. whence Grunn-víkingr, m. a man from G., Landn.
grunn-slóðir, f. shoals.
grunn-stiglaðr, part. hard frozen, Fbr. 36: mod. botn-frosinn.
grunn-sæliga, adv. foolishly, Fms. vi. 295.
grunn-sæligr, adj. shallow-sighted, foolish, Hkr. iii. 112.
grunn-sær, adj. shallow-witted, foolish, Bjarn. 39; opp. to
djúpsær.
grunn-sævi, n. shallow water, Fas. ii. 316, Nj. 124, Fb. i.
539, 541.
grunnungr, m. [Germ. gründling; Ivar Aasen grunnung; f
rom grunnr] :-- a groundling, a fish that lives in shoal water, Edda (Gl.
); in mod. usage called þara-fiskr.
grunn-úðigr, adj. shallow-minded, Ísl. ii. 339.
grunn-úðligr, adj. thin-witted, Niðrst. 7.
grunn-ýðgi, f. shallowness, credulity, Fas. ii. 354, Am
. 70.
GRUNR, m., pl. ir, [the forms grundr (q.v.) and grunda (q.v.) seem to ind
icate a double final, viz. grunnr and grunna; as to the sense, suspicion
may be metaph. derived from a shoal or ground, and grunr may be ak
in to grunn, grunnr; else phrases such as grafa grun could scarcely be explained
: no special word answering to grunr appears in the Saxon or Germ.] :-- suspi
cion, Grág. i. 263, Ld. 262, Lv. 21, Fms. i. 58, ii. 87, x. 335, Hkr.
ii. 267: the phrase, grafa grun á um e-t, to 'dig the ground' for a t
hing, to suspect, Bs. i. 871.
grun-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), suspicious looking, Fms.
ii. 84, vii. 2; g. meðferð, Mar. 34.
grun-samr, adj. suspected; hafa e-n grunsaman, Fms. vi. 20.
grun-semð (-semi), f. suspicion, H. E. i. 506, Magn. 48

4, Orkn. 162, Bs. i. 871, Str. 8, 13. grunsemðar-lauss, adj. free
from suspicion, H. E. ii. 111.
grúa, ð, to swarm; in the phrase, það &uacute
;ir af grúir af e-u, it swarms and crowds.
GRÚFA, ð, [Swed. grufva; Ivar Aasen gruva; and m
etaph. the Dan. gru = horror, cp. Germ. gräulich = 
shocking] :-- to grovel, crouch or cower down, lie on one's face; hann grúfði at eldinum, Fs. 100; hann grúfir niðr at &
THORN;orgrími, Háv. 56; látum oss ei sem gyltur grúf
a, let us not grovel as swine, let us go upright, Bb. 3. 92; Dagon gr&uac
ute;fði á góln frammi fyrir örkinni, Stj. 435. 1 Sam. v.
3: denoting fear, to crouch, cower, heiðingjar allir hrökkvask s
aman, ok grúfa í skjöldu sína and cowered beneath
<PAGE NUM="b0218">
<HEADER>218 GRÚFA -- GRÖN.</HEADER>
their shields, Karl. 246; grúfa þeir niðr undir hj&aacut
e;lma sína ok brynjur, 188; tóku þeir at grúfa undir
hjálmum ok skjöldum, 296.
grúfa, u, f., in the phrase, á grúfu, to lie grov
elling, to lie face down, on one's belly; symja á grúfu, to
swim on one's belly, Sks. 177, Eg. 107, Fms. vii. 250, Fas. iii. 573, N. G.
L. i. 80, Stj. 435, v.l., Art. 73, opp. to opinn (mod. upp í lopt, fa
ce up); liggr á grúfu ok horfir upp nef, a riddle of a 'ladle;
' opinn eða á grúfu, Karl. 259. 2. [cp. gruvesten = hearth-stone, gruva = the hearth, chimney, and gruve-hynna = the chimney-corner, Ivar Aasen]: whence ös-grúi, an
ash-pit, Fas. i. (in a verse).
GRÚI, a, m. [grúa], a crowd, swarm, prob. akin to gr
úfa; metaph. from ants, insects, maggots, or the like: in compds, mann-gr
úi, a crowd of men.
grútr, m., gen. ar, thick gruel-like oil.
grybba, u, f. an ugly hag: grybbuligr, adj.
gryfja, u, f. a hole, pit, Stud. i. 83 C, Þorst. Sí&e
th;u H. 176.
grylla, t, to see dimly, as through a cloud, það gryllir
til lands: impers. to recollect dimly, mig gryllir til pess.
grynna, t, [grunnr], impers. to become shallow; grynnir dalinn (ac
c.), the dale became shallow, less deep, in advancing higher up in a dale
, Bárð. 173: reflex., id., Bs. i. 355; þá er gryn
ntisk yfir at landinu, Fms. viii. 170: metaph., kostr okkarr grynnisk, Bs. ii. 1
33: in mod. usage freq. act. and absol., það grynnir, fer að grynn
a.
grynningar, f. pl. shoals, shallows, Sks. 224.
grýfa, ð, = grúfa, Fms. viii. 332.

grýfi-liga, adv. [grúfa; Germ. gräulich; Dan. gruelig; Swed. grulig; Ivar Aasen gruvaleg] :-- prop. '
grovellingly,' metaph. shockingly, Fb. ii. 26.
grýja, ð, [Swed. grya; Dan. grye = to dawn], to dawn: in Icel. the verb grýja is not used, but can be suppo
sed from the following grýjandi; cp. the Germ. der tag graut, G&ou
ml;the's Faust.
grýj-andi, f. [Dan. gry = dawn; Swed. gryning
], dawn, the first grey of daylight; í grýjandina,
in the grey of morning, an GREEK, Fms. (Sverr. S.) pref. xxii. to p. 398.
GRÝLA, u, f. an ogre, answering to the Gr. GREEK, Lat. l
amia, used to frighten children with, represented as an old hag with a bag k
idnapping and devouring naughty children -- over the good she has no power: the
songs Grýlu-kvæði, n. (vide Snót 286-298, 2nd Ed.
), are great favourites in popular lore: in olden times grýla was sometim
es described as a fox with many tails; the fox is in Edda (Gl.) called gr&yacute
;la; a giantess also in Edda (Gl.) is so called; cp. the rhymes in Sturl. ii. 59
, -- hér fer Grýla í garð ofan | ok hefir á s&e
acute;r hala fimtán; and the mod., -- Grýla reið fyrir ofan g
arð, hafði hala fimtán | en í hverjum hala hundrað bel
gi, en í hverjum belgi börn tuttugu, etc. II. a bugbear; ekki hirði ek um grýlur yðrar, Þórð. 26 new
Ed.; þótti þeir hafa gört sér grýlur um su
marit, Sturl. iii. 244; hví mun ek eigi fara hina skemri leiðina ok h
ræðask ekki grýlur Bruna, Fas. ii. 118; kölluðu menn &
thorn;ví enn fyrra hlut (of a book) grýlu, at margir tölu&eth
;u at þá efnaðisk nokkurr ótti eðr hræðsla
, ... en mundi skjótt niðr falla ok at alls engu verða, Fb. ii. 5
34. For the mod. popular tales of Grýla see esp. Ísl. Þj&oac
ute;ðs. i. 218-221.
GRÝTA, tt, [grjót], to stone; g. e-n, to stone on
e to death, Landn. 236, Fms. v. 222, vi. 408, Stj. 256; g. at e-m, á
e-n, to pelt one with stones, Fs. 36, 37, Eg. 581, Fms. i. 218, vii. 82,
Hðm. 26, Stj. 402.
grýta, u, f. [grjót; Dan. gryde; Swed. gryta]
, a pot (earthen), Stj. 317, Fms. vii. 232; the MS. Gloss. 1812 renders t
he Lat. olla by grýta. grytu-ker, n. = grýta, Greg.
34, Hom. 83.
grýting, f. a pelting with stones, stoning, 415. 13, Mar. 1
7.
grýttr, adj. stony, Hrafn. 4.
græð, f. [grár], malice, Sturl. ii. 178.
GRÆÐA, dd, [gróðr]: I. to make grow, to pl
ant, Barl. 99; græða tönnina í hundinn, Bs. ii. 148: to produce, jörð sú er græddi þorna ok þ
istla, Eluc. 45; marga mjök góða hluti græðir heimr sj
á til várra nytja, 677. 11. 2. to gain, make money;
hann græddi þar brátt mikit fé, Ld. 100, 102, Band. 1,
Grett. 61 new Ed.; þá græddi hann fé, Landn. 141. 
3. reflex. to increase; Guð lét alla hans eigu mikilliga g
ræðask, Stj. 198; græddisk heldr vindrinn, the wind increased
, Grett. 113 new Ed.; hafði mikit á græðsk (the mone
y had much increased) meðan hann var í brottu, Nj. 10, Fs. 131:
in mod. usage also absol., græða, to make money: a dairy term,
græða and græða sik, to give more milk; or adding the
measure, hón (the cow) hefir grætt mörk. II. to hea
l; konungr lét g. menn sína er lífs var auðit, Eg.
34; g. sjúka, Post. 686 B. 1, Niðrst. 2; síðan grædd
i Þórðr Bersa, Korm. 132, Fms. viii. 120, x. 263: reflex. to
be healed, Greg. 15: græðandi, part. healable, Fms.
viii. 120.
græð-ari, a, m. a healer, saviour, Fms. iii. 166, x. 374
, Hom. 36, 52, Mar. 2, Stj. 144, 241.
græðgi, f. greediness, gluttony, Stj. 161.
græði-fingr, m. the leech-finger, digitus medicus.
græði-ligr, adj. healable, Bs. ii. 182.
græðing, f. growth, Hom. 24: a healing, cure, Gre
g. 20, 45, H. E. i. 476; ný-græðingr, the green crop in
the spring.
græði-súra, u, f., botan. the plantain, plantago.
græðsla, u, f. cure, healing, Grett. 73.
græfr, adj. [grafa], fit to be buried (according to the eccl
. law), K. Á. 48; kirkju-græfr, having a right to burial at a ch
urch.
græna, d, to paint green, N. G. L. i. 104.
græn-fáinn, part. green-stained, Sks. 188 C.
græn-gola, að, to be yellow-green, of deep water; gr&ael
ig;ngolandi hylr.
grænka, að, to make green, Lex. Poët.: to become
green, freq.
græn-leikr, m. greenness, verdure, Orkn. 172.
Græn-lendskr, adj. of or belonging to Greenland; vide
Grænn.
græn-ligr, adj. greenish, Sks. 499.
GRÆNN (i.e. gr&oelig;nn), adj. [not recorded in Ulf., as Luk
e xxiii. 31 and Mark vi. 39 are lost; A. S. grêne; Engl. green; Hel. grôni; O. H. G. kruoni; Genn. grün; Swe
d.-Dan. grön; derived from gróa, to grow] :-- gree
n, of verdure; grænn laukr, a green leech, Vsp. 4; er haugr han
s ávallt grænn vetr ok sumar, Landn. 86; græn jörð o
k fögr, Edda 44; grænt sumar, a green summer, Anal. 217; gr&ae
lig;nir dalar, green dales, Karl. 266; grænt klæði, H. E.
i. 492; grænn sem sjór, Rb. 354. 2. fresh; græ
nt kjöt, fresh meat, Stj. 493; grænn fiskr, fresh fish,

Þiðr. 70, Bs. ii. 144. II. metaph. green, hopeful, good; þá er hóf at, ok væntum at nokkut grænt mun fy
rir liggja, then it is well, and let us hope that some green spot may lie ahe
ad, Fs. 24; sá mun nú grænstr (the most hopeful choic
e) at segja satt, Finnb. 226; flyt þú mik aptr til eyjar minnar
, ok mun sá grænstr, and that will be the best thou canst do, 258; þeir leitaðu brott, síðan þeir sá engan
annan grænna, Karl. 212. III. in local names, Græna-land,
 n. the green land, Greenland, Íb. ch. 6, whence Græn
-lendingar, m. pl. Greenlanders, i.e. the Norse or Icel. settlers; bu
t in mod. usage the Esquimaux, who only came into Greenland about the 14t
h century: Græn-lenzkr, adj. of Greenland; Atlamál hi
n Grænlenzku, Atlakviða hin Grænlenzka, the names of two poems,
prob. from their being composed in Greenland; the name is not to be derived from
the Norse county Grenland, as the old writers make a strict distinction,
using the adjective Grenskr of the Norse county.
grænska, u, f. verdure, Stj. 29.
græn-tó, f. a green spot, Gísl. 158.
græn-tyrfa, ð, to cover with green turf, Þjal. 36.
græska, u, f. [grár], malice, Sturl. i. 105, v.l.; Si
ghvatr tók undir í gamni, ok með nokkurri svá græ
sku (mockingly), ii. 178. græsku-lauss, adj. without mali
ce: in the phrase, græskulaust gaman, a sport without malice.
GRÆTA, tt, [grátr], to make one ' greit' or weep,
distress one, Fas. ii. 174, Stj. 323; þú lézt græt
ta Gunnlöðu, Hm. 110; grættr, grieved, Sl. 26.
græti, n. pl. tears, sorrow, Hðm. 1, Skv. 3. 61, Gkv. 2.
10.
græti-liga, adv. sadly.
GRÖF, f., gen. grafar, [Ulf. graba = GREEK, Luke xix. 43], a pit, hole dug; settr í gröf, put into a pit, Gr&aacute
;g. ii. 131; þar var undir gröf djúp, Eg. 234; íllvirkj
a gröf, a den of thieves, Greg. 40. Matth. xxi. 13; ór hellum
ok gröfum, 623. 58: in the saying, sér grefr gröf þ&oacu
te; grafi, Sams. 19, Kveldv. ii. 193; ef blindr leiðir blindan þ&aacut
e; falla þeir báðir í gröfina, Matth. xv. 14: a
charcoal pit, Grág. ii. 297; kola-gröf, a coal pit, peat pit,
 Vm. 156; mó-gröf, torf-gröf; grafar-görð, burn
ing charcoal, Grág. ii. 298, Jb. 239, Dipl. v. 3; grafar-menn, pit
men, Hkr. ii. 249: freq. as a local name, Gröf and Grafir, prob. from c
harcoal pits. grafar-lækr, m. a brook which has dug itself a dee
p bed, a hollow brook, Sturl. iii. 257. II. [Engl. grave; Ger
m. grabe; Dan. grav; Swed. graf], a grave, Ld. 286,
and in numberless instances. grafar-bakki, a, m. and grafar-barmr,
m. the verge of the grave: in the phrase, vera kominn á grafar-ba
kkann, to stand on the edge of the grave.
gröftr (and gröptr less correctly), m., gen. graftar, da
t. grefti, the mod. with radical r in gen. and dat. graftrar, greftri, bu
t acc. gröft (never gröftr); the ancients use both forms, graftrar, Eb
. 176, Fms. vii. 174, viii. 236, x. 175, xi. 17; greftri, vi. 401; grefti, viii.
236, ix. 4; greftar, N. G. L. i. 345, 347, 368: [A. S. gräft] :-- a digging; fauska-g., Landn. 303: engraving, Stj. 45. 2. 
burial, Hom. 97, K. Þ. K. 24, passim (vide above): a tomb, Fms.
xi. 307. COMPDS: graftar-dagr, n. a burial day, 625. 194. graf
tar-kirkja, u, f. a church with a burying-ground, K. Þ. K. 24,
Grág. i. 464, H. E. i. 474, N. G. L. i. 345. graftar-reitr, m. 
a burial-place, Stj. 134. graftar-staðr, m. id., Stj. 421,
N. G. L. i. 368. graftar-tíð, f. burial time, 1812. 48
. II. medic. matter (of a sore); whence graftar-kyli, n. a running sore; graftar-nagli, a, m. the core in a boil.
GRÖN, f., gen. granar, [mid. H. G. gran], the moustache; skegg heitir barð, grön eðr kanpar, Edda 109; lítt&uacute
; á ljúfan, legg þú munn við grön, Gkv. 1. 1
3; hann var ungligr maðr svá at honum var ekki grön sprottin, Ld
. 272; láttu grön sía, sonr, sip, sift it through the bear
d, my son, Edda 148: in the phrase, e-m bregðr vá fyrir grön
, a danger passes one's beard, i.e. one is startled, alarmed, Fms
. viii. 350, 417, Grett. 165 new Ed.; ek læt ýring skýra um
grön, I sift the drink through my beard, Eg. (in a verse); ef ma&eth
;r höggr nef af manni, ... en ef svá er at grön fylgir, N. G. L
. i. 171; kápu þeirri er gör var af grön jöfra, t
he cap which was made of kings' beards, Fas. i. 284, cp. the tale in Tristr.
S.; komað vín á grön mína, wine never wetted m
y beard, Þorf. Karls. 418: it is used in plur. denoting the beard of t
he upper and lower lips: in the saying, nú er eg svo gamall sem á
grönum má sjá, in the nursery tale of the changeling, answeri
ng to the Germ. 'nun bin ich so alt wie der Westerwald,' see Grimm's Märche
n: the phrase, bregða grönum, to draw back the lips, grin, so as
to shew
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<HEADER>GRÖN -- GUÐSPJALL. 219</HEADER>
the teeth, Nj. 199; cp. granbragð. 2. esp. in plur. the lips of a
cow or bull; Egill hljóp þar til er blótneyti&et
h; stóð, greip annarri hendi í granarnar en annarri í h
ornið, Eg. 508; Europa klappar um granar hans (of Jove in the shape of a bul
l), Bret. 12. grana-hár, n. the whiskers of cats and other
beasts, Edda 73 (of an otter); in this sense still in use: of a beak, ben
más granar, Höfuðl.
GRÖN, f., gen. granar, [Dan.-Swed. gran; Ivar Aasen gron], a pine-tree; hæri en grön er vex á hæsta fja
lli, Hom. 152.
grön-sprettingr, m. = gransprettingr, Clem. 30, Róm. 308.
grösugr, adj. grassy, Hrafn. 27, Stj. 325.
gubba, að, (gubb, n.), to vomit.
GUÐ, m.; the plur. used to render the Lat. dii is guðir; [
for etymology and changes of this word see p. 207] :-- God.
A. Though the primitive form Goð rhymes with boð (bidding)
, stoð (help), and many other words, the second form Guð rhymes
with no single word, so that in hymns the poets are wont to use incomplete rhyme
s, as brauð (bread), nauð (need); and exact rhymes can onl

y be obtained by the last syllables of derivatives, e.g. Iðranin blí&
eth;kar aptur Guð | ei verður syndin tilreiknuð, Pass.
40. 4; or Upphaf alls mesta ófögnuðs | áklög
un ströng og reiði Guðs, 3. 14; Svo er nú syndin inns
igluð | iðrandi sála kvitt við Guð, 50. 14;
but these rhyme-syllables can only occur in trisyllabic words (Gramm. p. xv) :- the following are examples of incomplete rhymes, Vinir þér enga v
eittu stoð | svo vinskap fengi eg við sannan Guð, Pass
. 3. 7; Föðurlegt hjarta hefir Guð | við hvern sem l&iac
ute;ðr kross og nauð, 3. 16; Herra minn þú varst hul
inn Guð | þá hæðni leiðst og krossins n
auð, 40. 16; as also in the hymn, Til þín Heilagi Herra 
Guð | hef eg lypt sálu minni | af hug og hjarta í hverri neyð | hjástoð treystandi þinni, Hólabó
k 108, rendering of Ps. xxv; Luther's hymn, Ein feste burg ist unser Gott, is in
the Icel. rendering, Óvinnanlig borg er vor Guð | ág&a
elig;ta skjöldr og verja | hann frelsar oss af allri nauð, H&oac
ute;labók 182; Fyrir valtan veraldar auð | set þí
na trú á sannan Guð | sem allt skapaði fyrir sitt boð, 208 (in Hans Sachs' hymn); hugsjúkir eta harma brau&eth
; | hollari fæðu gefr Guð | sér ljúfum &t
horn;á þeir sofa, 124, Ps. cxxvii. 2.
B. PHRASES :-- Guðs ást, Guðs elska, the love of God; Guðs gata, the way of God, 625. 87; Guðs gæðska, Gu&
eth;s náð, the grace, goodness of God; Guðs miskunn, Gu&et
h;s mildi, the mercy of God; Guðs ótti, the fear of God; Guðs gjöf, God's gift; Guði friðr, the peace of God
; Guðs hús, the house of God; Guðs musteri, the tem
ple of God; Guðs orð, the word of God; and in popular usage,
Guðsorða-bók, 'God's word-book,' i.e. a religious book,
 not only of the Bible, but generally of hymns, sermons, etc., opp. to histo
rical or secular books, sögu-bækr; Guðs maðr, a man of God
, Stj. passim; Guðs ríki, the kingdom of God; Guðs Kr
istni, the Church of God, 625. 82; Guðs vin, God's friend, Fms
. i. 139; Guðs þjónn, God's servant; Guðs þr&a
elig;ll, the thrall of God, Greg. 54, Bs. i. 638; Guðs Sonr, the S
on of God; Guðs trú, faith in God; Guðs þj&oacu
te;nusta, Divine service (in Papal times the mass), K. Á. 3
6; of the sacrament, Bs. i. 638; Guðs akr, Germ. Gottes acker, 'Go
d's acre,' a churchyard; Guðs kista, God's chest, the temple-treasury
, Mark xii. 41; Guðs líkami = Corpus Domini, K. Á.
38; Guðs móðir, God's mother (the Virgin Mary) :-- in Papa
l times, Guðs eign, God's property = church glebes; Guðs l
ög, God's law, i.e. the ecclesiastical law, as opp. to lands
lög, the law of the land, i.e. the secular or civil law, K. Á. ch. 9, (for an interesting note upon this subject vide H. E. i.
133, note b); Guðs réttr, God's right, i.e. ecclesiastical
right, Fms. vii. 305; Guðs þakkir, 'God's thanks,' charity,
Grág. i. 222, K. Þ. K. 142, Hom. 34; whence the popular contracted
form gustuk, a charity, pittance, in such phrases as, það er e
kki gustuk, 'tis no charity, 'tis a pity, e.g. of dealing harshly with th
e poor; gustuka-verk, a work of charity; göra e-t í gustuka s
kyni, to do a thing as a charity: in former times the phrases Guðs &t
horn;akkir and sálu-gjafir (soul's gifts) were synonymous, includi
ng not only gifts to churches, clergy, and the poor, but also the building of br
idges, erecting hostelries, especially in desert places, and the like, whence th
e words, sælu-brú, soul's bridge; sælu-hús, soul's house. 2. in Icel. many sayings referring to the name of God
are still household words, e.g. in entering a house, as a greeting, hér s

é Guð, God be here! (from Luke x. 5): in returning thanks, Gu&
eth;s ást, God's love! Guð laun or Guð laun' fyrir mig, God's reward! Germ. vergelt's Gott! or gefið þið &iacu
te; Guðs friði! to which the reply is, Guð blessi þig, God
bless thee ! (which is also the answer to a greeting or to thanks); Guðs
friði! or vertu í Guðs friði, be in God's peace! is t
he usual farewell; and the answer is, Guð veri með þér, 
God be with thee! Guð hjálpi þér, God help thee! Germ. helf Gott! Engl. God bless you! (to one sneezing); Gu&et
h; varðveiti þig, God ward thee! (to one playing with dangerous
things); biddu Guð fyrir þér! (denoting wonder), pray God! gáðu að Guði, heed God! take heed! fyrir Guðs
skuld, for God's sake! ef Guð lofar, proncd. as one word (ef-guðl
ogar, changing f into g), God willing, a common phrase when
speaking of plans for the future, eg skal koma á morgun, ef-guðlogar
, I will come to-morrow, God willing (from James iv. 13-15), occurs in Sk
álda (Thorodd) 165, as also, ef Guð vill, if God will (less fr
eq.); Guði sé lof, God be praised! Guð gæfi, God
grant! Guðs mildi, by God's grace; það var mesta Gu&et
h;s mildi hann slasaði sig ekki; Guð gefi þér gó&et
h;an dag, Guð gefi þér góðar nætr, whence abbr
eviated góðan dag, good day; góðar nætr, g
ood night: the sayings, sá er ekki einn sem Guð er með; and &
thorn;ann má ekki kefja sem Guð vill hefja, Fb. iii. 408; eitthva&eth
; þeim til líknar legst, sem ljúfr Guð vill bjarga.
guða, að, to shout 'God;' in Icel. it is the custom for a
stranger arriving at a house at night after 'day-set' (dagsetr, q.v.), instead o
f knocking at the door, to climb to the louvre and shout, hér sé G
uð, God be here! this is called að guða; the dialogue is well
given in a ditty of Stefán Ólafsson, Hott, hott og hæ! H&ea
cute;r sé Guð í bæ! sælt fólkið allt! m
ér er sárkalt. -- Svöruðu heima-hjú, Hvað heit
ir þú? -- Eg heiti Jón, Jóhanns þjón, et
c.; or in another ditty, Her sé Guð á góðum b&aelig
; | gestr er á ljóra | andsvörin eg engin fæ | ekki vak
nar Þóra; or Guðað er nú á glugga | gó
ðvinr kominn er, Jónas 119.
guð-blíðr, adj. godlike, of the sun, Edda (in a ver
se): of Christ, Lb. 24.
guðdóm-liga, adv. divinely, Karl. 341, passim.
guðdóm-ligr, adj. godlike, divine, Sks. 601, passim.
Guð-dómr, m. Godhead, Divinity, Rb. 338, Gþl. 40,
Fagrsk. 11, Clem. 54. COMPDS: Guðdóms-afl, n. godlike, div
ine power, Hom. 66. Guðdóms-kraptr, m., id., &Iacut
e;sl. i. 386, Mar. 5. Guðdóms-sól, f. the sun of the
Godhead, Hom. 47. Guðdóms-veldi (-vald), n. th
e kingdom of God, Mar.
guð-dóttir, f. a god-daughter, K. Á. 216.
Guð-Dróttinn, m. God the Lord, Grág. ii. 167, Ma
r. 613, Sighvat.
guð-faðir, m. [A. S. godfæder], a godfather,
Fs. 96, Hallfred.

guð-feðgin, n. pl. god-parents.
guð-fjón, f. ungodliness, Orkn. (in a verse).
guð-fræði, f. theology, divinity, guð-fr&aeli
g;ðingr, m. a theologian.
guð-gefinn, part. given by God, inspired, Bs. ii. 179.
guð-gjöf, f. a gift of God, Mar.
guð-hræddr, adj. God-fearing, Fbr. 89, Bs. i. passim, Fm
s. xi. 221, Barl. 32.
guð-hræðsla, u, f. fear of God, Fms. iii. 168, Rb. 8
0, Sks. 477, Mar. 484, passim. guðhræðslu-leysi, n. cont
empt of God, Mar. 472.
guð-lasta, að, [Germ. Gott lästern], to blaspheme,
 Bs. i. 16, Mar. 39, Stj. 320, Fb. i. 371.
guð-lastan, f. blasphemy, 625. 49, Bs. i. 10, 450, Stj. 14.
guð-latr, adj. ungodly, Bs. ii. 160.
guð-lauss, adj. godless, reckless, cruel.
guð-leiðr, adj. God-forsaken, Lex. Poët.
guð-leti, f. godlessness, impiety, Stj. 51.
guð-leysi, n. godlessness, recklessness, cruelty, Fms. ii. 162
.
guð-liga, adv. after a godly sort, Stj. 250 passim: christi
an-like.
guð-ligr, adj. godlike, divine, Sks. 559, Stj. 45, 189, Bs. pa
ssim; ó-guðligr, ungodly.
guð-móðir, f. a godmother, K. Á. 216.
guð-mæli, n. Divine saying, word of God, Sl. 47.
guð-níðingr, m. a traitor to God, a renegade, Nj. 2
72, Fms. i. 84, viii. 308, xi. 41, 274, Fs. 173; e.g. Julian the Apostate is ren
dered by Julianus Guðníðingr. guðníðings-skapr,
 m. apostacy, Fms. iii. 89.
guð-réttligr, adj. 'God-right,' righteous, Fms. v. 219,
viii. 258, xi. 279.
guð-rifl, n. wickedness, Sks.
guð-rúnar, f. pl., poët. the doom of the gods, G&i
acute;sl. (in a verse).
guðræki-liga, adv. recklessly, Mar. 561.
guðræki-ligr, adj. [reka], driving God away, ungodly, wicked

; g. glæpr, Stj. 385. Judges xx. 13, Mar. 147.
guð-rækinn (qs. guð-r&oelig;kinn, from r&oelig;kja), adj. God-serving, pious.
guðrækni, f. piety, freq. in mod. usage. UNCERTAIN Neith
er of the two words is recorded in old writers; on the other hand, in mod. usage
guðrækilegr = wicked is disused, to avoid a painful ambiguity.
guð-rækr, adj. wicked; guðrækir menn, 623. 30;
g. glæpamaðr, Mar. 431: g. manndrápari, 434; enn kunngi ok enn
goðræki, 623. 11.
guð-sefi, a, m. a gossip, godfather, N. G. L. i. 392, Str. 15.
guð-sifja, adj. god-relatives; guðsifja þrír
eigu ór dómi at rísa, Grág. (Kb.) i. 47; but guð
sifjar, 158.
guð-sifja, u, f. a female gossip, godmother, N. G. L. i. 16, 3
50.
guð-sifjar, f. pl. [A. S. godsebi, whence Engl. gossip;
O. H. G. gotsip; eccl. Lat. cognatio spiritualis] :-- sponsors
hip; veita e-m guðsifjar, eiga, göra g. við e-n, Grág. i
. 50, N. G. L. i. 16, 350, Nj. 235, Fms. i. 130, Fs. 115, Hkr. i. 220. gu&eth
;sifja-spell, n. incestuous connection of god-relatives, Fr.
guð-sifjask, að, dep. to enter into sponsorship with one,
N. G. L. i. 426.
guð-skírsl, n. ordeal, N. G. L. i. 211.
guð-spjall, n., the form goðspill, Greg. 24; guðspillu
m, 656 A. i. 10: [A. S. godspell; Engl. gospel, i.e. gô&e
th; spell, a translation of the Gr. GREEK; Ormul. godd-spell -- godds
pell onn Ennglissh nemmnedd iss god (i.e. good) word and god tiþennde, god
errnde ... goddspell annd forrþi ma&yogh;&yogh; itt wel, god errnde ben &
yogh;ehatenn, Introd. 157 sqq.; (the form godd-spell, not godspell, shews that a
t the time of the Ormulum the root vowel had become short in Engl. pronunciation
.) The word was in Icel. borrowed from English missionaries, and Icel. remains t
he only Scandin. country where the Evangel is called Gospel; Danes, Swedes, and
Norsemen, as well as Germans, use the Greek word. The true etymological sense, h
owever, was lost, probably because the root vowel had
<PAGE NUM="b0220">
<HEADER>220 GUÐSPJALLABOK -- GULLSMIÐR.</HEADER>
become short in Engl. by the time that the word was transplanted to Icel., so th
at guðspjall was understood to mean not good spell, but God's spel
l]: -- gospel; í þann tima er lokið var guðspja
lli, Ó. H. 119 (the gospel in the service-book); pistlar ok guðspj&ou
ml;ll, epistles and gospels, Vm. 1; með tíu laga boðor&eth
;um ok fjórum guðspjöllum, Mar. 13. COMPDS: guðspjalla-b&
oacute;k, f. [Ormul. goddspellboc], a 'gospel-book,' evangelistari
um, Vm. 6, 7, Dipl. v. 18, K. Á. 88, Mar. 1 passim, Barl. 31. gu&
eth;spjalls-kross, m. 'gospel-cross,' Vm. 66, 73, 109. guðspja

lla-lektari, a, m. a 'gospel-stand,' lectern, Vm. 108. guðspja
lla-maðr, m. a 'gospel-man,' an evangelist, Stj. 144, Barl. 49, S
ks. 562; at frásögn Mathias (Johannes, Markus, Lukas) guðspjalla
manns, Mar. 1; still used so in Icel. guðspjalla-saga, u, f. the g
ospel history. guðspjalls-historia, u, f. id., Pass. 11. guðspjalla-skáld, n. a 'gospel-poet,' evangelist, Clem.
52; Johannes Postuli guðspjallaskáld, Johann. 11; (this word is not u
sed.)
guð-spjallari, a, m. a gospeller, evangelist, Játv. 18.
guðspjall-ligr, adj. evangelical, Hom. 39, 655 vii. 2, Bs. ii.
91; guðspjallig kenning, Skálda 210.
guð-vefr, m., old form goðvefr, [A. S. godweb; O. H. G. cotaweppi and gotoweppi] :-- good or costly weaving, i
.e. velvet; ok góðbornir smugu í goðvefi, Hðm.
17; gulli ok guðvefjum, Ghv. 16; purpura ok tvílitaðan guðvef
, Stj. 307. Exod. xxv. 4 (purple and scarlet); eina festi af guðvef, funi
culus coccineus, 351. Josh. ii. 15; kantara-kápa af guðvef, Vm. 6
8; tvö pells altaris-klæði ok hit þriðja hvers-dagligt
með guðvef, 80; skikkju nýskorna af hinum dýrasta guðv
ef, Fms. vi. 52; silki ok pell ok guðvef, xi. 385; vefa guðvef, iii. 178
; á dúni ok á guðvefi, x. 379; var kistan sveipð pe
lli ok tjaldat allt guðvefjum, Ó. H. 229; guðvefr. of a cloak lin
ed with grey fur, Rekst. 30. COMPDS: guðvefjar-hökull, m. a c
ape of velvet, Vm. 93. guðvefjar-klæði, n. a suit of
clothes of g., Ld. 28, Fas. ii. 528. guðvefjar-kyrtill, m. a
kirtle of g., Fms. v. 160, Fas. ii. 97. guðvefjar-möttull, m
. a mantle of g., Stj. 355. Josh. vii. 21 (a goodly garment). g
uðvefjar-pell, n. a pallet of g., Fms. v. 274, vi. 2, Fas. i. 274
, Karl. 470. guðvefjar-poki, a, m. a bag of g., Ld. 188. gu
ðvefjar-skikkja, u, f. a kirtle of g.; þá skal d&oac
ute;ttir taka í arf móður sinnar ef bróðir lifir, k
læði öll nema guðvefjar-skikkjur ok ó-skorin klæ
ði öll, þat á bróðir, N. G. L. i. 210, Stj. 363
, Fms. vi. 186. guðvefjar-taug, f. a cord of g., funiculus
coccineus of the Vulgate, Stj. 377.
GUFA, u, f. [gov and gova, Ivar Aasen; Scot. gow], vapour, steam; þeir leggja eld í viðinn, en þeir va
kna við gufuna er inni eru, Fas. i. 135; annarr reykr stóð &iacut
e; lopt upp við annan, ok svá mikil gufa varð af þeim &oacu
te;kyrrleik, að varla sá þá hæstu turna borgarinna
r, Konr. 35: as a nickname, Landn.: in local names, Gufu-nes, Gufu-dalr, Gufu
-skálar, prob. from the steam of hot wells; in mod. usage also, gu
fu-skip, -bátr, m. a steam-boat, -maskína, -v&eacute
;l, f. a steam-engine. 2. metaph. a slow fellow, a gow,
creeping about like a mist, hann er mesta gufa.
gugginn, part. quailing.
gugna, að, to quail, Sturl. i. 2, Fas. ii. 59.
GULA, u, f. yellowness, medic. jaundice, and gulu-s&oacu
te;tt, f. id., Fms. xi. 202.
gula (gola), u, f. a fair breeze, metaph. opportunity, Al. 99.
Gula, n. and Guley, f. a local name in central Norway (Sogn): G

ula-þing, n. the parliament in Gula; Gulaþings-b&oacut
e;k, f. the code of laws for Gula; Gulaþings-lög, n
. pl. the law of Gula, N. G. L., Eg. ch. 57, Fms. passim; Gulaþi
ngs-menn, m. the men of Gula; Gulaþing-staðr, m. 
the place of G., Gþl. 6.
gul-brúnaðr, adj. yellow-brown, Þiðr. 181.
gul-grár, adj. yellow-grey, Ld. 272.
gul-grænn, adj. yellow-green, Ld. 272.
GULL, n., in the oldest MSS. spelt goll, Eluc., Hom., and this is
the rhyming sound in old poets; hollan, golli, Sighvat; fingr-g
oll, trollum, Kormak; golls and þolli, id.: [Ulf. gul
þ; A. S., Engl., Germ. gold; Dan. guld; Swed. and Norse
gull] :-- gold; var hár hans golli keypt, Eluc. 48; &oacute
;r silfri eða ór golli, Hom. 138, Al. 116; it gjalla gull, Fm. 20, Vs
p. 8: gold as payment, told by weight, Fms. i. 15, ii. 76, vii. 235, xi.
77; rautt gull, red gold; bleikt gull, yellow gold, v. 346; gull b
rennt, refined gold, Dipl. iii. 4; skírt gull, hreint gull, pur
e gold, Stj. 563: allit., gull ok gimsteina, Al. 170, Bs. i. 134; gull ok ge
rsemar (freq.); in the saying, það er ekki allt gull sem glóir,
'tis not all gold that glitters: gulls-litr, m. gold colour, Fms. vi. 143, Magn. 514 :-- as to the value or course of gold, átta me
rkr gangsilfrs er mörk gulls, þrem tigum sinna skal blásilfr v
ega móti gulli, tíu sinnum skírt silfr móti gulli, 7
32. 16, Fs. 8-10, passim: metaph., grípa gulli á við e-n (vide
grípa) := fingr-gull, Ulf. fingra-golþ, a finger ring, Stj
. 254, Bs. i. 877, Nj. 16, 146 :-- in plur. jewels, pretiosa, cp. gull-h&
uacute;s, a jewel chest, Sturl. ii. 108: barna-gull, playthings :- in metaph. phrases, mikit gull ertu, what a jewel thou art! COMPDS: 
gull-aldr, m. the golden age, Edda 9. gull-ari, a, m. the b
anner of Charlemagne, Karl. passim. gull-auðigr, adj. rich in
gold, Edda 49, Fms. vii. 145, 146, Fas. iii. 284, Clar. 130. gull-auð
r, m. wealth in gold, Fms. vii. 145. gull-augu, n. pl. gold
en eyes, Fas. iii. 384 (in the tale of the giant, similar to the Greek tale
of Polyphemus). gull-band, n. a golden head-band, Lv. 21, Edda 21,
Ísl. ii. 206. gull-baugr, m. a gold ring, Edda 72, 75, Gul
lþ. 23, Fas. iii. 44. gull-beinar, m. pl. gold-legs, a nickn
ame from wearing gold lace, Orkn. 418 old Ed. gull-berg, n. a gold min
e, Stj. 85. gull-beri, a, m. gold-bearer, a nickname, Landn.;
or perh. = goldkind in the German tales (?). gull-bitlaðr part
. gold-bitted (a horse), Hkv. i. 41. gull-bitull, m. a bit of g
old, Hkv. 2. 34. gull-bjartr, adj. bright as gold, Hbl. 30. gull-borði, a, m. gold lace, Vm. 21. gull-bóka, a&
eth;, to embroider in gold, Gkv. 2. 14. gull-bóla, u, f. a gold boss, Konr. 57: golden bull, bulla aurea, Fms. viii. 301. 
gull-brá f. gold-brow, nickname of a lady-love. Gullbr&aacu
te;r-skáld, n. the poet of Gullbrá, a nickname, Fms. gull-brynja, u, f. a golden coat of mail, Skv. 3. 45. gull-b&uacu
te;inn, part. ornamented with gold, Eg. 180, 726, Karl. 226. gullböllr, m. a golden ball, Karl. 474. gull-dálkr, m.
a gold buckle, Gísl. 55. gull-dreifar, n. pl. a golden
chain, MS. 4. 32. gull-dropi, a, m. drops of gold, Bret. 14. gull-epli, n. a golden apple, Bret. 30, 40. gull-falligr, ad
j. fair as gold, charming. gull-faxi, a, m. gold-mane (name
of a horse), Edda. gull-fágaðr, part. stained with gold, Fas. ii. 370. gull-festr, f. a gold chain, El. 99. gull-fing
r, m. = fingr-gull, D. N. gull-fjallaðr, part. golden, woven,
dyed in gold, Nj. 46, Fas. ii. 239. gull-fjöðr, f. gold-q
uill, name of a code of laws, Fms. viii. 277. gull-fugl, m. a bird
of gold, Karl. 441. gull-góðr, adj. of pure gold,
Fas. i. 316, Fb. i. 347. gull-görð, f. a golden girth, Ka
rl. 312, Bær. 2. gull-görr, part. made of gold, Str. 4.
gull-hagr, adj. skilled in working gold, Bs. i. 325. gull-hamr
ar, n. pl., in the phrase, slá e-m gullhamra, to work one with gol
den hammers, i.e. to flatter one. gull-hálsar, m. pl. gold-necks, lordlings, Fms. vii. 127, viii. 230. gull-hárr,
adj. golden-haired, Fas. i. 457. gull-heimr, m. the golden worl
d, the golden age, Bret. 4. gull-hella, u, f. a bar of gold, F
as. iii. 10. gull-hirzla, u, f. a gold treasury, Hom. 58. gullhjalt, n. a hilt of gold, Karl. 286. gull-hjálmr, m. a golden helmet, Edda 36, Fms. i. 44: a nickname, Gísl. gull-hla&
eth; or gull-lað, n. gold lace, esp. to tie up the hair wi
th, Nj. 35, Ld. 272, Hkr. ii. 28, Orkn. 370; altara-klæði með gull
hlöðum, Vm. 26; kross með gullhlað, altaris-dúkr ok er &
thorn;ar á g., höfuðlín með g., 36; altara-klæ&
eth;i fjögr ok á einu stórt g., 54. gull-hlaðinn,
part. laced with gold, Nj. 169. gull-hnot, f. a golden nut,
Fas. iii. 227. gull-hringr, m. a gold ring, Nj. 10, 35, Fms. i. 5
1, Boll. 356, passim. gull-hús, n. a treasure house, Fms. x
. 172: a jewel chest, Sturl. ii. 108 (of a lady), Stj. 438. 1 Sam. vi. 15
. gull-hyrndr, part. golden-horned, Hkv. Hjörv. 4. gull-h&
ouml;ttr, m. gold-hat, a nickname. gull-kalekr (-kalikr
), m. a golden chalice, Bs. i. 83, Vm. 52, Dipl. ii. 11, iii. 4. gullkambr, m. a golden comb. Fas. iii. 480. gull-kálfr, m.
the golden calf, Stj. Exod. xxxii. gull-ker, n. a golden vesse
l, Symb. 22, Karl. 323, Stj. 437. gull-kista, u, f. a gold chest, Fms. vii. 249, xi. 85: in peroration of popular tales, þar vóru
gullkistur um gólf dregnar, Ísl. Þjóðs. gullkitni, f., Bs. i. 818 (dubious). gull-knappr, m. a gold button, Eg. 516: a gold knob, Fms. iii. 136: a nickname, Harð. S. gull-k
nappaðr, part. gold buttoned, Eg. (in a verse). gull-kn&uacute
;tr, m. a gold knot, Nj. 46. gull-knöttr, m. a gold ba
ll, Fms. iii. 186. gull-kóróna, u, f. a golden crown
, Fas. iii. 213, Stj. 206. gull-kranz, m. a golden garland, D.
N. gull-kroppr, m. gold-body, a nickname, Fms. ix. 361. gull-k
ross, m. a golden cross, Nj. 256, Fms. x. 15. gull-leggja, lag
ði, to lace with gold, Fms. vii. 245, ix. 276, x. 120, Vm. 66, 139, B
oll. 356. gull-ligr, adj. golden, Fms. i. 15, Sks. 39. gull-m&a
acute;l, n. pl. ornaments of gold, Þiðr. 110, cp. 30, 364.
gull-málmr, m. gold ore, Bret. gull-men, n. a gol
d necklace, Hkr. i. 20, Fms. i. 216, vi. 271, Stj. 203. gull-merktr a
nd gull-merkaðr, part. marked with gold, Karl. 415. gull-mu
nnr (-muðr), m. gold-mouth, Chrysostom, Fas. iii. 592, Mar
. 37. gull-nagli, a, m. a gold nail, Stj. 563. 1 Kings vi. 21. 
gull-nisti, n. a locket of gold, Al. 44. gull-ofinn, part. 
gold-woven, Stj. 206, Fms. ii. 254, iii. 194, v. 280, Karl. 288, Ld. 188. gull-ormr, m. a golden serpent, 655 ii. 7. gull-penningr, m.
a gold penny, piece of money, Fms. i. 1, v. 319, Rb. 508, Grett. 203 new
Ed., Bret. 4. gull-rekendi, n. a gold chain, El. gull-rekinn, part. inlaid with gold or gilded (of weapons, spear-heads, axes
, etc.), Eg. 726, Nj. 103, Ld. 112, Fms. xi. 28, Fb. ii. 238. gull-rendr,
part. id., Fas. i. 138. gull-reyfi, n. a golden fleece, Hb
. 732. 17. gull-ritinn, part. written in gold, Symb. 56. gull-r
oðinn, qs. gull-hroðinn, part. [A. S. hreôdan = ping
ere], gilt (of helmets, shields, etc.), Eg. 726, Ld. 78, Fms. i. 43,
vi. 194, Orkn. 74. gull-sandr, m. gold sand, Rb. 350. gull-saum
aðr, part. embroidered with gold, Eg. 516, Fs. 7, Fms. x. 329, Vm
. 83. gull-settr, part. laid with gold, gilded, Karl. 173 (impers
. as in Icel., or else settr applies to gems). gull-skál, f. a
gold basin, Bret. 59. gull-skeggr, m. gold-beard, a nickname,
Fagrsk., Sturl. iii. 111 C. gull-skillingr, m. a gold shilling, H
kr. ii. 17. gull-skotinn, part. woven with gold, Fms. iii. 136, iv
. 164, x. 16, Konr. 33, Mar. 458, Clar. 135. gull-skór, m. a go
ld shoe, Sturl. iii. 291: name of a ship, Ann. 1300. gull-skrift, f.
a gilded tablet, Róm. 382. gull-skrín, m. a gold
shrine, Lex. Poët, gull-smeittr, part. gold-enamelled (of
a shield), Str., Karl. 226. gull-smeltr, part. id., Fas. iii. 610
, Karl. 516, Mag. 7 (Ed.) gull-smiðr, m. (pl. gollsmiðar, 655 ii.
7), a goldsmith, Fms. ii. 129, xi. 427, Bs, i.
<PAGE NUM="b0221">
<HEADER>GULLSMÍÐ -- GYRÐA. 221</HEADER>
134: a gold-beetle, lady-bird (opp. to járnsmiðr, a black b
eetle). gull-smíð, f. the goldsmith's art, working in g
old, Bs. i. 483. gullsmíð-ligr, adj. belonging to the g., Karl. 286. gull-spánn, m. a gold ornament on ships,
O. H. L. 67: a golden spoon, Mött. 3. gull-spori, a, m. a
gold spur, Fas. i. 185, Karl. 334. gull-sproti, a, m. a gold scept
re, Karl. 395. gull-spuni, a, m. gold-spinning, Bret. 16. g
ull-spöng, f. a gold spangle, Rb. 384, Stj. 284. gull-stafa&e
th;r, part. gold-striped, woven with gold, Clar. gull-stafr, m
. a golden letter, Greg. 75, Fms. vii. 156, viii. 448. gull-staup,
n. a golden stoup or cup, Fas. i. 175. gull-steindr, part.
gold-stained, Karl. 283. gull-stóll, m. a gold chair, Fas. i. 36, Karl. 471. gull-stúka, u, f. a golden sleeve, Karl. 405, Art. gull-stöng, f. a bar of gold, Bár&e
th;. 179. gull-sylgja, u, f. a gold brooch, Nj. 167, Sturl. iii. 1
22. gull-tafla, u, f. a gold brick (used in playing), Edda 44, Fas
. ii. 267. gull-tanni, a, m. gold-tooth, a nickname, Fms. iii. 74.
gull-teinn, m. a gold pole, Fas. iii. 213. gull-toppr, m.
gold-tuft, name of a mythical horse, Edda 10, 17. gull-vafðr,
part. wound with gold, Fms. x. 356. Gull-varta, u, f. a local nam
e, the Golden Horn in Constantinople (?), Fms. vii. 94. gull-veggr, m. a golden wall, Fms. ix. 466. Gull-veig, f. a mythical proper
name, Vsp., prop. 'Gold-drink,' Gold-thirst, cp. Lat. auri fames,
gull-viðjur, f. pl. gold withies, Fas. iii. 49. gull-vippa
ðr, part. whipped or wrapped in gold, Dipl. iii. 4. gul
l-vægr, adj. 'gold-weighty,' precious, dear. gull-vöndr
, m. a gold wand, Fms. viii. 193, 623. 23. gull-þrá&e
th;r, m. gold thread, Dipl. iii. 4.
gullinn, adj. golden, hardly used save in poetry; gullnar töf
lur, Vsp. 60; gullin ker, Gm. 7; gullnum stóli á, seated in a g
olden chair, Hm. 105; of gullna sali, the golden halls, Fsm. 5; g. gu
nnfáni, Hkv. 2. 17; gullin simu, golden thrums, 1. 3 (the thrum
s of the Norns). COMPDS: gullin-bursti, a, m. gold-mane, name
of the hog of Frey, Edda, Hdl. 7. gullin-horni, a, m. golden-horn,
name of an ox, Edda; the ancients used to ornament the horns of the finest of t
heir cattle (metfé), vide Sturl. i. 106; ganga hér at garði gu
llhyrndar kýr, yxn alsvartir, Þkv. 23, Hkv. Hjörv. 4. gulli
n-kambi, a, m. golden-comb, a mythol. cock, Vsp. gullin-stó
la, u, f. rendering of the Gr. GREEK, Od. gullin-tanni, a, m. gold
-teeth, name of the god Heimdal, Edda. gullin-toppa, u, f., botan. gold-tuft, the sea-pink or thrift, statice armeria.
gul-maðra, u, f., botan. galium vernum.
GULR, adj. [A. S. geolu; Engl. yellow; Germ. gelb; D
an.-Swed. guul], yellow; gult silki, hár, Fms. vii. 69, 239
, x. 381, Ld. 272, Orkn. (in a verse).
gul-önd, f. a kind of duck.
gum, n, exaggeration, fuss; gumari, a, m. a fop.
guma, að, in the phrase, guma yfir e-u, to make a great fuss about
a thing, exaggerate. II. [geyma], guma at e-u, to take heed to a
thing; eg hefi ekki gumað að því.
GUMI, a, m., pl. gumar and gumnar, Hm. 14, 17, 31, 130; [Ulf. guma
= GREEK, Luke xix. 2, Nehem. v. 17, and gumein, adj. = GREEK, Mark x. 6;
A. S. guma; Hel. gomo; O. H. G. gumo; Germ. in brä
uti-gam; Dan. brud-gom; Swed. brud-gumme; the r in Eng
l. groom is corrupt, vide brúðgumi. The quantity is doubtful;
the A. S. guma was prob. long, cp. Engl. groom; the Ormul. spells
bridgume as having a long vowel: but the short vowel is favoured by the m
od. Icel. pronunciation, as also mod. Dan.-Swed.; so in Lat. we have h&o-shor
t;mo and h&u-long;manus] :-- a man; it scarcely occurs in pros
e: allit., Guðs hús ok guma, Grág. ii. 170; in the old Hm. it
occurs about a dozen times as a common expression for man; heima glað
r gumi ok við gesti reifr, Hm. 102; því at færa veit, er
fleira drekkr, síns til geðs gumi, 11; glaðr ok reifr skyli gumna
hverr, 14; því er gengr um guma, what passes among men, 27,
93; eptir genginn guma, 71; gumna synir, the sons of men, 130; at s&aacu
te; gengr gumi ok mælir við mik, 158: the saying, lítil eru ge&
eth; guma, little is the human mind, 52; goð ok guma, gods and men
, Ls. 55: gumna-sættir, m. a peacemaker, Lex. Poët.
: gumna-spjalli, a, m. a friend of men :-- brúð-gumi, a bridegroom; hús-gumi, a 'house-master,' husband, Rm.
gumpr, m. the bottom, Lat. podex, Stj. 436, 437. 1 Sam. vi.
5; svartr g. sitr við eld ok ornar sér, a riddle of a pot.
gums, n. [cp. Swed. gumse = a ram], mockery, raillery, Nj. 220.
gumsa, að, to mock; g. ok spotta e-n. Glúm. 327; gapa &
thorn;eir upp ok gumsa hart, ok geyma varla sín, Sörla R. i. 7.
gunga, u, f. [from gugna by way of metath.], a weakling. COMPDS: gungu-legr, adj. faint-hearted. gungu-skapr, m. cowardice
.
gunn-fáni, a, m. a gonfalon, Hkv. 2. 16, Hbl. 38, Hkm. 2: i
n a church for processions, Am. 76, D. I. passim.
GUNNR, f., older form guðr, [A. S. gûd; O. H. G.
gundia], war, battle, only used in poetry, Lex. Poët, passim.
COMPDS: gunnar-fúss, -gjarn, -örr, -tamðr, adj. warl
ike, Lex. Poët. gunnar-haukr, m. a hawk. gunn-bl&iacut
e;ðr, -bráðr, -djarfr, -fíkinn, -hagr, -hvatr, -mildr, -r
akkr, -reifr, -snarr, -sterkr, -tamiðr, -tamr, -þorinn, -öfligr,
-örðigr, adj. all laudatory epithets = valiant, Lex. Po&eum

l;t.: of weapons and armour, the shield is called gunn-blik, -borð
, -hörgr, -máni, -rann, -tjald, -veggr, n.; the sword an
d spear, gunn-logi, -seiðr, -sproti, -svell, -viti, n.; of the battle, gunn-el, -hríð, -þing, n.; the carri
on crow, gunn-gjóðr, -már, -skári, -valr, n.
; of the warrior, gunn-nórungr, -slöngvir, -st&oelig;randi
, -veitir, -viðurr, -þeysandi, n. etc., vide Lex. Poët. II
. in pr. names; of men, Gunn-arr, Gunn-björn, Gunn-laugr, Gunn-&oacu
te;lfr, Gunn-steinn, etc.; of women, Gunn-hildr, Gunn-laug, Gunn-lö&
eth;; and in the latter part. Þor-gunnr (-guðr), Hlað-gunnr, H
ildi-gunnr, etc.
gurpr, m. a nickname, Dipl. ii. 5.
gusa, að, [gjósa], to gush, spirt out.
gusa, u, f. a spirt: blóð-gusa, a gush of blood;
vatns-g., a spirt of water,
gussa, að, [gyss], to make a fuss and noise, Þorst. S&ia
cute;ðu H.
gusta, að, to blow in gusts, Sks. 230.
gust-íllr, adj. gusty, chilly, metaph., Grett. 77 new Ed.
gust-kaldr, adj. gusty, cold, Fas. ii. 394.
gust-mikill, adj. making a great gust, gusty, Grett. 111.
gustr, m. a gust, blast, freq. in mod. usage, Edda 4, Sturl. i. 10
1, Sks. 212.
gustuk, n. a pittance, a charity, vide Guð.
gutla, að, [gutl], to gurgle, used of the noise made by a liqu
id when shaken in a bottle.
gúll, m. blown cheeks, puffing out cheeks. gúl-so
pi, a, m. a gulp.
gúlpa, að, to be puffed up, blown up.
gúlpr, m. a puff: also of wind, norðan-gúlpr, a northern blast.
Gvendr or Gvöndr, m. a pet proper name from Guð-mundr: sanitary wells are in Icel. called Gvendar-brunnr, m., from bishop G
udmund's consecrating wells, Bs. i. 450, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii.
27. Gvendar-ber, n., botan. equisetum arvense. Gvendar-gr&ouml
;s, n., botan. a kind of weed.
Gyðingar, m. [Pál Vídal. in Skýr. truly observes
that this word is formed, not from Guð, but from Lat. Judaei, throug
h the A. S. form Gjudeas] :-- the Jews, Stj., Sks., etc. passim, a
s also in mod. usage. COMPDS: Gyðinga-land, n. Jewry, Palestine. Gyðinga-lýðr, -þjóð, -fólk, n.
etc. the Jewish people. Gyðinga-veldi, n. the Jewish empire
, Stj., Sks. Gyðing-ligr, adj. Jewish.
Gyðja, u, f. 1. [goð], a goddess, Edda passim. 2

. [goði], a priestess, Hdl. 12, Yngl. ch. 7; þá krep
pi goð gyðju, Kristni S. (in a verse): in nicknames, Þurí&e
th;r gyðja, Th. the priestess, Landn.: in compds, blót-gyð
ja, hof-g., a temple priestess.
gyfingr, m. a kind of stone, Edda (Gl.)
GYGGJA or gyggva, prob. an old strong verb of the 1st class, but d
efect. to quail, lose the heart; ef vér nú gyggjum, in a ve
rse written on a leaf of Cod. Ups. of Edda, prob. from the lost Skáld Hel
ga S.: impers. in the saying, sjaldan hygg ek at gyggi vörum, the wary s
eldom quails, Mkv.; oss gyggvir geigvænliga, er vér erum &aacu
te;ðr óvarir, Hom. (St.) 49: part. gugginn, quailing, faint
ing, is still used in Icel., as also gugna, q.v.; akin perhaps is geggjask,
q.v.
gylðir, m., poët. a wolf, Lex. Poët.
Gylfi, a, m. the mythol. king. Gylfa-ginning, f. the Delusion o
f Gylfi, name of the mythol. tales of the Edda.
gylfinn, adj. a term of abuse, a dub. GREEK, being a werewolf (?);
kveðr hann vera konu níundu hverja nótt ok hefir barn borit
ok kallar gylvin, þá er hann útlagr, N. G. L. i. 57; cp. gyl
fra.
gylfra, u, f. (gylfa), an ogre, a beast, a she-wolf (?); sk
al þá reyna hvárt meira má veita mér Pé
tr postuli ok hinn Helgi Hallvarðr, eðr hón gylfra in Gautska er
þú trúir á, Fms. viii. 308, v.l. (the others read k&y
acute;fla) :-- in the phrase, ganga gylfrum, to 'go to the dogs,' er &tho
rn;at helzt við orði, at gylfrum gangi vináttan, it is rumoure
d that your friendship is all gone to pieces, Band. (vellum MS.), where the
Ed., ok er þat hætt við orði, at úmerkiliga þyk
ki verða, 12 new Ed.
gyli-gjöf, f. [cp. Eng. gewgaw], gewgaws, showy gifts,
Nj. (MS.) 142, (Ed. sæmiligum gjöfum.)
GYLLA, ð or t, [gull], to gild, Nj. 123, 125, Hkr. ii. 32, Fms
. x. 320, xi. 128, Stj. 306; gylla hóli, to flatter, Finnb. 340, F
ms. iv. 103; metaph. of the sun's rays, Bb. 2. 30: part. gyldr, golden
, Fs. 90, 122.
gylling, f. gilding, Vm. 47, Fb. i. 507: in pl. vain praise, Fær. 120.
gyllini-æð, f., medic. hemorrhoids, vena aurea, F&eacute
;l.
GYLTR, f., mod. gylta, u, f., Bs. i. 417, [Old Engl. yelt]
:-- a young sow, Jb. 289, Grág. ii. 307, Landn. 206, Gullþ.
17, 27.
gymbill, m. [gymbr], a he-lamb; Guðs gymbill, agnus Dei, Hom. (St.); gymbill gúla þembir, Jónas 139.
gymbing, f. mocking, Sturl. iii. 171.
GYMBR, f., pl. gymbrar, [North. E. and Scot. gimmer], a ewe lam
b of a year old; g. sú er lamb leiðir, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 147
, Stj. 516, (one MS. spells gimbr, which is also the mod. spelling, but false);
lamb-gymbr, Grág. i. 502. gymbr-lamb or gymbrar-lamb, n. a gimmer lamb, Gullþ. 19, Stj. 129.
GYRÐA, ð or t, [A. S. gyrðan; Engl. gird; Dan.
gjorde: gerða (q.v.) and gyrða are kindred words, both formed fro
m the Goth. gairdan, gard, gurdun; gerða, as also garðr (q.v.), f
rom the pret.; gyrða from the participle] :-- to gird oneself with a
belt or the like; eptir þat gyrðir Klaufi hann svá fast (gir
ded his belt so tight) at hélt við meiðsl, Sd. 143; sí
ðan gyrði mærin sik með einu ríku belti, El.; hann gyr&
eth;i sik með dúki, Fms. x. 314; gyrðr í brækr, w
ith breeks girt up, vii. 143; gyrða sik, to fasten the breeks, as
the ancients used belts instead of braces; gyrða lendir sínar, to
gird up one's loins, Hom. 84, Stj. passim; fésjóð er hann
var gyrðr með, girt with a purse, from wearing the purse
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<HEADER>222 GYRÐILL -- GÆR.</HEADER>
fastened to the girdle, Fms. vii. 142. β. to girth or sadd
le a horse; hann hefir ekki svá vel gyrt hest þinn, at þa
t muni duga, gyrtu þá betr, Ísl. ii. 340; þá se
tti hann söðul á hest sinn ok gyrði hann fast, Str. 47: t
o secure a cart load by girding it, með hlassi því
er hann gyrðir eigi reipum, N. G. L. i. 379; g. hlass, taug eða reipi, 3
49; hann gyrði at utan, he girded it well, Fs. 66: Icel. say a horse
is laus-gyrtr, fast-gyrtr, has its girths loose or tight: edged, borde
red, bolli gyrðr með silfri, Hkr. iii. 81. γ. to gir
d oneself with a sword; konungr steypir brynju á sik ok gyrðir si
k með sverðinu Kvernbít, Hkr. i. 155; hann gyrði sik með
búnu sverði, Ó. H. 31. II. part. gyrðr, g
irt with a weapon; g. saxi, Nj. 54, Fms. ii. 83, Grett. 126; g. sverði,
Eg. 285, 374, Fms. ii. 111, iv. 58, x. 201, 415, Ó. H. 116; g. ská
lmum, Gkv. 2. 19.
gyrðill, m. [A. S. gyrdels; Engl. girdle; O. H. G. k
artil; Germ. gürtel] :-- a girdle, purse, from being worn
on the belt, Gísl. 149, Post. 656 C. 18. gyrðil-skeggi, a, m.
'girdle-beard,' a nickname, Landn.
gyrja, að(?), to gore; spjót þat er g. mun granir
þínar, an GREEK, Fas. ii. 29 (in a verse).
GYSS, m. mocking; gyss ok gabb, Fas. iii. 115; með mikinn gys,
Bs. i. 437, ii. 147; göra gys at e-u, to mock at a thing, Sturl. i.
21, Fms. ix. 494; þungan gys, Mar.; cp. gussa.
gyzki, a, m. panic, Fas. i. 193; vide geiski.
GÝGR, f. gen. sing., and nom. pl. gýgjar, dat. and acc. sin
g. gýgi; [cp. Scot. gow; gjure in the Norse tales, Asbjörnsen
] :-- an ogress, witch, Vsp. 34, Vþm. 32, Helr. 13, Hým. 14,
Fsm. 29, Sæm. 33, Edda 8, 37, 58, 60, Fas. i. 333: freq. in poetry, vide
Lex. Poët.; mar-gýgr, a mermaid: of a weapon, Rímmu-g&
yacute;gr, a 'war-ogre' i.e. axe, Nj.; gýgjar-sól

, f. 'a gow sun,' a mock sun, Sl. 51: in local names, Gýgja
r-fors, Gýgjar-hamarr, etc., referring to popular tales.
gýgr, m. an abyss; eld-gýgr, a crater of a volcan
o: to this perhaps belongs the saying, vinna fyrir gýg, to labour
in vain, answering to the Lat. 'oleum et operam perdere;' hvað gagnar sv
o fyrir gýg ad vinna, Bb. 3. 98; og vann ei fyrir gýg, and got
his reward, Snót 319 (Ed. 1866); or is gýg (qs. gýgi),
to labour for an ogre or witch, the metaphor being taken from popu
lar tales ?
GÝLL, m., or perhaps gíll, [gill, Ivar Aasen,
akin to gjöll], a mock sun, parhelion, Scot. gow, conceived
to be a wolf preceding the sun: when the sun is surrounded by mock suns he is sa
id to be in 'wolf-stress,' úlfa-kreppa; the phenomenon is called gýla-ferð, f. 'wolf-gang;' cp. also the saying, sjaldan
er gýll fyrir góðu nema úlfr eptir renni, a gill bod
es no good unless followed by a wolf (a sign of weather), Ísl. &THORN
;jóðs. i. 658, 659.
Gýmir, m. name of a giant, answering to Gr. GREEK, Edda.
GÆÐA, dd, [góðr], to bestow a boon upon, endow, e
nrich; gæða e-n fé ok virðingu, Hkr. i. 253, Fms. x. 19
2; þá er rétt at hann gæði þær (the da
ughters) sem hann vill, then he may endow them at pleasure, Grág.
i. 204; gædda ek gulli ok guðvefjum, Gh. 16; gæðask b&oacut
e;kligum listum, Mar. 469; hann gæddi gjöfum góða menn, Fm
s. iv. 111, Bs. i. 815; þá gæddi hann (endowed) fr&ael
ig;ndr sína með auðæfum, 269; en Allsvaldandi Guð g&ael
ig;ddi hann því meir at auðræðum ok mann-virðingu
m, 137; alla lenda menn gæddi hann bæði at veizlum ok lausa-f&ea
cute;, Ó. H. 179; þá skal ek g. yðr hvern eptir s&iacute
;num verðleikum, 209; bauð Þrándr at gæða (to
better) hluta Leifs með miklu fé, Fær. 180; en Allsvaldandi
Guð gæddi svá hans virðing, at ..., but God Almighty be
ttered his reputation so that ..., Bs. i. 333. 2. in the phrases, g&a
elig;ða rás, ferð, reið, to quicken the pace; þ&
aacute; gæddi hann rásina, then he quickened his pace, Eg. 3
78; en þegar hann sá björninn, gæddi hann ferðina, F
ms. ii. 101, v. 165; konungs-menn gæða róðrinn, they qui
ckened the stroke, pulled quicker, 180. β. adding á, sv&
aacute; mikit gæddi þetta á, it increased so much, went to
such a pitch, Konr.; ok var þá nokkuru heimskari en á&e
th;r, ef á mátti gæða, she was if possible sillier th
an before, i.e. though it could scarcely be worse, Gísl. 21; &
aacute; mun nú gæða, Am. 71: in mod. usage, e-t á g&aeli
g;ðisk, it increases, esp. in a bad sense, of sickness or the like.
gæði, n. pl. good things, boons; hann sló öl
lu við því er til gæða var (he spared no good thin
gs), at þeir mætti báðir göfastir af verða,
Bs. i. 129, Fb. i. 434; þat eru mest gæði (blessings) &th
orn;eim er eptir lifa, Bs. i. 140 :-- wealth, profits, in trade, mikil g&
aelig;ði víns, hunangs, Sturl. i. 127; þeir höfðu &tho
rn;aðan mörg gæði í vínviði ok berjum ok sk
inna-vöru, Fb. i. 546; kaupferða ok atflutninga þeirra gæ&e
th;a sem vér megum eigi missa, Fms. i. 284; hann fann þar st&oacute
;rar kistur ok mart til gæða, Fs. 5: emoluments, mörg g&ae
lig;ði önnur lagði Gizurr biskup til þeirrar kirkju bæ&

eth;i í löndum ok lausa-fé, Bs. i. 67; var hann (the brook) f
ullr af fiskum, ... ráku þeir hann á brott, ok vildu eigi at
hann nyti gæða þessa, Landn. 52; á kirkjan fugla, fiska
ok allt þat er gæða er, í jörðu ok á, &ia
cute; þessu takmarki, Jm. 14; hafði hann þar mikinn áv&ou
ml;xt af sterkum trjám ok öðrum gæðum, Stj. 134; taka
erfðir, ok þau gæði er því fylgja, Grág.
i. 226; konungr vill þar veita í mót þau gæ&eth
;i af sínu landi, er menn kunna honum til at segja, Ó. H. 126; nem
a hann hafi keypt með öllum gæðum rekann af landinu, Gr&aacut
e;g. ii. 383; bað Skota-konungr hann fá þau gæði &oum
l;ll á Katanesi, er hann hafði áðr haft, Orkn. 388: so in
the phrase, to buy a thing, með öllum gögnum ok gæðum, with scot and lot. gæða-lauss, adj. void of good thin
gs; of a country, barren, Fb. i. 539.
gæðindi, n. pl. good things, H. E. i. 526.
gæðingr, m., prop. a man of property; among the Norsemen
in Orkney and Shetland gæðingr was used synonymously with lendir menn
in Norway, landlords, barons, nobles, chiefs; góð gæ&et
h;ings ætt, the nobleman's fair daughter, Jd. (an Orkney poem); g&a
elig;ðinga-skip, a ship with Orkney chiefs on board, Ann. 232; &thorn
;etta eru allt Jarla ættir ok gæðinga í Orkneyjum, Orkn.
ch. 39; hurfu gæðingar mjök í tvá staði, 178, 3
80; adding the name of the liege-lord, þeir vóru allir gæ&eth
;ingar Páls jarls, 186; þeir vóru vitrir menn, ok mörgu
m öðrum gæðingum stefndi hann til sín, 232, 242, 262,
330; stallarar konungs ok aðrir gæðingar, Fms. vi. 442; á k
onungs borð ok hans gaeðinga, x. 303: ríkisborinna manna ok g&ael
ig;ðinga Jezraels-borgar, Stj. 600. 1 Kings xxi. 8 ('to the elders and no
bles'); gæðingar af Galaad, 405. Judges xi. 5 sqq. ('the elders
of Gilead'); gæðingar Gaze-borgar, 418, cp. 'the lords of the
Philistines,' Judges xvi. 23; eigi gæðingar heldr undirmenn hans o
k andligir synir, Mar. 203, passim. II. mod. a racehorse.
gæðir, m. an endower, Lex. Poët.
gæðska and gæzka, u, f. goodness, kindness, mer
cy, Am. 100, Stj. 34, Fms. x. 280; engi frýr þér vits en
meir ertú grunaðr um gæsku (better græzku, q.v.), Sturl.
i. 105: grace, holiness, Bs. i. 63; tign ok gæzku, 65, Karl. 452;
í réttlæti ok g., Stj. 54; esp. Guðs gæzka, the
grace, mercy of God, eccl.: good things = gæði, Fms. vii.
285, x. 18, 418, Stj. 202, 203, 205, Sks. 181. COMPDS: gæzku-fullr,
adj. full of goodness, gracious, merciful, Fms. x. 232. gæzku-l
auss, adj. (-leysi, n.), merciless, cruel, Stj. 462, 464. g
æzku-samligr, adj. good, Bs. i. 75. gæzku-semi, f.
grace, goodness.
GÆFA, u, f. [from gefa, as gipt], luck; þar gör&e
th;i gæfu-muninn, Nj. 141: the sayings, annað er gæfa ok gö
rvileiki; and gefr sér engi gæfu | gildr þó feginn vil
di; bera gæfu til e-s, to have luck in a thing; ok bar hann enga g&
aelig;fu til at þjóna þér, Eg. 112; sagði, at &tho
rn;at var hans hugboð, at vér feðgar munum ekki bera gæfu t
il þessa konungs, 17; en þó þú sért vel b
úinn at hreysti ok atgörvi, þú hefir þú ei
gi til þess gæfu, at halda til jafns við Harald konung, 82; gipt
ok gaefa, Bs. i. 132; reyndr at viti ok gæfu, Anal. 57; ef gæfa vil
l til, Fs. 131; eigi ertú nú einn at, því at konungsgæfan fylgir þér, Fms. ii. 60; gæfumaðr ertú
mikill, Sighvatr, er þat eigi undarlegt at gæfa fylgi vizku, hitt e
r kynligt sem stundum kann verða, at sú gaefa fylgir úvizkum m
anni, at úvitrlig ráð snúask til gæfu, Ó.
H. 123; því at ek treystumk minni hamingju bezt ok svá g&ael
ig;funni, Fms. vi. 165. COMPDS: gæfu-drjúgr, adj. lucky, Fms. vi. 116. gæfu-fátt, n. adj. unlucky, Fms. v.
170, Korm. 76. gæfu-ferð, f. a lucky journey, Fbr. 234.
gæfu-fullr, adj. full of luck, Str. gæfu-hlutr, m. a lucky lot, share of good luck, Bs. i. 137. gæfu-lauss, adj. luckless, Ísl. ii. 97. gæfu-leysi, n. luckl
essness, Grett. 128, Hrafn. 30. gæfu-lítill, adj. hav
ing little luck. gæfu-maðr, m. a lucky man, Nj. 129,
Fms. ii. 73, Bs. i. 60, Fs. 7, 115, Ó. H. 123, passim; (ógæ
fu-maðr, a luckless man.) gæfumann-ligr, adj. (-liga,
 adv.), as a lucky man, Fms. xi. 232. gæfu-mikill, adj.
having great luck, Fms. vi. 328. gæfu-munr, m. a turn
or shift of luck, Nj. 141. gæfu-raun, f. a trial of luck
, Grett. 113 A, Ó. H. 74. gæfu-samliga, adv. luckily,
 Fms. iii. 53, xi. 32, Grett. 85 A. gæfu-samligr, adj. luck
y, Grett. 119 A. gæfu-skipti, n. a turn or change of
luck, Fms. x. 213. gæfu-skortr, m. want of luck, Fas. ii
i. 563. gæfu-vant, n. adj. wanting in luck, Valla L. 222.
gæfast, ð, dep. to become quiet and calm, Bb. 2. 35.
gæfð, f. meekness.
gæfi-ligr, adj., gramm. rendering of Lat. dativus, Sk&aacute
;lda.
gæfr, adj. meek, quiet, Sturl. iii. 71, Hrafn. 24, Grett. 10
7 A; þat er mér ok gæfast, that is pleasant to me, Fms
. ii. 261.
gæftir, f. pl. [gefa B], weather fit for fishing, fine weather.
gægjask, ð, dep. [gügsle, De Professor; Germ. gu
cken], to be all agog, to bend eagerly forward and peep, Eb. 272, B&a
acute;rð. 171, Grett. 114, 148; g. yfir herðar e-m, Konr.: ok þ&aa
cute; hann gægðisk þar inn, John xx. 5.
gægjur, f. pl., in the phrase, standa á gægjum, to
stand agog, a tiptoe.
gæl, n. enticement; gæl of margt mun ek nú m&ae
lig;lt hafa, MSS. 4. 9.
GÆLA (g&oelig;la), d, [gala, gól; Ulf. gôljan =
GREEK], to comfort, soothe, appease; verð ek mik gæla af grimm
um hug, Skv. 3. 9; þat gælir mik, Band.; gæla gjöfum ok f
agrmæli, MSS. 4. 6; eigi mun hann gæla mega með sáttar-bo
ðum, Fms. x. 221; gæla grættan, Sl. 26, (better than gala.)
gæla, u, f. enticement, soothing; esp. in pl. gælur, lullaby songs; barna-gælur, nursery songs; hefir brag þ
enna ok barngælur, ort ófimliga Einar Fóstri, a ditty; fri&e
th;-gælur, q.v. :-- a breeze = gol, Edda (Gl.)

gæling, f. fondling, Barl. 55, 150; gaelingar-orð, Fms.
viii. 23.
GÆR, adv., also spelt gör and gjar, esp. in Nors
e MSS., but also freq. in Fb., Stj., D. N. passim; [A. S. gestran, gestran da
g; Engl. yesterday; O. H. G. gestar; Germ. gestern; Da
n. gaar; Swed. går; Lat. heri, hesternus; Gr. GREEK;
cp. also Engl. yore, answering to the form gör] :-- yesterday; only with the prep. í, í gær, Fms. vii, 168, passi
m. II. [Ulf. renders GREEK, Matth. vi. 30, by gestradagis, and tha
t this is no mistake or corruption in the Gothic text is shewn by the fact that
in the old Icel. or Scandin. poems gör occurs two or three times in the ver
y same sense] :-- to-morrow; in the phrases, nú eða í g
ör, now or by to-morrow; í dag eðr gör, to-day or
to-morrow: hvárt skolum nú
<PAGE NUM="b0223">
<HEADER>GÆRA -- GÖRA. 223</HEADER>
eða í gör deyja, whether we are to die now or to-morrow,
Hðm. 31; and varat mér ráðinn dauði í dag e&eth
;a gör, I was not fated to die to-day or to-morrow, Landn. (in a ver
se composed in Icel. about the middle of the 10th century). Uppström, the l
earned Swedish editor of Ulfilas, has duly noticed the passage in Hðm. as co
rroborative of the Gothic text.
GÆRA, u, f. a sheepskin with the fleece on, K. Þ. K. 1
48, Stj. 306, Sturl. iii. 189 C, Bs. i. 606, Rd. 240, Pr. 78, 625. 22. g&aeli
g;ru-skinn, n. = gæra.
gær-dagr, m. (gjár-dagr, Þiðr. 10), yest
erday, Ísl. ii. 413, Hkr. ii. 137; gærdags, Ó. H. 87: mo
d. only with the prep., í gærdag.
gær-kveld, n. (gjár-kveld, Str. 4. 30, Fb. ii. 150),
yesterday evening; í gaerkveld, Ld. 44, Fms. vii. 168, Fas. ii. 28
4, Fbr. 63.
gær-morgin, m. yesterday morning.
gær-na, adv. = gær, Fms. vi. 254.
gæslingr, m. [gás], a gosling, Fms. viii. 42, D. N. i
. 7.
gæsni, proncd. gæxni, f. [gás], silliness, Edda 110: mod., neut. a lean, spectral person. gæsnis-ligr, adj. spectre-like.
GÆTA, tt, (gjáta, Hom. 34, 156, esp. in Norse MSS.),
[gæte = to find sheep, Ivar Aasen] :-- to watch, tend, ta
ke care of, with gen.; at gæta eigna sinna, Fms. i. 245; gætum v
andliga þessa burðar, viii. 8; Guð gæti mín, God p
rotect me! ix. 482; gæta skipa sinna, 484; þá látu
m en hafit gæta vár, Orkn. 108; þeir létu myrkrit g&ae
lig;ta sín, Fs. 85; Þórir bað sína menn hl&iacute
;fa sér ok gæta sín sem bezt, Gullþ. 24; ok bá&

eth;u hann gæta lífs síns, Orkn. 164; gjáta laga ok l
andsréttar, Hom. 34; þá er at gæta ráðsins,
then take heed to the advice, Nj. 61; gæta dóma, to obse
rve justice, Sks. 658 :-- to tend [cp. Norse gæte], g&ae
lig;ta kúa, to tend cows, Fms. vi. 366, Ld. 98; gæta hesta,
to tend horses, Fb. ii. 340, Fs. 88; hón gaetir dura í Valh
öllu, Edda 21; Móðguðr er nefnd mær sú er g&ael
ig;tir brúarinnar, 38; hann sitr þar við himins-enda at g&aelig
;ta brúarinnar fyrir bergrisum, 17; gæta segls, to take care of
the sail, Fms. vii. 340 (in a verse); gæta skips, Anal. 191 :-- absol.
, stofan gætti (guarded) at baki þeim, Eg. 91; þv&iacut
e; at rekendrnir gættu fyrir utan, Fms. vii. 184; gættu (take car
e) ok vinn eigi á Kálfi, Fb. ii. 360; gæta sín, to be on one's guard. β. with prep., gæta til, to tak
e care of, mind; var eigi betr til gætt en svá, at ..., Orkn. 2
10; svá gættu þeir til, at ekki varð at, Nj. 57; gæ
tið hér til Önundar húsbónda yðvars, at eigi s
líti dýr né fuglar hræ þeirra, Eg. 380; hann sk
yldi til gæta at eigi slægisk aptr liðit, Ó. H. 215; s&aa
cute; er til saka gætir, Sks. 28, Rb. 396; ef þú kannt til at
gæta, if thou behave well, Eg. 96; mun ek þá ekki tak
a af þér eignir þínar, ef þu kannt til gæt
a, id., Fms. ii. 178: in mod. usage also, gæta að e-u, to ob
serve a thing: to heed, Guðs vegna að þér gæt min
sál, Pass. 8. 16. II. reflex., Þorleikr kvaðsk ekki mun
du hafa mikit fé, því at úsýnt er hversu m&eac
ute;r gætisk til, because it is uncertain how I may keep it, Ld. 30
0: cp. geta A. IV. III. [cp. geta with gen., signif. B], getask um e-t, to deliberate or take counsel about ...; ok um þat gætt
usk, hvárt ..., and took counsel together, whether ..., Vsp. 6, 9,
27, 29; gætask e-s, to tell of, mention a thing; gættisk ok
Glaumvör, at væri grand svefna, G. told that she had dreary dreams
, Am. 20; gættisk þess Högni, at árna ánau&et
h;gum, H. spoke of interceding for the bondsman, 60. IV. part. gætandi, a keeper, Edda 94.
gæti-liga, adv. heedfully, Al. 147, Fms. viii. 201.
gætinn, adj. heedful, Hm. 6; ó-gætinn, heedl
ess; að-gætinn, heedful.
gætir, m. a keeper, warder, Lex. Poët.
gætni, f. heedfulness; að-gætni, circumspection
; nær-gætni, equity.
gætr, adj. good, Sks. 633 B; á-gætr, good; fá-gaetr, rare; nær-gætr.
gætr, f. pl. [from gát, q.v.], in the phrase, gefa gæt
r at e-u, to mind a thing, heed, Ld. 204, Hkr. iii. 203.
gætti, n. pl. [gátt], door-posts, Rm. 2, Fms. ii. 161
, Ó. H. 154, Fas. iii. 20; dyri-g., q.v. gætti-tré, f
. a door-sill, N. G. L. i. 38.
gæzka, vide gæðska.
gæzla, u, f. watch, keeping, Grág. i. 147, Fms. xi. 2
46; svína-g., tending swine, Fs. 71: metaph., Fms. vii. 187, Sks.
675. COMPDS: gæzlu-engill, m. a guardian angel, Nj. 157. 
gæzlu-kerling, f. an old maid-servant, Str. 75. gæzlulauss, adj. unguarded, Fas. ii. 467. gæzlu-leysi, n. 
carelessness. gæzlu-maðr, m. a keeper, Grág.
i. 443, Fms. x. 469, xi. 402, Sks. 273, 473. gæzlu-sótt, f.
sickness that requires guarding, lunacy, Grág. i. 287; að-g&ae
lig;zla, attention.
GÖFGA, að, [göfigr; cp. Ulf. gabigjan = GREEK], t
o honour: 1. of God (or gods), to worship; þau guð e
r þú göfgar, Fms. i. 97; eigi eru goð mannlíkun &th
orn;au er þér göfgit, Blas. 44; hann göfgaði hof &tho
rn;au, er ..., 623. 11; nú skulum vér fyrir því g. ei
nn Guð, Sks. 308; engum guði skal ek blót færa þeim e
f nú g. menn, Fagrsk. 11; Guð at g. ok Jesum Krist, Barl. 1; hann er
síðan göfgaðr í kirkju heilags Laurentii, Rb. 368; ho
num var göfgat skurgoð þat er Bal heitir, 400. 2. to honour, b
less; svá hefir Drottinn göfgað hann, at hann görði
hann höfðingja Kristni sinnar, 655 iii. 4; honum þótti &t
horn;ví betr er fleiri tignuðusk ok göfguðusk af honum, Bs.
i. 141.
göfgan, f. worshipping, 677. 9, 655 ix. 2, 623. 12, Fb. i. 40
8.
göfgi, f. nobility; ætt-g., noble extraction.
göfug-kvendi, n. a noble woman, lady, Eb. 18, Ld. 334.
göfug-látr, adj. worshipful, generous, Fms. viii. 2, F
as. ii. 105: as the name of a king (= great), Ýt. 25.
göfug-leikr (-ki), m. worshipfulness, Fms. i. 295, x.
280: highness, 310.
göfug-ligr, adj. worshipful, glorious; fagr ok g. álit
um, Hkr. i. 10, 223, Fms. vii. 63, x. 234, 289, 294, Th. 23: magnificent,
Edda 12; kirkja g., Bs. i. 645; g. veizla, a grand banquet, Þ&iacu
te;ðr. 220; g. sigr, a glorious victory, Stjörnu-Odd. 16.
göfug-menni, n. a noble, worshipful man, Fms. vi. 269, viii.
136, x. 323, Landn. 278, Eb. 14, Fs. 20, Þorf. Karl. 364.
göfug-mennr, adj. with many worshipful men, Mirm.
GÖFUGR, adj. [Ulf. gabigs = GREEK], worshipful, noble;
göfugr maðr, a worshipful man, by birth, etc.; til göfugs
manns er Skeggi hét, Nj. 270; g. maðr ok stórættaðr,
Eg. 16, 97, freq. in Landn.; Herrauðr Hvíta-ský var g. ma&eth
;r, 156; Hrafn enn Heimski hét g. maðr, 59, 213, 244, 277, 283; &thor
n;essir landnáms-menn eru göfgastir í Vestfirðinga-fj&oac
ute;rðungi, 167; at Erlingr Skjálgsson hafi verit maðr rík
astr ok göfgastr í Noregi, Ó. H. 184, Fms. i. 61; ríkr
maðr ok g., Hkr. i. 136; sjau prestar ok allir göfgir, Bs. i. 79; enum
göfgasta konungi, Post. 656 C. 33; g. maðr ok ágaetr, Eg. 98; v
óru þeir Björgólfr í gildinu göfgastir menn
, the foremost men, 22; Hrafn var göfgastr sona Hængs, 102; &t
horn;ví heldr er göfgari vóru, Bs. i. 129; góðir m
enn ok göfgir, Grág. ii. 168; Ingólfr var göfgastr allra
landnáms-manna, Fms. i. 241, (Landn. 36 l. c. frægastr); at &thorn

;eir mætti báðir sem göfgastir af verða, Bs. i. 129 :- of things, göfugr bær, Eg. 477; g. sýsla, Hom. 4.
göll, f. a shriek, Edda (Gl.) 110.
GÖLTR, m., gen. galtar, dat. gelti, [Swed. and Dan. galt] :-a boar, hog, Grág. i. 427, Landn. 177, Sks. 113, Fas. i. 87, 88,
iii. 405; sónar-göltr, a sacrificial hog, i. 331, 332. 2. an old dat. gjalti only occurs in the old metaph. phrase, verða at gjalt
i, to be turned into a hog, i.e. to turn mad with terror, esp. in
a fight; stundum æpir hón svá hátt at menn verða
nær at gjalti, Fms. iv. 56; sá kraptr ok fjölkyngi fylgði
þeim Nor, at úvinir þeirra urðu at gjalti þegar &th
orn;eir heyrðu heróp ok sá vápnum brugðit, ok l&oum
l;gðu Lappir á flótta, Orkn. 4; en er hann sá at &thorn
;eir ofruðu vápnunum glúpnaði hann, ok hljóp um fra
m ok í fjallit upp ok varð at gjalti, Eb. 60; urðu göngu-men
n næsta at gjalti, Gísl. 56; en þér ærðisk a
llir ok yrðit at gjalti, Fs. 43,--cp. Yngl. S. ch. 6, where this power is at
tributed to Odin; gjalti glíkir verða gumna synir, Hm. 130; Nero hlj&
oacute;p burt frá ríki ok varð at gjalti, Post. 656 C. 39; at
konungr mundi ganga af vitinu ok at gjalti verða, Rb. 394 (of king Nebuchadn
ezzar); þeir menn er geltir eru kallaðir, Sks. 113 sqq. II. met
aph. a hog's back or ridge between two dales; in local names, G
altar-dalr, Galtardals-tunga, n., of farms situated at the foot of such a ri
dge.
göltra, að, to rove about in cold and blast, from gö
ltr (2).
göndull, m. a clue; það er komið í g&oum
l;ndul, of entangled things.
göng, n. pl. [gangr], a passage, lobby; en ór kastala
vóru göng upp í kirkju, Fms. ix. 523: freq. in mod. usage, of
a narrow passage, baðstofu-göng, esp. when leading from the doo
r to the sitting-room: metaph., gefa e-m göng, to give one free passage,
 xi. 283; kunna göng at orostu, to know the ways of fighting, vi
. 387.
göngull, adj. strolling; mér verðr göngult, L
v. 33; nær-göngull, near-going, exacting; hús-göng
ull, strolling from house to house.
gönur, f. pl. [gana], wild wanderings, eccentricities; in the
phrase, hlaupa út í gönur, to rove wildly about.
GÖR and ger, n. a flock of birds of prey; þar va
r hrafna gör, Höfuðl. 9; hræva gör, carrion crows, Merl. 2. 68, (in both passages rhyming with a word having ø for root v
owel); opt er fiskr í fugla geri, there are often fish where gulls gat
her, Hallgr. in Snót 212 2nd Ed. (for the gulls guide the fishermen t
o the shoals of fish); þá fylgir því gör mikit ok
áta, Sks. 140.
GÖR- (also spelt gjör-, ger-, geyr-); the complete old f
orm is görv-, which remains in görv-allr, q.v. [cp. görva
below; mid. H. G. gar, garwe; O. H. G. garo; N. H. G. gar]
:-- as adverb. prefix, quite, altogether: gör-auðr, adj.
quite empty: gör-bænn, adj. begging hard, importunat

e, Sighvat, Fb. ii. 80: gör-eyða, dd, to lay quite waste
: gör-farinn, part. quite gone, quite lost, of a game, Fm
s. vii. 219: gör-hugall, adj. very heedful, mindful, Eg. 14:
gör-kólfr, m. = for-kólfr, q.v.: gör-slokinn, part. quite slaked, Hólabók 103: gör-spiltr, part. quite corrupt.
GÖRA, ð, also spelt görva, giörva, geyra, giora, ge
ra: prop. gøra, not g&aolig;ra (the ø was sounded nearly as y or ey), so that the g is to be sounded as an aspirate, howe
ver the word is spelt; and the insertion of i or j (giöra, gj
öra), which is usual in mod. writing, and often occurs in old, is phonetic,
not radical, and göra and gjöra represent the same sound. The word in
the oldest form had a characteristic v, and is spelt so on the Runic sto
nes in the frequent Runic phrase, gaurva kubl, Baut., and Danske Runemind. passi
m; but also now and then in old Icel. MSS., e.g. the Kb. of Sæm. (cited fr
om Bugge's Edit.), gorva, Am. 75, Skv. 1. 34, 3. 20, Hm. 123, Og. 29; gerva, Am.
64, Bkv. 3; giorva, Rm. 9; giorfa, 28; gorvir, Hkv. Hjörv. 41; gørv
om, Hým. 6; gorviz, Am. 35; gerviz, Merl. 2. 89 :-- this characteristic v has since been dropped, and it is usually spelt without it in MSS., gora
, Hým. 1, Og. 23, Ls. 65; gera, Am. 85; gorir, Hm. 114: the pret. always
drops the v, gorþi, Hym. 21; gorðo or gorþo, fecerunt,
 Hm. 142, Am. 9; gorðumz, Hðm. 28; gerþi, Am. 74; gerþit
, 26 :-- with i inserted, Rm. 9, 22; giordu, 11; in the Mork. freq. giavr
a. The ö is still sounded in the east of Icel., whereas gera is the
common form in speech, gjöra in writing :-- the old pres. indic. used by th
e
<PAGE NUM="b0224">
<HEADER>224 GÖRA.</HEADER>
poets and in the laws is monosyllabic görr, with suffixed negative, gö
rr-a, Hkr. i. (in a verse); mod. bisyllabic görir, which form is also the u
sual one in the Sagas :-- the old part. pass. was görr or gerr, g
eyrr, Fms. ix. 498, x. 75, where the v was kept before a vowel, and i
s often spelt with f, gorvan, gorvir, and gorfan, gorfir: dat. so-goro or
so-guru adverbially = sic facto: the mod. part. gjörðr, ger&
eth;r, görðr, as a regular part. of the 2nd weak conjugation, which
form occurs in MSS. of the 15th century, e.g. Bs. i. 877, l. 21. [This is a Sca
ndin. word; Dan. gjöre; Swed. göra; Old Engl. and Scot.
gar, which is no doubt of Scandin. origin, the Saxon word being do, the Germ. thun, neither of which is used in the Scandin.; the word howe
ver is not unknown to the Teut., though used in a different sense; A. S. gerv
an and gearvjan = parare; O. H. G. karwan; Germ. ger
ben, garben, but esp. the adj. and adv. gar, vide above s. v. gö
r-.] To make, to do; the Icel. includes both these senses.
A. To make: I. to build, work, make, etc.; göra
himin ok jörð, 623. 36, Hom. 100; göra hús, to build a
house, Fms. xi. 4, Rb. 384; göra kirkju, Bjarn. 39; göra skip, N.
G. L. i. 198; göra langskip, Eg. 44; göra stólpa, Al. 116; g&ou
ml;ra tól (= smíða), Vsp. 7; göra (fingr)-gull, Bs. i. 87
7; göra haug, to build a cairn, Eg. 399; göra lokhvílu,
Dropl. 27; göra dys, Ld. 152; göra kistu (coffin), Eg. 127; g&o
uml;ra naust, N. G. L. i. 198; göra jarðhús, Dropl. 34; gör
a veggi, Eg. 724: also, göra bók, to write a book, Íb.
1, Rb. 384; göra kviðling, to make a song, Nj. 50; göra br
éf, to draw up a deed (letter), Fms. ix. 22; göra n&ya
cute;mæli, to frame a law, Íb. 17. 2. adding prep.; g
öra upp, to repair, rebuild, restore, Fb. ii. 370; göra upp J&
oacute;rsala-borg, Ver. 43; göra upp skála, Ld. 298; göra upp l
eiði, to build up a grave. II. to make, prepare, get ready;
 göra veizlu, drykkju, brúðkaup, erfi, and poët. ö
l, öldr, to make a feast, brew bridal ale, Fs. 23, Fms. xi. 156, Dro
pl. 6, Am. 86; göra seið, blót, to perform a sacrifice, L
d. 152; göra bú, to set up a house, Grág. i. 185, Ld.
68; göra eld, to make a fire, Fs. 100, K. Þ. K. 88; göra
rekkju, to make one's bed, Eg. 236; göra upp hvílur, Sturl.
ii. 124; göra graut, to make porridge, Eg. 196, N. G. L. i. 349; g&o
uml;ra drykk, to make a drink, Fms. i. 8; göra kol, or göra til
kola, to make charcoal, Ölk. 35. III. in somewhat metaph. p
hrases; göra ferð, to make a journey, Fms. x. 281; görð
i heiman för sína, he made a journey from home, Eg. 23; g&oum
l;ra sinn veg, to make one's way, travel, Mar.; göra uppreisn, to
make an uprising, to rebel, Rb. 384, Fms. ix. 416; göra úfri&et
h;, to make war, 656 C. 15; göra sátt, göra frið, to make peace, Hom. 153, Bs. i. 24; göra féskipti, Nj. 118; g&o
uml;ra tilskipan, to make an arrangement, Eg. 67; göra rá&eth
; sitt, to make up one's mind, Nj. 267, Fms. ix. 21; göra hluti, 
to cast lots, Fms. x. 348. 2. to make, give, pay, yield; g&oum
l;ra tíund, to pay tithes, Hom. 180; hann skal göra Guði
tíunda hlut verðsins, id.; göra ölmusu, to give alms, 64; göra ávöxt, to yield fruit, Greg. 48; gefa n&eacut
e; göra ávöxt, Stj. 43; göra konungi skatt eða skyld,
Fms. xi. 225. 3. to contract; göra vináttu, fél
agskap, to contract friendship, Nj. 103, Eg. 29; göra skuld, to c
ontract a debt, Grág. i. 126: göra ráð með e-m, to take counsel with, advise one, Eg. 12; göra ráð fyrir,
to suppose, Nj. 103, Fms. ix. 10; göra mun e-s, to make a differe
nce, i. 255, Eb. 106. 4. to make, make up, Lat. efficere; sex tigir penninga göra eyri, sixty pence make an ounce, Gr&aacut
e;g. i. 500, Rb. 458. 5. to grant, render; göra kost, to m
ake a choice, to grant, Nj. 130, Dropl. 6, Fms. xi. 72, (usually ellipt., ko
str being understood); vil ek at þér gerit kostinn, Nj. 3; ok megit
þér fyrir því göra (grant) honum kostinn,
49, 51; göra e-m lög, to grant the law to one, 237; göra
guðsifjar, to make 'gossip' with one, to be one's godfather, Fms. ii.
130. 6. special usages; göra spott, háð, gabb, ... at eu, to make sport, gibes, etc. at or over a thing, Fms. x. 1
24; göra iðran, to do penance, Greg. 22; göra þakkir,
to give thanks, Hom. 55; göra róm at máli e-s, to
cheer another's speech, shout hear, hear! var görr at máli hans
mikill rómr ok góðr, his speech was much cheered, Nj. 2
50,--a parliamentary term; the Teutons cheered, the Romans applauded (with the h
ands), cp. Tacit. Germ. 7. with prepp.; gera til, to make ready or
dress meat; láta af (to kill) ok göra til (and dre
ss), K. Þ. K. 80, Ísl. ii. 83, 331, Fs. 146, 149, Bjarn. 31, Fi
nnb. 228; göra til nyt, to churn milk, K. Þ. K. 78; göra
til sverð, to wash and clean the sword, Dropl. 19; máttu &thor
n;eir eigi sjá, hversu Þorvaldr var til gerr, how Th. got a dres
sing, Nj. 19. β. göra at e-u, to mend, make good, put ri
ght (at-görð), ek skal at því gera, Fms. xi. 153, Eg.
566, Nj. 130: to heal, Bárð. 171, Eg. 579, Grág. i. 220
; göra at hesti, K. Þ. K. 54, Nj. 74: göra við e-u, vide B.
II. 8. adding acc. of an adj., part., or the like; göra mun þa
t margan höfuðlausan, Nj. 203; göra mikit um sik, to make a gre
at noise, great havoc, Fb. i. 545, Grett. 133, Fms. x. 329; göra e-n s&
aacute;ttan, to reconcile one, Grág. i. 336; göra sér

e-n kæran, to make one dear to oneself, Hkr. i. 209; göra sik
líkan e-m, to make oneself like to another, imitate one, Nj. 258;
göra sik góðan, to make oneself good or useful, 74
, 78; göra sik reiðan, to take offence, 216; göra s&eacute
;r dælt, to make oneself at home, take liberties, Ld. 134, Nj. 216;
göra langmælt, to make a long speech, Sks. 316; göra skj
ót-kjörit, to make a quick choice, Fms. ii. 79; göra h&o
acute;lpinn, to 'make holpen,' to help, x. 314; göra lögtekit,
to make a law, issue a law, xi. 213, Bs. i. 37; hann gerði hann h&aac
ute;lshöggvinn, he had him beheaded, Fms. ix. 488, v. l.; ok gö
rðu þá handtekna alla at minsta kosti, Sturl. i. 40; vár
ir vöskustu ok beztu menn era görfir handteknir, 41. β. g&
ouml;ra sér mikit um e-t, to make much of, admire, Eg. 5, Fms. x.
254, 364; göra e-t at ágætum, to make famous, extol a thing
, vii. 147; göra at orðum, to notice as remarkable, Fas. i.
123; göra at álitum, to take into consideration, Nj. 3; g&ou
ml;ra sér úgetið at e-u, to be displeased with, Ld. 134
; göra vart við sik, to make one's presence noticed, Eg. 79; g&o
uml;ra sér mikit, lítið fyrir, to make great, small efforts
, Finnb. 234; göra sér í hug, to brood over; hann
gerði sér í hug at drepa jarl, Fs. 112; göra sér
í hugar lund, to fancy, think: göra af sér, to exer
t oneself, ef þú gerir eigi meira af þér um að
ra leika, Edda 32; hvárt hann var með Eiríki jarli, eðr g&
ouml;rði hann annat af sér, or what else he was making of himself,
 Fms. xi. 157. 9. phrases, gera fáleika á sik, to fe
ign, make oneself look sad, Nj. 14; esp. adding upp, gera sér upp vey
ki, to feign sickness, (upp-gerð, dissimulation); göra s
ér til, to make a fuss, (hence, til-gerð, foppishness.)
B. To do: I. to do, act; allt þat er hann geri
r síðan (whatever he does), þat á eigandi at &aac
ute;byrgjask, Gþl. 190; þér munut fátt mæla e&et
h;r gera, áðr yðr munu vandræði af standa, i.e. what
soever you say or do will bring you into trouble, Nj. 91; göra e-t me&e
th; harðfengi ok kappi, 98; ger svá vel, 'do so well,' be so kind!
 111; gerit nú svá, góði herra (please, dear lor
d!), þiggit mitt heilræði, Fms. vii. 157: and in mod. usage,
gerið þér svo vel, gerðu svo vel, = Engl. please, do! sagði, at hann hafði með trúleik gört, done faithf
ully, Eg. 65; göra gott, to do good; göra íllt, t
o do evil, (góð-görð, íll-görð); ok &tho
rn;at var vel gört, well done, 64; geyrða ek hotvetna íll
t, I did evil in all things, Niðrst. 109; hefir hann marga hluti g&ou
ml;rt stór-vel til mín, he has done many things well towards me
, I have received many great benefits at his hands, Eg. 60: with dat., sv&aa
cute; mikit gott sem jarl hefir mér gert, Nj. 133; þér vilda
ek sízt íllt göra, I would least do harm to thee, 84:
göra fúlmennsku, to do a mean act, 185; göra vel vi&eth
; e-n, to do well to one, Fs. 22; göra stygð við e-n, to
offend one, Fms. x. 98; göra sæmiliga til e-s, to do well to o
ne, Ld. 62, Nj. 71; göra sóma e-s, to do honour to one, F
ms. vii. 155; göra e-m gagn, to give help to one, Nj. 262; göra
e-m sæmd, skomm, to do (shew) honour, dishonour, to one,
 5, Fms. x. 43; göra háðung, xi. 152; göra styrk, to
strengthen one, ix. 343; göra e-m skapraun, to tease one; g&oum
l;ra ósóma, Vápn. 19; göra skaða (scathe),
Eg. 426; göra óvina-fagnað, to give joy to one's enemies,
i.e. to do just what they want one to do, Nj. 112; göra til skaps e
-m, to conform to one's wishes, 80; gerum vér sem faðir v&aacu
te;r vill, let us do as our father wishes, 198; vel má ek gera &th
orn;at til skaps föður míns at brenna inni með honum, id.; g
öra at skapi e-s, id., 3; var þat mjök gert móti m
ínu skapi, Fms. viii. 300; gera til saka við e-n, to offend, sin a
gainst one, Nj. 80; gera á hluta e-s, to wrong one, Víg
l. 25; göra ílla fyrir sér, to behave badly, Fms. vii.
103. II. adding prep.; göra til e-s, to deserve a thing (cp.
til-görð, desert, behaviour); hvat hafðir þú t
il gört, what hast thou done to deserve it? Nj. 130; framarr en ek h
efi til gört, more than I have deserved, Fms. viii. 300; ok hafit &t
horn;ér Danir heldr til annars gört, ye Danes have rather deserve
d the reverse, xi. 192, Hom. 159 :-- göra eptir, to do after, imitat
e, Nj. 90 :-- göra við e-u (cp. við-görð, amendment
), to provide for, amend, ok mun úhægt vera at göra
við forlögum þeirra, Ld. 190; er úhægt at göra
við (to resist) atkvæðum, Fs. 22; ok mun ekki mega vi&eth
; því gera, Nj. 198 :-- göra af við e-n (cp. af-gör&e
th;, evil doing), to transgress against one, ek hefi engan hlut af
gört við þik, Fms. vii. 104, viii. 241; ok iðrask nú
þess er hann hefir af gert, 300; göra af við Guð, to sin a
gainst God, Hom. 44. 2. special usages; göra ... at, to do s
o and so; spurði, hvat hann vildi þá láta at gera, he asked what he would have done, Nj. 100; hann gerði þat eina a
t, er hann átti, he did only what be ought, 220; þeir Flosi
sátu um at rengja, ok gátu ekki at gert, F. tried, and could d
o nothing, 115, 242; þér munut ekki fá at gert, fyrr en
..., 139; Flosi ok hans menn fengu ekki at gert, 199; mikit hefir þ&uacute
; nú at gert, much hast thou now done (it is a serious matter), 85; er nú ok mikit at gert um manndráp siðan, 256; hann v
ildi taka vöru at láni, ok göra mikit at, and do great thing
s, Ld. 70; Svartr hafði höggit skóg ok gert mikit at, Nj. 53
; slíkt gerir at er sölin etr, so it happens with those who eat s
eaweed, i.e. that (viz. thirst) comes of eating seaweed, Eg.
605. β. göra af e-u, to do so and so with a thing; hvat
hafið ér gert af Gunnari, Njarð. 376; ráð þ&uacu
te; draumana, vera má at vér gerim af nokkut, may be that we ma
y make something out of it, Ld. 126; gör af drauminum slíkt er &
thorn;ér þykkir líkligast, do with the dream (read
it) as seems to thee likeliest, Ísl. ii. 196: göra vi&et
h; e-n, to do with one; þá var um rætt, hvað vi&et
h; þá skyldi göra, what was to be done with them? Eg. 2
32; ærnar eru sakir til við Egil, hvat sem eg læt göra vi&e
th; hann, 426; eigi veit ek hvat þeir hafa síðan við g&ouml
;rt, 574: göra fyrir e-t, to provide; Jón var vel fjár
eigandi, ok at öllu vel fyrir gört, a wealthy and well-to-do man, Sturl. iii. 195; þótt Björn sé vel vígr ma&et
h;r, þá er þar fyrir gört, því at ..., b
ut that is made up, because ...: fyrir göra (q.v.), to forfeit.
C. METAPH. AND SPECIAL USAGES: I. to do, help, avail; n&uac
ute; skulum vér ganga allir á vald jarlsins, því at o
ss gerir eigi annat, nothing else will do for us, Nj. 267; þat mun
ekki gera, that wont do, 84; en ek kann ekki ráð til at leggja
ef þetta gerir ekki, Fms. ii. 326; konungr vill þat eigi, þvi
at mér gerir þat eigi (it will not do for me) at þ&ea
cute;r gangit
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hér upp, x. 357; þat gerir mér ekki, at þér gan
git á Orminn, ... en hitt má vera at mér komi at gagni, ii.
227; þóttisk þá vita, at honum mundi ekki gera (it
would do nothing) at biðja fyrir honum, Fb. i. 565; engum gerði vi&
eth; hann at keppa, 571; ekki gerði þeim um at brjótask, B&aacu
te;rð. 10 new Ed.; sagða ek yðr eigi, at ekki mundi gera at leita ha
ns, Sks. 625; hvat gerir mér nú at spyrja, Stj. 518; ekki gerir at
dylja, no use hiding it, Fbr. 101 new Ed.; ætla þat at f&aac
ute;ir þori, enda geri engum, Band. 7; bæði var leitað til a
nnarra ok heima, ok gerði ekki, but did no good, 4; hét hann &
thorn;eim afarkostum, ok gerði þat ekki, but it did no good, Fm
s. ii. 143. II. to send, despatch, cp. the Engl. to 'do' a mess
age; hann gerði þegar menn frá sér, Eg. 270; hann ha
fði gört menn sex á skóginn fyrir þá, 568; &
thorn;á gerði Karl lið móti þeim, Fms. i. 108; jarl
gerði Eirík at leita Ribbunga, ix. 314; hann gerði fram fyrir sik
Álf á njósn, 488; hann gerði menn fyrir sér at
segja konunginum kvámu sína, x. 10; hleypi-skúta var g&ouml
;r norðr til Þrándheims, vii. 206; jafnan gerði jarl til Ri
bbunga ok drap menn af þeim, ix. 312; vilja Ósvífrs-synir &t
horn;egar gera til þeirra Kotkels, despatch them to slay K., Ld. 14
4; skulu vér nú göra í mót honum, ok lát
a hann engri njósn koma, 242 :-- göra eptir e-m, to send after on
e, Nero bað göra eptir postulunum ok leiða þangat, 656 C.
26; nú verðr eigi eptir gört at miðjum vetri, Grág.
i. 421; frændr Bjarnar létu göra eptir (Germ. abholen)
líki hans, Bjarn. 69; síðan gerðu þeir til klaustrs
þess er jómfrúin var í, Fms. x. 102 :-- gera e-m or&e
th;, njósn, to do a message to one; hann gerði orð jö
rlum sínum, Eg. 270; ætluðu þeir at göra Önundi
njósn um ferðir Egils, 386, 582; vóru þangat orð g&
ouml;r, word was sent thither, Hkr. ii. 228. III. with infin. as a
n auxiliary verb, only in poetry and old prose (laws); ef hón gerði k
oma, if she did come, Völ. 5; gerðit vatn vægja, Am. 25; g
ramr gørr-at sér hlífa, he does not spare himself,
Hkr. i. (in a verse); gerðut vægjask, id., Fs. (in a verse); ha
nn gerðisk at höggva, Jb. 41; görðir at segja, Bkv. 15; g&ouml
;rðisk at deyja, Gkv. 1. 1: in prose, eigi gerir hugr minn hlægja vi&e
th; honum, Fas. i. 122; góðir menn göra skýra sitt m&aacu
te;l með sannsögli, 677. 12; Aristodemus görði eigi enn at tr&
uacute;a, Post.: esp. in the laws, ef þeir göra eigi ganga í r
úm sín, Grág. i. 8; ef goðinn gerr eigi segja, 32; ef h
ann gerr eigi í ganga, 33; ef þeir göra eigi hluta meðr s&
eacute;r, 63; ef dómendr göra eigi dæma, 67; ef dómendr
göra eigi við at taka, id.; ef goðinn gerr eigi (does not)
nefna féráns-dóm, 94; nú göra þeir menn e
igi úmaga færa, 86; ef þeir göra eigi nefna kvö&eth
;ina af búanum, Kb. ii. 163; ef þeir göra eigi segja, hv&aacut
e;rt ..., Sb. ii. 52; nú gerr sá eigi til fara, Kb. ii. 96; g&ouml
;ra eigi koma, 150; ef hann gerr eigi kjósa, § 113. IV. a law
term, göra um, or gera only, to judge or arbitrate in a case; fékksk þat af, at tólf menn skyldu göra um mál
it, Nj. 111; villt þú göra um málit, 21; bjó&eth
;a mun ek at göra um, ok lúka upp þegar görðinni, 77;
mun sá mála-hluti várr beztr, at góðir menn ger
i um, 88; málin vóru lagið í gerð, skyldu gera um t
ólf menn, var þá gert um málin á þingi,
var þat gert, at ... (follows the verdict), 88; vil ek at þú
sættisk skjótt ok látir góða menn gera um ..., at
hann geri um ok enir beztu menn af hvárra liði lögliga til nefn
dir, 188; Njáll kvaðsk eigi gera mundu nema á þingi, 105
; þeir kváðusk þat halda mundu, er hann gerði, id.; s
kaltú gera sjálfr, 58; fyrr en gert var áðr um hitt m&a
acute;lit, 120; ek vil bjóðask til at göra milli ykkar Þ&o
acute;rðar um mál yðar, Bjarn. 55; Þorsteinn kvað &thor
n;at þó mundi mál manna, at þeir hefði gó&e
th;a nefnd um sættir þótt hann görði, 56; nú
er þegar slegit í sætt málinu með því
móti, at Áskell skal göra um þeirra í milli, Rd
. 248; er nú leitað um sættir milli þeirra, ok kom sv&aac
ute; at þeir skulu göra um málin Þorgeirr goði fr&aa
cute; Ljósa-vatni ok Arnórr ór Reykjahlíð, s&uac
ute; var görð þeirra at ..., 288; svá kemr at Ljótr
vill at Skapti görði af hans hendi, en Guðmundr vill sjálfr
göra fyrir sína hönd, skyldi Skapti gerð upp segja, Valla
L. 225; eigi hæfir þat, leitum heldr um sættir ok geri Þ
orgeirr um mál þessi, Lv. 12; var jafnt gört sár &THORN
;órðar ok sár Þórodds, Eb. 246; þær u
rðu mála-lyktir at Þórðr skyldi göra um ..., 24
; ok vóru þá görvar miklar fésektir, 128; var le
itað um sættir, ok varð þat at sætt, at þeir Sno
rri ok Steindórr skyldi göra um, 212; þit erut gerfir h&eacute
;raðs-sekir sem íllræðis-menn, Fs. 58: göra gör&e
th;, Sturl. i. 63, 105: adding the fine, to fix the amount, þat er
gerð mín, at ek geri verð húss ok matar, I fix the amou
nt of the value of the house and (stolen) stores, Nj. 80; gerði N
jáll hundrað silfrs, N. put it at a hundred silver pieces, 58;
margir mæltu, at mikit vaeri gert, that the amount was high, id.;
slíkt fégjald sem gert var, 120; vilit ér nokkut hér
aðs-sektir göra eða utanferðir, 189; hann dæmdi þeg
ar, ok görði hundrað silfrs, 6l; síðan bauð Bjarni &
THORN;orkatli sætt ok sjálfdæmi, görði Bjarni hundra
ð silfrs, Vápn. 31; ek göri á hönd Þóri
hundrað silfrs, Lv. 55; ek göri á hönd þér hu
ndrað silfrs, id.; vilit þér, at ek göra millum ykkar? s&i
acute;ðan görði konungr konuna til handa Þórði ok
öll fé hennar, Bjarn. 17; Rafn kvað hann mikit fé annat a
f sér hafa gört, at eigi þætti honum þat betra, Fs
. 30; Gellir görði átta hundrað silfrs, Lv. 97; fyrir &thorn
;at gerði Börkr hinn digri af honum eyjarnar, B. took the isles from
him as a fine, Landn. 123: adding the case as object, Gunnarr gerði ger
ðina, G. gave judgment in the case, Nj. 80; fyrr en gert var á
ðr um hitt málit, till the other case was decided, 120; &thorn
;á sætt er hann görði Haraldi jarli, that settlement wh
ich he made for earl Harold, Fms. viii. 300: Flosi var görr utan ok all
ir brennu-menn, F. was put out (banished) and all the burners, Nj. 251: metaph., nema þau vili annat mál á gera, unl
ess they choose to settle it otherwise, Grág. i. 336. 2. in th
e phrase, göra sekð, to make a case of outlawry, Grág. i.
118; eigi um görir sekð manns ella, else the outlawry takes no effe
ct; en hann um görir eigi ella sekðina, else he cannot condemn h
im, 119. 3. to perform; eptir-gerðar þeirrar sem hve
rr nennti framast at gera eptir sinn náung, Fms. viii. 103; en þat
grunaði konung, at hann mundi ætla at göra eptir sumar sætt
ir, i.e. that he had some back door to escape by, Orkn. 58 (cp. Ó.
H.); allt þat er þér gerit nú fyrir þeirra s&aa
cute;lum, id. V. special usages, to make allowance for; gera f&oac
ute;ðr til fjár, to make an arbitrary allowance for, Ís

l. ii. 138; hence, to suppose, en ef ek skal göra til fyrir fram (suggest) hvat er hón (the code) segir mér, þá s
egi ek svá, at ..., Fms. ix. 331; gera sér í hug, Fs. 112;
göra sér í hugar-lund, to fancy; göra e-m getsaki
r, to impute to one; gera orð á e-u, to report a thing;
þat er ekki orð á því geranda, 'tis not worth
talking about; eigi þarf orð at göra hjá þv&iacu
te; ('tis not to be denied), sjálfan stólkonunginn blinda&e
th;i hann, Mork. 14 (cp. Fms. vi. 168, l. c.); gera sér létt, t
o take a thing lightly, Am. 70; göra sér far um, to take pain
s; göra sér í hug, hugar-lund, to suppose.
D. IMPERS. it makes one so and so, one becomes; hann görð
i fölvan í andliti, he turned pale, Glúm. 342; leysti
ísinn ok görði varmt vatnið, the water became warm, 6
23. 34; veðr görði hvast, a gale arose, Eg. 128; hrí&
eth; mikla gerði at þeim, they were overtaken by a storm, 267;
þá gerði ok á hríð (acc.) veðrs, 281; f&e
acute;ll veðrit ok gerði logn (acc.), and became calm, 372; g&oum
l;rði þá stórt á firðinum, the sea rose hi
gh, 600; til þess er veðr lægði ok ljóst gerð
i, and till it cleared up, 129; um nóttina gerði á &ael
ig;ði-veðr ok útsynning, 195; görir á fyrir þei
m hafvillur, they lost their course (of sailors), Finnb. 242; mér
gerir svefnhöfugt, I grow sleepy, Nj. 264; þá gör&
eth;i vetr mikinn þar eptir hinn næsta, Rd. 248.
E. REFLEX, to become, grow, arise, and the like; þá g
örðisk hlátr, then arose laughter, Nj. 15; görði
sk bardagi, it came to a fight, 62, 108; sá atburðr gör&e
th;isk, it came to pass, Fms. x. 279; þau tíðendi er &th
orn;ar höfðu görzt, Ld. 152; gerðisk með þeim f&eacu
te;lagskapr, they entered into fellowship, Eg. 29; gerðisk svá
fallit kaup, Dipl. ii. 10; Sigurðr konungr gerðisk (grew up to be) ofstopa-maðr ..., görðisk mikill maðr ok sterkr, Fms. vii. 2
38; hann görðisk brátt ríkr maðr ok stjórnsamr
, xi. 223; Unnr görðisk þá mjök elli-móð,
U. became worn with age, Ld. 12; sár þat er at ben gör&
eth;isk, a law term, a wound which amounted to a bleeding wound, Nj. pass
im :-- to be made, to become, görask konungr, to become king,
Eg. 12; ok görðisk skáld hans, and became his ská
ld, 13; görðisk konungs hirðmaðr, 27; görask hans eigin-ko
na, to become his wedded wife, Fms. i. 3; at hann skyldi görask h&aa
cute;lf-konungr yfir Dana-veldi, 83; vill Hrútr görask mágr &
thorn;inn, Nj. 3; hann gerðisk síðan óvarari, he became
less cautious, Fms. x. 414. 2. with the prep. svá, to happ
en, come to pass so and so; svá görðisk, at ..., it so ha
ppened, that ..., Nj. 167; görðisk svá til, at ..., Fms. x.
391; þá görðisk svá til um síðir, at...,
at last it came to pass. that ..., 392; enda vissi hann eigi, at þ
ingför mundi af görask, in case he knew not that it would entail a
journey to parliament, Grág. i. 46: with at added, to incre
ase, þá görðisk þat mjök at um jarl (it
grew even worse with the earl) at hann var úsiðugr um kvenna-far,
görðisk þat svá mikit, at ..., it grew to such a pitch
, that ..., Hkr. i. 245; hence the mod. phrase, e-ð á-görist
, it increases, gains, advances, esp. of illness, bad habits, and the lik
e, never in a good sense. 3. impers. with dat., honum gerðisk ekki mj
ök vært, he felt restless, Ld. 152; næsta gerisk m&eacut
e;r kynlegt, I feel uneasy, Finnb. 236. 4. to behave, bear ones
elf; Páll görðisk hraustliga í nafni Jesu, Post. 656
C. 13. 5. to set about doing, be about; fám vetrum s&iacute
;ðan görðisk hann vestr til Íslands, Fms. x. 415; maðr k
om at honum ok spurði, hvat hann gerðisk, what he was about, &Oac
ute;. H. 244; görðisk jarl til Ribbunga, Fms. ix. 312, v. l.; tveir men
n görðusk ferðar sinnar, two men set out for a journey, x. 2
79; görðusk menn ok eigi til þess at sitja yfir hlut hans, Eg. 51
2; at þessir menn hafa görzk til svá mikils stórr&aelig
;ðis, Fms. xi. 261; eigi treystusk menn at görask til við hann, B&a
acute;rð. 160. 6. (mod.) to be; in such phrases as, eins og me
nn nú gerast, such as people now are; eins og flestir menn gerast.
F. PART. PASS. görr, geyrr (Fms. ix. 498, x. 75), gjö
rr, gerr, as adj., compar. görvari, superl. görvastr; [A. S. ge
aru; gare, Chaucer, Percy's Ballads; O. H. G. garwe; Germ. gar
] :-- skilled, accomplished; vaskligr, at sér görr, Ld. 134;
vel at sér görr, Ísl. ii. 326, Gísl. 14; gerr at s&eac
ute;r um allt, Nj. 51; hraustir ok vel at sér görvir, Eg. 86; at eng
i maðr hafi gervari at sér verit en Sigurðr, Mork. 221; allra man
na snjallastr í máli ok görvastr at sér, Hkr. iii. 360
: the phrase, leggja görva hönd á e-t, to set a skilled hand
to work, to be an adept, a master in a thing; svá hagr, at hann lag&
eth;i allt á görva hönd, Fas. i. 391, (á allt görva
hönd, iii. 195.) 2. ready made, at hand; in the saying, gott
er til geyrs (i.e. görs, not geirs) at taka, 'tis good to have a thing
at hand, Hkm. 17; ganga til görs, to have it ready made for one,
Ld. 96; gör gjöld, prompt punishment, Lex. Poët. :-- with
infin., gerr at bjóða, ready to offer, Gh. 17; gervir at eisk
ra, in wild spirits, Hom. 11; görvar at ríða, Vsp. 24: wi
th gen. of the thing, gerr ílls hugar, prone to evil, Hým.
9; gerr galdrs, prone to sorcery, Þd. 3; skulut þess gör
vir, be ready for that! Am. 55. II. [cp. görvi, Engl. gear
], done, dressed; svá görvir, so 'geared,' so trussed,
 Am. 40. III.
<PAGE NUM="b0226">
<HEADER>226 GÖRANDI -- GÖTVAR.</HEADER>
adverb. phrases, so-gurt, at soguru, so done; verða menn þat &t
horn;ó so-gurt at hafa, i.e. there is no redress to be had, Hrafn.
9; hafi hann so-gurt, N. G. L. i. 35, Nj. 141; kvað eigi so-gort duga, 123,
v.l.; at (með) so-guru, this done, quo facto, Skv. 1. 24, 40; freq.
with a notion of being left undone, re infecta. Germ. unverrichteter s
ache, Eg. 155, Glúm. 332, Ó. H. 202; enda siti um so-gort, 
and now let it stand, Skálda 166; við so-gurt, id., 655 vi
i. 4; á so-gurt ofan, into the bargain, Bs. i. 178, Ölk. 36,
Fas. i. 85.
görandi, a, m., part. doer, Rb. 4: gramm. nominative,
Skálda.
GÖRÐ, gjörð, gerð, f. [göra]: 1. used o
f making, building, workmanship; görð ok gylling, Vm. 47; kirkju
-görð, church-building; húsa-g., house-building;
skipa-g., ship-building; garð-g., fence-making :-- of perfo
rmance, vígslu-g., inauguration; messu-g., saying of mass,
divine service; þjónustu-g., embættis-g., id.; &th
orn;akkar-g., thanksgiving; bænar-g., prayer; lof-g., pr

aise; ölmusu-g., alms-giving; frið-g., peace-making;
sættar-g., settlement, agreement, arbitration :-- of working, akr-g., tillage; ú-gerð, bad workmanship, patchwork;
við-gerð, mending :-- of yielding (of duties), tíu
ndar-görð, tithe; leiðangrs-g., paying levy :-- of cookery and the like, öl-görð, ale-making, brewing; ma
tar-g., cooking; brauð-g., baking: sundr-gerð, show: til-gerð, whims: upp-gerð, dissimulation: eptir-gö
rð, q.v.: í-görð, suppuration. 2. a doing,
act, deed; the phrase, orð ok görðir, words and deeds,
Fms. iii. 148; ef þú launar svá mína görð, &
Iacute;sl. ii. 141, Stj. 250, 252, Dipl. i. 7: so in the phrase, söm &thorn
;ín gerð, as good as the deed (in declining a kind offer); g&o
acute;ð-görð, vel-görð, a good deed, benefit; &iacu
te;ll-görðir (pl.), evil doings; mein-görðir, transg
ressions: in gramm. the active voice, Skálda 180. II. a
law term, arbitration; the settlement was called sætt or sæt
tar-görð, the umpires görðar-menn, m., Gr&aacut
e;g., Nj. passim; and the verdict gerð or görð, cp. gör
a C. IV :-- the technical phrases were, leggja mál í görð
, to submit a case to arbitration, passim; vóru málin &iacu
te; gerð lagin með umgangi ok sættarboðum góðgjarna
manna, Eb. 128; or slá málum í sætt, Rd. 248, Eb. ch
. 56; leggja mál undir e-n, Lv. ch. 27: nefna menn til görðar (c
h. 4), or taka menn til görðar, to choose umpires; vóru m
enn til gerðar teknir ok lagðr til fundr, Nj. 146: skilja undir gerð
(sátt), or skilja undan, to stipulate, of one of the party making
a stipulation to be binding on the umpire (as e.g. the award shall not b
e outlawry but payment), en þó at vandliga væri skilit undir
görðina, þá játaði Þórðr at g&
ouml;ra, Eb. 24, cp. Ld. 308, Sturl. ii. 63; göra fé slíkt se
m hann vildi, at undan-skildum hérað-sektum ok utanferðum, var &t
horn;á handsalat niðrfall af sökum, Fs. 74; lúka upp ger&
eth; (to deliver the arbitration), or segja upp gerð, to pronounce
 or to give verdict as umpire; skyldi Skapti gerð upp segja, Vall
a L. 225; hann lauk upp gerðum á Þórsness-þingi ok
hafði við hina vitrustu menn er þar vóru komnir, Eb. 246;
þeir skyldi upp lúka görðinni áðr en þeir
færi af þingi, Bjarn. (fine); Þorsteinn kvaðsk ekki mundu
görð upp lúka fyr en á nokkuru lögþingi, Fs.
49 :-- as to the number of umpires, -- one only, a trustworthy man, was usually
appointed, Eb. ch. 10 (Thord Gellir umpire), ch. 46, Lv. ch. 27 (Gellir), Valla
L. ch. 6 (Skapti the speaker), Rd. ch. 6 (Áskell Goði), Sturl. 2. ch.
103 (Jón Loptsson), Sturl. 4. ch. 27 (Thorvald Gizurarson), Bjarn. 17 (t
he king of Norway), Flóam. S. ch. 3, Hallfr. S. ch. 10, Bjarn. 55: two um
pires, Rd. ch. 10, 16, 18, 24, Valla L. ch. 10 (partly a case of sjálfd&a
elig;mi), Bjarn. (fine): twelve umpires, Nj. ch. 75, 123, 124 (six named by each
party): the number and other particulars not recorded, Vd. ch. 39, 40, Nj. ch.
94, Rd. ch. 11, 13, Eb. ch. 27, 56, Lv. ch. 4, 12, 30, Glúm. ch. 9, 23, 2
7, etc. :-- even the sjálfdæmi (q.v.), self-judging, was a k
ind of arbitration, cp. Vápn. 31, Vd. ch. 29, 34, 44, Lv. ch. 17, Band. p
p. 11-13, Ölk. ch. 2-4: curious is the passage, ek vil at vit takim menn ti
l görðar með okkr, Hrafnkell svarar, þá þykisk &
thorn;ú jafn-menntr mér, Hrafn. 10 :-- görð is properly d
istinguished from dómr, but is sometimes confounded with it, vóru
handsöluð mál í dóm ok menn til görðar ne
fndir, Lv. 13; málin kómu í dóm Vermundar, en hann l
auk gerðum upp á Þórsness-þingi, Eb. 246; as also
Nj. (beginning), where lögligir dómar no doubt refers to gör&et
h;. A section of law about görð is contained in the Grág. at the

end of Kaupa-þáttr, ch. 69-81 (i. 485-497), where even the curious
case is provided for of one or all the umpires dying, or becoming dumb or mad,
before pronouncing their verdict. UNCERTAIN This was a favourite way of settleme
nt at the time of the Commonwealth, and suited well the sagacious and law-abidin
g spirit of the men of old: nor did the institution of the Fifth Court make any
change in this; the görð was even resorted to in public matters, such a
s the introduction of Christianity in A. D. 1000. Good and leading men acted the
part of public peacemakers (e.g. Njál in the 10th, Jón Loptsson i
n the 12th century); until at last, in the 13th century, the king of Norway was
resorted to, but he misused the confidence put in him.
görla (gerla, gjörla), adv. quite, altogether, clearl
y, Nj. 5, 104, passim.
görliga, adv. = görla, Skv. 1. 36.
GÖRN, f., old pl. garnar, Grág. ii. 361, 371, usually and mod
. garnir, [akin to garn, yarn], the guts, Landn. 217, Grág.
ii. 361, Jb. 320, Ls. 50.
GÖRNING (gjörning, gerning), f. (in mod. usage masc. 
-ingr, Sturl. i. 217) :-- a doing, deed, act, Sturl. l.c., Hom. 106;
góð-g., well-doing, a good deed; mis-g., a mis-deed: a writ
ten deed, freq.: in plur., Postulanna Görningar or Gjörninga b&oac
ute;k, the book of the Acts of the Apostles, freq.; kirkja á messu
-bók ok görninga, Ám. 4. II. only in plur. sorcerie
s, witchcraft, Fs. 37, Fms. ii. 134, v. 326, x. 136, Hom. 53, 86, N. G. L. i
. 351, passim; esp. in the allit. phrase, galdrar ok g. COMPDS: görninga
-hríð, f., -veðr, n. a witch storm, Fs. 56, Fas
. iii. 279. görninga-maðr, m. a sorcerer, Js. 22. g&ou
ml;rninga-sótt, f. sickness caused by sorcery, Fas. i. 324. görninga-stakkr, m. an enchanted jacket, Fs. 33. görni
nga-vættr, f. a witch, Grett. 151 B, Fs. 166.
gör-óttr, adj. empoisoned, Sæm. 118.
görr, vide gær.
gör-ráðr, adj. arbitrary.
gör-ræði, n. a law term, an arbitrary act; taka ski
p manns at görræði sínu, Grág. ii. 396.
gör-samliga, adv. altogether, quite, Bs. i. 322, Fms. vii. 11
, Magn. 466, Fas. i. 287, Hom. 44, Sks. 327, 347, passim.
gör-samligr, adj. all together.
gör-semi, gör-symi, giavr-simi, f., Mork. 61, 64; but usually ger-semi, f. indecl. sing., but þessarar gersemar (gen.), Fms. vi. 7
3; [old Dan. görsum; gersuma in A. S. laws is a Scandin. or Dan. wor
d, from gör- and sama, what beseems; or perhaps better from gör
- and sima, costly wire, coils of wire being used as money] :-- a cost
ly thing, jewel; gersemi ertú (what a treasure thou art!), hve
rsu þú ert mér eptirlátr, Nj. 68; skjöld, ok var
hann en mesta gersemi, Eg. 698; gullhring ok nokkrar gersimar, Bs. i. 130; gaf
keisarinn honum margar gersimar, Fms. xi. 328; einn digran gullhring ok var &tho
rn;at g. sem mest, Fær. 6; með stórum gersemum ok fjár-h
lutum, Fms. x. 417: of a living thing, þeir hafa drepit yxn (oxen)
mitt er mest gersemi var, Sd. 158; var þat dýr en mesta gersemi &t
horn;ess-kyns, Fms. vi. 298 sqq.; konungs-gersemi, a 'king's jewel,' of a
dwarf, -- such a man being the 'king's plaything:' allit., gull ok gersimar, pa
ssim :-- Hnoss and Gersemi were the daughters of Freyja, Edda.
gör-simligr, adj. costly, Edda 21, 151.
gör-t&oelig;ki, n. a law term, any unlawful seizure or hol
ding of another man's property without positive intention of stealing, there
fore not felony: it is thus defined, ef maðr tekr þat er annarr ma&eth
;r á, ólofat, ok á maðr at færa þat til g&o
uml;rt&oelig;kis er pennings er vert eðr meira, Grág. ii. 188; &thorn
;jófsök and gört&oelig;kis-sök are distinguished in 190; t
he penalty was the payment of twice its value, as fixed by the neighbours, and a
fine of three marks, i. 401, ii. 188, 396: pilfering could be prosecuted either
as theft or as gört&oelig;ki, i. 430, ii. 295, and passim.
görva, gjörva, gerva, geyrva, adv.; compar. görr, gj&ou
ml;rr, gerr; superl. görst, gerst: [A. S. gearve, gearu;
O. H. G. garwe; Germ. gar] :-- quite, clearly; ef þ&
uacute; görva kannar, if thou searchest closely, Hm. 101, Ls. 52; mu
na g., to remember clearly, Am. 78; reyna g., 77; vita g., to know exa
ctly, Ó. H. 62, Sturl. iii. 220 C: compar., seg enn görr, tel
l it plainer, speak out! Nj. 13; þvíat nú vita menn g&ou
ml;rr en fyrr hvat göra skal, Bjarn. 58; um þá hluti er ek han
n görr at sjá en þér, Ld. 186; þó veiztu g
örr ef þú ræðir þetta mál fyrir konungi
, Fms. i. 82: more, farther, ok skilja þeir þat eigi gör
r en svá, Grág. i. 136; þá á hann eigi gö
rr at neyta, en fjögurra missera björg sé eptir, not beyond
that point, 235; lögsögu-maðr skal svá görla (s
o far, so minutely) alla þáttu upp segja, at engi viti einna mi
klogi görr, 2; görr meir, still more, H. E. i. 48: superl., ek
veit görst (I know best) at þér þurfit brý
ningina, Ld. 240: sá veit görst er reynir, a saying; sauða-ma&et
h;r fór ok sagði Gunnari sem görst (he told G. minutely)
frá öllu, Nj. 104; er þat bæði, at ek þykkjumk
svá görst vita hverr þú ert, Fms. ii. 269; þ&oac
ute;ttisk hón þá görst vita, hvernig honum mun farask,
Rd. 246.
görv-allr, adj. whole, entire, quite all, = Gr. GREEK, Hm. 14
7, Grág. i. 262, Fms. vi. 444, viii. 261, xi. 67, 186, Ld. 202, Sks. pass
im, both in old and mod. usage.
görvi, giörvi, gervi, f. indecl. sing., pl. görvar, [A. S.
gearwe; Engl. gear, garb; Hel. gerui; Germ. garb] :
-- gear, apparel; kraptr er görvi hugar, 'virtus est animi habitus,'
Hom. 27; fóru hendr hvítar hennar um þessar gervar, Fas. i.
(in a verse); brautingja-gervi, a beggar's gear, Hbl. 6; kaupmanna-g., a merchant's gear, Fms. v. 285; far-görvi, luggage; handa-ger
vi, 'hands' gear,' gloves, Sd. 143, 177, Fbr. 139; eykja-görvi, h
orse harness, Ýt. 10; at-görvi (q.v.), accomplishment. görvi-búr, n. a store-house, Ld. 134, Þorst. S&iac
ute;ðu H. 7, Fs. 40.
görvi-leikr (-leiki), m. accomplishments, Grett. 113,
Fms. iv. 178.
görvi-ligr, adj. accomplished, doughty, able, Eg. 3, 98, Nj.
72, Fms. i. 4, 61, Fas. i. 58, Bs. i. 130, passim.

görvir, m., poët. a doer, maker, Lex. Poët.
götóttr, adj. [gat], full of holes.
GÖTVA, að, [akin to gata, a way dug or bored through; the characteristic v is preserved in Goth. gatvo = platea] :-- to dig, bury; götvaðr (part.), buried (in a cairn
), Ísl. ii. 280; götva þeir hann þar í grj&oacute
;tinu, they cast stones over him, Gísl. 72, Gkv. 18: in mod. usage
, upp-götva, to discover, (freq.)
götvaðr, m. one who buries, i.e. a slayer, Bkv. 10
, (dub.)
götvan, f., in upp-götvan, discovery, (freq. in mod. usa
ge.)
götvar, f. pl. [A. S. gealwe, Grein], a hoard(?); geir
rótu götvar, the treasure of Bellona, armour, weapons, Edda (
in a verse), Ýt. 21: götvar seems prop. to mean hidden treasures,
hoard.
<PAGE NUM="b0227">
<HEADER>H -- HAÐNA. 227</HEADER>
H (há) is the eighth letter. In the old Runic alphabet it was repr
esented by RUNE and RUNE, which are used indiscriminately (but never RUNE or RUN
E): RUNE and RUNE both occur on the Golden horn, the former once, the latter twi
ce. This Rune was no doubt borrowed from the Greek or Latin. In the later common
Runic alphabet this character was replaced by RUNE (rarely RUNE), which we may
infer was taken from the Greek RUNE (the g of the old Runic alphabet) mar
ked with a perpendicular stroke down the middle, rather than from the Latin RUNE
(see Ritschl's essay in the Rheinisches Museum, 1869, p. 22); yet the old form
RUNE is now and then found on the oldest of the later monuments, e.g. the stones
from Snoldelöv, Höjetostrup, and Helnæs (Thorsen 15, 17, 335),
on which monuments the RUNE is used for a: in some inscriptions RUNE serv
es both for h and soft g. The name of the Rune h was Hagall
or Hagl, an Anglo-Saxon form, explained as meaning hail, hagl er kaldast
korna (hail is the coldest of grains), in the Norse Runic poem; cp. h
ägl byð hwitust corna in the Anglo-Saxon poem, which is the prototy
pe of the Norse. These names in the Anglo-Saxon and Norse poems are in no way de
rived from the form of the Rune, but are merely alike to the modern rhymes in En
glish ABC books, -- 'B is a Baker' or the like. The Hagall was the first
of the second group of Runes, H n i a s, which was therefore called Hagal
s-ætt, the family of Hagal (cp. introduction to F).
A. PRONUNCIATION AND SPELLING. -- H is sounded as in English ha
rd, house: the aspirate is still sounded in hl, hr, hn much as in the
Welsh ll, rh: the hv is in the west and north of Icel. sounded as
kv; but in the south and east the distinction is kept between hv
and kv (hver a kettle and kver a quire, hvölum wha
les and kvölum torments), as also in writing; and hv is s
ounded like wh in Northern English; in a small part of eastern Icel. it i
s sounded like Greek χ (hvalr as χalr, hvað as χað), and thi
s is probably the oldest and truest representation of the hv sound. I
I. the h is dropped, 1. in the article inn, in, it, for hinn,
hin, hit, which is often spelt so in old MSS. β. in the personal pro
noun hann, hún if following after another word, e.g. ef 'ann (ef hann), e
f 'ún (ef hún), þó 'onum (þó honum), l&a
acute;tt' 'ann vera (láttu hann vera), segð' 'enn' að koma (seg&e
th;u henni að koma); this is the constant pronunciation of the present time,
but in writing the h is kept: whereas, at the beginning of a sentence th
e h is sounded, e.g. hann (hón) kom, he (she) cam
e, but kom 'ann ? (if asking the question). γ. in a few words s
uch as álfa and hálfa, óst and host (cp. hósta), &ou
ml;kulbrækr and hökulbraekr. 2. in the latter part of such com
pounds as have nearly become inflexions, as ein-arðr for ein-harðr: in -úð, -ýðgi, -ygð (Gramm. p. xxxiii, col. 1); els
k-ogi, var-ugi, öl-ogi, from hugr; örv-endr, tröll-endr, gram-end
r, from hendr; litar-apt = litar-hapt: in -ald = hald, handar-ald, haf-al
d; lík-amr = lík-hamr, hár-amr = hár-hamr; skauf-ali
, rang-ali, from hali; at-æfi = at-hæfi, and perhaps in auð-&oel
ig;fi, ör-&oelig;fi, from hóf or h&oelig;fi; and-&oelig;fa = and-h&o
elig;fa, to respond; hnapp-elda = hnapp-helda: in pr. names in -arr, alli, -eiðr, -ildr, for -harr = herr, -halli, -heiðr, -hildr, (Ein-a
rr, Þór-alli, Ragn-eiðr, Yngv-ildr, etc.) In a few words, as hj
úpr, and derivatives from júpr, hilmr and ilmr, hopa and opa, h
 seems to have been added. In some of the cases above cited both forms are s
till heard, but the apocopate are more usual. III. h is neither wr
itten nor sounded as final or medial, and has in all such cases been absorbed by
the preceding vowel or simply dropped (see Gramm. p. xxx, col. 1). IV. s
ome MSS., especially Norse, use a double form gh and th to mark a
soft or aspirate sound, e.g. sagha and saga, thing and þing; especially in
inflexive syllables, -ith = -it, etc. V. a curious instanc
e of spelling (as in Welsh) rh for hr is found occasionally in Run
es, e.g. Rhruulfr for Hrúlfr, Thorsen 335; to this corresponds the Englis
h spelling wh for hw, in white, wheat, whale, where, whence, wh
y, whelp, whine, whet, whirl, wharf, wheel, while, whim, = Icel. hvít
r, hveiti, hvalr, hvar, hvaðan, hvé, hválpr, hvína, hve
tja, hvirfill, hvarf, hvel, hvíld, hvima, etc.
B. REMARKS, CHANGES, ETC. -- In Icel. h is used as an initial lett
er most largely next to s; in modern Teutonic languages it has been great
ly reduced through the dropping of the aspiration before the liquids l, n, r,
 and before v, whereby all words in hl, hn, hr, and hv
have been transferred to the liquids and to v (see Gramm. p. xxxvi, signi
f. II. β); the h in these words is essential to the etymology, and w
as in olden times common to all Teutonic languages, but in Scandinavia it was lo
st about the 11th or 12th century, so that not a single instance of hl, hn, h
r is on record in any MS. written in Norway; though old Norwegian poets of t
he 10th century used it in alliteration, so it must have been sounded at that ti
me; h in hl, hn, hr is therefore a test of a MS. being Icelandic a
nd not Norse. In modern Icel. pronunciation the h aspirate has been lost
in two or three words, as leiti for hleyti, a part, a word which was borr
owed from Norway about the 14th century; rót = hrót, a roof: it is a matter of course that the h is dropped in words which were borr
owed from the English not earlier than the 12th century, e. g. lávarð
r. Early Engl. lauerd (lord), but A. S. hlâford. I
I. the h has been added in a few words to which it does not rightly b
elong, viz. in hneiss and hneisa for neiss and neisa; hnýsa for ný
sa; hreifr (glad) for reifr; hniðra (to lower) for niðra (
niðr); hlykkr (and hlykkjóttr), a curve, for lykkr (cp. lykkj
a, a noose); hrjóta for rjóta, to snort; hlað, a lace, cp. Lat. laqueus; hnestla for nestla, a loop. &be
ta;. in a few instances both forms are used to form double words, in hr&iacu
te;fa and rífa, Lat. rapere; hrasa and rasa, to stumble; ra
ta ( = Goth. vraton), to find the way, but hrata, to fall (
cp. Vsp. 52); hrjá and rjá, to vex. 2. the h
seems to be a substitute, α. for an old v, in hrekja, to
toss about, to wreck, akin to Goth. vrekan, Icel. reka; in hreiðr
, a nest, Dan. rede, cp. Engl. wreath, Goth. vriþu
s. β. in modern pronunciation h is a substitute for g in the words hneggja, hnegg, for gneggja, gnegg; þver-hnípt for
þver-gnipt. γ. for k in hnífr, hnúi, hn
efi, hnöttr, hnútr, hnörr, hnakkr, hnjúkr, hnoða, hn
appr, for knífr, knúi, knefi ..., knoða, knappr; this spelling
is found in MSS. of the 15th century, e.g. the Hrokkinskinna passim (see letter
K). In all these cases the h is etymologically wrong; in some of the wor
ds above (as in hneisa) it is found even in very old MSS., e.g. the Mork.; but t
he true etymology is seen from the alliteration in old poems, e.g. Hm. 48, 140,
Hðm. 26 (raut, reginkunni); Stor. 13 (Nýsumk hins | ok hygg at &thorn
;ví); Edda 105 (reifr gékk herr und hlífar | hizig ...); bu
t not so in modern poets, e.g. Hröktu því svo og hrjá&e
th;u þig | Herra minn ílsku-þjóðir, Pass. 9. 9; Fo
rvitnin holdsins hnýsir þrátt | í Herrans leyndar-d&o
acute;ma, 21. 2; Nær eg fell eðr hrasa hér | hæstur Drott
inn vill reiðast mér, 5. 6. III. the Gothic has a special sign
for hv, viz. w, which thus answers to wh in English, e.g.
wan = when. 2. when followed by an o or u, th
e v in hv is dropped, e.g. hót hooting, hóta
to hoot, cp. Goth. wota and wotjan; as also in hót
= hvat what, hóll from hváll, hjól and hvel, h&oacut
e;lf and hválf, horfinn, hurfu, hyrfi for hvorfinn, hvurfu, hvyrfi.
C. INTERCHANGE. -- Latin c and Greek κ answer to the Teut. a
nd Icel. h; thus Lat. c&a-short;per, c&a-short;put, c&a-short;nis, car
basus, centum, cervus, c&o-short;r (cord-), collum, corvus, c&u-lo
ng;tis, = Icel. hafr, höfuð, hundr, hörr (hörv-), hundra&
eth;, hjörtr (hirtu) and hjarta, háls (hals), hrafn, húð;
calx, cp. hæll; cardo, cp. hjarri; claudus, cp. halt
r; cl&i-long;vus, cp. hlíð; corpus, cp. hræ (hr&a
elig;v-); c&e-short;rebrum, cp. hjarni; cr&a-long;ter, cp. hur&eth
;; c&o-long;s, cp. hein; cl&a-long;mo, cp. hljómr; c&e-long;lo, cp. hylja and Hel; coelum, cp. holr (hollow); c&a-short;pi
o (-c&i-short;pio) = hefja; prin-cipium = upp-haf; c&e-long
;teri, cp. hindri; co- and con-, cp. hjá; c&i-short;
tra, cp. héðra (hér is a contracted form); cl&u-long;ni
s, cp. hlaun; cl&i-long;no, cp. hlein, Engl. to lean; c&a-short;l
eo, cp. hlé-, hlý-r; c&o-short;lo, cp. halda; custod
io, cp. hodd, Engl. to hoard; cella, cp. hellir; carcer, cp. h
örgr; circus, cp. hringr; c&o-short;rium, cp. hörund; curvus, cp. hverfa (to turn round): Gr. GREEK, GREEK = Icel. hellri,
hellztr (hölztr); GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, GREEK, = Icel. hálmr,
höfuð, horn, hundr, hjarta; GREEK, cp. húnn; GREEK, cp. hlutr;
GREEK, cp. högl-d, hvel, hjól; GREEK, cp. holr; GREEK, cp. hrafn; GR
EEK, cp. hræ; GREEK, cp. hjarni and hvern or hvörn (the two pebble-li
ke bones in a fish's head), cp. also Goth. wairnis; GREEK, cp. Icel. hr&u
acute;tr; GREEK, GREEK, cp. harðr, hraustr; GREEK, cp. herja; GREEK, cp. hyl
ja; GREEK, cp. hlín, hlein; GREEK, cp. hlýða; GREEK, cp. hrik
ta; GREEK, cp. hriflingar, hrifla; GREEK, cp. heimr; GREEK, cp. húm; GREE
K, cp. hjú-, hjú-n: Lat. quis = hverr; qui = hve; quies, cp. hvíl-d, etc.: some of these words may be dubious, but oth
ers are evident.
Haðar, m. pl. the inhabitants of Haða-land, a Norse county
, Fms. xii.
HADDA, u, f. (halda, Rd. 315, l. 14), [Ivar Aasen hodda, hadde, holle] :-- a pot-hook or rather pot-links, for the hadda was a chain
of rings rather than a mere handle, as is seen from Hým. 34 -- en &aacut
e; hælum hringar skullu -- compared with, heyrði til höddu &thorn
;á er Þórr bar hverinn, Skálda 168; hann kastaði
katlinum svá at haddan skall við (rattled), Fms. vi. 364; hann
dró á hönd sér höddu er ifir var bollanum, &Oacu
te;. H. 135; ketill var upp yfir rekkjuna ok reist upp haddan yfir katlinum, ok
vóru þar á festir hringar, ... þá féll h
aldan á katlinum því at hann hafði komit við festina
, Rd. 314, 315; hann krækti undir hödduna hinum minsta fingri ok fley
tti honum (the kettle) jafnhátt ökla, Fb. i. 524; at konungr mundi g
ína yfir ketil-hödduna, ... ok var haddan orðin feit, ... konung
r brá líndúk um hödduna ok gein yfir, Fms. i. 36.
HADDR, m. [Goth. hazds; A. S. prob. heard, v. infra], ha
ir, only in poetry a lady's hair; haddr Sifjar, the gold-hair of t
he goddess Sif., Edda 69, 70; hár heitir lá, haddr þat
er konur hafa, 109; bleikja hadda, to bleach, dress the hair, 75, Korm. 2
6, Gkv. 1. 15; bleikir haddar, Fas. i. 478; grass is called haddr jar&eth
;ar, Bm.; hadds höll is the head, Eb. (in a verse). haddaðr, part. hairy, Lat. crinitus; barr-h., barley-haired, an
epithet of the earth; bjart-h., bright-haired; bleik-h., blond-haired;
 hvít-h., white-haired, Lex. Poët. hadd-bjartr, ad
j. bright-haired, blond, Hornklofi. hadd-blik, n. bleaching the
hair, Edda 77. Haddingr, m. a pr. name of a mythical hero, = coma
tus, cp. A. S. hearding, Goth. hazdiggs, Engl. Harding,
Lex. Poët., Munch i. 217. Haddingja-skati, a, m. a nickname, S&aeli
g;m.
HAÐNA, u, f. (not hauðna, for the pl. is hoðnor, Grág.
i. 503), [cp. Lat. hoedus], a young she-goat (one year old), Gr&a
acute;g. i. 503, Bk. 20. COMPDS: höðnu-kið, n. ( = haðna
), a young kid, Gullþ. 19, Rd. 267. höðnu-leif, f.,
poët. 'kid's food,' a withe or switch, used as a halter (?), Ýt. 12 (from goats feeding on branches and withes?)
<PAGE NUM="b0228">
<HEADER>228 HAF -- HAFA.</HEADER>
HAF, n. [Swed. haf; Dan. hav; formed from hefja, to lift
; a Scandin. word, which seems not to occur in Saxon or Germ.] :-- the se
a, Hdl. 38; esp. the high sea, the ocean; sigla í (á) h
af, láta í haf, to put to sea, Eg. 69, Nj. 4; fimm (sex) d&
aelig;gra haf, five (six) days' sail, Landn. 26; koma af ha
fi, to come off the sea,i.e. to land, Eg. 392; en haf svá mikit mi
llum landanna, at eigi er fært langskipum, Hkr. i. 229; harm sigldi nor&et
h;r í haf um haustið, ok fengu ofviðri mikit í hafi, &Oacu
te;. H. 26; sigldi Þórarinn þá á haf út,
125; sigldu síðan á haf út þegar byr gaf, Eg. 12
5; en byrr bar þá í haf út, id.; en er sóttisk
hafit, 126; liggja til hafs, to lie to and wait for a wind, Bs. i. 16; h
ann dó í hafi, he died at sea, Landn. 264; þeir vissu
sk jafnan til í hafinu, 56; veita e-m far um hafit, Eb. 196; tyrir austan
mitt haf, beyond the sea (i.e. between Iceland and Scandinavia); en er i
nn sækir í fjörðinn þá er þar sv&aacute
; vítt sem mikit haf, Fms. vi. 296 (for the explanation of this passage s
ee Aarböger for Nord. Oldk. 1868); útí fjarðar-kjapta &th

orn;ar til er haf tekr við, Bs. i. 482: in plur., ganga höf stór
ór útsjánum inn í jörðina, Hkr. (begin.);
út-haf, regin-haf, the ocean; Íslands-haf, the sea betwe
en Iceland and Norway, Fms. vi. 107, Band. 9; Grænlands-haf, the se
a between Greenland and America, Fms. iv. 177; Englands-haf, the English
Sea, i.e. the North Sea, between England and Norway, 329, x. 272, 398
, xi. 201, Fær. 88; Írlands-haf, the Irish Sea, i.e. the
Atlantic, Þorf. Karl. 390; Álanz-haf, the gulf of Bothnia, Orkn. (begin.); Sólundar-haf, the sea of the Sulin Island (Norw
ay), Fms. x. 34, 122; Grikklands-haf, the Grecian Archipelago, vi. 134, 1
61, vii. 85, passim; Svarta-haf, the Black Sea, Hkr. i. 5, Fms. vi. 169;
Jótlands-haf, the Cattegat, 264; Jórsala-haf, the sea of
Jerusalem, i.e. the Mediterranean, x. 85, Fb. iii; Rauða-haf or
Hafið Rauða, the 'Red Sea,' i.e. the Ocean (mythol.), n&ua
cute; heldr jörð griðum upp, en himininn varðar fyrir ofan, en
Hafit Rauða fyrir utan, er liggr um lönd öll þau er v&eacute
;r höfum tíðendi af, Grág. i. 166; in mod. usage the R
ed Sea = Sinus Arabicus; Dumbs-haf, the Polar Sea, Landn.; Mi&
eth;jarðar-haf, the Mediterranean; Atlants-haf, the Atlantic;
Kyrra-haf, the Pacific (these three in mod. writers only). COMPDS: haf
s-afl, n. the main, Sks. 606, v.l. hafs-auga, n., see p. 33, c
ol. 2 (ζ). hafs-botn, m. a gulf; firðir ok hafs-botnar, S
ks. 199: of the Polar Sea, as the ancients supposed a continuity of land
between Greenland and Europe, Fms. xi. 411; hafsbotn er heitir Svarta-haf, Hkr.
i. 5. hafs-brún, f. the 'sea-brow,' the sea-line on the ho
rizon, cp. lands-brún, s. v. brún, p. 84. hafs-flóð,
 n. a deluge, Rb. 444. hafs-geil, f. a sea lane, i.e. a narrow strait, Stj. 287. Exod. xiv. 22, 23. hafs-geimr, m. = haf
smegin. hafs-megin, n. the main, the high sea; sakir hafsmegins, s
torma ok strauma, Fms. i. 153; þótti þeim íllt at eiga
lengr við hafsmegin, i.e. they longed for land, Eb. 120; allmikill h
armr er þat, er vér eigum svá langt hingað at sækj
a, fyrst hafs-megin mikit, etc. (i.e. between Iceland and Sweden), Ó. H.
57. haf-alda, u, f. a roller, wave. haf-att, f. = hafgola.
haf-bára, u, f. a wave, Stj. 26. haf-bylgja, f. i
d., Bs. ii. 50. haf-fugl, m. a sea-bird, Stj. 78. haf-f&ael
ig;rr and haf-færandi, part. sea-going, sea-worthy, of a
ship, Eg. 364, Hkr. ii. 183, Krók. 42. haf-för, f. a sea
voyage, Landn. 174. haf-gerðingar, f. pl. 'sea-fens,' port
entous waves mentioned by old sailors in the main between Iceland and America, d
escribed in Sks. 171, Bs. i. 483; hann fór til Grænalands ok hom &i
acute; hafgerðingar, Landn. 319 (10th century), whence Hafgerðinga-dr
ápa, u, f. the name of a poem (a votive poem composed during a tornad
o), Landn. 320. haf-gjálfr, n. the roar of the sea, Bs. i.
119, ii. 50, Róm. 369. haf-gola, u, f. a sea breeze, Eb. 8,
Eg. 370, 373, Sturl. iii. 70. haf-gúfa, u, m. a mermaid, S
ks. 138, Fas. ii. 249, Edda (Gl.) haf-hallt, adj. standing seaward, Fms. i. 62, 63. haf-hrútr, m. a sea ram, Fms. viii. 373.
haf-íss, m. 'sea-ice,' i.e. drift ice, Landn. 30, Bs
. ii. 5, Eb. 292, Ann. 1233, 1261, 1275, 1306, 1319, 1375. haf-kaldr, adj
., poët. cold as the sea, Lex. Poët. haf-kóngr, m
. a kind of shell, Eggert Itin. haf-lauðr, n., poët. s
ea foam, Lex. Poët. haf-leið, f. standing seawards, F
ms. i. 59. haf-leiðis, adv. seawards, Hkr. i. 181. Haf-li&e
th;i, a, m. 'Sea-slider,' a pr. name, Landn. haf-ligr, adj. marine, Sks. 605. haf-nest, n. provisions for a voyage, Grett
. 94 A, Eb. haf-nýra, n., poët. a 'sea-kidney,' a pearl, Hd. haf-reið, f., poët. a ship. haf-rek, n. 
a wreck, Gþl. 519. haf-reka, adj. indecl. wrecked, tossed a
bout, Ann. 1347. haf-rekinn, part. shipwrecked, Bs. i. 819. haf-rekstr, m. wreck, jetsum; með öllum gögnum ok g&a
elig;ðum, með flutningum ok hafrekstri, Dipl. iii. 10. haf-ræ&e
th;r, adj. sea-worthy, able-bodied, of a sailor, B. K. 20. haf-r&o
elig;na, u, f. a sea breeze. haf-r&oelig;nn, adj. blowing f
rom the sea. haf-sigling, f. a voyage. hafsiglingar-ma&eth
;r, m. a seaman, mariner, Landn. 28. haf-skip, n. a sea-go
ing ship, Landn. 47, Grág. ii. 397, Eg. 130, Fms. ii. 219. haf-sk&
iacute;ð, n., poët. a ship. haf-skrimsl, n. a seamonster, Sks. 86. haf-sleipnir, m. a sea-horse, poët. 
a ship. haf-stormr, m. a storm at sea, Bret. 98, Sks. 227. haf-strambr, m. a fabulous sea-monster, Sks. 166, Ann. 1305. hafstraumr, m. a sea current, Lex. Poët. haf-súla, u,
f. a kind of bird, bassanus. haf-tyrðill, m. uria alla, a sea-bird, Edda (Gl.) haf-velktr, part. sea-tossed, Krók
. 75. haf-viðri, n. a sea breeze, Landn. 225, Eg. 373, B&aacut
e;rð. 6 new Ed. haf-villr, adj. having lost one's course at sea, Nj. 267, v.l. haf-villur, f. pl. loss of one's course at sea, F
innb. 242; rak þá víða um hafit, vóru þeir
flestir innanborðs at á kom hafvilla, Ld. 74; koma nú á
fyrir þeim myrkr ok hafvillur, Fms. iii. 181, Þorf. Karl. 372. h
af-þrunginn, part. sea-swoln, Mar.
B. Lifting; hann hnykkir upp steininum, sýndisk flestum m&o
uml;nnum úlíkligr til hafs fyrir vaxtar sakir, Finnb. 324; cp. Gre
ttis-haf, the lift of Grettir, of a heavy stone. II. beginning;
 upp-haf, principium.
HAFA, pret. hafði; subj. hefði; pres. sing, hefi (less correctly
hefir), hefir, hefir; plur. höfum, hafit, hafa: the mod. pres. sing, is mon
osyllabic hefr or hefur, and is used so in rhymes -- andvara engan hefur
| ... við glys heims gálaus sefur, Pass. 15. 6, but in print t
he true old form hefir is still retained; the monosyllabic present is used even
by old writers in the 1st pers. before the personal or negative suffix, e.g. hef
-k and hef-k-a ek for hefi-g and hefig-a ek, see e.g. Grág. (Kb.) 79, 82,
in the old oath formula, hef-k eigi, Hallfred; hef ek, Fms. iii. 10 (in a verse
); but not so in 3rd pers., e.g. hefir-a or hefir-at, Grág. l.c.: imperat
. haf, hafðu: part. pass. hafðr, neut. haft; -- hafat is an GREEK, Vsp.
16, and is prob. qs. hafit from hefja, to heave, lift: [Ulf. haban; A. S. habban; Engl. have; Hel. hebben; Germ. haben; Dutch hebben; Dan. have, Swed. hafva: it is curious the
Lat. form habere retains the consonant unchanged, cp. the Romance forms,
Ital. avere, Fr. avoir, Span. haber, etc. UNCERTAIN Hafa is
a weak verb, and thus distinguished from hefja (to lift, begin), which i
s a strong verb, answering to Lat. capere, incipere; but in sundry cases,
as will be seen below, it passes into the sense of this latter word; as also in
some instances into that of another lost strong verb, hafa, hóf, to b
ehave, and h&oelig;fa, to hit] :-- to have.
A. To have; hann hafði með sér ekki meira lið,
Fms. i. 39; hafði hverr hirð um sik, 52; höfðu þeir &aacu
te;ttján skip, viii. 42; Sverrir hafði tvau hundrað manna, ... &t
horn;eir höfðu annan samnað á landi, 328; hann hafði mik
it lið ok frítt, x. 36; þeir höfðu sjau skip ok flest
stór, 102; hafa fjölmennar setur, Eb. 22; hann hafði menn s&iacu
te;na í síldveri, Eg. 42; mun ek naut hafa þar sem mé
r þykkir hagi beztr, 716. II. to hold: 1. to keep,
celebrate; hafa ok halda, Dipl. i. 6; hafa átrúnað, 10; h
afa dóma, 12; hafa blót, Fms. iv. 254; hafa vina-veizlu, id.; hafa
vina-boð, Nj. 2; hafa Jóla-boð, Eg. 516; hafa þing, Fms. i
x. 449; hafa haust-boð, Gísl. 27; hafa drykkju, Eb. 154; hafa leik, F
ms. x. 201, passim. 2. to hold, observe; hlýðir þ
at hvergi at hafa eigi lög í landi, Nj. 149; skal þat hafa, er
stendr ..., Grág. i. 7; skal þat allt hafa er finsk á skr&a
acute; þeirri ..., id.; en hvatki es mis-sagt es í fræðum
þessum, þá es skylt at hafa þat (to keep, hold to b
e true) es sannara reynisk, Íb. 3; ok hafða ek (I kept, select
ed) þat ór hvárri er framarr greindi, Landn. 320, v.l. 3. to hold, keep, retain; ef hann vill hafa hann til fardaga, Gr&aa
cute;g. i. 155; skal búandinn hafa hann hálfan mánuð, 1
54; ok hafði hvárr þat er hélt á, Nj. 279; hitt s
kal hafa er um fram er, Rb. 56; kasta í burt þrjátigi ok haf
þat sem eptir verðr, 494. 4. to hold an office; hafa l&
ouml;gsögu, to hold the office of lögsaga, Íb. passim; h
afa jarldóm, konungdóm, passim; þat höfðu haft at f
ornu Dana-konungar, Eg. 267; þér berit konunga-nöfn svá
sem fyrr hafa haft (have had) forfeðr yðrir, en hafit lít
ið af ríki, Fms. i. 52; hafa ríki, to reign, Hkr. pref.
5. phrases, hafa elda, to keep a fire, cook, Fms. xi. 129; hafa f
járgæzlu, to tend sheep, Eg. 740; hafa embætti með
höndum, Stj. 204; hafa gæzlur á e-u, Fms. ix. 313; hafa ... v
etr, to have so many winters, be of such an age (cp. Fr. avoir
... ans), Íb. 15; margir höfðu lítið fátt
þúsund ára, Ver. 7: hafa vörn í máli, Nj.
93; hafa e-t með höndum, to have in hand, Fms. viii. 280, ix.
239; hafa e-t á höndum, Grág. i. 38; hafa fyrir satt, to h
old for true, Fms. xi. 10; hafa við orð, to intimate, suggest, Nj. 160; hafa e-t at engu, vettugi, to hold for naught, take no notice of, Fas. i. 318. 6. with prepp. or infin., α. with prep.; h
afa til, to have, possess; ef annarr þeirra hefir til enn annarr ei
gi, þá er sá skyldr til at fá honum er til hefir, Gr&
aacute;g. i. 33; ef annarr hefir til ..., id.; þér ætlið
at ek muna eigi afl til hafa, Ld. 28. β. with infin.; hafa at var&et
h;veita, to have in keeping, Eg. 500; lög hafit þér at
mæla, you have the law on your tongue, i.e. you are right, N
j. 101; hörð tíðindi hefi ek at segja þér, 64;
sá er gripinn hefir at halda, Grág. i. 438; hafa at selja, to h
ave on sale, Ld. 28. III. to use; var haft til þess ske
r eitt, Eb. 12; þá höfðu þeir til varnar skot ok spj
ót, Fms. vii. 193; er þín ráð vóru hö
fð, that thy advice was taken, Fs. 57; Gríss hafði þ
essi ráð, Fms. iii. 21; ek vil at þat sé haft er ek legg
til, x. 249; þykki mér þú vel hafa (make good use
of) þau tillög er ek legg fyrir þik, xi. 61; til þess
alls er jarli þótti skipta, þá hafði hann þ
essa hluti, 129; tvau ný (net), ok hafa eigi höfð verit (whic
h have not been used), haf þú (take) hvárt er &th
orn;ú vilt, Háv. 46; þær vil ek hafa enar nýju,
en ek vil ekki hætta til at hafa enar fornu, id.; önnur er ný
ok mikil ok hefir (has) til einskis höfð (used) veri&et
h;, id.; buðkr er fyrir húslker er hafðr, Vm. 171; gjalda v&aacut
e;pn þau er höfð eru, N. G. L. i. 75; þat hafði hann ha
ft (used) fyrir skála, Edda 29; þeir vóru hafðir
til at festa með hús jafnan, Nj. 118; sá hólmr var haf&
eth;r til at ..., Fms. i. 218; hann skyldi hafa hinn sama eið, x. 7; orð
þau sem hann hafði (had) um haft (used), Nj. 56; or&eth
; þau er hann hafði (made use of) í barnskírn, K.
Þ. K. 14. 2. more special phrases; hafa fagrmæli við e-n
, to flatter one, Nj. 224; hafa hljóðmæli við e-n, to speak secretly to one, 223; allmikil fjölkyngi mun vera við h&
ouml;fð áðr svá fái gört, Edda 27; hafa m&ouml

;rg orð um e-t, Ld. 268; hafa
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tvímæli á e-u, to discuss, doubt, speak diffidently of a
thing, Lv. 52; hafa viðrmæli um e-t, to use mocking words,
Nj. 89; hafa nafn Drottins í hégóma, to take the Lord's
name in vain, Fms. i. 310; (hann var) mjök hafðr við mál
manna, much used to, versed in lawsuits, Dropl. 8: hafa sik til e-s, 
to use oneself to a thing, i.e. to do a mean, paltry thing; þei
r er til þess vilja hafa sik, at ganga í samkundur manna úbo
ðit, Gþl. 200; ef hann vill sik til þessa hafa, Fms. i. 99: hafa
sik við, to exert oneself; skaltú ok verða þik vi&e
th; at hafa um þetta mál, ef þú getr þat af &tho
rn;ér fært, Grett. 160: hafa e-n at skotspæni, to use one
as a target, Nj. 222; hafa e-n at hlífi-skildi sér, to use
one as a shield, 262; hafa e-n at ginningar-fifli, auga-bragði, h&aacute
;ði, hlátri, Hm. 133, Nj. 224, passim. IV. to have, hold, m
aintain, of a state or condition; hafa vináttu við e-n, to mai
ntain friendship with one, Sks. 662; hafa vanmátt, to continue sic
k, Eg. 565; hafa hættu-mikit, to run a great risk, Nj. 149; ha
fa vitfirring, to be insane, Grág. i. 154; hafa heilindi, to ha
ve good health, 26, Hm. 67; hafa burði til e-s, to have the birthrigh
t to a thing. Eg. 479; hafa hug, áræði, hyggindi, to hav
e the courage ..., Hom. 28; hafa vit (to know), skyn, greind ... &aa
cute; e-u, to have understanding of a thing; hafa gaman, gleði, skemt
un, ánægju af e-u, to have interest or pleasure in a thin
g; hafa leiða, ógeð, andstygð, hatr, óbeit &aacut
e; e-u, to dislike, be disgusted with, hate a thing; hafa elsku, mæ
tr, virðing á e-u, to love, esteeem ... a thing; hafa allan h
ug á e-u, to bend the mind to a thing; hafa grun á e-m, 
to suspect one; hafa ótta, beyg af e-u, to fear a thing; and i
n numberless other phrases. 2. with prepp.: α. hafa e-t fram
mi (fram), to carry out, hold forth; hafa frammi róg, Nj. 166; haf
a mál fram, to proceed with a suit, 101; stefnu-för, 78; heit
strengingar, Fms. xi. 103; ok öll lögmælt skil frammi hafa, a
nd discharge all one's official duties, 232; var um búit en ekki fram
haft, all was made ready, but nothing done, viii. 113; beini má
varla verða betri en hér er frammi hafðr, xi. 52; hafð&uacute
; í frammi (use) kúgan við þá uppi við
fjöllin, Ísl. ii. 215; margir hlutir, þó at hann hafi
í frammi, Sks. 276. β. hafa mikit, lítið fyrir e-u
, to have much, little trouble about a thing; (hence fyrir-höfn, 
trouble.) γ. hafa við e-m (afl or the like understood), to be a match for one, Fms. vii. 170, Lv. 109, Nj. 89, Eg. 474, Anal. 176;
hafa mikit, lítið við, to make a great, little display; (h
ence við-höfn, display, pomp); hann söng messu ok hafði
mikit við, he sang mass and made a great thing of it, Nj. 157; &thor
n;ú hefir mikit við, thou makest a great show of it, Boll. 351
; hann bað jarl leita, hann hafði lítið við þat, he did it lightly, Nj. 141; haf ekki slíkt við, do not say so
, Ld. 182.
B. To take, carry off, win, wield, [closely akin to Lat. capere
]: I. to catch, take, esp. in the phrase, hafa ekki e-s, to
miss one; hann kemsk á skóg undan, ok höfðu þe
ir hans ekki, he took to the forest and they missed him, Nj. 130; ekki mu
nu vér hans hafa at sinni, we sha'nt catch him at present, Fms. vi
. 278; hafða ek þess vætki vífs, Hm. 101; þeygi ek
hana at heldr hefik, 95: in swearing, tröll, herr, gramir hafi þik, the trolls, ghosts, etc. take thee! tröll hafi líf, ef
..., Kormak; tröll hafi Trefót allan! Grett. (in a verse); tröl
l hafi þína vini, tröll hafi hól þitt, Nj.; herr
hafi Þóri til slægan, confound the wily Thorir! Fms. v
i. 278, v.l. (emended, as the phrase is wrongly explained in Fms. xii. Gloss.);
gramir hafi þik! vide gramr. II. to carry, carry off, bring;
hafði einn hjartað í munni sér, one carried the heart
off in his mouth, Nj. 95; hann hafði þat (brought it) nor&e
th;an með sér, Eg. 42; hafði Þórólfr heim mar
ga dýrgripi, 4; hann hafði með sér skatt allan, 62; skalt&
uacute; biðja hennar ok hafa hana heim hingat, Edda 22; fé þat
er hann hafði (had) út haft (carried from abroad), Gull
þ. 13; á fimm hestum höfðu þeir mat, Nj. 74; b&oacut
e;kina er hann hafði (had) út haft, Fms. vii. 156; konungr haf
ði biskup norðr til Björgynjar með sér, viii. 296; bisku
p lét hann hafa með sér kirkju-við ok járn-klukku,
Landn. 42; hann hafði með sér skulda-lið sitt ok búfer
li, Eb. 8; hann tók ofan hofit, ok hafði með sér flesta vi
ðu, id.; ok hafa hana í brott, Fms. i. 3; tekr upp barnit, ok hefir h
eim með sér, Ísl. ii. 20; hann hafði lög út hi
ngat ór Noregi, he brought laws hither from Norway, Íb. 5;
haf þú heim hvali til bæjar, Hým. 26; ok hafa hann til
Valhallar, Nj. 119. III. to take, get; hann hafði þ&aac
ute; engan mat né drykk, he took no food nor drink, Eg. 602; hann
hafði eigi svefn, he got no sleep, Bs. i. 139. 2. to get, g
ain, win; öfluðu sér fjár, ok höfðu hlutskip
ti mikit, Eg. 4; eigi þarftú at biðja viðsmjörs &thorn
;ess, þvíat hann mun þat alls ekki hafa, né þ&ua
cute;, for neither he nor thou shall get it, Blas. 28; jarl vill hafa min
n fund, he will have a meeting with me, 40, Skv. 1. 4: the sayings, hefir
sá jafnan er hættir, he wins that risks, 'nothing venture, noth
ing have,' Hrafn. 16; sá hefir krás er krefr, Sl. 29. 3. phrases, hafa meira hlut, to get the better lot, gain the day, Nj. 90,
Fms. xi. 93; hafa gagn, sigr, to gain victory, ix. 132, Eg. 7, Hkr. i. 2
15, Ver. 38; hafa betr, to get the better; hafa verr, miðr, to hav
e the worst of it, Fms. v. 86, Þorst. S. St. 48, passim; hafa m&aacute
;l sitt, to win one's suit, Grág. i. 7, Fms. vii. 34; hafa kaup &o
uml;ll, to get all the bargain, Eg. 71; hafa tafl, to win the game, Fms. vii. 219; hafa erendi, to do one's errand, succeed, Þkv. 10,
11, Fas. ii. 517: hafa bana, to have one's bane, to die, Nj. 8; hafa &ua
cute;sigr, to be worsted, passim; hafa úfrið, to have no pe
ace; hafa gagn, sóma, heiðr, neisu, óvirðing, skö
mm, etc. af e-u, to get profit, gain, honour, disgrace, etc. from a th
ing; hafa e-n í helju, to put one to death, Al. 123; hafa e-n
undir, to get one under, subdue him, Nj. 95, 128; höfum eigi, sigrin
n ór hendi, let not victory slip out of our hands, Fms. v. 294. 4. to get, receive; hann hafði góðar viðtöku
r, Nj. 4; hón skal hafa sex-tigi hundraða, 3; skyldi Högni hafa
land, 118; selja skipit, ef hann hafði þat fyrir (if he could get f
or it) sem hann vildi; Flosi spurði í hverjum aurum hann vildi fy
rir hafa, hann kvaðsk vildu fyrir hafa land, 259; hafa tíðindi, s
ögur af e-m, to have, get tidings of or from one, Ld. 28; haf
a sæmd, metorð óvirðing, to get honour, disgrace from on
e's hands, Nj. 101; hafa bætr, to get compensation, Grág
. i. 188; hafa innstæðuna eina, id.; hafa af e-m, to have the best
of one, cheat one. IV. to carry, wear, of clothes, ornaments,
weapons: 1. of clothes, [cp. Lat. habitus and Icel. höfn = gear]; hafa hatt á höfði, Ld. 28; hafa váskufl yztan
klæða, ... þú skalt hafa undir (wear beneath) hin
góðu klæði þín, Nj. 32; hann hafði bl&aac
ute;n kyrtil, ... hann hafði svartan kyrtil, Boll. 358; hafa fald á h
öfði, to wear a hood; hón hafði gaddan rautt á
höfði, Orkn. 304; hann hafði um sik breitt belti, he wore a bro
ad belt, Nj. 91; hafa fingr-gull á hendi, 146: to have about one's
person, vefja saman ok hafa í pungi sínum, Edda 27; hlutir se
m mönnum var títt at hafa, Fms. xi. 128. 2. of weapons, to
wield, carry; spjót þat er þú hefir í hend
i, Boll. 350; hafa kylfu í hendi sér, to have a club in one's h
and, Fms. xi. 129; hafa staf í hendi, to have a stick in the hand,
 Bárð.; Gunnarr hafði atgeirinn ok sverðit, Kolskeggr haf
ði saxit, Hjörtr hafði alvæpni, Nj. 93; hann hafdi öxi s
naghyrnda, Boll. 358; hann hafði kesjuna fyrir sér, he held the la
nce in rest, Eg. 532. V. here may be added a few special phrases; haf
a hendr fyrir sér, to grope, feel with the hands (as in darkness);
hafa vit fyrir sér, to act wisely; hafa at sér hendina, to draw one's hand back, Stj. 198; hafa e-t eptir, to do or repe
at a thing after one, Konr.; hafa e-t yfir, to repeat (of a lesson):
hafa sik, to betake oneself; hafa sik til annarra landa, Grett. 9 new Ed.
; hann vissi varla hvar hann átti at hafa sik, he knew not where (
whither) to betake himself, Bs. i. 807; hefir hann sik aptr &aacut
e; stað til munklífisins, Mar.
C. Passing into the sense of hefja (see at the beginning); hafa e-t uppi,
to heave up, raise; hafa flokk uppi, to raise a party, to rebel,
Fb. ii. 89: hafa uppi færi, net, a fisherman's term, to heave up, take
up the net or line, Háv. 46; Skarphéðinn hafði
uppi (heaved up) öxina, Nj. 144: hafa uppi tafl, to play at a ga
me, Vápn. 29; þar vóru mjök töfl uppi höf
ð ok sagna-skemtan, Þorf. Karl. 406, v.l.: hafa e-n uppi, to hold o
ne up, bring him to light; svá máttu oss skjótast uppi
hafa, Fær. 42: metaph. to reveal, vándr riddari hafði al
lt þegar uppi, Str. 10. 2. with the notion to begin; B&aacut
e;rðr hafði uppi orð sín (began his suit) ok bað S
igríðar, Eg. 26, Eb. 142; hafa upp stefnu, to begin the summons, Boll. 350; hafa upp ræður, to begin a discussion; ræ&e
th;ur þær er hann hafði uppi haft við Ingigerði, Fms. iv
. 144, where the older text in Ó. H. reads umræður þ&aeli
g;r er hann hafði upp hafit (from hefja), 59; cp. also Vsp., þat langn
iðja-tal mun uppi hafat (i.e. hafit) meðan öld lifir, 16, (cp. upphaf, beginning); þó at ek hafa síðarr um-ræ
ðu um hann, better þó at ek hafa (i.e. hefja) síðarr
upp ræðu um hann, though I shall below treat of, discuss that,
Skálda (Thorodd) 168; er lengi hefir uppi verit haft síðan (o
f a song), Nj. 135; cp. also phrases such as, hafa á rás, to be
gin running, take to one's heels, Fms. iv. 120, ix. 490; næsta morgin
hefir út fjörðinn, the next morning a breeze off land arose, Bs. ii. 48: opp. is the phrase, hafa e-t úti, to have done, finish
ed; hafa úti sitt dags-verk, Fms. xi. 431; hafa úti sekt s&iac
ute;na, Grett. 149.
D. Passing into the sense of a lost strong verb, hafa, hóf (see at
the beginning), to behave, do, act: I. with an adverb, hafa vel,
ílla, or the like, to behave, and in some instances to do well or badly, be happy or unhappy, α. to behave; en nú vil ek eigi verr hafa en þú, Fms. iv. 342; þe
ir sögðu at konungr vildi verr hafa en þeir, 313; hefir þ&u
acute; ílla ór (málum or the like understood) haft við

mik, Fs. 140; ólikr er Gísli öðrum í þolinm&
aelig;ði, ok hefir hann betr en vér, Gísl. 28. β.
to do so and so (to be happy, unhappy); verr hafa þeir er trygð
um slitu, Mkv. 3; ílla hefir sá er annan svíkr, 18; vel hef
ir sá er þat líða lætr, 6; vel hefir sá (he is happy) er eigi bíðr slíkt íllt þessa h
eims, Fms. v. 145; hvílíkt hefir þú, how dost thou
? Mar.; hafa hart, to do badly, to be wretched; at sál &THORN
;orgils mætti fyrir þær sakir eigi hart hafa, Sturl. iii. 292,
Mar.; Ólafr hafði þá hölzti ílla, O. was
very poorly, D. N. ii. 156; þykisk sá bezt hafa (happiest) er fyrstr kemr heim, Fms. xi. 248; þá hefir hann bazt af hann &
thorn;egir, i.e. that is the best he can do if he holds his tongue, Hm.
19; þess get ek at sá hafi verr (he will make a bad bargain)
er þik flytr, Nj. 128; úlfgi hefir ok vel, the wolf is in a bad
plight, Ls. 39; mun sá betr hafa er eigi tekr við þ&eacute
;r, id.; betr hefðir þú, ef ..., thou wouldest do better, if
..., Akv. 16. γ. adding sik; hafa sik vel, to behave well, Fms. x. 415, Stj. 436. II. with the prep. at, to do, act, (hen
ce at-höfn, at-hæfi, act, doing); hann lét ekki til b&u
acute;a vígs-málit ok engan hlut at hafa, Nj. 71; en ef þeim
þykkir of lítið féit tekit, þá skulu &thor
n;eir hafa at hit sama, to act in the same way, Grág. ii. 267; hva
tki es þeir hafa at, Fms. xi. 132; hann tók af þér kon
una, en þú hafðir ekki at, but thou didst not stir, didst ta
ke it tamely, Nj. 33; bæði munu menn þetta kalla stór
virki ok íllvirki, en þó má nú ekki at hafa, but there is no help for it, 202; eigi sýnisk mér meðalatferðar-leysi, at vér höfum eigi at um kvámur hans, i.e.
that we submit tamely to his coming, Fs. 32: absol., viltú &thorn
;ess freista, ok vita þá hvat at hafi, wilt thou try and
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<HEADER>230 HAFA.</HEADER>
see how it will do? Bjarn. 27; en nú skaltú fara fyrir, ok
vita hvat at hafi, Bs. i. 712. III. phrases, hafa hátt, to be n
oisy, talk loud, Fms. i. 66; við skulum ekki hafa hátt (do no
t cry loud) hér er maðr á glugganum, a lullaby song; hafa
lágt, to keep silent; hafa hægt, to keep quiet; hafa
sik á (í) hófi, to compose oneself, Ls. 36; hafa &ia
cute; hótum við e-n, to use threatening (foul) langu
age, Fb. i. 312; hafa í glett við e-n, to banter one, Fms.
viii. 289; hafa íllt at verki, to do a bad deed, Ísl. ii.
184.
E. Passing into the sense of the verb hæfa (see at the beginning),
to aim at, hit, with dat.: I. to hit; svá nær
hafði hausinum, at ..., the shot so nearly hit the head, that ..., Fm
s. ii. 272; þat sama forað, sem henni hafði næst vá&e
th;a, those very precipices from which she had so narrow an escape, Bs. i
. 200, Fms. ix. 357; nær hafði nú, at skjótr mundi ver&e
th;a okkarr skilnaðr, Al. 124; nær hafði okkr nú, it str
uck near us, it was a narrow escape, Fms. viii. 281; kvaðsk svá d
reymt hafa (have dreamed), at þeim mundi nær hafa, ix. 387, v
.l.; ok er nær hafði at skipit mundi fljóta, when the ship w
as on the point of floating, Ld. 58; ok hafði svá nær (i
t was within a hair's breadth), at frændr Þorvalds mundu ganga a

t honum, Nj. 160; ok hafði svá nær at þeir mundi berjask,
Íb. 11, cp. Bs. i. 21: the phrase, fjarri hefir, far from it! Edd
a (in a verse). 2. to charge; eigi em ek þar fyrir sönn
u hafðr, I am not truly aimed at for that, 'tis a false charge, Eg. 6
4; þeim manni er fyrir sökum er hafðr, i.e. the culprit, G
rág. i. 29; cp. the mod. phrase, hafa á e-u, to make a charge o
f a thing; það varð ekki á því haft, th
ey could not make a case for a charge of it. II. metaph. to be th
e ground or reason for, (hence til-hæfa, reason, fact, found
ation); til þess ætla vitrir menn þat haft at Íslan
d sé Tile (i.e. Thule) kallað, at ..., learned men suppose that is
the reason that Iceland is called Thule, that ..., Landn. (pref.); m
ikit mun til haft, er einmæli er um (there must be some reason for it,
because all people say so), Þorgils segir, eigi er fyrir haft (ther
e is no ground whatever for it), at ek mæla betr fyrir griðum en a
ðrir menn, Ísl. ii. 379; vér hyggjum þat til þess
haft vera, at þar hafi menn sésk, we believe the substance of th
e story is that men have been seen there, Fms. xi. 158; hvat er til þe
ss haft um þat (what is the truth of the matter?), hefir sundr-&tho
rn;ykki orðit með ykkr? Boll. 364: in the saying, hefir hverr til s&iacu
te;ns ágætis nokkut, every one gets his reputation for something
, Nj. 115. 2. to happen, coincide; hefir svá til, at ha
nn var þar sjálfr, Fms. xi. 138, v.l. β. the phrase, ha
fa mikit (lítið) til síns máls, to have much (little) reason for one's tale, i.e. to be much, little, in the ri
ght, Fms. vii. 221, xi. 138 (v.l.), Nj. 88: um þenna hefir svá
stórum, it matters so much with this man, (v.l. for mun stó
rum skipta), Fms. xi. 311.
F. REFLEX. to keep, dwell, abide, but only of a temporary shelter
or abode, cp. Lat. habitare, (cp. also höfn, a haven); hann h
efsk á náttartíma niðri í vötnum, at nig
ht-time he keeps down in the water, Stj. 77: to live, þeir h&ou
ml;fðusk mjök í kaupferðum, they spent much of their life
in travelling, Hkr. i. 276; hann hafðisk löngum í bæn
um, Bs. i. 353. β. with prep. við; hér mun ek við haf
ask (I will stay here) en þú far til konungs, Fb. ii. 125; h
afðisk hann við á skógum eðr í öðrum f
ylgsnum, 302; því at hann hafðisk þá á skip
um við, Fms. viii. 44; hvílsk heldr ok hafsk við í þ
ví landi, rest and stay in that land, Stj. 162; Ásgeirr haf
ðisk við uppi í dalnum, Sd. 154; hafask lind fyrir, to cover o
neself with a shield (?), Vsp. 50; hafask hlífar fyrir, to be mail
ed in armour, Hkm. 11. 2. hafask at, to do, behave (cp. D. abo
ve); vóru þeir þá svá móðir, at &tho
rn;eir máttu ekki at hafask, Fms. ii. 149; en síðan skulut &th
orn;ér at hafa slíkt sem ek kann fyrir segja, i. 158; þat ei
tt munu við at hafask, at ek mun betr göra en þú, Nj. 19;
Lambi sá hvat Steinarr hafðisk at, Eg. 747. 3. hafask vel, 
to do well, thrive; vaxa ok vel hafask, to wax and do well, Hm. 142;
nú er þat bæn mín, at þér hafisk við
vel, that you bear yourself well up, Fms. ix. 497; Jungfrúin haf&e
th;isk vel við í ferðinni, x. 86; at fé hans mundi eigi ha
fask at betr at meðal-vetri, Grág. ii. 326. 4. recipr., hafask
orð við, to speak to one another; ok er þat ósi&eth
;legt, at menn hafisk eigi orð við, Fs. 14; þar til er þeir
hafask réttar tölur við, N. G. L. i. 182. II. part. ha
fandi is used in the sense of having conceived, being with child; &th
orn;á verit hann varr við at hón var hafandi, 656 B. 14; h&oac
ute;n skyldi verða hafandi at Guðs syni, id.; generally, allt þat
er hafanda var lét burð sinn ok ærðisk, Fms. vii. 187; sv&a
acute; sem hón verðr at honum hafandi, Stj. 178; (hence barns-hafandi
, being with child.)
G. The word hafa is in the Icel., as in other Teut. languages, used as an
auxiliary verb with a part. pass. of another verb, whereby a compound preterite
and pluperfect are formed as follows: I. in transitive verbs with acc. t
he participle also was put in acc., agreeing in gender, number, and case with th
e objective noun or pronoun; this seems to have been a fixed rule in the earlies
t time, and is used so in all old poems down at least to the middle of the 11th
century, to the time of Sighvat (circ. A.D. 990-1040), who constantly used the o
ld form, -- átt is an apostrophe for átta in the verse Ó. H
. 81: 1. references from poets, Gm. 5, 12, 16; þá er for&eth
;um mik fædda höfðu, Vsp. 2; hverr hefði lopt lævi blan
dit eðr ætt jötuns Óðs mey gefna, 29; þær'
s í árdaga áttar höfðu, 60: ek hafða fengna ko
nungs reiði, Ad. 3; en Grjótbjörn um gnegðan hefir, 18; mik
hefir marr miklu ræntan, Stor. 10; þó hefir Míms-vinr
mér um fengnar bölva bætr, 22: gaupur er Haraldr hafi sveltar,
Hornklofi: Loka mær hefir leikinn allvald, Ýt. 7; sá haf&et
h;i borinn brúna-hörg, 14; jarlar höfðu veginn hann, 15: ek
hef orðinn (found) þann guðföðr (verða is her
e used as trans.), Hallfred; höfum kera framðan, id.: hann hefir litnar
, sénar, hár bárur, Ísl. ii. 223, thus twice in a ve
rse of A.D. 1002; göngu hefik of gengna, Korm. (in a verse); hann hafði
farna för, Hkr. i. (Glum Geirason); ek hefi talðar níu orustur,
Sighvat; þú hefir vanðan þik, id.; ér hafit rekna
þá braut, Ó. H. 63 (Óttar Svarti); hann hefir b&uacu
te;nar okkr hendr skrautliga, Sighvat (Ó. H. 13); þeir hafa f&aelig
;rð sín höfuð Knúti, id.; hvar hafit ér hug&et
h;an mér sess, id.; hafa sér kenndan enn nørðra heims e
nda, id.; Sighvatr hefir lattan gram, id.; hefir þú hamar um f&oacu
te;lginn, Þkv. 7, 8; þú hefir hvatta okkr, Gkv. 6; ek hefi y&
eth;r brennda, Am. 39, cp. 56; hefi ek þik minntan, 81; hefir þ&uacu
te; hjörtu tuggin, Akv. 36; hefir þú mik dvalðan, Hbl. 51;
ek hefi hafðar þrár, I have had throes, Fsm. 51; en ek
hann görvan hef-k, svá hefi ek studdan, 12 (verse 13 is corrupt); ha
nn hefir dvalða þik, Hkv. Hjörv. 29; lostna, 30; mik hefir s&oacu
te;ttan meiri glæpr, 32; ek hefi brúði kerna, id.; þ&uacu
te; hefir etnar úlfa krásir, opt sár sogin, Hkv. 1. 36; s&a
acute; er opt hefir örnu sadda, 35; hefir þú kannaða koni
óneisa, 23; þá er mik svikna höfðut, Skv. 3. 55; ha
nn hafði getna sonu, Bkv. 8; þann sal hafa halir um görvan, Fm. 4
2; bróður minn hefir þú benjaðan, 25; er hann r&aacu
te;ðinn hefir, 37; sjaldan hefir þú gefnar vargi brá&eth
;ir, Eg. (in a verse). 2. references from prose; this old form has since
been turned into an indecl. neut. sing. part. -it. The old form was first
lost in the strong verbs and the weak verbs of the first conjugation: in the ea
rliest prose both forms are used, although the indecl. is more freq. even in the
prose writers, as Íb., the Heiðarv. S., the Miracle-book in Bs., Nj&
aacute;la, Ó. H., (Thorodd seems only to use the old form,) as may be see
n from the following references, Björn hafði særða þrj&
aacute; menn, Nj. 262; hann mundi hana hafa gipta honum, 47; hann hafði &tho
rn;á leidda saman hestana, 264: ek hefi sendan mann, Ísl. (Hei&eth
;arv. S.) ii. 333; ek nefi senda menn, id.: hafa son sinn ór helju heimta
n, Bs. (Miracle-book) i. 337; en er þeir höfðu niðr settan sv
eininn, 349; hann hafði veidda fimm tegu fiska, 350: er þér hef
ir ílla neisu gorva, Ó. H. 107: þá hefi ek fyrri sett
a þá í stafrófi, Skálda (Thorodd) 161; þ
ar hefi ek við görva þessa stafi fjóra, id.; hafa hann sam
settan, 167: góða fylgd hefir þú mér veitta, &THO
RN;orst Síðu H. 2: sagði, at Ólafr konungr hafði senda
n hann, Bs. i. 11: Þyri, er hertogi hafði festa nauðga, Fms. x. 39
3 (Ágrip): hefi ek þá svá signaða ok magnaða,
v. 236: hefir sólin gengna tvá hluti, en einn úgenginn, K.
Þ. K. 92 (Lund's Syntax, p. 12). β. again, neut. indecl., han
a hafði átt fyrr Þoróddr, Ísl. ii. 192: hó
n hafði heimt húskarl sinn ..., Ísl. (Heiðarv. S.) ii. 339
; hann hefir ekki svá vel gyrt hest minn, 340; hefir þú eigi
séð mik, 341; hve hann hafði lokkat hann. id.; gistingar hefi ek
yðr fengit, 343: þeir höfðu haft úfrið ok orrostu
r, Íb. 12; hann hafði tekið lögsögu, 14: stafr er &aacu
te;tt hafði Þorlákr, Bs. (Miracle-book) i. 340; er þ&aeli
g;r höfðu upp tekit ketilinn ok hafit ..., 342; göngu es hann haf&
eth;i gingit, 344; es sleggjuna hafði niðr fellt, 346; sem maðr hef&
eth;i nýsett (hana) niðr, id.; jartein þá er hann &thorn
;óttisk fingit hafa, 347; hafði prestrinn fært fram sveininn, 3
49: hjálm er Hreiðmarr hafði átt, Edda 73: hafa efnt s&iac
ute;na heitstrenging, Fms. (Jómsv. S.) xi. 141: slíkan dóm
sem hann hafði mér hugat, Ó. H. 176, etc. passim :-- at last t
he inflexion disappeared altogether, and so at the present time the indecl. neut
. sing, is used throughout; yet it remains in peculiar instances, e.g. konu hefi
eg mér festa, Luke xiv. 20, cp. Vídal. ii. 21. UNCERTAIN This use
of the inflexive part. pass. may often serve as a test of the age of a poem, e.
g. that Sólarljóð was composed at a later date may thus be see
n from verses 27, 64, 72, 73, 75, 79; but this test is to be applied with cautio
n, as the MSS. have in some cases changed the true forms (-inn, -ann, and
-it, -an being freq. abbreviated in the MSS. so as to render the reading
dubious). In many cases the old form is no doubt to be restored, e.g. in vegit
to veginn, Fm. 4, 23; búit to búinn, Hkv. Hjörv. 15; borit to
borinn, Hkv. 1. 1; beðit to beðinn, Fsm. 48; orðit to orðin, Og
. 23; roðit to roðinn, Em. 5; brotið to brotinn, Vkv. 24, etc.: but
are we to infer from Ls. 23, 26, 33, that this poem is of a comparatively late a
ge? II. the indecl. neut. sing. is, both in the earliest poems and down t
o the present day, used in the following cases: 1. with trans. verbs requ
iring the dat. or gen.; ek hefi fengit e-s, hann hafði fengit konu; hafa hef
nt e-s, Fms. xi. 25; sú er hafði beðit fjár, Þkv. 32
; stillir hefir stefnt mér, Hkv. Hjörv. 33, and so in endless cases.
2. in the reflex. part. pass.; þeir (hann) hafa (hefir) lát
isk, farisk, sagsk, etc. 3. in part. of intrans. neut. verbs, e.g. &thorn
;eir þær (hann, hón), hafa (hefir) setið, staðit, gen
git, legit, farit, komit, verit, orðit, lifað, dáit, heitið .
.., also almost in every line both of prose and poetry. 4. in trans. verb
s with a neut. sing. in objective case the difference cannot be seen.
UNCERTAIN The compound preterite is common to both the Romance and Teutonic lang
uages, and seems to be older in the former than in the latter; Grimm suggests th
at it originated with the French, and thence spread to the Teutons. That it was
not natural to the latter is shewn by the facts, that α. no traces
of it are found in Gothic, nor in the earliest Old High German glossaries to Lat
in words. β. in the
<PAGE NUM="b0231">
<HEADER>HAFALD -- HAGNA. 231</HEADER>
earliest Scandinavian poetry we can trace its passage from declinable to indecli
nable. γ. remains are left in poetry of a primitive uncompounded pr
eterite infinitive, e.g. stóðu = hafa staðit, mundu, skyldu, vild

u, etc., see Gramm. p. xxv, col. 2. UNCERTAIN We may here note a curious droppin
g of the verb hefir, at ek em kominn hingat til lands, ok verit áðr (
having been) langa hríð utan-lands, Ó. H. 31, cp. Am. 5
2; barn at aldri, en vegit slíka hetju sem Þorvaldr var, Glú
m. 382. On this interesting matter see Grimm's remarks in his Gramm. iv. 146 sqq
.
hafald, n. (qs. hafhald), the perpendicular thrums that hold the weft.

hafli, a, m. name of a giant, Edda (Gl.)
HAFNA, að, to forsake, abandon, with dat.; hafna blótum
ok heiðnum goðum, Fms. i. 33; h. fornum sið, Eb. 12; h. fornum &aac
ute;trúnaði, Anal. 141; h. fjándanum, K. Á. 74; h. l&ia
cute;kamligum lystingum, 671. 4; h. boðum e-s, to disobey one's orders, Andr. 65; h. ráði e-s, Al. 166; kýr hafnaði átin
u, the cow left off eating, Bs. i. 194; ef hann hafnaði sínum
úkynnum, Fms. v. 218; opt hafnar mær manni fyrir litla sök, MS
. 4. 6; áðr ek þér hafna, lest I forsake thee, Ko
rm. 50 (in a verse); h. hungri, poët. to feast, Fms. xi. 138 (in a v
erse); h. fjörvi, to die, Hkr. i. (in a verse); h. nafni e-s, to
disown one, Hallfred; hafnið Nefju nafna, ye forsake (disgrace
) the namesake of Nefja, Hkr. i. (in a verse); fyrir-litinn eða h
afnaðr, Stj. 157, 173: part. hafnandi forsaking, Sks. 3. II
. reflex. of cows and ewes, to conceive, to calve, lamb. III.
hafna, að, to come to anchor; or hafna sig, id.
hafnan and höfnun, f. forsaking, abandonment, Hom. 2,
Sks. 3, 612, Barl. 148; h. veraldar, Fms. v. 239; höfnun heims, Greg. 28; t
il hafnanar (disgrace) ok háðungar, K. Á. 208.
hafnar-, vide höfn, a haven.
hafn-bit, n. pasture, grazing, N. G. L. i. 25; cp. Dan. havne-g
ang.
hafn-borg, f. a sea borough, Þjal. 29.
hafning, f. a heaving up, elevation, lifting, of christening (cp.
the phrase, hefja ór heiðnum dómi = to christen), N. G.
L. i. 339, 340.
hafn-leysa, u, f. (hafn-leysi, n., Hkr. iii. 266), a harbourles
s coast, Sks. 223, N. G. L. i. 10, Eg. 161, Fs. 150.
hafn-ligr, adj. harbour-like, Eg. 99.
hafn-skipti, n. division of land (pasture), N. G. L. i. 249
.
hafn-taka, u, f. 'haven-taking,' getting into harbour, N. G. L. ii
. 280.
HAFR, m., gen. hafrs, pl. hafrar; hafrir, Haustl. 15, is scarcely correct
: [A. S. hæfer, cp. Engl. heifer; Lat. caper] :-- 
a buck, he-goat, Edda, of the he-goats of Thor, Hdl. 46, Þkv. 21, Lv.
47, 52, Hrafn. 3, Nj. 62, Grág. i. 427, 503, Eb. 94; hafra hár, goats' hair, Magn. (pref.), Andr. 70. COMPDS: hafrs-belgr, m. = hafr
staka, Fb. iii. 400. hafrs-liki, n. the shape of a goat, Eb. 94. hafrs-þjó, n. buck's thigh, a nickname, Landn. hafr
-kytti, n. a kind of whale, Sks. 128. hafr-staka, u, f. a g
oat's skin, Edda 28, Fms. vi. 96, Bs. 4. 551, Gísl. 7: in local names
, Hafra-fell, Hafra-gil, Hafra-nes, Hafra-tindr, Hafra-tunga, Hafrs-á,
 Landn.; Hafrs-fjörðr (in Norway), Fms. xii, Fb. iii.
HAFR, m., only in pl. hafrar, [Germ. haber; North. E. haver
], oats; it seems not to occur in old writers.
haft and hapt, n. [hafa], properly a handcuff; sprettr m&ea
cute;r af fótum fjöturr, en af höndum haft, Hm. 150, 149: then
generally a bond, chain, harðgör höft ór þ&ou
ml;rmum, Vsp. (Hb.); sitja í höftum, to be in fetters as a pr
isoner, Mar. 11; fætr hans váru í höptum, Mork. 205; le
ysa e-n ór höftum, Ls. 37; halda e-n í höftum, to kee
p one in bonds, Fb. i. 378; at hann er óðr ok hann má koma
höftum á hann ef hann vill, Gþl. 149: the hobbles or tether fastened to a horse's leg, taka af, leggja á haft; ef haft e
r áfast hrossi, Grág. i. 436, freq. in mod. usage, cp. hefta: so i
n the phrase, verða e-m at hafti, to be a hindrance or stumbling-b
lock to one, Nj. (in a verse). haft-bönd, n. pl. fetter-bonds
, Fas. iii. 17. II. metaph., pl. gods (as band II. 3), Edda 96
. COMPDS: hafta-guð, n. the god of gods, the supreme god, of O
din, Edda 14. hafta-snytrir, m. the friend of the gods, Haustl. haft-s&oelig;ni, n. the atonement (Germ. sühne) of th
e gods, i.e. poetry, Korm.; cp. the tale in Edda 47.
hafta, u, f. a female prisoner, a bondwoman; hafta ok hernuma, Gkv
. 1. 9, Hkv. 2. 3; oft finnr ambátt höftu, Edda ii. 491 (in a verse)
.
haftr, m. a male prisoner, a bondman; haftr ok hernuminn, Fm. 7, 8
, Vsp. 39, Akv. 28.
HAGA, að, [Hel. bihagan; Germ. behagen], to manage,
arrange, with dat.; hversu hann skyldi haga verks-háttum sínum
, Eb. 150; svá skulu vér haga inngöngu várri, at ...,
Fms. i. 16; en nú var oss því hægra at haga kostum &th
orn;eirra eptir várri vild, vi. 261; at haga svá formælinu,
at ..., to put the words so, that ..., 655 xi. 2; haga sér til ses
s, to take one's seat, Ó. H. (in a verse); haga hálft yrkju
m, to take the middle course, Am. 57; en fénu var hagat til g&ael
ig;zlu, the money was taken into keeping, Fms. iv. 31; þeim er s&o
acute;lina gerði, ok heiminum hagaði ok hann gerði, Fagrsk. 11. &
beta;. with adv., skal erkibiskup haga svá, at hann hafi lög, N.
G. L. i. 145; hvernig skulum vér þá til haga, Fms. vi. 201;
. γ. to conduct oneself, behave; þér hagit y&et
h;r verr en annarr lýðr, Stj. 430; ef vegandi hefir sér til &o
acute;helgi hagat, Grág. ii. 106; ef hann hagar annan veg (does otherw
ise), ok verðr hann útlagr um þrem mörkum, K. Þ.
K. 84. δ. with prep. til, to contrive; svarði hann ei&e
th;a, at hann skyldi svá til haga, at ..., Edda 26; bað Þ&oacut
e;rir svá til haga, at Egill sé ekki langvistum í mí
nu ríki, Eg. 237; hagaðu svá til, at þú vitir v&i
acute;st at Hrærekr komi aldregi síðan lífs til Noregs,
Ó. H. 75; haga svá (til) sem Jökull vildi, Fs. 10. 2.
absol., haga e-m, to turn out so and so for one; en þetta sa
ma hagaði honum til mikils háska, but this turned out to his great
peril, Fms. viii. 17; þat hagar okkr til auðar, it falls lucki
ly for us, Gísl. (in a verse); ok hagar þá siðleysi

eigi vel fyrir manni, Sks. 280; oss þætti sem þér s&eac
ute; lítt til gamans hagat, Fas. ii. 225; ok hefir vætr meir til &u
acute;yndis hagat, en þá, i.e. it was a sore calamity, Bs. i
. 79; er sálinni hagar til mikils háska, which is fraught with
much peril to the soul, Al. 163; þat hagaði Ólafi til mikil
s harms, Fms. x. 239; í þeim eyri sem okkr bezt hagaði, in t
he money which suited us best. D. N.; vil ek gefa þér skip &tho
rn;etta með þeim farmi, sem ek veit vel hagar til Íslands, w
ith a cargo which I know is suitable for Iceland, Fms. vi. 305; en mé
r er eigi um at finna hann, þannig sem til hagat er, as matters stand, Orkn. 428. II. reflex. (rare), en það hagask svá til
(it so happened) at þeir gengu út fjórir, Sturl. i.
129 (where Bs. i. 434, berr svá til, at ...). III. part., at h&ou
ml;guðu, meet, fitting; eigi skiptir þá at högu&eth
;u til, ef ..., 'tis not fitting, if ..., Fms. ii. 61; cp. at högum,
Fs. 99, l.c., and 79 (bottom) :-- van-haga, impers. to lack, want.
Hagall, m. a mythical pr. name: the name of the Rune h, whence 
Hagals-ætt, f. the second part of the Runic alphabet, vide introd. p.
227.
hagan, högun, f. management; til-högun, arrangement.
Hag-barðr, m. name of a Danish mythical hero, 'with the fine beard
,' Saxo, Grett. (in a verse): a name of Odin (cp. Harbarðr, Sí&e
th;-grani, Síð-skeggr), Edda.
hag-beit, f. pasturage, Jm. 26.
hag-faldin, part. hooded with hedges, poët. of the earth, Fms
. vi. 140.
hag-fastr, adj. of cattle, grazing constantly, Rb.
hag-fátt, n. adj. short of grazing, Fms. vi. 103.
hag-feldr, adj. fit, meet, suited for; ek mun þér h.,
því at ek em verkmaðr góðr, en þú ert
iðju-maðr sjálfr, Njarð. 366; h. eyrendi, a meet errand, Ísl. ii. 458; allir hlutir hagfeldir ok farsælligir, Ó. H
. 195.
hag-fella, u, f. a field, hagfellu-garðr, m. a field
fence, Gþl. 381.
hag-fræði, f. agricultural statistics, (mod.)
HAGGA, að, to put out of order, derange, with dat.; e-t stendr
ó-haggað, to remain unmoved: reflex. to be put out of join
t.
hag-genginn, part. grass-fed, fattened in the pastures, of cattle,
Stj. 560. 1 Kings iv. 23.
HAGI, a, m. [A. S. haga = a fence; Dan. have = a
garden; Swed. hage; North. E. hag; Engl. hedge; cp. Ol
d Engl. hay, Hayes as local names; the word still remains as an appellati
ve in haw-thorn = hedge-thorn; haw-haw = a sunk fence] :--
a pasture, prop. a 'hedged field,' Grág. ii. 227, Nj. 33, F
ms. vii. 54, Ísl. ii. 330, Karl. 133; var hestum hagi fenginn, the hor
ses were put out to grass, Fb. ii. 340; fjár-hagi, sauð-hagi, 
sheep pasture; fjall-hagar, fell pastures; heima-hagar, home past
ures; út-hagi, out pasture (far from the farm); Icel. distingu
ish between tún and engjar for haymaking, and hagar for grazing. COMPDS:
haga-beit, f. grazing, Eg. 718, Grág. ii. 224. haga-gang
a, u, f. grazing. haga-garðr, m. a field fence, Pm.
88, Eb. 132, Fs. 47: Hagi is freq. the name of a farm, Landn. Haga-land,
n. the estate of the farm Hagi, Sturl. ii. 171. haga-spakr, adj.
= hagfastr.
hagi, a, m. [hagr], only in compds, þjóð-hagi, a grea
t artist.
hagindi, n. pl. comfort, advantage, B. K. 110, H. E. ii. 165; vide
hægindi.
hag-jörð, f. pasture land, Stj. 168, Sd. 167.
hag-keypi, n. a good bargain, Fb. ii. 75, iii. 450.
hag-kvæmr (hag-kvæmiligr), adj. meet, useful.
HAGL, n. [A. S. hagal; Engl. hail; Gerrn. hagel; Dan
. hagel; Swed. hagel] :-- hail, Fms. i. 175, Nj. 232, Ann.
1275, Glúm. 342, Bs. i. 698, passim. COMPDS: hagl-dropi, a, m. 
a hail-stone, Stj. 274. hagl-hríð, f. a hail-storm,
Stj. 274, 275, Fms. iii. 180. hagl-korn, n. a hail-stone, Fms. i.
175, xi. 142. hagl-steinn, m. a hail-stone, Ann. 1275. hagl-vi
ndr, m. a hail-storm, Pröv. 454. II. in plur. grapes, (mod.)
hagla, að, to hail.
hag-laust (hag-leysa, u, f.), n. adj. barren, without grass.
hag-leikr (-leiki), m. skill in handicraft, Bs. i. 138, 681
, Sks. 443, 633, Stj. 519, Al. 93, Barl. 167, Fb. ii. 296, passim. hagleiks-g
örð, f. fine workmanship, Bs. i. 681. hagleiks-maðr, m. a handicrafts-man, an artist, Fas. ii. 463, Barl. 167.
hag-lendi, n. [hagi], pasture land.
hag-liga, adv. skilfully, handily, Fms. vi. 217: conveniently,
suitably, meetly, v. 43, Sl. 72, Þkv. 16, 19 (neatly).
hag-ligr, adj. fine, handy, skilful, Mar.: fit, meet, proper, c
onvenient, h. ráð, Fms. vii. (in a verse), K. Þ. K. 100; f
urðu h. geit, a very proper goat, Edda 24; ú-hagligr, troub
lesome, Bs. ii. 115.
hag-mýrr, f. [hagi], a pasture marsh, Sd. 167.
hag-mæltr, part. well-spoken, Fms. iv. 374: a kind of met
re, Edda 138: in mod. usage only of one who has skill in verse-making, hann er lagmæltr, a happy verse-maker, but not yet a skáld
, poet.
hagna, að, e-m hagnar, to be meet for one; hvárum ykkru
m hefir betr hagnað, which of you has had the best luck? Fms. v. 193,
xi. 212 (in a verse).
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<HEADER>232 HAGNAÐR -- HALDA.</HEADER>
hagnaðr, m. advantage, Hkr. ii. 85.
hag-nýta, tt, to make use of, Rb. 42, D. N., freq. in mod.
usage.
hag-orðr, adj. well-spoken, Fms. iii. 152.
HAGR, adj. handy, skilful, opp. to bagr, q.v.; hagr á tr&ea
cute;, Bs. ii. 146; hagr á járn, Gísl. 18; hagr maðr &a
acute; tré ok járn, Eg. 4, Ölk. 34; hann var hagr maðr, &
Iacute;sl. ii. 325; hann húsar upp bæinn, því at hann
var allra manna hagastr, 171; því at þú ert ums&yacute
;slu-maðr mikill ok hagr vel, Fms. i. 290; Hreiðarr bað Eyvind f&aac
ute; sér silfr nokkut og gull, Eyvindr spurði ef hann væri hagr
, vi. 214; þann mann er hagastr var á öllu Íslandi &aac
ute; tré, Bs. i. 132; hann valdi þann mann til kirkju-görð
ar, er þá þótti einn hverr hagastr vera, sá h&e
acute;t Þóroddr Gamlason, 163, 235; Völundr var hagastr ma&eth
;r svá at menn viti í fornum sögum, Sæm. 89: of a lady,
hón var svá hög (so handy at needlework) at fá
r konur vóru jafnhagar henni, Nj. 147; hón var væn kona ok h
ög á hendr, Ísl. ii. 4; Margrét hin haga, Bs. i. 143:
of dwarfs, hagir dvergar, Hdl. 7; whence dverg-hagr, skilful as a dwarf.
2. = hagligr, of work; sem ek hagast kunna, as handily as I could,
Vkv. 17: skurð-hagr, skilled in carving; orð-hagr = hagorðr
; þjóð-hagr, a great artist.
HAGR, m., gen. hags, pl. hagir, [as to the root vide haga, cp. also the p
receding word] :-- state, condition; honum þótti þ&aac
ute; komit hag manna í únýtt efni, Jb. 12; hefi ek sagt &th
orn;ér allt er yfir minn hag hefir gengit, Mar., Hom. 126, 155; at nj&oac
ute;sna hvat um hag Ástríðar mundi vera, Fms. i. 68; annan vet
r eptir var Halldóra með barni, og lauksk seint um hag hennar, and
she got on slowly, of a woman in labour, Sturl. i. 199; hann sagði me&e
th; undrum hans hag fram flytjask, he said that his affairs went on in a stra
nge way, Fb. i. 380; en nú tekr hagr minn at úhægjask, &
THORN;orf. Karl. 370. β. in plur. affairs; hversu komtu h&eac
ute;r, eðr hvat er nú um hagi þína ? Fms. i. 79; hversu
hann skyldi nú með fara eðr breyta högum sínum, Nj. 2
15; var þat brátt auðséð á hennar högum
(doings), at hón mundi vera vitr, Ld. 22; ef þér seg
it nokkrum frá um hagi vára Rúts, Nj. 7; lands-hagir, pu
blic affairs. II. metaph. means; ef hann hefir eigi hag til at
færa þau fram, Grág. i. 232; hann skal færa þeim
manni er nánastr er, þeirra manna er hag á til viðt&oum
l;kunnar, 248; en ef erfingi hefir eigi hag til framfærslu, 250; ef ma&eth
;r týnir svá fé sínu, at hann á eigi hag at g
jalda alla landaura, ii. 410; ráða-hagr, a match; fjár
-hagr, money affairs. 2. advantage, favour, gain; svo eru h
yggindi sem í hag koma, a saying; bera kvið í hag e-m, to p
ronounce for one, Grág. i. 176; hallat hefi ek víst, segir kon
ungr, ok þó í hag þér, Fms. ii. 272; greiddisk

eigi byrrinn mjök í hag þeim, Fb. iii. 446; hrolldi hvatvetna
þat er til hags skyldi, Am. 95; ó-hagr, disadvantage. 3. adverbial phrase, at högum, suitably; eigi skiptir þat h&o
uml;gum til, 'tis not meet, 'tis a shame, unfair, Fs. 79; eigi hefir h&ea
cute;r at högum verit til skipt, 99; Kormakr kvað eigi at högum ti
l skipta, ef hann sparir eigi við þik sverðit, en hann sparir vi&e
th; oss, Korm. 80; the mod. phrase, fara sínum högum ok munum, to
do at one's leisure, as one is pleased. hags-munir, m. pl. profit
; at hann gerði hinum hagsmuni, fimm aura eðr meira fjár, &ia
cute; kaupinu, Grág. ii. 241 (freq. in mod. usage).
hag-ráð, n. an opportunity, O. H. L. 33.
hag-ráðr, adj. giving wise counsel, Nj. 2.
hag-ræða, dd, to put right, put in order, with dat., Fas
. iii. 10.
hag-ræði, n. comfort, Hom. 19: service, Band. 4;
en föður sínum görði hann aldri hagræði, 6; l
eggja til hagræðis með e-m, to do service to one, Bs. ii. 1
79.
hag-ræðr, adj. = hagráðr, N. G. L. ii.
hag-skeytr, adj. a good shot, Edda (Ub.) 270.
hag-skipti, n. fairness, a fair bargain, Þórð. 21
.
hag-smiðliga, adv. handily, Jb. 218.
hag-smiðr, m. an artist, adept, Edda 96 (in a verse).
hag-spakligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), practically wise, Sks. 62
7.
hag-spakr, adj. sensible, practical, Ver. 17.
hag-speki, f. forethought, good sense, Fas. iii. 7, Sks. 50.
hag-stæðr, adj. fair, favourable, of wind and weather; h
. byrr, a fair wind, Eb. 332; veðr hagstætt, Eg. 390; st&oacute
;r veðr ok hagstæð, Fms. ii. 64, Þorf. Karl. 372.
hag-virki, n. master-work, Ísl. ii. 253 (in a verse), Od. x
ix. 227 GREEK.
hag-virk-liga, adv. in a workmanlike manner, to the purpose, Gr&aa
cute;g. ii. 338.
hag-virkr, adj. workmanlike.
hag-þorn, m. [hagi], the hawthorn, 'hedge-thorn,' Edda (Gl.)
, Stj. 395.
hai, interj. alas! Stj. 649, the rendering of heu heu! in t
he Vulgate, cp. ai, Sæm. 118.
hak, n. a little hook, such as the barb of a hook.

HAKA, u, f. [Swed. haka; Dan. hage], the chin, Eg. 3
05; skeggit við hökuna, 564; höku ok kjálka, Fms. ii. 59, x
i. 139, N. G. L. i. 339, Edda; undir-haka, a double chin. COMPDS: h&ou
ml;ku-bein, n. the chin bone, Sd. 169. höku-langr, adj. having a long chin, Bárð. 165. höku-mikill, adj. having a large chin, Sd. 147. höku-skarð, n. a cleft in
the chin. höku-skegg, n. the beard on the chin, Fas. ii.
434, Hkr. ii. 176.
haki, a, m. [Dan. hage; Swed. hake; Germ. haken; Eng
l. hook], a hook, (rare): a mythical pr. name, Edda, Fas.
hakka, að, to devour, eat ravenously, as a beast, (cant word.)
hak-langr, adj. = hökulangr, a nickname, Hkr. i.
HALD, n. (vide halda), hold: 1. a hold, fastening; n
ýtr bóndi afls ok kippir vaðnum, þvíat hann hug&e
th;i haldit annan veg eigi bila, Fms. xi. 442. 2. a law phrase, withho
lding; gagna-hald, Grág. ii. 273; þá á hann kost
hvárt er hann vill at hætta til haldsins eðr eigi, ... en ef h&
oacute;n er login, þá verðr eigi rétt haldit, i. 312; st
efna um tíundar hald, ok telja hinn sekjan um, K. Þ. K. 46. II. upholding, maintenance: 1. reparation; fyrir hald &aacu
te; kirkju, Vm. 12; segja til halds kirkjunni (to defray the repairs of the k
irk) þann jarðar-teig, Dipl. iii. 12. 2. a law term, pos
session; sögðum vér með fullum laga-órskurði
Guðmundi til halds sagða jörð, Dipl. iii. 5; hafa vald eðr
hald e-s hlutar, Bs. i. 720; hón á tveggja króka hald &iacu
te; vatnið, she (the church) has the hold (right) of
two hooks in the lake, Pm. 41. β. þessum fénað
i beit ok hald (bite and occupation) fyrir sunnan á, Dipl. v. 10.
3. support, backing; við tókum okkr hald þar er G
uð var, Hom. 154; hann hefir nú hald mikit af konungi, he has much
support from the king, Eg. 336: so in the phrase, hald ok traust, help a
nd support in need; hón hafði þenna mann sent honum til hal
ds ok trausts, Ld. 46: and in the phrases, koma e-m at haldi or í hald, to prove true to one, be of use, help to one; ok má hann enn vel ko
ma þér at haldi, Ísl. ii. 329; ílla koma honum g&oacu
te;ðir frændr í hald, Fms. x. 413, Greg. 22; eigi veit ek m&eac
ute;r verr í hald koma úknáleik minn en þér af
l þitt, Fms. vi. 203, Fs. 182; kemr oss þat lið ekki at haldi, F
ms. viii. 214, xi. 31; þvíat vér höfum ærit mart
(lið) ef oss kæmi þat vel at haldi, Nj. 192; hér kemr &ia
cute;lla í hald, this comes ill to help, is a great shame, Lv. 95.
4. custody; Ólafr konungr tók þá vi&et
h; haldi Hæreks konungs, Ó. H. 73; hafa e-n í haldi, to k
eep one in custody, freq.: hence varð-hald, custody. 5. entertainment; fór hann til hirðar jarls ok var með honum &i
acute; góðu haldi, Bjarn. 5; hann var þar um vetrinn ok &iacute
; því hærra haldi af húsfreyju sem hann var lengr, Fms
. vii. 112. 6. a course, a naut. term; ef stýrimenn vilja b
áðir fara, ok skilr þá um hald, Grág. ii. 398: he
nce áfram-hald, going on; aptr-hald, return. 7. h
olding, meaning, suggestion; það er hald manna, freq. in mod. usag
e, but no reference to old writers has been found. 8. keeping, tending
, of cattle; góð höld á skepnum, goð skepnu-h&oum
l;ld, freq. III. a holding, keeping, observance, of a feast, holid
ay; allra heilagra manna hald, Ver. 53; þótt et meira hald s&eacute
; á dægrinu, although it be a holiday of first degree, Gr&aa
cute;g. ii. 360; var þá þegar tekinn í mikit hald hans
lífláts-dagr, Fms. xi. 309; í borg þessi var Þ
órs-hof í miklu haldi, in high worship, Al. 19: hence h&aac
ute;tíða-hald, keeping high holidays; Jóla-hald, Fms.
i. 32; Drottins-daga-hald, Nj. 165; af-hald, upp-á-hald, esteem, 'upho
ld;' ártíða hald, B. K. 25; níu lestra-höld, reading the nine legends, Vm. 51, 64. IV. in plur., höld, h
andles; klukka lítil af höldin, Vm. 42; handar-hald, a handle
; cp. also haf-ald: á-höld, utensils. halds-maðr, m. a keeper, guardian, Gþl. 258, 501, Js. 121.
HALDA, pret. hélt (= Goth. haihald), 2nd pérs. h&eac
ute;lt, mod. hélzt, pl. héldum; pres. held, pl. höldum; pret.
subj. héldi; part. haldinn; imperat. hald and haltú: [Ulf. hal
dan = GREEK, GREEK, whereas he renders to keep, hold by other words;
Hel. haldan = alere, fovere, colere, which thus seems to be the pr
imitive sense of the word, and to be akin to Lat. c&o-short;lo; again, A.
S. healdan, Engl. hold, O. H. G. haltan, Germ. halten, Swed. hålla, halda, Dan. holde, are all of them used in
a more general sense] :-- to hold.
A. WITH DAT. to hold to: I. to hold fast by; with th
e notion of restraint or force, tók Gizurr förunaut Ögmundar ok
hélt honum, Sturl. i. 150; Gunnarr var kyrr svá at honum h&eacute
;lt einn maðr, Nj. 92; ef maðr heldr manni ..., varðar fjörbaug
s-garð, Grág. ii. 110; h. e-m undir drep, 17; h. skipum (to grappl
e the ships) með stafnljám, Fms. ii. 315: to keep back, Hr
afn fékk eigi haldit henni heima þar, Ísl. ii. 249; ok halda
þeim veðr í enni sömu höfn, Grág. i. 92; h. (
sér) í e-t, to hold oneself fast by, grasp, þú
skalt h. í hurðar-hringinn, Dropl. 29; heldr sér í fax
it, Sd. 177. β. so in the phrases, halda barni (manni) undir sk&iacu
te;rn, vatn, primsignan, biskups hönd, eccl. to hold a bairn (man
) at baptism, prima signatio, confirmation, Grág. i. 29; h. va
tni (tárum), to hold one's tears, 623. 56, Fms. viii. 232, vi. (in
a verse); halda munni, to hold one's tongue, be silent, vii. 227; halda
tungu sinni, Þórð. 2. to withhold; þ&aacut
e; megu þeir h. tíundum hans í móti, K. Þ. K. 6
2; h. vætti, Grág. i. 42; h. gögnum, 56; ef goði heldr tyl
ftar-kvið, er hann heldr kviðnum, 58; halda matinum fyrir honum, 47; h.
sköttum fyrir e-m, Nj. 8; h. skógar-manni fyrir e-m, Finnb. 334; um
þat er hann hefir konunni haldit, Grág. i. 313; héldu b&aeli
g;ndr gjaldinu, Fms. vii. 302; hélt ek því (i.e. the money)
fyrir honum, i.e. paid it not, Ísl. ii. 244. II. to hold
, of a rope or the like; sá maðr hugði h. mundu er festi, ...
ok h. mundu í slíku veðri, Grág. ii. 361; reip þ
au tíu er tveggja manna afli haldi hvert, id.; skal hann svá g&oum
l;ra at haldi fyrir fyrnsku, 268. β. to hold, hold out, last;
optast halda þar íllviðri litla hríð, Sks. 212; sun
nudags-helgi ríss upp á laugardegi, ok heldr (lasts) til m
ánadags, N. G. L. i. 138. III. to keep, retain, Germ. be
halten; fá-ein skip héldu seglum sinum, Fms. x. 143; þ&
uacute; skalt jafnan þessu sæti h., Nj. 6; h. bústað s&ia
cute;num, Ld. 26; h. ríki sínu, Al. 58, Fms. i. 13; h. öllum
Noregi, viii. 155; h. frelsi ok eignum, vi. 40; h. hlut sínum, to upho
ld one's right, Eg. passim; halt sömum vinum sem ek hefi haft,
<PAGE NUM="b0233">
<HEADER>HALDA, 233</HEADER>
Fas. i. 375; h. hreinleik sínum, Al. 58. β. to hold, keep
safe, preserve; h. hlut sínum, Ld. 54; h. heilsu, Grág. i. 14
5; h. virðingu sinni, Ld. 16; þá heldr hann kosti sínum,
Grág. ii. 209; h. tíma (honour) sínum, Al. 59; h. l
ífi ok limum, Eg. 89; h. lífinu, Nj. 111; h. trúnaði s&
iacute;num, 109; vináttu sinni, Ld. 200; einorð sinni, Fb. ii. 265; h
. sér réttum, to keep oneself right, Ld. 158; h. e-m heilum
, Odd. 30; h. ríki fyrir e-m, Fms. v. 279; h. manna-forræði fyr
ir e-m, Hrafn. 19; h. réttu máli fyrir e-m, Fms. vii. 64. 2. to continue to keep, keep all along; h. teknum hætti, Fms. iv. 25
4; h. vöku, to keep oneself awake, Ld. 152; but h. vöku fyrir e
-m, to keep another awake; halda sýslu sinni, Fs. 36; h. högu
m, to keep grazing, Eb. 104, Ld. 148. 3. to hold, keep one's st
ock; ellipt., vetr var íllr ok héldu menn ílla, the
winter was cold and it was ill to keep live stock, Sturl. ii. 143, (cp. fj&a
acute;r-höld); hann hélt vel svá at nær lifði hvatvetna, Hrafn. 22: metaph., ílla hefir þinn faðir þ&aacute
; haldit, Fms. xi. 144; öld hefir ílla haldit, the people have ha
d a sad loss, vi. (in a verse); h. fangi, and also ellipt. halda, of sheep a
nd cattle, opp. to 'to go back.' 4. phrases, halda njósnum,
to keep watch, to spy, Fms. viii. 146, Nj. 113; hann hélt nj&oacu
te;snum til Önundar, Landn. 287; hélt konungr njósnum til, ef
..., Fms. vii. 128; hann skyldi h. njósnum til ok gera orð konungi,
i. 54; h. njósnum til um e-t, iv. 119, Nj. 93; halda njósn (sing.)
um skip þat, Eg. 74; þér haldit njósnum nær f&a
elig;ri gefr á Arnkatli, Eb. 186; hann lét h. njósnum uppi
á landi, Fms. vii. 316; hann hélt fréttum til, ef ..., iv.
349. β. halda (hendi) fyrir auga, to hold (the hand) before the eyes, shade the eyes, Nj. 132, Fms. v. 196; h. fyrir munn e-m,
to hold (the hand) over one's mouth; h. hendi yfir e-m, 
to hold the hand over one, protect one, Nj. 266, Fbr. 22, Korm.; h. hendi um
háls e-m, to clasp the hands around one's neck, Fms. i. 9; h. ski
ldi fyrir e-n, to hold the shield for one as a second in a duel, Í
sl. ii. 257, passim; h. e-m til náms, to hold one to the book, make on
e study, K. Þ. K. 56; h. e-m til virðingar, Ld. 98. IV. ell
ipt. (liði, skipi, för, stefnu, etc. understood), to hold, stand
in a certain direction, esp. as a naut. term; þeir héldu aptr (
stood back again) um haustið, Eg. 69; treystisk hann eigi á haf a
t halda, Eb. 6; héldu þeir vestr um haf, id.; stigu þeir &aac
ute; skip sín, ok héldu út (stood out) eptir fir&eth
;i, Fms. i. 63; þeir héldu þat sama sumar til Íslands,
Ld. 6; hann hélt upp eptir hinni eystri kvísl, Fms. vii. 55; h. h
eim, to hold one's course, stand homewards, Odd. 30; h. á braut, G
rág. i. 92; Hrútr hélt suðr til Eyrar-sunds, Nj. 8; h.
eptir e-m, to pursue one, 7; h. undan, to fly, Fms. x. 396, Nj. 98
(on land); kom móti þeim sunnan-veðr með myrkri, ok ur&eth
;u þeir fyrir at h., to lay one's course for the wind, A. A. 271; h
. útleið, to stand on the outer tack, Eg. 78; h. til, to tu
rn against, attack (on sea), Fms. xi. 72; hélt hann liði s&iacute
;nu suðr á Mæri, i. 62; þeir héldu liði s&iacu
te;nu norðr til Þrándheims, id.; Haraldr konungr hélt no
rðan liði sínu, Eg. 32; héldu þeir skipi þv&ia
cute; suðr með landi, 69; skipi því lét hann halda v
estr til Englands, id.; Unnr hélt skipinu í Orkneyjar, eptir &thor
n;at hélt Unnr skipi sínu til Færeyja, Ld. 8. β.
to graze, put in the field, of sheep, cattle; þykkir mér &t
horn;at miklu skipta at þeim sé vel til haga haldit, Eg. 714; hvert
Steinarr hafði látið nautum sínum halda, 715; ok bað
hann h. nautunum annan veg, 716. γ. phrases, halda kyrru fyrir, 
to hold still, remain quiet, Ld. 216, Þórð. 30 new Ed., Nj.
223, 258; Hallr heldr nú til fangs (went fishing) sem á&et
h;r, Ld. 38. V. with prep.; halda á e-u, to hold, wield in the
hand, freq. in mod. usage, h. á bók, penna, fjöðr, hn
íf, skærum, nál, etc.; hafði hverr þat er h&eacute
;lt á, Nj. 279; h. á sverði, Fb. i. 33; hann tók vi&eth
; öxinni ok hélt (viz. á), ok sá á, Eg. 180: to hold fast, heldr nú maðr á manni, Fas. i. 12; eigi m&a
acute;ttu helvítis byrgi h. á honum, 656 C. 6; ef hann heldr &aacu
te; fénu (withholds it), Grág. i. 427. β. [Germ
. anhalten], to hold to a thing, go on with, be busy about; h. &aa
cute; sýslu, to be busy, Rm. 14; h. á keri, qs. halda &aacu
te; drykkju, to go on drinking, carousing, Hm. 18: h. á hinni s&ou
ml;mu bæn, Stj. 417; h. á fyrirsátrum við e-n, Þ&o
acute;rð. 51 new Ed.; h. á búnaði sínum, Ld. 164; h
élt hann þá á búnaði sínum sem skj&
oacute;tligast, Fms. ix. 215, x. 119, Sturl. ii. 245; þogar á bak J
ólum hélt Ólafr konungr á búningi, Fms. v. 41
; hann heldr nú á málinu, Nj. 259; nú heldr Þ&
oacute;rðr á málinu ok verðr Oddný honum gipt, Bjar
n. 11, Konr. (Fr.); h. á tilkalli, Fms. i. 84; h. á þessum s
ið, xi. 41; h. á för, to go on with one's journey, Sighv
at; gengu síðan brott ok héldu á ferð sinni, and
went on their journey, Sturl.; -- whence the mod. phrase, halda áfra
m, to go on, which seems not to occur in old writers. 2. halda e-u
fram, to hold up, make much of; bróðir minn mun mér mj
ök hafa fram haldit fyrir ástar sakir, Nj. 3. β. to h
old on doing, (hence fram-hald, continuation); halda fram upp-teknu
efni, Fms. i. 263; slíku hélt hann fram meðan hann lifði,
iv. 254; hélt hann (fram) teknum hætti um veizlurnar, id., Grett. 1
4. 3. halda saman, to hold together, Eluc. 6, Fms. vii. 140, Rb. 3
40. 4. halda e-u upp, to hold aloft, Yngvarr hélt upp v&iac
ute;su þeirri, Eg. 152; steinninn heldr upp annarr öðrum, Rb. 390
; h. upp árum, to hold up the oars, cease pulling, Fas. ii. 517, N
. G. L. i. 65. β. to uphold, maintain, support; halda upp hof
i, Landn. 64, Eb. 24; h. upp hofum ok efla blót, Fms. i. 91; h. upp kirkj
u, K. Þ. K. 52; h. upp Kristninni, Fms. i. 32: to keep going, h. up
p bardaga, orrostu, xi. 66, 188, 340. γ. to discharge; h. up
p féráns-dómi, Grág. i. 120; h. upp lögskilum,
145; h. upp svörum, Ó. H. 174; h. upp kostnaði, Eg. 77; h. upp g
jaldi, Grág. i. 384; gjöldum, Fms. i. 81; h. upp bót, Gr&aacu
te;g. ii. 182; bótum, Eb. 100, 162, N. G. L. i. 311; ef hann heldr upp yf
irbót (penance) þeirri, Hom. 70; h. upp bænum fyrir em, to pray for one, Fms. xi. 271; hélt hann því vel u
pp sem vera átti, discharged it well, x. 93. δ. halda
sér vel upp, to hold oneself well up, Sturl. ε. me
taph., skal-at hann lögvillr verða, svá at honum haldi þat
uppi (i.e. went unpunished), Grág. i. 316; ok heldr honum þ
at uppi (that will save him), ef hann er rétt-hafi at orðinn,
ii. 242. 5. halda e-u við, to maintain a thing, Hkr. i. 195. VI. impers., 1. to continue, last; hélt þv&iacu
te; nokkura stund dags, Fms. x. 125: hélt því lengi um vetri
nn, Ld. 288; regni hélt haustnótt gegnum, Fms. vi. 83. 2. w
ith prep. við, to be on the brink of; hélt þá vi&
eth; atgöngu, they were within a hair's breadth of coming to fight,
Hkr. i. 143; hélt þá við vandræði, Fms. ix. 43
4; heldr við bardaga, vi. 8; heldr nú við hót, it is li
ttle short of a threat, i. 305; hélt við blót, x. 106; ok

hélt við flótta, i. 174; hélt við meiðingar, Nj
. 21, Sd. 143; henni hélt við, at hón mundi drepa hana, Nj. 11
8; þeim hélt við váða sjálfan, Ó. H. 1
68; konungi hélt við, hvárt hann mundi standask eðr eigi,
Mag. 100; honum hélt við kafnan, Bs. i. 18; hélt þ&oacut
e; við at þeir mundi berjask, Fs. 53.
B. WITH ACC. to hold: I. to hold in possession, a fi
ef, land, estate, office, or the like; þeir héldu alla hina beztu s
taði með sjónum, Fms. xi. 131; þeir er áðr h&oum
l;fðu haldit land af Dana-konungi, i. 232; Eirekr skyldi h. land af Aðal
steini konungi, 23; Vemundr hélt Firða-fylki, Eg. 12; hélt han
n þat ríki undir Knút konungi, Ísl. ii. 242; í
þeirri borg héldu þeir langfeðgar fimmtán konungd
óma, Ver. 37; h. land sem leigu-land, Grág. ii. 278; konungrinn he
ldr af Guði nafnit, Sks. 599 B; prestar er kirkjur halda, H. E. i. 486; s&aa
cute; prestr er heldr Pétrs-kirkju, N. G. L. i. 312; presta þeirra
er kirkju halda, 346; skal sá maðr ráða er kirkju heldr, K
. Þ. K. 60; Ólafs kirkju þá er Væringjar halda (
the parish church of W.), Hkr. iii. 408. 2. halda ábyrgju,
ábyrgð á e-n, to have the responsibility of a thing, Gr
ág. ii. 399, K. Þ. K. 66; h. grip, to be in the possession of, Grág. i. 438, ii. 190; h. skóla, to keep a school, Mar.;
h. fylgð, to perform, Fms. ix. 279; eiga vandræði at h., to be in a strait, difficulty, Eb. 108. II. to hold, keep, obser
ve, a feast, holiday, or the like; halda kirkju-dag, K. Þ. K. 42; &iac
ute; hvers minning heldr þú þenna dag? Nj. 157; h. helgan &th
orn;vátt-dag hvern, Pr. 437; h. helga daga, Sl.; h. Jóla-dag, P&aa
cute;ska, Hvíta-sunnu, Rb. 134; minnstú að h. helgan hv&iacute
;ldar-daginn Drottins Guðs þíns (the Fourth Commandment in the
Icel. version); h. heilagt, to keep holiday, Dipl. ii. 14; í dag &
thorn;á hátíð höldum vér til himna st&eacut
e; vor Herra, Hólabók 54; er Júdar héldu hát&
iacute;ðligt, Stj. 110; (hence forn-haldinn, time-honoured): of the d
ay-marks (vide dagr, p. 95), er þaðan haldinn miðr-morgin, Hrafn.
9. 2. to keep; halda orð sín, to keep one's word, Fms. x. 95; höldum öll einka-mál vár, vii. 305; h. s&a
elig;ttir, Nj. 57; gerðú svá vel, félagi, at þ&ua
cute; halt vel sætt þessa, 111, Sturl. iii. 153, Fs. 65, Gullþ
. 20; hann kvaðsk vilja hafa svardaga af þeim ok festu, at halda, Nj.
164; h. eið, Sturl. iii. 153; h. frið, to keep peace, Greg. 7; e
f þú vilt nokkura hluti eigi h. þá er ek hefi á
lagt við þik, Eg. 738: to observe faith, law, rite, etc., hald
a átrúnað, Fms. i. 34, x. 277; h. Guðs lög ok landsin
s, vii. 305; h. lands lög, viii. 155; h. ein lög, 625. 52; hafa ok hal
da þau lög, Fms. i. 34; h. Kristilega trú, K. Á. 74; h.
mál (orð) e-s, Greg. 17; h. alla hluti með athugasamlegu minni,
Sks. 439. 3. to keep, tend; halda geitr, Hkv. 2. 20 (exactly as in
Gothic). III. to uphold, maintain, support; þykkir m&eacute
;r þér sé nú ísjár-vert, hvárt &
thorn;ú munt fá haldit þik eðr eigi, Nj. 155; munu v&eac
ute;r þó ekki einhlitir at h. oss eptir þessi verk, Há
v. 50; at hón mætti með valdi h. sik ok menn sína, Fas.
i. 375; þat væri nokkurr várkunn, at þú h&eacute
;ldir frænda þinn eðr fóstbróður, en þet
ta er alls engi (at) halda útlaga konungs, Ó. H. 145; enda æ
tla ek lítinn viljann til at h. vini þína, Fms. vii. 244; &t
horn;ví at Eysteinn konungr kenndi Inga konungi, at hann héldi &th
orn;á menn, 248; ef þú heldr hann (upholdest him) til
þess at ganga á vini mína, Eg. 339; viljum vér allir
fylgja þér ok þik til konungs halda, Fms. i. 34; Stephanus s
kyldi h. hann til laga ok réttinda, Sks. 653; h. e-n til ríkis, Fb
. i. 236; vinsæld föður hans hélt hann mest til alþ&
yacute;ðu vináttu, Fms. vii. 175; þeir sem upp h. (sustain) þenna líkama, Anecd. 4. β. phrases, halda e-m kost,
borð, to keep at board, entertain, Fms. ix. 220, x. 105, 146, Nj. 6;
or, halda e-n at klæðum ok drykk, Ó. H. 69; h. strí&eth
;, bellum gerere (not class.), Fms. x. 51; h. úfrið, Fas. ii.
539. 2. halda sik, to comfort oneself, Sks. 281, Hom. 29; kunna si
k með hófi at h., Sturl. iii. 108; h. sik ríkmannliga, to f
are sumptuously, Ld. 234; hann hélt betr húskarla sína
en aðrir, Fms. vii. 242; h. mjök til skarts, to dress fine, Ld.
196; þar var Hrefna ok hélt allmjök til skarts, id.; hann var
hægr hvers-dagliga, ok hélt mjök til gleði, Sturl. iii. 12
3; hélt hann hér mjök til vinsælda ok virðinga, 
he enjoyed much popularity and fame, Ld. 298. β. ellipt. (sik un
derstood), at h. til jafns við e-n, to bear up against one, to be a match
for one, Ld. 40; ef þér hefir eigi til þess hug eðr
afl at h. til jafns við e-n húskarl Þorsteins, Eg. 714; h. til
fullnaðar, to stand on one's full rights; ef þær taka eig
i fullrétti, eðr h. eigi til fullnaðar, Grág. ii. 109; h.
fullara, to hold one above other men, Ó. H. (in a verse); l&eacute
;t konungr þá h. mjök til (make great preparations) at
syngja messu hátíðliga, Hkr. i. 287. 3. to hold fort
h, put forward; at þeim inyiidi þungbýlt vera í n&
aacute;nd honum, ef þeir héldi nokkurn annan fyrir betra mann en ha
nn, Ld. 26; síðan
<PAGE NUM="b0234">
<HEADER>234 HALDA -- HALLA.</HEADER>
hélt konungr Erling fyrir tryggvan mann, Fms. ix. 399. β. 
to hold, deem, be of opinion; the old writers seem not to use the word exact
ly in this sense, but near to it come such phrases as, hón hélt en
gan hans jafningja innan hirðar hvárki í orðum né &
ouml;ðrum hlutum, i.e. she held him to be above all men, Ld. 60; hald
a menn hann fyrir konung, Fb. i. 216; still closer, halda menn at Oddný s
é nú betr gipt, Bjarn. 12 (but only preserved in a paper MS.): thi
s sense is very freq. in mod. usage, to hold, mean, eg held það
; eg held ekki, I think not; (hence hald, opinion.) γ. phrases, halda mikit upp á e-n, to hold one in much esteem, love, Stj. 33; halda af e-m, id., Fas. i. 458, ii. 63, 200, iii. 520, esp. fr
eq. in mod. usage, (upp-á-hald, af-hald, esteem.) 4. to
hold on, keep up; halda varnir, to keep up a defence, Sks. 583; halda
vörð, to keep watch, Eg. 120, Grág. i. 32, 264; halda n
jósn, Eg. 72, 74, Fms. xi. 46; halda tal af e-m, to speak, communicate
with one, ii. 88. 5. to hold, be valid, be in force, a law te
rm; á sú sekt öll at halda, Grág. i. 89; á &tho
rn;at at h. allt er þeir urðu á sáttir, 86; enda &aacute
; þat at h. með þeim síðan, ii. 336. IV. to
hold, compel, bind (with the notion of obligation or duty); heldr mik &thor
n;á ekki til utan-ferðar, Nj. 112; þó heldr þik v&
aacute;rkunn til at leita á, i.e. thou art excused, thou hast some exc
use in trying, 21; var auðsætt hvat til hélt um sætt
ir, Bjarn. 70; þik heldr eigi hér svá mart, at þ&uacut
e; megir eigi vel bægja héraðs-vist þinni, Eb. 252; &thor
n;ar mælir þú þar, er þik heldr várkunn ti
l at mæla, Nj. 227; ek mun vera vinr hans, ok alla þá, er at

mínum orðum láta, halda til vináttu við hann, i.e.
I will be his friend, and all those who lend ear to my words I will hold to f
riendship with him, Eg. 18. 2. halda sik frá e-u, to keep o
neself from, to refrain from a thing, Sks. 276 B; h. sik frá muna&eth
;lífi, Post. 656 A. ii. 16, Hom. 53, 135; h. sik aptr af e-u, to absta
in from, Hkr. i. 512. V. absol. to be the cause of, be conducive t
o a thing; heldr þar margt til þess, there are many reasons f
or this, Nj. 192; vildim vér vita hvat til heldr, Fms. vii. 106; en h
ann vissi eigi hvat til hafði haldit, er hann kom eigi, xi. 11; margir hluti
r héldu til þess, Eg. 38; þat hélt til þess, at
..., Al. 94; hélt til þess (conduced to it) góðgi
rnd hans, stórmennska ok vitsmunir, Fs. 29; hefir þat mjök til
haldit, er ek hefi svá lengi dvalizt, at ek ætlaða, Ld. 32; ha
nn lét bæði til h. vingan ok mágsemd, Fs. 24; heldr &tho
rn;at mest til at þá var komit útfall sjávar, Ld. 56;
hélt þat mest til þess, at hann gafsk bezt í öll
um mannraunum, 60; þat eitt hélt til, at þeir fóru eig
i málum á hendr Þórði, at þeir höf&eth
;u eigi styrk til, 138. VI. to hold, comprise; sólar-ö
ld heldr tuttugu ok átta ár, Rb. 510; h. skor (of weight), Gr&aacu
te;g. i. 500.
UNCERTAIN In some instances the use of dat. and acc. wavers, e.g. halda h&uacute
;sum, to keep up the houses, Grág. ii. 278, 335; h. hliði, 
to keep the gate in repair, 265; but halda hlið (acc.), 332: to keep,
observe, h. lögum, griðum, boðorðum, Glúm. 333, Gr&
aacute;g. i. 357, ii. 166, 623. 28; hélt hann þessu sumu, Fms. x. 4
16 (Ágrip); halda ílla orðum, vii. (in a verse); þeir er
því þingi áttu at h., Glúm. 386; h. sát
tum, St. 17; h. eiðum, Bkv. 18; Gizuri þótti biskup h. r&iacute
;kt (protect strongly) brennu-mönnum, Sturl. i. 201 C; Guð er s&
iacute;num skepnum heldr (keeps, protects) ok geymir, Mar.; þ&aacut
e; hélt engi kirkju mönnum, ... kept no man safe, Fms. ix. 50
8; h. njósn (acc.) um e-t, Eg. 74; h. til njósn, 72; njósni
r, Fms. xi. 46. In most of these instances the acc. is the correct case, and the
dat. is due either to careless transcribers or incorrect speaking: in some inst
ances an enclitic um has been taken for a dative inflexion, thus e.g. s&a
acute;ttum haldi in Stor. l.c. is to be restored to sátt um haldi; ei&eth
;um haldit in Bkv. l.c. to eið (for eiða) um haldit; in others the prep.
um has caused the confusion, as 'halda njósn um at' has been chan
ged into halda njósnum at. But in the main the distinction between the us
e of dat. and acc. is fixed even at the present time: the acc. seems to represen
t the more primitive usage of this verb, the dat. the secondary.
C. REFLEX.: I. to hold oneself, to stay; héldusk &th
orn;eir þá ekki fyrir norðan Stað, Fms. i. 63; mátti
hann eigi þar haldask, Landn. 246; h. á baki, to keep oneself o
n horseback, keep one's seat, Grág. ii. 95; munu þeir skamma st
und hér við haldask, Nj. 247: to be kept, remain, þ&aacu
te; skal hann h. með Helju, Edda 39: to resist, megu vér ekki
við h. fyrir ofreflis-mönnum þessum, Nj. 254; hélzk &thorn
;á ekki við honum, Eg. 289; mann er svá hefir haldisk við
höfuð-syndum, Hom. 157. β. to hold out, last, continue; ok hélzk ferillinn, Eg. 579; hélzk undr þetta allt til d
ags, Nj. 272 (twice); hélzk konungdómr í kyni hans, Rb. 394
; lengi síðan hélzk bruna-öld með Svíum, Yngl.
S.; lengi hélzk þat í ætt þeirri, at ..., Eg. 7
70; hélzk vinátta með þeim, Nj. 66; þat hefir enn
haldizk í ætt hans, Fms. iv. 8; ok hefir þat haldizk (it h
as continued to be so) síðan er ek hefi hann séð, Ld.

174; honum haldisk (imperat.) sigr ok langt líf, Ver. 57; betr þ&ae
lig;tti mér, at hún héldisk þér, that it (the luck) would hold out for thee, Fb. ii. 74; ef hann helzk í
útrú sinni, if he perseveres in his untruth, 623. 26. &g
amma;. to be kept safe and sound; menn allir héldusk (all b
ands were saved) ok svá fé, Ld. 8, Fs. 143; þar h&eacute
;ldusk menn allir ok mestr hluti fjár, Eg. 405; hafði fé vel h
aldizk, has been well kept, done well, Ld. 34. δ. to be v
alid, stand; eigu þau handsöl hennar at haldask, Grág. i.
334; engi má haldask dómr hans, Edda 15; skyldu þau (the tru
ce) haldask um þingit, Nj. 348. 2. impers., mér helzk, e-m h
elzk vel, ílla, á e-u, to have a good hold, have luck with a th
ing; mér helzk lítt á sauða-mönnum, Grett. 110
A. 3. recipr., haldask á, to hold or pull one against a
nother, wrestle, (hence á-höld); var sagt Magnúsi, at &th
orn;eir héldisk á úti, that they were fighting outside, Sturl. ii. 44. II. part. pass. haldinn, [Dan. holden], so 
'holden,' in such and such a state; vel haldinn, in good condition, farin
g well, well to do, Eg. 20, 234; hugðusk þar ok haldnir (safe) mundu vera, Ver. 34; þungliga h., very sick, Eg. 565, Hkr. ii.
199; vel haldinn, doing well; tak heldr annat fé, svá mikit
, at þú þykisk vel haldinn af, i.e. fully satisfied, havin
g got full redress, Boll. 350; Sveinn sagði, at hann vill hafa tv&aacute
; hluti fjárins, Hrani sagðisk ekki af því haldinn (s
atisfied) vera, Fms. iv. 31: in the phrase, heilu ok höldnu, safe a
nd sound, Bs. i. 191, Fms. xi. 376, Hkr. i. 319; með höldnu hlj&oac
ute;ði, preserving the sound, Skálda 175. 2. ok mun &t
horn;ykkja sér misboðit ef þú ert haldinn (kept, prot
ected), Finnb. 344. β. kept, observed, Fms. xi. 99. &g
amma;. held in custody, in prison, Bs. i. 419, Sturl. i. 151. III.
 gerund., haldandi, holding good, valid; sá dómr er eig
i haldandi, is not valid, K. Á. 304; af öllu afli er frið
r haldandi, Hom. 5. 2. part. act., með upp haldandi höndum, w
ith uplifted hands, Bs. i. 684.
halda, u, f. = hadda, q.v.
hald-góðr, adj. of good hold, durable, of clothes, etc.
, Sks. 403.
haldin-, part. pass. in the compds, haldin-orðr, adj. discr
eet, close, Fms. ii. 18, x. 326, Eg. 51; haldin-yrði, n. keep
ing close, Sks. 361, Sd. 169: in mod. usage these words mean the keeping
one's word.
hald-kvæmask (hall-), d, dep. to avail, suit; n&aelig
;gjask eðr h., Stj. 149.
hald-kvæmd, f. convenience, comfort, Sturl. i. 212.
hald-kvæmligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), convenient, comfortabl
e, Sks. 377.
hald-kvæmr, and assimilated hall-kvæmr, Nj. 265, Fas.
ii. 240, Sks. 505; or hall-k&oelig;mr, 380, 505 B, [cp. koma at haldi], a
dj. fit, meet, convenient, Hom. 141, Sturl. i. 45, Fms. ii. 261, Grett. 1
06 A.
hal-dreki, a, m. a 'tail-dragon,' scorpion, Stj. 578, Hb. 732. 18,
Ant. 7.
hald-samr, adj. holding close, Stj. 635; vera h. á e-u, 
to keep it close, Fms. vi. 440, x. 170; e-m verðr ekki haldsamt &aacute
; e-u, it slips out of one's hands.
hald-semi, f. closeness, Greg. 24.
HALI, a, m. [Dan. hale, cp. Lat. cauda], a tail; k&y
acute;r-hali, a cow's tail; nauts-h., ljóns-h., etc.; skauf-hali,
reynard, a fox, whence Skaufhala-bálkr, the name of an old poem, a
n Icel. Reineke Fuchs. Icel. use hali properly of cattle, and lions, wolves, bea
rs; tagl of horses (of the hair, but stertr of a caudal vertebra); rófa o
f cats, dogs; skott of a fox; sporðr of a fish; stél or véli o
f birds; dyndill of seals. The old writers do not make these nice distinctions,
and use hali of a horse and tagl of a cow, which a mod. Icel. would not do; hylr
öll kykvendi hár eðr hali, Sks. 504: in Gþl. 398 of cattl
e, cp. N. G. L. i. 24; ef maðr höggr hala af hrossi svá at af r&
oacute;fu fylgir, Gþl. 399; ef maðr höggr hala af hrossi fyrir ne
ðan rófu, id.; nú skerr maðr tagl af nautum, id.; eru &tho
rn;eir í málum mestir sem refr í halanum, Fms. viii. 350; e
f maðr skerr af hrossi manns tögl, þá gjaldi aura þr
já; en ef hala höggr af, þá skal meta hross, N. G. L. i
. 228; ok svá ef hann höggr hala af hrossi svá at rófa
fylgir, id.: of a lion's tail, Stj. 71. 2. phrases, nú er &uacute
;lfs hali einn á króki, a wolf's tail is all that is left,
Band. (in a verse), -- a proverb from the notion that wild beasts devour one an
other so that only the tail is left, cp. etask af ulfs-munni, vide eta: leika la
usum hala, to play with a free tail, to be unrestrained, Ls. 50; veifask
um lausum hala, id., Sturl. iii. 30; bretta halann, or bera brattan halan
n, to lift the tail, cock up the tail, to be vain or haughty, Hkv.
Hjörv. 20; en ef eigi er unnit, þá muntú reyna hv&aacu
te;rr halann sinn berr brattara þaðan í frá, Ísl.
ii. 330; sé ek at þú heldr nokkru rakkara halanum en fyrir
stundu áðan, Ölk. 36; draga halann, to drag the tail, sneak a
wav, play the coward; dregr melrakkinn eptir sér halann sinn n&uacute
; -- Svá er segir hann, at ek dreg eptir mér halann minn, ok berr
ek lítt upp eðr ekki, en þess varir mik at þú drag
ir þinn hala mjök lengi áðr þú hefnir Halls b
róður þíns, Ísl. ii. 329; sveigja halann, id.,
 Hkv. Hjörv. 21; (cp. Ital. codardo, whence Engl. coward
): spjóts-hali, the butt-end of a spear, Eg. 289, Ld. 132, Hkr. ii
i. 159; snældu-hali, a staff's end. II. metaph. a train,
the rear of a host; skammr er orðinn hali okkarr, we have a short tra
in, few followers, Sturl. (in a verse). COMPDS: hala-ferð, f. 
the rear, Sturl. iii. 23. hala-rófa, u, f. 'tail-row,'
i.e. a string one after another, like geese; ganga í halaró
fu, to walk in h.; cp. Dan. gaasegang, Fr. en queue. ha
la-stjarna, u, f. a 'tail-star,' comet, (mod.) hala-tafl, n. a
kind of game, used synonymous to hnef-tafl, q.v., prob. similar to the E
ngl. 'fox and goose;' hann tefldi hnet-tafl, þat var stórt hala-taf
l (having a fox with a big tail), hann greip þá upp töfluna ok
setti halann á kinnbein Þorbirni (prob. of the brick representing
the fox), Grett. 144 A; vide Skýrsla um Forngripa-safn Íslands by
Sigurd Gudmundsson, Reykjavík 1868, pp. 38, 39; cp. also hali á hn
efa-töflu in Vilmundar S. Viðutan, ch. 8. III. a nickname, Fb. i
ii.
hall, f. a hall; vide höll.
HALLA, að, [Dan. hælde; Swed. hälla], to

lean or turn sideways, with dat., esp. of a vessel, ship, or the lik
e; halla keri, fötu, staupi, skipi; but also of anything else, h. borði
, stóli; Icel. distinguish between halla and the derivative hella, to
pour out; hann hallar skipinu á ymsa vega, Fbr. 100 new Ed. II. metaph. to sway to the wrong side,
<PAGE NUM="b0235">
<HEADER>HALLAN -- HAMARKLETTR. 235</HEADER>
in words or acts; halla dómi, to give an unfair judgment, Gþ
l. 174, Fs. 121, Sks. 662; h. sögu, to give an unfair report, Fms. v
i. 261; ok um allar sagnir hallaði hann mjök til, id., Nj. 270;
h. orðum til, to impute, Fms. ix. 332; h. eptir e-m, to be swayed
, biased in one's favour, 59; mér þykir þér hafa h
allat til -- hallat hefi ek víst (no doubt have I swerved) segir k
onungr, ok þó í hag þér, ii. 272; halla s&aelig
;md e-s, to let one's honour swerve, do it injury, Orkn. 240; h. undan eu, to avoid, shun one, Al. 83; h. sér, to lean with one's body,
 seig at honum svefn, ok hallaði hann sér í kné hen
ni, Fb. i. 280: with acc., h. sik (less correct), Karl. 292. III. impers.
to swerve, with dat.; taka stór tré ok fella á Ormi
nn, svá at honum halli til, so that she (the ship) swerved on o
ne side, Fms. ii. 326; skip sveif upp á grunn ok hallaði (viz. &t
horn;ví) mjök, vii. 264; hallaði honum svá at sjór
féll inn á annat borð, Eg. 386. 2. to decline,
of the day; þegar er út hallaði á kveldum, Lv. 43; hence
Icel. say of the day-marks, hallandi dagmál, hádegi, nón,
... náttmál, past dagmál, i.e. when the sun has just
passed the day-mark in the horizon; sólu hallar, the sun sinks, &
THORN;jal. Jón 28; or degi hallar, the day is sinking, Luke ix. 12
; or hallar út degi, as Til hafs sól hraðar sér | halla
r út degi, Hymn-book, No. 294; vetri, sumri hallar, the winter, summer
is declining, Fas. ii. 552. 3. of a river-basin, to slope; h
ann skildi eigi fyrr við þá en hallaði af norðr, Boll.
348; stigum þeim er hölluðu frá þjóðg&oum
l;tum, Sks. 1: the phrase, það hallar undan fæti, it slopes
down hill. 4. tafli hallar á e-n, the game turns against on
e, Karl. 205. IV. reflex. to lean with the body; Bolli halla&
eth;isk upp at sels-vegginum, Ld. 244; hann hallaðisk ok lagði höfu
ð (he nodded and laid his head) í kné Finni Árna
syni, Ó. H. 210; lengi ek hölluðumk, long have I been nodding
 (from sleep), Sl. 36; hann hallaðisk undan högginu, Fms. vi. 66. 2. to swerve; þá tók mjök at hallask Ormri
nn, the ship lay over-much on one side, Fms. ii. 229: to be turned, tók þá at hallask taflit, svá at öðrum var
komit at máti, Bs. ii. 186; á þá hallaðisk barda
ginn, the battle turned against them, O. H. L. 20; hallask eptir e-u, 
to swerve towards a thing, Fms. ii. 32; h. til vináttu við e-n, F
s. 116: metaph., at mín virðing mundi halla (that my honour would
be tarnished) af þínu tilstilli, Lv. 34.
hallan, f. a swerving, Stj. 65.
hallandi, a, m. = hall-lendi.
hallarr, m. [cp. Fr. hallier; Swed. and Norse hyll; Dan. hyld], a kind of tree, Edda (Gl.)
Hallin-skíði, a, m., poët. a ram, Edda (Gl.): name

of the god Heimdal, Edda, vide Lex. Poët.
hall-kvæmr, etc., vide hald-.
hall-lendi, n. a slope, declivity, Orkn. 244.
hall-lendr, adj. sloping, Sturl. i. 85.
hall-mæla, t, to speak ill of one, with dat., Nj. 53, Fms. i
v. 81, xi. 260, Magn. 442, passim.
hall-mæli, n. pl. blame, reproof, Fas. i. 106, Str. 71, Fs.
15, Edda 8.
hall-oki (-oka), adj. indecl. [aka höllu], suffering defea
t, worsted, overcome; in the phrase, vera, fara, h. fyrir e-m, Ld. 146, F&ae
lig;r. 229, Bárð. 174, Karl. 91 (v.l.), Hsm. 18. 3.
HALLR, adj., fem. höll, leaning to one side, swerving, sloping; jakarnir vóru hallir út af skerinu, Eb. 238; jakarnir vó
ru bæði hálir ok hallir, 240; hann (the ship) ferr jafnan hallr
, it heeled over, Fb. i. 520, Fms. x. 368; h. í göngu, lim
ping, Vápn. 6; bera hallt höfuðit, to bear the head on on
e side, Fms. ii. 70; hallt ker, a half-filled cup, Hm. 51; standa h&o
uml;llum fæti, to stand slanting, Nj. 97; bar hallan skjöldinn
, the shield came aslant, Eg. 378; láta verða hallt á e
-n, to overmatch one, metaph. from rowing or from the balance, Fbr. 122 :
-- hann lætr ekki á sik hallt, ok höggr í móti,
he allowed no inequality, but cut in return, i.e. he paid blow for blo
w, O. H. L. 92; nú leikr mér þat eigi í hug, at &
aacute; yðr verði hallt um vár skipti, Þorf. Karl. 404: so
in the phrases, aka höllu fyrir e-m (halloki) or aka höllum fæti
(MS.), to be upset, to stoop or crouch before one, metaph. from d
riving, Ld. 206; fara höllum fæti, to he worsted, Bs. i. 907;
aka undan höllum (öllum MS.) fæti, Lv. 76. II. metaph. swerving, biased; alþýðan er höll til ílsku ok
synda, Ver. 7; hann var mest hallr at allri vináttu til Inga konungs, Fm
s. vii. 233: biased, attached to one, vera hallr undir e-n, id.; h
ann var hallr undir Einar í mála-ferlum þeirra Sturlu, Sturl
. i. 75; þvíat hann var meir hallr undir þá feðga,
94; með mikla sveit þá er undir Rómverja vóru ha
llir, Clem. 29; þvíat hann var mest undir hann hallr at allri vin&a
acute;ttu, and hann var mest h. undir Rögnvald jarl, 442, Fms. vii. 229, Bs
. i. 714, Stj. 476; cp. vinhallr, partial, as a friend.
HALLR, m. [Ulf. hallus = GREEK], a slope, hill; þ&aac
ute; gékk hann frá bardaganum upp í hallinn ok settisk &tho
rn;ar niðr, Sturl. i. 85; ok var mjök bratt at ganga upp í halli
nn til steinveggsins, Fms. vii. 8i, a paraphrase from the verse in p. 82; this s
ense is rare and obsolete. II. a big stone, boulder, Gs. 10, 12, 1
6, 22 (of a millstone); Gísli fær sér hall einn ok kasta&eth
;i út í skerit, Gísl. 123: of a precious stone, a gem, Fms.
iii. 180; gler-h., a crystal (mod.): freq. in pr. names, of men, Hall
r, Hall-björn, Hall-dórr (qs. Hall-þórr), Hall-freðr, Hall-gils, Hall-geirr, Hall-grímr, Hall-kell, Hall-mundr
, Hall-ormr, Hall-steinn, Hall-varðr, Hall-aðr; of women, Halla,
Hall-dóra, Hall-dís, Hall-fríðr, Hall-gerðr, Hall-g
ríma, Hall-katla, Hall-veig, Hall-vör: suffixed in Þ&oacut
e;r-hallr and Þór-halla: in local names, Hall-land, a county

in Sweden; Hall-lendingar, Hallanders, Fms. xii. III. meta
ph. a stain, colour, meton. from steinn, Orkn. (in a verse).
hall-sperra, u, f. stiffness in the limbs, = harðsperra.
hall-æri, n. [ár], a bad season, a famine, dearth, Nj
. 73, Fms. ix. 48, Bs. i. 200, Ísl. ii. 58, Ó. H. 102, Hkr. i. 21,
56.
halmr, m., vide hálmr.
HALR, m., pl. halir, [no doubt an apocopated form, akin to A. S. h&ael
ig;led, Germ. held = hero, as also to hölðr or h&oum
l;ldr, q.v.] :-- a man, only used in poetry; halr er heima hverr, a sayin
g, Hm. 36; gráðigr halr, 19; hnígra sá halr fyrir hj&ou
ml;rum, 159; halr hugfullr, Hðm. 19; halr enn hugblauði, Hbl. 49; &uacut
e;kristinn halr, Sighvat: in plur. men, troða halir helveg, Vsp. 52,
56: used of the dead inmates of Hel, Alm. 29, cp. Vþm. 43, which se
ems to be a pun, as the word itself is not akin to Hel.
hals, m. neck; vide háls.
HALTR or halltr, adj. [A. S. healt; Engl. halt; O. H
. G. halz; Dan.-Swed. halt; cp. Lat. claudus; prob. akin to
hallr] :-- halt, lame, limping, Hm. 70, 89, Fms. vi. 322, Nj. 209, Landn
. 100, Ísl. ii. 219, Edda 28; haltir ganga, Matth. xi. 5, xv. 31, xxi. 14
, Luke vii. 22, xiv. 13, Acts iii. 2, viii. 7: haltr at máli, halting
in speech, stammering, Barl. 15, (whence mál-haltr): as a nickname, E
yjólfr Halti, Lv.; Hrómundr H., Vd., Fs. 39, 48: metaph., h. &iacu
te; trúnni, halting, unsound in faith, Karl. 279; hand-haltr, q.v.
haltra, að, to halt, limp, Grett. 151, Fbr. 179, Bs. i. 321, S
tj. 592, Hebr. xii. 13.
halzi, qs. haldsi, adj. indecl. holding, Fms. x. 396: with
dat., haldzi e-u, Þiðr. 172.
HAMA, að, [cp. höm = shanks in animals, whence Engl. h
am], of cattle or horses in a storm, to stand and turn tail to wind,
leaving off grazing.
hamal-kyrni, n. a kind of seed, N. G. L. i. 385, 401.
hamall, m. a pr. name, Landn., Hkv.; see the following word.
HAMALT, n. adj., only in the old phrase, fylkja hamalt, synonymous with s
vínfylkja, to draw up a wedge-shaped column in the form of a hog's
snout; thus defined, hann hefir svínfylkt her sínum -- Hverr man
Hringi hafa kennt hamalt at fylkja? (who has taught king Ring to draw up the
phalanx of hamalt?) ... Hringr hafði svínfylkt öllu liði
sínu, þá þótti þó svá &tho
rn;ykk fylkingin yfir at sjá, at rani var í brjósti, Rin
g had drawn all his troops up in a hog-shaped column, so that the ranks looked a
ll the deeper for the snout-formed shape of the front, Fas. i. 380; hildingr
fylkti hamalt, a paraphrase from hann fylkti liði sínu svá, a
t rani var framan á fylkingar-brjóstinu, Fms. xi. 304: used of 
a column of ships in a sea-fight, vi. 314 (in a verse), cp. also Skv. 2. 23,
Fas. ii. 40 (in a verse); a description of the cuneiform column is given in Sks
. 384; in Skjöld. S. its invention is attributed to Odin himself, and it wa
s a favourite battle array with the men of old.

HAMARR, m., dat. hamri, pl. hamrar, [A. S. hamor; Engl. hammer;
 O. H. G. hamar; Germ. and Dan. hammer; Swed. hammare]
:-- a hammer; h. töng, steði, Edda 9, Vkv. 18, Landn. 212 (in a
verse); the thunderbolt was in the northern mythology represented as a hammer, - the hammer Mjölnir, Edda (Sksm.) 15, 26, 28-30, 58, 70, passim, Þkv
. passim, Hbl. 47; hann (the idol) var merkðr eptir Þór ok hefi
r hamar í hendi, Ó. H. 108, O. T. 44; Þrúð-hamarr
, the mighty hammer, Ls. 57, 59, 61, 63: the hammer was the holy sign wit
h the heathens, answering to the cross of the Christians, hann görði ha
mar yfir, he made the sign of the hammer over it, Fms. i. 35; Þ&oac
ute;rr tók hamarinn Mjölni ok brá upp ok vígði haf
r-stökurnar, Edda 28, cp. also Þkv. 30, where the bride and bridegroo
m were to be marked with the holy sign; hence Þórs-hamarr = the cha
racter RUNE which occurs on a few of the earliest heathen Runic stones (e.g. Tho
rsen, pp. 17, 329), cp. also Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 446; this RU
NE is evidently an imitation of the thunderbolt. β. the back of a
n axe, Eg. 769. COMPDS: hamar-gangr, m. hammer-clash, Stj. 45.
hamars-högg, n. a hammer stroke, Stj. 563. hamars-muð
r (-munnr, -munni), m. the 'mouth' or thin end of a hammer,
 Edda 30. hamar-skalli, a, m. the thick end of a hammer, Fms.
viii. 138. hamar-skapt, n. the shaft or handle of a hammer, Edda 28. hamar-spor, n. a hammer's print, Edda 34. II. m
etaph. a hammer-shaped crag, a crag standing out like an anvil; þar
stendr hamarr mikill fyrir þeim, Bs. i. 601; þeir leggja skip s&iac
ute;n millum hamra tveggja, Grett. 83, Fas. iii. 257; þrítugr, fert
ugr ... hamarr, a crag thirty, forty ... fathoms high, i. 159: so in the
saying, kljúfa þrítugan hamarinn til e-s, to split a thir
ty fathoms' rock, to make great efforts, to make Herculean efforts in a thing, metaph. from cutting roads through rocks: in pl. hamrar, crags; flugahamrar, sjávar-hamrar, sea-crags; ogres were believed to live in c
rags, hence the phrase, sem genginn út úr hömrum, i.e. loo
king as wild as a crag-ogre, svá ílliligr sem genginn s&eacute
; út ór sjávar-hömrum, Nj. 182. COMPDS: (hamar-
and hamra-), hamar-tröll, n. a crag-ogre, Grett. (in
a verse). hamar-dalr, m. a ravine, Karl. 292. hamar-gníp
a, u, f. the peak of a crag, Stj. 134, Fms. v. 323, Þorf. Karl.
414. hamar-klettr,
<PAGE NUM="b0236">
<HEADER>236 HAMARKLIF -- HAMR.</HEADER>
m. a crag (isolated), Fms. ii. 92, Nj. 264, v.l. hamar-klif, n. a craggy cliff, Gísl. 137. hamar-rifa, u, f. a rift in a c
rag, Fb. iii. 447. hamar-skarð and hamra-skarð, n. 
a scaur, cleft or ravine, Grett. 132, Gísl. 51, Grág.
i. 17. hamar-skúti, a, m. a jutting crag, Nj. 264; gj&aacu
te;-h., q.v.: esp. freq. in local names in Icel. and Norway, Hamarr, Hamrar,
Hamra-endar, Hamars-á: in compds, Smá-hamrar, Ein-hamarr, a
single crag, Gísl., etc., vide Landn., Fms. xii, Fb. iii. 2.
a kind of mark on sheeps' ears, prob. of heathen origin, denoting the hol
y mark of the hammer of Thor: cutting the top of the ear thus UNCERTAIN is calle
d hamar, whence hamar-skora, u, f. a cleft hamar UNCERTAIN; cp. th
e ditty of Stef. Ól., Hamarinn mér í greipar gékk |
það gæfu-markið fína, and hamar-skoru og gloppu-gat |
görðu í hægra eyra. 3. a kind of fish, Edda
(Gl.): prop. a false reading for humarr (q.v.), a lobster.
hamask, að, dep. to rage, to be taken by a fit of fury in a fi

ght, synonymous to ganga berserks-gang (see p. 6l): the word is derived from ham
r, prob. owing to a belief that such persons were possessed by a strange spirit
or demon; cp. hamr, hamstoli, hamramr, all of them words referring to a change o
f shape :-- svá er sagt, at þá hamaðisk hann, ok fleiri
vóru þeir föru-nautar hans er þá hömuðus
k, Eg. 122; hamask þú nú, Skallagrímr, at syni &thorn
;ínum, 192; Þórir hljóp þá af baki, ok e
r svá sagt, at hann hamaðisk þá it fyrsta sinn, Gull&tho
rn;. 30, Fas. iii. 343, Landn. 119; Fránmarr jarl hafði hamask &iacut
e; arnar líki, Sæm. 95: the word is still used, to work as hard
as a giant.
ham-farir, f. pl. a mythical word, the 'faring' or travelling in the assumed shape of an animal, fowl or deer, fish or serpent, with magica
l speed over land and sea, the wizard's own body meantime lying lifeless and mot
ionless; graphically depicted in Yngl. S. ch. 7, Vd. ch. 12, Hkr. (O. T.) ch. 37
; hann sendi Finna tvá í hamförum til Íslands, Landn.
174; Haraldr konungr bauð kunngum manni at fara í hamförum til &
Iacute;slands, sá fór í hvals-líki, etc., Hkr. i. 22
8.
ham-frær, f. pl., from hamfrú (?), witches, an GREEK;
leirblót gört í manns-líki af leiri eðr deigi, e&
eth;r hamfrær, N. G. L. i. 383, v.l.
ham-föng, n. pl. frenzy, fury, Sturl. ii. 137.
ham-hleypa, u, f. a 'ham-leaper,' a witch that travels in hamfarir
, Eg. 421, Fas. ii. 80, 390, Gullþ. 64: in mod. usage Icel. say, hann er m
esta hamhleypa, he is a great h., works like a giant, of one who d
oes great work in little time; hann er hamhleypa að skrifa, hamhleypa að
vinna, etc.
hamingja, u, f. luck, fortune; prop. in a personal sense, a gua
rdian spirit, answering to the guardian angel of Christians; derived from ha
mr, for the guardian spirits of men -- and every man had his hamingja -- were be
lieved to take the shape sometimes of animals, sometimes and more commonly of hu
man beings, esp. that of women; but they were themselves supernatural beings; th
at the hamingjur were giant-females proceeding from the great Norns -- who were
the hamingjur of the world -- is borne out by the passage in Vþm. 48, 49.
Hamingja and fylgja or fylgju-kona (Hallfred S. ch. 11) seem to be nearly synon
ymous, as also gæfa, gipta, auðna, heill; but hamingja is the most per
sonal word, and was almost symbolical of family relationship. At the hour of dea
th the hamingja left the dying person and passed into a dear son, daughter, or b
eloved kinsman; cp. Hallfr. S. ch. 11, and esp. the charming tale in Glúm
. ch. 9. One might also impart one's own good luck to another, hence the phrase
leggja sína hamingju með e-m, almost answering to the Christian, 'to
give one's blessing to another.' Examples: sögðusk mundu leggja til me&
eth; honum hamingju sína, Ld. 74; h. ok gæfa, Fms. vi. 165; þ
ú en ústöðuga h., Al. 23; h. konungsins, 22; ok mun kona
sjá hans h. vera er fjöllum hærra gékk, Glúm. 34
5; etja hamingju við e-n, Fb. ii. 65; ok reyna hvat hamingjan vill unna &tho
rn;ér, Fs. 4; vilnask (hope) at h. mun fylgja, 23; vera má
at þat sé til h. várrar ættar, 11; langæligar ny
tjar munu menn hafa hans hamingju, Bs. i. 229; forlög ekki forðumst ill
| fram kemr það hamingjan vill, Úlf. 3. 69; meiri í hre
ysti en hamingju, Gullþ. 21; sigri eðr hamingju manns þessa, Fs.
10. It is still used in Icel. almost as Heaven, Providence; þa&eth
; má Hamingjan vita, God knows; eg vildi Hamingjan gæfi, 

would to Heaven! Guð og Hamingjan, God and Good Luck; treysta Gu&
eth;i og Hamingjunni; eiga undir Hamingjunni, to run the risk; and in sim
ilar phrases. COMPDS: hamingju-drjúgr, adj. lucky, Fs. 34.
hamingju-hjól, n. the wheel of fortune, Fas. iii. 470. h
amingju-hlutr, m. a lucky chance, Fms. x. 180. hamingju-lauss, adj. luckless, hapless, Stj. 464, Fms. viii. 93. hamingju-leysi,
n. want of luck, Fms. i. 286. hamingju-maðr, m. a lucky ma
n, Fms. xi. 205, Fs. 21. hamingju-mikill, adj. mighty lucky, F
ms. ii. 31, Ld. 170, Eg. 46: compar. hamingju-meiri, Fb. i. 301. hamingju-m&o
acute;t, n. lucky appearance; h. er á pér, Fs. 11. h
amingju-raun, f. a trial of fortune, Fms. xi. 244, Ó. H. 195.
hamingju-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), lucky-looking, Fms.
i. 96. hamingju-skipti, n. a shift or turn of fortune, Stur
l. iii. 73. hamingju-skortr, m. lack of luck, Fms. xi. 260. ham
ingju-tjón, n. bad luck, Al. 56.
HAMLA, u, f. an oar-loop made of a strap or withe fastened to the
thole-pin (hár), into which the oar was put, the oarsman pulling the oar
against the thole, as is still done in the fjords of Norway; hence is called l&a
acute;ta síga á hömlu, to pull slowly towards the haml
a, i.e. stern foremost, Fms. i. 172, vii. 213; láta skip síga &aac
ute; hömlum, Hkr. iii. 336; á hömlo, Mork. l.c.; lét han
n leggja fimm skipum fram í sundit svá at mátti þegar
síga á hömlu, Grett. 83 A; hömlur slitnuðu, h&aacut
e;ir brotnuðu, the h. were torn, the tholes broken, Am. 35; le
ggja árar í hömlur, they put the oars in the loops, F
ms. iii. 57. In Norway the levy or conscription was counted by the hömlur,
cp. Ó. H. 227, where one hamla (i.e. man) was to be levied from every sev
en males over five years old, and so 'til hömlu' means naut. = per man,
per oar, Gþl. 99, N. G. L. i. 98; thus, gera mat í hömlu,
to contribute provisions by the head, 201, cp. D. N. passim and Fritzner'
s remarks s.v.: the metaph. phrase, ganga e-m í hömlu um e-t, to
go into one's hamla, take one's place, to be one's match; sem Sigvald
a myni fæst til skorta, at ganga mér í hömlu um r&aacut
e;ða-gerðir ok dæma hér um mál manna, bæði
fyrir vizku sakir ok ráðspeki, Fms. xi. 98. COMPDS: hömlu-ba
nd, n. an oar strap (= hamla), Eg. 390, Fbr. 181. hömlu-bar&e
th;i, a, m. a dub. GREEK; má þat ríki kalla hömlu-b
arða eða auðnar óðal, Sks. 333: the word is prob. taken f
rom a ship defeated in a fight and pulling or drifting stern foremost. h&ouml
;mlu-fall, n. an illegal breaking up of a ship, a Norse law term, no
king's ship might be demolished unless the keel had been laid for a new ship; h&
ouml;mlufall was liable to a fine of three marks for every hamla, N. G. L. i. 10
1. hömlu-maðr, m. a Norse term answering to Icel. há-seti
, an oarsman, sailor, N. G. L. i. 99. II. mod. a short oar
with which the boatman paddles, leaning the body forwards and with his face towa
rds the stem, using the oar partly instead of a rudder; hence stýris-haml
a, a 'rudder-oar.'
hamla, að, to pull backwards, stern foremost ( = láta s
íga á hömlu); Hákon jarl lét ok h. at landi, Fm
s. i. 93; höfðu menn hans þá undan hamlat, 174; gát
u þeir eigi svá skjótt vikit þó at þeir h
amlaði á annat borð en reri á annat, viii. 386; hömlu
ðu þeir skipunum at Norðnesi, Fagrsk. 254; vér skulum s&yac
ute;na þeim sem mestan undanróðr, en vér skulum þ&
oacute; raunar hamla, O. H. L. 69, cp. Þiðr. 61: in mod. usage to p
addle with a short oar, turning the face towards the stem. 2. metaph.
to stop, hinder one, with dat.; nú búask þeir br&ael
ig;ðr í burt ok stoðar ekki at h. þeim, Fas. i. 42; hamla&e

th;i þat mjök afla Þorgríms, at frændr hans k&oacu
te;mu eigi, Eb. 48. II. [A. S. hamelan, cp. Engl. to hamstring,
 O. H. G. hamal-stat = locus supplicii, and Germ. hammel = vervex], to maim, mutilate: with dat. and acc., sumir v&oacute
;ru hamlaðir at höndum eða fótum, Eg. 14; sá er manni
hamlaði á hendi eðr á fæti eðr veitti önnu
r meiðsl, Fms. xi. 226, 298; hann drap suma, suma lét hann hamla, Hkr
. i. 258; lét hann suma drepa, suma hamla, en suma rak hann ór lan
di, Ó. H. 105.
ham-leðr, n. the shank leather of a hide; cp. höm.
hamn-, vide hafn, from höfn, a haven.
hampa, að, to toss one in the arms, with dat.
HAMPR, m. [this word, like all words in mp (np), is of for.
origin; cp. Gr. GREEK, whence Lat. cannabis; Germ. hanf; Engl. hemp; Dan. hamp: it scarcely occurs before the middle of the 13th ce
ntury; hörr, q.v., is the genuine northern word] :-- hemp, Sks. 287,
H. E. i. 395, N. G. L. ii. 355.
HAMR, m., pl. hamir, dat. hami, Vsp. 36, but ham, Höfuðl. (where
ham, gram, and fram form a rhyme), as also Haustl. 2, Hkr. i. 228
, all of them poems of the 10th century; [A. S. hama, homa; Hel. hamo;
 O. H. G. hemedi, whence mod. Germ. hemd; Dan. ham; ak
in to hamr is Ital. camisa, Fr. chemise, with a final s answering
to hams below] :-- a skin, esp. the skin of birds flayed off with feathe
rs and wings; álptar-hamr, a swan's skin; fugls-hamr, a bird's
skin; arnar-hamr, an eagle's skin; gásar-hamr, a goose's sk
in, etc.; hams, q.v., of snakes: ham bera svanir hvítfjaðraða
n (of a swan's skin), Fas. i. 471 (in a verse); hleypa hömum (of snakes), to cast the slough, Konr. 34; hlátra hamr, poët. laughter's
cover, the breast, Höfuðl. 19. II. shape, esp. in a
mythol. sense, connected with the phrase, skipta hömum, to change the sh
ape, described in Yngl. S. ch. 7, Völs. S. ch. 7, 8, and passim; cp. al
so the deriv. ein-hamr, ham-farir, ham-ramr, ham-stola, hamingja, hamask, etc.,
-- an old and widespread superstition found in the popular lore and fairy tales
of almost every country; -- Óðinn skipti hömum, lá &thorn
;á búkrinn sem sofinn eðr dauðr, en hann var þ&aacut
e; fugl eða dýr, fiskr eða ormr, ok fór á einni svi
pstund á fjarlæg lönd, Yngl. S. l.c., Fas. i. 128 (Völs.
S. l.c.); it is described in Völs. S. ch. 8, -- þeir hafa orðit f
yrir úsköpum, því at úlfa-hamir (wolf-coats) héngu yfir þeim; it tíunda hvert dægr máttu
þeir komask ór hömunum, etc.; þeir fundu konur þr
jár ok spunnu lín, þar vóru hjá þeim &aa
cute;lptar-hamir þeirra, Sæm. 88 (prose to Vkv.); fjölkyngis-ko
na var þar komin í álptar-ham, Fas. i. 373, cp. Helr. 6; v&i
acute;xla hömum, to change skins, assume one another's shape, Skv. 1
. 42; Úlf-hamr, Wolf-skin, the nickname of a mythol. king, Hervar.
S., prob. from being hamramr; manns-hamr, the human skin, Str. 31; hug&e
th;a ek at væri hamr Atla, methought it was the form or ghost of
Atli, Am. 19; jötunn í arnar-ham, a giant in an eagle's skin
, Vþm. 37, Edda; í gemlis-ham, id., Haustl.; fjaðr-h
amr, Þkv.; í faxa-ham, in a horse's skin, Hkr. i. (in a vers
e); í trölls-hami, in an ogre's skin, Vsp. 36; vals-hamr, 
a falcon's skin, Edda (of the goddess Freyja): it remains in mod. usage in m
etaph. phrases, að vera í góðum, íllum, vondum, ham
, to be in a good, bad, dismal

<PAGE NUM="b0237">
<HEADER>HAMDOKKR -- HANDLAUGAR. 237</HEADER>
frame of mind or mood; vera í sínum rétta ham
, to be in one's own good frame of mind; færast í annan ham,
to enter into another frame of mind: in western Icel. an angry, ill-tem
pered woman is called hamr, hún er mesti hamr (= vargr): hams-lauss, adj. distempered, furious, esp. used in Icel. of a person out of hi
s mind from restlessness or passion, the metaphor from one who cannot
recover his own skin, and roves restlessly in search of it, vide &Iacute
;sl. Þjóðs. passim. COMPDS: ham-dökkr, adj. dark
-skinned, of dark hue, Edda (Ht.), of the raven. ham-fagr, adj. fa
ir of hue, bright, Ad. 7. ham-ljótr, adj. scraggy, ugly, Haustl. ham-vátr, adj. skin-wet, i.e. drowned, Lan
dn. (in a verse): freq. in foreign, Saxon, and Germ. pr. names and local names;
Hamðir, m. a pr. name, qs. Ham-þér, cp. A. S. Hama-&t
horn;eow.
ham-ramaðr, part. = hamramr, Fas. iii. 424, (bad.)
ham-ramr, adj. a mythical term, able to change one's shape; in the
Sagas it is esp. used of berserkers, -- men gifted with supernatural strength o
r seized with fits of warlike fury (berserks-gangr), vide hamask; but also, thou
gh less frequently, referring to hamfarir; hann var h. mjök, he was a gr
eat wizard who changed his shape, Landn. 87, 289; hann var h. mjök sv&a
acute; at hann gékk heiman ór Hraunhöfn um kveldit en kom um
morgininn eptir í Þjórsár-dal, Landn. 236, 285, 306,
Gullþ. 30; þat var mál manna at hann væri mjök h.,
Eg. 3; allir hinir sterkustu menn ok margir hamramir, 109; þeim mönn
um er hamramir vóru eðr þeim er berserks-gangr er á, 125
; eigi var þat einmælt at hann væri eigi h., 514 :-- as a nick
name, Vékell hinn hamrami, Landn. 191; Vigi hinn h., Korm. 58; Tanni er k
allaðr var hinn hamrami, Ísl. ii. 360, -- the MS. has handrami, which
is no doubt wrong, as also in the name of the mythical king Hávarðr
handrami, Fb. i. 26; cp. hinn Rammi and ramaukinn, Landn. 107, 249, 277, Hdl. 34
.
ham-remi, f. the state of being hamramr, Eg. 125.
hams, m. ( = hamr), a snake's slough; ormar skríða &oac
ute;r hamsi á vár, Mkv.; kalla sverðit orm, en fetlana ok umg&
ouml;rð hams hans, Edda (Ht.) 123: metaph., góðr (íllr) ha
ms er á e-m, one is in a good (bad) frame of mind; h
ams er góðr á fljóðum, Hallfred: Icel. say, vera &i
acute; góðum, vondum hamsi, id.: allit. phrases as, hafa hold
og hams, 'to keep up flesh and skin,' i.e. to be hale and hearty, to b
e in a good state. II. in plur. hamsar means particles of suet. In Norway hams means the husks of beans and grains: in Dan. a kind of beetle is called gjedehams. UNCERTAIN The s in hams is curi
ous; it is kept throughout all cases; it is either a remnant of the old masc. ma
rk s for r as in Gothic, or perhaps the s answers to the in
flex. d as in O. H. G. hamedi, Germ. hemd; but still more
closely to the inflex. final s in Ital. camisa, Fr. chemise.
ham-skarpr, adj. [höm], thin in the flank, of a horse: the na
me of a horse, Edda (Gl.)

ham-skiptask, t, dep. = skipta hömum, Str. 30.
ham-stoli, mod. ham-stola, adj. 'ham-stolen,' prop. a wi
zard whose skin has been stolen, and hence metaph. frantic, furious,
Eg. 565, Ems. vi. 198, Barl. 56, Karl. passim, cp. Völs. S. Fas. i. 130.
ham-stolinn, part. = hamstoli, Karl. 243, 352, El.
hana and hana-nú, interj. see here! vide Gramm. p. x
xviii, col. 2.
HAND, f. a hand; vide hönd.
handa, adv. with dat. for one, to one, prop. a gen. pl. from h&oum
l;nd, q.v.
handa- and handar- in compds, vide s.v. hönd.
hand-afl, n. hand-strength; lesa sik upp með handafli, to h
aul oneself up by strength of hand, Fas. iii. 283.
hand-afli, a, m. the produce of one's hands; lifa á handafl
a sínum, to live by one's hands.
handan, adv., 1. denoting from the place, from beyond, beyond; ha
ndan um, and in mod. usage handan yfir, á, fjörð, sund, fjall, from beyond a river, firth, sound, fell, or the like; hann sá mann
ríða handan um Vaðla, Ld. 148; skip reri handan um fjörð
inn, Eb. 292; handan ór, af, frá, from the side beyond, the
land being in dat.; kom þar Ingimundr ór Dölum handan, Sturl.
i. 88; er þeir koma handan ór Tungunni, ii. 216; þeir s&aacu
te; at þrír menn hleyptu handan frá Akri, i. 83; handan af N
esinu, i.e. from Caithness to the Orkneys, Orkn. 410. 2. absol., vindar g
nýja héðan ok handan, henceforth and thenceforth, Edda
8; Þórðr andar nú handan, from the opposite bench, Sturl. i. 21, Fms. v. 176 (in a verse); vestan Vatnsskarð ok handan, f
rom the west of the fell W. and beyond, Sturl.; Íslands Húnala
nds sem Danmarkar handan, i.e. Iceland as well as Húnaland and Denmark
beyond the sea, Korm. II. fyrir handan, denoting in the place, with acc.; þar vórum vér allir fyrir handan á upp f
rá Akri, Sturl. ii. 210; hér fyrir handan ána, Ísl.
ii. 260; fyrir handan ver, beyond the sea, Gkv. 2. 7; fyrir handan sundit
, Hbl. 1 :-- adverb., vera má nú at Barði sé fyrir hand
an, Ísl. ii. 387; Sódóma fyrir handan en Gomorra fyrir h&ea
cute;ðan, Symb. 30.
hand-bani, a, m. a law term, an actual slayer, homicide; opp. to r
áð-bani, hald-bani, Hdl. 28, (GREEK.)
hand-bjalla, u, f. a hand-bell, Pm. 90.
hand-björg, f. 'hand-supply;' esp. in phrases, lifa við h
. sína, to live from hand to mouth, Fas. iii. 538; eiga allt undir
h. sinni, id., Róm. 290; færa e-n fram með h. sinni, to support a person by one's labour, Jb. 267; whence handbjargar-&uacute
;magi, a, m. (-maðr, m.), a person supported by another's labo
ur, id.
hand-bogi, a, m. a hand-bow, Landn. 288, Sks. 390, 626, Orkn. 148,
Fms. vii. 45, Fb. i. 486; opp. to lásbogi, a cross-bow.
hand-bók, f. a handbook, Vm. 52, Hom. 29.
hand-bragð, n. handicraft, manner of work, gott, íllt h
.: of needlework, það er handbragðið hennar á þv&
iacute;, and the like.
hand-byndi, mod. hand-bendi, n., prop. a handcuff: metaph.
a hindrance, bother, e-m er (verðr) h. at e-u, to be bothered with
a thing, Karl. 234; það er h. að honum; hann ekki nema til h
andbendis.
hand-bærr, adj. ready at hand, Greg. 7, Hornklofi.
hand-fagr, adj. having fair hands, Korm.
hand-fang, n. 'hand-grip,' a span, Gísl. 23.
hand-fara, fór, to touch with the hands, Bs. i. 460.
hand-fátt, n. adj. lack of hands, having too few hands, Fb.
i. 521.
hand-festa, t, a law term, to strike a bargain by shaking hands, to pl
edge; h. heit sitt, Fms. vi. 145; Ásgrímr handfesti at grei&et
h;a þriggja vetra skatta, Bs. i. 740; handfestir eiðar, Dipl. ii. 19;
biskup handfesti (betrothed) jungfrú Ingilborg, Fms. x. 103, H. E.
i. 248; handfest mér upp á trú þína, at ...,
Stj. 629. 2 Kings x. 15.
hand-festa, u, f. (hand-festning, f., H. E. i. 251), = handfestr,
Dipl. iv. ii, Fb. i. 366, Bs. ii. 61.
hand-festr, f. striking a bargain, the joining hands; þ&aacu
te; ferr handfestr um allt skipit þeirra í millum at þessu he
iti, Bs. i. 421; áttu þeir at handfesti ok vápna-tak at &tho
rn;essu heiti, Fms. viii. 55; tóku þeir heit sitt með h., v. 13
8; sira Oddr tók þá ok þetta skilorð með h., B
s. i. 746; við vitni ok h., Fb. i. 366: it answers to the signing one's name
in mod. law. UNCERTAIN In the early Dan. and Swed. laws the stipulation to be g
iven by the king at his coronation was called haand-fæstning. In S
cotland marriage used often to be preceded by a preliminary union called hand
-fasting, see Jamieson s.v. II. a rope by which to haul oneself up
, Jm. 1.
hand-fjatla, að, = handvætta.
hand-fyllr, f. a handful, Ó. H. 211.
hand-færi, n. an angling line.
hand-ganga, u, f. surrender (cp. ganga á hönd e-m), al
so submission to one as liege-lord; veita e-m handgöngu, Ó. H
. 97; þá varð ekki af handgöngu við konunga, 163, R&oa
cute;m. 124, 134.
hand-genginn, part. [Dan. haandgangen], a king's officer, belon
ging to the king's household; görask h. e-m, Eg. 29, 197, Sks. 249, Eb.
110, Fs. 70; synonymous to hirðmaðr, Fms. iv. 122, Al. 27, N. G. L., Jb
. passim.
hand-góðr, adj. handy, adroit, Valla L. 223.
hand-grannr, adj. having a thin hand.
hand-grip, n. = handrán, Bs. ii. 45.
hand-hafa, ð, to have in hand, possess, Gþl. 313.
hand-hafl, a, m. having in hand, Fb. 329; vera h. at e-u, to ge
t into one's hands, clutch a thing (as a law term less than to own);
vera h. at jörðu at úleyfi konungs, Gþl. 452; ef sá
kallask keypt hafa er h. er at, N. G. L. i. 249, Sturl. i. 56 (of unlawful s
eizure).
hand-haltr, adj. having a lame, bad hand, Sturl. i. 189.
hand-heitr, adj. having a warm hand.
hand-hæfi, n. and hand-höfn, f. a hand instrument, Þjal. 8.
hand-högg, n. a hacking off one's hand, Sturl. iii. 116.
hand-höggva, hjó, to hack one's hand off, Eb. 58, Fms.
viii. 167.
hand-iðjan, f. = hannyrð, Bs. i. 619.
hand-kaldr, adj. having (usually) a cold hand.
hand-kista, u, f. a hand-box, D. N.
hand-klukka, u, f. a hand-bell, Vm. 114, 117, B. K. 83.
hand-klæði, n. a hand-towel, N. G. L. ii. 443, Nj. 176,
Fms. iii. 194: for use in church, Vm. 15, 104, 117, Dipl. iii. 4, B. K. 83.
hand-knakkar, m. pl. a kind of crutches, Mar. 69, 70.
hand-kriki, a, m. an arm-pit.
hand-krókr, m. a game, 'hand-crook,' pulling with crooked hands
.
hand-krækjask, t, recipr. to try the strength by pulling with cr
ooked hands, Fms. vi. 203, Fs. 78 (where it is used of hooking hands togethe
r and standing in a circle as in a dance).
hand-kvern, f. a quern, hand-mill, B. K. 81.
hand-lag or hand-lög, n. [cp. mid. Lat. andilago, andilang
us, per festucam et per andilangum tradere, Du Cange] :-- joining hands,
a pledging, = handfestr, Eb. 128, Sturl. iii. 233, D. N. i. 134: in sing., D
ipl. i. 11.
hand-laginn, part. adroit; hand-lagni, f. adroitness.
hand-lami, adj. indecl. with a lame, bad hand, Bs. ii. 29, Karl. 5
47.
handlan, f. working, MS. 4. 10.
hand-latr, adj. lazy, Sturl. iii. 200.
hand-laugar, f. pl. washing the bands, a custom with the men of ol
d after as well as before meals; gefa e-m h., Fms. vi. 321, Stj. 153; taka h., F
ms. vii. 85; ganga til handlauga, v. 317; bera inn h., Nj. 220 (after dinner); B
ergþóra gékk at borðinu með handlaugar, Nj. 52, cp.
<PAGE NUM="b0238">
<HEADER>238 HANDLAUSS -- HANGR.</HEADER>
Nj. ch. 117, Lv. ch. 13, Har. S. Harðr. ch. 79: in sing. of the basin
= mundlaug, Fms. vi. 199, Fb. iii. 467.
hand-lauss, adj. without hands, Gísl. (in a verse).
hand-leggja, lagði, = handfesta; h. e-m e-t, to pledge, confirm by
 handlög, Dipl. ii. 5; h. e-m land, til eignar, to sell an estate b
y handlög, Dipl. ii. 8, Thom. 298; handlagði Sophia kirkjunni til e
ignar þrjá tigi hundraða, Pm. 9: to seize, Post. (Fr.)
hand-leggr, m. the 'hand-leg,' the arm, Landn. 119 (v.l.), Bjarn.
65, Grett. 140, Nj. 19, 116, Ld. 220, Sturl. i. 85, ii. 104, Bs. i. 640, ii. 29,
Fms. i. 16, ii. 264, vii. 226, Bárð. 169; cp. fótleggr: Icel.
distinguish between upp-h., the upper-arm, and fram-h., the fore-arm;
 in mod. speech this compd word has almost superseded the old armr, q.v.
hand-leiðsla, u, f. guidance.
hand-leika, lék, to wield in one's hand, have in the hand.
hand-leikinn, part. nimble-handed.
hand-lektari, a, m. a hand lectern or reading-desk, Vm. 110
.
hand-léttir, m. lending a hand, Fbr. 93.
handligr, adj. manual, K. Á. 120.
hand-lín, n., eccl. sleeves, 625. 184, Fms. iii. 168, viii.
308, Vm. 30, Dipl. v. 18, B. K. 83, D. I. i. passim.
hand-ljótr, adj. having a loutish, clownish hand.
hand-megin and hand-megn, n. strength of hand, clasp, = han
dafl, Rb. 378; af handmagni, with the clasp of the hand, 625. 26: stre
ngth to work, working power, Grág. i. 237, 240: work = handbj&
ouml;rg, færa e-n fram á fé sínu eðr handmagni, 2
92. handmegins-úmagi, a, m. = handbjargar-úmagi, Grá
g. i. 289.
hand-meiddr, part. with maimed hands, Sturl. i. 189 C.
hand-mjúkr, adj. having a soft hand.

hand-numinn, part. seized, caught, Grág. ii. 136, 195, N. G
. L. i. 61.
hand-óðr, adj. fumbling about and touching everything with
the hands, esp. of children.
hand-pundari, a, m. a hand steel-yard, Gþl. 523, Jb. 373.
hand-raði, a, m. a drawer in a chest, 677. 9; freq. in mod. us
age, kistu-handraði, kistils-handraði, etc.
hand-ramr, adj., vide hamramr.
hand-rán, n. a law term, 'hand-robbery,' wresting a thing out o
f another's hand, a kind of frumhlaup (personal assault), defined in Gr&aacu
te;g. Vsl. ch. 3, liable to outlawry, Grág. ii. 191, N. G. L. i. 58, G&th
orn;l. 408, Jb. 426.
hand-reip, n. a rope for hauling, Sks. 414.
hand-rið, n. a hand-rail, of a staircase or the like, Fms. vii
i. 375 (of a bridge), Sks. 414.
hand-rif, n. [cp. handsyfte, Ivar Aasen], 'hand-reefing,' a
naut. term, in the phrase, svipta h., to reef a sail; síga skyldi
láta seglin, ok heldr seint, en svipta af handrifi, Ó. H. 182, (s
vipta af neðan handrifi, Fms. iii. 44.)
hand-rit, n. 'hand-writ,' manuscript, (mod.) handrita-safn,
n. a collection of manuscripts.
hand-sal, n. [Scot. hansel; Dan. handsel], a law term, usua
lly in pl. handsöl, 'hand-selling' or hanselling, i.e. the
transference of a right, bargain, duty to another by joining hands; -- hand
-shaking was with the men of old the sign of a transaction, and is still
used among farmers and the like, so that to shake hands is the same as to
conclude a bargain, cp. Lat. mandare = manu-dare, mancipium from
manu capere; jafnt þykkja mér þín heit sem hand
söl annarra manna, thy word is as good as the h. of other men, Lv. 65: a trust, charge, Grág. i. 190; þetta handsal l&iac
ute;kaði ílla Þorbrands sonum, Eb. 156; er hjá vó
ru gjöfinni ok handsalinu, Anal. 293; biskups handsöl, Vm. 66; taka vi
ð handsölum á e-u, to undertake the trust, charge of a thing,
 Nj. 257; ek vil gjarna at þú takir handsölum á &ou
ml;llu fénu, Ld. 50; taka við fé með handsölum, Fs. 1
25; eiga handsöl við e-n, to make a bargain with one, Hrafn. 21,
Rd. 243, Fb. i. 109; gefa e-m handsöl yfir e-u, Bs. ii. 64; bjó&eth
;a h. fyrir e-n, to offer bail for one, Fs. 87; ganga til handsala fyrir
e-n, Eb. 128, 148, Grág. and Sagas passim. COMPDS: handsals-band,
n. a bond of handsal, N. G. L. i. 223. handsals-maðr or ha
ndsala-maðr, m. a bail, surety, Grág. i. 295, 363, 655 iii
. 1, Sturl. iii. 43. handsals-rof, n. a breach of h., N. G. L. i.
365. handsals-slit, n. a breach of h., Grág. i. 384, 385,
Gþl. 517.
handsala, að, to make over by hansel, cp. Lat. mancipare; tak nú í hönd mér ok handsala, Nj. 21; rétt
fram höndina ok h. mér nú landit, Eb. 38; h. sekð, s&aacu

te;tt, Nj. 111, Grág. i. 118, 119; h. niðrfall at sökum, Nj. 21;
h. e-m fé sitt, Glúm. 364, Eb. 156; h. sjálfdæmi, Bs
. i. 286; h. löggrið, Grág. i. 19; fé handsalat, 399; h.
kaup, to strike a bargain, N. G. L. i. 24; þá skal hann kre
fja harm verka slíkra, sem hann handsalaði honum, as he stipulated
with him, 35: recipr., handsalask e-t, to stipulate with one another, Grág. i. 116; takask þeir í hendr ok handsalask við s&
aelig;ttina, Sturl. ii. 252: part., handseld sök, etc., a suit conducted
by proxy, Nj. passim.
hand-sama, að, to gather together, keep, catch.
hand-sax, n. a short sword, dirk, Fms. ii. 169, 268, 274, viii. 22
4. handsaxa-leikr, m. playing with dirks, by throwing them in the
air and catching them by the hilt, Fb. i. 463.
hand-seinn, adj. slow with the hand, Ísl. ii. 84.
hand-seld, f. making over by handsal. handseldar-vitni, n.
a witness to a handsal, Grág. ii. 203.
hand-selja, d, = handsala, Nj. 33; h. e-m e-t, Gþl. 513: to stip
ulate, make a bargain, h. sér konu, 229; h. e-m vitni, verk, D. N. i.
100, N. G. L. ii. 163.
hand-síðr, adj. long-armed, Fb. iii. 416.
hand-skjálfti, a, m., medic. a trembling of the hand.
hand-skot, n. a throwing by hand, opp. to bogaskot (shooting fr
om a bow), Eb. 308, Fas. ii. 513, Fms. vi. 84, Bs. i. 621, Fb. i. 485.
hand-sleggja, u, f. a hand-sledge, Sks. 415.
hand-slöngva, u, f. a hand-sling, Sks. 380.
hand-smár, adj. small-handed.
hand-sterkr, adj. strong-handed, Eb. 166.
hand-stinnr, adj. with brawny hand; róa handstinnan, to
pull briskly, Finnb. 250.
hand-stirðr, adj. stiff-handed, awkward.
hand-stór, adj. big-handed.
hand-stuttr, adj. short-handed.
hand-styrkja, t, in the phrase, h. sik upp, to haul oneself up, Gr
ett. 96, 141.
hand-styrkr, adj. = handsterkr, Fms. i. 305, x. 172.
hand-styrkr, m. strength of hand, Bær. 9.
hand-sök, f. = handseld sök, Nj. 230 (MS.)
hand-tak, n. = handlag, Nj. 113, Sturl. i. 118, Bs. i. 771, Vm. 76.
hand-taka, tók, to seize, capture, Nj. 136, Sæm. 33,

Fb. i. 395, Fs. 102, Fbr. 54 new Ed. 2. hand-tekinn, part. stip
ulated, Fs. 15.
hand-tygill, m. a lace-tag, Fms. vi. 140.
hand-únýtr, adj. quite worthless.
hand-válka (-volka), að, to squeeze or crumpl
e up with the hands.
hand-vega, vá, to weigh in the hand, Fb. i. 370.
hand-vegr, m. a shoulder-seam, Fms. ii. 70, Thom. 41, Flov. 31.
hand-verk, n. a handiwork, trade, profession, (mod.) handverksmaðr, m. a handicraftsman.
hand-verkr, m., medic. chiragra, gout in the hand.
hand-viss, adj. in hand, quite certain, Karl. 175, 212, Thom. 5, 4
0, 63, 118.
hand-vætta, tt, = handvega, Fms. ii. 129.
hand-vömm, f. 'hand-slip,' maladroitness, clownishness, blunderin
g, Grág. i. 383, N. G. L. i. 22, 25, Gþl. 501, Js. 121.
hand-æði, n. fidgetting with the hand, being hand&oacute
;ðr.
hand-öx, f. a hand-axe, Nj. 27, Glúm. 329, Eg. 769: us
ed as a missile, Ó. H. 217.
hang, n. the coil of a serpent; beygja hangit, of a cat, Edda 33.
HANGA, pret. hékk, 2nd pers. hékkt, mod. hékst, pl.
héngu; pret. subj. héngja, mod. héngi; part. hanginn; pres.
indic. irreg. hangi; a provincial weak pret. hangði also occurs a few times
in old writers, e.g. Edda 76, which form is still heard in southern Icel. (in a
nd about Reykjavík): [Ulf. hahan; A. S. hæn; Engl. hang; O. H. G. hahan; Germ. hangen; Dan. hænge;
Swed. hänge] :-- to hang, Lat. pendere: α. t
o hang, be suspended; hvers manns alvæpni hékk yfir rúmi
hans, Eg. 88; vápn sín, er þar héngu hjá &tho
rn;eim, 377; þetta it stóra sverð er uppi hangir, Fas. iii. 120
; hann hefir nú tvá daga á krossi hangit, 625. 79. &beta
;. to cleave to; svá hanga þykt á þeim sko
tin, Al. 138; ok hangði hón á lifrinni þar til er hann d
ó, Edda 76; en ef við hangir, if it hangs fast to, N. G. L. i.
66. γ to hang up, for smoking; eða tvau laer hén
gi, Hm. 66; whence hanginn, hung, smoked; hangið kjöt (proncd. h
angi-kjöt), hung, smoked meat. 2. to be hanged, executed; annarr skyldi hanga, en öðrum steypa í forsinn Sarp, Fms. vi
i. 181; at eigi væri hverr yðvarr maklegri at hanga, 13; gengir &thorn
;ú at hanga, Am. 22, cp. Hm. 139, Fms. v. 212.
hangi, a, m. a law term, a body hanging on a gallows, Fms. v. 212:
the mythol. phrase, sitja, setjask undir hanga, to sit under a gallows,
of Odin, in order to acquire wisdom or knowledge of the future; -- for this supe
rstition see Yngl. S. ch. 7; -- whence Odin is called hanga-guð, hanga-dr
óttinn, hanga-týr, the god or lord of the hanged, Edda 14, 49, Lex. Poët.; varðat ek fróðr und forsum | f&oa
cute;r ek aldregi at göldrum | ... nam ek eigi Yggjar feng und hanga, I
became not wise under waterfalls, I never dealt in witchcraft, I did not get the
share of Odin (i.e. the poetical gift) under the gallows, i.e
. I am no adept in poetry, Jd. 3 (MS., left out in the printed edition).
According to another and, as it seems, a truer and older myth, Odin himself was
represented as hangi, hanging on the tree Ygg-drasil, and from the depths beneat
h taking up the hidden mystery of wisdom, Hm. 139; so it is possible that his ni
cknames refer to that; cp. also the curious tale of the blind tailor in Grimm's
Märchen, No. 107, which recalls to mind the heathen tale of the one-eyed Od
in sitting under the gallows.
hangi-kjöt, n. hung, smoked meat.
hangin-lukla, u, f. epithet of a housewife whose keys hang at her belt, R
m.
hangr, m. a hank, coil; það er hangr á þv&i
acute;, there is a coil (difficulty) in the matter.
<PAGE NUM="b0239">
<HEADER>HANI -- HARÐBRJOSTAÐR. 289</HEADER>
HANI, a, m. [Ulf. hana; A. S. hana; Engl. hen; Hel.
hano; Germ. hahn; Dan. and Swed. hane; cp. Lat. cano
] :-- a cock, Fms. v. 193, 194, Vsp. 34, 35, passim; veðr-hani or vin
d-hani, a weathercock; Oðins-hani, a kind of sandpiper, tringa min
ima; Þórs-hani; Óðinshani and Þórshani
are distinguished, Þjóðólfr, May 15, 1869, p. 124. 2.
 as a nickname, Fms. xii, Fb. iii, Landn.; whence in local names, Hana-t&
uacute;n, Hana-fótr, etc., Landn. COMPDS: hana-gal, n. or h
ana-galan, f. cock-crow, gallicinium, Fms. viii. 56. hana-ó
tta, u, f. cock-crow, N. G. L. i. 9.
hankask, að, dep. to be coiled up, Fms. vi. 312; vide á
hankast, p. 41.
HANKI, a, m. [Dan. hanke; Engl. hank], the hasp or clasp of a chest, Fs. 132; naut. pullies or blocks for brail
ing up a sail, N. G. L. i. 101; whence hanka-gjald, n., 199.
HANN, pers. pron. masc. he; fem. HÓN or HÚ
N, she; for the pronunciation of this word see introduction to letter
H; as to the inflexion see Gramm. p. xxi; in the MSS. the word is usually abbre
viated &h-bar; = hann; hº or h&o-long; = hón; &h-bar;m = hánu
m; &h-bar;ar = hennar; &h-bar;i or &h-bar;e = henni: the old dat. masc. was h&aa
cute;num, as shewn by rhymes, mána vegr und hánum, Haustl.; but in
Icel. it was no doubt sounded h&aolig-acute;num, by way of umlaut; it was then
sounded hónum with a long vowel, and lastly honum with a short vowel, whi
ch also is the mod. form; the old MSS. often spell hánum in full; the spe
lling hönum in old printed books recalls the old form h&aolig-acute;num; fr
om Pass. 9. 7 it may be seen that in the middle of the 17th century the dative w
as sounded precisely as at present. 2. sing. fem. hón (ho i
n mod. Norse, hoo in Lancashire) seems to be the older form; the MSS. use
both forms hón and hún, but the former is the usual one; it was p
rob. sounded h&aolig-acute;n, which again points to a long root vowel, há
nn, hána? [Cp. Ulf. is; Germ. er; A. S., Engl., and Hel. he; old Fris. hi; in the Scandin. idioms with a suffixed demonstrati
ve particle, vide Gramm. p. xxviii; Dan. and Swed. han, hun, etc.]
B. As this word appears almost in every line only special usages need be
mentioned, as, ef maðr færir ómaga fram ok beri fé undir
hann (acc., sc. ómagi), eðr eigi hann (nom., the same) fé, &t
horn;á skal hann (nom., sc. maðr) beiða hann (acc., sc. óm
agi) með vátta, at hann (nom., the same) seli hánum (dat., sc.
maðr) fjár-heimting á hönd þeim mönnum er han
n (nom., sc. ómagi) á fé undir, Grág. i. 279; here t
he context is very perplexing, chiefly owing to the identity of acc. and nom. si
ng, masc., but also because the pron. is sometimes demonstr., sometimes reflexiv
e; in the latter case an Icel. would now say sér instead of hánum:
so also, þá skal hann beiða samþingis-goða, at hanu
fái honum (i.e. sibi) mann, 10: again, skal hann selja sókn
ok vörn ef hann vill, ok svá varðveizlu fjár s&iacute
;ns þess er hann á hér eptir, 146; þá skal
hón ráða við ráð frænda síns (her) nokkurs, 307; Gunnarr kenndi féit at þat var hit sam
a sem hann (i.e. Njal) hafði honum (i.e. to Gunnar) greitt, Nj. 56. II. the pers. pron. is often prefixed to a pr. name, as a sign of familiarity; fa
rit upp til hestsins ok gætið hans Kols, Nj. 56; eðr hverr mað
r er hann Gunnarr, what sort of a man is Gunnar? 51; ok hleypr á
hann Þorkel upp, 114; ok leitið ér at honum Höskuldi, g
o and look after Hoskuld, 171; sæmd er ek veitta honum Þó
rólfi bróður þínum, Eg. 112; segir hann Pá
lnir, Fms. xi. 47; hón Ingibjörg, 49; hann Gísli, Grett. (in
a verse); ok berjask við hann Ólaf, Fagrsk. 86; hans Víg&oacut
e;lfs, Sól.; svá er, segir hann Þórðr, Ísl
. ii. 329 :-- this has become very freq. in mod. conversational usage, so that a
person (nay, even an animal or a ship that has a name) is scarcely ever named w
ithout the pron., bidd' 'ann Jón að koma, segð' 'onum Jóni
, vekt' 'ana Sigríði; hún Sigga litla, hann Jón litli,
etc.; or of ponies, sækt' 'ann Brún, legð' á 'ana Skj&oa
cute;nu; cp. the dialogue in Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 612, -- &eac
ute;g skal fylla mína hít, segir 'ún Hvít, ég
ét sem ég þoli, segir 'ann boli, etc.; or Kvöldv. ii.
197, -- taktú þarna frá 'enni Reyðr og gefð' 'enni H
yrnu, hún Húfa hefir flækt sig í niðrbandinu. 
III. er hann = who, that; sá maðr er hann vill, Grá
g. i. 19, 27, 36, vide p. 132. 2. answering to Fr. on, Germ. ma
n, Engl. one; væri sverðit til tækt er hann vildi, when one wished, Eg. 505; but this use is very rare.
hannar-mæli, f. 'skilful speech,' eloquence, Róm. 301
.
Hannarr, m. the Skilful, the Artist, name of a dwarf, Vsp.
HANNR, adj. skilled; sú var mar hanarst (i.e. hönnust)
á Haþalandi, she was the most skilled maid in Hadaland, on
a Norse Runic stone, cited by Bugge in Tidskr. for Philol. vol. vi. p. 90; hence
sjón-hannr or sjón-hannarr, 'skill-sighted,' one whose eyes ar
e cultivated, having the eyes of an artist, Ó. H. 16.
hannörð or hannyrð, f., esp. used in pl. and sounded
hannyrðir; [this word is formed from hannr or hannar in the same way
as einörð or einurð from einarðr] :-- handiness, skill, fine
work, esp. used of ladies' needlework, embroidery, or the like, and

freq. in mod. usage; enda er hannorð (skill, beauty) á hv&iacu
te;vetna því er þú tekr þínum höndum
til at göra, Clem. 24; hannörðir (pl.), 25; svá skyldi han
s kona bera af öllum konum hannyrðir sem hón var hverri þe
irra fríðari, Vígl. 48 new Ed.; kyrtill gullofinn ok gerr hann
yrðum, hannyrð vefnaðar, Konr. (MS.); hón saumaði ok tefl
di eða vann aðrar hannyrðir, Bs. i. 241; kenna konu við hannyr&e
th;ir, Edda ii. 513; merkit var gert af miklum hannyrðum ok ágæ
tum hagleik, Orkn. 28; hafa á skriptum ok hannyrðum, Gkv. 2. 15; h&oa
cute;n hafði heima verit ok numit hannorðe (i.e. hannörð), V&ou
ml;ls. S. 135 new Ed.; hón vandisk við borða ok hannyrðir, Fa
s. i. 523. hannyrða-kona, u, f. a woman skilled in needlework.
UNCERTAIN This word is to be distinguished from hönd as it is spelt and so
unded nn not nd, cp. Bugge's interesting remarks in Hist. Tidskrif
t.
hanzki, a, m. [O. H. G. hant-scuoh = hand-shoe, Germ. ha
nd-schuh; Dan. handske] :-- a glove, Ls. 60, Hbl. 26, Edda 39
.
HAPP, n. [cp. Engl. hap, happy], good luck, but with the no
tion of hap, chance, as is well said in the ditty, hamingjan býr &
iacute; hjarta manns | höpp eru ytri gæði, Núm. 2. 87; &th
orn;á varð minna happit en ek vilda, Fms. i. 182; happa fullting, 
'hap-help,' Deus ex machina, vi. 165; happ sótti þik nú
en brátt mun annat, gættu at þér verði þat e
igi at úhappi, Landn. 146; til happs ok heilla sátta (allit.), 
for good hap and health, Grág. ii. 21: in the saying, sá skal
hafa happ er hlotið hefir, Eb. 24; úhapp, mishap. COMPDS: 
happa-drjúgr, adj. lucky, Fas. iii. 619. happa-mikill,
adj. having great luck, Hkr. iii. 422. happa-ráð, n. happy counsel, Ísl. ii. 159, Hkr. ii. 88. happa-verk, n. a
happy deed, Fms. vii. 293. happ-auðigr, adj. wealthy, happy,
 Þorf. Karl. 378. happ-fróðr, adj. wise in season
, Þorf. Karl. 378. happ-lauss, adj. hapless, Eg. (in a v
erse). happ-samr, adj. happy, lucky, Fas. iii. 427. happ-skeytr
, adj. a happy shot, Edda 17. In poetry, happ-mildr, -kunnigr, -re
ynir, -vinnandi, -víss, adj. happy, fortunate: happ-snau&et
h;r, adj. hapless. Lex. Poët.
hapr-task (hafr-task), n. a haversack, Snót 163.
hapt, n. a bond; vide haft.
HARA, ð (?), [cp. Germ. harren], to wait upon (?), an G
REEK, Skm. 28; or perhaps the same word as the mod. hjara (q.v.), vitam deger
e.
Haraldr, m. a pr. name (from herr, q.v.), Fms. COMPDS: Haralds-sl&aacu
te;tta, u, f. the coinage of king Harold Harðráði, Fms
. vi. Haralds-stikki, a, m. name of a poem, Fms.
harða, adv. = harðla, chiefly used in poetry, Al. 84, Fms. x. 101
, Stj. 8, 452, Pr. 97, Lex. Poët.
harðindi, n. pl. hardness; harðindi hafða ek þar
í hendi því at bein er hart, Bs. i. 874. II. metaph.
hardship, severity, K. Á. 54, Sks. 351, Fms. i. 220, vi. 110: esp
. in mod. usage, a hard season, bad weather, harðinda-ár, -
vetr, -sumar, vetrar-harðindi: harðindis-maðr, m. a st

ern man, Sks. 803.
harðla, and assimil. harla, adv. very, greatly, Fms. v.
257. vi. 217, Bs. i. 189, ii. 45, Stj. 58, Al. 156, Sturl. i. 159, Finnb. 232,
passim.
harðliga, adv. forcibly, sternly, Fms. i. 71, vi. 44, Nj. 123,
Gþl. 54: swiftly, fast, ríða harðliga, Karl. 58, B&
aelig;r. 16; stíga h., Sks. 629.
harðligr, adj. hard, metaph. hard, severe, Nj. 181, Fms
. ix. 291, v.l.
harðna, að, to harden. II. metaph. to be hardene
d, Stj. 261. Exod. vi. sqq., K. Á. 54, Fms. vi. 37, 153, vii. 30: 
to become severe, ii. 30, Sturl. ii. 255: of weather, Grett. 152, Fms. ix.
502, v.l.: of scarcity, harðnaði matlífi þeirra, they ra
n short of provisions, viii. 435: to be hard tried, tók &thorn
;á at harðna í skapi sveins, the lad began to feel unhappy,
 Bs. i. 350: part. harðnaðr, hardened, i.e. grown up,
Sturl. iii. 11; opp. to blautr; Grettir var lítt settr at klæðu
m, en maðr lítt harðnaðr, tók hann nú at kala,
Grett. 91; ú-harðnaðr. unhardened, still a tender boy.
HARÐR, adj., fem. hörð, neut. hart, [Ulf. hardus = GR
EEK, GREEK; A. S. heard; Engl. hard; Germ. hart; Dan. ha
ard; Swed. hard]: I. hard to the touch; eptir hör&
eth;um velli, Ísl. ii. 333; harðr skafl, Fb. ii. 103; harðar g&ou
ml;tur, hard, stony paths, Fms. x. 85; stokka eðr steina eðr hvar
gi þess er hart er fyrir, Grág. ii. 132; sjóða egg hart
(harð-soðinn), Lækn. 472; af harðasta járni, Stj. 461:
tempered, of steel, Gpl. II. metaph., 1. hard, stern, s
evere; hörð í skapi, Nj. 17 (skap-harðr); hörð
orð, hard words, Fms. v. 106; harðr í hjarta, hard of h
eart, Flov. 38: with dat., harðr e-m, hard on one, Fb. i. 71. 
β. hardy; fólk hart ok íllt at sækja, har
dy and ill to fight against, Fms. i. 85; eiga harðan son, vi. 105; hinn
vaskasti drengr ok hinn harðasti karlmaðr, Ísl. ii. 264; þe
ir eru harðir ok hinir mestu bardaga-menn, Karl. 282; harðr í hor
n at taka (metaph. from a bull), hard to take by the horns, Fms. xi. 221:
hard, gloomy, í hörðu skapi, Bs. i. 351, Fas. iii. 522;
með harðri hendi, with high hand. γ. hard, sad; hörð tíðindi, Nj. 64; hér hafa orðit harði
r atburðir, hard things have happened, 248. δ. hard,
dire; harðr (kostr), Fms. v. 235; gera harðan rétt e-s, to
deal hardly with one, i. 66; harðr dauði, ii. 173; hörð s&
aelig;tt, Nj. 254; hafa hart, to have a hard lot, Sturl. iii. 292; har&et
h;r bardagi, hörð orrosta, Fms. ii. 323, passim. ε. of w
eather; hörð norðanveðr, Nj. 124, Rb. 572. 2. neut. hart
, adv. hardly, harshly; leika e-n hart, Fms. xi. 94. β. ha
rd, fast; ríða hart, to ride hard, Sighvat, Ó. H. (
in a verse), Nj. 82; en nú renn engi harðara en hann, 248; ganga hart
ok djúpt, Edda 1; flýja sem harðast, to fly one's hardest,
 261; þeir fóru harðara en þeir vildu, Fms. x. 139. γ. hart íllt (qs. harða íllt) erindi, Fb. ii. 393;
hart nær, hard by. COMPDS: Harð-angr, m. name of a firt
h in Norway; whence Harðengir, m. pl. the inhabitants of H.,
Hkr., Fms. xii. harða-fang, n. a law term, an execution for paymen
t, Grág. i. 384, 398, 438. harð-beinn, adj. hard-foot, a nickname, Ld. harð-brjóstaðr (harð-brystr, adj., Greg. 41, Stj. 484), part. hard-hearted,
<PAGE NUM="b0240">
<HEADER>240 HARÐBYLL -- HASTR.</HEADER>
Flov. 36. harð-býll, adj. a hard householder. har&et
h;-dreginn, part. hard to draw, difficult, Nj. 100, v.l. harðdregi, n. being h., Hkr. iii. 185. harð-drægr, adj.
hard to draw, hard to manage, Nj. 90, 192. harð-eggjaðr, a
dj. sharp-edged, Grett. (in a verse). harð-eygr, adj. hardeyed, Njarð. 364. harð-fang, n. 'hard wrestling,' force, Sks. 782, v.l. harð-fari, a, m. one who travels hard, a quick t
raveller, Sturl. iii. 122: as a nickname, Eg. 72. harð-farliga, a
dv. harshly, Eb. 93 new Ed. harð-fengi, f. hardihood, valou
r, Nj. 98, Fms. ii. 28, Fs. 13, Anal. 169. harð-fenginn, adj. = h
arðfengr, Fas. i. 260, Ann. 1362 (in a verse). harð-fengliga (
-fengiliga, Fms. iii. 143), adv. hardily, valiantly, Bær. 8, Fm
s. xi. 131, x. 355. harð-fengr, adj. hardy, valiant, Eg. 710,
Nj. 192, Fas. ii. 525. harð-fenni, n. hard snow, Fbr. 39. h
arð-fótr, m. 'hard-leg,' a tempered bar, poët. of a s
word, Hkm. harð-færi, n. stubbornness, Ld. 176. har&e
th;-færr, adj. hard to overcome, Edda 27. harð-geðr (-geðjaðr), adj. hard-minded. harð-gengr, a
dj. hard-going, rough, of a horse, opp. to góðgengr. har&et
h;-greipr, adj. hard-clutched, Lex. Poët. harð-görr,
 adj. hardy, stout, Nj. 30: of things strong-built, Fms. x. 35
5 (a ship), Fas. i. 273 (a tower). harð-hendliga, adv. with hard h
and, Eg. 720. harð-hendr, adj. hard-handed, strong-handed, Stj. 553, Sks. 753. harð-hugaðr, adj. hard-hearted, Hom.
101, 108, Gh. 1. harð-jaxl, m. a grinder (tooth), a nickname,
Rd. harð-kljáðr, part. hard-stretched, of a weft,
Darr. harð-leikinn, part. playing a hard, rough game, Sturl. i
. 23; verða e-m h., to play roughly with one, Fms. ii. 182, Stj. 463;
fá harðleikit, to be roughly treated, Fms. vi. 210, ix. 449;
göra e-m harðleikit, Grett. 127. harð-leikni, f. a rough
game, Fms. vi. 37, Karl. 456. harð-leikr, m. hardness; hja
rtans h., Stj. 87: harshness, Fms. ii. 161, ix. 449. harð-leitr, adj. hard-looking, Eg. 305, Fms. x. 173. harð-lífi,
n. a hard life, chastisement, Bs. i. passim, Barl. 210: medic. hardne
ss of bowels, constipation, Fél. harð-lundaðr, adj. hard-tempered, 655 B. xiii. harð-lyndi, n. a hard temper,
Fms. vi. 45. harð-lyndr, adj. hard-tempered, Nj. 16, Sturl. i
i. 185. harð-magi, a, m. 'hard-maw,' a nickname, Fms. vii. 217
. harð-mannligr, adj. hardy, manly, Fb. i. 168, Krók. 68. h
arð-menni, n. a hardy man, Edda (Gl.) harð-móði
gr, adj. hard of mood, Lex. Poët. harð-mynntr (Grett.
in a verse) and harð-múlaðr, part. hard-mouthed, G
erm. hartmäulig, Sturl. (in a verse). harð-mæli, n.
hard language, Sturl. iii. 201, Bs. i. 766. harð-mæltr,
part. hard-spoken, Sturl. ii. 143, v.l.: gramm. pronouncing hard,
opp. to linmæltr. harð-orðr, adj. hard-spoken, Fms.
iii. 152. harð-raðr, adj. hard in counsel, tyrannical, Nj
. 2, Fms. vii. 280, xi. 18; ríkr maðr ok h., Ver. 42: nickname of kin
g Harold given him in Fagrsk. 106. harð-rétti, n. hardship,
 Rd. 249, Al. 82, Andr. 74: hard fare, sultr ok h., Stj. 257. har&
eth;-ræði, n. hardiness, Fms. viii. 448, Nj. 258, 263: h
ard plight, Fms. i. 251: hardness, harshness, x. 401. harð-ske
yti, n. hard shooting, Fms. iii. 18. harð-skeytr, adj. shooting hard, of an archer, Fms. ii. 320, Karl. 244: metaph. hard, seve
re. harð-skipaðr, part. manned with hardy men, Bs. ii.
30, Fms. ii. 183. harð-sleginn, part. hard-hammered, of iron,
Hým. 13. harð-slægr, adj. hard to mow, Gl&uacute
;m. 383, Fms. v. 203. harð-snúinn, part. hard-twisted,
metaph. staunch, stalwart, Nj. 178. harð-sóttr, part. hard to get, difficult, Fms. v. 169. harð-sperra or hall-spe
rra, u, f. stiffness in the limbs. harð-spori, a, m. ha
rd-trodden snow. harð-steinn, m. a hard stone, a kind of whet-stone, Ísl. ii. 348, Glúm. 375, Fms. xi. 223. har&et
h;steina-grjót, n. a quarry of h., Fms. viii. 224. harð
-svíraðr, adj. hard-necked, stiff-necked. harð-tenn
tr, part. having hard teeth, Sks. 753. harð-tækr, ad
j. hard, exacting, Háv. 40. harð-úð, f. h
ardness of heart. harð-úðigr, adj. hard-minded, Fms. iii. 95, Fs. 23, Fas. i. 217, Lex. Poët. harð-vaxinn, par
t. hardy of limb, brawny, Fms. vii. 321, viii. 238. harð-velli, n. a hard, dry field. harð-verkr, m. the name of a giant, Ed
da. harð-vítugr, adj. hardy, (cant word.) harð-y
rði, n. hard words, Sturl. iii. 238, Hom. 144. harð-yrki, a, m. a hard worker, Fms. ix. 435. harð-yrkr, adj. hard
working. harð-ýðgi, f. hardness of heart, severity
, Fms. viii. 232, x. 217.
hark, n. a tumult, Fs. 6, Fms. vii. 168, 321, ix. 288, 516 (har
shness), Fb. ii. 191, Finnb. 144; hark ok háreysti, Ísl. ii.
344.
harka (qs. harðka), u, f. hardness, and metaph. hardiness, Fb. i. 521; freq. in mod. usage: also of a hard frost, mesta harka: t
he phrase, með hörku-munum, with utmost difficulty. hörk
u-veðr, n. hard frosty weather; vetrar-hörkur, winter fro
st.
harka, að, to scrape together, with dat., Fms, viii. 73; munu
þeir hafa harkat saman liði sínu, Mork. 90: impers., e-m harkar
, things go ill with one, Finnb. 338, Fas. ii. 239; það harkar
um e-t, id., Bjarn. 62. II. reflex. id., Fas. ii. 307: t
o make a tumult, Finnb. 224; Ljótr vaknaði ok spurði hverr ha
rkaðist, Háv. 31 new Ed.
HARKI, a, m. rubbish, trash, (= mod. skran); kistur ok annar h., K
arl. 554, Bs. i. 830, Fs. 44. COMPDS: harka-börn, n. pl. rabble o
f children, Þrymlur 1. 3, (not háska-börn.) harka-geta,
 u, f. coarse food, Sturl. i. 166. harka-lið, n. rabble
, Ísl. ii. 91. harka-maðr, m. a tramp, scamp, Sturl
. i. 175. harka-samliga, adv. coarsely, Sturl. ii. 163.
harla, adv., vide harðla.
harma, að, to bewail, with acc., Nj. 20, Fms. i. 47, ii. 229,
Hom. 20, Bs. i. 105, passim; h. sik, to wail, Fms. iii. 8: impers., e-m h
armar, it vexes one, one is vexed, Blas. 41, Háv. 44.
harm-brögð, n. pl. mischief, Akv. 15.
harm-dauði, adj. indecl. (and harm-dauðr, adj., Fms. ix. 3
99), lamented, of one departed; vera harmdauði, Fms. vi. 232, ix. 421
, x. 406, Orkn. 88, Fb. i. 28.
harm-dögg, f., poët. sorrow-dew, i.e. tears, Hkv.

2. 43.
harm-fenginn, adj. bowed by grief, O. H. L. 46.
harm-flaug, f. a baneful shaft, of the mistletoe, Vsp. 37.
harm-fullr, adj. sorrowful, Fms. v. 214.
harm-kvæli, n. pl. torments, 623. 35, Fms. iii. 217, Magn. 5
30, Bs. i. 325, ii. 107.
harm-kvæling, f. = harmkvæli, Matth. xxiv. 8.
HARMR, m. [A. S. hearm; Engl. harm; Dan. harme], 
grief, sorrow; hann mátti ekki mæla fyrir harmi, Fms. vi. 228:
in plur., með hörmum, x. 368; mikill harmr er at oss kveðinn, Nj.
201, passim. COMPDS: harma-bylgja, u, f. a billow of sorrow, Pass.
41. 4. harma-grátr, m. the Lamentations, of Jeremiah. h
arma-raust (-rödd), f. lamentation, Pass. 41. 7. harm
a-tölur, f. pl. = harmtölur. harms-auki, a, m. addition
to one's grief, Fms. vi. 237. harms-fullr, adj. sorrowful, Fm
s. vi. 261, Edda 22, Fas. i. 456. harms-léttir, m. relief,
Fms. iii. 5. II. in old poetry harmr often conveys the notion of harm,
hurt, Skv. 2. 10, 11, Sdm. 12, 36, Ýt. 19. III. a kind of 
hawk, Edda (Gl.) IV. name of a fjord in Norway, Fms.
harm-saga, u, f. tidings of grief, Stj. 522, Eb. 98, Lv. 64, Fms.
xi. 17.
harm-sól, f. sun of grief, name of an old poem.
harm-sök, f. a sad case, Nj. 221, Eb. 34 new Ed., v.l. to har
msaga.
harm-söngr, m. a song of sorrow, dirge, Stj. 349, Bret. 68.
harm-tíðindi, n. pl. = harmsaga, Gísl. 109.
harm-tölur, f. pl. lamentations, Hkr. ii. 107, Bret. 70.
harm-vesall, adj. wretched, Lex. Poët.
harm-vitegr, adj. = armvitegr, compassionate, Mart. 123, Bs. i. 33
2.
harm-þrunginn, part. 'grief-swoln,' filled with sorrow, Stj.
520, Ld. 50, Fms. iii. 11, iv. 32, Pass. 2. 11.
harm-þrútinn, part. = harmþrunginn, Fms. ii. 95.
harneskja, u, f. harness, armour, Bret. 60, Fms. x. 140: metaph. harshness.
HARPA, u, f. [A. S. hearpe; Engl. harp; O. H. G. harpha;
 Germ. harfe; Dan. harpe] :-- a harp, it occurs as earl
y as Vsp. 34, Akv. 31, Am. 62, Og. 27, Bs. i. 155, Fms. vi. 203, vii. 97, Sks. 7
04. COMPDS: hörpu-leikr, m. playing on a harp, Hkr. iii. 246.
hörpu-maðr, m. a harp-man, harper, Sams. S. 9. h&ouml
;rpu-slagi and hörpu-slagari, a, m. a harper, Bs. i. 866,

909. hörpu-slagr, hörpu-sláttr, m. striking the harp
, Bs. i. 202, Str. 83. hörpu-stokkr, m. a harp-case, Fas
. i. 342. hörpu-strengr, m. a harp-string, Eluc. 45, Sk&aacut
e;lda: that the harp was in olden times used in churches in Icel. is seen from L
aur. S. ch. 59. II. metaph. a shell; erat hlums vant kvað refr
, dró hörpu at ísi, a saying, Fms. vii. 19: whence hö
rpu-diskr, m. a 'harp-disk,' a kind of shell: hörpu-sk
el, f. a harp-shell, Eg. 769, Eggert Itin. III. the first mont
h of the summer, from the middle of April to the middle of May, is called Harpa.
harpari, a, m. a harper, Str. 57.
harpeis, m. resin, (mod.)
harp-slagi, a, m. = hörpuslagi, Stj. 460, Bret. 10.
harp-sláttr, m. = hörpusláttr, Eluc. 53, Bær. 4,
Orkn. (in a verse).
HARRI, a, m. [akin to the mod. herra, q.v.], a lord, king, only us
ed in poetry, Edda 104, Gloss.; hann heimti þangat Valerianum harra sinn,
Greg. 75: as a pr. name, Landn.; as also the name of an ox, Ld., whence local na
mes such as Harra-staðir, m. pl., freq. in western Icel.
HASA, að, in ofhasa, e-n hasar á e-u, to be surfeited with
a thing, of food.
HASL, m. [A. S. hæsel; Engl. hasel; Germ. hessel], the hasel, Str. 66.
hasla, in pl. höslur, f. pegs or poles of hasel-woo
d, a technical term for the four square poles that marked out the ground for
a pitched battle or a duel, described in Korm. 86, Eg. 277; undir jarðar h&
ouml;slu, poët, within the pale, on the face of the earth, Edda (in
a verse by a poet of king Canute).
hasla, að, in the old phrase, hasla (e-m) völl, to 'enhasel'
a battlefield, to challenge one's enemy to a pitched battle (or duel)
on a field marked out by hasel-poles, Korm. 46, Hkr. i. 150, Eg. 273, 27
5, 276 (of the battle of Brunanburgh).
HASTA, að, the mod. form of the old hersta (q.v.) in the phrase, hast
a á e-n, to rebuke one to silence, command one to hold his peace,
e.g. of children: used of Christ in the Gospel, þá reis hann upp og
hastaði á vindinn og sjóinn, þá varð logn mi
kit, Matth. viii. 26.
hastar-liga, adv. hastily, suddenly.
hastar-ligr, adj. hasty, sudden.
hast-orðr, adj. = herstr, harsh-spoken, Ísl. ii. 158.
hastr, adj. = herstr, harsh, esp. of speech; of a horse = harð
-gengr.
<PAGE NUM="b0241">
<HEADER>HATA -- HÁ. 241</HEADER>

HATA, að, [Ulf. hatan = GREEK; A. S. hatjan; Engl. h
ate; O. H. G. hazen; Germ. hassen; Dan. hade; Swed. 
hata] :-- to hate, with acc., Stj. 168, Post. 656 C. 27, Hom. 159, Fm
s. vi. 5, passim. 2. reflex., hatask við e-n, or móti e-m, 
to breathe hatred against one, Fb. ii. 339, Fms. i. 37, vi. 9, 186, viii. 23
8, xi. 259, Fs. 31, Eg. 139: recipr. to hate one another :-- part. hat
endr, pl. haters. II. the poets use hata with dat. in the sens
e to shun; eldr ok vatn hatar hvárt öðru, fire and wat
er shun one another, Edda 126 (Ht. 17); hata gulli, to spend gold, Fa
s. i. 258; hata baugi, id., Fas. i. 259 (in a verse); sá er brott
verðr hataðr, forsaken or driven away, Anecd. 26; this is
prob. the original sense of the word, vide hati below. UNCERTAIN But hatta (doub
le t, qs. hvata) seems a better reading; at least, Sturl. in a verse of A
.D. 1207 makes trautt and hattar rhyme.
hati, a, m. one who shuns; baug-hati, gull-hati, a liberal man,
 Lex. Poët. passim. 2. the name of the mock sun (wolf) which is
in front of the sun, Edda (Gl.), Gm. 39: the name of a giant, Hkv. Hjörv.
hatr, n. [Ulf. hatis = GREEK; A. S. hete; Engl. hate; Germ. hass; Dan. had; Swed. hat] :-- hatred, spite, av
ersion, Hm. 154, Post. 645. 64, Magn. 470, Stj. 192, Fms. viii. 26, xi. 437,
passim; mann-hatr, misanthropy; trúar-hatr, religious fanatici
sm; þjóð-hatr, (mod.) COMPDS: hatrs-fullr, adj. h
ateful, Skálda 199. hatrs-sök, f. cause of hatred,
Stj. 192.
hatr-lauss, adj. spiteless, free from spite.
hatr-leysi, n. freedom from spite, Mar.
hatr-liga, adv. hatefully, Fms. i. 270, Bs. i. 45.
hatr-ligr, adj. hateful, Bs. ii. 126.
hatr-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), hateful, rancorous, Mar.
hatr-samr, adj. rancorous, H. E. i. 501, Karl. 127.
hatr-semd, f. rancour, Fr.
HATTR, m. a hat, Nj. 32, Fms. i. 74, Eg. 407; vide höttr.
hatt-staup, n. poët. the head, Ad. 7.
hau, interj. ho ho! of shouting, = hó, Karl. 321.
hauðna, vide haðna.
HAUÐR, n. [the etymology of this word is not known], poët. ea
rth, Edda 97, Hdl. 48, Lex. Poët. passim: allit., hauðr ok himin,
Sól. 54. COMPDS: hauðr-gjörð, f., -men, n. 
the earth-girdle, i.e. the sea, Lex. Poët. hauðr-fjö
rnir, m., -tjald, n. the helmet, tent of the earth, i.e. th
e heaven, Lex. Poët.
haug-brot, n. the breaking of a cairn, Sturl. i. 23, Bár&et
h;. 180.
haug-búi, a, m. a 'cairn-dweller,' a ghost, Fb. i. 214, Gre

tt. 38 new Ed.
haug-færa, ð, to bury in a cairn, Fms. x. 212.
haug-ganga, u, f. the breaking into a cairn, Ísl. ii. 50, F
b. ii. 8.
haug-óðal, n. a Norse law term, the manorial right to treas
ures dug out of cairns, defined in Gþl. 310. haugóðalsmaðr, m. an owner of haugóðal, id.
HAUGR, m. [akin to hár, high; Dan. höj; Swed. hog; North. E. how] :-- a how, mound; haugr eða hæ
ð, Mar., Fms. ix. 382, Stj. 260; there was usually a how near the houses, fr
om which the master could look over his estate, Þkv. 6, Skm. 11; hann g&ea
cute;kk nú at bæ Þorleifs ok at haugi þeim er hann sat
a., Fs. 98; Þorleifr var því vanr, sem mjök var fornmenn
is háttr, at sitja löngum úti á haugi einum ok eigi la
ngt frá bænum, Fms. ii. 59; þar er h. nokkurr er hann er vanr
at sitja, v. 160; hann sat á haugi sem konungar, Hkr. i. 136, Stjör
n. Odd. ch. 5. 2. a dung-heap. midden; fjós-h., a byre-m
idden; ösku-h., an ash-heap; myki-h., a muck-heap; draga
myki út ok færa í haug, K. Þ. K. 100, Al. 178. II. a cairn, over one dead; the cairns belong to the burning age as well
as to the later age, when the dead were placed in a ship and put in the how with
a horse, hound, treasures, weapons, or the like, cp. Eg. 6, 7, 768. Hkr. (pref.
), Landn. 62 (twice), 81, 82, 86, 125 (lagðr í skip), 169, G&i
acute;sl. 23, 24, 31, 32, Ld. ch. 8, 24, Nj. ch. 79, Eb. ch. 9, 34, Hrafn. (fine
), Hervar. 13 sqq. (1847), Fagrsk. ch. 4, 5, Hkr. (pref.), Hkr. i. 122 (Har. S.
ch. 45), 152 (Hák. S. ch. 27), 160 (ch. 32), Har. Hárf. ch. 8, Skj
öld. S. ch. 9: names of such cairns, Korna-haugr, Landn. 87; Hildis-h., 267
; Hálfdanar-haugar, Hkr. i. 74; Tréfóts-h., Grett. 87; Melk
orku-h., Mókolls-h., etc.: freq. in local names, Haugr, Haugar, Haugsnes, Landn., Eb.; Hauga-þing, n. an assembly in Norway,
Fms. viii. 245, ix. 109. There is an historical essay on Icel. cairns by old J&o
acute;n Ólafsson in Arna-Magn. Additam. (autogr. MS. and interesting). β. a kind of sacrificial mound, Edda 83 (Hölgi), Yngl. S.
ch. 12, Ó. H. ch. 122; hauga né hörga, hlaða hauga ok kal
la hörg, N. G. L. i. 430; blót-h., q.v.: for tales about the breakin
g open of cairns, wrestling with the ghosts, and carrying off their weapons and
treasures, see Landn. 169, Harð. S. ch. 15, Grett. ch. 20, Sturl. i. 23, B&a
acute;rð. ch. 20 new Ed.: the burying in cairns was typical of the heathen a
ge, whence such law phrases as, frá heiðnum haugi, from heathen ho
w, i.e. from time immemorial, D. N. passim, vide Fr.; telja langfe&et
h;r frá haugi, or til haugs ok heiðni, to count one's forefathers
up to hows and heathen times, Rétt. 48, D. N. iii. 122: in early Dan.
laws unbaptized children were called höghæmen = how-men. COMPDS: hauga-brjótr, m. a cairn breaker, a nickname, La
ndn. 278. hauga-eldr, m. a cairn fire, a kind of ignis fatuus, said to burn over hidden treasures in cairns, Eg. 767, Grett. l.c., Fas. i.
518. Hervar. S. hauga-herr, m. the host of cairns, fiends, ghosts, dem
ons, Sighvat. hauga-öld, f. the cairn age, opp. to bru
na-öld, Hkr. (pref.), Fms. i. 34. haugs-dyrr, n. the doors of
a cairn, 655 xiv. haugs-gólf, n. the floor of a cairn, Fms. x. 213. haugs-görð, f. cairn-making, Fms. x. 212,
Fas. i. 429.
haug-staðr, m. a cairn-place, heathen burial-place, Hkr. i. 2.
haug-tekinn, part. taken from a cairn (weapon), Ld. 78.

haug-þak, n. the roof of a cairn, Edda 68.
hauk-ey, f. hawk island, Sighvat; the old poët calls Norway t
he hawk island of the Danish king Harold, because he got a tribute of hawks from
that land, Fms. vi. 44 (v.l.), cp. x. 341.
hauk-ligr, adj. hawk-like, of the eyes, appearance, Fms. x. 383, L
ex. Poët. passim.
HAUKR, m. [A. S. heafoc; Engl. hawk; O. H. G. habuch; Germ. habicht; Dan. hög; Swed. hök] :-- a ha
wk, Fms. i. 119, xi. 21, Jb. 542: metaph. a hero, vera haukar gö
rvir, Fms. vi. (in a verse); eiga sér hauk í horni, to have a h
awk in the corner, to have one to back one; or perhaps the phrase is, hr&oac
ute;k í horni, a rook in the corner, borrowed from chess. Hawks we
re in olden times carried on the wrist, whence in poetry the hand is cal
led the seat, cliff, land of the hawk, hauk-borð, -klif, -land, -m
ærr, -storð, -strönd, -völlr; the adjectives hauk-fr&
aacute;nn (of the eye, flashing as a hawk's eye), hauk-ligr, -lynd
r, -snarr, -snjallr are all of them epithets of a bold man, Lex. Po&e
uml;t.: hauka-veiði, n. hawking, Gþl. 429: hauk-nefr,
 m. hawk-bill, a nickname, Landn.; sparr-h., a sparrow-hawk. II. as a pr. name, Landn.; and in local names, Hauka-gil, Hauka-dalr, whence Haukdælir, m. pl. name of a family, Sturl.; Haukd&aeli
g;la-ætt, f. id.; Hauk-dælskr, adj. belonging t
o that family.
hauk-staldar, or hauk-stallar, is a corrupt form of the A. S. h
eage-steald = young man, Og. 7, Skv. 3. 31, Edda (in a verse by a po&
euml;t of the time of king Canute).
haula, adj. indecl. ruptured; eins er gangr aula | og þeir v
agi um haula, Hallgr.
HAULL, m., acc. haul, a rupture, hernia, Bs. i. 208, Fél. i
x. 218, where a distinction is made between kviðar-haull, nafla-h., n&aacute
;ra-h., etc.: the passage höll við hýrógi, Hm. 138, is no
doubt corrupt for við haulvi hýrógr, or hýrógr
við haul, i.e. spurred rye (ergot of rye) against hernia :-- the sense is clear, though the exact wording is not; the whole verse is a
rude old medic. receipt, and the explanation of this passage as given by transla
tors and commentators is no doubt erroneous.
HAUSS, m. [cp. Dan. isse], the skull, cranium, Vþm. 2
1, Gm. 40, Grág. ii. 11, Fb. i. 235, ii. 79, Eg. 769, 770, Nj. 253, Landn
. 51, passim. COMPDS: hausa-kljúfr, m. skull-cleaver, a nic
kname, Orkn. hausa-mót, m. pl. sutures of the skull, Fas. i
ii. 214, haus-brot, n. skull-fracture, Bs. ii. 18. haus-fastr, adj. seated in the skull, Bs. i. 641. haus-filla, u, f. 'sk
ull-film,' scalp, Tristr. 3. haus-kúpa, u, f. 'skull-basin,
' skull. haus-skel, f. skull shell, (Germ. hirnschale);
in the Icel. N. T. Golgotha is rendered Hausaskelja-staðr, m., Matth
. xxvii. 33; in poetry the heaven (vault of heaven) is called the skull o
f the giant Ymir, undir gömlum Ýmis hausi, under the old skull of
Ymir, sub dio, Arnór, see Edda, Vþm., Gm. l.c. II. t
he head, of beasts, fishes, þorsk-hauss, hross-h., hunds-h., nauts-h.;
of men only as in contempt = blockhead.
HAUST, n.; that this word was originally masc. (as vetr, sumarr) is seen
from the other Teut. idioms, as also the Norse form haustar- (for haust-)
, which occurs in haustar-tími, Stj. 14, and haustar-dagr,
D. N. (Fr.), = haust-tími, haust-dagr; [A. S. hærfest; Engl.
harvest; O. H. G. herbist; Germ. herbst; Dan. höst
 = harvest; Swed. höst: haust is in Icel. only used in a
metaph. sense] :-- autumn (harvest season), for the extension of t
hat season see Edda 103, Nj. 9, 168, Fb. ii. 185, passim. COMPDS: haust-bl&oa
cute;t, n. a sacrificial feast in autumn, Eg. 5. haust-boð, n. an autumn feast, Gísl. 27, Fb. i. 302, Ld. 194, Þorf. K
arl. 368. hauat-bær, adj. calving in autumn, of a cow. ha
ust-dagr, m. autumn days, Eg. 12, Fms. x. 188. haust-gríma,
 u, f. an autumn night, Hm. 73. haust-heimtur, f. pl. getti
ng in lambs in autumn, Band. 11 new Ed. haust-hold, n. pl., in the p
hrase, í haustholdum, a farmer's term for cattle in a fat condition in
autumn. haust-kveld, n. an autumn evening. haust-lag,
n., in the phrase, at haustlagi, of paying debts in cattle in autumn. haust-l
angr, adj. lasting all the autumn, Eg. haust-leiðangr, m.
an autumn levy, D. N. Haust-löng, f. (viz. drápa), the
name of an old poem (Edda), prob. from being composed in autumn. haust-m&aac
ute;nuðr, m. an autumn month, September, Edda 103. haust-myrkr
, m. autumn darkness, a nickname, Landn. haust-nott, f. an
autumn night, Fms. vi. (in a verse), Konr. 22. haust-skuld, f. in a p
un, vide Sturl. iii. 216. haust-sól, f. an autumn sun. h
aust-veðrátta, u, f. autumn weather. haust-víkin
g, f. a freebooting expedition in autumn, Orkn. 462. haust-þ
ing, n. the autumn assizes, Nj. 251. haust-öl, n. an a
utumn banquet, Fms. x. 393.
hausta, að, to draw near autumn, Eg. 18, 251, Fms. ii. 29, 127
.
haust-magi, hauat-mögöttr, vide höss.
há, mod. ha, interj. eh? (what did you say?), Sks. 3
04, 365; in the last century the long vowel was still sounded in the east of Ice
l.
HÁ, f, after-math, N. G. L. i. 40, cp. 289, freq. in mod. u
sage, whence
<PAGE NUM="b0242">
<HEADER>242 HÁ -- HÁLFRETTI.</HEADER>
há-bit, n. the after-math bite or grazing, Gþl
. 407, 503. II. the hide of a horse or cattle, Hm. 135; hross-h&a
acute;, a horse's hide: nauts-há, a neat's hide; but g&aeli
g;ra of a sheep: þing-há, a 'thing-circuit,' district, from
heyja (q.v.); or is the metaphor taken from an expanded hide? III. in poe
try há seems to occur twice in the sense of battle-field or bat
tle, from the fact that duels were fought upon a hide: fara at há, to go to battle, Ó. H. (Sighvat); at há hverju (hverri), Her
var. (in a verse).
há, ð, in the phrase, e-m háir, one is pinched o
r worn by sickness, work, or the like; honum háir það, s
narpr sultr hár (pinches) mannkyni, Merl. 2. 31; nú vill os
s hvervetna há, everything vexes us, Fas. iii. 12, freq. in mod. u
sage. The part. háðr (háðr e-m, depending upon o
ne, subservient to one, ó-háðr, independent) belong
s either to há or to heyja.
há-benda, u, f. = hamla (see p. 244).
há-bora, að, to fit with rowlocks, Fms. ix. 33.
há-borur, f. pl. rowlocks, Fms. ix. 33, Sturl. iii. 66.
HÁÐ, n. [cp. Ulf. hauns = GREEK; Engl. heinous;
Germ. hohn; Dan. haan; old Dan. haad] :-- scoffing, moc
king, Nj. 66, Fms. vi. 21, 216, vii. 61, Hm. 133; háð ok spott, &
Iacute;sl. ii. 265, passim.
háð-samr, adj. scoffing, Fms. iii. 153: a nickname, Lan
dn.
háð-semi, f. mockery, Fms. iii. 154, Hom. 86.
háðskr, adj. scoffing.
háðuliga, adv. shamefully, Fms. viii. 171, Orkn. 120, F
as. i. 21.
háðuligr, adj. scornful, Fms. iii. 148: contemptible
, h. orð, abusive words, Stj. 107; h. verk, disgraceful deeds,
 218, 623. 12.
háðung, f. shame, disgrace, Hm. 101, Nj. 80, Grá
g. ii. 121, Fms. vi. 417, xi. 152, Stj. 407, O. H. L. 45. háðungar
-orð, n. pl. words of scorn, Sturl. iii. 163, Stj. 643.
háð-varr, adj. free from scoff, upright, Lex. Poët
.
HÁFR, m. [North. E. haaf], a pock-net for herring-fi
shing; reyk-háfr, a 'reek-draft,' a chimney.
háfr, m. a dog-fish, háfs-roð, n. shag
reen; vide hár.
háfur, f. pl. riches, good things, Volks. 291, Hallgr. P&ea
cute;t.
há-genginn, part. (uxi h.), fed on after-math, Stj. 493. 1
Sam. xxviii. 24.
há-karl, m. a shark, Dipl. iii. 4, Sturl. ii. 147, Fms. ix.
434.
Há-kon, m. a pr. name, a family name within the old house of the N
orse kings; as an appel. it seems to answer to A. S. heagestald, Germ. hagestolz, Icel. drengr, and to be identical with the mod. provincial Norse
haaman (Ivar Aasen), a young, unmarried man.
HÁKR, m., the proper sense may have been some kind of fish,
cp. Engl. hake; the word is seldom used but in compds; mat-hákr,
a glutton; orð-hákr, foul mouth: a nickname, hann var
fyrir því kallaðr Þorkell hákr at hann eirði &

ouml;ngu hvárki í orðum né verkum, Nj. 183.
Há-leygir, m. pl. the inhabitants of the Norse county H&aac
ute;logaland, Fms.; whence Háleyzkr, adj. from Hálog
aland.
HÁLFA, u, f. often proncd. álfa, [akin to hálfr; Got
h. halba = GREEK, 2 Cor. iii. 9; A. S. half; Hel. halba = latus] :-- prop. a half, a part: I. a region, quarter, of the world, Stj. 72; í fyrrnefndum fjallsins hálfum, 87; &iacu
te; öllum hálfum heimsins, 18; í álfum Orkneyjar&iacut
e;kis, Magn. 502; í várri byggilegri hálfu (zone), R
b. 478; veröldin var greind í þrjár hálfur, Edda
147; whence Austr-álfa, the East = Asia; Norðr-&aacut
e;lfa, the North = Europe; Suðr-hálfa, Africa; v
estr-álfa, America, (mod.); heims-álfa, one of the three (f
our) quarters; lands-álfa, region, Jesús gék
k burt þaðan og fór í lands-álfur Tyri og Sidonis
, Matth. xv. 21. β. with the notion of lineage, kin; sv&aacut
e; höfðu þeir grimmliga leikit alla þá hálfu,
all people of that kin, Fms. viii. 23; þá skulu taka arf br
æðrungar ok systrungar, en fleiri menn ór annari hálfu (
lineage), Grág. i. 17; seint er satt at spyrja, mér hefir k
ennt verit, at móðir mín væri frjálsborin &iacute
; allar hálfur, Ó. H. 114; konungborin í allar ættir
ok hálfur, Fb. ii. 171, cp. Ó. H. 87, l.c. γ. setja &
uacute;t í hálfur, to expand, of a metaphor, Edda 69. II
. as a law phrase, on one's behalf or part; af Guðs h&aacu
te;lfu ok lands-laga, on behalf of God and the law of the land, Fms. vi.
94, Sks. 638; af e-s hálfu, on one's part, Fms. xi. 444; Jó
ns biskups af einni hálfu, ok Gísla bónda af annarri h&aacu
te;lfu, Dipl. iii. 7; á báðar hálfur, on both sides,
 v. 26; af annarra manna hálfu, on the part of other men, 2; a
f minni hálfu, on my part; hvártveggi hálfan, bot
h parts, D. N. hálfu-þing, n. a kind of hustings,
N. G. L. i. 251.
hálfna, að, to have half done with a thing; er þe
ir höfðu hálfnað sundit, Fær. 173: to be half gone or past, Fms. iii. 81, Bret. ch. 13, Sd. ch. 22 (slain the half of
it); dagr, nótt, vegr er hálfnaðr, the day, night, way
is half past.
HÁLFR, adj., hálf (h&aolig;lf), hálft, freq. spelt h
albr, halb er öld hvar, Hm. 52; [Goth. halbs; A. S. healf; En
gl. half; Hel. halba; Germ. halb; Dan. halv; Swed. half] :-- half; hálfr mánuðr, half a month, a
fortnight, Nj. 4; þar átti hann kyn hálft, Eg. 288; h&aa
cute;lf stika, half a yard, Grág. i. 498; hálf Jól,
the half of Yule, Fs. 151, passim: adverb. phrases, til hálfs, 
by a half, Eg. 258, 304; aukinn hálfu, increased by half, doubled,
 Grág. i. 157, Gþl. 24. 2. with the notion of brief,
scant, little; sjá hálf hýnótt, that little n
ight, Skm. 42; hálf stund, a little while; eg skal ekki vera h
álfa stund að því, i.e. I shall have done presently,
in a moment; cp. hálb er öld hvar, only half, Hm. 52; me&
eth; hálfum hleif, with half a loaf, a little loaf of bread, 51: a
n Icel. says to his guest, má eg bjóða þér &iacu
te; hálfum bolla, í hálfu staupi, hálfan munnbita, a
nd the like. II. in counting Icel. say, hálfr annarr, half anot
her, i.e. one and a half; h. þriði, half a third, i.
e. two and a half; h. fjórði, three and a half; h. fimt
i, four and a half, etc.; thus, hálfan annan dag, one day and a
half; hálft annað ár, hálfan annan mánu&eth
;, h. aðra nótt; hálf önnur stika, a yard and a half, Grág. i. 498; hálfa fimtu mörk, four marks and a half,
 391; hálft annat hundrað, one hundred and a half, Sturl.
i. 186; hálfr þriði tögr manna, two decades and a half
, i.e. twenty-five, men, Ísl. ii. 387; hálfan fimta t&o
uml;g skipa, Hkr. iii. 374: similar are the compd adjectives hálf-þ
rítugr, aged twenty-five; hálf-fertugr, aged thirty-five
; hálf-fimtugr, hálf-sextugr, -sjötugr, -áttr&aeli
g;ðr, -níræðr, -tíræðr, i.e. aged forty
-five, fifty-five, sixty-five, seventy-five, eighty-five, ninety-five, and l
astly, hálf-tólfræðr, one hundred and fifteen, Eg
. 84, Fms. i. 148, Greg. 60, Stj. 639, Bs. i. 54, 101, Hkr. (pref.), Mar. 32, &I
acute;b. 18, Grett. 162, Fs. 160: also of measure, hálf-fertugr fö&e
th;mum, Landn. (App.) 324, Fms. vii. 217; hálf-þrítugt tungl
, a moon twenty-five days' old, Rb. 26: contracted, hálf-fj&oacute
;rðu mörk, three marks and a half, Am. 63; hálf-fimtu m&o
uml;rk, four marks and a half, Jm. 36: as to this use, cp. the Germ. a
ndert-halb, dritt-halb, viert-halb, etc., Gr. GREEK (two talents and a ha
lf), Lat. sestertius. III. neut. hálfu with a comparati
ve, in an intensive sense, far; hálfu verri, worse by half, far
worse; hálfu meira, far more, Fms. vi. 201; hálfu heil
li! Fb. i. 180; hálfu síðr, far less, Þór&
eth;. 41 new Ed., Fb. ii. 357; fremr hálfu, much farther ago, H&et
h;m. 2; h. lengra, Bs. ii. 48; h. betri, better by half; h. hóglig
ra, far snugger, Am. 66; hálfu sæmri, Fb. ii. 334. β
. with neg. suff.; hálft-ki, not half; at hálft-ki m&aa
cute; óstyrkð ór bera, Greg. 54. IV. a pr. name, rare,
whence Hálfs-rekkr, m. pl. the champions of king Half, Fas.
: Hálf-dan, m. Half-Dane, a pr. name, cp. Healf-Danes in Be
owulf, Fms.
B. The COMPDS are very numerous in adjectives, nouns, and participles, but fewer
in verbs; we can record only a few, e.g. hálf-afglapi, a, m. h
alf an idiot, Band. 4 new Ed. hálf-aukinn, part. increased
by half, H. E. ii. 222. hálf-áttræðr, see ab
ove. hálf-bergrisi, a, m. half a giant, Eg. 23. h&aacute
;lf-berserkr, m. half a berserker, Sd. 129. hálf-björt
, n. adj. half bright, dawning. hálf-blandinn, part. half blended, Stj. 85. hálf-blindr, adj. half blind.
hálf-bolli, a, m. half a bowl (a measure), N. G. L. ii. 166
. hálf-breiðr, adj. of half breadth, Jm. 2. h&aacute
;lf-brosandi, part. half smiling. hálf-bróðir, m. a half brother (on one side). hálf-brunninn, part. half burnt. hálf-bræðrungr, m. a half cousin, K. Á. 140. hálf-búinn, part. half done. hálf-dauðr, adj. half dead, Sturl. ii. 54, Magn. 530, Hkr
. iii. 366. hálf-daufr, adj. half deaf. hálf-deig
r, adj. damp. hálf-dimt, n. adj. half dark, in twili
ght. hálf-drættingr, m. a fisher-boy, who gets half the fish he catches, but not a full 'hlutr.' hálf-ermaðr, p
art. half sleeved, Sturl. iii. 306. hálf-etinn, part. ha
lf eaten, Al. 95. hálf-eyrir, m. half an ounce, Fms. x.
211. hálf-fallinn, part. half fallen, K. Á. 96; h.
út sjór, of the tide. hálf-farinn, part. half gon
e. hálf-fertrugr, hálf-fimti, hálf-fimtugr, h&aacut
e;lf-fjórði, see above (II). hálf-fífl, n. a

nd hálf-fífla, u, f. half an idiot, Fms. vi. 218, Bs
. i. 286. hálf-fjórðungr, m. half a fourth part,
Bs. ii. 170. hálf-frosinn, part. half frozen. há
lf-fúinn, part. half rotten. hálf-genginn, part.
halving. hálf-gildi, n. half the value, Gþl.
392. hálf-gildr, adj. of half the value, N. G. L. h&aacu
te;lf-gjalda, galt, to pay half, N. G. L. i. 174. hálf-gr&a
acute;tandi, part. half weeping. hálf-gróinn, pa
rt. half healed. hálf-görr, part. half done, only h
alf done, left half undone, Fms. ii. 62; litlu betr en hálfgört
, Greg. 24. hálfgörðar-bóndi, a, m. a man who h
as to furnish half a levy, D. N. hálf-hélufall, n. a
slight fall of rime, Gísl. 154. hálf-hlaðinn, part
. half laden, Jb. 411. hálf-hneppt, n. adj. a kind of me
tre, Edda 139. hálf-hræddr, adj. half afraid. 
hálf-kirkja, u, f. a 'half-kirk,' = mod. annexía, an
annex-church, district church, or chapel of ease, Vm. 126, H. E. i.
430, ii. 138, Am. 28, Pm. 41, Dipl. v. 19; distinction is made between al-kirkja
, hálf-kirkja, and bæn-hús, a chapel. hálfkjökrandi, part. half choked with tears. hálf-kl&aeli
g;ddr, part. half dressed. hálf-konungr, m. a half k
ing, inferior king, Fms. i. 83. hálf-kveðinn, part. hal
f uttered; skilja hálfkveðit orð, or hálfkveðna v&
iacute;su = Lat. verbum sat, MS. 4. 7. hálf-launat, n. part
. rewarded by half, Fms. ii. 62, Grág. i. 304. hálf-leyp
a, u, f. a half laupr (a measure), B. K. passim, hálf-leys
tr, part. half loosened, Greg. 55. hálf-lifandi, part.
half alive, half dead, Mar. hálf-litr, adj. of a cloak, 
of two colours, one colour on each side, Fms. ii. 70, Fas. iii. 561, Sturl.
ii. 32, iii. 112, Fær. 227, Bs. i. 434. hálf-ljóst, n
. adj.; pá er hálfljóst var, in twilight, Sturl. iii
. 193. hálf-lokaðr, part. half locked. hálfmætti, n. 'half might,' opp. to omnipotence, Skál
da 161. hálf-mörk, f. half a mark, Vm. 80, 126. h&a
acute;lf-nauðigr, adj. half reluctant, Fms. xi. 392. h&aacute
;lf-neitt, n. adj. 'half-naught,' trifling, Fas. i. 60. hál
f-níð, n. half a lampoon, Fms. iii. 21. hálf-n&i
acute;ræðr, see above (II). hálf-nýtr, adj. of half use, Rb. 86. hálf-opinn, adj. half open. h
álf-prestr, m. a 'half-priest,' a chaplain to a hálfkir
kja, Sturl. ii. 178. hálf-pund, n. half a pound, Gþl.
343. hálf-raddarstafr, m. a semivowel, Skálda 176,
178. hálf-reingr, a, m. a half scamp, Bs. i. 517. h&aacu
te;lf-rétti, n. a law term (cp. fullrétti, p. 177), a
<PAGE NUM="b0243">
<HEADER>HÁLFRETTISEIÐR -- HÁR. 243</HEADER>
slight, a personal affront or injury of the second degree, liable
only to a half fine; e.g. hálfréttis-orð is a calumny i
n words that may be taken in both senses, good and bad; whereas fullrétti
s-orð is downright, unmistakable abuse, Grág. ii. 144; hence t
he phrases, mæla, göra hálfrétti við e-n, i. 156, 1
57, ii. 153. hálfréttis-eiðr, m. an oath of compurga
tion to be taken in a case of h., N. G. L. i. 352. hálfrétt
is-maðr, m. a man that has suffered hálfrétti, G&th
orn;l. 105, 200. hálfréttis-mál, n. a suit of a c
ase of h., N. G. L. i. 314. hálf-róinn, part. having

rowed half the way, half-way, Fms. viii. 312. hálf-róteldi
, n., prob. corrupt, Fms. xi. 129. hálf-rými, n. a naut
. term, half a cabin, one side of a ship's cabin, Fms. viii. 138, ix. 33,
x. 157, Hkr. i. 302. hálfrýmis-félagar, m. pl. m
essmates in the same h., Edda 108. hálfrýmis-kista, u,
f. a chest or bench belonging to a h., Fms. viii. 85. há
lf-rökit (-rökvit, -rökvat), n. adj. half twilight,
 in the evening, Grett. 137, 140 A; hálf-rökvat is the mod. form
, which occurs in Grett. 79 new Ed., Jb. 176, Al. 54; vide rökvit. h&aac
ute;lf-sagðr, part. half told; in the saying, jafnan er há
lfsögð saga ef einn segir = audiatur et altera pars, Grett. 121.
hálf-sextugr, see hálfr II. hálf-sjauræ&et
h;r, adj. = hálfsjötugr, Stj. 48. hálf-sjötugr, see hálfr II. hálf-skiptr, part. = hálflitr, Fms.
ii. 170, Sturl. iii. 112. hálf-sleginn, part. half mown, o
f a field. hálf-slitinn, part. half worn. hálf-s
ofandi, part. half asleep. hálf-sótt, n. part. half passed; hálfsótt haf, a half-crossed sea. h&
aacute;lf-systkin, n. pl. half brother and sister, cp. hálfbr&
oacute;ðir. hálf-systur, f. pl. half sisters. h&aacu
te;lf-tíræðr, see hálfr II. hálf-troll, n. half a giant, Eg. 1, Nj. 164 (a nickname). hálf-tunna,
u, f. half a tun, Vm. 44. hálf-unninn, part. half done,
 Fas. ii. 339. hálf-vaxinn, part. half grown. h&aacu
te;lf-vegis, adv. by halves. hálf-virði, n. half
worth, Jb. 403, Glúm. 347, Sturl. ii. 132. hálf-visinn, part. and hálf-vista, adj. half withered, and medic. p
alsied on one side. hálf-viti, a, m. a half-witted man.
hálf-votr, adj. half wet. hálf-vætt, f
. half weight (a measure), Dipl. iv. 8, Fas. iii. 383. hálf-&th
orn;rítugr, see hálfr II; spelt half-ðritogr, Js. 79. h
álf-þurr, adj. half dry. hálf-þverrandi,
 part. half waning, Js. 732 (of the moon). hálf-þynna
, u, f. a kind of small axe, Gþl. 103, 104, Lv. 35. h&aacute
;lf-ærinn, part. half sufficient, Fms. viii. 440. hál
f-ærr, adj. half mad, Sks. 778. II. in mod. usage h&aacu
te;lf is freq. used = rather, e.g. hálf-kalt, adj. rathe
r cold: hálf-feginn, adj., eg er hálffeginn, I am r
ather glad: e-m er hálf-íllt, hálf-bumult, há
lf-óglatt, n. adj. one feels rather ill: hálf-hungra
ðr, hálf-svangr, hálf-soltinn, hálf-þyrstr, a
dj. rather hungry, rather thirsty, etc., and in endless compds.
hál-ka, u, f. slippiness; flug-hálka, gler-há
lka.
HÁLL, adj., fem. hál, neut. hált, [different from ha
llr, q.v.; O. H. G. hâli; mid. H. G. hæli] :-- slip
pery, of ice, glass, or the like, Eb. 120, 238, Fms. viii. 405, Nj. 144, Fb.
ii. 327, Fs. 38, passim.
hál-leikr, m. gliding, slippiness, Clar.
HÁLMR, m. [A. S. healm; Engl. haulm; Germ. and Dan.
halm; Gr. GREEK; Lat. calamus] :-- straw, Stj. 201, 390, 5
60, N. G. L. i. 38, Eg. 205, 213, 560, Fms. ii. 3, 208, vi. 153, ix. 44; mar-h&a
acute;lmr, seaweed.
hálm-strá, n. haulm-straw, Fas. iii. 412.
hálm-visk, f. a wisp of straw, Fms. ii. 208, vi. 212.

hálm-þúst, f. a flail, Þorf. Karl. 422.
HÁLS, m., prop. hals, [Goth., A. S., etc. hals; Nort
h. E. hause; cp. Lat. collum] :-- the neck; dúkr &aa
cute; hálsi, Rm. 16; bjartr háls, 26, Fms. viii. 77; falla um h&aa
cute;ls e-m, to fall on one's neck, embrace one, Luke xv. 20; leggja hend
r um háls e-m, or taka höndum um háls e-m, id., Nj. 10
, passim: phrases, beygja háls fyrir e-m, to bend the neck to one,
Fms. ix. 446; liggja e-m á hálsi, to hang upon one's neck,
i.e. to reprove one, xi. 336, O. H. L. 36; standa á hálsi
e-m, to put the foot on one's neck, Hkv. 2. 28; and more mod., tapa h&aac
ute;lsi, to forfeit one's neck, Rétt. 61. COMPDS: háls-b
eina, n. the neck-bone, Fb. iii. 195. háls-björg,
f. a gorget, Sturl. ii. 84, Bs. i. 541. háls-bólga,
u, f. bronchitis. háls-brotna, að, to break one's ne
ck, Fms. iii. 171. háls-digr, adj. thick-necked, Eg. 30
5, Fms. iii. 129. háls-faðma, að, to embrace, Str.
31. háls-faðman, f. an embrace, Str. 53. háls
-fang, n. embracing, Bret. 116, Sks. 513, Stj. háls-fengja,
 ð, to embrace, Barl. 29. háls-gjörð, f. a necklace, Edda 84. háls-högg, n. a cut or s
troke on the neck, Fms. viii. 318, Bs. i. 174, Fb. i. 139. háls-h&
ouml;ggva, hjó, to behead, Stj. 265, Hkr. i. 8. háls
-járn, n. a neck-iron, iron collar, Stj. 519, Dipl. v. 18, Fb.
iii. 560. háls-klútr, m. a neck cloth. há
ls-langr, adj. long-necked, Fms. vii. 175, Sd. 147. háls-la
usn, f. 'neck-loosing,' i.e. giving a bondman freedom, (cp. fr
jáls, frihals,) the rite is described in N. G. L. i. 212. hálsliðr, m. a neck vertebra, Finnb. 344. hálsliða-mj&u
acute;kr, adj. smooth-necked. háls-men, n. a neckla
ce, Am. 44. háls-sár, n. a neck wound, Sturl. ii
i. 115. háls-slag, n. = hálshögg, Fms. viii. 318. h
áls-spenna, t, to clasp the neck of another, Stj. 53. h&aac
ute;ls-stefni, n. the throat; hann lagði í hálsstef
ni framan fyrir hóstinn, Finnb. 314. háls-stig, n. tread
ing on one's neck, Anecd. 30. háls-stuttr, adj. short-necke
d.
B. Metaph., I. naut. part of the forecastle or bow o
f a ship or boat, (höfuð, barki, háls, the head, weasand, nec
k, are all naut. terms); Hýmir reri í hálsinum fram, Ed
da 35; Þórðr Köttr sat á hálsi ok hél
t vörð, Ísl. ii. 76; reri Þormóðr í h&aa
cute;lsi en Þorgeirr í fyrir-rúmi en Grettir í skut,
Grett. 125; Þorkell reri fram í hálsi en Þór&et
h;r í miðju skipi, Falgeirr í austr-rúmi, Fbr. 158; hen
ce háls-rúm, n. = háls, Fms. ii. 252. 2. the fron
t sheet of a sail, the tack of a sail, (cp. Swed. hals på ett segel
) :-- Edda (Gl.) distinguishes between hefill (q.v.), háls, hanki, h&
ouml;fuðbendur (stays); þá kom áfall svá m
ikit at frá laust vígin ok hálsana báða (brustu
báðir hálsar in the verse), Fas. ii. 77; en ef sax brotnar, b&
aelig;ti tvær ertogar, ok svá fyrir háls hvern, ok sv&aacute
; tvær ertugar, N. G. L. ii. 283: in mod. usage, in tacking, the foresh
eet is called háls, the other skaut, -- háls heitir á s
eglum skautið eðr skaut-klóin (sheet clew) hvor um sig, s&
uacute; er niðr liggr í hornunum, ok venjulega er fest í skipi
nu þar sem hentast þykkir fram eðr aptr, svo sem nú kalla
sjómenn horn segla þau sem niðr horfa hvort sem aptr eptir ski
pinu er borit og þar fest, skaut (i.e. sheet), en hitt segls
ins horn, sem fram eptir skipinu borit verðr, háls (i.e. ta
ck), Skýr. 214. hálsa-skaut, n. pl. the front sheet,
the tack, Vtkv. II. the end of a rope; þar sem jör
ðin lægist millum hálsanna, leitar vaðrinn at jörð
unni, Fms. xi. 441. 2. the tip of a bow to which the string is attache
d, Gr. GREEK; þeir höfðu handboga, en jörðin var sv&
aacute; blaut, at bogahálsinn beit í jörðina niðr, Al
. 142; báðir hrukku í sundr bogahálsarnir, Fas. ii. 88;
hann dregr svá bogann, at saman þótti bera hálsana,
Fb. iii. 406. 3. one end of a drag-net (net-háls). 4. the neck of a bottle, mod. III. the phrase, góðir h&a
acute;lsar, fine fellows! good men! is almost synonymous with drengr, q.v
.; no doubt analogous to frjáls, frihals, see p. 174, qs. freemen, gen
tlemen; vil ek nú biðja yðr, góðir hálsar!
at þér leggit til þat er yðr þykkir ráðl
igast, Sturl. iii. 71; séð nú, góðir hálsar!
Fms. viii. 116; gefit til gott ráð, góðir hálsar!
Stj. 437; hugsit um, góðir hálsar! 460; munda ek heldr þ
egja, góðir hálsar! Al. 97; sigrat hafit ér Serki, g&oa
cute;ðir hálsar! 119. IV. a hill, ridge, esp. in Icel.
of the low fells dividing two parallel dales, cp. Lat. collis, Nj. 21, Eg
. 544, Hrafn. 7, 11, Al. 93, Róm. 134, very freq.: as also in local names
, Háls, Hálsar, Glýstaða-háls, Reynivalla
-háls, Landn.: háls-brún, f. the edge of a hill, Eb. 176; cp. Fr. col. V. a pr. name, Landn.
hálsa, að, poët. to embrace, Gkv. 1. 13, 3. 4. 
II. to clew up the sail (cp. hálsan); þá mæ
lti hann til sinna manna, at hálsa skyldi seglin, Fagrsk. 86. III.
to cut boards uneven so as to leave waves (hálsar) on the
board.
hálsaðr, part. hilly, Stj. 94.
hálsan, f. a clewing up the sail, N. G. L. ii. 282 (Jb. 400
).
háls-bók, f. a book to swear upon; the commentators
explain it from its being worn round the neck, but no doubt erroneously; it is d
erived from A. S. hæls = salus, qs. hâls-bôc = healing book, holy book, Grág. i. 70, Fms. ix. 219, Nj.
háls-stefni, n., naut. term, the prow, Edda (Gl.): metaph.,
Finnb. 314.
hámetta, u, f. (for. word), an amice, in church service, Vm
. passim.
HÁR, adj., fem. há, neut. hátt, vide Gramm. p. xix;
compar. hæri or hærri, superl. hæstr; hæðstr and h&a
elig;rstr, which are found in old printed books, are bad forms; for the inflexio
ns, (which vary much, sometimes inserting f or v, sometimes not,)
see the references below; in mod. usage the v is usually dropped, but the
cases are bisyllabic, e.g. háir, háar, háa, háum, i
nstead of the old hávir, hávar, háva, háfum or h&aac
ute;m; the definite form in old writers is hávi or háfi, in mod. h
ái: [Ulf. hauhs = GREEK; A. S. heah; Engl. high; O.
H. G. hoh; Hel. hoh; Germ. hoch; old Frank, hag or hach; Swed. hög; Dan. höj; all of them with a fina
l guttural, which in mod. Dan. has been changed into j; the final labial
f or v, which in olden times was so freq. before a vowel, may be c
ompared to laugh, rough, etc. in mod. Engl.; the g remains in the
cognate word haugr] :-- high; stiga sex álna háfan, Vm. 129
; í hám fjalla-tindum, Edda 144 (pref.); á háfum fj&
ouml;llum, Skálda 181; há fjöll, Getsp.; á hám
gálga, Fsm. 45; á bekk hám, Akv. 2; hár bylgjur, Edd
a (Ht.); á borg inni há, Am. 18; á há fjalli, Gm. 17
, Bs. i. 26 (in a verse); enar hæstu fjalla hæðir, Stj. 59; h&aa
cute;r turn, Hkr. iii. 63; skaptið var eigi hæra, en ..., Eg. 285 (of
a spear); hátt hlaup, a high leap, i.e. from a high place, Fms. i.
166; hæri en grön er vex á hæsta fjalli, Hom. 152; h&aa
cute;var bárur, Gh. 13: hávar unnir, Skv. 2. 16; háfan gar&
eth;, Fms. vi. (in a verse); hávu grasi, Hm. 120; but há grasi. Gm
. 17; upp-háfa skúa, high boots, Fms. vii. 321: phrases, be
ra hæra skjöld, hlut, to carry the highest shield, lot, Fas.
i. 383, Ld. 322. 2. tall; hárr maðr vexti (tall of s
tature), manna hæstr, very tall, Fms. i. 155; hárr ma&et
h;r ok harðvaxinn, vii. 321. 3. a metrical term; syllables in rhyme h
aving the same consonants and quantity of vowels are jafn-háfar, in th
e same strain; kvattú svá? 'gröm skömm' eigi eru &th
orn;ær hendingar jafn háfar; 'hrömm skömm' þat v&ae
lig;ri jafnhátt, Fms. vi. 386. II. metaph. high, sublime, glori
ous; hærri tign, Fms. i. 214; enir hæstu Guðs postular, 625.
82; í hærra haldi, Fms. vii. 112; margar ræður þv&
iacute;líkar eða enn hæri, or still sublimer, Sks. 635;
hljóta háfan sigr, a glorious victory, Merl. 2. 69; h&aacut
e;fan ávöxt, Mar. kv. 17; hæstu daga, hæstu hát&i
acute;ðir, the highest days or feasts (hátíð
), Fms. x. 22. 2. at the highest pitch; meðan hæstir eru
stormar um vetrinn, Sks. 46; at hann væri kyrr meðan hæst v&ael
ig;ri vetrar, in the depth of winter, Fms. ix. 480; meðan hæst
væri sumars, in the height of summer, Lv. 43; hátt vetrar m
egin, Sks.; cp. há-degi, há-vetr, há-sumar
<PAGE NUM="b0244">
<HEADER>244 HÁALTARI — HÁSKASAMLIGA.</HEADER>
(below), 3. loud; blása hátt (a trumpet), Vsp. 47; brestr h
ár,
Fms. xi. IO, Glúm. 375; mæla hátt, to speak loud, Nj.
33; ok söng í
hátt, it gave a loud sound, 83; kveða við hátt ok &
ouml;skurliga, Fms. v.
164; þó þetta væri eigi hátt talat í fyrs
tu, ix. 250; æpa hátt, Sks. 653;
hafa hátt, to make a noise; cp. gráta hástöfum
(below), há-vaði (below);
hón verðr há við, she became clamorous, excited, &I
acute;sl. ii. 350; hlæja hátt,
to laugh loud, Skv. 2. 15. III. a mythol. pr. name, both Hár
and Hávi, Edda; Hávi and Hár are names of Odin the High, whence
Háva-mál, n. pl. the name of a poem, the Sayings of the High.
2.
prefixed in the pr. names Há-kon, Há-leygr, Há-rekr, H&aacu
te;-mundr,
Há-steinn, Há-varðr, Há-varr; and in local names, H&aac
ute;fa-fell,
etc.
n hann
IV. neut. as adverb; geisa hátt, Edda 146 (pref.); skí
nú því hærra, Fms. v. 241; unna e-m hærra en &ou

ml;ðrum, to love one higher
(more) than another, Sturl. i. 198; taka e-n hátt, to make much of
one,

Bs. i. 727; stökkva hátt, to make a high leap, look high, F&a
elig;r. 57; sitja
skör hærra en aðrir, a step higher, Fms. i. 7.
B. COMPDS: há-altari, n. a high altar, Symb. 24, Hkr. iii. 29
3,
Fb. ii. 376, Fms. v. 107, Dipl. iii. 4, V. 18, passim. há-bakki, a, m. a
high bank: hábakka-flæðr, f. a 'high-bank tide, '
very high tide. hábeinn and há-beinóttr, adj. high-legged, long-legged, &Iacu
te;sl. ii. 194, v. l.
há-bjarg, n. a high rock, Bs. i. 49.
high-curved, as a
há-bogaðr, adj.
saddle, Sks. 403. há-borð, n. a high table; in the phrase, eig

a ekki
upp á há-borðit, not to be tip at the high table, to be hel
d in small repute.

há-brók, f., poët. name of a hawk, Edda (Gl.), Gm.: a
nickname, Hkr.,
Eb. há-brókan, f. prudery, Karl. 239.
te;kask, að. dep. to puff
há-br&oacu
oneself up, Fms. x. 200, Karl. 181. há-degi, n. high day, abou
t twelve
o'clock (vide dagr), Nj. 208, Grett. 121, Landn. 94 (v. l. to miðdegi),
Stj. 447; hádegis sól, the midday sun, Pass. 37. 13.
h&aa
cute;degis-skeið,
n. the midday time, Sturl. ii. 199: in many local names, hádegis-v
arða,
-bunga, denoting the point in the horizon under the hádegi. há-eyr
r,
f. high-bank, a local name, Nj.
, poët, a
racehorse, Edda (Gl.)
. 87, Þm. 45,
há-feti, a, m. a high-stepper
há-fjall, n. a high fell, Eg. 58, Stj
Hým. 22, Róm. 129, Bs. ii. 5.

high flood-tide, Fbr. 181,
há-flæðr, f. a
þorf. Karl. 420. há-fæta, u, f. high-leg, a nickname,

Hkr. há-fættr,
adj. high-footed, Konr.
há-kirkja, u,
há-hestr, n. a high, tall horse.
f. a 'high-kirk,' cathedral, Magn. 420. há-leggr, adj. h

igh-leg, a nickname, Fb. iii.
há-leikr (há-leiki), m. height, Sks. 47, 173. háleitliga,
adv.highly, gloriously, Sks. 623, Stj. passim, Fms. i. 331, Barl.
6.
há-leitligr, adj. sublime, Bs. i. 48. há-leitr, adj.
high-look
ing,
looking upwards; metaph. sublime, Fms. i. 96, Sturl. ii. 15, Th.
21.
há-liga, adv. highly, Hom. 2 I, O. H. L. 7.
há-ligr, ad
j. high, sublime.

há-limar, f. pl. the high branches, Stj. 534.
b. a-messa, u, f.
highmass,
Fms. ii. 37, vii. 144, 188. hámessu-mál, n. high-mass time
, Fms.
viii. 291, Bs. ii. 24. há-mælgi, f. loud talking, Fms, iii.
153. hámæli,
n., in the phrase, komask í hámæli, to get out,
of a rumour,
Fms. iv. 80. há-mæltr, part, loud-voiced, Sturl. i. 167.
hánefjaðr,
adj. high-nebbed, Fas. i. 73. há-nefr, m. high-neb,
a nickname,
Rd. há-pallr, m. the daïs in a hall, Fms. vi. 440. h&aac
ute;reysti,
f. a din, noise, Nj. 83, Fms. i. 34, Gþl. 16.
há-re
ystr, adj.
loud speaking, Greg. 54.

Eg. (in a
há-salir, m. pl. the high halls,
verse). há-segl, n. the 'high-sail, ' mainsail, Fas. ii. 494, Hkv.
I. 29.
há-seymdr, part, studded, of a bridle, Grett. 129, Stj. 564. h&a
acute;skeptr,
part, high-handled, of an axe, Eb. 186, Fbr. 14.
h&aacute
;-skóli,
a, m. a high school, (mod.)
s. x. 417.
há-staðr, m. a high place, Fm
há-stafir, m. pl., in the phrase, gráta, hljóða ... h&a

acute;stöfum, to weep, cry
aloud, Nj. 27, Stj. 421, Grett. 171 new Ed.
há-steint, n. adj.
(= staksteinott), with rough boulders; var hásteint í &aacu

te;nni, Fms. ix. 404.
há-stigi, a, m. = háfeti, Edda (Gl.) há-sumar, n. 'highsummer, '
midsummer, Bs. 5. 32, Grett. 156 new Ed., Sks. 200.
e;mi,
hásumar-t&iacut
a, m. midsummer time. há-sæti, n. a 'high-seat, ' Dan

. böjsæde, throne,

for a king or earl; the high-seat at a commoner's table was called öndvegi,
q. v., cp. Nj. 175 — hvárki em ek konungr né jarl, ok &thorn
;arf ekki at gera h.
undir mér, ok þnrf ekki at spotta mik. Eg. 43, Nj. 6, Fms. i. 7, iv
. 108,
vi. 439, ix. 254; in a ship, iv. 39. hásætis-borð, n. a hi
gh-teat table,

Hkr. ii. 188. hásætis-kista, u, f. a ' high-seat chest,
' a daïs or chest
near the high-seat, in which weapons and treasures were kept, Fms. vii.
185, viii. 444, x. 360, xi. 220.
n in the
hásætis-maðr; m. the ma
chair, Ísl. ii. 438.

hásætis-stóll, m. a t
hrone, Stj. há-talaðr, part.
= hámæltr, Bs. i. 819.
há-timbra, að, to build hig
h, Vsp. 7, Gm. 16.
há-tíð, f. [Germ. hochzeit; Dan. höjtid], a 'high-tide, ' a high day. festival,

Bs. i. 38, passim, Nj. 157, Fms. xi. 425, K. A. 164: proverb., hát&iacute
;ð er
til heilla bezt, Ld. 176 (Fms. ii. 39): very freq. esp. in eccl. sense,
Jóla-h., Páska-h., Hvítasunnu-h., fæðingar-h.; &I
acute; dag þá hátíð höldurn vúr,
Hólabók.
hátíðar-aptan, m. the eve of a fe
ast, Bs. i. 170. hátíðardagr,
m. a high day, Fms. ii. 198, Sturl. i. 130. hátíða
r-hald, n.
the holding a feast, Hom. 83, Fms. i. 260: gen. hátíðis
also occurs in
compds, hátíðis-dagr, m., Fms. x. 13 (v. l.), Sturl. i. 30; h&
aacute;tíðiskveld,
n. = hátíðaraptan.
hátíð-ligr, adv.
with festivity, Hkr. i. 287,
Fms. x. 149, Sks. 48.
tj. 48, 110,
hátið-ligr, adj., festive, Sks. 465, S
471, Hom. 97, 145, Fms. x. 280. há-vaði, a, m. a noise, tumult, Bs.
ii. 182, Fas. ii, 230; í hávaða, aloud, Rd. 252, Fms. i
. 289, Sturl. ii. 246:
the greatest number, main part of a thing, hann náði há
vaðanum, he caught
the main part; missa hávaðan af því, to lose the
main part. hávaða-maðr,
m. a haughty person, Ísl. ii. 203, Nj. 61, passim.
háva
ðamikill,
adj. haughty, boasting, Fms. ii. 154, vi. 106, Finnb. 292. há
vaðasamr,
adj. boisterous, Dropl. 7. há-varr, proncd. h&
aacute;værr, adj. loud,
noisy: há-værðj f. noisy, making a noise.
h&aacu
te;-vegir, m. pl. highways;

in the phrase, hafa e-n í hávegum, to make much of one. h
á-vella, u,
f. a sea-pheasant, phasianus marinus. há-vetr, n. 'high-winte
r, ' midwinter,
Orkn. 110, Thom. 333, Hkr. ii. 47, Bs. ii. 22, 27. há-vetri, n. =
hávetr, Fms. viii. 247 (v.l.), Fb. iii. 231, Stj. 78, Fas. iii. 371.
HÁR, mod. háfr, m. [Germ, hai] , a dog-fish, squ
alus acanthius, Skálda

162. In compds há- marks fish of the shark kind, as há-karl
(q. v.), a
shark, carcharias, Ann.: há-kerling, f. = hákarl: há-me
ri, f. squalus
glaucus: há-mús, f. chimaera monstrosa, Linn.; also cal
led geirnyt,
Eggert Itin. 360: há-skerðingr, m. = hákarl, Edda (Gl.), Gr&aa
cute;g. ii. 337,
359, Pm. 69: háskerðinga-lýsi, n. shark's oil, H. E. i.
395: háfsroð,
n. shark's skin, shagreen.
HÁR, m., acc. há, pl. háir, a thole, Am. 35,
Grett. 125, Fas. i. 215,
Þiðr. 313; whence há-benda, u, f. = hamla, q. v.; há-bor
ur, f. pl.,
q. v.; há-reiðar, f. pl. rowlocks, prop, 'thole-gear, '
synonymous with
hamla; inn féll (sjór) um söxin ok háreiðarnar, St
url. iii. 66, (Cd. Brit.
Mus., Cd. Arna-Magn. háborurnar); leggja árar í háre
iðar, to lay the oars
in the rowlocks, Fms. xi. 70 (v. 1. to hörnlur), 101, x. 285; lú
gu þar árar
í háreiðum, Eg. 360 (v. l. to hömlu-böndum), Lex. Po
ët.: ha-seti, a, m.
a ' thole-sitter, ' oarsman, opp. to the captain or helmsman, Grág
. i. 90,
N. G. L. i. 98, Landn. 44, Fbr. 62 new Ed., Fms. vi. 239, 246: hástokkar,
m. pl. the gunwale, Bs. i. 385, 390. β in poetry a ship is
called há-dýr, n., há-sleipnir, m. the horse of rowlocks
.
HÁR, n. [A.S. hær ; Engl. hair; Germ. har; Dan.-Swed. hår; Lat.
caesaries] :— hair, including both Lat. crines and capilli, Skálda 162, Nj.
2, Sks. 288; fara ór hárum, to change the hair, of beasts,
passim; eitt
hár hvítt eðr svart, Matth. v. 36; höfuð-hár,

the hair of the head; lík-hár;
the hair on the body, breast, or hands of men, opp. to the head; &
uacute;lfaldahár,
iii. 4; hross-hár, horse-hair; hunds-hár, kattar-hú
r.
COMPDS:
hára-lag, n. the fashion of the hair.
e colour of the
hárs-litr, m. th
hair, Nj. 219, Fms. xi. 8, Ld. 274. ⇒ For the hair of women, see
Nj. ch. 1, 78, 117, Landn. 2, ch. 30, Edda 21, passim; of men, Nj. ch.
121, Ld. ch. 63, and passim.
hár-amr, m., proncd. hárramr = hárhamr (cp. Ivar Aas
en haaram),
the hairy side of a skin, Fas. i. 289.
hár-beittr, adj. = hárhvass.
har-bjartr, adj. bright-haired, Fas. ii. 365.
hár-dregill, m. a hair ribbon, Stj.
há-reiðar, f. pl. rowlocks; see above, under há
r, a thole.
hár-fagr, adj. fair-haired, a nickname of king Harold.
hár-ferð, f. the fashion of the hair, Sturl. iii. 83.
hár-fletta, u, f., and hár-fléttingr, m. a plait
of hair, Str. 40.
hár-greiða, u, f. a wide-toothed comb.
hár-hvass, adj. hair-edged, as a rasor, Eg. 715.
har-kambr, in. a hair comb.
hár-klæði, n. a haircloth, Fms. v. 160, Rb. 368,
Hom. 105.
hár-knífr, m. a hair knife, rasor, Bs. i. 306, Dipl.
v. 18, Fms. v. 185,

Stj. 409, 418, Þiðr. 122, Str. 77.
hárr, adj. [A.S. hear; Engl. hoar], hoary; h
árir ok gamlir, Haustl. 10;
háran ok skeggjaðan, 655 xiv. B, Fms. vii. 321, Ýt. 13, Fin. 3
4, Húm.
16; hárr í skeggi, Ld. 274; hárr þulr, Hm. 135; h&aac
ute;rir menn, old men,

Sighvat: in compds, fagr-hárr, fair-haired; dökk-harr, dar
k-haired;

rauð-hárr, red-haired; hvít-hárr, white-haire
d; þunn-húrr, thin-haired;

strý-hárr, bristly-haired; hrokkin-hárr, curly-ha
ired; slétt-hárr, sleek-haired;
mjúk-hárr, soft-haired; laus-hárr, loose-haired,
with floating
hair, of women: in mod. usually hærðr (q. v.), fagr-hærð
r, etc.
hár-rætr or hárs-rætr, f. pl. the lin
e on the scalp, esp. on the forehead,
where the hair begins, [cp. Ivar Aasen baargard'] ; upp í
hársrætr,
upp í hársrótum, Eg. 305, Sturl. iii. 283.
hár-sárr, adj. having sensitive hair.
hár-skurðr, m. the cut of the hair, N. G. L. i. 345, F
ms. ii. 189.
hár-taug f. a string of horse-hair, Sturl. iii. 206.
hár-toga, að, to pull by the hair: metaph. to twist or split a hair.
hár-vara, u, f, fur, Fms. x. 202.
hár-vöxtr, m. hair-growth.
há-seti, a, m. a mate; see above, under hár, a t
hole.
há-sin, f. [the há- answers to A.S. hôh, Engl.

hough; cp. A.S. hohsin,

Engl. hough sinew, O.H.G. hahsa or hasina, Bavar. h&auml
;chsen, mid.H.G.
hahse, Dan. hase, with a dropped n; see Grimm's Gramm. iii.
405] :—
a hough sinew or tendon, Hrafn. 20, Eb. 242, passim.
HÁSKI, a, m. [akin to hætta, q. v.; in North. E. hask
is used of
a cold, stormy wind], danger, K. Þ K. 82, Al. 30, Fms. vii. 220, 25
2,
passim; lífs-háski, life's peril; sjávar-h., dang
er on the sea; salar-h.,
soul's peril. COMPDS: háska-för, -ferð, f. a dangerou
s exploit, Fms.
viii. 50. háska-lauss, adj. without danger, 623. 40, Hkr. i. 488.
háska-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), dangerous. háska-samliga, a
dv.
<PAGE NUM="b0245">
<HEADER>HÁSKASAMLIGR -- HEFJA. 245</HEADER>
dangerously, Fms. ii. 16, ix. 512, Stj. 189. háska-samligr,
adj. perilous, Eg. 73, Fms. i. 76, viii. 328, Gþl. 199. h&aacut
e;ska-tími, a, m. time of danger, Sks. 45. háska-v&a
acute;n, f. danger to come, Sks. 182.
hás-mæltr, adj. hoarse speaking, Íb. 13.
HÁSS, adj. [A. S. hæs; Engl. hoarse; O. H. G.
heis; Germ. heiser; Dan. hæs] :-- hoarse, Fms
. i. 283, passim.
há-stokkar, m. the 'thole-beam,' gunwale; see hár, a thole.
há-sæti, n. a high-seat; see hár, high.
há-tíð, f. a feast; see hár, high.
HÁTTA, að, [akin to hagr, haga, q.v., qs. hagta], to dispos
e, contrive, with dat., Bs. i. 170, Fms. vi. 149, Hkr. i. 120, Sks. 286: wit
h adv., hátta svá, þannig, Al. 104, Fms. i. 57. 2. im
pers. it happens; háttar svá, at hann kom, Fms. x. 404: so
also in neut. part., with the auxiliary verb, Dana-virki er svá h&aacute
;ttað, the Dannewerk is so constructed, of that nature, Germ. so b
eschaffen, Fms. i. 123; hversu háttað er, iv. 274; honum er sv&aa
cute; háttað, at hann fjarar allan at þurru, Eb. 236; sv&aacute
; er háttað, at þú ert með barni, Anal. 137; þ

ar er svá háttað lands-legi, Fms. vii. 56; yðr frænd
um er svá háttað, you are of that mould, Nj. 252; sv&aa
cute; er háttað, 73; hvernig var jörðin háttuð, how was the earth shapen? Edda 6. 3. háttaðr, pa
rt. mannered; vel, ílla h., Mar.: treated, sá hann
hve bogi hans var til háttaðr, Fb. i. 532.
B. To go to bed; þar vóru góð híb&y
acute;li ok heldr snemma háttað, Fs. 131; hann háttar snemma,
ok er þeir höfðu sofit svefn, 143, Fas. ii. 428, freq. in mod. us
age; cp. hætta, to leave work.
hátt-góðr, adj. well-mannered, Eb. 258, Fms. ix.
4.
hátt-lausa, u, f. a kind of metre, Edda 137.
hátt-prúðr, adj. well-mannered, Fms. viii. 4.
hátt-prýði, n. good manners, courteousness, Fms.
x. 75.
HÁTTR, m., gen. háttar, dat. hætti, pl. hættir,
acc. háttu, [akin to hagr, qs. hagtr], manner, habit: I. a mode of life, habit; ríkra manna háttr, Nj. 268; fara vel
með sínum háttum, to conduct oneself well, Eg. 65; r&aa
cute;ða sjálfr háttum sínum, to be one's own master,
 Fms. vii. 199; fornmennis-háttr, ii. 59; riddaraligr háttr, x
. 230; víkinga-háttr, Fb. i. 412; þat er háttr sk&aac
ute;lda at (it is the fashion of poets to) lofa þann mest er &thorn
;á eru þeir fyrir, Hkr. (pref.): hátta-góðr, adj. well-mannered, Eb. 258: halda teknum hætti, to go on in
one's usual way, persevere, Fb. ii. 85, Eb. 77. 2. conduct; va
nda um háttu manna, Fb. ii. 37. II. a mode, way of doing a thin
g; kunna hátt á e-u, to know how to do a thing, Barl. 1
01 :-- answering to Lat. hoc modo, hunc ad modum, hann reist örn &a
acute; baki honum með þeima hætti, at ..., Hkr. i. 108; hann st&
oacute;ð upp ok svaraði erendi konungs með þessum hætti
(as follows), Fms. i. 33; með hverjum hætti, in what manner?
how? með ymsum hætti, etc. 2. appearance, manner; h
versu vóru þeir menn í hátt, how did those men loo
k? Stj. 396; jörðin ok dýrin ok fuglarnir höfðu sam
an eðli í sumum hlutum, en þó ólík at h&ae
lig;tti, but unlike in manners, Edda 144 (pref.): manner, kind, s&
aacute; er annarr háttr jarldóms, N. G. L. ii. 403. 3. m
oderation, measure; ágirni kann engan hátt, Hom. 18; hó
fsemi er háttr alls lífs, 28. 4. adverbial usages answering
to Lat, -modi in hujusmodi, ejusmodi: α. gen., mikil
s háttar, Fms. vi. 20, 144, 229, viii. 198, x. 234; lítils h&aacut
e;ttar, insignificant, vi. 7, 229, viii. 198; minna háttar, i. 160
; alls-háttar, of every kind, iii. 184; nokkurs háttar, 
in some way, Stj. 178; þess-háttar, of that kind, Edda 1
49 (pref.), passim; engis-háttar, in nowise, Stj. 81; margs-h&aacu
te;ttar, of many kinds, Stj. passim. β. acc., á allan
hátt, in every respect, Bs. i. 857; á engan hátt, by no means; á ymsan hátt, in various respects; &aacut
e; hvárigan hátt, etc. γ. eptir hætti, duly,
tolerably, as may be expected. III. a metre; þenna h&aa
cute;tt fann fyrst Veili, Edda (Ht.) 131; þeir létu vera fimm v&iac
ute;sur með hverjum hætti, Orkn. 304, cp. Edda (Ht.) passim; eptir h&a
elig;tti, in the proper metre, Edda 131. Names of metres, Kviðu-h&aac
ute;ttr, the epic metre (as the Völuspá), Skálda; Lj&o
acute;ða-h. or Ljóðs-h., the trimeter in old saws and dida
ctic poems (as the Háva-mál); Mála-h., Ref-hvarfa-h., Or&et
h;skviða-h., Draugs-h., Flagða-h., Dýri-h., Nýi-h., &Aacut
e;lags-h., Hátt-lausa: derived from the names of men, Egils-h., Braga-h.,
Torf-Einars-h., Fleins-h.; Núfu-h., Edda; of countries, Grænlenzki
-h., expounded in Edda (Ht.) and Háttat. Rögnvalds, Skálda: a saying is called máls-háttr. COMPDS: hátta-f&oum
l;ll, n. pl. a flaw in a metre, Edda (Ht.) 134, 135, Skálda 21
0. hátta-lykill, m. a key to metres, the name of an old poe
m on metres, Orkn. 304 (printed at the end of the Skálda, Reykjaví
k 1849). hátta-skipti, n. a shifting of metre, Edda 129. hátta-tal, n. a number of metres, the name of a poem on metre
s, = Hátta-lykill, Edda 192; also in the title of Edda (Ub.) ii. 250.
hátt-samr, adj. conducted, Stj. 206.
hátt-semi, f. conduct.
háttung, f. danger, risk, Fms. vi. 206, Fas. i. 178, Bs. ii
. 120; cp. hætting.
há-vaði, a, m. a noise; see hár, high.
há-varr, adj. loud, noisy; see hár, high.
héðan, adv., hieðan in an old vellum, 655 x. 2, which shew
s that the pronunciation was the same then as now, [A. S. heonan; North.
E. hein and hine; cp. Germ. hin] :-- hence, from this pl
ace, Gm. 28, Ls. 7, Skm. 38, Hbl. 13, Am. 36, Nj. 32, Jb. 10, Grág. i
. 150, Edda 8; fyrir héðan e-t, on the hither side, Symb. 30;
fyrir héðan hafit, on the hither side of the sea, Fas. ii. 240
. II. temp. henceforth, Fms. vi. 279, xi. 84; héðan fr&
aacute;, héðan í frá (mod. héðan af), her
eafter, Nj. 83, Ísl. ii. 237. héðan-kváma, u
, f. departure from hence, Fas. ii. 121 (in a verse).
HÉÐINN, m., dat. héðni, [akin to haðna, q.v.],
a jacket of fur or skin, Hm. 72; úlf-héðinn, 
wolf-coat, Fs. 77, the name of a berserker, 17; geit-héðin
n, a goat's skin coat, Nj. 211; bjarn-héðinn, a bear's skin
coat; the phrase, veifa héðni at höfði e-m, to wrap
a skin round one's head, to hoodwink one, Eb. 32 new Ed., Grett. ch. 66, &O
acute;. H. 139: héðin-stykki, n. a piece of fur, D. N.
II. a mythical pr. name, Edda, Lex. Poët.: in compds, Bjarn-h&eacute
;ðinn, Úlf-héðinn, Skarp-héðinn, Bs., Landn., N
j.
héðra, adv. [Ulf. hidre = GREEK], hither or h
ere; héðra nær, Landn. 146; mönnum héðra, the men here, Dropl. 22; hann ferr héðra at heimboðum, Boll
. 346, Fms. vi. 428 (in a verse).
HEFÐ, f. [hafa, to take, = Lat. usu-capere], a law term
, loss or gain of claim by lapse of time; hefð ok land, Bs. i.
689; hefð lands-laga, 720; með réttri ok löglegri hefð,
730, Rétt. 230, D. N. passim, H. E. i. 456, cp. Jb. s. v. tuttugu &aacut
e;r, pp. 142, 251, 351. COMPDS: hefðar-maðr, m. a claimant by

possession, Bs. i. 731. hefðar-vitni, n. a witness in a case o
f hefð, Gþl. 300. hefða-skipti, n. a change of h
efð, D. N. II. [hefja], reputation: hefðar-ligr, ad
j. (-liga, adv.), fine, grand: hefðar-maðr, m. a
n eminent man, Fms. iii. 134.
hefða, að, to take, by way of usucaptio, D. N., Mar
.
HEFILL, m. [from hefja, to heave; from this Norse word are no doub
t derived the Engl. to haul and halyard, 'hel' or 'hal' bei
ng contracted from hefill], a naut. term, the clew-lines and bunt-line
s of a sail; láta síðan síga ór heflum (t
o unfurl the sail), ok sækja eptir þeim, Fb. iii. 563; lé
t hann þá hleypa ór heflunum segli á skeiðinni, &
Oacute;. H. 182 (Fb. l.c. homlu wrongly); N. G. L. i. 199 distinguishes between
hefill, sviptingr (reefs), hanki (blocks): hefil-skapt, n.
a boat-hook to pull the sail down; þá þreif Ingimundr
hefilskapt ok vildi kippa ofan, Bs. i. 422: hefla-skurðr, m. = hefla
n, q.v.; mínka skal sigling með hálsan ok heflaskurð, N. G
. L. i. 282. II. a plane, (mod., from Germ. hobel.)
HEFJA, pret. hóf, pl. hófu; part. hafinn, but also hafi&eth
;r (weak); pres. indic. hef; pret. subj. hæfi, with neg. suff. hófat, Korm.; [Ulf. hafjan; A. S. hebban; Engl. heave, pret. hove; O. H. G. hafan; Germ. heben; Dan. hæve; S
wed. häfva; cp. Lat. capere, in-cipere.]
A. To heave, lift, raise; hefja stein, to lift a stone, Eg.
142; ok munu nú ekki meira hefja fjórir menn, 140; (hón) h
óf hann at lopti, hove him aloft, Ýt. 9; hefja e-n til himi
ns, Edda 61 (in a verse); hóf hann sér af herðum hver, Hym. 36
; þá er hefja af hvera (mod. taka ofan pott, to take the pot off
), Gm. 42; hóf sér á höfuð upp hver Sifjar ver
r, Hým. 34; hón hófat augu af mér, she took not h
er eyes off me, Korm. 16; hann hóf upp augu sín, he lifted
up his eyes, 623. 20; hefja sik á lopt, to make a leap, Nj. 14
4. 2. phrases, hefja handa, to lift the hands (for defence), Nj. 6
5, Ld. 262; h. höfuðs, to lift the head, stand upright, be undaunted
; sá er nú hefir eigi höfuðs, Nj. 213: h. sinn munn &
iacute; sundr, to open one's mouth, Sturl. iii. 189: hefja graut, skyr, e
tc., to lift the porridge, curds, etc., eat food with a spoon, Fms
. vi. 364; Rindill hóf (Ed. hafði wrongly) skyr ok mataðisk skj&o
acute;tt, Lv. 63. 3. hefja út, to lift out a body, carry it fro
m the house (út-hafning), Eg. 24; er mik út hefja, Am. 100; va
r konungr hafiðr dauðr ór hvílunni, Hkr. iii. 146. The cer
emony of carrying the corpse out of the house is in Icel. still performed with s
olemnity, and followed by hymns, usually verses 9 sqq. of the 25th hymn of the P
assíu-Sálmar; it is regarded as a farewell to the home in which a
person has lived and worked; and is a custom lost in the remotest heathen age; c
p. the Scot. to lift. β. hefja (barn) ór heiðnum d
ómi, to lift (a bairn) out of heathendom, is an old
eccl. term for to be sponsor (mod. halda undir skírn), Sighvat (in
a verse); N. G. L. i. 350 records three kinds of sponsorship -- halda barni und
ir primsignan, önnur at hefja barn ór heiðnum dómi, &thor
n;riðja at halda á barni er biskup fermir: to baptize, skal &t
horn;at barn til kirkju færa ok hefja ór heiðnum dómi, 1
2; barn hvert er borit verðr eptir nótt ina helgu, þá sk
al haft vera (baptized) at Páskum, id. 4. to exalt,
Ad. 20, cp. with Yngl. S. ch. 10; hóf hann Jóseph til sæm&et
h;ar, Sks. 454; hafðr til ríkis, 458; upp hafðr, 451; önd he
nnar var upp höfð yfir öll engla fylki, Hom. 129; hann mektaði
sk mjök ok hóf sik of hátt af þeim auðæfum, S
tj. 154; at hann hæfi upp (exaltaret) Guðs orð með tung
unni, Skálda 208; konungr hóf hann til mestu metorða, 625. 31:
er hans ríki hóf, 28. II. impers., 1. to be heav
ed, hurled, drifted, by storm, tide, or the like; þá hóf
upp knörr (acc.) undir Eyjafjöllum, a ship was upheaved by the gal
e, Bs. i. 30; hóf öll skipin (acc. the ship drifted) sama
n inn at landinu, Hkr. i. 206; þetta hóf (drifted) fyrir str
aumi, iii. 94; þeir létu hefja ofan skipin forstreymis, let the
ship drift before the stream, Fms. vii. 253; Birkibeina hefr undan, the B
. went back, ix. 528. 2. medic., en er af henni hóf öngvi
t (acc. when she awoke, of one in a swoon), Bjarn. 68; þá h&
oacute;f af mér vámur allar (acc. all ailments left me), sv
á at ek kenni mér nú hvergi íllt, Sturl. ii. 54; ek
sé at þú ert fölr mjök, ok má vera, at af &
thorn;ér hafi, I see thou art very pale, but may be it will pass off, Finnb. 236; hóf honum heldr upp brún (acc. his face brighte
ned), Eg. 55. III.
<PAGE NUM="b0246">
<HEADER>246 HEFLA -- HEGNA.</HEADER>
reflex. to raise oneself, to rise; hefjask til ófriðar, to
raise war, rebel, Eg. 264. β. to be raised; hefjask til
ríkis, to be raised to the throne, Fms. i. 99; hefjask hát
t, to be exalted, Fs. 13; hann hafði hafisk af sjálfum s&eacut
e;r, he had risen by himself, Eg. 23; féll Hákon en h&oacut
e;fsk upp Magnúss konungr, Sturl. i. 114; Þórðr h&oacute
;fsk (rose) af þessu, Landn. 305, Hom. 152. 2. phrases, hefj
ask við, to lay to, a naut. term; lét þá jarl hef
jask við ok beið svá sinna manna, Fms. viii. 82; hefjask undan, to retire, draw back, Sd. 144: in the phrase, hefjask af höndum e-m,
to leave one; hefsk nú aldregi af höndum þeim, give
them no rest, Fms. xi. 59. 3. part., réttnefjaðr ok hafit
upp í framanvert, Nj. 29.
B. Metaph. to raise, begin, Lat. incipere: 1. to
raise; hefja flokk, to raise a party, a rebellion, Fms. viii. 273; h.
rannsókn, to raise an enquiry, Grág. ii. 193; h. ák
all, to raise a claim, Eg. 39; h. brigð, to make a reclamation, Gþl. 295. 2. to begin; hefja teiti, Fms. vii. 119; h. gild
i, Sturl. i. 20; h. Jóla-hald, to begin (keep) Yule,
Fms. i. 31; h. boðskap, ii. 44: of a book, þar hefjum vér s&ou
ml;gu af hinum helga Jóni biskupi, Bs. i. 151; h. mál, to begin
one's speech, Ld. 2; h. ferð, to start, Fb. ii. 38; h. orrustu.
β. with prep. upp, (hence upp-haf, beginning); hóf Hel
gi upp mál sitt, Boll. 350; Egill hóf upp kvæðit, E.
began his poem, 427; hann heyrði messu upp hafna, Fms. v. 225; hefja upp
sálm, to begin a hymn, 623. 35; Flosi hóf upp suðrg&ou
ml;ngu sína, F. started on his pilgrimage, Nj. 281; h. upp gö
ngu sína, to start, Rb. 116. γ. hefja á r&aacu
te;s, to take to one's feet; síðan hefr hann á r&aacute
;s ok rann til bæjarins, Eg. 237; hinir Gautsku höfðu (thus weak
vide hafa C. 2) á rás undan, Fms. iv. 120. δ. absol.,
hann hóf svá, he began thus, Fms. i. 33; þar hef ek
upp, vii. 146; þar skal hefja upp við arftöku-mann, start from
the a., Grág. i. 62. II. impers. to begin; hér
hefr Þingfara-bólk (acc.), Gþl. 5; hér hefr upp Kristi
ndóms-bólk, 39, 75, 378; hér hefr Landnáma-bó
k, Landn. 24; hér hefr upp landnám í Vestfirðinga fj&oa
cute;rðungi, 64, 168 (v.l.), 237 (v.l.); hér hefr Kristni-Sögu,
Bs. i. 3; nú hefr þat hversu Kristni kom á Ísland, id
.; hér hefr sögu af Hrafni á Hrafnsevri, 639; hér hefr
upp ok segir frá þeim tíðindum, er ..., Fms. viii. 5; &
aacute;ðr en hefi sjálfa bókina, Gþl.; hér hefr s
ögu Gísla Súrs-sonar, Gísl. (begin.), v.l.: with upp,
ok upp hefr Skáldskapar-mál ok Kenningar, Edda (Arna-Magn.) ii. 42
7; hér hefr upp Konunga-bók og hefr fyrst um þriðjunga-s
kipti heimsins, Hkr. Cod. Fris. 3; hann kom til Túnsbergs er upp h&oacute
;f Adventus Domini, Fms. ix. 338. III. reflex. to begin; þar
hefsk saga Harðar, Landn. 62; hvaðan hefir hafizk sú í&th
orn;rótt, whence originates that art? Edda 47; hér hefjask
upp landnám, Landn. 275; hófsk ríki Haralds konungs, kin
g H.'s reign began, Ld. 2; áðr Rómverja-ríki h&oacu
te;fsk, Rb. 402; hófusk (höfðusk, Ed. wrongly) þá e
nn orrostur af nýju, Fms. xi. 184; hvernig hafizk hefir þessi &uacu
te;hæfa, Al. 125; nú hefsk önnur tungl-öldin, Rb. 34; &th
orn;á hefsk vetr, 70-78, 436.
HEFLA, að, to furl the sail by hauling in the bunts and clews;
látum vér Hrapp nú í seglit, þat var heflat u
pp við rána, Nj. 135; þá lét hann h. ok beið
liðs síns, Ó. H. 182; síðan var heflat á kon
ungs-skipinu, ok var sagt á önnur skipin, at öll skyldu sigla j
afn-framt, Fms. ix. 285; þá bað jarl hefla ok bíða &
thorn;eirra er síðarr færi, Fb. ii. 563; þá haf&et
h;i Erlingr heflat á skeið sinni, at eigi skyldi hón ganga hva
tara en önnur skip, Fagrsk. 86, (heflið á skeiðinni, at h&oa
cute;n gangi eigi undan öðrum skipum, v.l.) II. to plane,
(mod.)
heflan, f. a hauling in the clews and bunts of a sail, N. G. L. i.
282, v.l.
HEFNA, d, also spelt hemna, N. G. L. i. 19, [Dan. hævne; Swed. hämna] :-- to revenge, with dat. of the person and
gen. of the thing, or ellipt. omitting either the gen. or the dat., or adding an
adverb: I. gener. to avenge, take vengeance; hefna Grími s
innar svívirðingar, Fms. ii. 172; vildi jarl nú gjarna h. &THO
RN;orleifi þessar smánar, Fb. i. 213; á ek at h. honum mikil
lar sneypu, Fms. x. 341; sagði hvers honum var at hefna, Bret. 50; át
tú honum at hefna frænda-láts, Fb. ii. 350; at hann mundi he
nni þess sárliga h., 381; eða hverr er hér sá r&i
acute;kis-manna, er eigi muni honum eiga at h. stórsaka? Ó. H. 213
; ek skal fara með þér ok skulu vit hefna honum, Eg. 189; &thor
n;ví mæli ek eigi í móti, at þér farit v
ið liði ok hefnit þeim, Fms. ix. 306; hón hefnir ok þ
eim er brigða, Edda 21. β. with gen., þó skal ek &
thorn;essa hefna, Nj. 19; Guð hefnir svá reiði sinnar, Sks. 338;
goð hefna eigi alls þegar, Nj. 132: h. sín, to avenge onesel
f; sá maðr er á er unnit á at hefna sín, Gr&
aacute;g. ii. 17; hefnit yðar eigi sjálfir, Rom. xii. 19; ok bl&oacut
e;ðs sinna þjóna hefir hann hefnt, Rev. xix. 2; þeir menn
, er þeir áttu minna í at hefna, those men who had less t
o avenge, Eg. 86; verðr þeim því ekki skjótt h
efndr sinn ósómi, Fbr. 22. γ. with prep. á; he

fna e-s á e-m, to avenge a thing upon one, Eg. 425, Fb. i. 471, S
ks. 719, Sturl. ii. 148; this also is the mod. usage, og hefnir vors bló&
eth;s á þeim, Rev. vi. 10: singly, hefna á e-m, en ef hann v
ill eigi bæta, þá megu frændr hins dauða h. &aacute
; honum, N. G. L. i. 122. II. with a single gen. and referring to the
blood revenge; hversu Hákon jarl hefndi föður síns,
Fms. i. 56; hefna Rögnvalds, ix. 306; h. myndi Höskuldr þ&iacute
;n, Nj. 176; at þú hefnir þeirra sára allra, er hann h
afði á sér dauðum, id.; hefndú (imperat.) vá
r, en vér þín ef vér lifum eptir, 198; þat hl&a
elig;gir mik, segir Skarphéðinn, ef þú kemsk brott, m&aa
cute;gr, at þú munt h. mín, 202; sverja þann eið,
at hverr skal annars h. sem bróður sins, Gísl. 11; nú v
ilda ek til þess mæla, at hvárr okkarr hefndi annars, s&aacut
e; er lengr lifði, ef vit höfum líflát af vápnum e
ðr manna-völdum, Barn. 58; þó er þér meiri na
uðsyn at h. föður þíns en spá mér sl&iac
ute;kar spár, Mj. 182; en þó væri honum eigi ús
kyldra at h. föður síns, en at kasta únýtum or&eth
;um á mik -- konungr mælti, er þat satt, Halli, at þ&ua
cute; hafir eigi hefnt föður þíns? Fms. vi. 367; þat
var þá mælt, at sá væri skyldr at h. er v&aacut
e;pni kipti ór sári, Gísl. 22. For the old blood revenge se
e the Sagas passim, e.g. Ld. ch. 60, Gísl., Fbr., Grett. (fine), Heið
arv. S., Orkn. ch. 8. But even in the Saga time a more law-abiding spirit began
to prevail, and a settlement (görð) took place in many cases instead of
the old practice of taking life for life; and so the law distinguishes between
mann-hefndir and sektir, i.e. blood-vengeance and temporary exile or the like; i
ndicative of this better spirit is the old saying, jafnan orkar tvím&aeli
g;lis þó at hefnt sé, revenge always causes dissension, Nj. 139: revenge amongst kinsmen was forbidden, síðr þ&uacut
e; hefnir, þótt þeir sakar göri | þat kveða da
uðum duga, Sdm. 22, cp. ætt-víg, cp. also Ld. ch. 53 sqq. and m
any other passages; a touching instance is recorded in Nj. ch. 146, p. 248; it i
s characteristic of the old times, that bloodshed might be atoned for, but not s
lander, calumny, or imprecations, cp. annars dags láttu hans öndu fa
rit, Sdm. 24, 25, and many passages in the Sagas, e.g. Glúm. ch. 7, 18, L
v. ch. 13, Nj. ch. 44, 92, Þorst. Síðu H., cp. also Hm. 28, 72.
III. impers., e-m hefnir e-t, to pay dearly for; svá hefnd
i honum þat mikla mikillæti, at hann gékk í braut full
r af harmi, Edda 22; þá hljóp Ólafr í fen eitt
báðum fótum ... því bar svá til, at m&eac
ute;r hefndi, Fms. x. 261. IV. reflex. to take revenge; at hefnask
á e-m, to take revenge on one, Bær. 5; leituðu Norð
menn at hefnask, Fms. i. 108; fóru þau orð um, at Dana-konungr
mundi þess hefnask, 29; hefnask sinnar svívirðingar, Gþl.
183; hefnask sín, hefna sín, 184: with gen. of the person, ok sv&
aacute; þeir er hemnask þessara úbóta-manna, as als
o the persons who take revenge on these miscreants, N. G. L. i. 19 (rare). 2. reflex. impers. (see III. above), to come to make retribution (o
f Nemesis); e-m hefnisk e-t or e-s, hvárt mun Gunnari aldri hefnask &thor
n;essi újafnaðr? eigi mun þat segir, segir Rútr, hefnask
mun honum víst, the day of retribution will come to him, Nj. 38:
very freq. in mod. usage of just retribution, mér hefndisk fyrir &
thorn;að; þér hefnist fyrir það, used even of slight
matters. V. part. as adj. hefndr, revenged; compar., era sl
íks manns at hefndra sem Gregorius var, þótt þeir komi
allir fyrir, Hkr. iii. 399; þótt föður várs s&eacu
te; eigi at hefndra (viz. though he be slain), Fs. 40. 2. hefnandi, part. act. a revenger, Greg. 41: poët. = sons, as the duty
of revenge devolved upon the nearest heir, Lex. Poët.
hefnd, f. revenge, vengeance; mun oss verða í þv&
iacute; engi hefnd né frami, Nj. 38; mikil, lítil hefnd í e
-m, Fas. i. 523; guðlig hefnd, divine vengeance, Nemesis, Fms. v. 224
; drepa menn í hefnd eptir e-n, Ísl. ii. 118. 2. esp. in pl
ur. blood revenge; leita hefnda, Ld. 260, passim; mann-hefndir, life f
or life revenge; bróður-hefndir, föður-hefndir, reven
ge for a brother's or father's slaughter. COMPDS: hefnda-laust, n. adj. without retribution, Fms. x. 33, Sturl. i. 153. hefndar-dagr
, m. a day of vengeance, Barl. 37. hefndar-dómr, m. 
Nemesis, retribution, Greg. 24. hefndar-gjöf, f. a gift of r
evenge, ill-fated gift, donum Danaorum. hefndar-hönd, f. a ha
nd of retribution, Pass. 37. 13. hefndar-maðr, m. an avenger, Bær. 3. hefndar-orð and hefndar-yrði, n. pl., re
ad hermdar-yrði, q.v.
hefni-leið (hefnileit, Fær. 254, wrongly), f., in the phrase, r
óa á h. e-s, to set about taking revenge, to take vengeance, Sturl. iii. 118, 149, Fas. iii. 540, Fær. 254.
hefnir, m. an avenger, heir, son, Lex. Poët.
hefni-samr, adj. revengeful, Hkr. ii. 96, Bs. i. 810.
hefni-semi, f. revengefulness, Hom.
Hefring, f., mythol. one of the northern Nereids, Edda.
hegat, vide hingat.
HEGÐA, að, [hagr]; hegða e-u, to arrange a thing ( = h
aga e-u), Stj. 131, Mar.: hegða sér, to conduct oneself, Bs. i
. (Laur.)
hegðan, f. arrangement, H. E. i. 246: mod. usage eccl. cond
uct, freq.
hegeitill, m. a flint; spelt hegeitel, Bs. i. 674, ii. 56, 134, Ka
rl. 321, Barl. 181 (see note); hegettill, Flov. 41; the true form is prob. he
ggeitill, Ivar Aasen heggjeitel, which in Norway is used of nodule
s (eitill, q.v.) in stones; the word is still used in western Icel. (&Iacute
;safjarðar-sýsla).
Heggnir, m. pl. the men of the county Hæggen in Norway, Fms.
HEGGR, m. [Ivar Aasen hegg; Swed. hägg], a kind of 
tree, the bird-cherry, Edda (Gloss.): freq. in old poetry, Lex. Poët.:
whence Dan. hægge-bær, hægge-blomst, etc.
hé-gilja (or hé-gylja), u, f. a 'vain song,' nons
ense, tittle-tattle, = Lat. nugae; þeir tala drambsöm or&e
th; hégyljunnar, 2 Pet. ii. 18.
hegja, u, f. [from hagr], fate, condition, Ód. 20, Rekst. 2
3, Merl. 2. 20, as also Orkn. 188, v.l., where the probable reading is emk hegju
jarla trauðr at segja, I am unwilling to tell the earl's fate.
hegla, ð, [hagl, cp. Dan. hegle], to hail, Art., Lex. P
oët.
HEGNA, d, [A. S. hegjan; Engl. hedge; Germ. hegen; D
an. hegne]: -- to hedge, fence, with acc.; allt þat aldin e
r menn hirða ok hegna með görðum eðr gæzlum, Jb. 429.
2. metaph. to protect; at hegna lönd sín, Fas. i. 376
(Skjöld. S.); allir menn eru skyldir við at hegna Kristni, N. G. L. i.
352; þá hegni þeir selver sín, sem menn hegna eignir
<PAGE NUM="b0247">
<HEADER>HEGNAÐR -- HEIÐRIKR. 247</HEADER>
sínar á land upp, með laga-kefli, 252; -- in this sense the wo
rd is obsolete in Icel., but 3. is freq. in eccl. usage, α.
hegna líkam sinn frá munuðum, to keep one's body from lusts
, Hom. 85; h. oss (acc.) at syndum, to keep us from sin, 74. &beta
;. to punish; hann hegndi harðliga allar lögleysur ok &uacut
e;siðu, Magn. 472. II. to chastise, with acc., but in mod. usa
ge with dat.; hegna íllþýði ok ráns-menn, Fms. vi
i. 16, (but dat. v.l. of the Hrokkinskinna, a MS. of the 15th century); the dat.
seems to be due to an ellipse, e.g. Haraldr Hárfagri fór á
einu sumri vestr um haf at h. víkingum (for hegna land víkingum,
to clear the land of vikings, pacify it), Orkn. 10.
hegnaðr, m. defence, Gþl. 56: chastisement, hegna
ðar-hamarr, hammer of punishment, Mar. 200. hegnuðr, m. a chastiser, is the name of a staff borne in court, Vd. ch. 44.
hegnari, a, m. an avenger, Fms. v. 241.
hegnd, f. castigation, punishment, Stj. 40, 67, Bs. i. 288.
hegning, f. = hegnd, K. Á. 46, Valla L. 209, Fms. iii. 89, v. 320.
hegningar-vöndr, m. a rod of chastisement, Stj. 653.
hegnir, m. a defender, chastiser, Lex. Poët.
hégóma, að, to speak falsely, vainly; Þorb
jörn kvað eigi hégómað frá, Th. said it was
not untrue, Háv. 45; h. ok ljúga, Stj. 34, 131, 150, Bs. ii.
137; h. á e-n, to slander one, Mag.
hé-gómi, a, m. [the prefixed syllable hé- in h&eacut
e;gómi and hégilja has no independent existence, but seems to be i
dentical with Goth. hivi (by which word Ulf. renders the Gr. GREEK, 2 Tim
. iii. 5), A. S. hiv, Engl. hue, denoting outward appearance, with a notion of falseness; thus hégómi literally denote
s whatever is false to the touch or taste, hé- and g&oacute
;mr, q.v.]: I. a cobweb, litter, dust, esp. within doors; reykr, h
égómi, fölski, fys, fjúkandi lauf og strá, Hall
gr., freq. in mod. usage; it can only be accidental that the word is not found i
n old writers. II. metaph. falsehood, folly, nonsense; var þ
at ekki nema hégómi vándra manna, Fms. ix. 449 (v.l. to lyg
i ein); sumir lásu bækr fyrir honum til þessa hég&oacu
te;ma (nonsense), 460, v.l.; en Svíar mæla þessu &iacu
te; mót ok telja hégóma at þar hafi menn farizk, &Oac
ute;. H. 18; en vér höfum setið hér at hégó
ma hans ok ginningum, Ld. 322; mikill h., great nonsense, Fms. vi. 445; a
f alvöru eðr af hégóma, Eg. 729; mæla tál ok

hégóma, Nj. 358; h. ok uppslátta, Fms. ix. 285; þ&ua
cute; segisk elska mik, en þat er þó ekki nema h. þinn,
Stj. 417; hyggja hégóma, to think foolishly, Hom. 69; ekki
sinni ek hégóma þínum, Ísl. ii. 214; verð
a at hégóma, to be set at naught, Barl. 8. 19, Stj. 433; he
imsins h., Barl. 91; segja hégóma á e-n, to slander one,
 Karl. 57; eigi skal þú hafa nafn Drottins í hég&
oacute;ma, Pr. 437; mod., þú skalt ekki leggja nafn Drottins Gu&eth
;s þíns við h., Exod. xx. 7. 2. mod. vanity, vain thi
ngs; hégómi hégómans og allt er h., Eccles. i. 2
, 14; skepnan er hégómanum undir gefin, Rom. viii. 20; í h&
eacute;góma síns hugskots, Ephes. iv. 17. COMPDS: hég&oa
cute;ma-dýrð, f. vain-glory, Bs. i. 373, Stj. 146. h&ea
cute;góma-líf, n. a vain life, Hom. 93. hég&o
acute;ma-maðr, m. a charlatan, liar, Karl. 274: mod. a vain, i
dle person. hégóma-mal, n, a vain speech, Fms. i
v. 258, xi. 248. hégóma-nafn, n. an empty name, sham nam
e, Hkr. ii. 268. hégóma-starf, n. vain labour, S
tj. 298.
hégómliga, adv. vainly.
hégómligr, adj. vain, false, Stj. 142; h. dyrð,
Al. 130; h. kenning, 623. 19, Sks. 620; h. guðir, Stj. 449; h. fortala, Anec
d. 3; heimsk ok h., MS. 673. 46; h. draumar, Bret.: h. viðrlagning, super
fluous addition, Skálda 187.
HEGRI, a, m. [A. S. higora; Germ. heher; Dan. hejre;
Swed. hägar], a heron or hern, Lat. ardea, Edd
a (Gl.), Hm., Fms. ix. 9: in local names, Hegra-nes, Landn.; Hegranesþing, Fms. x. 113.
hei, exclam. ey! Sturl. iii. 188.
HEIÐ, n. brightness of the sky; heið ok sólskin, &O
acute;. H. 108, Bs. i. 339; sólina, ef í heiði mætti sj&
aacute;, K. Þ. K. 96: in plur., frost fylgði mikit veðrinu, ok v&o
acute;ru stundum heið í himininn upp, the gale was followed by sha
rp frost, and now and then there were bright spots up in the sky, Bjarn. 54;
veðr var bjart ok skein sól í heiði, Fms. v. 77; tungli&e
th; þá það skín í heiði, Rb. 108; sem &
thorn;á er roðar fyrir upprennandi sólu í hinu fegrsta
heiði, Karl. 111, v.l.; sem röðull renni upp í heiði, Ar
nór: in poetry the heaven is called heiðs há-rann, 
the high hall of brightness, Lex. Poët.
HEIÐ, f. a fee, stipend, payment, an obsolete word only found
in poets; the phrase, hapts&oelig;nis heið, the atoning fee of the gods = poetry, a song, in a verse of Kormak, seems to refer to the tale in
Edda 47 (Skáldskapar-mál, ch. 3); whence heið-fé, n. a fee, stipend, Edda (Gl.): heið-frömuðr, m. an
epithet of a king: heið-gjöf, f. a gift of fee: hei&et
h;-launaðr, part. paid, granted in fee, N. G. L. i. 91: hei&et
h;-maðr, m. a king's man, who holds land in fee from the king: heið-menningr, m. a nickname, Landn.: heið-mærr, adj.
open-handed: heið-sær, adj. sowing gold, open-handed,
 Lex. Poët.: heið-þegi, a, m. = heiðmaðr, esp.
of a king's man, answering to the mod. soldier; for all these words vide
Lex. Poët. II. hence metaph. worth, value; lítils hei
ðar, of small worth, of small repute, Fms. vi. 130 (in a verse); Dani
el sá einskis heiðar á Bel, D. saw naught of worth in Bel, Blanda: whence the mod. compds, heiðar-liga, adv. worthily; heiðar-ligr, adj. worthy, honourable; vide heiðr below.
heiða, dd, to brighten, dispel the clouds, Skáld-H. R.
3. 1.
heið-birta, u, f. brightness of the sky.
heið-bjartr, adj. serene, Lex. Poët., freq. in mod. usage
.
heiðin-dómr, m. heathendom, Hkr. ii. 65, freq. in mod.
usage, but originally in two words.
heiðingi, a, m. [heiðinn], a heathen, gentile, Ó. H
., Nj., Bs. (Kristni S.) passim. II. poët. a wolf, either met
aph. from heiðingi, or from heiðr, a heath, one who lives on h
eaths and wildernesses, Edda (Gl.), Akv. 8; it occurs besides twice o
r thrice in poems of the time of king Harald Harðráði, 11th centu
ry.
heiðingligr, adj. heathen, Fms. i. 137, passim.
HEIÐINN, adj. [A. S. hæðen; Engl. heathen; O.
H. G. heidan; Germ. heide and heidnisch; Dan. hedensk;
 this word is prob. derived not from heiðr, a heath, but from Gr.
GREEK as used in the N. T.; Ulf. in a single passage, Mark vii. 26, renders GRE
EK by qino haiþno; it is even possible that the eccl. paganus, which, according to Du Cange, only appears after A.D. 365, may be merely a t
ranslation of the Teutonic word under the notion that haiþan was de
rived from haiþi = a heath, open country (Gr. GREEK, Lat. pagus): then, as haiþi was pronounced much like GREEK, the tru
e etymology of heiðinn was lost; and so the long vowel and the aspirated ini
tial may be accounted for. To the worshippers of Thor and Odin the name heath
en was unknown; Christians were the first that used the word, and we meet wi
th it first in Hkm. of Eyvind, who speaks of heiðin goð, heathen gods
; heiðinn stallr, a heathen altar, Kristni S., by the missionary
Þorvald, A.D. 982; it is also used by Hallfred and Sighvat; heiðinn d&
oacute;mr, heathendom, Sighvat; heiðnar stjörnur, heathen sta
rs, Sól.: the verse in Ísl. ii. 50 is spurious (as are all the
verses of that Saga); so also the verses in Landn. 84 (Hb.), and in Bergb&uacut
e;a-þáttr, where the word heiðinn is put into the mouth of a gh
ost and a giant, in songs which are merely a poetical fiction of later times. Th
e word heiðingi for wolf is curious: probably it is merely a metaph.
phrase from heiðinn, gentilis, and if so, it gives an additional evid
ence to the age of the poem Atla-kviða; which poem, from its nickname the 'G
reenlandish,' cannot be older than the discovery of Greenland, A.D. 985] :-- 
heathen, gentilis, ethnicus, the Sagas passim, esp. Nj. ch. 101-106, Kristni
S., Ó. T., Ó. H., etc.: a child not christened was in olden times
called heathen, N. G. L. i. 340; heiðit morð, the murder of an infan
t not christened, 339: in mod. Icel. usage, a boy or girl before confirmatio
n is called heathen; this improper use of the word is caused by a confusion betw
een baptism and confirmation: so in Norway a woman between child-birth and churc
hing is called heathen (Ivar Aasen).
heiðir, m., poët. a hawk, Edda (Gl.)
heiðnask, að, dep. to become heathen, Fms. x. 313.
heiðneskr, adj. heathen, H. E. ii. 91 (rare). II. from

Heiðmörk, f. a county in Norway, D. N.
heiðni, f. heathendom, Fms. i. 47, passim: heathen worship,
heathen practice, fremja h., N. G. L. i. 182; en síðar fá
m vetrum vas sú heiðni af numin sem önnur, Íb. 12, Nj. 16
0: the heathen age, Friðrekr kom í heiðni hér, &Iac
ute;b. 13: a heathen country, Fb. i. 343.
HEIÐR, adj. [vide heið, n.; Germ. heiter], bright, clou
dless, only of the sky, in the allit. phrase, heiðr himin, a clear sk
y, Hbl. 19, Stj. 305, Eb. 48 new Ed., Fms. v. 81: in poetry, heiðar stj&
ouml;rnur, bright stars, Vsp. 57; heiðr dagr, a bright day, S
kv. 3. 53.
HEIÐR, f., dat. and acc. heiði, pl. heiðar; mod. nom. hei&
eth;i, vide Gramm. p. xxvii, col. 2, and p. xxviii; [Ulf. haiþi
= GREEK, Matth. vi. 28, 30, Luke xv. 15, xvii. 7, 31; and haiþivisks = GREEK; A. S. hæð; Engl. heath; O. H. G. haida; Germ. heide; Dan. hede; Swed. hed] :-- a heath; i
n Icel. particularly heiðr (or heiði) is chiefly used of a low barren
heath or fell; thus in local names heiðr is a common name for t
he barren tracts of fell between the foot of one fjord or dale and another, see
the map of Icel. passim, Nj. 158, Eg. 137, 275, Grág. i. 440. COMPDS: 
heiðar-brekka, u, f. and heiðar-brún, f. the brink or edge of a heath, Hrafn. 28, Fbr. 39, Sturl. i. 33, 84. heið
ar-hæna, n, f. a heath-hen, moor-fowl, Orkn. (in a verse). h
eiðar-vegr, m. a road through a heath, Bs. i. 318. Heiðarvíg, n. a fight on the Heath, Ísl. ii. 259, Landn. i. 7
0; whence Heiðarvíga-saga, u, f. the name of a Saga, Eb., cp.
Sturl. i. 122: freq. in local names, Heiða-bær, Fms. xii. II
. a pr. name of a sybil, Vsp., as also freq. in compd names of women, usuall
y dropping the h, Ragn-eiðr, Baug-eiðr: Heið-rekr, m.
name of a king.
heiðr, m., gen. heiðrs, [akin to heið, f. above, q.v.; Dan. hæder; Swed. häder] :-- honour; it does not occur
in very old or class. writers; til heiðrs ok sæmdar, Stj. 95; st&oacu
te;rr heiðr, Fs. (Vd.) 21; heiðr ok tign, Fb. i. 564; h. ok hamingja, 56
6; Guðs heiðr, Fms. vii. 172 (v.l. of the Hrokkinskinna), Mar. passim: f
req. in mod. usage, halda í heiðri, to honour, etc. COMPDS: heiðrs-maðr, m. a man of honour, Bs. i. 823. heiðr-sa
mligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), worshipful, Stj. heiðrs-vel,
 adv. honourably, Stj. 26.
heiðra, að, to honour, Bs. i. (Laur. S.); freq. in mod. us
age, heiðra skaltú föður þinn og móður, the
Fifth Commandment.
heiðran, f. worship, honouring, H. E. i. 477.
heið-ríkja, u, f. brightness of the sky.
heið-ríkr, adj. bright, serene, of the sky; h. veðr
, Ísl. ii. 409, Gísl. 33.
<PAGE NUM="b0248">
<HEADER>248 HEIÐRLIGR -- HEILL.</HEADER>

heiðr-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), honourable, befitting, Stj., M
ar., H. E.
passim, Fs. 5.
heiðr-samligr, adj., (-]lga, adv.), = heiðrligr, Stj. passim.
heið-skírr, adj. bright, cloudless, of the sky, = hei&e
th;ríkr; h. veðr, Stj.
17; h. himinn, Art.; í heiðskíru, in bright weather, Br
et. 46.
heið-vanr, adj. epithet of a tree, shady (?), Vsp.
heið-verða, ð, [heið, f.], to honour, Hom. 160: th
is and the following
three words are derived from heið, f., q. v.
heið-verði (heið-virði), n. honour; dýr&eth
; ok h., Hom. 157, 160.
heið-verðliga (mod. heið-virðiliga), adv. respectfully
, Hom. 150.
heið-viðri, n. bright weather, Nj. 143, Fms. iv. 246, ix.
482, xi. 132.
heið-virðiligr and heið-virðr, adj. honourable, worthy
.
heið-þornir, m., poet, the sk y, Edda (Gl.)
heigull, in. a kind of onion growing on the thatches of houses, No
rse
takl'óg, Björn. II. metaph. a laggard. heiguls-ligr, a
dj.,
heiguls-skapr, m.
heikil-nef, n. ' hook-nose' (?), a nickname, Fms., Fb, iii.
heila, að, to make whole; h. e-m skaða sinn, to make go
od one's scathe,
 N. G. L. i. 387.
heilag-leikr, m. holiness, Fms. x. 319, xi. 207, Bs. passim.
heilag-liga, adv. bolily, inviolably, 623. 53, Magn. 480, passim.
heilag-ligr, adj. 'holy-like, ' holy, Bs. i. passim, Hkr. ii. 338.
HEILAGR, adj., usually contracted before a vowel, whereby the
root vowel becomes short, thus helgan, helgir, helgum, helgar, and
the definite helgi, helga; but also uncontractcd, esp. in mod. usage,
heilagir, heilagan, heilögum, definite heilagi; [Ulf. seems not to have
known the word, and renders ayios etc. by veihs; so also in Dan. a
nd Swed.
local names, holy places and temples are marked by a prefixed or suffixed
vi-, e. g. Vi-borg, Odens-e ( -- Öðins-vé): heila
gr is derived in a metaph.
sense from heill, whole, and is consequently not so old as the primitive
ve, veihs; soA. S. hâlag; Engl. holy; Hel. belag; Ger
m, heilig; Dan.
hellig; Swed. helig] : I. holy in heathen usa
ge, helgar kindir,
holy beings, Vsp. I; liar baðmr heilagr, 19, v. 1.; heilög go&et
h;, holy gods;
 ginnheilög goð, Vsp.; heilakt land, Gm. 4; heilög (grind) fyr
ir helgum
dyrum, 22; heilög vötn, 29, Hkv. 2. i; heilög fjöll (h&eacut
e;lugV), Fm. 26;
helgu fulli, the holy toast of Odin, i. e. son^, poetry, Ed
da (in a verse); af
helgu skutli, from the holy table, Haustl. 4; þat vatn er sv&aacute
; heilakt,
at..., Edda II; brunnr mjök heilagr, 10: in local names, þat fjall
kallaði hann Helga-fell, Holy-fell, Eb. 10; at þeir gör&et
h;i loud sin helgari
en aðrar jarðir, 20; ok kallar þá jörð nú e
igi helgari en aðra, 24 :-heilagir fiskar (mod. heilag-fiski), a halibut, Dan. helle-jlynder, Bs. i.
365. 2. as a law term (and this is no doubt the original sense
of the word), inviolable, onewhose person is sacred, who cannot be
slain with impunity, esp. within certain boundaries; hann (fjorbaugsmaðr, q. v.) skal heilagr vera at þeirn heimilum ok í öisk
ots-helgi
við á alla vega, etc., Grág. i. 89; hann er heilagr á &
thorn;eirri götu ok
í örskots-helgi við þá götu, 132; hann ver&eth
;r eigi heilagr ef eigi var
sagt til heiniilis hans at féráns-dómi, ok eigi verðr h
ann heilagr ef eigi
gelzk fé þat er þar skyldi gjaldask, 133; hann er jamheilagr
a götu er
hann ferr til skips, 90, vide b. f). ch. 33 sqq.; falla óheilagr, to f
all unholy, to be slain as an outlaw for whom no weregild was to be paid,
 Grág. and Sagas passim, cp. the interesting passages in Landn. 5. ch
. 4,
Sturl. i. ch. 14; frið-heilagr, 'peace-holy, ' protected, a term for
birds
and animals protected by law; úheilagr, outlawed, exlex: closely a
kin
are the above phrases, in which heilagr is used as an epithet of places, h.
land, fjöll, etc. II. eccl. holy, Lat. sanctus, Bs. pa
ssim, N. T.,
hymns, sermons, etc.; Heilagr Audi, the Holy Ghost; helgir dagar, holy
days; lialda lieilagt, vide halda; helgir domar, holy relics; but hel
gidoinr, halidotn, sanctuarium; heilog orð, holy words; helgir s
iðir, holy
rites; helgar bækr, holy books; helgar tíðir, h or ae canonicae; helgir
menu, saints of the Roman church; Heilagir ="A7ioi, i. e. Christians,
 N. T. 2. of special feasts, Helga Vika, the Holy Week, the week
after Whitsuntide, Dipl. iii. to; Nóttin Helga, the Holy Night, cp. Germ.
Weihnachten; Helgi bórs-dagr, Holy Thursday, Fms. ix.
heilan, f. healing, Fms. v. 217.

heil-brigði, f. [bragð], health, freq. in mod. usage.
heil-brigðr, adj. hale, healthy, Fas. iii. 319, 644, freq. in
mod. usage.
heil-brjóstaðr, adj. 'hale-breasted, ' sincere, Fas. i.
23.
heild, f. wholeness, totality, (mod.)
heil-eygr, adj. 'hale-eyed, ' Nj. 165, Grág. 1. 433, Fms. v
. 143, Bs. i-376.
heil-fættr, adj. 'hale-legged' sound, Grett. 83.
heil-hjartaðr, adj. 'hale-hearted, ' sincere, Sks. 90, v. 1.
heil-hugaðr, adj. 'hale-minded, ' sincere, Sks. 90, Fagrsk. 14
.
heil-hugi, a, m. sincerity; heilhuga ráð, Fms. vii. 319
; heilhuga friðr,
Orkn. 2. a. sincere person; þetta Jíkaði Magnúsi
jarli sem fullkomnum heilhuga, Orkn. 162; þvíat hann er heilhugi, Fms. v. 32; n&u
acute;
skal af sliku marka hversu mikill h. hann var, Sks. 730.
heil-hugliga, adv. sincerely, Barl. 10, Str. 87.
HEILI, a, m. the brain, Gm. 40, Edda 6, Hkr. i. 42, Grág. i
t. 11, Nj.
114, Fbr. 137, passim. COMPDS: heila-brot, n. beating the brain,
(mod.) heila-bxi, n. the cerebellum, (mod.) heila-böst, n. pl.,
medic, the brain membrane; fyrir framan ok aptan h., denoting the fore
head and occipict, N. G. L. i. 172; þá er maðr heilundi er
kora (a probe)
 kennir inn til heilabasta, Grág. ii. 91. heila-köst, n. pl. = h
eilabrot.
heilindi, n. health, Hm. 67 (heilyndi), Hom. 149, 160, K. b. K., G
rág.
i. 278, ii. 134. COMPDS: heilindis-far, n. state of health, Mar. 125.
heilindis-kveðja, u, f. a wishing one health, Stj. 482, Karl. 93, v.
1.;
van-heilindi, bad health, illness.
heilindr, adj. wholesome; votii hrein ok heilcnd, Stj. 609; v&aeli
g;rir þú
heilendr sem Moyses, Eluc. 49.
heili-vágr, m. healing liquor, balm, Trist.
HEILL, n. and f. [Dan. held] , good luck; the gender of thi
s word varies.
A. Neut., which seems to be the older gender, an omen, auspice,
foreboding; hver'ro bözt heill (pl.), which are the best auspices? the
answer, mörg eru góð heill. there are many good auspices,
Skv. 2. 19, 20,
cp. 22; giptusamlegt heill, a favourable omen, Al. 13; the neut., which i
s
obsolete elsewhere, has remained in the phrases, góðu heilli (bono
aiigurio),
 illu heilli (mala augurio), in a good, evil hour; illu heilli bau&et
h; ek þér
barnfóstr, Ísl. ii. 141; illu heilli vartii skapað, Hom. 153;
illu heilli höfu
ver her dvalizt, Nj. 241; fórtn fá heilli heiinan, with small l
uck, Ó. H
107; verstu heilli, Heir. 4; góðu heilli, in a good hour, Fms.
ix. 236,
x. 18 (in a verse): talismans, of hidden magical runes written on ' gumna
heilujm' (on talismans?), Sdm. 16.
B. Fern, good luck, happiness: 1. plur., with the notion of being
the gift of auspices or of an oracle, esp. in pl., so that the gen
der is dubious;
fékk Ingólfr at blóti miklu ok leitaði sér heill
a urn ibrlog sin, Landn. 33;
skal bórólfr biota ok leita heilla þeim bræðrum, E
g. 257; hefir þessi
flokkr leitað sér heilla at tilvisan fjölkunnigra manna, at &tho
rn;eir skyldi urn
nætr berjask, Fms. vii. 296; Hallsteinn skaut setstokkum fyrir borð &i
acute;
hafi til heilla sér eptir fornum sið, Fs. 123, Landn. 34; pa skaut St
einþórr
spjóti at fornum sið til heilla súr yfir flokk Snorra. Eb. 228
(an old heathen
rite); þótti þat líkast til langlífis ok heilla
, 126 new Ed.; ok var brugðit
heillnm sverðsins, the spell of the sword was broken, Korm. 84; &aacu
te;ttú,
Sigtnundr, af þeim hring heillir at taka, Fair. 103. 2. esp. (also in
pl.) with the personal notion of a good spirit or angel, cp. hanii
ngja; eigi
veil ek hvárt vit eigum heill sainan, i. e. if we shall have luck toge
ther,
 of two persons having one life and one heart, Nj. 3; þótti st&
oacute;r heill
til hans horfit hafa, Fs. 194; Leifr kvað hann cnn mundu mestri heill
styra af þeim frændum, Fb. i. 538; hann bað þeim heill dug
a, he wished
them good speed, Gullþ. J4; fær þú braut bii &thorn
;itt ok vestr ytir Lagarfljót, bar er heill þín oil, Hrafn. I; heillum horiinn, /or
saken by luck,
 Grett. 150. 3. sayings, illt er fyrir heill at hrapa, V i s ill t
o rush on
and leave one's good luck behind, Skv. 2. 25; hátíðir eru
til heilla beztar
(mod. hátíð er til heilla bezt), denoting that high feasts oug
ht to be
chosen for momentous affairs, Ld. 176 (of one being christened at Yule
time); fall er farar-heill, a fall is a good omen (in departing), Fms. vi
.
414: the phrase, vera e-m lítil heilla-þúfa, to be a stum
bling-block to one,
 the metaphor prob. taken from the popular lore as to mounds with hidden
hoards, ek heft orðit lítil heilla þúfa um at þrei
fa flestuin mönnum, Grett.
143. 4. in mod. usage as a term of endearment, heillin, heillin min,
dear! my dear! the address of a husband to his wife; the bride asks,
hverjum ætlarðú at bjóða í veizluna okkar, hj
artaft mitt ? the bridegroom
answers, eg veil það mi ekki, heillin min ! Ísl. bjó&eth
;s. i. 243; getrþu ekki
gefið manninum hressingu, heillin ? Hrolfr. 8; hann (our son) er svo
kargr, heillin min ! hann nennir ekki neitt að eera, látum við st
rákinn
stúdiera, Grönd. 72; cp. Bb. 3. 21 -- htin (the wife) kyssir og me&e
th; klappi
segir, konidú bk-ssaðr, heillin mín ! -- heillin gó&eth
; ! is in many Icel. houses
the address of the servants to the mistress: æ! hvernig getið þ&
oacute;r nú
farið að tala, heillin góð ? Piltr og Stúlka, 36; s&ae
lig;lir og blessaðir, Auðun
miun ! sælar og blessaðar, heillin góð ! Hrólfr. 6.
COMPDS: heillabrigði, n. pl. a turn of luck, Fs. 151. heilla-drjugr, ad] 
, fortunate,
 Grett. 150. heilla-lauss, adj. luckless. heilla-leysi, n. ill luc
k,
 Nj. 206. heilla-maor, m. a lucky man. beilla-ráð, n. g
ood
advice or a l wc ky deed, Sks. 670, Fms. ii. 208. h. cilla-v&a
elig;nligr, adj.
(-liga, adv.), hopeful, promising, Grett. 93 A. h. eilla-v&oelig;nn, adj.
promising, Fms. xi. 235: mann-heill, orð-heill, q. v.
HEILL, adj. [Ulf. hail s = vyiTjS, vyiaivajv, xai~P6' etc.;
A. S. h('il;
 Engl. ha/7 and hale are of Scandinavian origin, whole
of Saxon; (). H. G.
heil; lost in mod. Germ.; Dan. heel; Swed. h í l] :-- u'bole: I. hale,
soiind; ilia heill, in ill health, Hm. 68; heilir hildar til, heilir
hildi fra,
fara þeir heilir hvaðan, h n le, unscathed, 157; heilar
hendr, Gkv. 3. 10;
heilar sjónir, hale eyes, Lex. Poët.; spurdi borsteinn hverni
g þar væri
heilt, hann sagði at þar var vel heilt, Tb. asked how they were in
health,
and he said that they were ivell, Eg. 743; heilir, opp. to sárir, Am.
56;
heilan (unbroken), Hvm. 29; heill hjúlmstofn, h a l
f skull, 31; hvergi var
heilt hold á líkarn hans, 623. 44; græða at heilu, to
cure so as to be hale
and well, 655 xi. 3; Önundr var svá frøkinn maðr at f
air stóðu?k honutn
þótt heilir væri, thai few men were a match for him, thoug
h they were hale
and sound, Grett. 87; sjórinn var hvergi heill, the sea was nowher
e hale,
 i. e. the waves rose high, Vígl. 22; silki-ræma heil ok

li-siikuð, Fms. iv.
110. 2. healed, of wounds, illness, in gen. pl.; verða heill s&aacute
;ra sínna,
Eg. 35; Helga dóttir bónda var þú á fouun ok h
eil mcina sinna, 586; ok
<PAGE NUM="b0249">
<HEADER>HEILLA -- HEIMAN. 249</HEADER>
var þó eigi heill sársins, Fbr. 164. 3. phrases, gr&o
acute;a um heilt (see gróa), Fms. xi. 87; binda um heilt, to bind up a
hale limb; er um heilt bezt at binda, 'tis better to bind a hale than a
hurt limb, Ld. 206; betra heilt en gróið, better hale than hea
led; með heilu ok höldnu, safe and sound, Fms. x. 376; &tho
rn;ar skal hverr heill verða sem haltr varð, he that was halt must be
made hale, a law phrase, he that has a blemish upon him must clear himse
lf of it, N. G. L. i. 326: cp. the phrase, svelta heill hungri (mod. svelta
heilu hungri), to starve, Ls. 62: a guest is asked, hvað er í
fréttum, what news? to which the reply is, mannheilt og ósj
úkt, all hale and 'unsick,' i.e. all well! eigi heil, no
t hale, i.e. enceinte, þú ert kona eigi heil, Fas. i. 52
; húsfreyja þín er eigi heil, ok mun hón fæ&eth
;a meybarn, Ísl. ii. 196; Freydís vildi fylgja þeim ok var&e
th; heldr sein, því at hón var eigi heil, Þorf. Karl.
428. 4. answering to Gr. GREEK, in exclamation; njótið heilir
handa, 'bless your hands!' well done! Nj. 71; mæl drengja heilastr,
well spoken, Fms. viii. 97; báðu hann tala konunga heilstan (
i.e. cheered him), vi. 240; mæltu, at hann skyldi mæla allra hö
fðingja heilastr, viii. 290. β. in greeting, Vþm. 4, 6, Sd
m. 3, 4; kom heill, welcome! hail! Blas. 42; far heill, farewell!
Fms. vii. 197; heill, Magnús frændi! 171; sít heill, sit
hail! Glúm. 391, Fms. x. 201; heill svá! Stj. 621; heilir sv&a
acute;! 475; heilar svá! 124, Karl. 507; ek svá heill, by my so
ul! forsooth! Fms. v. 230; svá vil ek heil! Grett. 170 new Ed.; ba&et
h; þá heila fara ok heila hittask, Fms. iv. 171. 5. whole
, entire, Lat. integer; sjau hundruð heil, full seven hundred,
 Íb. 16; heil vika, 7, K. Þ. K. 102; heil dægr (opp. to h
alf), Rb. 16; heil alin, N. G. L.; heilt ár, Bs. ii. 152. II. meta
ph. true, upright; allit., heilt ráð ok heimilt, a hale and
good bargain, without fraud or flaw, Grág. i. 317; með heilum fo
rtölum, Dipl. i. 3; ráða e-m heilt, to give wholesome (good, wise) advice to one, Nj. 31, (heilræði); með hei
lum hug, sincerely, cp. Hm. 106; heilum sáttum, Háv. 50 ne
w Ed., Al. 60. β. safe; prestinum þótti eigi he
ilt at setja hann annat sinn undir sama váða, Fms. x. 417.
heilla, að, [heill, f.; cp. Dan. hilde = to allure], to bewitch, enchant, spell-bind one; Ketill kvað þær heilla
ðar, Fms. vi. 110; síðr þik (?) um heilli halir, Hm. 130; o
k muntú vera heilluð af úvætti þessum, Fas. iii. 1
77; heilluð ertu (thou art infatuated) ef þú ætlar
minn hug grimman við þik, i. 194; sprota er hann heillar með augu
þeirra manna er hann vill, Od. v. 47.
heilleikr (-leiki), m. health, Fms. ii. 230: uprightness
, Fas. iii. 160, Karl. 213.
heilliga, adv. fairly, candidly, Sturl. ii. 67, Bs. i. 736.

heilligr, adj. looking hale, whole.
heil-mikill, adj. considerably great.
heil-næmi, f. wholesomeness.
heil-næmiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), wholesome, Hkr. i.
269.
heil-næmr, adj. wholesome, Fas. i. 411.
heiló, f., qs. heið-ló, [heidelo, Ivar Aasen], a sandpiper.
heil-ráðr, adj. giving wholesome counsel, Nj. 30, Fms.
ix. 262, Grett. 110.
heil-ráðugr, adj. = heilráðr, Hom. 109.
heil-ræði, n. wholesome, wise counsel; ráð &t
horn;ú mér h. nokkur, segir Gunnarr, Nj. 85 (Gunnar to Njal); Gunn
arr mælti til Njáls, heilræði em ek kominn at sækja
at þér um eitt vanda-mál, -- Makligr ertú þeir
ra, segir Njáll, ok réð honum ráðin, 71, Landn. 117
, Sks. 548, Fb. ii. 52.
heilsa, u, f. [Dan. helsen; Swed. helsa], health, Fm
s. vii. 241, x. 215, Sks. 620. Al. 24, Hom. 10, Bs. i. 337; sterk, gó&eth
; h., strong, good health; veyk, lin, tæp h., poor, weak health
, passim. COMPDS: heilsu-bót, f. health-bettering, healing,
 Hkr. ii. 386; til heilsubótar, Magn. 414, Bs. heilsu-bragð, n. a cure, ek skal sýna þér öruggt h., Fb. i.
439. heilsu-drykkr, m. a potion, draught, Al. 24, 656 B. 12. h
eilsu-far, n. state of health, Grett. 153. heilsu-gjafari, a,
m. a healer, eccl. heilsu-gjöf, f. a 'gift of health,' cur
e, Fas. iii. 277, Magn. 532: eccl. salvation, Stj. 141. heilsu-g&o
acute;ðr, adj. in good health. heilsu-gæði, n. strong health. heilsu-lauss, adj. 'health-less,' in bad health. heilsu-leysi, n. bad health. Mar. heilsu-linr, adj. =
heilsulítill. heilsu-lítill, adj. in weak health, St
url. iii. 34. heilsu-orð, n. a word of salvation, (MS.) 656 an
d 555 heilsu-ráð, n. counsel whereby to recover health,
Fms. ii. 229. heilsu-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), wholesome, s
alutary, Bs. heilsu-samr, adj. wholesome, Sks. 96. heilsu-s
terkr, adj. strong in health. heilsu-tapan, f. perdition, eccl., K. Á. 76. heilsu-tæpr, adj. in poor health. heilsu-veiki, f. weak health. heilsu-veykr, adj. havin
g weak health.
heilsa, að, [Dan. hilse], to say hail to one, greet one, with dat.; it was an ancient custom for the host to welcome (heilsa) the stran
ger, as may be seen from the following references :-- Osvífr (the guest)
kvaddi út Höskuld ok Rút (the master of the house), þei
r gengu út báðir ok heilsuðu Osvífi, Nj. 21; hann (
the master) gengr út ok heilsar Gísla (dat. the stranger), G&iacut
e;sl. 83; kona ein gékk til hurðar ok heilsar þeim ok spyrr &th
orn;á at nafni, Fbr. 44 new Ed.; Þorsteinn gékk þegar
til búðar Þorkels, en hann (Thorkel) heilsar honum vel ok spyrr
hvat hann árnar, Lv. 33; Ólafr gengr inn á gólfit .
.. en enginn heilsar honum ok þögðu allir, Háv. 39; in cas
e the host was a great personage (a king, earl, or the like), the stranger used
in token of honour or homage to walk up to him and greet him, 'sit hail!' ok er hann kom inn, heilsaði hann konungi, konungr tók kveðju h
ans, Eg. 63; jarlinn (the guest) gékk fyrir hann (the host in his high-se
at) ok heilsaði honum, Ó. H. 66; Haukr heilsaði konungi, Fb. i. 4
7: h. á en, id.; Ásgrímr (the guest) gékk at
honum ok heilsaði á hann, Nj. 182, Fms. i. 16; ok er hann kemr &aacut
e; fund Knúts konungs, gékk hann fyrir hann ok heilsar upp &aacute
; konunginn, konungr tók ekki kveðju hans, xi. 264. In mod. usage a c
oming guest is said 'heilsa,' a parting guest 'kveðja,' q.v.
heil-samligr, adj. wholesome, salutary, Stj. 69, K. Á. 20,
Fms. i. 141.
heil-samr, adj. salutary, Sks. 96, Skálda 210.
heilsan, f. [Dan. hilsen], greeting, salutation, Fb. iii. 3
09, Fbr. 62, Hkr. iii. 79, Bs. i. 755. COMPDS: heilsanar-kveðja, u, f
. greeting, Stj. 482. heilsanar-orð, n. id., Bs. i. 70
7.
heil-smiðliga, adv. uprightly, Bs. i. 522.
heil-spen and heil-spenuð, f. adj. 'hale-teated,' of a
cow, Gþl. 503.
heil-und, f. a law term, a brain wound, Grág. ii. 11, passi
m. heilundar-sár, n. = heilund, Nj. 217.
heilundi, a, m. one with a brain wound, Grág. ii. 91.
heil-vita, adj. indecl. 'hale-witted,' sane, Greg. 45, Bs. i. 755,
N. G. L. i. 145.
HEIM, adv. (prop. an acc. of heimr), home, homewards, Lat. domu
m, Nj. 4, 11, Fms. i. 51, Hrafn. 20; fara heim, to return home, Bs.
i. 337; síðan fóru þau heim á leið, id.; en e
r hón var komin náliga heim, 341, and in endless phrases. 2. in phrases as, bjóða e-m heim, to bid one to a feast, heimbo
ð; sækja e-n heim, to visit, attack one, in a hostile sense, pa
ssim: bæta heim fyrir sér, to make for one's soul's weal, Fm
s. iv. 63.
HEIMA, adv. I. neut. [Engl. home; Germ. heimath; Dan
. hjem and hjemme] :-- home, = heimili; en er kaupmenn drif
u af skipi hverr til síns heima, Fms. vi. 109; skulu hvárigir &oum
l;ðrum þar íllt gera at heima mínu, Nj. 256; urðu &t
horn;eir at ganga langa leið til síns heima, Bs. i. 47, Korm. 222, St
j. 393; til þíns heima, 484; ef eigi kemr tröll milli h&uacute
;ss ok heima, Fms. viii. 41. 2. the phrase, eiga heima, to have a home
, live; Hallfreðr átti heima at Haukagili, Fms. ii. 9; þeim
megin árinnar sem hann átti h., Bs. i, Hkv. 2. 4, and passim. 
II. at home; var Rútr h. at Rútsstöðum til se
x vikna, Nj. 10; heima hafðir þú vit þitt, er þ&uac
ute; sagðir mér til, Hrafn. 8; fátt var manna heima, Landn. 15
2; heima glaðr, cheerful, gladsome at home, Hm. 102; h. í g&ou
ml;rðum goða, Vþm. 2, passim: sayings, dælt er h. hvat, Hm.
5; halr er h. hverr, 35. β. phrases, standa h., to square, be all
right, of a measure or the like: the phrase, sitja heima sem mær til
kosta (heima-sæta), to stay at home as a maid, Sams. S.; þat
þykkjumk ek vita, at eigi munum vit allan aldr okkar úgiptar heima
sitja, Sturl. i. 206.
B. COMPDS: heima-alinn, part. home-bred. heima-alningr, m. one home-fed. heima-ból, n. a homestead, mansion,
 Fms. ii. 90. heima-bóndi, a, m. a franklin or yeoma
n in a heimaból, H. E. ii. 114. heima-brunnr, m. a home wel
l, Glúm. 390, Sturl. i. 191. heima-bær, m. the home-b
uildings, homestead, opp. to outlying storehouses and byres, Ann. 1319. h
eima-dyrr, n. pl. the 'home-doors,' the entrance to dwelling-bouses,
Fær. 264, Grett. 121 A, Fs. 42 (= mod. bæjardyr). heima-dý
r, n. domestic animals, Barl. heima-elskr, adj. 'home-lovin
g,' a laggard, afraid to go out in the world, Fs. 4. heima-fastr, adj
. having a fixed home, H. E. ii. 85. heima-fólk, n. home
folk, Fms. ii. 160, Grett. 140. heima-friðr, m. home-peace, Js. 95. heima-griðungr, m. (heima-naut, n.), a bull kept
at home, Vápn. 46, Sturl. i. 78. heima-hagar, m. home-past
ures. heima-hestr, m. a 'home-horse,' stallion, opp. to &uacut
e;ti gangs-hestr, a working horse, Hm. 82. heima-hús, n. pl
. dwelling-houses, opp. to out-buildings, Fær. 264. heima-j&ouml
;rð, f. = heimaból, Pm. 53. heima-kominn, part., in the ph
rase, göra sik h., to make oneself as at home. heima-kona, u,
f. = griðkona, a house-maid, Sturl. i. 73, iii. 193, Njarð. 370:
medic. erysipelas, cp. farkonu-sótt. heima-land, n. hom
e-land, the home estate, Fms. ii. 90, Bs. i. 287, 841, D. I. i. 240, Vm. pas
sim; an estate on which a church is built. heima-lið, n. = heimaf&oac
ute;lk, Sturl. i. 196. heima-maðr, m. = griðmaðr, a 'homeman,' dweller, servant, Eg. 52, 60, 165, Sturl. i. 72, Nj. 11, Stj. 482, Vm.
23. heima-prestr, m. a resident priest, the parson, Fms. iv. 265,
Bs. i. 652, Jm. 24. heima-ríkr, adj. tyrannical at home, B
jarn. (in a verse), heima-seta, u, f. sitting at home, Grág
. i. 41. heima-sveit, f. = heimafólk, Sturl. ii. 53. heima-s&ae
lig;ta, u, f. a maid 'sitting at home,' unmarried. heima-taða,
 u, f. the hay from the home-field, Finnb. 340. heima-tíund
, f. 'home-tithe,' i.e. the tithe of the estate on which a church is
built, to be paid to the lay landlord, Vm. 19, Am. 90, D. N. heima-vist,
f. staying at home, Bs. i.
heima, d and að, to take one in, in the allit. phrase, h&yacut
e;sa ok heima e-n, ef maðr hýsir ok heimir útlagan mann, G&tho
rn;l. 144; hafa hýst þá ok heimat, N. G. L. i. 123, (rare.)
heim-alinn, part. = heima-alinn.
heim-alningr, m. = heima-alningr.
heiman, adv. from home, Hbl. 2, Nj. 11, 142, passim; cp. hé
ðan, handan, þaðan. β. in the phrase, henni fylgdi hei
man Breiðabólstaðr, the estate B. went with her from home,
i.e. was her dowry, Landn. 61, 177;
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<HEADER>250 HEIMANBUNAÐR -- HEIMOLL.</HEADER>
gefa heiman, to give from home, i.e. give in marriage, D. N. i. 72
3; göra heiman, to endow; ek görða þik heiman &iacute
; þá ferð sem dóttur mína, Fms. vii. 121, Band. 3

1 new Ed., passim.
heiman-búnaðr, m. preparation for a journey from home,
Stj. 366.
heiman-ferð (heiman-för), f. a going from home, Nj
. 195, Eg. 10, Jb. 388: = heimanfylgja, Stj. 175, N. G. L. i. 233.
heiman-fylgð, f. = heimanfylgja, N. G. L. i. 233.
heiman-fylgja, u, f. the dowry which a bride brings with her from home
, opp. to mundr, Grág. i. 174. 313, Nj. 11, Sturl. iii. 179, Korm. 13
4, Stj. 570, N. G. L. i. 232, Gísl. 16, Ísl. ii. 9, 378, passim. 2. metaph. of a son, Dipl. iv. 5; but mostly of a church, cp. Engl. end
owment, the church being regarded as the bride of Christ; h. kirkjunnar, Bs.
i. 287, K. Á. 24. UNCERTAIN Fylgja is here prop. akin and another form o
f the word fúlga, q.v., and heiman-fylgja, qs. heiman-fúlga.
heiman-för, f. = heimanferð, Grág. i. 147, Eg. 23.
heiman-förull, adj. strolling from home, Fas. i. 525.
heiman-gengt, n. adj. in the phrase, eiga ekki h., to be bound to stay
at home.
heiman-gjöf, f. = heimanfylgja, Jb. 118.
heiman-görð, f. an endowing, endowment, Grág. i. 3
36, D. N. passim.
heiman-kvöð, f. a summoning of neighbours, Grág. i
. 130.
heim-boð, n. a 'home-bidding,' invitation, a feast, Nj. 51, Fm
s. i. 54, Eg. 66, Orkn. 320: a law phrase, reclamation, N. G. L. i. 41, G
þl. 406, Grág. i. 381, passim.
heim-böllr, m., Lat. orbis terrarum, the globe, world, Eluc.
19.
Heim-dalr, m., with single l, not Heimdallr, as shewn from the gen
. -dalar, not -dalls; a later form used in the Rímur was Heimdæl-1,
Þrymlur 1. 8 :-- the god Heimdal, Edda, whence the poem Heimdal
ar-galdr, m. id. The etymology has not been made out: Heimdal was the heaven
ly watchman in the old mythology, answering to St. Peter in the medieval
legends; respecting him vide Edda 17 (Sksm.) and passim, Gm. 13: he was also reg
arded as the father and founder of the different classes of mankind, see Rm. and
Vsp. 1, -- meiri ok minni mögu Heimdalar, the higher and lower sons of
H., i.e. all men. II. a ram in Edda (Gl.) is called hei
mdali.
heim-dragi, a, m. a 'home-dragger,' laggard, Fms. vii. 121, Fs. 17
7 (in a verse), Art. 89, Konr. 10, Lex. Poët.
heim-ferð, f. a going home, Eg. 66, Fms. iv. 269, ix. 474, Jb.
8: an inroad into one's home = atför, heimsókn, Ld. 262, Eg.
73, Fms. viii. 9, xi. 239. COMPDS: heimferðar-dagr, m. the day fo
r returning home, Magn. 512. heimferðar-leyfi, n. 'home-leave
,' Fms. ix. 318.
heim-friðr, m. a law term, home-peace, home security, D. N. i.

215, 245.
heim-fúss, adj. longing for home, Fms. vii. 48, vi. 238, St
url. i. 84, Fb. ii. 360.
heim-fýsi, f. a longing for one's home.
heim-för, f. a going home, return home, Fms. vii. 48, xi. 60,
Hkv. 2. 34: an inroad, Eg. 12, v.l. COMPDS: heimfarar-leyfi, n. 'home-leave,' leave to go home, Eg. 31, Fms. viii. 395, Orkn. 284. heim
fara-þing, n. a law term, a meeting to settle terms in case of dist
ress for payment of debt; cp. the mod. phrase, undir atför at lögu
m, D. N. v. 424 (Fr.)
heim-ganga, u, f. a going home, Sturl. i. 43.
heim-gás, f. a home goose, a tame goose, Grett. 90, Korm. 2
06, Edda (Gl.)
heim-hagi, a, m. [cp. átt-hagi, Dan. hjem-stavn], a home
-field, D. N. i. 581; in Hm. 156 we propose to read heimhaga for heimhuga.
heim-hamr, m. 'home-skin,' one's own skin, Hm. 156; vide hamr.
heimila, d and að, to give a title to a thing; þá
hefir maðr heimild til ef maðr heimilar honum er forráð &aac
ute; aura sinna, Grág. ii. 191; hvárt sá maðr heimildi
honum landit eðr eigi, 209; ef maðr selr manni eðr gefr þat er
hann veit at þjófstolit er, ok villir hann heimild at, þ&oac
ute; at hann vissi eigi þá er honum var heimildr, ok varðar sk&
oacute;ggang, 190; hvar sem þeir kæmi við, heimilaði jarl &t
horn;eim þat er þyrfti at hafa, Nj. 122; ábúð heim
ilar tekju, en landskyld heimilar lóð, N. G. L., Gþl. 329.
heimild (heimold, Stj. 134), f. [Dan. hjemmel = authorit
y; undoubtedly derived from Goth. haimoþli, by which Ulf. rende
rs GREEK, Mark x. 29, 30, and thus nearly akin to heimili and heimoll; in Icel.
only used in law phrases] :-- a title, right, jus possessionis; hann seld
i síðan þann sama graptar-reit ok heimoldir, Stj. 134; stefna t
il heimildar, to summon one for h., Grág. ii. 205; villa heimild a
t e-u, to give out a false account of one's title to a thing, of stolen t
hings, 190; nú ferr maðr á jörð manns ok tekr eigi he
imild af þeim er á, N. G. L. i. 39; þau ríki er konung
r hafði þá heimildum á tekit, to which the king had g
ot the title, Fms. x. 45; heimild skal hverr maðr taka af sínum d
róttni verka-sveins síns, Anal. 278; en veit ek at hann hefir eigi
réttar heimildir á skóginum, Eb. 170. COMPDS: heimildar
-kviðr, m. a verdict of neighbours as to right of possession, Gr&
aacute;g. heimildar-maðr, m. a man from whom a title is derived, Grág. ii. 205, Gpl. 537. heimildar-tak, n. a taking possessi
on, title; honum þótti eigi at lögum hafa farit heimildart
ak á skóginum, i.e. he thought it was a bad, unlawful bargain, Eb. 178, N. G. L. i. 324. heimildar-taka, u, f. id., Gþl
. 493, 537. heimildar-taki, a, m. = heimildarmaðr, N. G. L. i. 324, J
b. 356. heimildar-váttr, m. a witness in case of disputed title
, Grág. ii. 319. heimilda-vandr, adj. fastidious in regard
to title, Sturl. ii. 146. II. in mod. usage gener. authority;
það er engin heimild fyrir því, there is no authority
for it. heimildar-laust, n. adj. without authority.

HEIMILI, n.; for an older form heimi see the compds with heimis-; [origin
ally a compd from heima, home, and óðal, heimiðli, as seen
from Ulf. haimoþli = GREEK, Mark x. 29, 30] :-- a house, homest
ead, domicile, Eg. 535, Fms. vi. 358, xi. 18, Grág. i. 99, 146, Hkr.
i. 184, Nj., passim in old and mod. usage. COMPDS: heimilis-bragr, m. home-life. heimilis-búi, a, m. a law term, a homestead ne
ighbour summoned from the same house, Grág. i. 26, 191. heimilis-f
ang, n. a law term, a domicile, Grág. i. 19, 146, 147, Nj. 
heimilis-fastr, adj. having a fixed homestead, Grág. i. 52, ii
. 45, Vm. 97, D. I. i. 277, 303. heimilis-fólk, n. folk of the
same homestead. heimilis-hús, n. a closet, Stj. 151, 19
9, Am. 37: a privy, Fb. i. 416, ii. 87, Fs. 183. heimilis-kviðr, m. a verdict given by heimilisbúar, Grág. i. 145, Fas. i
. 380; also called heimiskviðr, q.v.: heimiliskviðar-vitni, n. the evidence of h., N. G. L. i. 140, 160, 316. heimilis-njóli, a, m., a botan. term, rumex acutus, Hjalt. heimilis-prestr, m.
a chaplain, Vm. 15, D. I. passim. heimilis-sök, f. a law phra
se, a 'home-charge,' a charge that can be brought home to one, Valla L. 2
26. heimilis-tíðir, f. pl. home-service, Am. 37. hei
milis-vist, f. a domicile, Hkr. iii. 364, Stj. 94.
heimill, vide heimoll.
heimis-búi, a, m. = heimilisbúi, Grág. i. 191.
heimis-garðar, m. pl. 'home-yards,' a homestead, Hm. 8.
heimis-haugr, m. a 'home-how,' Hbl. 45 (Bugge's Emend.); vide haug
r.
heimis-kviðr, m. = heimiliskviðr, defined in N. G. L. ii. 505 sqq
.: a home-verdict, report made by one's mates and fellows; in the saying,
hættr er h. nema sér góðan geti, Sdm. 25; eigi skal hei
miskvið annan at henda eðr ílltyngdir, no notice is to be take
n of house-talk or evil tongues, Grág. i. 361.
heim-kváma (heim-koma), u, f. return home, Fms. i. 2
90, Sturl. i. 213: the phrase, missa heimkvámu, to miss one's return,
be slain in foreign parts, answering to GREEK, Od.; misti þar margr ma
ðr heimkvámu, Fas. i. 385, (Skjöld. S., which is a paraphrase fr
om an old lost poem); at margr missi heimkvámu í þeima styr,
Sighvat, Hkr. iii. 40 (in a verse). heimkvámu-dagr, m. the day
of coming home, GREEK, Lex. Poët.
heim-kynni, n. a home, household, Ísl. ii. 392, Magn. 484,
Hkr. ii. 273.
heim-leið, f. 'home-way,' going homewards, Mart. 129, Hom. (St
.)
heim-leiðis, adv. homewards, Eg. 589, Fms. iv. 278, xi. 55, Fs
. 57, Ld. 48, passim.
heim-lenzkr, adj. native, Sks. 375.
heim-leyfi, n. = heimfararleyfi, Fms. vi. 445, vii. 182, xi. 248, Hkr. ii
. 261.
heim-ligr, adj. worldly, Magn. 466, Stj. 546, Bs. i. 97.

heim-nár, m. a law term, 'home-corpse,' thus defined, s&aac
ute; maðr heitir h. er dreginn er til stokks eða til stumns ( = stofns)
ok höggnar af bæði hendr ok fætr, en um þat verk ver&
eth;a þrír menn útlagir nema hann vili færum kenna, N.
G. L. ii. 506; cp. gálgnár etc.
heimoll, adj., so spelt in Nj. 220, Eg. 163, 199, Fms. vi. 161, 185, Fs.
154, etc.; heimholt (wrongly), Sks. 60 new Ed.; heimull, Fms. vi. 207, vi
i. 160; later and usually heimill; [cp. Goth. haimoþli and I
cel. heimili] :-- prop. 'household,' homely, domestic, of a thing or prop
erty, cp. Germ. 'heimisch, einheimisch;' hann lét öngu tort&y
acute;na þar nema kvikfé heimilu (home cattle); but this sen
se is rare and obsolete. II. metaph. as a law term, property in one's
full possession, at one's free disposal; heimöl jörð, appro
priated land, Fms. vi. 161 (in a verse); þér varð jör&
eth; heimöl, 185 (in a verse) :-- in the phrase, vera e-m heimill; enda er
eigi mundrinn heimill, sá er hann handsalar hinn heimski maðr, i.e. it is not a good, lawful bargain, it is not valid, Grág. i. 177; en
hann hirdir aldri, at hverjum hann keypti, ef honum var heimilt selt, Ó.
H. 114; því eru borð sett at heimoll er matr þeim er haf
a þurfu, the meat is at the free disposal of those who wish to have it,
 Nj. 220; ok vera öllum matr heimill (heimöll, Hb.), Landn. 193; k
vað honum heimilan skyldu sinn styrk nær sem hann þyrfti, his
help should be at his disposal whensoever he stood in need of it, Orkn. 86;
en heimil munu þar til vár orð, Lv. 36; heimult skal Þ&o
acute;rði at vera með mér, Fms. vi. 207; skal þér ok
heimilt vera, at hafa fé mitt til styrks þér, Ó. H.
33; þat er heimilt þeim er fara vilja með mér, Fs. 23; n&
uacute; er þat heimilt at þú sér hér af þ
ú vilt þat, Fbr. 37 new Ed.; segir at þat var skylt ok heimil
t, due and just, Ó. H. 156; segir svá, at þat var sky
lt ok heimolt at hann görði slíkan forbeina sem þurfti, Eg
. 163; allt mitt góz er þér heimolt, Fs. 154; allt mitt skal
yðr jafnheimolt sem mér, 182; Þórir segir, at þat
var heimolt þó at Þórólfr vildi fleiri menn ha
fa með sér þangat, 199: in a bad sense, at honum sé heim
ill hæðilegr dauði, i.e. it serves him right, Sks. 280: eig
a heimilt, to have a right to, to have at one's disposal, etc.; mik &aacu
te;ttú heimilan til fylgda við þik ok ráða-gör&
eth;ar, Fms. xi. 29; en heimilt á Glúmr at lofa þat, Nj. 23;
þvíat konungr á
<PAGE NUM="b0251">
<HEADER>HEIMOLLEIKR -- HEIMTA. 251</HEADER>
heimult at drepa mik, Fms. vii. 160; hans menn trúðu því
at hann ætti heimilan sigr í hverri orrostu, Hkr. i. 6; heimilt &a
acute; biskup at taka tíund fvrir kirkjum, Grág. (Kb.) ii. 214; n&
uacute; á ek hér nokkuru heimilla (compar.) at veita nokkura fr&ia
cute;on, Ó. H. 205; þat muntú eiga allra heimilast (superl.)
at veita öðrum þitt en ekki mitt, Ísl. ii. 137; lá
ta, göra e-m heimilt, to allow, give a right to another; lét
Þorvaldr honum heimilan hest sinn, Th. made him free of his horse, plac
ed it at his disposal, Gísl. 20; ok lét honum heimilan sinn vi
nskap, Fms. v. 183; hann görði sér allar konur jafnheimilar, i.
207. III. cp. Germ. heimlich = private, secret, only in the
following derivatives.
heimolleikr (heimull-), mod. heimugleikr (-leiki), m
. privacy, intimacy; kærleiki með h., Bs. i. 809; h. ok vin&aac
ute;tta, Fms. v. 176 (v.l.), Bs. (Laur. S. passim), Mar. 2. mod. secre
cy; þeir töluðu milli sín margan heimuleik, Bs. ii. 54
.
heimolliga (heimull-), mod. heimugliga, adv. duly, with
full title to possession; hvert er þat land er ek má fá
Haraldi heimolliga, ef ek hefi úskert Dana-veldi? Fms. i. 85, cp. Hkr. (l
.c.) 197; at þér mættuð byggja h. ok einsliga í &t
horn;essari laudsins hálfu, Stj. 223. 2. privately, Fb. i.
83, Bs. ii. 28. β. mod. secretly, Fms. xi. 443 (MS. of the 1
5th century).
heimolligr, mod. heimugligr, adj. intimate, Bs. i. 801 (Lau
r. S. passim); kærastr ok heimolligastr, Mar. 2. private; h.
hús ok herbergi, a private closet, Stj. 105; hans h. fólk,
his household folk, id.; h. klerkr, a private clerk or chaplai
n, Fms. xi. 443; h. vinr, Fas. ii. 490; h. hús, a privy, Grett
. 98 A. β. mod. secret, Germ. heimlich.
HEIMR, m. [Ulf. heimos (fem. pl.) = GREEK; A. S. hâm;
cp. Eng. home, and in local names -ham; O. H. G. haim; Ge
rm. heim; Dan. hjem; Swed. hem] :-- prop. an abode, vill
age, and hence land, region, world: I. abode, land, 
1. partly in a mythol. sense, each heimr being peopled with one kind of bein
gs, gods, fairies, men, giants, etc.; níu man ek heima, I remember nin
e abodes, Vsp. 2, and also Alm. 9 sqq., Vþm. 45, refer to the mythol.
conception of nine heavens, nine kinds of beings, and nine abodes, cp. Goð-h
eimr, God-land, Yngl. S., Stor.; Mann-heimar, Man-land, the abode of m
en, Yngl. S.; Jötun-heimar, Giant-land; Álf-heimr, Elf
-land, Fairy-land; Nifl-heimr, Mist-land, the world below, Edda, Gm.;
Undir-heimar, the nether world, Fms. iii. 178, Fas. iii. 391; Upp-heimr,
the 'Up-land,' Ether, Alm. 13; cp. also Sól-heimar, 'Sun-ham,'
Sunniside, freq. as a local name, Landn.; vind-h., 'wind-ham,' the heave
n, Vsp. 62; sá heimr er Múspell heitir, Edda 3; heyrir bl&aacu
te;str hans í alla heima, 17: the phrase, spyrja einn í alla heima
, to ask one freely; er slíkt harla úhöfðinglegt a
t spyrja úkunna menn í hvern heim, Fb. i. 211. 2. the re
gion of the earth or sky; Austr-heimr, the East; Norðr-h.
, the North; Suðr-h., the South; Vestr-h., the West; J&
oacute;rsala-heimr, Palestine: poët., dvalar-heimr, a dwelling-pl
ace, Sól. 35; ægis-h., 33; alda-h., the abode of men, 41
; heimar goða, the abode of gods, Hkm. 13; munar-h., a place of bl
iss, Hkv. Hjörv. 42; ljóð-h., the abode of men, Gg. 2
; myrk-h., the mirky abode, Akv. 42; sólar-h., the sun's abode,
heaven, Geisli. 3. a village, in local names, Engl. -ham,
 Germ. -heim; but in mod. Dan., Norse, and Swed. local names contract
ed to -om or -um, so that in many instances it is doubtful whether
it is from heim or a dat. pl. in um, thus Veom, Viom may be V&eac
ute;heimr or Véum; Sæ-heimr = mod. Norse Sæm; H&aacute
;-heimr = Hæm; Fors-heimr = Forsum, Munch, Norge's Beskr. Pr
ef.: in Icel. not very freq., Sól-heimar, Man-heimar (cp. Safn i. 353 not
e), Vind-h.: the mythical Glaðs-h., 'Bright-ham,' Þrym-h., &THO
RN;rúð-h., Gm. 4, 8, 11. II. this world, opp. to Hel or
other worlds; fyrst fólkvíg í heimi, Vsp. 26; segðu m&
eacute;r ór heimi ek man ór Helju, Vtkv. 6, Hkv. Hjörv. 40, S
kv. 3, 62, Vþm. 49, Am. 83, Stor. 19, Vsp. 46, Helr. 4; koma í heim
inn, to be born, Fas. ii. 513; þessa heims, in this world, 6
23. 48, Gþl. 42, Hom. 48; opp. to annars heims, in the other world;
þessa heims ok annars, Nj. 200, Sks. 354; kringla heimsins, the globe,
orbis terrarum, Hkr. (init.); um allan heim, Grág. i. 169; heimr er
bygðr, Ísl. ii. 381; spor þín liggja lengra út &i
acute; heim en ek fæ séð, Orkn. 142; var heimrinn allr greindr
í þriðjunga, Al. 117, Sks. 194, Rb. 134; al-heimr, the unive
rse; minni-h., microcosmos, Eluc. 19. 2. phrases, liggja (vera
) milli heims ok Heljar, to lie between life and death, in extreme illnes
s, Fb. i. 260 (of a swoon); lá Þorsteinn þá milli heim
s ok heljar ok vætti sér þá ekki nema dauða, Fas.
ii. 437; þá sigaði svá at honum, ... ok lá n&aacu
te;liga í milli heims ok heljar, Grett. 114; sýna e-m í tvo
heimana, to make one look into two worlds, i.e. to treat a person rou
ghly; cp. laust hann svá at hann vissi lítið í &tho
rn;enna heim, he struck him so that he nearly swooned, Karl. 35. 3. eccl. the world, mundus; heims ágirni, Hom. 73; stíga yfi
r heiminn, to overcome the world, 49, N. T. passim, e.g. John xvi. 8, 11,
20, 33; heims börn, the children of the world, Pass.; heims d&yacut
e;rð, the glory of the world, Post.; heims skraut, the pomp of the
world, Hom. 83; hold ok heimr, the flesh and the world, N. T. 4. den
oting people, only in the compd þing-heimr, an assembly, cp
. Fr. monde. COMPDS: heims-aldr, m. aetas mundi, Stj. 25, R
b. 392, Fas. ii. 13. heims-álfa, u, f. a quarter of the world, Edda 151 (pref.) heims-brestr, m. crash of the world, Nj. 272.
heims-bygð, f. the peopled world, Rb. 380, Stj., Hom. hei
ms-endi, a, m. the world's end, Stj. 68, 92: temp. the end of the
world. heims-kringla, u, f. orbis terrarum, Sks. 606, Trist.
7: the name of the work of Snorri, given it by Thormod Torfæus (died 1719)
, from the first words in one of the vellum MSS., 'Kringla heimsins,' etc., when
ce Heimskringla; as the old name of the Aeneid was 'Arma.' This name was for the
first time used in the Edit. of Peringsköld 1697. heims-skapan (
-sköpun), f. creation, Stj. 279. heims-skaut, n. pl. 
the poles, Fs. ii. 97 (in a verse); the earth being conceived as a sheet str
etched out (mod.), Norðr-h., the North pole; Suðr-h., the Sout
h pole. heims-slit, n. pl. the end of the world, Bs. i. 432,
Stj. 124. heims-sól, f. the sun, Fms. vi. 422. heims-sta
ða, u, f. aetas mundi, 625. 178, Rb. 82, 84, 88, Fb. i. (pref.),
Bs. ii. 3. heims-stjórn, f. the ruling of the world, Mar. heims-stýrir, m. the ruler of the world, Lex. Poët. 
heims-vist, f. living, dwelling, 625. 93, Magn. 428, Fms. ii. 239: dwelling in a place, N. G. L. i. 391, Hom. 115. heims-þriðjun
gr, m. = heimsálfa (in the old sense), Hkr. i. 5.
heim-reið, f. a 'home-raid,' inroad, attack, Eg. 279.
heim-röst, f. a lane leading up to houses (Icel. traðir),
Gþl. 414, 445.
heimska, u, f. folly, Am. 83, Fbr. 142, Fms. ii. 156, Ó. H.
109, Anal. 246, passim. COMPDS: heimsku-liga, adv. foolishly, Sks
. 685. heimsku-ligr, adj. foolish, heimsku-tal, n. fooli
sb talk, heimsku-verk, n. a foolish deed, Karl. 20.
heimska, að, to mock one, 656 C. 35, H. E. i. 505 (impers.)
heimskingi, a, m. a fool, simpleton.
heimsk-liga (proncd. heimsliga, Fb. i. 259), adv. foolishly; láta h., to play silly pranks, behave like an idiot, Fms. iii. 1
79, vi. 217, Fas. i. 9, Fs. 32, 150; fara h., Boll. 352; hlaupa hart ok heimslig
a, Fb. i. 259.
heimsk-ligr (proncd. heimsligr, 623. 19, Sturl. ii. 34 C, Fas. ii.
326), adj. foolish, silly, Sks. 73, 302, Fms. vi. 208; h. orð, fo
olish (foul) language, Sturl. ii. 34, passim; h. gaman, Fs. 71
.
heimsk-máligr, adj. foolish-spoken, 686 B. 2.
heimsk-orðr, adj. = heimskmáligr, Pass. 13. 2.
HEIMSKR, adj. [heima], foolish, silly, prop. 'homish,' of o
ne who has never been from home, as in the saying, heimskt er heimalit barn, 
homish (silly) is the home-bred bairn: heimskr, drill,
is opp. to horskr, Hm. 93; h. maðr, 19; heimskir halir, fools, bad men, Sdm. 24: the saying, verðr opt heitum heimskr maðr feginn, fair wo
rds make a fool's heart leap for joy, Þorst. St. 55; heimskir menn, Nj
. 33: an idiot, Grág. i. 177; h. ok úráðvandr, F
s. 51; sá skal hýðing valda er heimskastr er á þi
ngi, N. G. L. i. 349: nicknames, Ketill Heimski, Hrafn H., Hreiðarr H., &Oac
ute;ttarr H., Landn., Hdl., Fms.; cp. Lat. Brutus.
heim-sókn, f. [cp. Scot. hamesucken], an inroad or attack on one's home, Nj. 197, Fms. iii. 23, vii. 299. COMPDS: heims&o
acute;knar-vargr, m. one who makes an inroad, a burglar, N. G. L. i.
405. heimsóknar-vitni, n. a witness in a case of heims&oacu
te;kn, Gþl. 155. II. a visit, Sturl. i. 72.
heim-speki, f. philosophy, Col. ii. 8; and heim-spekingr, m
. a philosopher, now freq. and prob. formed in the 16th century from the
Germ. welt-weisheit; a poem Heimspekinga-skóli exists, writ
ten at the end of the 17th century.
heim-stefna, u, f. a law term, a citation served at one's home, G&
thorn;l. 264. COMPDS: heimstefnu-váttr, m. a witness in a case
of h., N. G. L. i. 217. heimstefnu-vitni, n. testimony in a case o
f h., Gþl. 475.
heim-stöð, f. a homestead, Vsp. 56.
heim-sækja, sótti, [Dan. hjemsöge], to visit,
 Lv. 108, Fms. v. 236, Valla L. 218, Glúm. 354, (better in two words.
)
HEIMTA, t, [Swed. hämta; akin to heim, prop. to fetch home
] :- to fetch: 1. to draw, pull; þá bau&et
h; jarl at h. þá at landi, to pull them ashore, 623. 35; tak
a hendi sinni í stúfinn tungunnar ok h. (to pull) hana, Fb
. ii. 386; þá heimtir hann togit hart, Konr. 31 (MS.), 33; þ&
aacute; vildu þeir h. snöruna at hálsi honum, Mar.: metaph., h
eimti hann sik fram með fégjöfum við konunginn, he made h
is way with the king by money, Fms. xi. 325; Einarr kom á fund konung
s, ok heimti sik fram með fégjöfum, Fb. iii. 445; h. sik &iacute
; vináttu við e-n, to contract friendship with one, Fms. vi. 5
2; h. nyt af fé, to milk cattle, K. Þ. K. 78, Bs. i. 189: im
pers. (rare), þegar er saman heimtir með þeim, when they come
up to one another, Al. 143; slíks var ván eigi lítil,
at þik mundi þangat heimta (v.l. langa, Fs. 104), that thou shoul
dest be drawn thither, long to go thither, Fms. ii. 212. 2. to cal
l on one; konungr heimti til sín Sigurð ullstreng, Fms. vii. 17;
þá heimtu þeir konung á tal, they had an interview
with the king, 273, Lv. 42; þá var Joseph heimtr ór myrk
va-stofu, Ver. 17; þá skal hann h. til skipverja, ok segja þe
im, Grág. i. 210. II. to claim, crave; mikit var heimt at &
thorn;eim fyrir sakir föður þeirra, Sturl. ii. 127: to claim a due, debt, or the like, h. föður-arf, Ó. H. 32; mó&e
th;ur-arf, Ld. 62; h. fé at e-m, Ísl. ii. 224; h. toll, Gull&thorn
;. 11; h. skiptoll. Fs. 153: hann mun ætla at h. erfð sína, Nj.
5; um eignir þær er Ólafr konungr heimti, Fms. i. 287; R&uac
ute;tr átti för í Vestfjörðu at heimta (to claim
payment) fyrir varning sinn, Nj. 11; h. verð, fé, Fb. i. 434; sku
ld, skatt, mund, ii. 49, Fs. 153 :-- to crave, without the notion of gett
ing, þá heimti hann setstokkana ok náði eigi, Landn. 104
; gaf hann þá sök Sigurði, at hann hefði heimt fj&aacu
te;rhlut konunganna, Fms. vii. 128; ok á hann þó at h.
<PAGE NUM="b0252">
<HEADER>252 HEIMTA -- HEITA.</HEADER>
þingfarar-kaupit, Grág. i. 24; en nú var þar komit, at
Steinn heimti þessi vilmæli at Ragnhildi, now St. called on R. t
o make good her promises, Ó. H. 144; ok mun heimt annat ef annat er v
eitt, Þorst. Síðu H. 172; þeir heimtu mund móð
ur sinnar, en hann vildi eigi gjalda, Hkr. i. 21. 2. to get back, reco
ver, regain, get in; nema þú þinn hamar þér
um heimtir, Þkv. 18; also, h. aptr, 8, 11; h. e-n ór helju, Eg. 533
, Grett. 83, Konr. 35. 3. esp. to bring home the sheep in autumn from
the summer pastures; nú heimtir annarr-tveggi þeirra fleira en
ván átti, ... nú heimtir annarr betr en annarr, ... hve mar
t hann hafði óheimt, i.e. how many sheep were still at large, not
got in, Grág. i. 424, 425. III. reflex., þá er sy
nir Haralds konungs heimtusk fram at aldri, advanced in years, Fb. i. 576
; þá heimtusk Birkibeinar ór þys búandmanna, ok
upp í eyna, Fms. viii. 68: h. saman, to gather together, join; he
imtusk brátt skip hans saman, x. 396; ok heimtusk svá allir saman,
joined to one another, viii. 357; vil ek at menn skiptisk í sveit
ir ok heimtisk saman frændr ok kunnmenn, Ó. H. 204: of sheep, l&aac
ute;ta skipta at jafnaði svá sem heimtz hefir til, Grág. i. 42
4. IV. part. heimtandi, a claimant, Grág. i. 495, K.
Þ. K. 154.
heimta, u, f. a claim, demand, of payment due to one, or the like,
Sturl. i. 113, Grág. ii. 379, K. Á. 84, Fb. i. 471, (fjárheimta, arf-h.) 2. esp. in pl. (heimtur), a bringing home sheep from t
he summer pastures; þat var eitthvert sinn um haust at heimtur v&oacut
e;ru íllar á fé manna, ok var Glúmi vant margra geld
inga, Nj. 26; haust-heimtur, Band. 4; skaut mjök í tvau horn um heim
tur Odds frá því er verit hafði, id.; ok er á lei
ð haustið ferr hann á fjall, verða heimtur góðar,
ok missir engis sauðar, 3; al-heimtur, gathering in all one's sheep,
cp. Glúm. ch. 7, Rd. 4, Eb. ch. 18, Nj. ch. 16; very freq. in mod. usage.
heimtari, a, m. a usurer, Stj. 304.
heimting, f. a claim, demand, Grág. i. 97, 334, Ld. 50, Fms
. ii. 287.
heimul-leikr (-leiki), heimolleikr, vide heimoll.

heim-ván, f. expectation of coming home; hann sagði s&i
acute;na heimván í efztu viku Föstu, Sturl. i. 25. 2.
eccl. departure, Germ. ableben; þat get ek ekki merkja heimv
án þína, Fms. vii. 108, cp. Fél. vii. p. xiv. pref.;
hann svaraði, mér lizt, herra, sem þér munið eigi le
ngi hér eptir þurfa at berjast við heiminn, -- Biskup mæl
ti, því er gott at taka, eg á góða heimvon, taken
from Jón Halldórsson's Lives of Bishops, referring to the death o
f Jón Vídalín (A.D. 1720).
heim-þegi, a, m. a 'home-dweller,' a member of one's household; this word occurs several times on Danish stones, vide Rafn 184, 185, 197, 21
7, 218.
heim-þingaðr (-uðr), m. a visitor; hanga h. =
Odin (vide haugi), Ísl. ii. 353 (in a verse); herju h., the husband o
f the ogress, i.e. the giant Hrungnir, Haustl. 19.
HEIN, f. [A. S. hân; Engl. hone; Dan. heen], a hone, Edda 48, 59, Sturl. ii. 62, Fms. vi. 374: a nickname of the Danish
king for his meekness, Knytl. S. COMPDS: heinar-brýni, n. = heinb
rýni, Fas. iii. 43. heinar-sufl (heinar-smjör, hone
-grease, Fb. iii. 425), n. the liquor in which mowers dip the whetstone, Fms. vi. 374: in poetry the sword is called hein-flet, hein-land, hein-va
ndill, the flat, land, rod of the hone, Lex. Poët. hein-&thor
n;ynntr, part. hone-whetted, of a sword, id.
hein-berg, n. a hone-quarry, Edda 58.
hein-brýni, n. a hone, whetstone, Fas. iii. 43.
Heinir, m. pl. the inhabitants of the Norse county Heiðmörk, Fms
. xii. Hein-verskr, adj. from Haðaland, Hkr. i. (in a verse).
HEIPT, better heift, f. [Ulf. haifsts = GREEK, cp. haifs
tjan = GREEK; akin is Germ. heftig, whence mod. Dan. hæftig] :-- the earliest sense is feud, deadly war; vinna e-m heipt, to w
age war (do battle) against one, Vkv. 10; deila heiptir, to
wage deadly feud, Hkv. 1. 44; senda e-m heiptar-boð, to challenge on
e to combat, Fas. iii. 27 (in a verse): hereto belong such poët. epithe
ts as, heiptar-nýtr, heiptar-strangr, heipt-bráðr, heipt-f&
iacute;kinn, heipt-glaðr, heipt-mildr, heipt-minnigr, heipt-móðr,
heipt-örr, heipt-snarr, = mighty in war, warlike, all of them u
sed as 'ornamental' epithets of praise, vide Lex. Poët.: as also heiptar
-hvessir, m. a war kindler, id. β. bane; heipt hr&
iacute;sungs, the bane of a copse, i.e. fire, Ýt. 19: in th
e old poems Hm. and Sdm. heipt seems used in a peculiar sense, viz. an imprec
ation, spell, Hm. 136, 152, Sdm. 12, 36, and perh. Eb. in the Máhl&ia
cute;ðingavísur. 2. evil doings, injury; eiga e-m heipt
ir at gjalda, Hkr. i. 85, Korm. (in a verse); gjalda e-m harma ok heiptir, &Oacu
te;. H. 214. II. deadly hatred, spite; halda heift í hjarta
, Hom. 50; heipt ok harðindi, ill-will and tyranny, Fms. vi. 42; meir
af h. en ást, xi. 310; hafa heipt á e-m, to hate one. 2
. fury; þá svall heipt í Högna, H. swelle
d with fury, Bragi. COMPDS: heiptar-blóð, n. a law phrase,
bloodshed; saurga í heiptarblóði, to stain (a
holy place) with bloodshed, Eb. 12; þá kom heiftarbló
ð fyrst á jörð, Ver. 6 (the blood of Abel). heiptar-fengi
nn, adj. breathing hatred against one, Ld. 232. heiptar-hugr,

m. wrath, Fb. iii. 320. heiptar-hönd, f. a foe's band;
leggja heiptar hendr á e-n, Stj. 486; með sinni heiptar hendi, 436.
heiptar-mál and heiptar-orð, n. pl. words breathing
hatred, Karl. 438, Fas. i. 191, ii. 358.
heipt-gjarn, adj. spiteful, Bkv. 10.
heipt-kviðr, m. unkind, evil words, Ad. 22.
heipt-mögr, m. a foeman, adversary, Hm. 149.
heipt-rækni, f. (heipt-rækinn, adj.), vindictivenes
s, Hom. (St.) 49.
heipt-rækr, adj. vindictive, Bs. i. 8.
heiptugr, adj. baneful: in the allit. law phrase, heiptugri hendi,
infesta manu, K. Á. 36, 40, Gþl. 378.
heipt-úð, f. deadly hatred, Ver. 26.
heipt-úðigr, adj. vindictive, Eb. 17 new Ed., Fbr. 35,
Fms. vi. 42, 295.
heipt-yrði, n. pl. words of hatred, Edda 77, Am. 85, Fm. 9.
HEIT, n. pl. [cp. Ulf. wota = GREEK], threatening words or
gestures, threats, Lat. minae; standa undir heitum ok íllyr
ðum, Bs. i. 728; heit ok harðyrði, Barl. 194; köld heit, Edda (
Ht.); þeirra heit dvínuðu, Edda (in a verse); af heitum, fro
m his threatening gestures, Am. 19.
heit, n. a solemn promise, vow; munu yðr heit hans öll f&
ouml;st, Eg. 28, Þorst. St. 55; efnt þykkisk þú hafa he
it þín, en nú eru eptir mín heit, Nj. 59; en í
engum heitum (engagement) vil ek bindask, Ó. H. 32: in sing, a
vow, holy vow, kvað engan hlut batna munu við þat heit, Rd. 2
48; er honum þótti sem þegit mundi heitið, Glúm. 3
48; efla heit, to make a vow, Gísl. 90; stofna heit, id., F
ms. ii. 16, Sturl. i. 222; festa heit, id., Bs. i. 184: but esp., strengj
a heit, to make a solemn vow (in the heathen time, whence heit-strenging)
, Fs. 122, Ísl. ii. 166, Fms. i. 3, xi. 26, Fb. ii. 353, Hrafn. 5; enda h
eit sitt, Fb. ii. 371: eccl. a vow, offra Drottni heit sín, Stj. 4
29; heit öll ok testamenta, K. Á. 216: a promise (in marriage
), hann bað konunnar ok fékk heitið hennar, Edda 23; bregða f
östu heiti, to break a promise, Alm. 5.
HEITA, pres. heit, heitr, and in A. II. heiti, heitir (bisyllabic), in mo
d. usage heiti through all significations; pret. hét, hétu, 2nd pe
rs. hézt; part. heitinn.
A. [Ulf. haitan = GREEK; A. S. hâtan; Old Engl. hi
ght, pret. hot; O. H. G. haizan; Germ. heissen; Swed. heta; Dan. hede]: I. trans. with acc. to call, give name
to; hve þik hétu hjú? Fsm. 47; Urð hétu eina,
Vsp. 20; Heiði hana hétu, 25; Grímni mik hétu, Gm. 49;
hve þik heitir halr, Hkv. Hjörv. 14; Hnikar hétu mik, Skv. 2.
18; hétu Þræl, Rm. 8; hétu Erna (Ernu?), 36: the nami
ng of infants was in the heathen age accompanied by a kind of baptism (ausa vatn
i), vide ausa, p. 35. 2. metaph. to call on one; in the phrase, he
ita e-n á brott, to turn one out, call on one to be gone; þ&
aacute; er maðr á brott heitinn ef honum er eigi deildr matr at m&aac
ute;lum, Grág. i. 149; Vermundr hét hann á brott ok kva&eth
; hann eigi þar lengr vera skyldu, Sturl. ii. 230; so also, ef bónd
i heitr griðmann sinn af vist foráttalaust, Grág. i. 157; e&et
h;a heitið mik héðan, Ls. 7; ek var heitinn út (turned
out) fjórum sinnum, Sighvat :-- with prep., heita á e-n, to
call upon one (for help); hón hét á konur at skilja &t
horn;á, Landn. 49: to exhort one (in battle), hét á
Hólmrygi, Hkm. 2; Úlfr hét á oss, Hkr. iii. (in a ve
rse); Gísli spratt upp skjótt ok heitr á menn sína,
at skýli, Gísl. 22: to invoke one (a god, saint), hann tr&u
acute;ði á Krist, en hét á Þór til sj&oacu
te;fara ok harðræða, Landn. 206; hann heitr nú á ful
ltrúa sína Þorgerði ok Irpu, Fb. i. 213; ef ek heit &aac
ute; guð minn, Mar.; á Guð skal heita til góðra hluta,
Sól. 4. 3. part. pass. hight, called; sú gjöf
var heitin gulli betri, Ad. 9; löskr mun hann æ heitinn, Am. 57, Fms.
vi. 39 (in a verse); sá maðr mun eigi ílla heitinn (will n
ot get a bad report) í atferð sinni, Sks. 55 new Ed. β. heitinn, the late, of one dead; eptir Odd heitinn föður sinn,
Dipl. iv. 13; Salgerðr h., the late S., Vm. 37: very freq. in mod. u
sage, hann Jón heitinn, hún Guðrún heitin, etc. II. absol. or intrans., in which case pres. bisyllabic heiti (not heit), to b
e hight, be called, as in Goth. the pass. of haitan; Andvari ek heiti
, A. am í hight, Skv. 2. 2; Ólafr heiti ek, Fms. x. 226; ek
heiti Ari, Íb. (fine); Jósu vatni, Jarl létu heita, Rm. 31
; Óðinn ek nú heiti, Yggr ek áðan hét, Gm. 5
4; Gangráðr ek heiti, Vþm. 8; Ask veit ek standa, heitir Yggdra
sill, Vsp. 19: esp. freq. in an hist. style in introducing a person for the firs
t time, Mörðr hét maðr, hann átti dóttur eina
er Unnr hét, móðir hennar hét Þorgerðr, R&uac
ute;tr hét bróðir hans, Nj. 1, 2; þau áttu eptir
dóttur er Þuríðr hét, hinn elzti son Bjarnar h&ea
cute;t Grímkell, Ísl. ii. 4; Oddr hét maðr, son Ön
undar breiðskeggs, hann átti þá konu er Jórunn h&
eacute;t; annarr son þeirra hét Þóroddr en annarr &THO
RN;orvaldr, Þuriðr hét dóttir Odds en önnur J&oacut
e;friðr, 121, 122; Þorsteinn hét maðr, hann var Egilsson, e
n Ásgerðr hét móðir Þorsteins, 189; þau
gátu son, ok var vatni ausinn ok hét Þórólfr,
146, etc.; and in endless instances answering to Engl. there was a man, and
his name was (he was hight) so and so. The ancients said, hve
(or hversu) heitir þú, 'how' art thou named? Germ. wie h
eisst du? thus, hve þú heitir? hve þik kalla konir? answe
r, Atli ek heiti, and hve þú heitir, hála nágr&aacute
;ðug? Hrímgerðr ek heiti, Hkv. Hjörv. 14-17; hve sú j
örð heitir, hve sá himinn heitir, hversu máni heitir, hve
sjá sól heitir, etc., Alm. 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28
, 30, 32, 34, Vþm. 11, 13, 15, 17; the northern Icelanders still say, hver
s' (i.e. hversu) heitir maðrinn, sælir verið þér, hv&
ouml;rs' heitir maðrinn? answer, Hrólfr heitir hann, Asgrímsso
n að norðan, Sig. Pétr. in Hrólfr (a play), p. 4: in mod.
usage, hvat (what) heitir þú? hvað heitir þ&uacute
;? Eg heiti Jón, Stef. Ól.: the same phrase occurs now and then in
old writers, hvat heitir bær sjá? Ld. 234; hvat heitir hón?
Helga heitir hón, Ísl. ii. 201 (Cod. Holm. hvart = hversu?): as a
lso in the poem Fsm. (but only preserved in paper MSS.) 9, 11, 13, 19, 23, 31, 3
5, 37; but hve, 46, 47. β. of places, often
<PAGE NUM="b0253">
<HEADER>HEITA -- HEL. 253</HEADER>
with dat. and prep. of the place; á þeim bæ er á Brj&a
acute;mslæk heitir, Bs. i. 379; land pat er í Hvammi heitir, G&iacu
te;sl. 121; bær hans hét á Stokkum, Fb. iii. 324; á &
thorn;eim bæ er at Hóli heitir, Hrafn. 5; ok því heiti
r þat síðan í Geitdal, 3; bær heitir á Bakk
a, á Meðalhúsum, at Búrfelli, á Auðúl
fsstöðum, at Svínavatni, í Vestrhópi, í Sl&
eacute;ttadal, Ísl. ii. 322-325. 2. to be called, reckoned so a
nd so; þá heitir hón sönn at sök, then she
stands convicted, N. G. L. i. 351; þú skalt frá þe
ssum degi frjáls maðr heita, Ld. 50; heit hvers manns níði
ngr ella, Nj. 176; heldr en h. kotkarl, eigi er þat nafn fyrir-líta
nda, at heita húskarlar konungs, Sks. 270; sá er vill heitinn hors
kr, Hm. 61. 3. reflex., hétomc, to name oneself or to be
called; hétomc Grímnir, hétomc Gangleri, einu nafni h&
eacute;tomc aldregi, hétomc Þundr fyrir þat, Gm. 46, 48, 54.
B. With dat., [cp. Goth. fauraga heitan; A. S. hâtan,
pret. het; Germ. verheissen] :-- to promise, with dat. bot
h of the person and thing, or the thing in infin., or absol.; heita hör&eth
;u, to threaten, Am. 78; h. góðu, Sól.; h. bölvi,
Hdl. 49; afarkostum, Fms. i. 75; hann heitr þeim þar í m&oacu
te;t fornum lögum, Ó. H. 35; engu heit ek um þat, 167; mant&ua
cute; nokkut hverju þú hézt mér í fyrra, Anal.
190; at lítið mark sé at, hverju þú heitr, Fms.
vii. 120; fyrir þau hin fögru fyrirheit er þú héz
t þeim manni, er bana-maðr hans yrði -- þat skal ek efna sem
ek hét þar um, i. 217; kom Þorsteinn þar, sem hann haf
ði heitið, as he had promised, 72; þú munt göra
okkr slíka sæmd sem þú hefir heitið, Nj. 5; Nj&aa
cute;ll hét at fara, 49. II. to make a vow, the vow in dat.
, the god or person invoked with prep. and acc. (h. á e-n), cp. A. above;
þat sýndisk mönnum ráð á samkomunni, at h.
til verðr-bata, en um þat urðu menn varla ásáttir hv
erju heita skyldi, vill Ljótr því láta h. at gefa til
hofs, en bera út börn en drepa gamal-menni, Rd. 248; þ&aacute
; heitr Ingimundr prestr at bóka-kista hans skyldi á land koma ok
bækr, Bs. i. 424; ok skyldu menn taka at heita, þeir hétu at
gefa ..., 483; hét Haraldr því til sigrs sér, at hann
skyldi taka skírn, Fms. i. 107; eptir þat hét hón mi
klum fégjöfum á hinn helga Jón biskup, Bs. i. 201 and
passim, esp. in the Miracle-books. III. reflex. and pass. to plight on
eself, be betrothed; þá sá hón þat at r&aac
ute;ði ok með henni vinir hennar at heitask Þórólfi,
Eg. 36; þeim hétumk þá þjóðkonungi,
Skv. 3. 36: to betroth, varkat ek heima þá er (hón)
þér heitin var, when she (the bride) was given to thee, Alm. 4; kom svá, at Bárði var heitið meyjunni, that
the maid was betrothed to B., Eg. 26. 2. to vow, plight one's fait
h; þeir hétusk reka Hákon ór landi, Jd.: to vo
w one's person to one, at hann heitisk hinum heilaga Ólafi konungi, H
kr. iii. 288: to bind oneself, þá menn er honum höf&eth
;u heitisk til föruneytis, Fms. vii. 204.
heita, tt, [heitr], to heat; hón heitti steinana, Lv. 70; h
ann lét taka sement ok heita í katli, Fms. vi. 153; h. spjó
t í eldi, Fas. ii. 29; sólin heitir hafit, Rb. 444., 2. 
to brew; heita mungát, Bs. i. 339, 340, K. Þ. K. 100, Finnb. 29
4, Eg. 88; heita öl, 148, Hkv. 3; heita til Jólanna, to brew for
Yule, Orkn. 112; -- the ancients used to drink fresh-brewed ale.
heita, u, f. brewing, N. G. L. ii. 249, iii. 197; öl-heita, ale-brewing, Landn. 215. COMPDS: heitu-gagn, n. a boiler, D
. N. heitu-hús, n. a brew-house, Fms. viii. 329. heitu-k
erald, n. a brewing-vat, Dipl. v. 18. heitu-ketill, n. a bo
iler, Dipl. iii. 4, Fb. iii. 447. heitu-kona, u, f. a woman brewer
, Rétt. 6. 3. heitu-maðr, m. a brewer, Sturl. ii.
44. heitu-viðr, m. fuel for brewing, Rétt. 59.
heitan, f. a hooting, threatening, Fms. vi. 371, 437, Sturl. ii. 5
7, Fs. 31. heitanar-orð, n. pl. menaces, Fms. vi. 118, Sturl.
iii. 141.
HEITASK, að, dep.; [in mod. usage this word is often used as a strong
verb, as if it belonged to the great verb heita above; but wrongly, as they are
widely different, the former referring to Goth. haitjan, the latter to G
oth. wôtjan, answering to Icel. hóta, h&oelig;ta, q.v., Old
Engl. to wite] :-- to hoot, threaten, abuse one; heitask við
e-n, with infin. or absol., hann gerir reiðan mjök ok heitask við O
dd, Korm. 142; aldrei hallmælti hann úvinum sínum ok aldri h
eitaðisk hann við þá, and he never spoke evil of or abus
ed his enemies, Nj. 211; hann settisk í bú hans en heitaði
sk við bónda, Fs. 157; hverr ert þú svá djarfr, a
t þú þorir at heitask við höfðingja várn?
Fms. i. 75: with infin., heituðusk Danir mjök at fara með her &iac
ute; Noreg, 160; h. e-s, viii. 167; þeir heitaðusk at verja hann, vii.
290; Knútr heitaðisk jafnan at herja til Englands, Ísl. ii. 2
41; en hjónin heituðusk við í öðru lagi at hlaupa
á brott, Bjarn. 27; hann heitask at brjóta þau, O. H. L. 23
; h. til e-s, muntú ná goðorði þínu þ&o
acute; at þú heitisk eigi til, Þorst. Síðu H. 173:
absol., segir at konungi mundi þat eigi duga at heitask eðr herja &aa
cute; innan-lands fólk, Hkr. i. 144. In mod. language heitast is chiefly
used of those who shortly before death curse a man, and after death haunt him, s
ee Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 222.
heit-bundinn part. bound by a vow, Sturl. iii. 240, Rd. 246.
heit-dagr, m. a votive day; heitdagr Eyfirðinga, the first
Tuesday in the month Einmánuðr (April), a 'day of vow' at the end of the winter when fodder and food began to run short, vide Rd. c
h. 7.
heit-fastr, adj. true to one's word, Sturl. ii. 133, Hkr. iii. 252
.
heit-fengi, n. a being heitfengr, Lv. 70.
heit-fengr, adj. able to eat one's food burning hot, Grett. 91.
heit-fé, n. votive money, Bs. i. 308, 450.
heit-guð, n, a god to whom one makes a vow, Bárð. 1
08.
heit-hleifr, m. a votive loaf, Vm. 33.

heiti, n. a name, denomination, 623. 62, Fms. i. 23, Hkr. i. 320,
Orkn. (begin.); úkennd heiti, simple nouns, opp. to kenningar, 
circumlocutions or metaphors, Edda (Sksm.); heiti and nafn are used
almost synonymously, lands-heiti, staða-heiti.
heitingar, f. pl. threats, imprecations, Lat. dirae, Fas. i
. 39, iii. 533, Grett. 203 new Ed., cp. Ísl. Þjóðs; i. 2
22.
heit-kona, u, f. one's promised spouse, distinguished from festarkona, in whose case the ceremony of betrothal has taken place (vide festa
r); hón skal vera heitkona Gunnlaugs en eigi festar-kona, Ísl. ii.
217, 239, 255, Fb. i. 372, Sturl. iii. 179.
heitleikr, m. heat, Mar.
heit-orð, n. a promise, Sturl. i. 34, ii. 167, Bs. i. 682, &TH
ORN;órð. 21 new Ed.
HEITR, adj. [cp. Ulf. heito = fever, Matth. viii. 14; A. S.
hât; Engl. hot; Hel. hêt; Germ. heiss;
Dan. heed;; Swed. het] :-- hot, burning; heitan eld, &Iacu
te;sl. ii. 152; eldi heitari, hotter than fire, Hm. 50, Grett. 134; heitt
skin, hot sunshine, Fms. i. 118, vi. 411; heitt veðr, hot weather
, vii. 165; veðr heitt af sólu, Ísl. ii. 193; skalt&uacute
; eigi þurfa heitara at baka, Nj. 199; heitt siment, hot mortar, Fm
s. vi. 153; eða hellir hann á hann því nökkvi er sv
á heitt er, at (of a fluid), Grág. ii. 129; heit mjólk, Lv.
70; heitr grautr, Eb. 198; ekki er heitt, 'tis not hot, Lv. l.c.; e-m er
(verðr) heitt, to be warm, Sks. 63; mér er heitt, I am hot
; eld-h., hot as fire; glóð-h., glowing hot; brenn
-h., burning hot; fun-h., sjóð-h., etc., q.v.; heitt bl&oacute
;ð, heitr sveiti, Korm. II. metaph. hot, ardent; heit á
st, hot love; unna (elska) heitt, to love dearly, Lex. Poët.,
and in mod. usage. 2. hot, angry; göra sik heitan, Bs. i. 71
7, Stj. 181; verða h. við e-n, 719.
heit-ramr, adj. boasting, braggart, Bs. i. 649.
heit-rofi, a, m. (heit-rofa), a promise-breaker, Fms. ii. 5
5, Fs. 96.
heitsi, adj. indecl.; verða e-s h., to engage oneself to a thing, Þiðr. 151.
heit-strenging, f. a solemn vow of the heathen kind (cp. strengja
heit), Fms. i. 4, Hrafn. 8, Ísl. ii. 42, Fms. xi. 26, 109-113, 152, Fs. 1
22. For descriptions of this heathen custom, esp. at festivals (at Yule time, at
funerals), see esp. Hænsa Þ. S. ch. 12, Jómsv. S. ch. 8, 37,
cp. Hkr. Ó. T. ch. 39, Hervar. S. ch. 4 (Fas. i. 417), Hkr. Har. S. H&aa
cute;rf. ch. 4, Yngl. S. ch. 40, Harð. S. ch. 14, Flóamanna S. ch. 2
(cp. Landn. 1. ch. 3), Hrafn. ch. 2, Hkv. Hjörv. (prose).
heit-strengja, d, to vow, Fms. xi. 110, Str.; (better in two words
.)
heit-söngr, m. a votive song, Bs. i. 307, 354.
heit-yrði, u. = heitorð.
HEKLA, u, f. [akin to hökull, q.v.], a kind of cowled or h
ooded frock, knitted of divers colours, see Fms. ii. 72, viii. 106; hekla f
lekkótt, Fas. i. 120, Landn. 319; blárend h., Ísl. ii. 44;
h. af skarlati ok saumuð öll brögðum, Fms. ii. 70; græn
h., Ó. H. 158. COMPDS: Heklu-fjall, n. 'Hecla-fell' the nam
e of mount Hecla, Bs., Ann. passim; in mod. usage abbreviated Hekla, prob. calle
d so from its frock or hood of snow. Fourteen eruptions of mount H
ecla are recorded, of A.D. 1104, 1158, 1206, 1222, 1300, 1341, 1389, 1440 (the e
xact year uncertain), 1510, 1597, 1636, 1693, 1766, 1845, besides earthquakes or
partial eruptions in the immediate neighbourhood in 1294 and 1554, see Í
sl. Ann., Jón Egilsson (Annals), Björn á Skarðsá (
Annals). In the Middle Ages Hecla became mythical in Europe, and was regarded as
a place of punishment for the damned; the Danes say 'begone to Heckenfjæl
d,' the North Germans 'to Hackelberg,' the Scots 'to John Hacklebirnie's house,'
cp. the Sks. 154. heklu-maðr, m. a hooded man, Fms. ii. 70.
Heklungar, m. pl. 'Frockmen,' the name of a political party in Nor
way in the days of king Sverri, Fms. viii. 106 sqq.
HEL, f., gen. heljar, dat. helju or hel (less correct); a nom. helja neve
r occurs in old writers, although a gen. helju is used in the mod. phrase, milli
heims ok helju (old and better heljar); [Ulf. halja = GREEK, Matth. xi.
23, Luke xvi. 23, 1 Cor. xv. 55; A. S. and Engl. hell; Hel. and O. H. G.
hellia; Germ. hölle; cp. Dan. i hjel] :-- the abode
of the dead: 1. in a heathen sense answering to the Greek Hades, and
distinguished from Valhalla; í Helju, Alm. 15, 19, 21, 27, 33; til Helja
r, Skm. 27, Vtkv. 6, Vþm. 43; ok létta ekki fyrr en vér h&ou
ml;fum Sigmund í Helju, Fær. 166; væntir mik, at hann s&eacut
e; nú í Helju, Fas. i. 233; at þau undr beri fyrir þik
at þú sér brátt í Helju ok víst mun &t
horn;etta þín furða vera, Ísl. ii. 351; fara til Heljar,
to fare to Hel. to die, Gísl. 107. 2. phrases or sa
yings, heimta e-n ór Helju, to draw one out of Hel, i.e. to res
cue him from imminent death or peril; þóttusk þeir hafa h
ann ór Helju heimtan, Eg. 533, Fs. 8, Fms. iii. 80; cp. gráta Bald
r ór Helju, Edda 38, 39, Bs. i. 648 (in a verse); búask til Heljar
, to busk one for a journey to Hel. i.e. to put him in a shroud; o
k er þat því mælt at maðr þykki til Heljar b&
uacute;ask, sá er sik klæðir mjök, þá er hann
gengr út eðr klæðir sik lengi, Gísl. 107; liggja (v
era) milli heims ok Heljar (see heimr II), Grett. 114, Fas. ii. 437, Fb. i. 260;
liggja á Heljar þremi, to lie on the threshold of Hel. O. H
. L. 71; eigi eru vér svá á Heljar þröm komnir,
at þú hafir allt ráð várt í hendi þ&
eacute;r, 655 x. 1; rasa í Helina opna, to rush into open Hel. i.e
. to seek death, Fms. viii. 437; leysa höfuð ór Helju, to release one's head out of Hel. Skv. 2. 1. II. death; unnus
k þeir Hákon mikit, svú at þá skildi ekki nema
hel, Fms. vii. 733; höggr á tvær
<PAGE NUM="b0254">
<HEADER>254 HÉLA -- HELGA.</HEADER>
hendr ok þykkir eigi betra líf en hel, without caring for his li
fe, Ísl. ii. 368; mér er verra líf en hel, Stj. 495; b&
iacute;ða heljar, to bide for death, Stor. 24; nema þeim liggi
við hel eða húsgangr, N. G. L. i. 54; þat er vant at sj&aac
ute;, félagsmaðr, hvárt fyrr kemr, hel eðr langframi, Orkn
. 466. 2. abverb. phrases, α. til heljar, to death; h
afðr til heljar, put to death, Grág. i. 34; drepa mann til hel
jar, 161; bíta e-u til heljar, N. G. L. i. 341; svelta til heljar, to
starve to death, Bret. 8; færa e-n til heljar, to slay one, Fms
. vi. 166. β. í hel, to death (Dan. i hjel); so
fa í hel, to sleep oneself to death, Rb. 356; vella möðk
um í hel, 414; berja grjóti í hel, to stone to death, Landn. 236, Eb. 98, Ld. 152, Gísl. 118; berja e-n í hel, Fms. v
. 181; drepa e-n í hel, Hbl. 27, Am. 38. III. the ogress He
l, the Proserpine of Scandin. mythol., Edda 18, 37-39, Gm. 31, Vtkv. 3; með
Helju, id.; bjóða Helju útlausn, etc., id.; haldi Hel þv
í er hefir, Edda 38 (in a verse): Hel was represented as of a black, livi
d hue, whence the phrase, blár sem Hel, black as Hel, Nj. 177; bl&
aacute;r sem Hel ok digr sem naut, Eb. 314: Heljar-skinn, n. 'Hel-skin
,' Black-skin; hann lézk eigi slík Heljarskinn séð
hafa, Landn. 121; also as a nickname, id. The inmates of Hel (ghosts called up f
rom below) were supposed to be endowed with a supernatural strength, whence the
phrases, heljar-afl, n. strength of Hel, gigantic strength;
tók hann þá á sínu heljarafli, Od. ix. 538 (G
REEK): heljar-karl, m. a 'hell-carle,' a person of gigantic strength, Fb. i. 212: heljar-maðr, m. (heljar-menni, n.), a man
of Hel, like heljar-karl, Ld. 160; er þat jafnan reynt, at heljarma&et
h;rinn er harðr við at eiga, Al. 109; Oddr kvað eigi hógligt
við heljarmann þann, en við fjölkyngi móður hans,
Fs. 32; ok er íllt at fásk við heljarmanninn, Grett. 134; g&ou
ml;rðu eigi þat at hætta þér einn undir vápn
heljarmannsins, Þorst. S. St. 52; hann er h. ok ván at íllt
hljótisk af, Fs. 36; ekki mun heljarmaðr þessi láta h&e
acute;r við lenda, Od. xxii. 70: Heljar-sinnar, m. pl. the champio
ns of Hel, demons, ghosts, Edda (Sksm.) 41; salir Heljar, the hall
s of Hel, Vsp. 35: cp. also Heljar-grind, f. the gates of Hel
; Heljar-meyjar, f. pl. the maids of Hel; Heljar-reip, n. the ropes of Hel, Sól. 37-39; Heljar-rann, n. the hall of
 Hel, Vtkv. 6; Heljar-diskr, m. the dish of Hel, Edda (Gl.), S
turl. (in a verse); Heljar-epli, n., Ísl. ii. 351 (in a verse); Heljar-askr, m. the ash of Hel, Sturl. (in a verse), cp. Vsp. 2.
HÉLA, u, f. [Lat. gelu], hoar frost, rime, Hkv. 2. 4
2, Edda 85, Stj. 292, Barl. 198. COMPDS: hélu-fall, n. a fall o
f rime, Gísl. 67. hélu-frost, n. a rime frost. hélu-kaldr, adj. rime cold, Sks. 41. hélu-sk&uacut
e;r, f. a rime shower, Stj. 292. hélu-þoka, u, f.
a rime fog, mist, Sturl. i. 179.
héla, d, to be covered with rime, Edda 3; hlýr h&eac
ute;lir, Lex. Poët.: part. héldr, icy, poët. epit
het of ships, the sea; héldir húfar, hélt haf, Lex. Po&euml
;t.
hel-blár, adj. black as death, Fas. iii. 653.
Hel-blindi, a, m. a name of Odin, Edda.
HELDR, adv. compar.; superl. HELZT; [Goth. haldis; Dan. 
heller; Swed. hellre, heller: only Scandin., not being found in the T
eut. dialects.]
A. COMPAR., I. more, rather: 1. with the particle en

(an), rather ..., than; hann var heldr ljótr an góligr, El
uc. 55; kjós hann heldr til en frá, Bs. i. 480; umbeygilega hlj&oa
cute;ðs-grein heldr en hvassa, Skálda 182; með margföldu atk
væði heldr en einföldu, Sks. 311; hygg ek at heldr hafi hann helv
íti en þessi maðr, Fms. vii. 118; vill hón at honum s&ea
cute; eigi frá vísat ... heldr en þeir gefi upp borgina, Fms
. i. 157: with a comparative, less than, more than; er þeim s&eacut
e; eigi minni kunnleikr á heldr en nábúum, Grág. ii.
343; bað hann skipa eptir konung-legri miskunn meirr, heldr en eptir h&oacu
te;flausri reiði Amans, Sks. 467. 2. hvart-heldr ..., eða, eit
her ..., or; whether ..., or ...; hvárt sem þat yrði heldr
kú ildi eðr vaðmál, Dipl. iv. 13; en nú vitum v&eac
ute;r eigi hvárt heldr er, ... eða muntú ..., now we know n
ot which is the case, whether ... or ..., Fms. i. 33: eða being understo
od, Gunnlaugi kveðsk vel líka hvárt at heldr er, G. said he
should be well pleased whatsoever was done, Ísl. ii. 267. 3.
at heldr, not merely ..., but rather, all the more, or after a negative,
any more; at heldr tveimr, at ek munda gjarna veita yðr öllum, not merely for two, but I would gladly yield it to you all, Nj. 117; ok &t
horn;ótti ekki hans hefnt at heldr, þótt (the more, thoug
h) þetta væri at gört, Ísl. ii. 273; en eigi er at h
eldr hefnt göfugra frænda várra, Fms. viii. 136, Hm. 95; ok at
heldr þótt (even though) þeir væri frjál
sir menn, þá væri þeir þó (yet) &oa
cute;bóta-menn, Eg. 737. II. intens. very; systur fr&iacute
;ða heldr, a very pretty sister, Hom. 115; heldr hljóðr, h
eldr fámálugr, Fms. xi. 78; var brúðrin döpr heldr
, Nj. 11; þaer vóru málgar ok heldr íllorðar, 66;
heldr ertú fámennr, Glúm. 377; tala heldr harðfarliga,
Eb. 256; konungr var h. úkátr, Eg. 44; mér er heldr kalt,
I am very cold, Orkn. (in a verse); þat mun mál manna, at g&
ouml;rð sjá sé heldr skökk, Eg. 738; Þorólfr
fýsti heldr uppgöngu, Eg. 242; var þá svá komit
deginum, at heldr tók út eyktina, that the hour of eykt was just passing, Fb. i. 192. III. but, on the contrary, Germ
. aber, vielmehr, esp. after a negative; eru þat ekki engla n&ouml
;fn? answer, heldr (no, but) kenningar-nöfn, Eluc. 12; eigi m&aelig
;lir hann svá ..., heldr (but), 40 :-- eigi, ... nema enn heldr,
but on the contrary, Stj. 409, 412, 428, 442; hann rak eigi erendi br&oac
ute;ður síns, heldr bað hann þeirrar konu sér til ha
nda, Fms. vii. 103; at hyggjandi sinni skylit maðr hræsinn vera, heldr
gætinn at geði, Hm. 6; ekki er þat, heldr vill faðir &thorn
;inn, at ..., Glúm. 379; láta þeir sér þat eigi
einhlítt, heldr hafa þeir tekið ..., Ó. H. 32; hæ
fir þat ekki, ... heldr er yðr þat sæmd, at ..., Fagrsk. c
h. 16; með lítilli gleði, heldr með miklu angri, Barl. 144. β. but, Lat. sed, at; Rútr mun ámæl
a þér í öngu, heldr mun hann biðja at allir geymi &
thorn;ín sem bezt, Nj. 14; eru þeir eigi einir saman í r&aac
ute;ða-görð sinni, heldr hafa þeir með sér marga v
itra menn, Sks. 313: very freq. in mod. usage, but, þar er hvorki k
afald né vetrar-ríki né steypi-regn, heldr ..., Od. ix; &ou
ml;ngvar hafa þeir ráðs-samkomur eða lög, heldr b&uacu
te;a þeir í víðum hellrum, 112; ekki hafa hjarðmenn
þar yfirför, eða akryrkju-menn, heldr er eyin ávalt &oacut
e;bygð af mönnum, 123; ekki bjuggu Lótofagar bana-ráð
mönnum mínum, heldr ..., 92; hann vildi ekki aptr snúa ... h
eldr vildu þeir eptir verða, 95; hann var hið mesta tröll, og
ekki menskum manni líkr, heldr skógþöktum tindi h&aacu
te;rra fjalla, 191; grát eigi lengr svo ákafliga, freista heldr (but try) ..., Od. iv. 544. IV. with adverbs; ekki heldr, neither
; ekki allnærri, og ekki h. mjög langt undan landi, Od. ix. 117;
né heldr, nor either; ekki er þar heldr umgangr af veiði
-mönnum, neither is there ..., 120; hvorki gróðr-setja &t
horn;eir nokkra plantan með höndum sínum né heldr (nei
ther) plægja jörðina, 108: ekki ... auk heldr, not to spe
ak of, still less, far less; hann vill ekki ljá mér þa&
eth;, auk heldr gefa, he will not lend it to me, far less give it: hitt-&
thorn;ó-heldr, rather the contrary! proncd. hitt-ó-heldr! i
ronically, e.g. tarna er fallegt, hittó-heldr, how fine, or rather the
contrary! i.e. what a shame! with adverb. datives, öngu heldr,
no more; öllu heldr, miklu heldr, much sooner.
B. SUPERL., I. soonest; hefi ek þat helzt í hu
g mér, Nj. 21; kunnu þeir þat helzt at segja til Ástr&
iacute;ðar, at ..., Fms. i. 68; þeir þykkjask nú helzt me
nn, Nj. 66: most, nú er þetta fylskni helzt, 133; sem ek vei
t sannast ok réttast ok helzt at lögum, Grág. i. 75. 2. freq. in mod. usage, soonest, best, most, Germ. am liebsten, am best
en; eg vildi það helzt, það væri helzt reynanda.
II. with adverbs; einkum helzt, especially; þeir er Guði
þjóna einkum helzt, 625. 165; hóti helzt, nökkvi helzt
; þeir áttu hóti helzt sér nokkura kosti í f&e
acute;munum, Ísl. ii. 134; ok þat hefir hann nökkvi helzt, er
Búi mælir fyrir honum, Fms. xi. 78; þá hafði n&uac
ute; helzt nökkut munr á fengizt, Edda 32; allra h., above all; allra helzt í lögum, Skálda 162; hvar helzt, wheresoeve
r, Hom. III. helzti or hölzti, with an adjective,
very much, very, often with the notion of far too; hölzti va
rr, Fms. viii. 91; hölzti nær oss! Eb. 133; hölzti vaskligir, Al
. 37; hann létzk við hölzti mikinn hraustleik, 41; ok kvað G
uðrúnu hölzti gott at vefja honum at höfði sér,
Ld. 188, cp. Fms. ii. 255; helzti fáráðir, Fær. 37; helz
ti lengi (far too long) hefir svá farit, Fms. vi. 393; þ&eac
ute;r sitið heima ok látið vænliga, ok eruð æ h&o
uml;lzti margir, Ld. 216; Þórólfr kvað þræl
þann helzti auðgan, Eb. 154; hölzti miklir úgæfu-men
n, Nj. 191; hölzti höfum vér verit auðtrygg, Fas. i. 531; &
thorn;yki mér nú sú ræða helzti löng orð
in, Sks. 352; ok er þér hvárr-tveggi helzti góðr,
Fms. i. 75; kvað konung hölzti lengi þar hafa kropit um lyng, Hk
r. iii. 376.
heldri, adj. compar. the better; and helztr, superl. the
best, foremost; í heldra lagi, in high degree, Fms. ix. 262,
Alex. 92; í heldrum lögum, id., Fas. iii. 551; þykkir
mönnum sá helztr kostr, the best choice, Hkr. ii. 76; finnsk
mér þat ráð helzt til ..., the best step to be taken
methinks is ..., Fb. i. 83; beztrar vináttu ok helztrar, of the b
est friendship and truest, Bs. i. 708; er einn hefir verit helztr lendra ma
nna í Noregi, Eb. 334: in mod. usage, heldra fólk, heldri menn, better sort of people, gentle folk, opp. to almúgi; heldri manna b&
ouml;rn, and the like: helztu menn, the best men.
helfingr or helfningr, m., D. N.; vide helmingr.
Hel-fíkr, m. = helgráðr, Fas. i. 385.
helft, f. [hálfr], a half, D. N., Landn. 218, v.l. (paper M
S.), freq. in mod. usage: behalf, H. E. ii. 41.

hel-fúss, adj. eager for death, Akv. 43.
hel-för, f. 'Hel-faring,' death, burial, Blas. 44.
HELGA, að, hælga, a Norse form, Bret. 34, 96, [heilagr],
to make holy, hallow, sanctify: I. a law term, to appropriate land or the like, by performing some sacred rites: komit hefi ek nú e
ldi á Þverárland ok er helgat landit Einari syni mínu
m, Glúm. 391; hann skaut yfir ana með tundr-öru ok helgaði s
ér svá landit fyrir vestan, Landn. 193; hann gerði eld mikinn
við hvern vatns-ós ok helgaði sér svá allt h&eacute
;rað, 207; svá helguðu þeir sér allan Öxarfj&ou
ml;rð, 234 (interesting): to adjudicate to one, hét hann &thor
n;ví at h. Þór allt landnám sitt ok kenna við han
n, Landn. 97; hann görði þar hof mikit ok helgaði Þ&oac
ute;r (dat.), id.; Ásbjörn helgaði landnám sitt Þ&o
acute;r ok kallaði Þórs-mörk, 280: hence in mod. usage, he
lga sér e-ð, to prove a thing to be one's own, make one's right to
a thing good, e.g. hann skal hafa það ef hann getr helgað s&e
acute;r það, he shall have it if he can prove it to be his, e.g
. M. N. er fundinn, ... réttr eigandi má helga sér og vitja
, Þjóðólfr, passim of property lost and found. β
. helga sik, to clear oneself of a charge; þóat hinn hel
gi sik með heimiliskviðar-vitni, N. G. L. ii. 69. γ. helga
þing, h. leið to proclaim solemnly the sanctity of a meeting, f
ixing the pale or bounds (þinghelgi, q.v.); goði sá er þi
nghelgi á, hann skal þar þing helga enn fyrsta aptan, Gr&aacu
te;g. i. 100; með þessum orðum ok þingmörkum helguð
u langfeðgar hans alþingi, Landn. (App.) 335; Glúmr átti
ok at helga haustþing, Glúm.
<PAGE NUM="b0255">
<HEADER>HELGALDR -- HEMND. 255</HEADER>
394; hann sendi Þórð at helga Þverár-leið, Stu
rl. iii. 169; leið skal svá h. jafnt sem þing; á lei&eth
; helgaðri, Grág. i. 122, Band. 2. of a person (in acc.), t
o proclaim a person's inviolability; ek helgaða þik á &THOR
N;ingskálaþingi, Nj. 99 (of an outlawed person); hann keypti at &TH
ORN;ormóði, at hann helgaði Örn, Landn. 288, i.e. to make ou
t that an outlaw had been slain within a bowshot (örskots-helgi), he being
inviolable (heilagr) within that distance. 3. in mod. usage, to protec
t by law; helga varp, æðarfugl, etc., = friða, q.v. II.
eccl. to hallow, sanctify; helga þú þá &iacute
; þínum sannleika, John xvii. 17; fyrir þá helga eg sj
álfan mig, svo að þeir sé og helgaðir í sannl
eikanum, 19, Ephes. v. 26, 1 Thess. v. 23, Hebr. xiii. 12, 1 Pet. iii. 15; me&et
h;al þeirra sem helgaðir verða, Acts xx. 32; helgat fyrir Heilagan
Anda, Rom. xv. 16; þér eruð helgaðir, þér eru
ð réttlátir, 1 Cor. vi. 11, passim; hvort er meira? gullit e&e
th;a musterit hvert er helgar gullit, ... eða altarið það sem
offrit helgar? Matth. xxiii. 17, 19. III. reflex. to be sanctified, Hom. 96, Fms. iv. 111; helgisk og styrkisk þessar hendr, Fms. viii. 26.
hel-galdr, m. a death-dirge, Fbr. 24.
helgan (helgun), f. sanctification, Hom. 160, Mar. 13, Stj.

141, 149, 1 Cor. i. 30, 1 Thess. iv. 3, 2 Thess. ii. 13, Pass. 24. 2: sacram
entum, þessar helganir, skírn ok ferming, K. Á. 20: c
onsecration, h. holds ok blóðs várs Herra Jesu Christi, H.
E. i. 463.
Hel-genginn, part. 'Hel-gone,' dead, Eg. (in a verse).
helgi, f., I. a law term, security, inviolability; nema hon
um væri helgi meiri mælt en fjörbaugs-manni, Grág. i. 98
; engir hundar eigu helgi á sér, ii. 119; hann skal segja til &tho
rn;ess í þingbrekku hverja helgi hann leggr á, 267; ú
-helgi, loss or forfeiture of one's personal security, i.e. out
lawry; frið-helgi, security; mann-helgi, sacredness of the per
son: also in a local sense, a holy place, sanctuary; örskots-hel
gi, sanctuary within bowshot; þing-helgi, the holy boundary of a
meeting within the pale fixed in the formulary, helga þing; fisk-helg
i, the limits within which the right of jetsum is valid, thus a whale is
recorded to have been found outside fisk-helgi, Þjóðólfr
, July 28, 1869, p. 162. II. holiness, sanctity, 625. 12, Bs. pass
im, Hkr. ii. 371; helgi Ólafs konungs, Fb. ii. 359, passim. COMPDS: he
lgi-dagr, m. a holiday. helgi-dómr, m. a halidom, sa
nctuary, N. T. helgi-hald, n. holiday-keeping, N. G. L. i. 348
, Valla L. 213, Fb. ii. 232. helgi-spjöll, n. pl. = helgibrot. he
lgi-staðr, m. a holy place, Eb. 12, Edda 10, Landn. 98.
Helgi, a, m. (Norse form H&oelig;lgi), the Holy, a pr. name
; as also Helga, u, f., Landn.
helgr, f., dat. and acc. helgi, pl. helgar, [Swed. helg], a hol
iday, feast, the Sabbath; hann vildi eigi berjask um Jólin fyrir saki
r helgar, Fms. vii. 183; hefsk sú helgr þváttdag, K. &Aacute
;. 152; halda Jóla-helgi, id.; hringja til helgar, to ring the bells a
t a feast, Ó. H. 118; Sunnudags-h., Páska-h., Jóla-h.,
Hvítasunnu-h.; eptir helgina, after the Sabbath, Orkn. 268. COMPDS
: helgar-brigði, n. = helgibrot, Valla L. 209. helgar-brot (helgi-brot, K. Á. 174), n. Sabbath-breaking, N. G. L. i. 371.
helgar-friðr, m. a holiday-truce, Fms. vii. 32.
hel-gráðr, m. voracity betokening death (in the case of
one who is fey), Fas. i. 372 (in a paraphrase from a poem); cp. hel-hungr, Ivar Aasen.
Hel-grindr, f. pl. the gates of Hel, Edda.
HELLA, u, f., gen. hellna, Bs. i. 204, [hallr, m.; Swed. häll
], a flat stone, slate, Þórð. 36 new Ed., Fs. 66, Fms. v
iii. 9, xi. 241, Orkn. 246: a table-land of rocks, leiddum síð
an skipit upp á hellurnar, Fms. xi. 241; þar ól Þ&oacu
te;ra barn uppi á hellunni, Hkr. i. 118, (Hákonar-hella, the name
of a place); sumt féll á hellu ok þornaði, Hom. Matth. x
iii. 5; hjálpar-h., rock of salvation; hneyxlunar-h., rock of o
ffence, Rom. ix. 33; þvíat þat var grundvallat á h
ellu, Matth. vii. 25: a tablet of stone ( = steintafla), Ver. 22; gull-he
lla, q.v.: a local name, Landn.; also Hellu-land, n. the Polar-land north
and east of Greenland. 2. metaph. medic. of a tumour, hard to the touch;
var þrotinn hlaupinn sundr í þrjár hellur, Bs. i. 178
. COMPDS: hellna-grjót, n. slate stones, Bs. l.c. helluberg, n. a slate quarry. hellu-bjarg, n. a slate rock.
hellu-flaga, u, f. a thin slate. Hellu-flagi, a, m. id.,
 a nickname, Landn. hellu-hnoðri, a, m., botan. the biting sto

ne-crop, sedum acre, Hjalt. hellu-nám, n. a slate quarry, Vm. 36. hellu-steinn, m. a flat stone, slab, Eg. 181, 579, &THO
RN;orf. Karl. 428, Vápn. 4, Fas. ii. 238: a rock, Matth. vii. 24.
HELLA, t, [halla], to pour out water or the like, with dat.; hella
vatni, etc., Grág. i. 129, 133, K. Þ. K. 12, 623. 54; h. silfri yf
ir höfuð e-m, Fms. vi. 375; h. í kné e-m, Fbr. 33; var he
llt í þik mjólk, milk was poured into thy mouth, Fms.
vi. 32; hella út, to pour out, spill, Fs. 147; h. e-u niðr, to spill, Al. 55; h. út tárum, to shed tears, 623. 17
; h. út blóði, to shed blood, Blas. 47, Nj. 272, Sks. 7
82; h. í sik, to gulp, guzzle (vulgar), Fas. i. 296. 2. ref
lex., hellask fram, to be poured forth, to rush forth, Rb. 438.
helling, f. pouring, shedding; blóðs út-helling,
bloodshed.
hellin-hagra, u, f. a kind of thyme, Hjalt.
HELLIR, m., gen. hellis, pl. hellar, (mod. pl. hellrar, hellrum, etc., vi
de Gramm.): [akin to hallr] :-- a cave (in rocks), Orkn. 4, 28, Fs. 66, 7
3, Grág. ii. 131, 134, Fms. vii. 81, Grett.; hann fór upp til hell
isins Surts (mod. Surts-hellir) ok færði þar drápu &thorn
;á, er hann hafði ort um jötuninn í hellinum, Landn. 199,
(nauta-hellir, Bs. i. 320,) passim. COMPDS: hellis-berg (-bjarg,
Grett. 164), n. a cavernous rock, Fms. x. 174, Fas. iii. 401. hellis-b
úi, a, m. a 'cave-dweller,' a giant. hellis-dyrr, f. pl
. the doors of a cave, Fms. i. 211, vii. 82, 83, Orkn. 428. hellis-glu
ggi, a, m. the window of a cave, Fas. iii. 413. hellis-gólf
, n. the floor of a cave, Fas. iii. 414. hellis-menn, m. pl. cave-men, outlaws, Landn. 61, 67, 182. Hellismanna-saga, u, f. t
he story of the cave-men, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 300 sqq.,
cp. also 104 sqq. hellis-munni, a, m. the mouth of a cave, Orkn. 4
28, Fb. i. 245. hellis-skúti, a, m. a jutting cave, Gl&uacu
te;m. 363, Eb. 206, Bret. 104, Fas. ii. 354, Grett. 101, Stj. 124. II. in
local names, Hellis-dalr, m., Hellis-fitjar, f. pl., Hellis-hr
aun, n., Hellis-ey, f., Hellis-fjörðr, m., Orkn., Lan
dn.: Hellis-firðingar, m. pl.
helli-skúr, f. a pouring shower, helli-rumba, helli-demb
a, u, f. id.
helma, u, f. [hálmr], a haulm, straw, Stj. 397 (ax-helma).
helminga, að, to halve a thing, Karl. 56.
helmingr, m. and helming, f., Grág. ii. 370; helfingr, Anecd. 102; helfuingr, D. I. i. 280, [hálfr] :-- a half,
Nj. 189, Fms. i. 22, Anecd. 102; at helmingi, by half, Nj. 98, Fms. vi.
183, Grág. i. 171, D. I. l.c.; skipta til helmingar, to share in two e
qual portions, Grág. ii. 370; or skipta í helminga, id., Fms. viii. 43. COMPDS: helmings-auki or helmingar-auki, a, m. a doubling, N. G. L. i. 328, Fms. viii. 270. helmings-ávöxtr
, m. id., N. G. L. i. 328. helmingar-félag, n. a law te
rm, a joint company with equal rights (e.g. between husband and wife), Nj
. 3, Ld. 164, Sturl. ii. 83. helmings-kaup, n. a bargain by way of
helmingarfélag; jörð er fallit hafði henni (the widow) &iac
ute; h. eptir Skapta bónda sinn, Dipl. v. 7. II. poët. a h
ost, Lex. Poët, passim, Edda (Gl.)
hel-nauð, f. = helstríð, Lex. Poët.

hel-pallr, m. the daïs of Hel, Lex. Poët.
hel-reið, f. 'Hel-ride,' name of a poem, Sæm.
HELSI, n. [háls], a collar, Grág. ii. 119, Hkr. i. 1
36, Þiðr. 16, Korm.
helsingr, m. the barnacle or tree-goose, so called from its
white collar (helsi), anas erithropus L., Edda (Gl.), Eggert Itin. 548:
a nickname, Fms. iv. 314. UNCERTAIN For the popular tales of this bird see Max M
üller's Lectures, 2nd Series. Helsingjar, m. pl. the name of the peo
ple of Helsingja-land in Sweden, Ó. H.
hel-skór, m. pl. 'Hel-shoes,' put on the dead to enable the
m to walk to Hel; for this heathen burial rite see Gísl. 24 (107).
hel-sótt, f. [Dan. helsot], the last sickness, Gr&aa
cute;g. i. 201.
hel-stafir, m. pl., poët. baneful characters, Hkv. Hjörv
.
hel-stríð, n. the death-strife, last agony, Greg. 31; h
ann bað Gest at hann legði ráð til at föður hans b&a
elig;ttisk helstríð, er hann bar um Ögmund son sinn, Landn. 146;
þá féllu honum þau (the tidings) svá nær
at hann dó af helstríði, Fær. 371.
heltask, t, [haltr], to become halt, Fas. iii. 204, freq.
helti, f. lameness, Bs. ii. 184, Hm. 86 (Bugge).
hélug-barði, a, m. a 'hoary-prow,' poët. a ship
, Edda (Gl.): of a horse, Nj. (in a verse).
hélugr, adj. [héla], hoary, Lex. Poët., freq.
Hel-vegr, m. 'Hel-way,' the way to Hel (Hades), Edda, Fas. i. 333:
mythol., Sæm. 156 (Helr, prose).
hel-víti, n. [from A. S. hellewite, whence Swed. helvete
, Dan. helvede, prop. the fine (víti) of Hel. q
.v.] :-- hell, the abode of the damned, Stj., Rb., N. T., Pass., V&iacute
;dal. passim, but only in Christian writers; it appears first in Hallfred. COMPD
S: helvítis-búi, a, m. an inmate of hell, Niðrst
. 4, 5. helvítis-byrgi, n. pl. the gates of hell, Rb. 380.
helvítis-eldr, m. hell-fire, Hom. 35. helvítis-kv
alir, f. pl. hell-torments, Nj. 273, Hom. 35. helvítis-logi
, a, m. the low (flame) of hell, Al. 154. helv&iacut
e;tis-maðr, m. a man doomed to hell, Bs. i. 111. helvít
is-myrkr, n. hell-darkness, Post. helvítis-pína
(-pinsl, -písl), u, f. 'hell-pine,' hell-torments, Stj., Ho
m. helvítis-virki, n. the stronghold of hell, Niðrst. 1
07.
hel-vízkr, adj. hellish, infernal, cursed, Th. 16.
hel-vænn, adj. fast sinking, = banvænn, Jb. 324 B.

hem, n. [him, Ivar Aasen, and North. E. ime = a hoar fro
st], a thin film of ice.
hema, að, impers. to be covered with rime; það hema&
eth;i ekki á poll.
hemill, m., prob. a leg-tether, only used in the phrase, hafa hemi
l á e-m, to restrain one.
hemingr, m. (hömungr, N. G. L. ii. 511), [höm = a sha
nk], the skin of the shanks of a hide; eigi vilda ek sjá &thor
n;á húð er þú ert einn h. af, Fb. iii. 405; in N.
G. L. i. 208 referring to a curious old ceremony of adoption :-- the adopted so
n himself and his nearest heirs were to put their feet into a shoe made from the
skin of the right leg of a three years old ox, cp. Ruth iv. 7, and Deut. xxv. 9
. II. a pr. name, Fb. iii, prob. derived from this mode of adoption.
HEMJA, hamdi, to restrain one, hold one back from roving about, f
req. in mod. usage; eg gat ekki hamið þær, I could not hold t
hem together; óhemjandi, unruly; cp. also óhemja, a
wild and furious person.
hemlir, m. a kind of boat, Edda (Gl.)
hemnd, f. revenge, and hemna, að, vide hefnd, hefna.
<PAGE NUM="b0256">
<HEADER>256 HEMPA -- HÉR.</HEADER>
hempa, u, f. [hampr], a priest's gown; missa hempuna, to be unf
rocked, forfeit one's priesthood. hempu-lauss, adj. without a prie
st's gown.
HENDA, d, mod. henti, [Old Engl. hente, to seize; cp. hönd],
to catch with the hand: 1. to catch; hann kastaði heini
nni í lopt upp, en allir vildu henda, Edda 48; hann lék at þ
remr handsöxum senn, ok hendi æ meðal-kaflann, Fms. ii, 169; Gr&i
acute;mr hafði þá hent böllinn, Eg. 189; en hón hen
di allar með hváptunum, Fb. i. 530. 2. to pick up or out, of sheep, deer, etc.; hann var verra at henda en aðra sauði,
Ísl. ii. 330; menn fóru ok vildu henda skjarra sauði, Bs. i. 3
30, Fms. vii. 218; h. svín, Fs. 26; h. hrein í fjalli, Hm. 89: in
pursuing one, en er Egill hafði hent þá sem hann vildi, Eg. 300
; þeir hendu þræiana enn fleiri, 596; hendu þá hv
árir menn fyrir öðrum, Fms. viii. 168; hann lét eigi hend
a börn á spjóta-oddum sem þá var víkingum
títt, Landn. 308; hann hendi þá sker frá skeri &thor
n;au er á leiðinni vóru (of one swimming), Fbr. 183; þes
sir stafir göra allt mál ok hendir málit ýmsa, Sk&aacu
te;lda 172; fara eptir sem vér skerum akrinn, ok henda (to pick up, gl
ean) ef nokkut stendr eptir, eðr fýkr frá oss, Stj. 422; h
enda mula, to pick up crumbs, Mkv.: with prep., h. saman, to pick up a
nd put together; h. saman orð, to compound words, Anecd. 1, Sks.
637. II. metaph., 1. phrases, henda e-t augum, to catch with th
e eyes, Fms. v. 140; h. reiður á e-u, to take notice of, N
j. 133; h. mörk af e-u, to draw an inference from a thing, Sks. 498
; h. mið á eu, to observe; spakir menn henda á mör
gu mið, the wise catch many things true, a saying, Fs. 140; henda gri
plur til e-s, to fumble after a thing, Eluc. 22; henda til smátt o
k stórt, to pick up small and great alike, look closely after, Gl&
uacute;m. 390; henda smátt, to pick up every grain, to keep one's ears
and eyes open; hér er maðr á glugganum, hann er vanr a&et
h; h. smátt, og hylja sig í skugganum, a ditty; h. gaman at e-u, to take interest in a thing; hann var gleðimaðr mikill ok hendi at
mörgu gaman, 385; hann hendi skemtan at sögum ok kvæðum, ok
at öllum strengleikum, ok hljóðfærum, Bs. i. 109; h. atvi
nnu af e-u, to live away from a thing, Fs. 143; h. sakir á e-m, to pick up charges against one (cp. Engl. to pick a quarrel), Lv. 40
. 2. to touch, concern one; þú sagðir tí&e
th;indi þau er mik taka henda, í aftöku frænda mí
ns, Fms. vi. 370; en mik taka henda (not enda) þung mein, Edda 94 (in a ve
rse); skal ek sjá um fémál hans ok þat annat er hann
(acc.) tekr at henda, and whatsoever concerns him, Nj. 5; tíði
ndi þau er bæði okkr henda, Fs. 10. 3. e-n hendir e-t, to be caught in, be overtaken by a sin, by ill luck, or the like; mik hefir
hent mart til afgerða við Guð, I have happened to commit many si
ns against God, Fms. vii. 108; þá hafði hent glæpska
mikil, they had committed great folly, Ó. H. 232, Fb. ii. 233; ef
hana hefir fyrr slíkr glæpr hent, N. G. L. i. 233; mun engi s&aacut
e; hafa verit er jafnmikit happ hefir hent sem hann (acc.), Fms. vi. 328; hvat &
iacute;llt sem mik hendir, Fs. 93; hann kvað þat dugandi menn henda (it happened to brave men) at falla í bardögum, 39; sú s
kömm skal oss aldregi henda, Fms. xi. 270; má, at hana hendi eigi sl
ík úgipta annat sinn, Nj. 23: sometimes, but less correctly, used
impers., the thing in acc., hverja skyldu þá henti at (how they
were committed to) taka við konungi, Fms. viii. 238, v.l., cp. þ&a
acute; skömm ( = sjá), Eg. 237; glæp mikinn, Fms. v. 113 (but
nom. Ó. H. v.l.), iv. 367 (but nom. Fb. l.c.), cp. also Stj. 454 (v.l.),
471. III. recipr. to bandy; hendusk heiptyrði, Am. 86.
B. To fling, throw, with dat.; it seems not to occur in old writer
s, (for in Anal. 193 the original vellum Fb. iii. 405 reads hann 'skýtr')
; but freq. in mod. usage, hann sveiflaði honum (the stone) í kring o
g henti, Od. ix. 538; thus tvíhenda, to hurl with both hands: refl
ex., hendask, to throw oneself forward, rush forward, to dart; hendast &o
acute;r háa lopti.
henda, u, f., metric. a metre, in compds, Aðal-henda, Dun-h.,
Lið-h., Skjálf-h., Rún-h., all names of metres defined in Edda
(Ht.) 121 sqq.
hendi-langr, adj.; vera e-m h., to be one's hand-servant, cp. Dan.
haandlanger = Lat. calo; allt þat lið er biskupi var he
ndi-langt, Sturl. ii. 49; þeir skyldi honum fylgja ok vera honum hendi-lan
gir bæði um þjónustu ok svá ef hann vildi þ&
aacute; senda, Hkr. ii. 80, cp. 283 (in a verse).
hending, f. a catching, in the phrase, var í hendingum me&e
th; þeim, they came to close quarters, of pursuit, Sturl. ii. 66; v
arð hann skjótastr ok var þá í hendingum með
þeim Sveini, Orkn. 336, Grett. 136 new Ed. 2. adverb. hendingum, by chance; veita ansvör sem hendingum væri, Barl. 143; whence th
e mod. af hendingu, by hap, by chance, cp. Dan. hændelse =
a chance, hap. II. metric. rhymes; the ancient double rhyme
s were both placed in the same line, so as to 'catch' one another: distin
ction is made between an aðal-henda (a full rhyme) and a skot-henda (
a half rhyme), thus in Fastorðr skyli fyrða | fe

ngsæll vera þengill, -- 'orð fyrð' are hal
f rhymes, 'feng þeng' full rhymes; the first rhyming syllable in th
e verse (as orð feng) was called frum-hending, head-rhyme, the
second (as fyrð þeng) viðr-hending, after-rhyme; if
the head-rhyme (as feng in the second verse line above) was placed as th
e initial syllable it was called odd-hending, edge-rhyme; if in the middl
e (as orð in the first line), hlut-hending, chance-rhyme, see
Edda (Ht.) 121, Skálda 178; the phrase jafnháfar hendingar refers
to the final consonants, Fms. vi. 386, Skálda 190: end rhymes, as in mod.
poetry, were called Run-henda (or Rím-henda?), but they are extremely ra
re in old poets: alternate end rhymes began to appear in the Rímur or Rha
psodies of the 14th century, and since that time in hymns; β. ver
ses gener.; mælti hann (Odin) allt hendingum, svá sem nú
er þat kveðit er skáldskapr heitir, Hkr. (Yngl. S.) 10: in mod
. usage hending often means the line of a verse or stanza, and hence po&e
uml;t. verses; héðan fagna eg hendingar heim að senda y&et
h;r, Núm. 8. 8: names of metres, odd-hending, al-h., used differently fro
m the old sense. COMPDS: hendingar-laust, n. adj. blank verse, Edd
a 138, Skálda 192. hendingar-orð, n. a rhyming syllable, Edda 134. hendinga-skipti, n. change of rhyme, Edda 129.
hendi-samr, adj. picking (i.e. thievish), Glúm. 364.
hendr, adj. only in compds: I. mod., fagr-hentr, fair-handed; harð-h., hard-handed; lag-h., handy, etc. II. metri
c. in this or that metre; neut. al-hent, skot-hent, hryn-hent, draug-hent
, ná-hent, hnugg-hent, stúf-hent; or masc., háttr being und
erstood, skot-hendr, dett-hendr, rún-hendr háttr, etc.: see Edda (
Ht.), where these metres are defined.
hengi-, a prefix, hanging: hengi-flug, n. a precipice: hengi-kjöftr, m. hang-jaw, name of a giant, Edda (Gl.): hengi-skafl, m. a jutting heap of snow, Bs. i. 640: hengi-tj&ouml
;ld, n. hangings, Jm. 21: hengi-vakr, m. a kind of bird
, prob. the kittywake: hengi-vígskörð, n. pl. j
utting ramparts, Sks. 417.
hengill, m. a pendulum, (mod.) 2. name of an overhanging
mountain, a beetling crag: also Hengla-fjöll, n. pl., Fb. iii.
559: hengil-mæna, u, f. a 'droop-chine,' laggard: hengilmænulegr, adj.; hengilmænu-skapr, m.
HENGJA, d, [hanga], to hang up, suspend, Sks. 406, Am. 5: to ha
ng (on a gallows), Grág. ii. 131, Fms. passim; h. sik, to hang one
self, Landn. 64: pass., Hom. 23: phrases, h. hálsinn, to hang the
neck, Fbr. 52; h. höfuðit, to hang the head, Bs. ii. 178.
henta, t, (mod. hentaði, hentar, Fb. i. 434, Trist. 14, Ísl. i
i. 12), [an iter. from henda], to fit: eigi hentir svá, it will
not do so, Nj. 4; sárum mönnum hentir betr mjólk en mung
at, Fms. iv. 82, 147; ok miklu á leið koma því er &thorn
;ar hentar til, Ísl. ii. 12; hentar annat en dvelja við, Trist.
henti-liga, adv. in fitting manner, Grett. 100 A.
henti-ligr, adj. befitting, Fms. v. 346, Grett. 111 A, H. E. ii. 2
01.
henti-semi, f. convenience, opportunity.
hent-leikr, m. opportunity, Bs. i. 218.

hentr, adj. fit, suited for one; eigi eru mér fjárle
itir hentar, Nj. 26, Grett. 23 new Ed.; hvat er þér hentast at vinn
a? Nj. 54, Fms. i. 127; er slíkum mönnum bezt hent þar, the
re is the right place for such men, Orkn. 322.
hentug-leikr, m. opportunity, Fb. iii. 254.
hentug-liga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), fitly.
hentugr, adj. befitting, convenient, Ísl. ii. 13, Fb. i. 20
9; ó-hentugr.
heppi-fengr, adj. making a good catch, Grett. 138 A.
heppi-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), fortunate; ó-heppile
gr.
HEPPINN, adj. [happ, cp. Engl. happy], lucky, Symb. 14, Gre
tt. 90 new Ed., Fb. i. 541; orð-h., ready-tongued.
heppnast, að, [Engl. happen], to have good luck, freq.
in mod. usage.
heppni, f. good luck, freq. heppnis-maðr, m. a lucky
man.
HEPTA, better hefta, t, [hapt or haft], to bind, fetter, Gr
ág. ii. 131; h. hross (hesta), to tether a horse, i. 383, Gl&uacut
e;m. 368, Fs. 5, Vápn. (Ný Fél. xxi. 123): metaph. to hi
nder, impede, h. ferð (för) e-s, Lv. 76, Grág. ii. 110: t
o hold back, restrain, Fær. 229, Nj. 141; h. fyrir e-m, id., Gr
ett. 134 A: in the saying, íllt er flýjanda at hepta, Fms. ix. 370
, cp. Sturl. iii. 23; en lendir menn heptu þá, Fms. ix. 389; vera h
eptr, to be hindered, iv. 132: h. sik, to restrain oneself, forbear; at þú hept þik at (forbear) héðan af at
glepja Þuríði, Eb. 252; hann bað Jökul h. sik (be q
uiet), Fs. 37, Karl. 54: reflex. to be thwarted, heptisk ferð &th
orn;eirra, Fms. x. 291, Fs. 4; ok heptusk Skotar við þat, 120.
hepti, n. [Germ. heft], the haft or hilt of a dirk,
Gísl. 18, Fas. i. 56, ii. 358, Eb. 250, cp. Grett. 153 new Ed., Landn. 24
8. hepti-sax, n. a kind of dagger, Grett. 141; knífa-h., Sk
s. 127. II. [Germ. heft; Dan. hefte], a part, fasciculus
 of a book, (mod.)
hepting, f. a tether, Gþl. 395: tethering, freq.: 
impediment, Sturl. iii. 220.
HÉR, adv. (spelt hier, Greg. 79), [Ulf. her = GREEK, hir
jiþ = GREEK, hidre = GREEK; A. S. he; Engl. here;
Germ. hier; Dan. her; the long root vowel indicates a contraction
, cp. heðra, Engl. hither] :-- here; mun þín s&ae
lig;md þar meiri en hér, Nj. 10; á landi hér, in t
his county here, Íb. 5, 12, 14-16; as also, hér í sveit
, hér í bæ, hér á þingi, etc., hé
r í héraði, Fs. 33; þeir vildu eigi vesa hér vi&e
th; heiðna menn, Íb. 4; vetri fyrr en Kristni væri hér l
ögtekin, 15; mönnum hér, people here, 10; áðr

vóru hér slík lög of þat sem í Noregi, 1
3; hér út, out here, i.e. here in Iceland, Gr&aacute
;g. i. 215; hér ok hvar, here and there, Fms. ix. 362, Sks. 192, F
s.; hér eru nú höfðingjar margir á þingi, Nj
. 3. 2. for hither, cp. Engl. come here! nú er hann
hér kominn, Niðrst. 6; fyrr en Kristni kom hér á &Iacut
e;sland, Íb. 9; margir þeir er hér koma, Fs. 100; hér
eru ok tignarklæði er hón sendi þér, Nj. 6; er &t
horn;ér hér nú minja-griprinn, 203. II. metaph. h
ere, in this case; hér er þó betr á komit, Nj. 91
; mun hér ok svá, 76. 2. with prep.; hér af, here
-from, henceforth; at þú mundir unna öllum hér af g
óðs hlutar, Ld. 206; en þó man hér hljótas
k af margs manns bani, -- mun nokkut hér minn bani af hljótask, Nj
. 90: hér at, með öðru fleira gabbi er þeir gör&e
th;u hér at, Sturl. i. 155, Fs. 9: hér eptir, hereafter, Fm
s. ix. 313; according to this, hér
<PAGE NUM="b0257">
<HEADER>HÉRALINN -- HEREMITI. 257</HEADER>
eptir mun ek velja kvæðis-launin, vi. 217, x. 177: hér fyrir, for this, therefore, Fas. ii. 125; hér til, hitherto, Fms. v
i. 279, viii. 92, x. 337: hér um, in this, of this, as regards this, Stj. 524, Dipl. v. 22; er þú ert svá þráhald
r á þínu máli hér um, Fms. i. 305: hér
á (í) mot, again, in return, Dipl. ii. 12, v. 2.
B. COMPDS: hér-alinn, part. 'here-born,' in-born, N.
G. L. i. 84. hér-kváma, u, f. arrival, Fms. i. 281.
hér-lands, adv. here in this county. hérlands-ma
ðr, m. a native of this county, Hkr. ii. 266. hér-lendr
, adj. native, home-made, Pm. 109. hér-lenzkr, adj. 
from this county, native of this county, Fms. i. 78, x. 226, Gþl. 87,
Stj. hér-na, see below. hér-rænn, adj. = h&eac
ute;rlenzkr, N. G. L. ILLEGIBLE. 88. hér-villa, u, f. superstit
ion; see heimskr: hérvillu-ligr, adj. hér-vist,
f. dwelling here, Fms. vii. 26, Fas. i. 182; h. Drottins, the Lord's l
ife on earth, 625. 92.
HÉRAÐ or hierat, n., pl. héruð or hér
öð, spelt hieroþ in the vellum, 656 C. 9, 673 A. 53, and in O. H.
L. Cod. Upsal. hærað, see p. 113: [hérað is undoubtedly de
rived from herr (A. S. here), a host, and not from hér, 
here; the long vowel (é) is prob. caused by the characteristic
j in her-r (herj-); so that hierað (hérað), through the a
fter effect of the i sound, stands for heriað; cp. Dan. herred, Swed. härad: the Old Engl. and Scot. law term heriot may al
so be connected with the Scandin. word, in which case the original sense of h&ea
cute;rað might be a tax to be paid to the lord in lieu of military se
rvice: the inflex. -að is derived from auðr, óðal, as has bee
n suggested by the old commentators, e.g. Björn á Skarðsá
] :-- a county, district: 1. in Sweden esp. the word had and still
has a fixed legal sense, county, jurisdiction, or the like, cp. Swed. härads-höfding = justice of peace, härads-ting = a
ssize, härads-fogde = bailiff: so in local names, e.g. Dan. T
hy-herred in Jutland, Kvenna-hérað, Vetta-h., in Norway, H&aacute
;lfs. S., Fb. iii. 2. in Norway hérað, country, was usu
ally opp. to bær, town, and answers to Icel. sveit in mod. usage; &
iacute; bæ ok í héraði, D. N. iii. 35, 101; héra&
eth; eðr kaupstaði, Fms. vii. 187; í héraði né
í kaupangi, N. G. L. ii. 39; allt þat er í kaupangi er g&oum
l;rt þá skal þat at kaupangrs-rétti sækja, en al
lt þat er í héraði er gört millum héraðs
-manna ok bíar-manna, þá skal þat allt at héra&
eth;s-rétti sækja, N. G. L. ii. 88 and passim; ef maðr á
hús í kaupangi en bæ í héraði, id.; cp. h
éraðs-dómr, -höldr, -kirkja, -menn, -prestr, -rétt
r, -þing, etc., below. 3. in Icel. the sense varies, but is for the
most part merely geographical, a district, valley, fjord, country, as bo
rdered by mountains or within the same river-basin; thus the Skaga-fjör&eth
;r, Eyja-fjördr are each a hérað, and the former is specially so
called, see Sturl. passim, Grett. 153 (hann sendi þegar eptir mönnum
upp í Hérað); whence Héraðs-vötn, n. p
l. Herad water, a river of that county, Landn.; so Fljótsdals-h&ea
cute;rað, in the east of Icel., Hrafn. 2, 3; cp. þeir riðu &oacute
;r héraði, Sturl. iii. 158; ef maðr ríðr um fjöll
þau er vatnföll deilir af á millum héraða, Gr&aacu
te;g. (Kb.) ii. 61, 65; í héraði því (dale) er Re
ykja-dalr heitir, Sturl. i. 130. β. gener. a neighbourhood; G
unnarr reið um héraðit at bjóða mönnum, Nj. 49. 4. generally a district; í Svíþjóð e
ru stór héruð mörg, Hkr. i. 5; í héraði
því er Mesopotamia heitir, 623. 52; fjarlæg héruð
, Fms. x. 374; sam-héraðs, within the same district; utan-h&ea
cute;raðs, outside the district; innan-h., inside, passim; &ia
cute; öllum héruðum Gyðinga, 656 C. 9; í héra&
eth;i því er á Fjóni heitir, Fms. xi. 43; Galilea-h&e
acute;rað, Campania-h., Cappadokia-h., Post., etc.
B. COMPDS: héraðs-bóndi, a, m. a franklin, Eg. 516, Sturl. iii. 259. héraðs-bót, f. a betteri
ng the affairs of a district, Lv. 45, Fs. 51 (where = mod. landhreinsun). héraðs-brestr, m., for the pun see Glúm. 375. h&eacute
;raðs-bygð, f. a county and its people, Lv. 49, Sturl. iii. 8
1. héraðs-deild, f. a county quarrel, Sturl. ii. 154. héraðs-dómr, m. a county court, Grág. i. 1
17, 452. héraðs-fleygr, adj. (-fleyttr, N. G. L. i. 352
), rumoured abroad, of news; þá eru sakir héraðfl
eygjar er meiri hlutr hefir spurt þingheyjanda í þeim hrepp e
r sakir koma upp ok hyggi menn at satt sé, Grág. ii. 101. h&eac
ute;raðs-flótti, a, m. flight or exile from a district,
 Korm. 48. héraðs-fundr, m. a county assize, Nj. 12
0, Sturl. iii. 160. héraðs-færsla, u, f. a passing on
the poor from one district to another, Grág. i. 229. héra&
eth;s-hæfr, adj. = héraðsvært, N. G. L. ii. 454. h
éraðs-höfðingi, a, m. a chieftain, = goði (q.
v.), Eb. 156, Fs. 80; cp. yfirmaðr héraðs, 4. hérað
s-höldr, m. a Norse term, a country franklin ( =Icel. sveitab&oa
cute;ndi), Fagrsk. ch. 16. héraðs-íseta, u, f. = h&eacu
te;raðsvist, Sturl. iii. 260. héraðs-kirkja, u, f. a pa
rish church (Norse), N. G. L. i. 344, Fms. x. 153. héraðs-kona
, u, f. a woman of the county (Norse), N. G. L. i. 234. hér
aðs-konungr, m. a kinglet, Hkr. i. 46. héraðs-l&yac
ute;ðr, m. people of the district, 625. 72. héraðsmenn, m. pl. men of the district, Grág. i. 253; in Norse sense
country-people, as opp. to bæjarmenn, town-people, Gþ
l. 264, N. G. L. ii. 88, passim. héraðs-prestr, m. a parish

priest, N. G. L. i. 346. héraðs-réttr, m. = h&eacu
te;raðsdómr, N. G. L. ii. 88. héraðs-riddari, a, m.
a knight of the district, Róm. 309. héraðs-r&iacute
;kr, adj. of influence in one's district, Ld. 298, Grett. 121 A, &Iac
ute;sl. ii. 402. héraðs-rækr, adj. banished from the
district, Grág. i. 501. héraðs-sekr, adj. a law te
rm, exiled from a district or jurisdiction, opp. to exiled from th
e country, Nj. 156, Sturl. i. 145, ii. 92; hann var görr h. svá v&ia
cute;ða sem vötn féllu til Skagafjarðar, Fs. 34; hann var h
. ok skyldi búa eigi nær en í Hörgár-dal, Gl&uac
ute;m. 390, cp. Landn. 286. héraðs-sekt, f. exile, the bein
g héraðs-sekr, opp. to utanferðir, Nj. 189, 256, Grett. 120,
Sturl. ii. 255. héraðs-sókn, f. a county action
(suit), opp. to a suit in alþingi, Grág. i. 452, Jb. 10, 35
3. héraðs-stefna, u, f. a county assize (Norse), D. N.
iii. 120. héraðs-stjórn, f. county government, &
Iacute;sl. ii. 125; talaði Einarr langt erindi um h., Glúm. 372 (p
ublic affairs). héraðs-takmark, n. the borders of a ter
ritory, Grág. ii. 404. héraðs-vist, f. abiding w
ithin a certain h., Eb. 252; láta h. sína = to be h&eac
ute;raðssekr, Grett. 120, Nj. 228. héraðs-vært, n. a
dj.; eiga h., being at liberty to reside within a district, Glúm.
382, not being héraðssekr. héraðs-þing, n. a county assize (cp. Swed. härads ting), Eb. 12; used as synon
ymous with várþing, in opp. to alþingi, Grág. ii. 96,
Fms. i. 77, Jb. (Norse), N. G. L. ii. 138.
her-bergi, n. (her-byrgi, Gþl. 139, Stj. 204), [A. S. her
eberga or herebeorga; Old Engl. herberowe, harbrough, and h
erber (Chaucer); mod. Engl. harbour, arbour; mid. H. G. herberge; Germ. herberge; Swed. herberge; hence Ital. albergo and
Fr. auberge] :-- a harbour (prop. 'host-shelter'): 1. an inn; herbergi þar er menn drukku inni, Fb. i. 347: allit., h&
uacute;s ok herbergi, Fms. i. 104, Edda 147 (pref.); var þeim vísat
í gesta-hús til herbergis, Edda 60; vera at herbergi (to lodge
) í húsum e-s, Clem. 35; taka sér h., to take lodgin
gs, Sks. 31. 2. a closet, room, Stj. 1, 204, 520, Fms. xi. 11
7, Eg. 525; konungs h., a king's closet, Ó. H. 117, Gþl. 139
. COMPDS: herbergis-maðr, m. a groom of the chamber, Fms. vii.
203, x. 123. herbergis-sveinn, m. id., Fb. i. 347, ii. 284, Hkr.
iii. 324, Stj. 518, 641, Fas. i. 317: in mod. usage, room, svefn-herbergi
, a bedroom; gesta-h., an inn, Luke ii. 7.
her-bergja, ð, (her-byrgja, Str. 12, passim), [cp. Fr. hebe
rger] :-- to harbour a person, Str. 24: allit., hýsa ok h. e-n
, Stj. 152; h. fátæka, Mar. 11; h. e-n ríkulega, to treat
one sumptuously, Str. 14. II. to lodge, take in; hann herbyrg
ði um kveldit at nunnu-setri, Str. 19, 80, Karl. 10: reflex. to lodge, Rétt. 78.
HERÐA, ð, mod. herti, [harðr; Ulf. ga-hardjan; Engl. harden] :-- to harden: 1. of iron, to temper; h. j&aa
cute;rn, sverð, kníf, ljá ..., Nj. 203; þegar jár
nsmiðr herðir stóra bolöxi eðr handöxi, og breg&eth
;r henni í kalt vatn, Od. ix. 392. 2. phrases, herða kn&uacute
;a, hendr, at e-u, to clench the fist, Fms. vi. 106, Edda 28. 3. to fasten, tie fast; þeir herða þá seglit með s
terku bandi, Fas. iii. 652; herða á, to bind tighter, or metap
h. to push on. II. metaph., 1. to exhort, cheer; ha
nn talaði langt, ok herði alla í ákafa, and bade them b

e of good comfort, Sturl. iii. 33; herða hjörtu sín, to m
ake one's heart firm, Stj. 437; herði hann þá huginn, Eg. 4
07, Fb. ii. 322; h. sik, to take heart, Nj. 103: to work briskly,
hertú þig þá, mannskræfan, segir Stór&oac
ute;lfr, Fb. i. 523: to harden, in a bad sense, Stj. 639. 2. absol
. to follow closely, pursue vigorously; Birkibeinar sá þ&aac
ute;, ok herðu eptir þeim, Fms. ix. 15; herðu þeir Kolbeinsmenn á þá, Sturl. iii. 33; skulum vér víst her
ða áfram. push on, Fms. xi. 256; en er Ormr herti fast at, 
but as O. insisted, pressed hard, Fb. i. 523; herðu þeir þ&a
acute; biskupar báðir at Gizuri, Fms. x. 59; herðu bændr at
konungi ok báðu hann blóta, Hkr. i. 144; Þorkell her&et
h;ir nú á Guðríði, en hón kvaðsk gö
ra mundu sem hann beiddi, Þorf. Karl. 378; tók þá s&oa
cute;tt at herða at honum, Fms. x. 73. III. impers. to become hard
; veðr (acc.) herti, it blew up a gale; herti seglit (acc.), t
he sail was strained hard by the gale, Fas. iii. 652; svörð tekr he
ldr at herða, Fs. (in a verse). IV. reflex. to take heart; ba
ð konungr menn vel við herðask, Fms. viii. 34; er þó ei
nsætt at menn herðisk við sem bezt, xi. 137.
herða, u, f. hardness :-- a hardening or tempering of steel, Karl. 173: tempered steel, muðrinn (of the axe) rifna&et
h;i upp í gegnum herðuna, Eg. 181. herðu-góðr,
adj. well tempered, Fbr. 141. II. metaph. hardihood, but al
so hardness, Fms. vi. 38, x. 406, xi. 217, Gísl. 71 (in a verse).
HERÐAR, f. pl. the shoulders, the upper part of the back, dist
inguished from öxl = shoulder in a special sense, Nj. 185, Eg. 289,
Fms. vii. 55, Sks. 166, Fb. i. 396, Þiðr. 9, passim, cp. Matth. xxiii.
4, Luke xv. 5: so in the phrase, hafa hofuð og herðar yfir e-n, to b
e higher than another from the shoulders and upwards, cp. 1 Sam. ix. 2, x. 2
3. COMPDS: (old form herði-, mod. herða-): herða-dr
engr, m. a hump on the back, a pun, Fms. viii. 404. herða-kamb
r, m. the withers, of a horse. herða-kistill, m. a hump
. herða-klettr, m., poët. the 'shoulder-knoll,' the head,
 Skm. herða-lítill, adj. narrow-shouldered, Grett.
165. herða-munr, m. the difference from the shoulders and upwards,
 metaph. of one who is no match for another, Fms. xi. 442. her&eth
;a-sár, n. a shoulder sore or wound, Sturl. i. 85. h
erða-toppr, m. a shoulder tuft, the part of a horse's mane next
the saddle, Sturl. i. 152, Bær. 16. herðar-blað, n. the
shoulder blade, Nj. 70, Sturl. i. 152. herði-breiðr, adj. 
broad-shouldered, Fms. x. 151, Finnb. 324, Sturl. iii. 122, Fbr. 80 new Ed.
herði-lútr, adj. with stooping or round shoulders, Barl. 15, Bs. i. 312. herði-mikill, adj. broad-shouldered,
Sturl. iii. 122, Eg. 305, Ísl. ii. 203. herði-þykkr, adj
. thick-shouldered, Ld. 298, Fbr. 40 new Ed.
herði, f. hardihood, Fms. xi. 151.
herði-maðr, m. a hardy man, Nj. 270.
herðsla, u, f. hardening, tempering, of iron.
heremiti, a, m. a hermit (for. word), Sks.
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<HEADER>258 HERFA -- HERGANGA.</HEADER>

herfa, u, f., prop. a skein, Swed. härfua. 2. m
etaph. a limp, lazy fellow, a coward; hann er mesta herfa. herfu-skapr
, m. cowardice.
HERFI, n. [Dan. harv; Engl. harrow], a harrow, Akv.
16 (hervi), Gþl. 358, 359.
herfi-liga, adv. 'harrowingly,' wretchedly, Fms. x. 253, Fb. i. 93
.
herfi-ligr, adj. 'harrowing,' wretched, ragged, Eluc. 21, Fms. vii
. 157, x. 222, Stj. 20, 39, Nj. 197.
her-fjöturr, vide herr.
HÉRI, a, m. [A. S. hara; Engl. hare; Germ. hase; Dan. hare] :-- a hare, Karl. 518, Pr. 479, Orkn. 426, Sks. 186
, MS. 1812. 18: in the phrase, hafa héra hjarta, to be hare-hearted, Fms. ii. 68, viii. 314, Bs. i. 782. héra-fótr, m., prop.
a herb, hare's foot, trefoil: nickname of a Danish king, Harefoot. II. in the saying in Fms. vii. 116 the word héri seems to be = h
egri (q.v.), a heron.
HERJA, að, [A. S. hergian; Scot. to herry or harry; Dan. hærge] :-- to go harrying or freebooting, Nj
. 127, Eg. 78, 228, Fms. i. 10, Grág. i. 135, passim. II. trans. w
ith acc. to harry, despoil, waste; Haraldr konungr herjaði landit ok
átti orrostur, Fms. i. 5; herja land, Mirm.; at herjuðu helvít
i, having harried hell, Karl. 279; borgir ok þorp er aðrir h&ou
ml;fðu herjað (harried, taken by force) af hans eign, Fms. x. 231
; (whence the mod. phrase, h. e-ð út úr e-m, to harry a thi
ng out of one, press him till he yields it up); herja mönnum til Kristi
ndóms, to harry, drive people to Christianity, N. G. L. i. 344; Fj
andinn herjar menn ór Kristninni, Rb. 400. III. reflex., herjask &
aacute;, to harry (wage war on) one another, Hkr. ii. 75.
herjan, f. a harrying, Magn. 464.
Herjan, m. [herr], Lord of Hosts, a name of Odin, Edda. II.
the evil one, a term of abuse. COMPDS: herjans-kerling, f. a h
ag, Bs. ii. 134. herjans-liga, adv. wickedly, Clar. Herjans
-sonr, m. a 'Devil's limb,' Lv. 58, Fb. i. 256, Fas. i. 107, iii. 607
, 655, Þiðr. 106, 111.
herkinn, adj. enduring hardness, 2 Tim. ii. 3.
herkja, t, to do with the utmost difficulty; herkja þeir &th
orn;á í annat sinn norðr fyrir Langanes, Bs. i. 483.
herkja, u, f. [harki], dearth (?), a nickname, Landn.: the name of
a giantess, Edda (Gl.): in the phrase, með herkjum or með herkjumunum,
with the utmost difficulty.
her-ligr, adj. [from herra; Germ. herrlich; Dan. herlig], lordly; herlegra mann undir vápnum né tíguligra, Fms.
vii. 69; h. höfðingi, 603 (non habent isti dominum, of the Vulgate); h
. kerrur (currus), Stj. 573. 1 Kings x. 26; herligt kaprún (stu
ff), Sturl. iii. 306, v.l.: unclass. and not much used, except in poetry, h&
aacute;ðir eitt herligt stríð, Pass. 19, 13; herligt er æ h
ermanns stand, Bjarni.
HERMA, d, [the root uncertain], to relate, prop. perhaps to rep
eat, report; en ef nokkurr maðr hermir þessi orð eðr v&iac
ute;sur, Nj. 68; hann spurði þá, hvárt hann hermdi r&eac
ute;tt, whether he reported true, 24; h. frá orðum e-s, Fms. v
ii. 73, Sks. 557; h. orð e-s, id.; hann hermdi hversu hann hafði talat,
Stj. 65. β. herma eptir e-m, to imitate another's voice, to mimic
, esp. in a bad sense, Gísl. 49, Ísl. ii. 346; cp. the saying,
sjaldan lætr sá betr er eptir hermir.
HERMASK, d, dep. [harmr], to wax wroth, be annoyed; henni hermdisk
við líkaminn ok blótaði honum, Hom. 150. II. n. pa
rt. hermt; e-m verðr h. við e-t, to wax angry with a thing; bóndi sprettr þá upp ok verðr hermt við, Ís
l. ii. 175; honum görði mjök hermt við þessu, it anno
yed him much, Grett. 23 new Ed., Þiðr. 115, 355; for the mod. phra
se, -- e-m verðr hverft (hermt) við e-ð, to be startled, m&ea
cute;r varð hverft víð, of sudden emotion (fright or the like), - see hverfr.
hermd, f. vexation, anger, Barl. 115 (v.l.), Hkv. i. 47. COMPDS: hermdar-orð (Fagrsk. 153) and hermdar-yrði, n. angry wor
ds, spiteful words, Nj. 281. hermdar-verk, n., dub. a deed of reve
nge, or perhaps rather a deed of renown, a feat; mikil verða her
mdarverk, ek hefi spunnit tólf álna garn en þú hefir
vegit Kjartan, Ld. 224; vide herma.
hermi-kráka, u, f. an 'aping-crow,' a mimicker, Gísl
. 51.
hermi-liga, adv. (hermila, Hallfred), right angrily, Barl.
184, Al. 144, Fms. ii. 279, Clem. 36; hefna hermila, to take a fierce revenge
, Hallfred.
herming, f. [hermask], indignation, Lv. 75. II. [herma], a report, D. N. (Fr.)
Hermskr, adj. Armenian, Grág., Bs.
hermsl, n. = hermd, Barl. 115.
hermur, f. pl., in eptir-hermur, q.v., aping, mimicry.
hérna, adv., herno, Fms. (Ágrip) x. 409 :-- here (see Gramm. p. xxviii, col. 2, signif. II), Fms. vii. 197; sé h&eacut
e;rna, see here now! behold! Ísl. ii. 364, Stj. 22, 62: hér
na, instead of hér, is very freq. in conversation; herno, konungr (beh
old, O king!), fögnuðr er oss á, attú ert svá
kátr, Fms. x. 409.
hernaðr (hernuðr), m. a harrying, plundering, as a
law term, Grág. ii. 134-136; hefja hernoð ok rán, Bs. i. 493;
hafa e-t at hernaði, to rob, N. G. L. i. 344. II. warfare,
a raid, foray; fara í hernað, Nj. 41, Fms. i. 144; hefja herna&et
h;, to wage war, vii. 7, passim. COMPDS: hernaðar-fólk,
n. pl. plunderers, Hkr. iii. 67. hernaðar-menn, m. pl. for
ayers, Fms. vii. 18, xi. 226. hernaðar-ráð, n. pl. 
a planning for plunder, Grág. ii. 135. hernaðar-sök,

f. a case of raid, Sturl. ii. 79.
herneskja, u, f. [from the Fr. harnois, Engl. harness], 
armour, Stj. 287, 466, Gullþ. 11, Þiðr. 100, Barl., N. G. L.
ii. (Hirðskrá, ch. 32): men of war, Barl. passim.
HERPA, u, f. [harpa II], in munn-herpa, mouth-cramp, a contraction of
the lips by cold.
herpast, t, to be contracted as with cramp.
herpingr, m. chilling (cramping) cold, herpings-k
uldi, herpings-frost, n. a nipping, bitter frost.
HERR, m., old gen. herjar, pl. herjar, herja, herjum; later gen. hers, dr
opping the characteristic j and without pl.; the old form however often o
ccurs in ancient poets, herjar, Hkr. i. 343 (in a verse), Fms. xi. 311 (in a ver
se), Fas. ii. 38 (in a verse); eins herjar, Hm. 72; as also, allt herjar, Hom. 3
9; herjum, in herjum-kunnr. famous, Háttat. R.; in prose the old j has been preserved in alls-herjar, Fms. v. 106, see pp. 16, 17; the pl.
-jar occurs in Ein-herjar, see p. 121: in compd pr. names with initial vo
wel, Herj-ólfr (A. S. Herewulf), Herjan; [Goth. h
arjis, by which Ulf. renders GREEK, Luke viii. 30, and GREEK, ii. 13; A. S.
here; O. H. G. and Hel. heri; Germ. heer; Dutch heir; Swed. här; Dan. hær] :-- prop. a host, multitude:
 1. a host, people in general, like GREEK in Homer; herr er hu
ndrað, a hundred makes a herr, Edda 108; allr herr, all people, Fms. i. 194, vi. 428 (in a verse); allr herr unni Ólafi konungi hug&aac
ute;stum, vi. 441; whence in prose, alls-herjar, totius populi, general, univ
ersal, passim; dómr alls-herjar, universal consent, v. 106; Dr
ottinn alls-herjar, Lord of Sabaoth (hosts), Stj. 428, 456; allt h
erjar, adv. everywhere; lýsti of allt herjar af ljósinu, Ho
m. 39; Sænskr herr, the Swedish people; Danskr herr, the Danish
people; Íslenzkr herr, the Icelandic people, Lex. Poët.;
land-herr (q.v.), the people of the land; en nú sé ek h&ea
cute;r útalligan her af landsfólki, a countless assembly of men
, Fms. xi. 17; þing-herr, an assembly, Sighvat; Einherjar, 
the chosen people (rather than chosen warriors); þegi herr me&e
th;an, Eb. (in a verse); herjum-kunnr, known to all people, Lex. Poë
t.; and in compds, her-bergi (q.v.), etc. 2. a host; með her m
anns, with a host of men, Eg. 71, 277; úvígr herr, an ov
erwhelming host, Fms. viii. 51; himin og jörð og allr þeirra
her, Gen. ii. 1, passim; cp. her-margr, many as a host, innumerable. &
beta;. an army, troops, on land and sea, Fms. i. 22, 90, Nj. 245, and
in endless instances; cp. herja, to harry, and other compds: of a fle
et, þrjú skip þau sem hann keyri ór herinum, Fms.
x. 84; cp. hers-höfðingi: so in the phrase, hers-hendr, leysa e-n &oacu
te;r hers-höndum, to release one out of the hands of war, N. G. L.
i. 71; vera í hers höndum, komast í hers hendr, to come in
to a foe's hands. 3. in a bad sense, the evil host, the fiends, in swearing, Gþl. 119; herr hafi e-n, fiends take him! Fms. vi. 2
78; herr hafi hölds ok svarra hagvirki! Ísl. ii. (in a verse); hauga
herr, vide haugr; and in compds, her-kerling, her-líki. II. in pr
. names: 1. prefixed, of men, Her-brandr, Her-finnr, Her-gils, Her-gr&
iacute;mr, Herj-ólfr, Her-laugr, Her-leifr, Her-mundr, Her-rauðr, Her
-steinn, Hervarðr; of women, Her-borg, Her-dís, Her-gunnr, Her
-ríðr, Her-vör, Her-þrúðr, Landn.: in Ha
r-aldr (Harold) the j is dropped without causing umlaut. He
rjan and Herja-föðr, m. the Father of hosts = Odin, E
dda, Hdl. 2. suffixed, -arr, in Ein-arr, Agn-arr, Ótt-arr,

Böðv-arr, Úlf-arr, etc., see Gramm. p. xxxii, col. 1, signif. B.
1.
B. COMPDS: her-baldr, m. a prince of hosts, Bkv. her-ber
gi, see the words. her-blástr, m. a blast of trumpets,
Eg. 88, 284, Fms. vii. 70, 288, Stj. 394. Her-blindi, a, m. one who st
rikes the hosts with blindness, a name of Odin, cp. Yngl. S. ch. 6. her-b
oð, n. a war summons, Eg. 9, Fms. xi. 244; herboðsör = h
erör, Gþl. 83. her-borg, f. a castle, Hervar. (in a ver
se). her-brestr, m. an explosion chemically contrived, Bs. i. 798
(Laur. S.), mentioned or perhaps invented by Albertus Magnus. her-bú&e
th;ir, f. pl. a camp, Al. 4, Eg. 291, Fms. iii. 51, xi. 85, Ró
m. 265, Stj. passim. her-búinn, part. armed, Str. 12. he
r-búnaðr, m. an armament, Eg. 286, Nj. 273, Fms. iv. 82, x
. 49. her-drengr, m. a warrior, Edda (in a verse). her-dr&oacut
e;tt, f., poët. war-hosts. her-fall, n., poët. an
onslaught, Sighvat. her-fang, n. booty, Nj. 43, Fms. ii. 2, v
ii. 8, Fb. ii. 46, Rb. 386, Sks. 782, passim. her-fenginn, part. captu
red, 625. 66, Hom. 118, Sks. 631. her-ferð, f. warfare, a mili
tary expedition, Róm. 264, Fms. vii. 148, xi. 244: a host, Mar
. her-fjöturr, m. a mythical term, 'war-fetter:' a valiant ma
n who in the stress of battle feels himself spell-bound, and unable to stir, was
in old lore said to be caught in a 'war-fetter;' this was attributed to
the weird sisters of battle (the Valkyrias), as is shewn by the fact that one of
them was called Herfjöturr, Shackle, Edda (Gl.); they were the mess
engers of Odin, by whom the warriors were doomed to death (kjósa val); th
e passages referring to this lore are Fms. viii. 170, Sturl. ii. 233, Ísl
. ii. 104 twice (Harð. S.) :-- a similar belief appears in the Greek, see Od
. xxii. 297 sqq., Iliad xiii. 358-360, xxii. 5 sqq. her-flokkr, m. a b
attalion, Fms. i. 92, ix. 379. her-floti, a, m. a war-fleet, N
. G. L. i. 103. her-foringi, a, m. a commander. her-fólk
, n. war-people, men of war, Bs. ii. 106, Stj. 295. her-fór
ur, f. pl. harness, Stj. 287, Mag. 82, 92, 97. her-færr,
adj. able for war service, Gþl. 269, Fms. i. 55, xi. 291, Ó
. H. 87. Her-föðr, m. Father of Hosts, a name of Odin, Ed
da. her-för, f. = herferð, Eg. 5, Fms. i. 151, Fb. ii. 84. he
r-gammr, m. a bird of prey, vulture, poët. the eagle, &Ya
cute;t. her-ganga, u, f.
<PAGE NUM="b0259">
<HEADER>HERGAUTR -- HESLISKÓGR. 259</HEADER>
a march, Fms. v. 74. Her-gautr, m. a name of Odin. her-gjarn, adj. warlike, Bkv. 2. 20. her-glötuðr, m., poët,
a destroyer of hosts, Skv. her-gopa, u, f. a bondwoman, Ho
rnklofi, an GREEK. her-grimmr, adj., poët. fierce, Edda. h
er-hlaup, n. a rushing to arms, Nj. 265, Eg. 10, Fms. i. 55, 210, vi
i. 270, x. 180. her-horn, n. a trumpet, Al. 35, Stj. 394. her-k
astali, a, m. a castle, stronghold, Bs. ii. 113, Mar. her-kerling
, f. a monster-hag, Sturl. i. 36. her-klukka, u, f. an alar
m bell, Fms. ix. 369, 510, 529. her-klæða, dd; h. sik, t
o put on armour, Bær. 13: reflex., Fms. i. 43, Eg. 287, Ó. H. 1
07. her-klæði, n. pl. armour, Eg. 49, Fb. ii. 71, Barl.
98, passim. her-konungr, m. a king of hosts, in old writers almost
used = sea-king, warrior-king, Eb. 4 (of king Olave the White), Fms. i.
24, Fb. ii. 282, Edda 105, Magn. 412. her-kumbl, n. a war token, arms
 (on shields, helmets), Nj. 231, Fms. v. 53. her-land, n. a harrie
d land, invaded and in a state of war, Fms. vi. 38. her-leiða, dd

, to lead off into captivity, Stj. 49, 385, 489, Mart. 130, Ver. 30. h
er-leiðing, f. captivity, Fms. x. 224; esp. of the Babylonian
captivity, Al. 166, Rb. 382, 386, Ver. 30, Stj. 26, 49, passim. her-lei&e
th;sla, u, f. = herleiðing, Mar. her-lið, n. war-people, t
roops. Eg. 10, Fms. i. 98, iv. 213. her-liki, n. a monster, N.
G. L. i. 376, 395. her-lúðr, m. a trumpet, Stj. 392. her-maðr, m. a man of war, a warrior, Fms. i. 8, xi. 160, 373,
Nj. 268, passim. hermann-liga, adv. gallantly, Eg. 383. herman
n-ligr, adj. warlike, gallant, Ld. 110, Nj. 39, Fms. viii. 436, xi. 2
45, Stj. 495. her-margr, adj. like a host for number, Lex. Po&eum
l;t. her-megir, m. pl., poët. warriors, Hkv. 2. 4. Her-m&o
acute;ðr, m. a mythol. pr. name, Edda. hernaðr, see the word.
her-nam, n. = herfang, Sks. 614. her-numi, adj., 655 x. 2, Greg.
17, and her-numinn, part. captive, Eg. 41, 343. her-næma,
 d, to capture, Bær. 13. her-óp, n. a war-who
op, war-cry, Eg. 80, Nj. 245, Orkn., Stj. 312, Ó. H. 107, Fb. ii. 125
, passim. her-saga, u, f. war-news, Fms. i. 41, N. G. L. i. 102;
hersögu-ör, f. = herör, Gþl. 82, v.l. her-skapr, m. warfare, harrying, Fms. v. 344, x. 231, 234, 392, xi. 226, Fas. i.
375, Fs. 4, Stj. 385, Róm. 264, passim. her-skari, a, m. a hos
t. her-skár, adj. (herská, herskátt), a land
exposed to raid or in a state of war; landit var þá her
skátt, lágu víkingar úti, Eg. 241, Fms. xi. 217, Hkr
. i. 44; í þann tíma var mjök herskátt (unrul
y time), Orkn. 64; þar var herskátt af víkingum, Hkr. i
. 106, Bjarn. 15, Ld. 82, Fas. i. 374: of a person, martial, warlike, Fms
. i. 198, vii. 16, x. 413, Orkn. 22. her-skip, n. a ship of war, F
ms. i. 7, Nj. 8, Ó. H. 16, N. G. L. i. 100, 102. her-skjöldr,
m. a war shield, a red shield, opp. to the white shield of peace (fri&et
h;ar-skjöldr), used in phrases as, fara (land) herskildi, to harry (
a land), Eg. 246, Fms. i. 62, 116, 131; fara við herskildi, id., Hkr. i. 233, cp. Stj. 542, 619 (2 Kings vi. 14), 641. her-skrúð
, n. (her-skrúði, a, m., Fms. x. 234, Stj. 570), harnes
s, Bjarn. 11. her-spori, a, m. a 'war-spur,' caltrop, Fms. vii
. 183, Al. 74, Sks. 392. her-stjóri, a, m. a commander, Edd
a 93. her-stjórn, f. command of troops, Hkr. i. 211. her
-sveitir, f. pl. hosts, margfjöldi himneskra hersveita, Luke ii.
13. her-taka, tók, to capture, esp. in part. pass., Fms. i
. 28, vii. 129, Eg. 234, 344, Stj. 495. her-taka and her-tekja, u,
f. captivity, Stj. 75, Barl. 114. her-tekning, f. captivity, Stj. 52. her-togi, a, m. [A. S. heretoga; Germ. herzog]
, originally a leader, commander, and often used so in old poets, Lex. Po
ët.: as a nickname, Guthormr hertogi, Hkr. Har. S. Hárf.: as a title
, a duke (e.g. of Normandy); the first Norse duke was the earl Skuli, cre
ated duke A.D. 1237, vide Edda 104, Sks. 788, Gþl. 364: eccl. = prince,
 hertogi myrkranna, Satan, 623. 31. hertoga-dómr, m. a dukedom, Fms. xi. 312, 326. hertoga-dæmi, n. a duchy,
Fms. xi. 319, Fas. ii. 475. hertoga-efni, n. a duke to be, N. G.
L. ii. 399. hertoga-inna, u, f. a duchess, Ann. 1326. hertoga-n
afn, n. the title of a duke, Fms. ix. 46. her-turn, m. a tu
rret on wheels, a war engine, Fms. x. 358. her-tygð, f. = hert&ya
cute;gi (?), an GREEK, Hallfred. her-týgi, n. pl. armour, harne
ss, Germ. heerzeug. her-týgja, að, to put armour
on, freq. in mod. usage. her-váðir, f. pl. 'war-weeds,
' armour, Hkm., Konr. 39. her-vápn, n. pl. weapons, Hkr
. ii. 7, Fms. vii. 147, Jb. 389. her-vegir, m. pl., poët. war-pat
hs, Gh. 2. her-verk or her-verki, n. ravage, plunder, S
tj. 598, Hkr. i. 85, Fms. ii. 156, ix. 396. her-vígi, n. battle
and ravage, thus defined: it is hervígi when three or more persons a
re slain or wounded on each side, Grág. ii. 114, 124, Fms. viii. 300: mod
. a stronghold. her-víkingr, m. a plunderer, pirate,
Fms. i. 225, v. 238, x. 282, Fas. i. 449, Stj. 573. her-væða,
dd, to put armour on, Edda 25. her-þing, n. a council of
war, Eg. 357, Finnb. 262; but v.l. húsþing is better. her-&
thorn;urft, f. want of troops, Fagrsk. ch. 32. her-ör, f.
a 'war-arrow,' to be sent round as a token of war: the phrase, skera upp
h., to summon to arms, Eg. 9, Fms. i. 92, vi. 24, x. 388, Fb. ii. 172, 1
88, Gþl. 82, cp. 433: for these customs see the remarks s.v. boð, p. 7
1, as also Scott's Notes to Marmion, Canto III, on the Fiery Cross of the Scotti
sh Clans.
HERRA, m. (herri, a, m., Clem. 36), irreg. and indecl. in sing., p
l. reg. herrar, [derived from herr, as dróttinn from drótt, &thorn
;jóðan from þjóð; Germ. herr; Dan. herre, etc.] :-- gener. a lord, master, Fms. i. 218, x. 45, 159, xi. 381; in
olden times herra was used in addressing a king or earl, as Fr. sire, En
gl. sir, see the Sagas passim: I. as a title; in A.D. 1277 knight
s and barons were created in Norway, to whom the title of Herra was given; Herra
Rafn, Herra Þorvarðr, Herra Sturla, etc., Árna S., Laur. S., A
nn. passim: the bishops and abbots were also so styled, e.g. Herra Arngrí
mr (an abbot), Bs. ii. After the Reformation, Herra became an integral part of t
he style of bishops, as Sira of priests, Herra Guðbrandr, Herra Þorl&a
acute;kr, Herra Oddr, etc., and can only be applied to the Christian name; cp. t
he ditty in which the old woman addresses the bishop bv Sira, and is rebuked for
her rudeness, Sælir verið þér, Sira minn, | sagða eg
við Biskupinn; | ansaði mér þá aptr hinn, | þ
ú áttir að kall' 'ann Herra þinn. In mod. usage Herra is
often applied to any person whatever, but only in writing; for in conversation
the Icel. has no equivalent to the Engl. Mr. or Germ. Herr, and a
person is simply addressed by his name or other title, Sira if a clergyman, and
the like. In the N. T. dróttinn, herra, and lávarðr (from Engl
.) are used indiscriminately. II. COMPDS: herra-dómr, m. dominion, lordship, Bs. i. 728, Fb. i. 81; yðarr h. in addressing, as your lordship in Engl., D. N. passim. herra-dæmi, n. = herrad
ómr, H. E. ii. 73, Fb. i. 247. herra-liga, adv. in lordly fashi
on, Karl. 148. herra-ligr, adj. lordly, Fb. i. 90. herra-ma
ðr, m. a lord, a knight, a lordly man, Fms. x. 445, Bs. i. 736, 7
80 (Lv. 59 looks as if corrupt). herramann-liga, adv. in lordly manner
, Finnb. 276. herramann-ligr, adj. lordly. herra-nafn,
n. the title of a herra, Ann. 1277. herrasam-ligr, adv. in lord
ly way, Fas. iii. 70. herra-sæti, n. a lordly seat, Magn
. 502.
herra, að, to confer the title of herra upon a person,
Ann. 1294.
herran, m. = herra, a name of Odin, vide Herjan, Edda.
hers-borinn, part. born of a hersir, Hdl.
hers-höfðingi, a, m. a commander, Stj. passim, Fms. vi. 1
51.
HERSIR, m. [akin to hérað and herr], a chief, lord, the
political name of the Norse chiefs of the earliest age, esp. before the time of
Harold Fairhair and the settlement of Iceland: respecting the office and author
ity of the old hersar the records are scanty, as they chiefly belonged to the pr
ehistorical time; they were probably not liegemen, but resembled the goðar (
vide goði) of the old Icel. Commonwealth, being a kind of patriarchal and he
reditary chiefs: in this matter the old Landnáma is our chief source of i
nformation; -- Björn Buna hét hersir ágætr í Nor
egi, son Veðrar-Gríms hersis í Sogni, móðir Gr&iacu
te;ms var Hervör dóttir Þorgerðar Eylaugs-dóttur he
rsis ór Sogni, Landn. 39; Arinbjörn h. ór Fjörðum, 6
6; Ási h., 76, 303, and another of the same name, 109; Ketill Veðr h.
af Hringaríki, 94; Hrólfr h. af Ögðum, 48, 126; Ketill R
aumr hét h. ágætr í Raumsdal, 173; Gormr h. ág
ætr í Svíþjóð, 195; Grímr h., 204; &
THORN;orsteinn Höfði h. á Hörðalandi, 228; Þ&oacu
te;rir Hauknefr h., 237; Úlfr Gildir h. á Þelamörk, 292
; Veðr-Ormr h., 314; Arinbjörn h., Eg., Ad. 3; Vigfúss h. af V&o
uml;rs, Glúm.; Klyppr h. á Hörðalandi, Fb. i. 19; Dala-Gu
ðbrandr h., Ó. H. 106; Björn h. á Örlandi, Eg. 154;
Þórir h. í Fjörðum, 155, cp. Rm. 36; hann var sem k
onungr væri yfir Dölunum, ok var þó h. at nafni, &Oacute
;. H. l.c., cp. Fb. i. 23; hersar hafa verit fyrri frændr mínir, ok
vil ek ekki bera hærra nafn en þeir, Fms. i. 299: it is also prob.
that by ágætr and göfugr (q.v.) the Landnáma means a he
rsir. At the time of Harold Fairhair the old hersar gradually became liegemen (l
endir menn) and were ranked below a jarl (earl), but above a höldr (
yeoman), the scale being konungr, jarl, hersir, höldr, búand
i, see the record in Hkr. i. 80 (Har. S. Hárf. ch. 6), as also Edda 93; t
he name then becomes rare, except that hersir and lendr maðr are now and the
n used indiscriminately, heita þeir hersar eða lendir menn, Edda l.c.
The old Norse hersar were no doubt the prototype of the barons of Normandy and N
orman England. COMPDS: hersis-heiti, n. the title of a h., Edda (H
t.) hersis-nafn, n. id., Fb. i. 23.
her-skapr, vide herr.
her-skár, vide herr.
herstask, t, dep. [ = mod. hasta, q.v.], to speak harshly to one;
hann herstisk á fjándann með reiði ok mælti, Greg. 5
0, Eb. 118 new Ed., Hom. 16 ( = Lat. exasperare), Blas. 31.
hersti-liga, adv. harshly, Greg. 55, (mod. höstuliga.)
hersti-ligr, adj. harsh-spoken; h. mál, sermo durus,
Hom. 22.
her-togi, vide herr.
HES, f. (spelt his, Gþl. l.c.), pl. hesjar :-- a wooden f
rame attached to the tether of an animal, to prevent it from strangling itse
lf; þat er ok hans handvömm ef af ofmegri verðr dautt eðr kla
fi kyrkir, en ef hæs (his, Gþl.) er í bandi ... þ&aacut
e; er þat eigi hans handvömm, N. G. L. i. 25, (Gþl. 502, Jb. 36
4, Js. 121.) 2. metaph., in mod. usage, a cow's dewlap. 3.
in mod. Norse usage hæsje (hesjar) are frames or rails on which hay or corn is put for drying; and hæsja is to dry on h&
aelig;sje, vide Ivar Aasen, cp. Ný Fél. xv. 33; hence comes the pr
ovincial Icel. hisja (a verb): hisjungr and hisjungs-þerr
ir, m. of a soft air good for drying hay spread out on hesjar.
hesja, að, mod. hisja, to dry hay on a hes: þa&et
h; hisjar í það, to be aired.
heskr, adj. = hastr, haughty, harsh, Band. 31 new Ed.: [in parts o
f North. E. they speak of a hask, i.e. harsh, wind.]

HESLT, n. [hasl], a hasel, Str. 20. COMPDS: hesli-kylfa, u,
f. a hasel-club, Hkv. 2. 20. hesli-skógr, m. hasel-wood
, Art. hesli-
<PAGE NUM="b0260">
<HEADER>260 HESLIVÖNDR -- HEYJA.</HEADER>
stöng, f. a hasel-pole, Str. 66. hesli-vöndr, m.
a hasel-wand, Str. 66.
HESPA, u, f. a wisp or skein (of wool), Grág. ii. 40
1, K. Þ. K. 140. II. a hasp, fastening, Fms. ii. 84, v. 120,
Grett. 98, Sturl. i. 120, Bs. i. 424.
hesta, að, to mount one; vel, ílla hestaðr, well
, badly mounted.
hest-bak, n. horse-back, Grág. ii. 171, Ísl. ii. 382
, Fms. xi. 400.
hest-birgr, adj. provided with a horse, Sturl. iii. 238.
hest-brynja, u, f. horse harness, Sks. 403.
hest-búnaðr, m. horse gear, Sks. 374.
hest-færr, adj. able to ride, Gþl. 269, Fms. x. 73.
hest-gangr, m. horse-shoes, Fms. ix. 55.
hest-gjöf, f. a gift of a horse, Njarð. 368.
hest-hús, n., proncd. hestús (as fjós = fé-h&
uacute;s), a horse-stall, stable, Karl. 3, Grett. 113 A, Þorst. S.
St. 50, and in many compds.
hest-höfði, a, m. horse-head, a nickname, Landn.
hest-klárr, m. a back, Glúm. 356.
hest-lauss, adj. without a horse, Sturl. iii. 293.
hest-lán, n. the loan of a horse, Bs. ii. 30.
hest-leysi, n. the being without a horse.
HESTR, m. a horse, [this word is a contr. form of hengist, qs. hen
gstr; A. S. hengest; O. H. G. hengist; Germ. hengst, whence
Swed.-Dan. hingst; again, contr. Swed. häst, Dan. hest: in old writers hestr mostly means a stallion, whereas hross (Engl. 
horse) denotes a gelding or any horse] :-- a stallion, opp. to merr,
a mare, Grág. i. 503, Gþl. 190, Hrafn. 5, Ám. 98 (hes
tar þrír ok mer-hross eitt); h. grár með fjórum m
erum, Ísl. ii. 213; sá hestr var sonr Hvítings, var alhv&ia
cute;tr at lit en merarnar allar rauðar, en annarr sonr Hvítings var
í Þórarínsdal, ok var sá ok hvítr en me
rarnar svartar, Bjarn. 55: a steed, Fms. ii. 224: a horse gener.,
Nj. 4, 74; lið á hestum, horsemen, Fms. x. 31, passim. The an
cients valued high breeding and variety of colour in their horses, which were fa
vourite gifts, see Gunnl. ch. 5, Bjarn. l.c., Finnb. ch. 23, Fms. vi. 383, 384;
for steeds and horsemanship see Þkv. 6, Yngl. S. ch. 23, 33, Landn. 3. ch.
8, Gullþ. S. ch. 9, Harð. S. ch. 3, 4, Rm. 32, 34, cp. also Lv. ch. 6
, 7, Grett. ch. 16, Dropl. 13, Finnb. ch. 23, Fms. vi. 323: mythol. the horse wa
s sacred to Frey (the god of light and the sun), Hrafn. 5, Vd. ch. 34, Fb. i. 40
1 (Ó. T. ch. 322), cp. Freyfaxi: for the steeds of the Sun, Day, and Nigh
t, see Gm. 37, Vþm. 12, 14: for the steeds of the gods, Gm. 30: for poetic
al and mythical names, Edda (Gl.) and the fragment of the poem Þorgr&iacut
e;msþula, Edda, Bugge 332-334: for Sleipnir, the eight-legged steed of Odi
n, Edda, Gm. 44: for horse-fights see the references s.v. etja, to which add Gre
tt. ch. 31, Sd. ch. 23 :-- vatna-hestr, a water-horse, = nykr in popular
tales, Landn. 2. ch. 5, and Ísl. Þjóðs.; but also a g
ood swimmer, góðr vatna-hestr; skeið-h., reið-h., a ri
ding horse; klár-h., púls-h., áburðar-h., a hack
, cart-horse, pack-horse; stóð-h., a stud-horse: sæk
ja, beizla, gyrða, söðla, járna hest, to fetch, bridle, g
ird, saddle, shoe a horse; also, leggja á, to saddle; spretta
af, to take the saddle off; teyma hest or hafa hest í togi, to
lead a horse; flytja h., to put a pony out to grass; hepla h., to
tether a pony: a pony is gúðgengr (q.v.), vakr, þý&
eth;r; and the reverse, íllgengr, hastr, klárgengr, harðgengr.
II. metaph. phrases, há-hestr, a high horse; rí&eth
;a háhest (a child's play), also called ríða hák&uacute
;k, to ride on one another's shoulders, ride 'pick-a-back;' kinn-hestr, a 'cheek-horse,' a box on the ear; lýstr hana kinnhest, hón
kvaðsk þann hest muna skyldu ok launa ef hón mætti, Nj. 7
5; þá skal ek nú, segir hón, muna þér ki
nnhestinn, þann er þú laust mik, 116, cp. Gísl. 27: th
e gallows is called the horse of Odin, whence gefa e-m hest, to give o
ne a horse, hang one, Fb. i. 238, cp. the verse in Yngl. S. ch. 26. &bet
a;. the local name of a horse-shaped crag, see Landn.; cp. Hest-fell
in Cumberland. COMPDS: either hesta- or hests-: hesta-at, n
. a horse-fight, see etja. hesta-bein, n. horse bones (cp.
Engl. horse-flesh), Grett. 96. hesta-fóðr, n. horse
foddering, a law term, Gþl. 77. hesta-fætr, m. pl. hor
ses' feet, Edda 77, Fas. i. 226, Fms. iii. 111. hesta-garðr, m. a horse-pen close to a churchyard, wherein the horses of the worshippers a
re kept during service, D. N. hesta-geldir, m. horse gelder, a ni
ckname, Landn. hesta-geymsla, u, f. horse keeping, Fas. i. 80. 
hesta-gnegg, n. a horse's neigh, Stj. 621. hesta-gnýr,
m, noise of horsemen, Fms. iii. 74. hesta-hlið, n. a horse
gate, Stj. hesta-járn, n. pl. horse-shoes, Sturl. iii.
152. hesta-keyrsla, u, f. driving the steed in, in a horse-fight,
Rd. 261. hesta-korn, n. [Swed. hestakorn = oats], a nicknam
e, Fb. iii. hesta-lið, n. horsemen, Fms. vii. 188. hesta-ma
ðr, m. a horse boy, groom. hesta-rétt, f. in Icel.,
= Norse hestagarðr. hesta-skál, f. a stirrup-cup. h
esta-skipti, n. a change of horses; hafa h., Ld. 202, Fs. 51. hest
a-stafr, m. a horse staff, to be used in a horse-fight, Nj. 91, &THOR
N;orst. S. St. 49, cp. Rd. ch. 12, Arons S. ch. 18. hesta-stallr, m. = he
sthús, Flóv. hesta-steinn, m. a stone to whicb a horse i
s tied whilst the horseman takes refreshment. hesta-sveinn, m. a h
orse boy, groom, Sturl. ii. 218, Fas. i. 149, Þiðr. 205, Þor
st. S. St. 50. hesta-víg, n. a horse-fight, Nj. 90, Sturl.
ii. 100, Glúm. 366, Rd. 261. hesta-þing, n. a meeting for
a public horse-fight, Glúm. 366, 367, Nj. 92, Lv. 37, Sd. 176, Fs. 4
3, 140.
hest-skeið, n. a race-course, Bs. ii. 182.

hest-skór, m. a horse-shoe, Fms. ix. 55, 56. hestsk&oacu
te;-nagli, a, m. a horse-shoe nail.
hest-tönn, f. a horse's tooth, Vígl. 20.
hest-verð, n. a horse's worth, Karl. 10.
hest-verk, n. work done by a horse, Gþl. 392.
hest-víg, n. = hestavíg, Rd. 177.
hest-vörðr, m. a mounted guard, Fms. vii. 178, ix. 350, 3
51.
HETJA, u, f. a hero, champion, a gallant man, Nj. 64, Lv. 36, Ld.
26, 132, Fms. xi. 89, Glúm. 367, Jd. 40. COMPDS: hetju-diktr, m.,
hetju-ljóð, n. a heroic poem, Jón. Þorl. hetju-móðr, m. heroism. hetju-skapr, m. champ
ionship, Fas. i. 24, Ld. ch. 11; this word, which in old writers is rather s
carce, is freq. in mod. usage: also eccl., trúar-hetja, a champion of
faith; hetja Guðs, a champion of God; striðs-h., a hero.
hetju-ligr, adj. heroical.
HETTA, u, f. [höttr], a hood, Grett. 139, Fms. iv. 359, Band.
16 new Ed., Finnb. 216, Mar.; (koll-hetta, flóka-hetta, lambhús-h
etta, a hood to wear in a hard frost.) COMPDS: hettu-lauss, adj. without a hood, Grett. 151 A. hettu-sótt, f., medic. chic
ken-pox, Dan. faare syge, Sturl. ii. 128: hydrocephalus, F&eac
ute;l. ix. 222. hettu-strútr, m. a cowl, H. E. ii. 113. 
hettu-sveinar, m. pl. 'hood-boys,' a nickname, Hkr. iii. 449.
HEY, n., old gen. heyvi, also spelt heyfi, mod. heyi; e.g. heyvi, Gr&aacu
te;g. i. 438; heyfi, Eb. 94 new Ed. note, and passim; but heyi, Sks. 416, and so
in mod. usage; gen. pl. heyja; [Goth. havi = GREEK; A.S. hêg; Engl. hay; Hel. houwe; O. H. G. hawi; Germ. heu;
Swed.-Dan. hö; Norse höy, Ivar Aasen; akin to höggv
a, Germ. hauen; thus hey prop. means cut grass] :-- hay; ma
t eðr hey, hey ok matr, Nj. 73, Grág. i. 195, 438, ii. 277, Ís
l. ii. 137, Sks. 416, Lv. 18 passim: also used in plur., stores of hay, fodde
r; beita upp engjum ok heyjum, Fms. vi. 104; gáðu þeir eigi
fyrir veiðum at fá heyjanna, Landn. 30; hann hefir rænt mik &o
uml;llum heyjum, Ísl. ii. 140; hann hefir eingin hey til sölu, 138;
en hey fásk lítil, 132: Icel. say, slá, raka, þurka,
rifja, sæta, hirða, binda hey, to mow, rake, dry, turn, cock, get i
n, bind the hay. COMPDS: hey-annir, f. pl. haymaking time (Jul
y, August), Edda (Gl.), Hrafn. 25. hey-band, n. a binding hay into tru
sses. hey-björg, f. stores of hay, Ísl. ii. 131, 1
38. hey-bruni, a, m. a burning of hay, Ann. hey-deild, f. a distribution of hay, Grág. ii. 275. hey-des, f. a hay-r
ick (vide des), Sturl. i. 83, 195, Bs. i. 54. hey-fang, n. produce
of hay, Sturl. iii. 271. hey-fátt, n. adj. falling short o
f hay, Rd. 211. hey-fok, n. = heyreki. hey-garðr, m. a
stack-yard, Grág. ii. 249, Njarð. 384, Fb. i. 523. hey-gjald, n. payment in hay, Grág. ii. 276. hey-gjöf, f. 
hay fodder, Boll. 348, Sturl. iii. 292. hey-hjálmr, m. a h
ay-rick, Fms. vii. 298. hey-hlað, n. a hay-cock, N. G. L.

i. 256, Jb. 256. hey-hlass, n. a load of hay, Eb. 188, K. Á
. 176. hey-kleggi, a, m. = heydes, Fb. i. 523, Háv. 53. hey-kos
tr, m. stores of hay, Ísl. ii. 136. hey-lauss, adj. 
short of hay. hey-leiga, u, f. rent paid in hay, Ísl. i
i. 131. hey-leysi, n. a failure in hay, Krók. 37. hey-l&
iacute;till, adj. short of hay, Bs. i. 873. hey-meiss, m. a
hay box, D. N. hey-nál, f. a hay-hook, used instead of
a hay-knife. hey-rán, n. plunder of hay, Eb. hey-reki, a, m. the tossing of hay by the wind, = mod. heyfok, Grág. ii.
275. hey-rúm, n. a hay-loft, Grág. ii. 340. heysala, u, f. sale of hay, Jb. 223. hey-skapr, m. haymaking. hey-skipti, n. a sharing of hay, Grág. ii. 259. heysláttr, m. haymaking, Gþl. 410. hey-sótt,
f. hay-fever, a horse's disease. hey-stakkr, m. a haystack,
heystakk-garðr, m. a stack-yard, Grág. ii. 340. hey
-stál, n. the middle of a hay-cock, Ísl. ii. 69. hey
-tak, n. and hey-taka, u, f. plunder of hay, Eb. 154, Gþ
l. 545. hey-teigr, m. a strip of a hay-field, Sturl. ii. 29. he
y-tjúga, n. [Dan. hötyv], a pitch-fork, Hkr. i. 24
. hey-tollr, m. a hay toll, to be paid to a church, Dipl. v. 12, V
m. 115. hey-tópt, f. = heygarðr. hey-verð, n. co
mpensation for h., Fms. iii. 210, Eb. 154. hey-verk, n. haymaking,
 Gull. 21, Eb. 152, Nj. 103, Bs. i. 46, Glúm. 343. hey-vöndul
l, m. a wisp of hay, Boll. 348. hey-þerrir, m. a 'hay
-breeze,' air for drying hay. hey-þrot, n. want of hay,
Ísl. ii. 132. hey-þroti, m. a being short of hay, &Ia
cute;sl. ii. 133. hey-þurkr, m. a drying of hay. hey-&oum
l;nn, f. = heyannir, Grág. ii. 261, Edda 103. UNCERTAIN For haymaking
and hay stores see the Sagas passim, Hænsaþ. ch. 4, Eb. ch. 30, 37,
51, 63, Grett. ch. 50, Orms Þ. Fb. i. 522, Heiðarv. S. ch. 25, H&aacu
te;v. pp. 46, 47, Gísl. 14, 22, Nj. ch. 47, 77, and p. 192, and Mr. Dasen
t's remarks on Icel. 'hayneed,' Burnt Njal cxii, Grág., esp. the Landbr.
Þ. passim.
heygja, ð, [haugr], to bury in a how, Nj. 98, Fms. i. 18, x. 3
28, passim; vide haugr.
heyja, að, [hey], to make hay, Bs. i. 913, freq. in mod. usage
; h. vel (ílla), to get in a good (bad) crop of hay;
h. fyrir kýr, ær, hesta, to make hay, as fodder for cows, e
tc.; and metaph., heyja af fyrir sér, to support oneself, live from ha
nd to mouth.
HEYJA, pres. hey, heyr, heyr, mod. heyi, heyir; pret. háði; pr
et. pass. háiðr (háinn, Glúm. 394), neut. háit,
contr. hát, mod. háðr, háð :-- to hold, perform:
 1. a law term, to discharge a public duty; heyja þing,
dóm, sókn, etc., of any lawful and public duty, as goði, judge
, neighbour, witness, and the like, whence every franklin is styled þing-h
eyjandi;
<PAGE NUM="b0261">
<HEADER>HEYKJASK -- HILLAR. 261</HEADER>
heyja þing, Grág. i. 102, 103, 114; á várþingi
því er hann heyr, K. Þ. K. 46; þá skal hann segj
a til á leið þeirri er hann heyr, Grág. i. 95, 127; &aac
ute; því einu várþingi á hann útlegð

ir er hann heyr sjálfr, 12; rétt er bónda at senda mann til
þings at heyja þing fyrir sik, 102, cp. 103, 114, 115; ok má
tti þingit eigi heyjask at lögum, Jb. 8; h. dóm, há&eth
;i Snorri goði féránsdóm, Eb. 302; háðu &tho
rn;eir féránsdóm eptir klerkinn (høðu MS.), Bs.
i. 492 (cp. h&aolig;ðo, Skálda 168), Hrafn. 19; þá er le
ið háið (fem. part.) er upp er sagt, Grág. i. 165; at h&aa
cute;ðum dómum, id.; fyrir háða dóma, 161; ok var&e
th; eigi háinn féránsdómrinn, Glúm. 394; h. h
eimting, Grág. ii. 391; h. lög, Bs. i. 692 old Ed., heyra new Ed.; h
. sóknir, háðu vér sóknir fyr dauðligum konu
ngi, Blas. 30; h. launþing, to hold a secret meeting, Hbl. 30; h.
leik, to play, Korm. (in a verse); h. Freys leik, to play the play of
Frey, Hornklofi: phrases, h. gleði, to play, gambol, Fms. xi. 109
; h. sér orða-fjölda, to add to one's phraseology, make phras
es, Skálda 154. 2. metaph., heyja orrostu, bardaga, to give
battle, the battle being regarded as an ordeal or judgment, 625. 49, Blas.
37, Fms. iv. 243, v. 247; hann hafði margar orrostor háðar, Mork.
216; h. hólmgöngu, to fight a duel, Vígl. 16, Fms. v.
230; jafnan þá er hann hefir hátt (i.e. háit) h&oacu
te;lmgöngur, Fs. 134. II. recipr., þeir háðusk &tho
rn;ar við um stund, they bandied words for a while, Bs. i. 664: pass.
, hildr háðisk, was fought, Lex. Poët, passim; þeir
skulu heyjask (fight) við Skútu þeir Eyjólfr, Rd
. 303.
HEYKJASK, t, [húka, hokinn], to bend, sink, cower down; hes
trinn heyktist undir honum, MS. 489. 45; heyktisk hann við ok nær &iac
ute; úvit, Sturl. iii. 177.
HEYRA, ð, in Norse MSS. höyra (eyra, dropping the h, N. G. L. i. 220), [Ulf. hausjan = GREEK; A. S. hyran; Hel. h
ôrjan; Engl. hear; O. H. G. horan; Germ. hören; Dan. höre; Swed. höra] :-- to hear; the notio
n of hearing being taken to imply motion towards a place, cp. Germ. zu
-hören, Icel. heyra til, Engl. hearken to, Scot. hear till; at þeir heyrðu eðr sá atburðina, Fms. vii. 226, Nj.
13, Grág. i. 56, Sks. 554; nú heyra þeir til liðs konung
sins hvar þat fór, Fb. ii. 128; hann heyrir þat er gras vex &
aacute; jörðu, Edda 17; h. messu, tíðir, to hear mass, at
tend service, Fms. ix. 500; h. húslestr, id.; menn vildu eigi h. (
hear, believe) at hann mundi fallit hafa, x. 364; heyrðu þeir sn&o
uml;rgl nokkut til rekkju Þóreyjar, Fs. 144; hefir hvárki he
yrt til hans styn né hósta, Nj. 2; þeir heyrðu bl&aacute
;str til drekanna, Gullþ. 8; hann heyrði þangat mikinn glaum, Eb
. 28; heyrðu þeir hark mikit í búrit, 266; heyrit f&aacu
te;dæmi, Háv. 45; heyr endemi (q.v.); sem nú hefir þ&u
acute; heyrt, as thou hast now heard, Sks. 714. 2. to hearken;
 þeirra bæn var eigi fyrr heyrð, Fms. x. 401; Guð heyr&e
th;i bæn Moyses, Sks. 575; en ef þú vildir h. bæn m&iac
ute;na, Drottinn minn, 596. 3. with prepp., heyra á e-t, to giv
e ear, listen to a thing; en þá er hann hafði heyrt &aacute
; töluna, Fms. xi. 37; höfðu þessir allir heyrt á (been within hearing, been present) sætt þeirra Þór
is ok Bjarnar, Eg. 349; þótt sjálfr konungr heyri á,
though within hearing of the king himself, Ó. H. 54. II. me
taph. to belong to one, with dat., kirkjan á selveiði alla uta
n þá er Geithellum heyrir, Vm. 165. 2. heyra til e-s, or h.
e-m til, to belong to, concern; (þat) er heyrir til (concerns) dóttur þinnar, Nj. 15; þær sýslur sem til &t
horn;eirra heyrðu, Fms. ix. 269; þat er til mín heyrir, vi. 118
, 133, Bs. i. 742; þat þing er hreppstjórn heyrir til, Jb. 18
4; hann ágirntisk þat er honum heyrði ekki til, Fms. vi. 301; &
thorn;ótti þeim Haraldi konungi eigi til h. (he had no right
) at mínka sinn rétt, 339. γ. so with dat., to beh
ove; hverjum yðr heyrir at þjóna, Fms. i. 281, vi. 349; m&e
acute;r heyrir eigi at þegja við yðr, ii. 268; mér heyrir e
igi at giptask, Str. 421; sem því nafni til heyrir, Mar. 617; kjala
r-tré þat er þeim þótti heyra (to fit), F
b. i. 433. III. impers. to be heard; ok heyrir blástr (acc.
) hans í alla heima, Edda 17; heyrði til höddu þá e
r Þórr bar hverinn, Skálda 168; þá varð &th
orn;egar hljótt svá at til einskis manns heyrði, Fms. vi. 374;
svá nær læknum, at gerla heyri forsfallit (acc.), 351. IV
. reflex. and impers., e-m heyrisk e-t, methinks one hears; en me&eth
; því at mér heyrisk svá í orðum yðrum
, at ..., methought I heard you say, that ..., Sks. 101; en mér he
yrisk svá um þetta haf, ok svá landit, þá ...,
192; svá heyrisk mér til sem þeir sé flestir er ...,
Fms. vii. 280; þá heyrðisk þeim öllum sem sveinninn
kvæði þetta, they thought they heard the boy sing, Landn.
(Hb.) 293: in mod. usage, mér heyrðisk þú segja, met
hought I heard you say; mér heyrðist vera barið, methought
I heard a knock at the door; mér heyrist barnið hljóð
a, methinks I hear the child crying. 2. pass. to be heard,
H. E. i. 516; þá skulu þeir eigi þar um heyrask s&iacu
te;ðan (they shall not be heard, heeded), K. Á. 110.
heyrandi, part. a hearer, Grett. 133 (opt er í holti heyran
di nær, vide holt): plur. heyrendr, hearers, at a meeting, c
hurch, or the like, Post. 645. 92, Bs. i. 741; hence the law phrase, í he
yranda (gen. pl.) hljóði, in the hearing of all, in public, Nj
. 15, Grág. i. 19, passim.
heyrari, a, m. = heyrandi, N. T.
heyri-liga, adv. openly, 656 C. 2: fittingly; óheyri
liga, cruelly.
heyri-ligr, adj. becoming, Stj. 502: incumbent, Fms. vi. 38
8.
heyringi, a, m. [akin to heyrum, q.v., and not to be derived from heyra;
cp. Engl. hireling; A. S. hyrigman, hyrling = domestic retainer
] :-- a Norse law term, a neighbour, a domestic; it appears almost to
answer to Icel. búi; þá skal hann á þing lei&e
th;a heyringja sína (as witnesses), N. G. L. i. 21; settu þeir t&oa
cute;lf manna dóm eptir ok tvá heyringja, ok létu dæm
a, D. N. ii. 4.
heyrin-kunnr (heyrum-kunnr, N. G. L. i. 232, Bjarn. 42, both paper
MSS., as also in mod. usage), adj. known, reported, Fms. i. 103, Nj. 139
, Stj. 421; frægt ok h., famous and well known, 87, passim.
heyrin-orð, n. an old law phrase, which is probably = heyringja-or&et
h;, the word or verdict of a heyringi (not from heyra, qs. hear
say); sækja við tylftar-kvið eða við heyrin-orð fi
mm landeiganda, Grág. ii. 146; skal sækja við váttor&eth
; ef hann heyrir á, en ella við fimm manna heyrinorð eða tylf
tar-kvið, Kb. (l.c.) ii. 182.

heyrn, f. hearing: 1. the sense of hearing, 623. 57;
heyrn, sýn, Grág. ii. 16, Eluc. 54; mál, sýn, heyrn
, Fms. i. 97, N. T., Pass. 32. 4, 41. 10, passim. COMPDS: heyrnar-daufr, -l&i
acute;till, adj. rather deaf, hard of hearing. heyrnar-lauss,
adj. 'hearing-less,' deaf. heyrnar-leysi, n. deafness. 2
. hearing; sumt ritaði hann eptir sjálfs síns heyrn
eðr syn, something he wrote from his own hearing or sight, Fms. vii.
226. β. í heyrn e-m, in one's hearing, Stj. 689, Bjar
n. 33, 43, Fms. xi. 287; á-heyrn, q.v. 3. metaph. ears, as
it seems = hlust; eyra is properly the outer ear, heyrn and hlust the
inner part; heyrn eða hlust, Edda (Arna-Magn.) ii. 430; hneigja heyrn at
e-u, to incline the ears to, Lb. 3; heyrn er þeim hægri slj
ó, Pass. 7. 12. COMPDS: heyrna-gnípur, f. pl., poët. 'ear-crags,' i.e. the head, Eg. (in a verse). heyrna-spann,
n. 'ear-basket,' i.e. the ear, Ad. 20.
HEYRUM, dat. pl. of an obsolete heyrar; variously spelt, h&ouml
;rum (i.e. hørum, which seems to be the best form), herum, hæru
m; even with r inserted, hreyrom, Kb. ii. 178, hrörom,
Sb. ii. 389, no doubt erroneously, prob. from the original having eo = ø, which the transcriber read as ro, (see Gramm. p. xxxv, si
gnif. B. I. K.) The word probably means of the homestead or family, do
mestic (cp. A. S. hyred = family, Engl. hire, Dan. 
hyre, vide heyringi above): it occurs a few times in the Grág., and i
s used only of neighbours, in the law phrase, réttir at heyrum; (in Kb. i
. 62, the point should stand after hærum, and the new sentence begi
n with the following word); also, sækja ... við heyrinorð fimm lan
deiganda þeirra er réttir sé í kviðum at hör
om við aðilja, Grág. (Sb.) ii. 146; þá skal b&uacute
;a kveðja þá er næstir búa þingvelli þ
eirra manna er réttir sé at h&aolig;rom, Sb. ii. 93; þeirra
er réttir sé at skuldleikum ok at hreyrum, Kb. ii. 178 (l.c.); b&u
acute;endr skal kveðja fyrr en griðmenn ef til þess eru, þ&a
acute; er næstir eru þar, ok þá er at hærom s&eac
ute; réttir, 85; nema sá teli er réttr væri í
kviðnum at hærom, i. 62; kennendr tvá þá er &iacut
e; hr&aolig;rom sé réttir, Sb. ii. 389; kennendr tvá &thorn
;á er í heyrom sé réttir, er þat visso at f&ea
cute; þat báru á skip, Kb. l.c.; þá búa
er réttir sé í kviðum ok at heyrum, ii. 68.
heyskr, adj. = h&aolig;veskr, courteous, Art. passim.
hik, n. faltering, hik-laust, n. adj. without wavering; see hvika.
HIKA, að, to falter, = hvika, q.v.
hildingr, m., poët. a war king, Hm. 154, Hkv. 2. 10, Edda 105
, passim: a pr. name, Fas.
HILDR, f., dat. and acc. hildi, [A. S. hild; Hel. hildi; pr
ob. akin to hjaldr, q.v.] :-- battle, only in poetry; heilir hildar til,
heilir hildi frá, Hm. 157; vekja hildi, to wage war, Hkv. 2. 6; he
fja hildi, to begin a battle, Hkm. 2; er hildr þróask, w
hen war waxes, Stor. 13; hörð h., a hard fight; bjó&e
th;a hildi, to offer battle; ganga í hildi, to go into battle; semja, fremja hildi, to wage war, Lex. Poët. In poetry a shie
ld is called hildar-ský, hildar-vé, hildar-veggr. 2.

 name of one of the Valkyrias (see Valkyrja), who were regarded as the handm
aids of Odin, Vsp. 22, Gm. 36; Hildr is also represented as a daughter of the my
thical king Högni and the bride of Héðin, whose life is recorded
in the tale of Hjaðninga-víg, Edda 89, 90: hence war is calle
d Hildar-leikr, m. the game of H., Bm. 1, passim. II. in pr
. names; it is rare as a prefix in northern names, but freq. in old Germ.: of me
n, Hildir, Hildi-björn, Hildi-brandr, Hildi-grímr, Hild-ól
fr; of women, Hildr, Hildi-gunnr, Hildi-ríðr: again, it of
ten forms the latter part in female names, and often spelt or sounded without th
e aspirate, Ás-hildr, Bryn-hildr, Böðv-ildr, Dóm-hildr, E
y-ildr, Geir-hildr, Grím-hildr, Gunn-hildr, Hrafn-hildr, Matt-ildr (for.)
, Orm-hildr, Ragn-hildr, Svan-hildr, Úlf-hildr, Yngv-ildr, Þor-hild
r, Landn. III. in pl. hildir, the caul or membrane c
overing animals, calves, lambs when cast, kálfs-hildir, kýr-hildir
, freq. in mod. usage.
B. APPELLATIVE COMPDS. hildi- only in poets: hildi-frækn,
 adj. mighty in war. hildi-göltr, m., mythic. a helmet
, Edda 82. hildi-leikr, m. [A. S. hilde-gelâc], the g
ame of war, a fight, Fm. 31. hildi-meiðr, m., poët. a war
rior, pillar of war, Fm. 36. hildi-svín, n. = hildigöltr,
Edda 82, Hdl. 7. hildi-tannr, m., gen. hilditanns, Edda i. 464; dat. hil
ditanni, Fms. ix. 455 (an evidence that tönn, a tooth, was originall
y masc.); later, Hildi-tönn, f. nickname of the old Danish king, see
Skjöld. S., qs. a war-tooth, tusk; cp. A. S. hilde-tux, Beow
. 1511.
hilduri, a, h. a kind of hawk, Edda (Gl.)
HILLA, u, f. a shelf, freq. in mod. usage; búr-hilla, a
pantry shelf.
hilla, t, in the phrase, það hillir undir e-ð, to be
(as it were) upheaved or lifted in the air, e.g. of an object (a
person, tree) seen on the edge of a hill against the sky, e.g. það hi
llir undir hann á brúninni.
Hillar, f. pl. a Norse local name, akin to hilla and hjalli.
<PAGE NUM="b0262">
<HEADER>262 HILLINGAR -- HINN.</HEADER>
hillingar, f. pl. upheaving, esp. of a mirage, when rocks and isla
nds look as if lifted above the level of the sea.
hilmir, m., poët., prop. a helmsman, whence a ruler, king,
 Ýt., Hkv., Lex. Poët. passim.
hilmr, m. a smell, = ilmr, q.v., Hom. p. 58, Fms. (Ágrip) x
. 280 sqq.
hilpir, m. a helper, N. G. L. ii. 343, of a midwife.
himbrin, mod. himbrimi, m. the ember goose, colymbus glacialis,
 Edda (Gl.), Eggert Itin.; cp. Norse Hymbern, Faroic imbrim, S
hetl. immer.
himin-baugr, m. = himinhringr, Jónas 53.

himin-belti, n. a 'belt of heaven,' zone.
Himin-björg and Himin-fjöll, n. pl. a mythical local nam
e, Gm., Hkv., Ýt.
himin-blámi, a, m. the blue sky, Jónas 64.
himin-blár, adj. sky-blue, Jónas 137.
himin-blær, m. a breath or whiff of air, Jónas
120, cp. Pass. 25. 10.
himin-bogi, a, m. the arch or vault of heaven, Jónas
99.
himin-bora, u, f. = himinrauf, Skálda 209.
himin-borinn, part. heaven-born.
himin-brjótr, m., mythol. name of an ox, 'heaven-breaker,'
Edda 35.
himin-búi, a, m. a heaven-dweller, an angel.
himin-fastr, adj. fixed in heaven, of stars, Stj. 12.
himin-geimr, m. the void, the universe, Jónas 167.
himin-geisli, a, m. heavenly beams, Sól. 72.
Himin-glæfa, u, f. one of the northern Nereids, Edda 101.
himin-hringr, adj., poët. the 'ring' of heaven, Jónas
53.
himin-hvolf, n. the vault of heaven, the sky.
himin-jöðurr, m. the corner, brim (jaðarr, jö&et
h;urr) of heaven, = himinskaut, Vsp. 5 (GREEK) This, no doubt, is the cor
rect form, not himin-jó-dýr (heaven-horse-beasts) or himinjó-dur (heaven-horse-doors).
himin-knöttr, m. a heavenly globe.
himin-kraptar, m. pl. the props, pillars of heaven, Ó. H. (
in a verse).
himin-ljómi, a, m. heavenly light, Lex. Poët.
HIMINN, m. [the form hifinn occurs rarely, Fms. x. 10 (v.l.), Hb.
(1866) thrice; the mod. form is himin, without the inflexive n; th
e root consonant varies between m and f (or v), the final b
etween n and l, cp. Goth. himins, A. S. heofon, Engl
. heaven, Hel. himil, O. H. G. himila, Germ. as also mod.
Dan. and Swed. himmel; this interchange of f and m is analo
gous to 'of' and 'um' (umb), 'sofa' and 'sömn' (i.e. svefn), 'kufl' and 'ku
mbl,' Lat. sopio and somnus, etc. UNCERTAIN The mythol. Gimle (Vsp
. 63) is probably dat. of an obsolete himil derived from the time when the initi
al h was still sounded gutturally] :-- heaven; in the old heathen
creed the heavenly vault was the skull of the giant Ymir, Gm. 40, Vþm. 21,
Edda sub init.; and is called by the poets 'the giant's skull,' 'the burden of
the dwarfs' (vide dvergr), etc.; the heavens were nine, the names of which are r
ecorded in Edda (Gl.) :-- Níu eru himnar á hæð talði
r, cp. Alm. 12, 13; upp-h., the ether, Vsp. 3; nú heldr jör&e
th; griðum upp, en himinn varðar fyrir ofan en hafit Rauða fyrir &ua
cute;tan er liggr um lönd öll, Grág. i. 166; jafnhárt up
p sem himinn, Edda 60 (in a verse); leikr hár hiti við h., sjá
lfan, Vsp. 58; hinn slétti h., Vþm. 46: allit., heiðr himin, Hb
l. 19, Eb. 48 new Ed., v.l.; haf og h., sea and heaven; himin ok jö
rð, heaven and earth, Nj. 194; áðr stjarna komi á h
imin, ere the stars came up in heaven, Grág. ii. 322. β. phrases, undir berum himni, under the bare sky, freq.; hann ann m&eacu
te;r eigi at hafa himininn jafnan yfir höfði sér sem hann hefir
sjálfr, Vápn. 20; þykjask taka h. höndum, to think o
ne grasps heaven with one's hands, of high fantastic hopes; þat hug&et
h;um vér bændr ... at vér hefðim þá hö
ndum himin tekit, en nú ..., Hkr. i. 141, Sighvat (Bersögl. v&iacute
;sur), Al. 118; himins-emdi, the end, border of heaven, Vþm. 37, Ed
da 12. 2. the heathen conception of a plurality of heavens caused the plu
ral to be mostly used by Christian writers, esp. after the Reformation, also, Gu
ð á himnum, God in the heavens; Faðir á himnum, Gr.
GREEK, N. T., following the Gr. text; himnum að, towards the heavens,, Pass. 34. 1; hér og á himnum bæði, 24. 7: himna-Gu&et
h;, God in the heavens, Sól. 6, Stj.; stíga til himna, t
o ascend to the heavens, Gþl. 40; himna-fagnaðr, heavenly joy, Hom. 30; himna-brauð, bread from the heavens, manna, Post.; himn
a-fæðsla, id., Stj.; himna-för, ascension to the heaven
s; himna-ljós, the light of the heavens, Pass. 3. 3; hinma-hal
lir, the halls of the heavens, 25. 13; himna-konungr, the king of the
heavens, Hom., Fms. i. 141; himna-mjöl, the flour of the heavens, ma
nna, Stj., Al. 64; himna-sjón, heavenly sight, Greg. 35; himn
a-vist, an abode in the heavens, Hom.; himna-ríki, n. th
e kingdom of the heavens, N. T., in old writers himin-ríki. II. metaph. (like Gr. GREEK), a canopy, covering, cp. Germ. trag-himmel;
 sængr-himinn, a bed canopy: poët., brúna-himinn, heaven of the brows, the forehead, Kormak; ál-himin, the heaven or covering of the deep, the ice, Eyvind.
himin-raufar, f. pl. the sluices of heaven, Skálda 210, Mar
. 10.
himin-ríki, n. [Dan. himmerige; Germ. himmelreich],
the kingdom of heaven, Gþl. 42, Edda 149 (pref.), Th. 28; himinr&ia
cute;kis-dyrr, -hirð, -höll, -innganga, -vist, Hom., Mar., Bs. passim;
himinríkis maðr, an heir of the kingdom of heaven, 677. 3; but
in mod. usage himnaríki(see himinn 2) is more usual.
himin-roði, a, m. the redness of the sky, Matth. xvi. 2.
himin-runninn, part. = Gr. GREEK, Od.
himin-röðull, m. = himinsól, Lex. Poët.
himin-skaut, n. the sheet of heaven, a quarter of heaven, Lat. 
plaga caeli, Hdl. 14, Skv. 1. 10, passim.
himin-skin, n. a heavenly shining, Jónas 115.
himin-sól, f. the sun in heaven.

himin-stjóri, a, m. (-stýrir, m.), the ruler of h
eaven, God, Lex. Poët.
himin-stjörnur, f. pl. the stars in heaven, Jónas 122.
himin-targa, u, f. the targe of heaven, the sun, Þd. 4.
himin-tjald, n. a canopy. Am. 106.
himin-tungl, n. pl. the heavenly bodies, Hkr. ii. 288, Rb. 66, 108
, passim; himintungla far, h. gangr (ganga), Stj., Rb.
himin-vangi, a, m. the mead of heaven, the sky, Hkv. 1. 15.
himin-vist, f. dwelling in heaven, Lex. Poët.
himneskr, adj. (hifneskr, Fms. x. 392), heavenly, Sks., Bs.
, N. T., Pass., Vídal. passim.
HIND, f. [A. S. hind; Engl. hind; Germ. hinde; Dan.
hind] :-- a hind, Lat. cerva, the female of hjörtr, K
arl. 45, freq.: hindar-kálfr, m. a hind's calf, a fawn, Bre
t. ch. 19; Hindar-fjall, n. Hind's-fell, a mountain, Fas., Fm. 
II. [prob. a different word, akin to Goth. hinþan, Swed. hi
nna = to find], skill, grace; in the phrase, með hind, 
artfully, gracefully, as in the ditty: Það er að segja af Sigu
rði Blind | samdi hann ljóð um hverja kind, | sá hann hvor
ki sól né vind, | seggjum þótt' 'ann kveða me&eth
; hind; esp. freq. in poets of the 16th and 17th centuries.
hindar-dags, gen. as adv. the day after to-morrow, N. G. L. i. 23;
see hindri.
hindr, n. = hindran, Stj. 262.
HINDRA, að, [A. S. hinderjan; Engl. hinder; Germ. hi
ndern; Dan. hindra; Swed. hindra] :-- prop. to keep behind,
hinder, Stj. 138; h. eðr tálma, Dipl. i. 4, Bs. i. 689. II. pass. to be impeded, Fms. vii. 144, xi. 423. 2. to halt, loi
ter, Stj. 172, Mar.: to go astray, to be wrong, Fbr. 78 new Ed., Bs.
i. 820: to lose time, loiter about a thing, meira mun nú annat ti
l framkvaemdar en hindrask eptir þessu, Sturl. iii. 157; cp. hindrvitni be
low.
hindran, f. a hindrance, Stj. 9.
HINDRI, compar., superl. HINZTR, [cp. Ulf. hindar = GREEK,
A. S. and Engl. hinder, O. H. G. hintar, Germ. hinter; cp.
also A. S. hindan, Engl. be-hind] :-- the hinder, hindmost, la
tter, latest, only in poetry: I. the compar. occurs only as an GREEK
in hindra dags, the day after to-morrow, Hm. 109, and hindar-dags, N. G.
L. i. 23. II. superl., hinnzta sinni, for the last time: in prose,
vér gengum á land innsta (i.e. hinzta) sinni, Fms. vii. 149; &tho
rn;á er hann fór inzta sinni til Jórsala, 625. 191: in poet
ry, Sól. 41, Fas. i. 428; hinztr fuudr, the last meeting, Hkv. Hj&
ouml;rv. 40; hinzt kveðja, Am. 45; hinzt bæn, Skv. 3. 62.
hindr-vitni, f. 'hinder-knowledge,' idolatry, superstition, nonsense, Bs. i. 165, Hkr. ii. 176; flærð heiðingligrar hindrvitni, Fb.
i. 513; ef hann trúir á þat heldr en annat fé, eð
a ferr hann með h., K. Þ. K. 78.
HINGAT, also spelt higat (Eg. 51, Nj. 227, Fms. i. 189, Stj. 27, 3
5) and hegat (Ísl. ii. 270, Gþl. 272), prob. only by droppin
g the mark of abbreviation (UNCERTAIN) above the line (h&i-long;gat, h&e-long;ga
t), as seen from old rhymes such as hingat fyrir konu bing, Eb. 73
new Ed. :-- hither, Lat. huc, Íb. 5, Nj. 2, Grág. i
. 189, Fms. i. 72, x. 18; hingat ok þangat, hither and thither, to and
fro, viii. 39, Stj. 35, 284, Blas. 40; hón vissi löngum ekki hin
gat, i.e. she was in a senseless state, Bs. i. 384. 2. temp., hing
at til, hitherto, 619. 73.
B. COMPDS: hingat-burðr, m. the birth of Christ, 625. 8
2, Skálda 210, Fms. i. 109, xi. 468, Stj. 27 (hegat-burðr), passim. hingat-ferð and hingat-för, f. a journey hither, Eb
. 144, Fms. x. 17, xi. 105. hingat-flutningr, m. carrying hither,
Fr. hingat-kváma, u, f. a coming hither, arrival, Fms. vi.
394, v. 291: eccl., of Christ, Rb. 84, Stj. passim. hingat-spaning, f. =
hingatkváma, Niðrst. 6.
HINKA, að, [Germ. hinken], to limp, hobble, Fs. 159; se
e hvika.
hinkr, n. a limping, hobbling, Ísl. ii. 147.
hinkra, að, to halt, stop a bit; h. við, to halt, f
req. in mod. usage.
HINN, HIN, HIT, the article, an enclitic, which therefore can never serve
as an accentuated syllable in a verse, either as rhyme or in alliteration. In g
ood old MSS. (e.g. Cod. Reg. of Sæm.) it is hardly ever spelt with the asp
irate, but is written inn, in, it or ið, or enn, en, et
or eð, and thus distinguished from the demonstr. pron. hinn; but in
the Editions the prob. spurious aspirate has been generally prefixed: an indecl.
inu or hinu occurs often in later MSS. of the 14th century, e.g.
the Fb.; but as it has not been heard of since and is unknown in the modern lang
uage, it simply seems to be a Norwegianism, thus, inu sömu orð, Th. 2;
hinnu fyrri biskupa (gen. pl.), H. E. ii. 79; enu instu luti (res intimas
), Hom. 57 (Norse MS.); hinu ágæztu menn (nom. pl.), id.; innu &oa
cute;argu dýra, 657 A. ii. 12: [cp. Goth. jains = GREEK; A. S. 
geond; Engl. yon; Germ. jener.]
A. The: I. preceding the noun: 1. before an adjectiv
e standing alone or followed by a substantive; inn mæri, inn ríki,
inn dimmi dreki, inn mikli mögr, Vsp.; in aldna, id.; inn góða m
jöð, the good mead, Gm. 13; inn mæra mjöð, Skm.
16; inn helga mjöð, Sdm. 18; in forna fold, Hým. 24; in fr&iacut
e;ða frilla, 30; inn fróði jötum, Vþm. 20; inn gamli
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<HEADER>HINN. 263</HEADER>
þulr, 9; inn hára þul, Fm. 34; inn fráni ormr, 19; opt
inn betri bilar þá er inn verri vegr, Hm. 127; in alsnotra amb&aac
ute;tt, in arma, Þkv.; enn fróði afi, Skm. 2; in ílla m&
aelig;ra, 32; enn fráni ormr, 27; eð manunga man, Hm. 163; enn aldna
jötun, 104; en horska mær, 95; it betra, Stor. 22; ena þrið
ju, the third, Vsp. 20; inn móður-lausi mögr, Fm. 2; it g
jalla gull, ok it glóðrauða fé, 9; ið fyrsta orð,
Sdm. 14; enu skírleita goði, Gm. 39; in glýstömu gr&aelig
;ti, Hðm. 1; in svásu goð, Vþm. 17; enum frægja syni,
Hm. 141; at ins tryggva vinar, 66; ennar góðu konu, 100; ins svinna
mans, 162; ens dýra mjaðar, 141; ens hindra dags, 109; ens unga mans,
Skm. 11; ens deykkva hrafns, Skv. 2. 20; æ til ins eina dags, Fm. 10; ena
níundu hverja nótt, Skm. 21: with the ordinals, inn fyrsti, &thor
n;riði ..., Gm. 6 sqq., Sdm. 21 sqq. 2. so also before an adverb; it
sama, likewise, Hm. 75, Fm. 4, Vþm. 22, 23, Gm. 15, Hdl. 26. 3. as an indecl. particle 'in' or 'en' before a comparative; in heldr, the m
ore, Hm. 60, Sdm. 36, Hkv. 1. 12, Skv. 1. 21, Gh. 3, Nj. 219; in lengr, t
he longer, Am. 58, 61; this has been already mentioned s. v. en (p. 127, B.
at bottom, and p. 128), but it is almost exclusively poetical. II. placed
between a pronoun and an adjective in the definite form: 1. after a demo
nstr.; sá inn fráni ormr, Fm. 26; sá inn harði hallr, G
s. 10; sá inn aldni jötun, Skm. 25; sá inn ámát
tki jötunn, 10; þat ið mikla men, Þkv. 13; þat ið
litla, 'that the little,' i.e. the little thing, Ls. 44: þa
nn inn alsvinna jötun, Vþm. 1; þann inn aldna jötun, Fm. 2
9; þann inn hrímkalda jötun, 38; þess ins alsvinna j&oum
l;tuns, Vþm. 5; þat it unga man, Alm. 6; þann inn aldna j&ouml
;tun, Gm. 50; þau in harðmóðgu ský, 41; sá in
n máttki munr, 93; mönnum þeim enum aldr&oelig;num, Hbl. 44; b
örn þau in blíðu, Og. 9; hrís þat ið m&ae
lig;ra, Akv. 5: in prose, fjölmenni þat it mikla, Eg. 46; þetta
it mikla skip, Fms. x. 347, passim: with ordinals, segðu þat ið e
ina, say that the first, Vþm. 20; þat ið þriðja
, fjórða ..., 20 sqq. 2. after a possessive; síns ins h
eila hugar, síns ins svára sefa, Hm. 105; þíns ins hv
assa hjörs, Fm. 29; minn inn hvassi hjörr, 6; míns ins hvassa h
jörs, 28; bækr þínar inar bláhvítu, Hð
m. 3. after a pers. pron.: þú hinn armi, thou wretch!
Ld. 326; gakk þú hingat hinn mikli maðr! Eg. 488. III.
placed between two nouns in apposition: 1. between a proper name and a ti
tle or epithet in the definite form; Sigurðr inn Suðræni, Sigur
d the Southerner, Skv. 3. 4; Atli inn Ríki, Akv. 29; Högna ins
frækna, Hjalla ins blauða, 23; Guðröðr inn Göfugl&aa
cute;ti, Ýt.; Hamðir inn hugumstóri, Hðm. 25; Kjötva'
nn ( = Kjötva enn) Auðga, Hornklofi; Svan enum Rauða, Álfr e
nn Gamli, Hdl.; as also in prose, Ívarr inn Víðfaðmi, Hara
ldr enn Hárfagri, Ólafr inn Digri, Knútr inn Fundni, Au&eth
;r in Djúpauðga, Þorbjörg in Digra, Hildr in Mjófa,
Steinólfr inn Lági, Þorkell inn Hávi, Kjarlakr inn G
amli, Björn inn Austræni, Ólafr inn Hvíti, Hálfd
an inn Svarti, Sighvatr inn Rauði, Kyjólfr inn Grá, Gestr inn
Spaki; Ari inn Fróði (Aren Froðe contr. = Are enn Froðe, &Oac
ute;. T. 23, line 1), Ketill inn Heimski, Knútr inn Ríki, Eadvar&e
th;r inn Góði, Hálfdan inn Mildi, Ingjaldr inn Illrá&et
h;i, Helgi inn Magri, Úlfr inn Skjálgi, Landn., Fb. iii; cp. Gr. G
REEK, GREEK, Germ. Nathan der Weise, Engl. Alfred the Great, etc.:
of ships, Ormr inn Langi, Ormr inn Skammi. 2. between an appellative and
an adjective; sveinn inn hvíti, Ls. 20; hendi inni hægri, 61; &tho
rn;engill inn meins-vani, Gm. 16; seggr inn ungi, Skm. 2; skati inn ungi, Hdl. 9
; brúðr in kappsvinna, Am. 75; hest inn hraðfæra, Gh. 18; v
arr inn vígfrækni, gumi inn gunnhelgi, Hðm. 30; auð inn fag
ra, Skv. 1. 13; orm inn frána, 1, 11; fjánda inn fólksk&aac
ute;, Fm. 37; konungr inn Húnski, Skv. 3. 8, 18, 63, 64; orð ið f
yrra, Og. 9; mál ið efsta, 16; seggr inn suðræni, Akv. 3; s
eggr inn æri, 6; mar'inum mélgreypa, 3, 13; borg inni há, 14

; sól inni suðrhöllu, 30; veðrs ens mikla, Hkv. 1. 12; handa
r ennar hægri, Ls. 38, 61; vífs ins vegliga, Am. 54; konung inn kos
tsama, Hkm.; gramr inn glaðværi, id.; hlut inn mjóvara, &Yacute
;t. 13; konungr inn kynstóri, fylkir inn framlyndi, hilmi'nom háls
digra, konu'na Dönsku, hverr' enni Heinversku, Hornklofi, Sæm. (M&oum
l;b.) 228-231; við arm inn vestra, Sighvat; so also in prose passim.
B. When there was no adjective the article became a suffix to the noun (s
ee Gramm. pp. xix, xx), a usage common even in early prose, but extremely rare i
n poetry; the reason is, not that the poems were composed before the suffixed ar
ticle had come into use, but that the metres themselves in which all the old poe
ms were composed are older than that usage, and are not well adapted to it, so t
hat the absence of the article became traditional. The old poem Harbarðslj&o
acute;ð makes an exception, no doubt not from being later than all other poe
ms, but from being composed in a peculiar metre, half verse and half prose; thus
in that single poem alone there are nearly twenty instances, or about twice or
thrice as many as in all the other poems together :-- váginn, Hbl. 2, 13,
15; sundit, 1, 3, 8, 13; verðinum, 4; eikjunni, 7; skipit, id.; stö&et
h;na, landit, id.; leiðina, 55; höfuðit, 15; bátinum, 53; ve
ggsins, stokksins, steinsins, 56; matrinn, 3: other solitary instances are, go&e
th;in öll, Vsp. 27 (prob. somewhat corrupt); eiki-köstinn, Gh. 20; v&o
uml;mmin vár, Ls. 52. II. in prose, old and modern, the suffixed a
rticle occurs at every step; only one or two instances are worth noticing as pec
uliar to the Icelandic: 1. as vocative in addressing; konan, O woman! mjöðnannan, id., Sighvat (in a verse of A.D. 1018, and so in
mod. usage); elskan! hjartað! heillin! ástin, my love! dear! hear
t! þursinn! Fas. i. 385; hundarnir! = GREEK, Od. xxii. 35: also with
another word, barnið gott, good child! Þrúðnaþ
ussinn, thou monster giant! Miðgarðs-ormrinn! Fas. i. 373. 2. esp. if with a possessive adjective following, as in Gr. GREEK, etc.; elskan
mín, ástin mín, hjartað mitt, góðrinn minn!
hér er nú ástin mín, here is my darling! Stu
rl. ii. 78, of a father presenting a darling child to a friend; and so in mod. u
sage: as abuse, hundrinn þinn, thou dog! Ísl. ii. 176; &thor
n;jófrinn þinn! Fms. vii. 127; dyðrillinn þinn! ii. 279;
hundinum þínum! vi. 323: this use is not confined to the vocative,
e.g. konan mín biðr að heilsa, my wife (kona mín is
never used); maðrinn minn, my husband; biddu foreldrana þ&iacu
te;na (ask thy parents) að lofa þér að fara; augun h
ans, his eyes, Pass. 24. 4; hugrinn vor og hjartað sé, our
mind and heart (cp. Gr. GREEK), 43. 5; svo hjartað bæði og m&a
acute;lið mitt | mikli samhuga nafnið þitt, 10. 7; gef þ&uac
ute; að móður-málið mitt, 35. 9; bókin m&iacute
;n, my favourite book, my own book; as also, fáðu mér h
attinn minn, vetlingana mína, skóna mína, give me my hat
, gloves, shoes; tungan í þér, augun í þ&ea
cute;r, thy tongue, thy eyes; höfuðið á mér, f
ætrnir á mér, my head, my feet; hendrnar á &th
orn;ér ('á mér, á þér' are here equival
ent to a possessive, see p. 37, C. IV), thy hands, cp. Homer, GREEK; hest
ana þína, Gr. GREEK: similar is the instance, vömmin vá
r, the sins of ours, Ls. 52; this may be a remnant of a time when the art
icle was used separately, even with an indefinite adjective. 3. a
double article, one suffixed to the noun and the other prefixed to the word in a
pposition; hirðin sú in Danska, Fms. vi. 323; þau in stó
ru skipin, viii. 384 and passim: again, when a noun is put in the genitive after
another noun the former has no article; as the Engl. phrase 'the fish of the se
a and the fowl of the air' is in Icel. 'fiskar sjávarins og fuglar loptsi
ns:' but this belongs to the syntax; see also Grimm's D. G. iv. 432.
C. SPECIAL CHANGES, in mod. usage: I. the demonstr. pron. s&aacute
;, sú, það has in speech generally taken the place of inn, in,
it; thus, sá gamli maðr, sú gamla kona, það gamla sk
áld; sometimes the article is dropped altogether, e.g. á fimta deg
i, on the fifth day ( = á enum fimta degi); á sömn stu
ndu, in the same hour; even in old writers this is found, með sö
mu ætlan, Bs. i. 289; á níundu tíð dags, Stj. 41,
(but rarely); yet the old form is often retained in writing. II. in case
A. II. the article may be dropped; þann gamla maim, þá g&oum
l;mlu konu, það gamla skáld, þú armi, etc.; s&aacu
te; ráða-góði, sú goðum-líki, sá
ágæti Odysseifr, sú vitra Penelopa, sá Jarðkringj
andi Pósídon, Od. passim (in Dr. Egilsson's translation). III. in case A. III. 1. the article is also dropped, Knútr Ríki, Ha
raldr Hárfagri; even old writers (esp. in later vellums) omitted it now a
nd then, Hálfdan Svarta, Fms. i. 1; Haraldr Grænski, 90; Haraldr H&
aacute;rfagri, 192; Óttarr ungi, Hdl.: even in the Sæm. Cod. Reg.,
Völsungr ungi, Skv. 3. 1, 3. IV. in case A. III. 2. the pronouns s&a
acute;, sú, það, and hinn, hin, hit may be used indiscriminatel
y, although the former is more usual. V. lastly, in case B. the suffixed
article has gained ground, and is in modern prose used more freq. than in ancien
t.
UNCERTAIN CONCLUSION. -- The old poetical language, with the sole exception of a
single poem, had no article in the modern and proper sense; in every instance t
he 'inn, in, it' bears the character of a demonstrative pronoun, preceding an ad
jective and enhancing and emphasising its sense, like the pers. pron. hann, q.v.
; but it is never attached to a single substantive; when the adjective was place
d in apposition after a noun, the pronoun came to stand as an enclitic just afte
r the noun, and was sounded as if suffixed thereto; at last it was tacked as an
actual suffix to single nouns standing without apposition, and thus the true suf
fixed article gradually arose, first in speech, then in writing; whereas at the
same time the old pronominal enclitic (A. I-III) gradually went out of use, and
was either dropped or replaced by the stronger demonstrative pronoun 'sá,
sú.'
HINN, HIN, HITT, demonstr. pron., prob. identical in etymology with the p
receding word, from which it is however distinguished, 1. by the neut. hi
tt, Dan. hint; 2. by the initial aspirate, which is never dropped;
3. by being a fully accentuated pronoun, so that the h can stand
as an alliterative letter, e.g. handar ennar hægri | mun ek
hinnar geta, Ls.; veitkat ek hitt hvart Heita | hung
r ..., Hallfred; Hitt kvað þá Hamðir, etc., H
om. 23, 25, Korm. 40; Raun er hins at Heinir | hræ ..
.; Skáld biðr hins at haldi | hjálm ...,
Sighvat, Hkv. Hjörv. 26: [Ulf. jains = GREEK; A. S. geond; E
ngl. yon; Germ. jener.]
A. This pronoun is used, I. in a demonstr. sense, emphatically and
without being opp. to a preceding demonstr.; raun er hins at ..., it is prov
ed that ...; skáld biðr hins, at ..., Sighvat; veitkat ek hitt hv
at (hvárt) ..., Hallfred; hitt ek hugða, emphatically, that was wh
at I thought, I thought forsooth, Hm. 98; hitt kvað pá Hró
ðrglóð, Hðm. 13; hitt kvað þá Hamðir, 25
; hitt vil ek vita, that I want to know, Vþm. 3, 6; þó
ek hins get, ef ..., yet I guess, that if ..., Skm. 24; vita skal hitt,
ef ..., Korm. 40 (in a verse), Ísl. ii. 225 (in a verse); hitt var fyrr =
in former times, formerly, Ýt., Fs. 94 (in a verse); hinn er s&ae
lig;ll, er ..., he is happy, that ..., Hm. 8; maðr hinn er ..., 'm
an he that' = the man who, 26; hinn er Surts ór Sökkd&ou

ml;lum, Edda 51 (in a verse); veitat hinn er tin tannar, hinn er um eyki annask,
Kormak (in a verse); handar innar hægri mun ek hinnar geta, er ..., th
e right hand, that hand namely, which ..., Ls. 38; this usage scarcely occur
s except in old poetry. II. demonstr.
<PAGE NUM="b0264">
<HEADER>264 HINNA -- HITTA.</HEADER>
referring to another pronoun, denoting the former, farther, the other, =
Dan. hiin, hint, Germ. jener, cp. Gr. GREEK, Lat. ille; fre
q. in prose, old and mod.; fóru þeir með þau skip er &tho
rn;eim þóttu bezt en brenndu hin, Fms. v. 8; Kimbi bar sár s
itt engan mun betr en hinir, er hann hafði áðr á fær
t, 92; en hitt er meira, at hann lætr sér annarra manna fé j
afnheimilt, Eg. 47; kemr örvar-oddrinn í strenglag hinnar örvar
innar, Fb. iii. 405; er þú hefir mik fyrir lagt á hinu &aacu
te;ðr, 407; hinir frændr þínir, ii. 425; á hinn f&
oacute;tinn, on that, the other leg, Nj. 97; þat er vál&iacu
te;tið, ... hitt er undr ..., Ls. 33; hinir hlaða seglunum ok bí&
eth;a, Fms. x. 347; ef hinn (the other part) er eigi þar við st
addr, Grág. i. 52; hvárt hinn (the other one) hefir jafnmik
it fé hins (of the other one) er austr er, 220; rétt er at
kveðja frá hennar heimili ef hann veit hvártki hinna (gen. pl.
), 339; ok vill annarr hluta en annarr eigi ... ok verðr sem hinn mæli
ekki um er eigi vill hluta, 393; ef maðr sendir annan mann til eindaga, ok
erat hinn skyldr við at taka, id.; þess á milli er hón f
ór at sofa á kveldit, ok hins er hón var klædd, Ld. 1
4; ærit fögr er mær sjá, ... en hitt veit ek eigi hva&et
h;an þjófs-augu eru komin í ættir várar, for
sooth she is a beautiful girl, but yet I know not, Nj. 2 :-- demonstr. in th
e sense of this (but rare), stjörnur þær er nær er
u leiðar-stjöruu ganga aldri undir með oss, en í Blál
andi eðr Arabia ganga hinar stjörnur, these very stars, Rb. 468:
phrases, hitt ok annat, this and the other, Rd. 235; mod. hitt og &thorn
;etta.
B. COMPOUND FORMS, hinn-ug, hinn-og, or hins-ig, mod. hi
ns-egin, also hizig, q.v. [from vegr], adv. the other way; &th
orn;ótt Gísl þykki hinsig (hinn veg, v.l.) eigi sí&et
h;r til vísa, Fms. vii. 46; hinnig værir þú undir br&u
acute;n at líta sem ..., Nj. 55: locally, there, in the other place, i
llic, ok láta bera vætti þat hinneg var nefnt, Gr&aacute
;g. i. 90; heimta af erfingja ef hinnig er eigi til, K. Þ. K. 28; brenndi
þar ok görði hervirki eigi minna enn hinneg, Fms. vi. 340; ef hin
nig mundi kostr, K. Þ. K. 24; eigi er hægra undir þeim at b&ua
cute;a fyrir kulda sakir, enn hinnog er fyrir ofrhita sakir, Sks. 196; þv&
iacute; at hón er kaldari hér en hizug, 70: temp. the other day
, formerly (rare), er ek hinnig mælta, Og. 11. 2. denoting moti
on, hither, thither; hinnig deyja ór Helju halir, Vþm. 43; r
enna hinnig, Gh. 18; ríða hinig, Fm. 26: koma hinig, Gs. 18.
HINNA, u, f., mod. himna, [Dan. hinde; Swed. hinna],
a film, a membrane, Grág. ii. 91, Edda 12, Clem. 25, Bs. ii. 180,
Vígl. 31.
hipsum-haps, adv. by mere chance, from Dan. hips haps.
HIRÐ, f. [akin to A. S. hyred; cp. also Engl. hire], a king's or earl's body-guard, the king's men of olden times: for th
e hirð, their rights, duties, statutes, see the Laws and Sagas passim; among
the Laws, specially the Hirðskrá, N. G. L. ii. 390-450, Sks. ch. 24
sqq.; among the Sagas, the Fms. and Hkr. passim, Eg. ch. 5, 8, Fagrsk. ch. 5, th
e poem of Hornklofi, and 216, Ó. H. ch. 200 sqq., passim: hann hefir ok h
irð um sik sem konungr, Eg. 47; ok hafði sína hirð hvá
rr þeirra, Fms. vi. 185; þá skipar hann hirðinni í
eina fylking (opp. to bændr), Hkr. i. 155. COMPDS: hirðar-d&oacute
;mr, m. a king's court; synja eiði eptir hirðardómi, N
. G. L. ii. 437. hirð-biskup, m. a king's bishop, Fms. i. 229.
hirð-bróðir, m. a comrade among king's men, El. 14
, Barl. 94, Hirðskrá ch. 41. hirð-búnaðr, m. apparel for king's men, Skálda 181. hirð-drengr, m. a
king's valet, Rétt. 61. hirð-hestr, m. a king's horse, N. G. L. i. 227. hirð-kona, u, f. a king's woman, daughter of
a king's man, Fas. i. 193, Art. hirð-lið, n. the king's tr
oops, Str. 3. hirð-lög, n. pl. the laws and statutes of t
he king's men, their community, fellowship, Fms. v. 52; taka e-n í hi
rðlög, Ó. H. 204; ganga í h., Eg. 29, 112; vera í
or segja sik ór hirðlögum, N. G. L. ii. 437. hirð-mað
r, m. a king's man, Hirðskrá, Fms., Eg., Sks. passim, &Oac
ute;. H. ch. 70, 113, Har. S. Harðr. ch. 110, Hkr. Ó. T. ch. 90, Lv.
p. 112 (far þú á fund Eyjólfs Guðmunds sonar, vin
ar míns ok hirðmanns), Nj. ch. 3, Fbr. hirðmanns-eiðr,
m. the oath taken by the king's men, Fms. ix. 437. hirðmanna-l&ua
cute;ðr, m. a trumpet belonging to the king's men, Sturl. i. 129,
Fms. ix. 417. hirðmanna-nafn, n. the name of being a king's man, Sks. 275. hirðmanna-stefna, u, f. a hustings of king's men, Fms. ix. 306. hirð-mær, f. = hirðkona, Art., Karl. hir
ð-pallr, m. the daïs where the king's men sate, N. G. L. ii.
447. hirð-prestr, m. a king's chaplain, Fms. i. 151, Fb. ii.
337, N. G. L. ii. 409. hirð-prúðr, adj. courteous,
Fms. v. 191, viii. 447, ix. 4. hirð-prýði, n. royal pom
p, Fms. iii. 182, x. 178. hirð-riddari, a, m. a king's knight,
 Barl. 176. hirð-siðir, m. pl. the customs of the king's m
en, Eb. 200, Sks. 320, Hkr. iii. 181. hirð-skip, n. a king's s
hip, N. G. L. i. 227, passim. Hirð-skrá, f. the statute
s or section of law relating to the king's men, published in N. G. L.
ii. 390-450. hirð-stefna, u, f. a meeting of the king's men,
Fms. ix. 215, 250. hirð-stjóri, a, m. the captain of the ki
ng's men, Fms. iv. 364, ix. 250, 496, Gþl. 58, Eg. 280, Hirðskr&aa
cute; ch. 8, 24; in Eg. 280 used in a peculiar and Engl. sense; in Icel. the
governor was, from the 14th to the 16th century, called hirðstjór
i, Ann., Espol. passim. hirð-stjórn, f. the dignity of
hirðstjóri. Fms. ix. 250; in Icel. sense, Ann. passim, Dipl. ii. 15.
hirð-stofa, u, f. a king's hall, Ó. H. 43. hirð
-sveinn, m. = hirðdrengr, Stj. 482. hirð-sveit, f. the hos
t of king's men, Hkr. i. 24, Fms. i. 36, ii. 17, vi. 46, vii. 279, xi. 244.
hirð-vist, f. the being a king's man, Fms. ii. 55, v. 315, vi
i. 196, xi. 18, Nj. 6.
HIRÐA, ð, mod. t, (Fms. vii. 290), to herd, tend, keep; hi
rða fé, to herd sheep, Grág. i. 401. 2. to ke
ep in a box, chest; þá hirði Ásgerðr slæ&
eth;urnar, Eg. 703; hann tekr burt örina ok hirðir hana svá b&ua
cute;na, Fms. xi. 64; ok hirt (imperat.) þat í glerkeri, Pr. 472. 3. hirða hey, to gather in hay, Eb. 150, 152, Gullþ. 20,
Sks. 325. 4. to keep safe, hide, conceal; ok er hann (Eliah) n&uac
ute; hirðr öðrum mönnum (hidden from them), Ver. 29; hi
rða höfuð, to hide one's head, Grett. (in a verse); þe
ir vissu eigi hvar Guð hirði andir þeirra, 623. 60; h. sik &iacute
; djúpum, of fishes, Sks. 47, 49: reflex. to lock oneself up, hide one
self, gangit upp í turn minn ok hirðisk þar, Bær. 2,
Fas. i. 8; var hann nú hirðr (save) fyrir öllum ú
friði, Fms. xi. 322; hirðir ok haldnir, safe and sound, Karl. 3.
II. to mind, care for; eigi hirði ek at lifa, Stj. 168; &thorn
;ótt þeir hirði þat eigi, even though they care not fo
r it, Grág. i. 468; aldregi hirði ek þat, Hrafn. 19; &thorn
;eir einir munu vera at ek hirði aldri þótt drepisk, Nj. 85; h.
um e-t, to care about; ok hirtu ekki um líf sitt, Fms. iv. 147, v
ii. 290, ix. 243, Ó. H. 114, Þiðr. 142. 2. imperat. with
a neg. and an infin. do not! Lat. noli! hirð eigi þ&uac
ute; at hræðask! 656 C. 37; hirð eigi þú at þr&
aelig;ta, noli contendere, Skálda 164: hirðit eigi ér a
t hafa íllmælgi, 623. 30; hirð eigi þú at hopa &aa
cute; hæl, Hvítanessgoði! Nj. 170; hirðit eigi at ót
task, Stj. 220 passim: esp. in poetry with a neg. suff., hirðattu, Korm. ch.
26; hirða-þú, Gkv. 2. 28, 31, Am. 38; hirðum-at fæla
sk, let us not shudder, Fas. i. 519 (in a verse).
hirði-, a prefix, tending, keeping, wearing, in poët. com
pds, hirði-áss, -bil, -dís, -draugr, -nauma, -njótr,
-sága, -sif, -týr, -þollr, all epithets in poetical cir
cumlocutions of men and women.
hirði-ligr, adj. pastoral, Th. 12.
hirðing, f. a tending, keeping.
hirðingi, a, m. a herd, herdsman, Stj. 106, Gen. xiii. 8.
hirðir, m. [Ulf. hairdeis = GREEK; A. S. hyrde; Engl. herd; Dan. hyrde; Swed. herde; Germ. hirt] :-- a h
erd, herdsman, shepherd, Gþl. 400, Grág. ii. 224, Barl. 35, Bs.
ii. 91, Stj. 106 (hirðanna, gen. pl.); eccl., Hom., Mar., Bs., Stj. passim,
as also N. T. in mod. usage; hirðir is used in a sacred and metaph. sense,
smali or smala-maðr only in the proper sense; eg em góðr hirð
ir, John x. 14; heilagir hirðar, Stj. 9. hirðis-lauss, adj. sh
epherdless; sauðir h., Stj. 603. hirðis-ligr, adj. pastora
l, Stj. 235. hirðis-nafn, n. a shepherd's name, Bs. i. 280
. hirðis-rismál, n. a shepherd's rising time, a term fo
r day-break; er sól er í miðju austri, i.e. six o'clock, Gr&aa
cute;g. ii. 224, cp. Hrafn. 20.
hirð-ligr, adj. belonging to the king's men, Barl. 176, Str. 4
0; h. málsnild, courtly eloquence, Skálda 199: pastoral,
 Stat. 281.
hirðu-lauss, adj. careless, freq. in mod. usage.
hirðu-leysa, u, f. (mod. -leysi, n.), carelessness, Bs.
ii. 91.
hirðu-samr, adj. (-semi, f.), careful.
hirsa (mod. hissa,) adj. indecl. stunned, amazed, astonished; vera (verða) h. þeir urðu h. við þessi stórmer
ki, 655 v. 2; very freq. in mod. usage, eg er öldungis hissa, brá&et
h;-hissa, quite astonished.
hirsi, n. [Swed. hirs], millet, Edda (Gl.)

HIRTA, t, to chastise one, freq. in mod. usage; hirta sik fr&aacut
e; e-u, to refrain from, Hom. 108: reflex., Stj. 23 (twice); hirtr, ch
astised, Fms. ii. 216; hirtask e-s, to refrain from a thing, H. E. i.
236.
hirting, f. chastisement, Hom. 43, Al. 129, Fas. ii. 447, Bs. pass
im, freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS: hirtingar-lauss, adj. unpunished,
N. G. L. ii. 419. hirtingar-leysi, n. want of punishment, Fms. v
. 191. hirtingar-orð, n. severe words, H. E. i. 250. hirtin
gar-samr, adj. severe, Bs. i. 164. hirtingar-vöndr, m. a wand (rod) for punishing, Pass. 34. 5.
hirtinn, adj. [hirða], keeping safely, careful: hirtni,
f. carefulness.
hirzla (hirðsla), u, f. a keeping, keeping safe, Gr&aac
ute;g. i. 400, Stj. 445, Fb. ii. 312, (rare.) 2. a box, chest, 656
B. 1, Ld. 56, Sturl. ii. 11, Fbr. 85, Pm. 10: hirzlu-hús, a store-hou
se, H. E. i. 457, Dipl. v. 10; hirzlu-maðr, a keeper, Sks. 273; f
jár-h., a treasury.
his, hisja, vide hes, hesja.
hismi, n. chaff, bran; létt sem h.; akin to hé-, h&y
acute;-, q.v.
hispr, n. foppery: hisprs-lauss, adj. without foppery, p
lain, straightforward; eg segi þér það hispurslaust,
I tell it you plainly.
historia, u, f. history (for. word), Nik. dr. 75, Pass. 11. 1, and
now and then in mod. usage, although saga is the usual vernacular word.
hita, u, f. a heating, Fbr. 149. COMPDS: hitu-eldr, m. a
fire for heating, Sturl. iii. 147. hitu-hús, n. a brew-ho
use, Fms. iii. 211. hitu-ketill, m. a boiler, Fms. iii. 211, S
afn i. 70. hitu-vatn, n. a hot spring, Mar.
hita, að, to heat.
hitan, f. a heating, Fas. ii. 377.
HITI, a, m. [Engl. heat; Dan. hede; Germ. hitze], heat, Vsp. 51; ór frosti í hita, Edda 39, Sks. 60, Fms. v. 35
0: metaph. ardour, Mar.
hitna, að, to become hot, Magn. 468, Fms. x. 264, Stj. 648: im
pers., e-m hitnar, one gets hot, Sturl. iii. 20.
HITTA, tt, [akin to Goth. hinþan, Swed. hinna = to
find; Engl. hit; Dan. hitte; Swed. hitta] :-- to hi
t upon, meet with one, Fms. i. 129, xi. 124, v.l.; en er þeir hittu me
nn at máli, Eg. 405, Fs. 29: hitta ráð, to hit upon a devic
e, Fms. vi. 152; h. á e-t, to hit or light upon, hitti
hann þar á Þórólf, iv. 309: to find one's wa
y, time, opportunity, hann hitti ílla leiðir, Fs. 101; h. vel lei
ðina, 141; at eigi villumk ek ok hitti aptr til þeirra, 623. 62; &thor
n;ar til er þér hittið inn í váginn, Fms. xi. 124
(twice);
<PAGE NUM="b0265">
<HEADER>HITTIR -- HJARNI. 265</HEADER>
eigi hittu þér nú í tíma til, ef þ&eacut
e;r komut svá at borðin vóru uppi, vii. 197; ok vita ef &thorn
;ú hittir í þann tíma, at vild þín megi
fram ganga, hit upon the proper time, Sks. 294; sjaldan hittir leiðir
í lið, Hm. 65 :-- also, h. til, to happen, Bs. ii. 129: h. &i
acute; vandræði, etc., to get into scrapes; hér kom ek m
eð son minn er hitt hefir í vandræði, Fms. vi. 107; þ
ú hefir hitt í fjártjón, Fs. 100; h. í st&oac
ute;rræði, Ísl. ii. 391. 2. to hit; hitta sj&aacu
te;lfan sik fyrir, to hit oneself, make oneself smart, for a thing (metap
h.), Þórð. 75; spjótið hitti (hit, struck) &i
acute; brjóst hestsins, Flóv. 16; skýtr snæris-spj&oa
cute;ti, ok hittir milli herða þeim er stýrði, Fagrsk. 50.
3. to visit, call on; fóru þá margir menn at h
itta Hákon konung, Fms. i. 21; gakk ok hitt (imperat.) Magnús konu
ng, vi. 198; gakk at hitta hana, Fas. i. 193; Auðr gékk út ok
hittir Rannveigu, Gísl. 105, Fs. 51; hittú (imperat.) föð
ur Magna, Hbl. 51; ok nú hittr (sic) konungr drottning, Fms. x. 292. I
I. reflex., 1. recipr. to hit on or meet one another, V
sp. 7, Fms. vi. 107, x. 292; hann bað þá vel fara ok heila hitt
ask, Eg. 22; hittumk (let us meet) í vík Varins, Hkv. Hj&ou
ml;rv. 22; þeir hittusk þar sem heitir í Minni (of a battle),
Fms. vii. 208; hittask á með vandræðum, Js. 40. 2.
pass. to be found; hann hittisk við Sköfnungsey, Ld. 326.
hittir, m. a finder, Lex. Poët.
hixta, t, [no doubt onomatopoetic, to say 'hick,' cp. Dan. hikk
e, Swed. hicka] :-- to hiccough, Str. 27, Am. 38.
HIXTI, qs. hiksti, a, m. a hiccough, Bs. i. 847, Mag. 103; it is a
popular saying that when people are slandering or gossiping about a person behi
nd his back, he hiccoughs every time his name is mentioned, whence the saying, &
thorn;ar er eg nú að orði sem eg er ekki að borði, abo
ut me is the word, when I'm not at the board; þann sama dag sem biskup
las bannit at Hólum, þá kom svo harðr hiksti at honum (
viz. Daði), svo hann undraði, ok þat var ór hófi, sv
o at hann hugsaði að öndina mundi slíta af sér, Da&et
h;i mælti þá, nú er eg þar at orði sem eg er
ekki at borði, Safn i. 90, -- the bishop was at that moment excommunicatin
g him; cp. the saying, sjaldan kemr hixti af huga góðum, Ísl.
Þjóðs. ii. 552 and 557, l. 1.
hizig, hitzig, hizug, adv., in N. G. L. i. 242 hizcu = hizug, [hinn vegr]
:-- yonder, there, Lat. illic, heimta at erfingjum, ef hitzig var
eigi til, K. Þ. K. 9 (1853), hitze, v.l.; við Útstein hitzig,
yonder at U., Sighvat; hitzig (yonder) er heitir Helganes, Fms. vi
. 84 (in a verse); hizug í Hafrsfirði, Fagrsk. 8 (in a verse) :-- 
above, sem hizig vas tínt, as told above, Grág. ii. 222
A; ok hafa, þat allt er hitzug leifir, whatsoever is left in the other
 (in the former code, the code of Hafliði), i. 7; en hafa ómagann
sjálfr, ef hann festir eigi hizig framfærsluna, unless he shift

s the alimentation on to the other part, 254; at hann vill hitzi ( = hitzig)
í þingi vera, 159 :-- cp. hinnsig, hinnig, s. v. hinn.
hí-býli, n. pl., usually spelt thus or even híb&i
acute;li (esp. in Cd. B. of Sks. 75, 96, 127 new Ed.); hýbý
li, Fms. vii. 148, Fb. i. 254, ii. 238, 314, iii. 404; [the hí- answe
rs to Germ. hei- in heirath; Ulf. heiv- in heivafrauja = a house-lady; A. S. hiwa; Engl. hive (in bee-hive); cp. O. H. G. hiwian and Hel. hiwa = a wife] :-- a h
omestead, home; hús eru þrjú í hvers manns h&iacu
te;býlum, Grág. i. 459, ii. 196, 371; heima at híbýl
um sínum, Js. 78; þar í hans híbýlum, Eg. 156,
194; ef þér eru hér kunnig híbýli, 236; &iacu
te; annarra manna híbýlum, Nj. 52; ganga um híbýli,
to walk again, Landn. 107: allit., hús ok híbýli, house and home, Sks. 454: nú er par híbýlum á l
eið snúit, ok fara þeir til hvílu, Fb. iii. 404; þ
ar vóru híbýli heldr dauflig eptir, Eb. 100 new Ed. COMPDS:
híbýla-bót, f. bettering of one's homestead,
Bs. i. 129, Gþl. 376. híbýla-bragr, m. home manne
rs, domestic life. híbýla-brestr, m. a home loss, Glúm. 375, Gísl. 79. híbýla-háttr, m
. home affairs, Fms. ii. 267, Bárð. 176, Fs. 131. hí
býla-prúðr, adj. gentle and well-mannered at home, in o
ne's daily life, Eb. 88, Grett. 96.
HÍÐ, n. [hi, Ivar Aasen], a lair, den, esp. of a
bear, N. G. L. i. 45, 46, Grett. 100, Glúm. 330, Gþl. 444, Korm. (
in a verse, of a sword's sheath). COMPDS: híð-björn, m. a bear in his den, Grett. 100, Fms. ii. 100, Fas. i. 50, Glúm. l.c.
híð-byggvir, m., poët. a den dweller, a bear, Ko
rm. II. Híði, a, m. a pr. name, Fms. viii.
HÍMA, d, to saunter, loiter.
hímaldi, a, m. a laggard, almost like Germ. aschbrö
del, Fas. iii. 18: a nickname, Fb. iii.
HÍRA, ð, [hira, Ivar Aasen, statt ikje dar aa hir! and hiren = lazy] :-- híra við, to stand idle, ta
rry, loiter, Grág. i. 6, 65; öllu var honum betra á Sta&e
th;, heima að híra, Jón Arason: in mod. usage a reflex., h&iac
ute;rast, to sit snug at home; það er og vel að þ&uac
ute; hírist (hýrist is a wrong spelling) hér eptir þa
r sem þú ert nú kominn og etir þar og drekkir, Od. x.
270, 271.
Hísing, f. name of an island, Fms.
HÍT, f. a scrip or bag made of the skin of a beast,
Sd. 157, Fb. i. 220, Grett.: as a nickname, Fb. iii: metaph. a vast belly, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 612: the name of a giantess, Bár
ð.: the local names Hítar-dalr, Hítar-nes (Landn.) were
still at the beginning of this century in that neighbourhood sounded Hitar-d
alr, Hitar-nes, with a short i, the original form being Hit&aacute
;r-dalr, Hitár-nes, the dale and ness of the Hot river (a volc
anic river), opp. to Kaldá, the Cold river, in the same county. Th
e derivation from a giantess Hít is a mere fiction, and not older than th
e Bárðar S. Hítnesingr, m. one from Hitarnes, St
url.
hjaðna, að, to sink, dwindle, of froth and the like.
Hjaðningar (Héðningar, Fb. i. 282), m. pl. the c
hampions of the mythol. hero Héðinn, Edda 90; whence Hjaðn
inga-víg, n. the battle of Hedin and his men, supposed to go o
n for ever; see the tale in Edda 89, 90, and Fb. i. 278-282.
hjakka, að, to hack; akin to höggva, q.v.
hjal, n. chatter, talk, tittle-tattle, Edda 110, Fbr. 58, Fms. x.
333, xi. 19, Vápn. 16, Sturl. i. 22, Niðrst. 4: the saying, opt stend
r íllt af kvenna hjali, Gísl. 15. hjals-kona, u, f. a co
urtesan, Dropl. 19.
HJALA, að, to chatter, talk, Ísl. ii. 330, 332, Ld. 214
, Sturl. i. 22; hjala við e-n, Nj. 203, Ísl. ii. 349, 378: recipr., h
jalask við, to talk together, 321.
hjald, n. = hjal, Edda 110.
hjaldr, m., gen. rs, [cp. hildr, hjala, as galdr from gala], poët. a din, whence a fight, battle, Lex. Poët, passim: as also in
poët. compds, hjaldr-reifr, -gegninn, -móðr, -örr, -r&ia
cute;kr, -snjallr, -stríðr, -þorinn, adj. = martial, war
like; the sword is hjaldr-blik, -íss, -kyndill, -linnr, -sk&iacute
;ð; the battle, hjaldr-el, -drif, -ganga; the shield, hjaldr-ský; a raven, hjaldr-gagl, -trani; a w
arrior, hjaldr-gegnir, -magnaðr, -remmir, -snerrandi, -týr, -v
iðurr: hjaldr-goð = Odin; vide Lex. Poët.
hjal-drjúgt, n. adj. chattering; verða h., to be cha
ttering all along, Eb. 200, Vápn. 7, 12.
HJALLI, a, m. [akin to hilla, Engl. shelf; cp. also Engl. hill] :-- a shelf or ledge in a mountain's side, Hrafn. 9, Gull&tho
rn;. 19, Fb. iii. 408, Dropl. 33, Sturl. iii. 246, very freq.: as also in local
names, Deildar-hjalli, Landn.; Víðir-hjalli, Þver-h., Litli-h.,
Langi-h. II. a local name, Landn.
hjallr, m. [akin to hjalli], a scaffold, a frame of timber, G&iacu
te;sl. 31, Mar. 557, Hkr. ii. 175 (of a pedestal); seið-hjallr (q.v.), th
e scaffold on which witches sat. 2. a shed, esp. for drying cl
othes, fish, N. G. L, i. 137, H. E. i. 396, Vm. 174; fisk-h., a fish-shed; grinda-h., a shed of rails. COMPDS: hjall-grind, f. the fram
e of a shed. hjall-viðr, m. timber for a shed, Pm. 133.
HJALT, n. [A. S. and Engl. hilt], the boss or knob a
t the end of a sword's hilt; also the guard between the hilt and blade; t
he former being sometimes distinguished as the eptra or efra hjalt (hinder or upper, accordingly as the sword was held), and the latter as fremra
h., the fore part or guard, where blade and hilt join; or else th
e plur. hjölt is used; í því gékk hjaltið af
sverðinu hit efra ok hljóp þá brandrinn fram ór
meðalkafla umgörðinni, Sturl. iii. 283; hjölt ok meðalkafl
i, Þiðr. 114; eftra hjaltið, opp. to fremra hjaltið, Karl. 124
, Korm. ch. 9, Ld. ch. 57, Eb. ch. 13, and Gísl. 72, vide gadd-hjalt, cp.
Hkv. Hjörv. 9, Sdm. 6; hjölt ór gulli, Akv. 7; sverð me&et
h; gulligum hjöltum, Fms. i. 15; nema hjöltin við neðra g&oacu
te;mi, Edda 20; sverðit brotnaði undir hjaltinu, Nj. 43, Fms. ii. 484, G
ullþ. 18; skaltú nú vera þegn hans er þú
tókt við sverði hans at hjöltunum, Fms. i. 15; Helgi hnau&et
h; hjalt á sverð, Nj. 66; hann leggr sverðinu á þess
um sama flekk ok fellr á hjöltin, Fb. i. 258. UNCERTAIN The Engl. hi
lt is in Icel, called meðal-kafli, 'middle-piece:' the Engl. word is
derived from the Scandin., but in a different sense.
hjaltaðr, part. with a hjalt; gull-h., Þiðr. 80.
Hjaltar, m. pl. Shetlanders, Orkn. (in a verse), Sturl. i. 94 C, i
i. 44.
hjalti, a, m. [hjalt], a nickname, Landn.: as also a pr. name, id.; Hornh., name of a sword, Gullþ.
Hjalt-land, n., later Hetland, which occurs in the Fb.; in Engl. c
orrupted into Shetland or Zetland. COMPDS: Hjaltlendingr, m
. a Shetlander, Fms., Fb. Hjalt-lenzkr and Hjalt-neskr, adj
. one from Shetland, Ld. 26, Grág. i. 299.
hjalt-uggaðr, part. with 'boss-fins,' poetical epithet of a sw
ord, metaph. from a fish, Ísl. ii. (in a verse).
hjalt-vöndr, m. a 'hilt-wand,' sword, Lex. Poët.
hjara, u, f., pl. hjörur, mod. = hjarri, a hinge.
HJARA, ð, pres. hjari, part. hjarað, [no doubt akin to hír
a], to linger, to live (poorly), Pass. 33. 12.
hjarð-hundr, m. a shepherd's dog, Hkr. i. 226.
Hjarð-hyltingar, m. pl. the men from Hjarðar-holt, Landn.,
Ld.
hjarð-reki, a, m. a drover, Stj. 257, Mar.
hjarð-rækr, adj. able to drive a drove, of one half blin
d, Bs. i. 307.
hjarð-sveinn, m. a shepherd boy, Fms. ii. 156, Stj. 482.
hjarð-tík, f. a shepherd's tyke, Eg. 375.
HJARL, n., only poët. a land, country, Lex. Poët. COMPDS
: hjarl-stríðandi, part. a champion fighting for the land, Lex. Poët. hjarl-þvengr, m., poët. a snake.
HJARN, n. hard frozen snow, as also frozen earth covered with s
now, Sturl. iii. 147, Fms. i. 8, ii. 228, Lil. 10, Bb. 3. 35.
hjarna, að, [hjara], in the phrase, hjarna við, to shew signs
of life, to revive, Lat. vivescere; at kýrin skyldi við h.
, Bs. i. 335; barn hjarnar við, N. G. L. i. 340; veyklegt afkvaemi við &
thorn;ó hjarni | vilja þau helzt það deyi strax, Bb. 1. 1
4.
HJARNI, a, m. [Dan. hjerne; Germ. ge-hirn], prop. the br
ain, Edda (Gl.); whence hjarna-mænir, m. the skull, Haus
tl.
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<HEADER>266 HJARNSKAL -- HJÁLMR.</HEADER>
hjarn-skál, f. [Germ. hirnschale], the brain pan, the sk
ull, Sturl. iii. 283, cp. Vkv. 23, 33.
HJARRI, a, m. a hinge, Stj. 565, Korm. (in a verse). hjarra-gri
nd, f. a gate on hinges, Grág. ii. 264.
HJARSI, proncd. hjassi, a, m. [Swed. hjesse; Dan. isse], the crown of the head; frá hjassa til ilja, Karl. 342, N. G.
L. i. 339, Gísl. (in a verse); hann þreif í hjarsann &aacute
; Kolbirni en setti knéit í bakit, Bárð. 177, (obsolete
.) II. a fabulous beast, whence the saying, verða aldraðr
(gamall) sem h., to be as old as a h., Fas. iii. 365; or, hann er afgamal
l hjassi, an old decrepid h.
HJARTA, n., gen. pl. hjartna, [Goth. hairto; A. S. heorte;
Engl. heart; Hel. herta; O. H. G. herza; Germ. herz;
Dan. hjerte; Swed. hjerta; Gr. GREEK; Lat. cor, cord-is]
:-- the heart, Fbr. 137, Nj. 95, passim. II. metaph., gott hjarta,
góð hjörtu, með bezt hjarta, ört h., snart h., dyggt h
., frækit h., a bold, stout, true heart, Lex. Poët.; glatt h.,
a glad heart, Em. 1; milt h., a mild heart, id.; hrætt h.,
a timid heart, Sól.; sárt h., a sore heart; bl&oacu
te;ðugt h., a bloody or bleeding heart, Hm. 36; viðkv&ael
ig;mt h., a tender heart: denoting courage, Þórr &aac
ute; afl ærit en ekki hjarta, Hbl. 26; h. ok hugr, heart and courage, Ísl. ii. (in a verse) :-- phrases, hjarta ór leiri, to have
a heart of clay, be a coward, Kormak, referring to the tale in Edda 57, 58;
or merar-hjarta, the heart of a mare; hjarta drepr stall, the heart b
eats (see drepa A. 4) or sinks, rudely expressed in Sturl. ii. 42 (i
n the verse); hjartað berst, beats; but the subst. is hjart-sl&aacute
;ttr, q.v. 2. the heart, mind, feeling; snotrs manns hjarta ver&et
h;r sjaldan glatt, a wise man's heart is seldom glad, Hm. 54; hugr einn &
thorn;at veit hvat býr hjarta nær, einn er hann sér um sefa,
94 (cp. 1 Cor. ii. 11): allit., hold ok hjarta, flesh and heart, body and so
ul, i.e. all, hold ok h. var mér in horska mær, Hm. 95;
hugr ok h., soul and heart, Pass. 43. 5; also, minni og h., mind (
memory) and heart, 8. 12; h. og hugskot, heart and mind: ph
rases, af öllu h., with all one's heart; unna e-m (elska e-n) af &o
uml;llu hjarta, Lv. 37, Mar.; eg heft ekki hjarta til e-s, I have no heart fo
r it: the gen. as adverb, hjartans feginn, heartily glad, Pass. 4. 15
; h. glaðr, göra e-ð í hjartans grannleysi, in the simple
ness of heart; hjartans harðúð, hardness of heart. 
3. in addressing, hjartað, hjartað gott, sweet heart! dear love! 4. mythol., Hrungnis hjarta, the stone heart, of the giant Hru
ngnir: the name of a magical character, perh. = Germ. Druiden fuss, see Edda 58: sea pebbles are called the heart of the sea, Ýt.
B. COMPDS: hjarta-blauðr, adj. cowardly, Karl. 124. 
hjarta-blóð, n. hearts-blood, Edda 74, Fbr. 108, Bær
. 11, Fas. i. 163. hjarta-dauðr, adj. dead at heart, Stj. 484.
hjarta-friðr, m. heart's-ease, peace of heart, Mar. hjarta
-góðr, adj. kind-hearted, Bs. ii. 178. hjarta-gr&oacute
;inn, part. rooted in the heart. hjarta-hreinn, adj. pure i
n heart, Pass. 2. 8. hjarta-prúðr, adj. stout-hearted,

generous, Eb. 194. hjarta-prýði, f. stoutness of heart,
generosity, Bær. 20, Sks. 274. hjarta-ragr, adj. cowardly, Fas. iii. 100. hjarta-rætr, f. pl. the 'heart-roots,' heartstrings, Fbr. 216: the phrase, e-m hitnar um hjartarætrnar, to be d
eeply moved, alarmed, or the like, to feel the blood rushing to one's hea
rt. hjarta-taugar, f. pl. the heart-strings.
hjartaðr, part. hearted so and so, Bær. 9.
hjarta-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), hearty, Bs. ii. 156, Fms.
iii. 53, Mar.
hjartan-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), hearty, Stj. 186, Th. 7,
freq. in mod. usage.
hjart-blóð, n. = hjartablóð, Fm., Sæm. 156 (p
rose), Gkv. 2. 29.
hjart-fólginn, part. heart-felt, cherished in the heart, V&
iacute;gl. 22, N. G. L. ii. 481, Col. iii. 12, Vidal., freq. in mod. eccl. usage
.
hjart-höfði, a, m. [hjört], a hart's (stag's)
head, Lex. Poët.
hjart-kolla, u, f. [hjörtr], a hind, Str. 3, Bret.
hjart-kærr, adj. beloved.
hjart-lauss, adi. disheartened, Orkn. 408 old Ed.
hjart-mörr, m. the fat about the heart, Stj. 310, Exod. xxix.
22.
hjart-næmiligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), with hearty feeling.
hjart-næmr, adj. heart-touching, 625. 87, freq.
hjart-sára, adj. heart-sore, broken-hearted, Bs. i. 354.
hjart-skinn, n. [hjörtr], deer-skin, Fms. ii. 148.
hjart-skjálfti, a, m. heart-throbbing.
hjart-sláttr, m. a beating of the heart.
hjart-verkr, m. heart-ache.
hjart-veyki, f. heart disease.
hjart-veykr, adj. having a heart disease.
hjart-æð, f. the 'heart-vein,' vena mediana, Fél.
xi. 142.
HJÁ, prep. [this prep. is peculiar to the Scandin. languages, whic
h in their turn lack the Germ. and Saxon bei, by; the Dan. and Swed. add
an s, hos, qs. hiaa's, haa's; hjá may be akin to Goth. h

eiva and Icel. hjú, q.v.; cp. Lat. cum] :-- by, beside,
with dat.: 1. by, near, at hand, Lat. juxta; setjask ni&et
h;r hjá e-m, to take a seat by a person's side, Nj. 3, Fs. 83; Egi
ll setti hana niðr hjá sér, Eg. 249; liggja hjá e-m, to lie by one, Nj. 94; rekkja hjá konu, Ld. 30; hvíla hj&aacu
te; konu, Hbl. 17; sofa hjá e-m, to sleep in the same bed with one, Korm.; hann var jarðaðr (earthed, buried) hjá fö&e
th;ur sínum, Fms. x. 111; sverðit stóð hjá honum, i
. 16; næsta bæ hjá Rúts-stöðum, Nj. 32; &thor
n;ótti þeim í hönd falla at taka upp land þetta
hjá sér sjálfum, this land lying close at hand, Ld.
210. 2. near, close to; gluggar vóru hjá brún
ásunum, Nj. 95; hann var heygðr hjá Hofi, 163; hjá &th
orn;reskeldi, Korm. (in a verse); þar hjá garðinum, Fs. 56; hj&
aacute; brjóstinu, id.; hjá hvílu búanda þ&iac
ute;ns, Nj. 19; spjót koma upp hjá hólunum, 95; í hj
á Ölvosvatni, Íb. 11; hjá dyrunum, O. H. L. 72: &iacut
e; hjá = hjá, hann stóð í hjá vandb&aacut
e;lki nokkurum, id.; þar í hjá, close by, Grág
. ii. 338. 3. by, with, Lat. apud; vera hjá e-m, 
to stay with one; vera í gistingu hjá e-m, to lodge with on
e, Dropl. 9; þau vóru þar hjá konungi í g&o
acute;ðu yfirlæti, Bárð. 178; þeirra manna er &iacute
; hjá oss vóru, Gþl.; taka upp giptu hjá e-m, Fms. xi
. 426; maðr einn var eptir hjá honum, Lv. 63; eru þeir h&eacute
;r ódáða-menninir hjá þér, Hlenni? 64. 
4. in the presence of, Lat. coram; svá at Flosi var hj&
aacute;, in the presence of Flosi, Nj. 259; móðir þeirr
a var hjá, 214; þeir vóru þá í hj&aacute
; ok heyrðu, Anal. 294; vera í hjá, Gþl. 287 passim. 
5. passing by, Germ. vorbei; mánaði síð
ar fóru þeir hjá mér kátir, Fb. ii. 288; snei&
eth;a hjá, to pass by, Fbr. 70; hann þóttisk eigi sne
iða mega hjá slíkum málum, Háv. 55; farask hj&aa
cute;, to pass by one another, Eb. 270; sitja (kyrr) hjá e-u m&aac
ute;li, not to stir, remain neutral, 124, Fms. xi. 83: absol., Nj. 97; l&
aacute;ta menn sitja hjá kyrra, to let them be unmolested, Ld. 258
; vilda ek at þú létir vera ok hjá liða (to le
t it go by, notice it not) þetta vandræði, 206; leiðir h
ann hjá sér þessi mála-ferli, Eb. 38 new Ed.; annan v
eg mun reynask en hann Hrói láti hjá sér lí&e
th;a þat (leave undone) sem hann er heitbundinn í við vi
ni sína, Rd. 246; fara hjá sér, to go beside oneself, go
out of one's mind, Eb. 270; hleypa þeir upp hjá þeim, Nj
. 107. β. fram hjá, past, by, Germ. vorbei; en
ef þik berr skjótt fram hjá, þá ..., Lv. 65, Fs
. 108; hann gengr í móti þeim ok hjá þeim, a
nd past them, Valla L. 212; fram hjá Knafa-hólum, Nj. 95; r&ia
cute;ða vestr hjá Hallbjarnar-vörðum, 4; þeir riðu
hjá fram, rode by, 96. 6. besides; gefa aðrar s
akir bóndum hjá fram, Bs. i. 496. II. metaph. in compari
son with, to; réttlátir hjá íllum, Eluc. 16; l&
iacute;tils verðr hjá sínum göfgum frændum, Sk&aacu
te;lda 176; þeim þykir allt lágt hjá sér, Ld. 2
14; þótti allt barna-vipr þat er aðrar konur höf&eth
;u í skarti hjá henni, 122; hin stóru skipin Bagla urðu
ekki mjúkræs hjá þeim er Birkibeinar höfðu,
Fms. viii. 384; er þá sýkn dagr hjá því
sem nú er, iv. 265; höfðu þeir fátt kvikfjár
hjá því sem þurfti, Eg. 134; þó at &Oacu

te;lafr konungr hafi eigi lið mikit hjá her þeim er vér
höfum, Ó. H. 214; hefir hann nú lítið fjölmen
ni hjá því sem hann hafði í sumar, 168; þvk
ir yðr allt lágt hjá yðr Vatnsdælum, Fs. 53; Þ
órr er lágr ok lítill hjá stórmenni þv&
iacute; er hér er með oss, Edda 33.
hjá-brögð, n. pl. tricks, devices; h. heimsins, Ma
r.
hjá-bú, n. an outlying estate, opp. to heima-b&oacut
e;l, Sturl. ii. 229.
hjá-félag, n. an extra partnership, N. G. L. ii. 285
(Jb. 404, 405).
hjá-hliðran, f. a going aside from, evasion.
hjá-hvíla, u, f. concubinage, Fas. ii. 341, iii. 657
.
hjá-kátligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), out of the way,
odd, queer.
hjá-kona, u, f. a concubine, Karl. 66.
hjá-land, n. an outlying estate, opp. to heimaland, Am. 41,
95.
hjá-lega, u, f. concubinatus, N. G. L. i. 357.
hjá-leiga, u, f. = hjáland, freq. in mod. usage.
hjá-leikr, m. = hjábragð, Grett. 146 new Ed.
hjá-lenda, u, f. = hjáland: mod. a colony, Germ. 
beiland.
HJÁLM, f. [A. S. healme; Engl. helm], a helm, rud
der; hjálmar-skíð, n. the tiller, Korm. (in
a verse); otherwise only occurring in hjálmar-völr and hj&
aacute;lmur-völr (q.v.), m. = hjálm-völr, q.v., N. G. L. ii
. 283, v.l.: Hjálmar-dalr, m. a local name, Orkn.
hjálmaðr, part. helmed, Hkm. 11, Fms. vii. 242, 243, Ka
rl. 328.
hjálm-barð, n. [mid. H. G. helmbarte], a helmet-rim,
 Fas. iii. 355.
hjálm-bönd, n. pl. helmet-strings, Fas. ii. 430, Bret.
56.
hjálm-drótt, f. a helmed host, war host, Gkv. 2. 15.
hjálm-gjörð, f. the rim of a helmet; gylt h., Fms.
vii. 323, v.l.
hjálm-hús, n. [hjálmr II. i], a hay-house, barn, Fb. iii.

hjálm-höttr, m. a helm-hood, a kind of cowl put
over the helmet, Þiðr. 9, 285, Eg. 407.
hjálm-laukr, m. a kind of leek, garlic, Fs. 146.
HJÁLMR, m. [Goth. hilms; A. S., Engl., Hel., O. H. G., and
Germ. helm; Dan.-Swed. hjalm; Ital. elmo; old Fr. heaume
; a Teut. word prob. derived from hylja, to hide] :-- a helm, helm
et; distinguished from stálhúfa, a steel hood; luktr hj
álmr, a closed, shut helm, only occurs in very late writers, e.g.
D. N. i. 321; steyptir hjálmar, Gkv. 2. 19, cannot mean cast-iron helm
ets, but must be helmets coming over the face, as cast-iron was unkno
wn in the Middle Ages, see Aarb. for Nord. Oldk. 1868, p. 9; aringreypir hj&aacu
te;lmar, helms shaped like an eagle's beak, Akv. 3; gull-h., a gilt he
lm; ár-hjálmr, a brazen helmet, Hkm.: the word &acir
c;r is A. S., since helmets were of English workmanship, as is seen also in
Valskir hjálmar, foreign helmets, which are mentioned by Sighvat.
2. in the mythology Odin is called Hjálm-beri, a, m. hel
m-bearer, Gm.; he and the Valkyrias were represented as wearing helmets, Edd
a, Hkm. 9, Hkv. 1. 15; whence the poets call the helmet the hood of Odin
(Hropts höttr): the vault of heaven is called the 'helm' of the wind
, sun, etc., lopt-h., vind-h., sólar-h., Lex. Poët.: the head
is called hjálm-stofn, hjálm-staup, hjálm-stallr, hj&aa
cute;lm-setr, the stem, knoll, seat of the helm: the weapons,
<PAGE NUM="b0267">
<HEADER>HJÁLMRÆÐA -- HJÚ. 267</HEADER>
hjálm-angr, -grand, -gagarr, -gríðr, -reyr, -skass, -svell,
 are called the bane, ogre, etc. of the helm: battle is hj&
aacute;lm-drífa, -grap, -hríð, -rödd, -skúr, -&th
orn;rima, the storm, gale of the helm: a warrior is hjálmlestir, -njótr, -njörðungr, -rækjandi, -stafr, -stý
randi, -týr, -þollr, -þróttr: it appears in adjec
tives, hjálm-faldinn, helm-hooded; hjálm-göf
ugr, -prýddr, -samr, -tamiðr, decked with, wearing a helm,
Lex. Poët. 3. metaph. and mythol.; huliðs-hjálmr, a '
hiding-helm,' cap of darkness, Germ. tarn-kappe, which in the popular
tales makes the wearer invisible, in Alm. the clouds are so called; ægishjálmr (ýgrs-h.), cp. the GREEK of the Greek, helm of terror, properly used of serpents, Sæm. 13 (prose), Edda 73, Fas. i. 175: in th
e phrase, bera ægishjálm yfir e-m, to bear the ægis over or before another, i.e. to hold him in awe and submission, Fm. 16, 17, Ld. 130, Fms. viii. 101, Fas. i. 162, Sd. 155, Hrafn. 19, cp. Ad.
4: in mod. usage, hafa ægis-hjálm í augum, to have an ægis in one's eyes, i.e. a magical overawing power of eye; cp. hj
alm = horror, Ivar Aasen: in pr. names, Hjálmr, Hjálmarr
, Hjálm-geirr, Hjálm-grímr, Hjálm-gunnarr, Hj&aacute
;lm-týr, Hjálmr-gerðr, not freq., Landn., Fbr. iii, Edda;
suffixed in Vil-hjálmr, William. II. of helmet-shaped thing
s: 1. a rick of barley, hay, or the like (bygg-h., hey-h., korn-h.
, q.v.); hlaða korni í hjálma, Ó. H. 30, Stj. 413, N. G
. L. ii. 358: also a hay-house, barn, hjálma ok hús, i. 38;
cp. hjálm-hús. 2. kerta-hjálmr, ljósa-h., a chandelier.
hjálm-ræða, u, f. pales or fences for hay-rick

s (?), N. G. L. i. 38, (Gþl. 346) -- nú skal hann eigi grafa up
p hjálmræðr eptir fardaga, höggva má hann fyrir ofa
n jörð ek færa í brott.
hjálm-röðull, m. -- hjálmbarð, Höfuðl
.
hjálmun-völr, m. = hjálmvölr, Orkn. 8, Fms. i. 21
2 (v.l.), vii. 47, x. 267, Sks. 479.
hjálm-vitr, f., qs. hjálmvættr, a 'helm-wight,' a
Valkyria, Hkv. 1. 53.
hjálm-völr, m. a 'helm-wand,' 'helm-handle,' the tiller of
a helm, Orkn. 152, Korm. 230, Fms. i. 212.
hjálm-þornaðr, part., of corn dried and stacked,
Sighvat.
hjálp, f. (hjólp with umlaut, Fms. x. 397, 404), help (esp. in old writers in a stronger sense, saving, help, healing, see hj
álpa), Clem. 58, Fms. vi. 106, Fb. i. 337, passim; so in Hm. 147; bið
ja e-n hjálpar, 200; veita e-m hjálpir, Rd. 309; hjálpar dr
ykkr, a healing draught, Mar.: in plur., Fms. ii. 227, Og. 1: eccl. he
lp, salvation, D. I. i. 231; hjálp ok heilsa, Fb. i. 404, Bs. i. 199;
sálu-hjálp, 'soul's-help,' salvation: in mod. usage, he
lp in a general sense. COMPDS: hjálpar-fúss, adj. wi
lling to help. hjálpar-gata, u, f. a way to help, Fms.
i. 142. hjálpar-hönd, f. a helping hand; með hj&aa
cute;lparhendi, Stj. 202; rétta e-m hjálparhönd, to reach
one a helping hand. hjálpar-lauss, adj. helpless. h
jálpar-leysi, n. helplessness. hjálpar-maðr,
m. a helper in need, Stj. 448, Orkn. 460: one wanting help, Fms.
vii. 33. hjálpar-ráð, n. helping advice, Fb. i.
404: eccl. help, salvation, Nú kom heiðinna hjálpar-r&
aacute;ð, Hólabók 1. hjálps-maðr, m. = hj&aa
cute;lparmaðr, Sks. 451 B, Barl. 100, 207.
HJÁLPA (prop. hjalpa); in old usage strong; pres. helpr, pl
. hjálpa; pret. halp or hjalp (as in mod. Dan.), N. G. L. i. 303, Fms. vi
ii. 129, 306; holp and hjalp, ix. 288; pl. hulpu; subj. hylpi, Bs. i. 703; helpi
, Fms. x. 368; imperat. hjálp, Sighvat and Arnór; part. hól
pinn: in mod. usage weak (að) and of the 1st conjugation, as it also occurs
in old writers, hjálpaðu, Fms. vii. 290, and Mork. l.c.; hjálp
a (imperat.), Stj. 122; hjálpaðr (part.), id.; hjálpat, Fs. 92
: in mod. usage hólpinn still remains as an adjective, cp. Engl. holpe
n: [Ulf. hilpan = GREEK; A. S. helpan; Engl. help; O.
H. G. helfan; Germ. helfen; Dan. hjælpe; Swed. hje
lpa]: I. to help, in old writers always denoting to save, s
ave another's life, but in mod. usage to help in a general sense, wit
h dat.; ok hjalp þeim þat mjök Birkibeinum, at svá var m
yrkt at þeir kendusk eigi, Fms. viii. 306; kirkjur vóru allar l&ael
ig;star ok hjalp þeim þat ekki, 129; taka fæzlu ok drykk ok hj
álpa (infin.) svá yðrum líkama, x. 368; muntú b&
aelig;ði þér í því ok svá mörgu
m öðrum h., 392; ok svá ef nokkurr helpr þér, xi. 1
92; en hinn er má, ok vill eigi h. hinum nánustum frændum, F
b. i. 438; hann halp með því lífi sínu at sinni,
Hkr. iii. 323 (but hjalpaði, Mork. and Fms. vii, l.c.); ok hjálpu&eth
;u svá lífi sínu, Fms. vii. 290 (hulpu, Hkr. iii. 420, l.c.
); sá hólp (helped) Inga konungi er hann svamm yfir &aacute
;na Níð, Fms. ix. 288 (hjalp, v.l.); ef maðr stelr mat ok helpr s
vá lífi fyrir hungrs sakir, N. G. L. ii. 168 (Js. 128); hjá
lpa (imperat.) nú lífi þínu, Stj. 122; but hjá
lp þú, Sighvat in Fms. v. 177 (in a verse), Edda i. 318, Gís
l. (in a verse); Guð hjálpi mér en fyrirgefi yðr, Nj. 170;
konungrinn sjálfr hafði hjálpat þeim, Fs. 92; en h&oacu
te;n helpi svá lífi sínu með einu epli, Fms. x. 368: in
the oath, svá hjálpi mér Freyr ok Njörðr ok hinn
Almáttki Áss, Landn. 335, whence the Christian 'so help me God;
' svá hjálpi þer hollar vættir, Og. 10; ok helpr h
onum eigi sá lengr enn it fyrsta alþingi, Grág. i. 380; enda
helpr honum þat ekki, 91: of midwifery, to heal, skal sú ko
na vitni um bera er hjalp henni, at barnit var dautt alit, N. G. L. i. 303; vitt
u ef þú hjálpir, Og. 5: in mod. usage to help, hann m
innist miskunnar og hjálpar á fætr sínum þj&oac
ute;n Israel, Luke i. 54, passim. 2. adding prep. við; hón ba&
eth; konung hjálpa við konungs-syni þessum, Fms. i. 81, Bs. i.
349; hét hann á menn sína at hlaupa til ok h. við hofin
u (of a house burning), Ísl. ii. 410; en þat þér h. (
heal) mun við sökum ok sorgum, Hm. 147. II. reflex. to
be saved; þá munu vér hjálpask allir saman, Fms.
v. 59; þeirra er hjálpask í dómi, Eluc. 37; s&aacute
;lir hjálpisk, H. E. i. 257; þú vilt at allir hjálpis
k, Barl. 100; Davíð flýði ok gat hólpit sér,
Stj. 469. 2. part. pass. hólpinn, 'holpen,' saved, safe
; ef þú mátt út komask þá ert&uacute
; hólpinn, Hom. 120; en Bjarni hefir sik í skóginn ok er n&
uacute; hólpinn fyrir Þorkatli, Vápn. 25; hann skal vera h&o
acute;lpinn á dóma-degi, Karl. 342; eru þeir þá
hólpnir ef þeir fá hann, Fs. 66; væntu þeir at
þeir mundi hólpnir verða ef flóð yrði eigi meira
en Nóa-flóð, Rb. 402; eigi er þér at hólp
nara þó at þú sért hjá mér, Grett
. 130; heill ok hjálpaðr, safe and sound, Stj. 122.
hjálpandi, part. a helper, saviour, Greg. 33.
hjálpari, a, m. a helper, saviour, Fms. i. 77, x. 224 (of C
hrist), Stj. 50, 241, Mar. 5.
hjálp-lauss, adj. helpless, Rd. 308.
hjálp-leysi, n. helplessness, Barl. 147.
hjálpr, m. = hjálpari, N. G. L. i. 317: hjálps-ma
ðr, m. = hjálparmaðr.
hjálp-ráð, n. help, salvation, Stj. 233, 240, Fm
s. x. 238 (means of saving); mín augu hafa séð þi
tt hjálpráð, Luke ii. 30.
hjálp-reip, n. a saving rope, Edda (Gl.); en ef h. brestr,
gjaldi tvær örtogar, N. G. L. ii. 283: the hjálpreip perhaps r
esembled the GREEK in Acts xxvii. 17.
hjálp-ríkr, adj. rich, mighty in help, Bs. i. (in a
verse).
hjálp-ræði, n. = hjálpráð, 655 xv. A.

1; biðja e-n hjálpræða, Fms. ii. 132: helping advice
(healing), vi. 198; með dýrð ok hjálpræð
um, with glory and help, x. 338.
hjálp-samliga, adv. helpfully, Str. 65, Stj. 23.
hjálp-samligr, adj. helpful, salutary, Stj. 54, H. E. ii. 1
64, Magn. 492, Bs. ii. 156, Fms. v. 224.
hjálp-samr, adj. helping, helpful.
hjálp-semi, f. helpfulness.
hjálp-vænligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), salutary, promi
sing help. Fms. xi. 334. Bs. i. 648, Fb. i. 510.
hjálp-vænn, adj. = hjálpvænligr, Bs. i. 202.
hjálp-vættr, f. = bjargvættr, Gullk. C.
hjá-máll, adj. speaking-beside the mark, absurd, Skálda 164.
hjá-róma, adj. singing out of tune.
hjá-ræna, u, f. a queer, odd fellow; hann pr mesta h.
COMPDS: hjárænu-legr, adj. strange, beside oneself.
hjárænu-skapr, m.
hjá-seta, u, f. sitting by sheep, watching or tending sh
eep (from sitja hjá), Piltr og Stúlka 12.
hjá-staða, u, f. a standing by, assistance, Fms. iii. 1
87, 190, Fas. iii. 548.
hjá-staurr, m. a supporting stake, prop, Gþl. 380.
hjá-stigr, m. a by-path, Þorst. Síðu H. 10
.
hjá-stoð, n. [Germ. bei-stand], help, assistance.
hjá-stælt, n. adj. a kind of metre, the intercalary s
entence (stál) being placed at the end of the verse, Edda (Ht.)
hjá-trú, f. 'by-faith,' superstition, (mod.)
hjá-tækr, adj. missing one's hold, Nj. 263.
hjá-vera, u, f. a being by or near, pretence, H. E.
i. 420, Stj. 219.
hjá-verandi, part. being present, Skálda 202.
hjá-verk, n. by-work; göra e-ð í hjá
verkum, to do a thing in one's spare time.
hjá-vist, f. presence, Bs. i. 351, Barl. 158.
HJÓL, n., a contr. form from hvel, q.v.; hjól rhymes

with stól, Hkr. iii. 238 in a verse at the beginning of the 12th century
; [Swed. and Dan. hjul] :-- a wheel, Sks. 412; vagnar á hj&
oacute;lum, Fms. vi. 145, Stj. 71, 288; vagna-hjól, 287; brjóta &i
acute; hjóli, to break on the wheel, Fms. xi. 372, Skálda 2
04 (in a verse); á hverfanda hjóli, on a rolling wheel, Gre
tt. 97 new Ed. (Hm. 83, hvel); leika á hjólum, to turn upon whe
els, metaph. of a shifting or sanguine character, hann leikr allr á h
jólum: so in the saying, valt er hamingu-hjólið.
hjól-börur, f. pl. wheel-barrows.
hjól-nöf, f. the nave of a wheel, Lex. Poët.
hjól-vagn, m. a wheel-cart, cart on wheels, Fms. vi. 145.
hjól-vakr, adj. running softly as a wheel, of a pony.
hjól-viljugr, adj. easy as a wheel, of a pony.
HJÓM, n. [cp. Ulf. hjuhma = GREEK; akin to hé- in h&
eacute;gámi], any froth-like substance, e.g. the frothy film of ha
lf-thawed ice and water.
hjón, see hjún.
hjóna, n. = hjón or hjú; this form seems to be a nom
. sing., and not gen. pl., in N. G. L. i. 340 (v.l.), Grág. i. 212, 287,
Am. 94, Bs. i. 60, and perh. in Nj. 57; for the references see hjún below
.
HJÚ, n. [for the etymology see híbýli, p. 265; the f
undamental notion is family, house] I. man and wife; hve &t
horn;ik hétu hjú, how did thy parents call thee? Fsm. 46; h
jú görðu hvílu, Am. 9; er vér heil hjú heim
a várum, Vkv. 14; bæði hjú, man and wife, Pd. 5,
56; ef hjú skiljask (are divorced), Grág. i. 239; ef fr&ael
ig;ndsemi eða sifjar koma upp með hjúm, 378; þau hjú
(Herod and his queen) ollu lífláti Joans Baptizta, Ver. 40. II
. the domestics, family, household: mér ok mínum hj&uac
ute;m, Glúm. (in a verse), Grág. i. 473; lét Koðran &th
orn;á skíra sik ok hjú hans öll nema Ormr son hans, Bs
. i. 5; hjú ok hjörð, house-people and
<PAGE NUM="b0268">
<HEADER>268 HJÚFA -- HLAÐBUÐ.</HEADER>
cattle, Þorf. Karl. 376; slíkt er mælt um hjú a
t öllu, Grág. i. 143; auka hjú sín, 287; þ&aacut
e; skulu þeir ala jafnvel sem hjú sín, 445; Hildir ok hj&uac
ute; hans öll, Nj. 158; tók hann við trú ok hjú ha
ns öll, id. The mod. usage distinguishes between hjú, domestics,
servants, and hjón, Lat. conjuges: even in sing., dyggt hju, a faithful servant; ódyggt hjú, a faithless servant;
öll hjúin á heimilinu, all the servants of the house,
etc.; vinnu-hjú, servants; vinnuhjúa-skildagi ( = the 14th
of May).
HJÚFA or hjúfra, [Ulf. hiufan = GREEK, Matth.

xi. 17, Luke vii. 32; A. S. heofjan; Hel. hiovan; O. H. G. hiu
fan; and no doubt also Engl. to heave = to pant, breathe with pain
, which is not to be confounded with heave = to lift] :-- t
o pant, heave, Gkv. 1. 1, 2. 11 (obsolete). II. in provincial Icel. to drizzle; and hjúfr-skúrir, f. pl. a drizzling s
hower, Lex. Poët.
HJÚKA, mod. hjúkra, að, in the phrase, h. at e-m
, to nurse, cherish (a baby, a sick person), 623. 36, Fms. ii. 59, Pass.
44. 6, where it rhymes with sjúka; lífinu hjúkrar hönd
, 47. 6: reflex., hón hjúkaðisk lítt við þess
a fæðu er til var, Fs. 174.
hjúkan and hjúkran, f. a nourishing, nursing,
Fms. vii. 444, Háv. 43.
Hjúki, a, m. a mythical name of the man in the moon, Edda 8. hj
úka-timbr, m. a nickname, Grett. 20 new Ed. (hjúki, v.l.)
hjúkólfr, m. [the latter part is prob. borrowed from the En
gl. club, qs. hjú-kólfr = people's club, and is not
to be derived from hjúka] :-- a club-house, inn, Fms. ix. 453, Stu
rl. ii. 124: metaph., Bs. i. 137.
HJÚN and hjón, n. = hjú: I. usually in
pl., man and wife, Rm. passim; skylt er hvárt hjóna at f&a
elig;ra annat fram á fé sínu, ef annat hjóna f&aelig
;r gæzlu-sótt, ef því hjóna batnar heilsa, Gr&a
acute;g. i. 287; ok eru þau tvau ein hjún (þau tuau hj&uacute
;na, v.l.), N. G. L. i. 340; annat-tveggja hjóna, Grág. i. 212; um
hjón tvau erlendis, id.; Höskuldr bað hana vinna þeim hj&
oacute;num, Ld. 34; skamliga stöndum vit nökvið hjún, Sks.
504 (Adam and Eve): in the saying, hús skal hjóna (dat.) fá
, i.e. there must be a house for a wedded pair, first a house then a househol
d, Bs. i. 60. COMPDs: hjóna-band, n. matrimony, H. E. i
. 453, 463, passim in mod. usage. hjóna-hatr, n. disagreement b
etween married people, 655 xxi. 3. hjóna-ligr, adj. connubi
al, H. E. i. 475. hjóna-rúm, n. = hjónasæn
g. hjóna-rýgr, m. = hjónahatr. hjóna-samba
nd, n., -samvist, f. living together in wedlock, H. E. i. 458,
Gþl. 230. hjóna-skilnaðr, m. a divorce, Gþ
l. 224, Grág. i. 325. hjóna-sæng, f. a conjugal be
d. hjóna-vígsla, u, f. a wedding (in church), H.
E. i. 474. hjúna-lag, n. = hjónaband, N. G. L. i. 340, 350
, H. E. ii. 75. II. domestics, household people; Hallr ok hj&uacut
e;n hans, Hallr spurði hjún sín hversu þeim þ&oacu
te;knaðisk athæfi Kristinna manna, en þau létu vel yfir,
Hallr var skírðr ok hjún hans öll, Bs. i. 12; at hj&oacut
e;n mín hafi hart, svelta hjón sín, Band. 38; var hann n&ua
cute; í Hólmi ok hjón hans (Ed. kona wrongly), Bjarn. 39; h
jónin (the servants) heituðusk við at hlaupa í brot
t, þá líkar hjónum vel, 27; Þórð ok
hjón hans öll, Landn. 134; búandinn ok ::ll hjúnin, Ed
da 28; hann ok hjún hans öll, Eb. 108 new Ed., Skálda 163; ek
em kona Njáls ok ræð ek eigi síðr hjón en ha
nn, Nj. 54; þenna aptan enn sama mælti Bergþóra til hj&
oacute;na sinna, 196; Njáll réð honum hjón öll, 15
1; hann hafði ekki fleiri hjón en þrjú, Fbr. 35: sing.,
réðsk hann þá þar at hjóni (hjóna?).

then he took service there, Nj. 57. COMPDS: hjóna-lið,
n. household folk, Grág. i. 154. hjóna-tak, n. a
hiring of servants, Nj. 104. hjóna-tal, n. a tale or number of servants, N. G. L. i. 349, Gþl. 358. hjóna-val, n. a choice of servants, Fas. ii. 351. hjúna-fóstr, n., -fæzla, u, f., -framfærsla, u, f. the maint
enance of a household, Gþl. 351.
hjún-margr, adj. having many servants, Ld. 124.
hjúpa, að, to shroud (a corpse), Fas. i. 456.
HJÚPR, m., older form júpr, Fms. x. 415, [a word of
for. origin, cp. Germ. joppe, Fr. jupe] :-- a doublet, Fr.
pourpoint; hafði rauðan hjúp yrir brynju, Fms. vii. 55, 56
, viii. 404; silki-h., a silk doublet; skinn-h., q.v. II. in mod.
usage freq. in metaph. = dress, clothing.
hjúp-roði, a, m. [from A. S. heope, Engl. heps o
r hips, Dan. hyben], a hectic red colour caused by blood be
tween the skin and flesh, Fél. ix. 223; -- so called from the colour of
these berries.
hjú-skapr (hjún-skapr, MS. 671. 6, Gþl. 230, N
. G. L. i. 150, 151, 376), m. matrimony, Grág. i. 287, Sturl. ii.
128, Barl. 158: = hjúskaparfar, þyrmask frá hjúnskap,
N. G. L. i. 376, Str. 10, 19. COMPDS: hjúskapar-band, n. the b
ond of matrimony, K. Á. 16, H. E. i. 523. hjúskapar-far, n. the 'knowing' one's wife, cohabitation; eiga h. við konu s&iacut
e;na, Fas. i. 250, Fms. ii. 73, Mar. 10. hjúskapar-mál, n.
pl. cases referring to marriage, H. E. i. 458, Bs. i. 718. hjús
kapar-ráð, n. pl. the contracting of matrimony, K. Þ
. K. 164. hjúskapar-samlag, n. wedlock, Stj. 426. hj&uac
ute;skapar-slit, n. a divorce, N. G. L. i. 151.
HJÖRÐ, f., gen. hjarðar, dat. hjörðu, pl. hjarð
ir, [Ulf. hairda = GREEK, GREEK; A. S. heord; Engl. herd; O
. H. G. herta; Germ. heerde; Swed.-Dan. hjord] :-- a her
d, flock, Hm. 20, 70, Hým. 17 (of oxen), Gþl. 400, Fms. vii. 54
, N. G. L. i. 146, Fb. i. 151, Þorf. Karl. 376; gæta hjarðar, to tend flocks, Stj. 460, 462, passim: eccl., Guðs h., Hom. 85, Mar., P
ost. COMPDS: hjarðar-hundr, m. a herdsman's dog, Fms. i. 152.
hjarðar-sveinn, m. a herd-boy, Fas. i. 518, Stj. 464. hjar&
eth;ar-tröð, f. a sheep-fold, Magn. 494: in local names, 
Hjarðar-holt, Hjarðar-dalr, Hjarðar-nes, Landn.
HJÖRR, m., gen. hjarar and hjörs, dat. hjörvi, dat. pl. hj
örum, Hm. 159, Hkv. 2. 22; gen. pl. hjörva; nom. pl. does not occur; [
Ulf. hairus = GREEK; A. S. heor; Hel. heru] :-- poët.
a sword, Vsp. 55, Ls. 49, 50: a battle is called hjör-d&o
acute;mr, -drífa, -dynr, -él, -flaug, -fundr, -galdr, -göll,
-gráp, -gráð, -hríð, -leikr, -mót, -regn, róg, -rödd, -senna, -sálmr, -skúr, -stefna, -veðr
, -þeyr, -þing, -þrima; a warrior, hjör-dr
ótt, -drífr, -gæðir, -lundr, -meiðr, -mó&eth
;i, -njörðr, -njótr, -runnr; and adjectively, hjör-d
jarfr, etc.; the blood, hjör-dögg, -lögr; a
shield, hjör-vangr, -laut, -þilja: from some of these com
pds it appears that 'hjör' was also used as a kind of missile; in ad
jectives, hjör-undaðr, part. wounded by a sword; hj&ou

ml;r-klufðr, part. cleft by a sword: in poetry the head is
called hjörr Heimdala, the sword of H., Landn. 231 (in a verse). II. in pr. names; of men, Hjörr; and in compds, Hjör-le
ifr: of women, Hjör-dís.
HJÖRTR, m., gen. hjartar, mod. hjörts, dat. hirti, acc. pl. hj&
ouml;rtu, mod. hirti; [A. S. heort; Engl. hart; O. H. G. hiruz;
 Germ. hirsch; Dan. hjort; Lat. cervus] :-- a hart,
stag, Gm., Sól., Nj. 143, K. Þ. K. 132, Edda 11, Fas. i. 205, P
r. 410, passim: hjartar-horn, n. a hart's horn, Edda 23, Str. 3, S
ól. 78: metaph. in the phrase, ríða á hirti, to be o
f importance; hvé mjök þat er kallat at á hirti r&i
acute;ði, hversu til fátækra manna var gjört í &tho
rn;essu lífi, Bs. i. 104, ( = ríða á miklu.) II.
a pr. name, Landn.
HLAÐ, n. [North. E. lad; cp. hlaða], a pile, stack
( = hlaði), N. G. L. i. 136, 257. 2. a barn ( = hlaða), N.
G. L. i. 137: but in Icel. usually, 3. the pavement or court-y
ard in front of a homestead, Nj. 197, Ísl. ii. 204, 252, Bs. i. 66, S
turl. iii. 141, 279.
HLAÐ, n. [this word is freq. used in poems and in pr. names of the he
athen time, and although it is aspirated (as shewn by allit. in verses) and has
a final ð, yet it may be derived, prob. through A. S., from Lat. l
aqueus; Ital. lazio; old Fr. lacs; Span, lazo; Engl. lace] :-- lace, lace-work; feldr búinn hlöðum, a
laced cloak, Fas. ii. 70; kyrtill hlaði búinn, O. H. L. 2 and pa
ssim; it is also used of bracelets worn on the arms, so in Bjarn. (in a v
erse), cp. the compd hlað-hönd. From wearing lace and bracelets a woman
is in poetry called hlað-grund, hlað-nipt, hlað-norn, hlað-g
uðr; a distinction is made between gull-hlað, gold lace, whic
h was worn round the head, esp. by ladies, but also by men, Orkn. 280 old Ed., F
ms. ii. 264, iv. 72, vii. 34, and silki-hlað, silk lace, a ribbon :-hlað belongs also to a priestly dress, Vm. 31, 38, 77, Dipl. iii. 4.
HLAÐA, hlóð, hlóðu, hlaðit, [Ulf. hla&th
orn;an = GREEK, 2 Tim. iii. 6; A. S., O. H. G., and Hel. hladan; Engl
. load, lade; Germ. laden] :-- to load, esp. to lade a s
hip; hlaða skip, Nj. 19; hlóðu skipit með hveiti ok hunan
gi, Eg. 69; skip hlaðit kvikfé, Landn. 194; hlóð hann skip
sitt af korni ok malti, Fms. iv. 358, Höfuðl. 1; kistur hlaðnar af
gulli, chests laden with gold, Fms. xi. 85; hlaðinn íþr
óttum, Fær. 157. II. to build up, Lat. struere: 1. prop. to pile; hlaða korni í hjálma eðr
hlöður, O. H. L. 30; skera ok h., to cut and stack (corn
), Gþl. 406: to pile up, h. köst, Orkn. 112; þeir s&aacu
te; hlaðit skíðum, logs piled up or stacked, Fs. 42
; settu hann þar niðr ok hlóðu at grjóti; h. valk&ou
ml;stu, O. H. L. 302 (in a verse); reynt mun slíkt verða hvárr
grjóti hleðr at höfði öðrum, Nj. 141; má &t
horn;at eigi víst vita hvárr hellum hleðr at höfði &o
uml;ðrum, Þórð. 36 new Ed. 2. to build; Korma
kr hlóð vegg ok barði með hnyðju, Korm. 60, Jb. 212; &tho
rn;eir hlóðu þar varða er blótið hafði verit
, Landn. 28, Gísl. 60; hlaða vita, Orkn. 242, v.l.; var hón (t
he bridge) með lím hlaðin, Karl. 410; hlóð ek lof k&ou
ml;st, Ad.; hlaðinn steinum, Hdl. 10. III. to fell, lay prostrate,
slay, with dat.; gátu þeir hlaðit honum um síði
r ok bundu hann, Grett. 118 new Ed.; drífa þá til verkmenn o
k gátu hlaðit erninum, Bs. i. 350; fékk hann hlaðit selinu
m, Bjarn. 31 (MS.); þeir bera vápn á Finnana ok fá hl
aðit þeim, Fms. i. 10: freq. in poetry, Ísl. ii. 268 (in a vers
e), Orkn. 366, Hkr. i. 131, Eb. 208; frá ek hann at hl&oelig;ði (subj
.) Arnmóði, Jd. 29. 2. naut., h. seglum, to take in sail; nú sigldu þeir at hömrum nokkurum, hlóðu seglum
við mikinn háska, Korm. 168; hlóðu þeir þ&aacu
te; seglunum sem tíðast, Fms. viii. 134, x. 347, Hkr. i. 333, 336, S&
aelig;m. 112 (prose), Sól. 77. IV. reflex., hlaðask at e-m, or
til e-s, to pile oneself on, i.e. to throng, crowd, mob one; &tho
rn;eir hlóðusk á hann margir ok báru at honum fjöt
urinn, Fb. i. 564; vér viljum eigi at fjölmenni hlaðisk at (t
hrong to see) er vér erum afklæddir svá gamlir, Fms. ii.
152, v.l.; ok laðask (sic) allir til Broddhelga, Vápn. 19 :-- also,
hlaðask á mara bógu, to mount a horse, Gh. 7.
B. [hlað, lace], hlaða spjöldum (cp. mod. spjalda-vef
naðr), to lace, embroider, Gkv. 2. 26.
hlaða, u, f. [Old Engl. lathe in Chaucer, still used in North.
E.; Dan. lade] :-- a store-house, barn (also, hey-h., bygg-h., ko
rn-h.), Eg. 235, Grág. ii. 286, Dropl. 18, Eb. 190, 318, Rm. 19, Rd. 284,
285, Glúm. 357, Ó. H. 30, Sturl. i. 95; hlöðu dyrr, Gret
t. 112, Ísl. ii. 69; hlöðu-kálfr, for the pun see Gl&uacu
te;m. 359; hlöðu vindauga, Sturl. ii. 43; bók-hlaða, a li
brary, (mod.)
hlað-beðr, m. a bed or pillow with lace-work, Fas.
i. 427.
hlað-berg, n. a projecting pier, a rock where a ship is lad
en, D. N. iv. 180; cp. the mod. phrase, hafa e-ð á hraðbergi
(sic), qs. hlaðbergi, to have a thing ready at hand, Lat. in promp
tu.
Hlað-búð, n., see búð, Sturl. ii. 82, Nj. 223.
<PAGE NUM="b0269">
<HEADER>HLAÐBUINN -- HLAUT. 269</HEADER>
hlað-búinn, part. ornamented with lace, laced, Nj. 48,
169, Vm. 129, Ísl. ii. 223, Rd. 261, Fms. vii. 225, passim.
hlað-garðr, m. a wall surrounding the hlað, Fas. ii. 4
19, Safn i. 76.
hlað-hamarr, m. = hlaðberg: a local name.
Hlað-hönd, f. lace-hand, name of a Norwegian lady living
at the end of the 9th century, Eg.
hlaði, a, m. a pile, stack; mó-hlaði, torf-h., sk&i
acute;ða-h., fisk-h., skreiðar-h., a slack of peat, turf, logs, fish,
 Gþl. 378, N. G. L. i. 420, Eb. 266, Háv. 53, Fs. 5, 42, Stj. 2
70; klæða-h., Grett. 160; ullar-h., Fs. 45. 2. = hlaða, 
a barn, Fb. ii. 228.
Hlaðir, f. pl. a local name in Norway, the seat of a noble family. Hlaða-jarl, m. earl of H., surname of earl Hakon, Fms.
hlað-kross, m. a lace-cross, made of lace, Pm. 124 (in a churc
h).
hlaðsla, u, f. a loading, lading, of a ship, N. G. L. ii. 275.
hlað-varpi, a, m. the grass slope nearest to the court-yard, l
iggja í hlaðvarpanum.
hlakka, að, [qs. hlag-ka from hlæja], to cry, scream, of
the eagle, Vsp. 50, freq. in mod. usage, cp. Landn. 162, where it is used in ve
rse improperly of a raven, for the eagle screams (hlakkar), the raven 
croaks (krunkar) :-- metaph., the phrase, h. yfir e-u, to exult over a t
hing, as an eagle over its prey, Th. 5; ok hlökkuðu nú mj&ou
ml;k yfir þessu, Grett. 128; h. yfir sigri, Mar., Al. 178; þú
mátt ekki hrína upp yfir þig, það er synd at hlak
ka yfir vegnum mönnum, Od. xx. 412; hlakka til e-s, one screams with joy
at or in prospect of a thing (of children, young people); eg hlakka
til að sjá hana, eg hlakka til að fara; cp. börnin hlakka &t
horn;á ok huggask, Bs. ii. 135; því hjartað mitt er helm
ingað, | hlakka eg til að finna það, Bb. 3. 17.
hlakkan, f. a screaming with joy; til-hlakkan, joyous expectati
on.
hlam, n. a dull, heavy sound, Mork. 81, 100, Lex. Poët.; see
hlöm.
HLAMMA, að, to give a dull, heavy sound; áttu hafrarnir
at renna í greipr honum, ok hlammaði mjök við á hell
is-gólfinu, Fas. iii. 386; this giant's tale is a pendant to that in Od.
ix. 440-460.
hlamman and hlömmun, f. a crash, din, Hornklofi.
hlammandi, a, m. a clash, a nickname, Landn. 60.
HLAND, n. [A. S. hlond; Old Engl. land or lant], 
urine, Nj. 199, Fs. 147, N. G. L. i. 29, Grág. ii. 132, Skm. 35. COMP
DS: hland-ausa, u, f. a urine trough, Edda ii. 430. hland-bla&e
th;ra, u, f. the bladder. hland-for and hland-gröf, f. a sewer, Dropl. 20, Bs. i. 369. hland-skjóla, u, f. =
hlandausa, Edda ii. 634. hland-trog, n. = hlandausa, Ls. 34.
hlanna, að, [hlenni], to pilfer; h. e-n e-u, Fms. vii. 114 (in
a verse).
HLASS, n. [hlaða; Dan. læss], a cart-load, &Iacut
e;sl. ii. 182, Grág. ii. 337, Dropl. 10, Karl. 196, Fb. i. 522 (hey-h., v
iðar-h.): the saying, opt veltir lítil þúfa þungu
hlassi, a little mound often overturns a cart-load, Sturl. ii. 100 C.
hlass-hvalr, m. a cart-load of blubber, Grág. ii. 362, Vm.
130, 143, Pm. 69.
hlaunn, f. [Lat. cl&u-long;nis], a buttock, haunch, Edda 23
8.
hlaup, n. a leap; hann komsk með hlaupi undan, Eg. 12, Fms. xi
. 247; hann tók hlaup heim til herbergis, i. 80; hark ok hlaup, Anal. 81:
a leap, jump, Egill hljóp yfir díkit, en þat var ekk
i annarra manna hlaup, Eg. 531; mældu þeir Kári lengd hlaupsi
ns með spjótskeptum sínum ok var tólf álnar, Nj.
145, v.l.; hljóp hann þá út af múrinum, &thor
n;at var furðu-hátt hlaup, Fms. i. 104; h. kattarins, the bound of
a cat, Edda 19: in local names, a leap, Flosa-hlaup, in the chasm in
Alþingi, Völks. 1. 220; Hærings-hlaup, Grett. 149 :-- höf
runga-hlaup, playing like a dolphin; handa-hlaup, hand-leaping, u
sing the hands and feet like a wheel (a boy's game), Ísl. Þj&oacute
;ðs. ii. 243, 246. II. special usages, a sudden rise or fl
ood, of rivers flowing from glaciers, see Eggert Itin.; af Höfð&aac
ute;rhlaupi, því at hón hafði tekit marga bæi, Bs.
i. 283; hlaup kom í ána, 469: jökul-hlaup, an ice stream or avalanche. β. coagulation, curds; mjólk
r-hlaup, curdled milk; blóð-hlaup, curdled blood. &g
amma;. procession in brullaup or brúðlaup, a bride's l
eap, bridal procession, see brúðkaup. δ. a law phras
e, an attack, Grág. ii. 7; frum-hlaup, q.v.; áhlaup, an
outburst; áhlaups-veðr, a sudden gale; áhlaupa-verk
, q.v.: hlaupa-far, n. = frumhlaup, Bs. i. 658: hlaupa-för, f
. an uproar, Sturl. ii. 104, 117: hlaupa-piltr, m. an errand bo
y, Bs. ii. 108. III. in mod. usage freq. = running, but seldom
so, or not at all, in old writers.
HLAUPA, pres. hleyp, pl. hlaupum; pret. hljóp, hljópt, hlj&
oacute;p, pl. hljópum, mod. hlupum; pret. subj. hlypi, hl&oelig;pi, Fms.
x. 364, hljópisk, Ó. H. 246; part. pass. hlaupinn: [Ulf. hlaupa
n = GREEK, Mark x. 50; A. S. hleâpan, pret. hleop; Scot.
loup, part. loppen; Engl. leap; Hel. hlôpan;
O. H. G. hlaufan; Germ. laufen; Swed. löpa; Dan. l
öbe] :-- to leap, jump, which, as in Engl., is the proper meanin
g of the word, and hence of any sudden motion, to leap or start up; hann hljóp meir en hæð sína ok eigi skemra aptr en fra
m fyrir sik, Nj. 29; hann hleypr ór loptinu ofan ok á straetið
ok kemr standandi niðr, Fms. xi. 117; hljóp hann þá &ua
cute;t af múrinum, i. 104; hlaupa yfir háfar stengr, viii. 207; hl
jópu þeir þá á hesta sína, they leape
d on their horses, Nj. 263; Atli hleypr upp á skip at Rúti, 9;
ef fé hleypr löggarð, if cattle leap over a fence, Gr&aa
cute;g. ii. 262; Kári hljóp upp við lagit ok brá &iacut
e; sundr við fótunum, Nj. 253; h. fyrir borð útbyrðis,
to leap overboard, Eg. 124, Fms. x. 363, 364; Egill hljóp yfir d
íkit, Eg. 530; þat segja menn at á sitt borð hl&oelig;pi
hvárr þeirra Ólafs konungs, Fms. x. 364; Hrungnir varð
reiðr ok hleypr upp á hest sinn, Edda 57; hljópu þeir ti
l vápna sinna, Eg. 121; Kjartan hljóp á sund (leaped int
o the water) ok lagðisk at manninum, Bs. i. 18; Kári hljóp
á spjótskaptið ok braut í sundr, Nj. 253; en þri
ði hljóp (leaped) á skipit út, Eg. 220; var &tho
rn;ar at hlaupa (to climb) upp á bakka nokkurn, id.; hann hlj&oacu
te;p at baki Kára, Nj. 253; hann kastar verkfarunum ok hleypr á sk
eið, and took to his heels, Njarð. 370; hann hljóp b&aacut
e;ðum fótum í gögnum skipit, Edda 36: of a weapon, bryntr
öllit hljóp út um bringuna, Ld. 150; hljóp þ&aac
ute; sverðit (it bounded) Kára á síðuna M&oa
cute;ðólfi, Nj. 262. β. with prepp.; h. upp, to spring
to ones feet, start up; þá hlupu varðmenn upp, Eg. 121; &t
horn;á hljóp Kjartan upp ok afklæddisk, Bs. i. 18; ok eptir
örvar-boði hljóp upp múgr manns, Fms. i. 210; h. yfir, to jump over, metaph. to skip, Alg. 262; hlaupa yfir eða gleyma,
H. E. i. 486; h. frá e-m, to run away from, desert one, Gr&aacute
;g. i. 297; h. af, to be left, remain, Rb. 234, 494 (afhlaup). 2.
special usages; a law term, to assault; hlaupa til manns lögmæ
tu frumhlaupi, Grág. ii. 7: of fury, sickness, pain, to burst out,
í hvert sinn er æði eðr reiði hljóp á ha
nn, Fms. i. 15; en er hann var búinn hljóp fæli-sótt
at honum, iv. 284: of pain, hljóp blástr í búkinn, G
rett. 137 new Ed.: of fire, sagði at jarðeldr var upp kominn, ok mundi h
ann h. á bæ Þórodds goða, Bs. i. 22: of a river, to flood, áðr Almanna-fljót leypi (i.e. hleypi, hlypi) v
ar þat kallat Rapta-lækr, Landn. 266; þessa sömu n&oacute
;tt kom þeyr mikill ok hlupu vötn fram ok leysti árnar, the
waters rose in flood and the ice was broken, Sturl. iii. 45: of ice, mikit
svell var hlaupit upp öðru megin fljótsins ok hált sem gl
er, a great hummock of ice rose up, Nj. 144; hljóp upp kúla
, a wheal sprung up from a blow, Il. ii. 267; h. saman, sundr, of a wound
; var skeinan saman hlaupin svá náliga þótti gr&oacut
e;in, Grett. 152; sárið var hlaupit í sundr, the wound had
broken out again, id.: of a gale, þá hljóp á &uac
ute;tsynningr steinóði, Eg. 600 :-- of milk, blood, to curdle, coa
gulate, (cp. North. E. loppert = coagulated; so, leper-blod
e = clotted blood in the Old Engl. poem Pricke of Conscience, l. 459.
) II. to run, but rarely in old writers, [Dan. löbe; G
erm. laufen]; eigi hljóp hann at seinna, Ásbjörn hlj&o
acute;p heim, id. (but from a paper MS.); þeir hlaupa eptir en hann kemsk
á skóg undan, Nj. 130; jarl eggjar menn at h. eptir honum, 132: fr
eq. in mod. usage. III. reflex. to take oneself off, to run away;
ef þræll leypsk, N. G. L. i. 34; þá vildi Uni hlaupask
á braut með sína menn, Landn. 246; við þann mann er
hleypsk frá ómaga, Grág. i. 297; ef maðr hleypsk &aacut
e; brott af landi er sekr er orðinn, 96; þat var á einhverri n&
aacute;tt at Steinn hljópsk á braut ór bænum, Fms. iv
. 317; þar er menn hlaupask til (came to blows) eða verða
vegnir, Grág. ii. 83; nú er þat várt ráð a
t vér hlaupimk með yðr ok sömnum liði, Fms. ix. 248; var
hann í fjötri, at hann hljópisk (lypist, Hom. 158, l.c.) eig
i frá honum, Ó. H. 246; hlaupask braut, id.: part., hlaupandi menn
, h. sveinar, 'landloupers,' Finnb. 344, Mag. 6; cp. hlaupingi.
hlaupari, a, m. = hlaupingi, Fas. i. 149: a charger (horse), Gull&
thorn;. 13.
hlaup-ár, n. [from A. S. hleâp-geâr], leap-y
ear, Grág. i. 122, Rb. 8, 108, K. Þ. K. 104, Íb. 7, 8, S
ks. 56, Bs. i. 85. COMPDS: hlaupárs-dagr, m. leap-year day,
the 29th of February, Rb. 90. hlaupárs-messa, u, f. leap-year
mass ( = Feb. 24), Rb. hlaupárs-nótt, f. an intercal
ary night, Rb. 88. hlaupárs-stafr, m. an intercalary letter
, Rb. 518. hlaupárs-tungl, n. an intercalary moon, Rb.
522. hlaupárs-vika, u, f. feria bissextilis, Rb. 564.
hlaup-framr, adj. precipitate, Sks. 32, v.l.
hlaupingi, a, m. a landlouper, Barl. 114; cp. the Anglo-American loafer.
hlaup-móðr, adj. exhausted from leaping.
hlaup-óðr, adj. in a great flurry, Fms. iii. 146.

hlaup-rífr, adj. = hlaupframr, Sks. 32.
hlaup-stigr, in. 'leap-path,' 'land-louping,' vagrancy; taka e-n a
f laupstigi, á þeim hlaupstigi, Hkr. iii. 290; cp. hlaupingi.
hlaup-styggr, adj. 'leap-shy,' wild, of a horse.
HLAUT, f. (not n.); the gender is borne out by the genitive tein hlautar,
Vellekla; as also by the dat. hlautinni, Landn. (App.) 336, in an old transcrip
t of the lost vellum Vatnshyrna (see Kjaln. S. Ísl. ii. 403, where hlauti
nn) :-- the blood of sacrifice, used for soothsaying; this word is
prob. to be derived from hlutr (hlautr), as an abbreviated form, for hlaut-bl&o
acute;ð = sanguis sortidicus, and refers to the rite, practised in th
e heathen age, of enquiring into the future by dipping bunches of chips or twigs
into the blood, and shaking them; those twigs were called teinar, hlaut-teinar,
hlaut-viðr, blót-spánn, q.v.; the act of shaking was called h
rista teina, to shake twigs, Hým. 1; kjósa hlautvið, to choose lot chips, Vsp. In Vellekla the true reading is prob. hann (earl
Hakon) valdi (from velja, MS. vildi) tein hlautar, meaning the same as kj&oacute
;sa hlautvið in Vsp., an emendation borne out by the words 'felldi bl&oacute
;tspán' (Fagrsk. l.c.) in the prose text, which is a paraphrase of the ve
rse; the explanation of the passage in Lex. Poët. is no doubt erroneous. It
was also called fella blótspán, see that word, p. 71. The walls o
f the temple inside and out, the altars, and the worshippers were sprinkled with
the blood, the flesh of the slain cattle was to be eaten (whereas the blood was
a sacrifice, as well as the means of augury, and was not to be eaten);
<PAGE NUM="b0270">
<HEADER>270 HLAUTBOLLI -- HLEZLA.</HEADER>
this rite is described in Hkr. Hák. S. Góða ch. 16: en bl&oacu
te;ð þat allt er þar kom af (i.e. from the slain cattle) þ
á var þat kallat hlaut ok hlaut-bollar þat er blóð
þat stóð í, ok hlaut-teinar, þat var svá g
ört sem stöklar (bunches); með því skyldi rj&o
acute;ða stallana öllu saman, ok svá veggi hofsins útan o
k innan, ok svá stökkva á mennina; en slátr (the me
at) skyldi hafa til mann-fagnaðar: the passages in Eb. ch. 4, p. 6 new E
d., in Kjaln. S. ch. 2, and in Landn. (App.), are derived from the same source a
s the passage in Hkr., but present a less correct and somewhat impaired text; ev
en the text in Hkr. is not quite clear, esp. the phrase, þat var gört
sem stökkull, which prob. means that the hlaut-teinar were bound up in a b
unch and used for the sprinkling. The blood-sprinkling mentioned in Exod.
xii. 22 illustrates the passage above cited; cp. hleyti, hljóta, and hlu
tr.
hlaut-bolli, a, m. the bowl in which the hlaut was kept, Eb. 10, H
kr. l.c., Landn. l.c.
hlaut-teinn, m., see above, Hkr. l.c., Eb. l.c.; cp. tein-hlaut.
hlaut-viðr, m. 'lot-twigs,' 'rami sortidici' ( = hlaut-teinn),
Vsp. 62, cp. also Eb. 132, note 3, new Ed.
HLÁKA, u, f. a thaw, Grett. 140.
hlána, að, to thaw, Fbr. 59, Bs. i. 186.

HLÁTR, m., gen. hlátrar, Dropl. 31; mod. hlátrs: [A.
S. hlæhtor; Engl. laughter; O. H. G. hlahtar; Germ.
lachter; Dan. latter; Swed. löje] :-- laughter, Nj. 16, Fbr. 137, Dropl. 31, Fms. iii. 182, passim; hafa (vera) at hlát
ri, to be a laughing-stock (at-hlátr), 623. 35, Hm. 41: sayings, o
pt kemr grátr eptir skelli-hlátr; skelli-h., roaring laughter; kalda-hlátr, sardonic laughter: for characteristic traits from
the Sagas see esp. Glúm. ch. 7 (end), 18, Nj. ch. 12, 117, Dropl. 31, H&
aacute;lfs. S. ch. 7, etc.
hlátr-mildr, adj. prone to laughing, merry, 686 B. 2.
HLÉ, n. [Ulf. hlija = GREEK, Mark ix. 5; A. S. hle&ocirc
;; Hel. hlea; Engl. lee; Dan. læ] :-- lee,
used (as in Engl.) only by seamen; sigla á hlé, to stand to le
eward, Jb. 400: shelter, standa í hlé, fara í hl
é, to seek shelter: mod. a pause, það varð hl
é á því. hlé-borð, n. the lee si
de, freq., Lex. Poët.
hlé-barðr, m. a leopard (Old Engl. libbard), fro
m the Greek, but used indiscriminately of a bear, wolf, etc., Edda (Gl.), Fas. i
. (Skjöld. S.) 367; the word occurs as early as Hbl., of a giant.
hleði, a, m. a shutter, Ísl. ii. 113; see hleri.
Hleiðr, f. [Ulf. hleiþra or hleþra = GREEK]
, prop. a tent; it exists only as the local name of the old Danish capita
l, Fas., Fms., and in Hleiðrar-garðr, m., Landn.
HLEIFR, m. [Ulf. hlaifs; A. S. hlâf; Engl. loaf; O. H. G. hlaib; Germ. laib; Ivar Aasen levse] :-- a
loaf, Hm. 51, 140; af fimm hleifum brauðs ok tveimr fiskum, Mirm.; hleif
ar af Völsku brauði, Bev.; hleifa þunna, ökvinn hleif, Rm. 4
, 28, N. G. L. i. 349, Fb. ii. 190, 334 (in a verse), D. I. i. 496; brauð-h.
, a loaf of bread; rúg-h., a rye loaf: of cheese, Nj. 76, o
st-h.: the disk of the sun is called hleifr himins, the loaf of heaven
, Bragi.
HLEIN, f., pl. ar, [Goth. hlains = GREEK, Luke iii. 5; akin to Eng
l. lean, Gr. GREEK] :-- a rock projecting like a pier into the sea
( = hlaðberg), freq. in western Icel.; lenda við hleinina, festa skipi&
eth; við hleinarnar. hleina-kræða, u, f. a crust of moss
on sea rocks, Bb. 2. 13. II. [Engl. loom, qs. loon? th
e A. S. form would be hlân, which however is not recorded] :-- t
he loom in the old perpendicular weaving, Björn.
hleina, d, to save, protect (?) an GREEK., [A. S. hlænan;
 Engl. lean; O. H. G. hleinjan; mid. H. G. leinen; Ger
m. lehnen; Gr. GREEK]: þaðan af er þat orðtak at s&aa
cute; er forðask (forðar?) hleinir, Edda 21.
hlekkjask, t, in the phrase, e-m hlekkisk á, one gets impeded,
suffers miscarriage, Grág. i. 281; ef allt fer vel og mér ekki
hlekkist á.
HLEKKR, m., gen. hlekks and hlekkjar, pl. hlekkir: [A. S. hlenca (
thrice in Grein); Swed. länk; Dan. lænke; Engl. link
] :-- a link, a chain of links, Bs. i. 341; handur-hlekkr, a 'hand
-link,' i.e. a bracelet, Edda (Ht.): freq. in mod. usage, járn
-h., iron chains, fetters.
hlemmi-gata, u, f. a broad road.
HLEMMR, m. a lid, cover, as of a pan, cauldron, as an opening in a floor, a trap-door, Eb. 96, 136, Rd. 315, Eg. 236, Sturl. ii. 124
, Fas. iii. 415, Grett. 199 new Ed.
HLENNI, a, m. [cp. Ulf. hlifan -- GREEK, hliftus = GREEK; p
erh. also Scot. to lift, = to steal cattle, belongs to this root,
and is not the same as lift = tollere] :-- a thief; hlennar
ok hvinnar, thieves and pilferers, Sighvat: a king is in poetry called t
he foe and destroyer of hlennar, hlenna dólgr, etc., see Lex. Poët.
II. a pr. name, Landn.
hlenni-maðr, m. a 'lifter;' hlennimenn ok hrossa-þj&oacu
te;far, Hbl. 8.
Hlér, m., gen. Hlés, [hlé; cp. Welsh Llyr = sea], a mythol. name of a giant of the sea, GREEK, Fb. i. 21. Hl&eacute
;s-dætr, f. pl. the daughters of H., the Nereids, Edda.
hler, see hleri below.
hlera and hlöra, að, prop. to stand eaves-dropping, (putting one's ear close to the hleri), Bjarn. 24: to listen, hó
n lagði eyra sitt við andlit honum ok hlöraði hvárt l&ia
cute;fs-andi væri í nösum hans, Greg. 74; hann hlörar vi&
eth; hliðskjáinn er á var stofunni, Bs. i. 628; at hlý&
eth;a eðr hlera til þess máls sem hann er eigi til kallaðr,
N. G. L. i. 438.
HLERI, a, m. or hlöri, but hleði in Korm. 10, &Iac
ute;sl. ii. 113; that hleri or hlöri is the better form is borne out by the
mod. usage as well as by the derived hler and hlera :-- a shutter or 
door for bedrooms and closets in old dwellings, which moved up and down in a
groove or rabbet, like windows in Engl. dwellings, and locked into the threshol
d: the passage in Korm. S. is esp. decisive, where Kormak sees Steingerda's feet
outside between the half-shut door (hleri) and the threshold, -- hann rak kerli
fyrir hleðann svá at eigi gékk aptr, viz. between the thre
shold and the shutter, Ísl. ii. 113; hence comes the law phrase, stan
da á hleri (hlera?), to stand at the shutter, i.e. to stand lis
tening, eaves-dropping, Bjarn. 43: freq. in mod. usage, as also standa of hl
eðum, id., Hðm. 23: in mod. usage a shutter for a window i
s called hleri.
hler-tjöld, n. pl. 'ear-lids,' poët. the ears, Ad
. 9.
hlessa, adj. indecl. [hlass], prop. 'loaded,' i.e. amazed, wond
ering.
hlessa, t, to load, weigh; h. sér niðr, to sit down
heavily.
hlessing, f. a freight, loading, N. G. L. i. 410.
HLEYPA, t, [causal of hlaupa], to make one leap, make one rush or
burst forth, to start or put into motion, Fms. vi. 145; þeir
skáru böndin ok hleyptu á braut fólki þv&iacute
; öllu, Ó. H. 168; Önundr hleypti njósnarmönnum &aa
cute; land upp, to put them ashore, Fb. ii. 280; hleypti (pulled, made
sink) hann annarri brúninni ofan á kinnina, Eg. 305; h. br&ua
cute;num, to knit the brows; h. hurð í lás, to shut
a door, Fms. ix. 364; var hleypt fyrir hliðit stórum járnh
urðum, i. 104. 2. to make to escape, emit, of anything confine
d or compressed, e.g. hleypa vindi ór belg, to force air out of a bell
ows; h. vindi ór segli, to shake the wind out of the sail; h.
fé, sauðum, kúm ór kvíum, to turn out sheep,
cows; h. til ánna, to put the rams to the ewes: medic., hleypa
vatni, vág, blóði, to emit matter out of a sore, etc.
; hann hleypir út vatni miklu ór sullinum, Vápn. 17; h. &oa
cute;r e-m auganu, to poke the eye out, Fs. 98: to lead a stream o
f water or the like, þeir hleyptu saman fleirum vötnum, Fms. iv. 359;
h. ánni í farveg, Fb. ii. 280; landsfólkit var á fj
öllum uppi ok hleypti ofan (rolled) stóru grjóti, Al.
92; h. skriðu á e-n, an avalanche, Fs. 194. 3. special
phrases; h. upp dómum, a law phrase, to break up a court by violen
ce, Landn. 89, Hrafn. 18, Fb. 61, Eb. 48, 58, Lv. 31; h. berki af trjám,
to cut the bark off the trees, Hkr. ii. 220; h. heimdraganum, to throw
off sloth, take heart, Fms. vii. 121: naut. to run before a gale, &
thorn;eir hleyptu upp á Mýrar, Barðaströnd; h. akkerum, to cast anchor, Fms. xi. 439; h. stjóra, id.: h. hesti, or a
bsol., to gallop, ride swiftly; hesti hleypti ok hjörvi brá,
Rm. 34; Hrungnir varð reiðr ok hleypir eptir honum, Óðinn hle
ypti svá mikit, at ..., Edda 57, Nj. 59, 82, 107, Fms. ix. 364. 4.
hleypa mjólk, to curdle milk; hann hleypti helming innar hv&iacut
e;tu mjólkr, Od. ix. 246.
hleypi-, in COMPDS: hleypi-dómr, m. prejudice, hasty jud
gment, (mod.) hleypi-fífl, n. a headlong fool, Nj. 224.
hleypi-flokkr, m. a band of rovers, Sturl. iii. 171, 269. hley
pi-för, f. a ramble, roving, Sturl. i. 80. hleypi-hvel, n
. a 'roll-wheel,' war engine, Sks. 420. hleypi-kjóll, m. =
hleypiskúta. hleypi-klumbr, m. a ram on wheels (war engine)
, Sks. 419. hleypi-maðr, m. a rover, landlouper, Lv. 75. hl
eypi-piltr, m. a landlouper boy, Finnb. 322. hleypi-skip, n. (
Hkr. iii. 388) and hleypi-skúta, u, f. a swift boat, Fms.
i. 167, vi. 177.
hleyping, f. a galloping, Fms. ix. 357, Gullþ. 31; um-h., a sudden turn of wind.
hleypingi, a, m. a landlouper, Grett. 106; cp. hlaupingi.
hleyt-bolli, hleyt-teinn, m. = hlaut-bolli, hlaut-teinn, see hlaut.
HLEYTI, n., hleti, or hl&oelig;ti, in Norse MSS. spelt l
eyti, whence in mod. Icel. usage leiti: I. plur. [for the root
see hlaut, hlutr], kin, consanguinity; jöfra hleyti, royal blood
, Fms. xi. (in a verse); görva hleyti við e-n, to marry into ano
ther's family, Skv. 1. 34; hvárrgi þeirra Snorra né Arnk
els þótti bera mega kviðinn fyrir hleyta sakir við sæ
kjanda ok varnar-aðilja, Eb. 50, viz. Snorri being the brother-in-law to the
plaintiff, Arnkell to the defendant; ef hann fengi hennar, heldr en þeim
manni er ekki var við þá hleytum bundinn, Sks. 760; nauð-hl
eytamaðr (q.v.), a near kinsman; eiga hleyti við konu sína
( = eiga hjúskap við), 689. 2. a tribe, family; hann v
ar af því kennimaðr at sínu hleyti, 625. 88, 'in ordine

vicis suae ante Deum' of the Vulgate, Luke i. 8; þá kom at hleyti Z
acharias at fremja biskups embætti, Hom. (St.); vil ek at þú
gangir í mitt hleyti þó at ek sé nánari, Stj.
425, rendering of 'tu meo utere privilegio' of the Vulgate, Ruth iv. 6. II. sing, [hlutr], a share, usually spelt leiti; in the phrase, at
nokkru, engu, öllu leiti, for some, none, every part; að m&iacut
e;nu, þínu ... leiti, for my, thy part, freq. in mod. usage,
dropping the aspirate; at sumu leiti, Fas. iii. 159; at mínu leiti, Fb.
ii. 204; at nokkuru leiti, iii. 575. 2. of time, a season of the y
ear, mod. leiti; um vetrnátta-leytið, D. N. i. 609; um Hallvarðsv
öku-leytið, 392, iii. 206; um Jóla-leiti um Páska-leiti,
um Jóns-messuleiti; annat leiti, another time; sögðu at h
onum þótti annat leiti (sometimes) ekki úfært,
en stundum (sometimes) var hann svá hræddr, at ..., Orkn. 41
8; um sama leiti, about the same time; um hvert leiti, at what time? w
hen? COMPDS: hleyta-menn, m. pl. kinsmen; mágar, sifjun
gar, hleytamenn, Edda (Gl.) hleytis-maðr, m. a disciple, apprentic
e, opp. to meistari, analogous to Goth. siponeis, from sifjar, Sk&aa
cute;lda 180.
hlezla or hleðsla, u, f. a freight, Jb. 379: a build
ing (of a wall).
<PAGE NUM="b0271">
<HEADER>HLIÐ -- HLJÖÐ. 271</HEADER>
HLIÐ, f., pl. hliðar (hliðu dat. obsolete, Gm. 35) :-- a s
ide, Lat. latus;
 standa á hlið e-m, to stand beside one, Stor.; komask &aa
cute; hlið e-m, Nj.
262; á hlið hvára, on each side, Rm. 5; á að
ra hlið, at one's other side,
Ísl. ii. 363, Ad. 10; á báðar hliðar, á tv&a
elig;r hliðar, on both sides, Fb. ii. 351;
á vinstri hlið, on the left hand, Eg. 213, Fms. i. 16; &aacute
; hægri hlið, on the
right hand; snúask á hlið, to turn oneself (in slee
p), Fs. 6; skjöldr, sverð á
hlið, Gullþ. 64; á allar hliðar, on all sides; velta
sk á ymsar hliðar, to toss to
and fro, Bs. ii. 171, Od. xx. 24; leggja e-t fyrir hlið, to lay besid
e, Al. 151.
HLIÐ, n. [A. S. hlið; O. H. G. hlit; Dan. led; - root no doubt akin
to Gr. GREEK, etc.] :-- a gate, gateway; hlið á garði ok h
jarra-grind fyrir,
Grág. ii. 264, Fsm, 10, 44, Rb. 380, Edda 110, Eg. 244, Fms. i. 104,
v. 331, passim. 2. a wide gap, Stor. 6, Fms. i. 105, Gþl. 39
1,
N. G. L. i. 344, Orkn. 350, Sks. 398: in law a gap in a fence not
above sixty feet long was hlið, if more it was a breach (bálka
-brot),
Gþl- 391. II. metaph. a space, interval (= bil); hann haf&et
h;i fyrr
við brugðit svá at hlið var í milli þeirra, Fms.
vii. 171; þeir görðu hlið
í millum skipanna, Nj. 42; ok var hvergi hlið í milli, Ld. 96;
hann ríðr
fyrst þeirra ok nokkuru harðara svá at hlið var á mi
llum þeirra, Ísl. ii.
360; hús ok hlið í milli ok heima-dyranna, Fs. 42; horfði
hann á hliðit
(the empty space) þar sem skjöldrinn hafði hangit, Fas. ii
i. 42; ok nú
varð enn á hlið mjök langt, Fms. ii. 302, x. 346: temp., s&i
acute;ðan varð á lið
(a halt) nokkvot, 345; eptir þat varð hlið (a stop, halt
) á orrostunni,
vii. 289; hvíldar hlið, Fb. iii. 567 (in a verse).
hliða, að, to give way, go aside, recede, Fas. i. 106, 338
, Bs. ii. 132,
Karl. 233. II. reflex, to become open, Sks. 384.
hlið-lauss, adj. 'gateless,' without a gate, Bret. 34.
hlið-mæltr, part. a kind of metre, Edda (Ht.) 186.
hliðr, m., poët, an ox, Edda (Gl.)
hlið-rúm, n. open space, free passage, Fsm. 43.
hlið-sjón, f. a side glance; hafa h. af e-u, to take
a look at.
Hlið-skjálf, f., old dat. hliðskjálfu, Gm. (prose):
[prob. rather to be
derived from hlið, gate, than hlið, side; the initial h
 is borne out by alliteration, Sagði hitt er hugði |UN
CERTAIN Hliðskjálfar gramr..., Edda (in a verse); in
Akv. 14 the sense and alliteration alike require höll, hall, instead
of
'land'] :-- a shelf, bench, a name for the seat of Odin, whence he looked
out over all the worlds, Edda 6, 12, 22, 30, Gm. l. c.; Óðinn ok Frig
g
sátu í Hliðskjálfu ok sá um heima alla, Gm. l. c
. The heathen Hlið-skjálf
brings to mind the legend in Grimm's Märchen of the Tailor in Heaven.
hlið-skjár, m. a side window, originally a window or op
ening from
which to keep a look out, Sturl. ii. 85, Bs. i. 628.
hlið-veggr, m. a side wall, Nj. 202, Orkn. 244, Fb. i. 413.
hlið-vörðr, m. a porter, Stj. 622, Gkv. 2, 35.
HLÍÐ, f., in mod. usage pl. hlíðar, but hlí&
eth;ir in old writers, e. g. Landn.
224, Fms. vi. 197 (in a verse), Hkv. 1. 43, Sighvat: [A. S. hlîð; Norse
li; lost in Dan.; cp. Lat. clivus; akin to Gr. and Lat. GREEK,
clino] :-a slope, mountain side, Edda 110; svá at sær var í mi
ðjum hlíðum
eða stundum vatnaði land, Ó. H. 149, Landn. 25, v. l.; út
með hlíðum,
Gullþ. 68; fjalls-hlið, a fell-side, q, v.; fagrar hlí&e
th;ir grasi vaxnar, Grett.
137; ek mun ríða inn með hlíðinni, Glúm. 361, 3
62; út með hlíðinni,
upp í miðjar hlíðar, etc., passim: hlíðar-br
ún, f. the edge of
a h.: hlíðar-fótr, m. the foot of a h.: h
líðar-garðr, m. a fence on
a fell-side dividing the pastures of two farms, Dipl. v. 25. II.
local names; Fljóts-hlíð and Hlíð, Landn. pa
ssim; Norse Lier, Lie,
Landn., Nj.: Hlíðar-sól, f. sun of the Hl&iac
ute;ð, nickname of a fair
lady, Landn.: Hlíðar-menn or Hlíð-menn, m. p
l. the men from Hlíð,
Landn. III. freq., in poët. circumlocutions, of a woman; hringa&dash
-uncertain;hlíð,
falda-h., bauga-h., and then in dat. and acc. hlíði, e. g. falda hl&i
acute;ði,
vella hlíði (feminae), Skáld H. 5. 24, and in a mod. di
tty; héðan ekki
fer eg fet |UNCERTAIN frá þér silki-hlíði.
hlíð-þang, n., poët. 'fell-tang,' seaweed of the
hills, Alm., where the
inmates of Hel are made to call the trees by this name.
hlíf, f., pl. hlífar, a cover, shelter, protection (
esp. of a shield, armour),
Ld. 244, Eg. 507, Bxarð. 165, Hm. 81, passim: esp. in pl. hlífar, Nj.
262,
Fms. ii. 319, Eb. 230, Rm. 39. hlífar-lauss (hlífa-lauss
), adj.
'coverless,' uncovered, Fms. ii. 205, vi. 70, vii. 192, Ísl. ii. 2
26.
HLÍFA, ð, [Ulf. hleibjan, Luke i. 54; O. H. G. hliba
n]:-- to give cover
or shelter to one, with dat.; sem ræfrit hlífir kirkjunni vi
ð regni, Hom. 95;
(hann) hlífði sér ekki, gave himself (had) no shield or
armour, Fms. i.
40; því at baeði hlífir (shelters) innan ok &uacu
te;tan, x. 319, Fs. 66; h. e-m
við e-u, to give one shelter against a thing, Gullþ. 48; ok hlj
ópu í skóginn,
ok létu hann hlífa sér, Fb. ii. 88; hlífa sér
með skildi, en vega með
sverði, 92. 2. to spare one, Grág. i. 163; sí&et
h;an hlífði hann messu&dash-uncertain;degi
hins heilaga Ólafs konungs, Fms. v. 217; Þorgils hlífir s&ea
cute;r ekki, Ísl.
ii. 368; mun ek ekki hlifa þér í görðinni, Nj. 21,
Finnb. 262. II.
reflex, to cover oneself, Eg. 581, Sks. 430. 2. to refrain, hol
d back,
 Fms. ii. 135; hann hlífðisk þá við engan mann,
Nj. 26; Þiðrandi bað
menn sína hlífask við fóstra sinn, Njarð. 370; &THO
RN;orgils hlífisk ekki við,

Ísl. ii. 368.
hlífð, f. protection, defence, Fms. ii. 331; hlí
fðar vápn, a weapon of
defence, Ó H. 79, Fms. x. 407, K. Á. 40, Al. 46, Sks. 3
29. hífðar-lauss,
 adj. = hlífarlauss, Fagrsk. 144.,
hlíf-skjöldr, m. (hlífi-skjöldr, Nj. 262,
Sks. 472), a shield of defence;
 esp. metaph., vera h. fyrir e-m, 655 A. ii. 5, Fms. viii. 63, 239, Bret. 10
4;
halda h. fyrir e-m, Hom. 42.
Hlín, f. the goddess of that name (the wife of Odin), she that
defends,
[for the etym. see hlein], Edda, Vsp., Lex. Poët.: freq. in poët. phra
ses,
hringa-hlín, bauga-h., a lady.
hlít, f. (hlíta, Fms. viii. 91, v.l., Hkr. i. 199),
[Dan. lid], sufficiency,
full warranty, security; nú skal ek sjálfr halda vörð
, hefði þat fyrr þótt
nokkur hlít, Fms. viii. 91; ek mun hafa landráð meðan, ok
vættir mik
þat sé nokkur hlít slíka stund, xi. 22; bar hann sik
at nokkurri hlit
(tolerably well) meðan vér ruddum skipit, iv. 261, Hkr. i. 199
; þann
er biskupi þykki full hlít, K. Þ. K. 18 (1853); hlít v
ar at því lítil, of
small matter, Dropl. (in a verse). β. adverb. phrases; til hl&ia
cute;tar,
tolerably, pretty well; árferð var þá til nokkurr
ar hlítar, Fms. i. 86, vii.
237, Fær. 257, Ó. H. 116; til góðrar hlítar, p
retty good,110, Eg. 590;
at goðri hlít, very well indeed, Fms. iv. 250; hlítar v
el, well enough,
 Fas. ii. 268; hlítar fagr, passably fair, Mirm.; skip skipat
til hlítar, a
ship well manned, Fms. i. 196: in mod. usage, til hlítar, adv. suf
ficiently,
thoroughly, freq.
HLÍTA, tt, [Dan. lide], to rely on, trust, abide by,
with dat.; gakk
með mér jafnan, ok hlít (imperat.) mínum ráð
um, Nj. 62, Fms. i. 116,
Fs. 84; ef hann vill eigi þeim váttum hlíta (abide by
) er hinir hafa,
Grág. i. 114; þá skal hinn hlíta því at
lögum, N. G. L. i. 346; þetta
þá Guðrún ok kvaðsk hans forsjá hlíta
mundu, Ld. 144, Fs. 8o, Fas. iii.
70; ek mun hlíta búum mínum ok fara eigi til Hofs, V&aacute
;pn. 29; hann
var kvæntr, ok hlítti þó ekki þeirri einni saman
, i.e. he had paramours

besides, Dropl. 15; ok hlítir Ástríðr eigi ö&e
th;rum konum í pvi at þjóna
honum í lauginni, A. trusted not to other women, i.e. would let
no one do
it but herself, Fms. xi. 157; ok skal ekki öðrum mönnum n&uacu
te; at h. at
reka nautin, i.e. I will do it myself, Eg. 720, Valla L. 224; þeir
hlíttu
mér (used me) til bréfa-görða, Fms. ix. 262; ef &t
horn;ú mátt eigi öðrum þar
til hlíta, if thou hast no one else to do it, Grett. 107: so in th
e saying, eigi
má því einu h. er bazt þykkir, one must put up with
something short of
the best, Grett. 2. with prep.; en þó sýnisk m&ea
cute;r, sem eigi muni
minna við hlíta, less than that will not do, Ísl. ii. 3
58, Fs. 13; vér höfum
skip svá mikit ok lið-skyflt, at þar má ekki litlu li&et
h;i við hlíta, so large a
ship that it requires no small crew, Fms. iv. 297; eigi muntu þv&iacut
e; einu
fyrir hlíta, that is not a sufficient answer, thou shall not get off w
ith that,
 Hkr. iii. 256; cp. einhlítr, adj.
hlít-styggr, adj. trusting to no one but oneself, daring, L
ex. Poët.
HLJÓÐ, n. [Ulf. hliuþ = GREEK, 1 Tim. ii. 11, in
Uppström's edition;
cp. A. S. hleoðor = sound; mid. H. G. lût; cp. O. H. G.
hliodar; Germ.
laut; Dan. lyd; Swed. ljud; akin to it are several Gr. and
Lat. words
with an initial GREEK, cl; the original meaning is hearing or t
he thing heard,
 like Gr. GREEK and hljóð, hljómr, hlust (q. v.) are kindr
ed words; hence
comes the double sense of this word in Icel., sound and silence.
A.
Hearing, a hearing, listening, silence; biðja (kveðja) hlj&oacute
;ðs, to beg
a hearing, chiefly as a parliamentary term, of one about to speak, to recite
a poem before a prince or the like; Njáll kvaddi sér hljó&e
th;s, Nj. 105;
kvæði hefi ek ort um yðr, ok vilda ek hljóð fá,
I wished to get a hearing,
Ísl. ii. 229; Egill hóf upp kvæðit ok kvað h&aac
ute;tt ok fékk þegar hljóð, Eg.
427, cp. Vsp. 1, Höfuðl. 2; vilja ek hljóð at Hárs li
ði, I ask a hearing for
my song, Ht. 1; ek hefi ort kvæði um yðr ok vilda ek fá
hljóð at flytja,
Fms. ii. 15; gefa h., to give a hearing, Leiðarv. 5; hafit hlj&oacute
;ð, be quiet!
 625. 72; þá er bæði gott hljóð ok g&oacut
e;ðir siðir í konungs húsi, Sks. 367:
-- the ancient meetings were in the open air, amid the hum of voices,
loud cries, and the clash of arms, þá var fyrst gnýr mikill
af fjölmenni
ok vápnum, en er hljóð fékksk, mælti Þorgn&
yacute;r, Ó. H. 68; en er hljóð
fékkst, þá stóð jarl upp ok mælti, 67, cp.
Íb. ch. 4; varð at þessu mikit
háreysti, en er hljóð fékksk, mælti Sigurðr j
arl, Fms. i. 34. 2. adverb,
phrases; í heyranda hljóði, see heyra, Nj. 230, Grág. i
. 19, passim; af
hljóði and í hljóði, in all stillness, silently,
 Nj. 5, 103, Eg. 723, Ld. 162,
Fms. iv. 79, Stj. 355; bera harm sinn í hljóði, to bear one
's grief in
silence, a saying; ein kvinna læri í hljóði með
allri undirgefni, 1 Tim. ii. 11,
where the Gothic text has in hliuþa: þegja þunnu hlj&oa
cute;ði, to listen in breathless
stillness, Hm. 7; í einu hljóði, unanimously, a par
liamentary term. B.
The thing heard, sound; allt er hljóð þat er kvikindis e
yru má
skilja, Skálda 173, 174; greina hljóð, id., 169, 170; &
iacute; hljóði síns gráts,
Mar. 28; Þorfinnr kom öngu hljóði í lúðr
inn ok komsk eigi upp blástrinn,
Fms. ix. 30; ganga á hljóðið, to walk (in the dark)
after a distant sound;
 klukku-hljóð, the sound of a bell, v. 133; þrumu-h.
, a clap of thunder; brim-h.,
the roaring of surf. II. special usages: 1. gramm. a sou
nd,
tone; með löngu hljóði eða skömmu, hör&eth
;u eða linu, Skálda 159, 160: a
musical sound, tune, söng fagran, hljóð mikit ok dýrl
igt, Bs. i. 454; slá
hljóð á hörpu, 155. 2. phrases, koma á hlj&
oacute;ð um e-t, to catch the
sound of, become aware of, Bs. i. 165; vera í hindar hljóð
i, to be within a
hind's hearing, i.e. to be whispered about; vera ór hindar hlj
óði, to be out
of a hind's sound; drepr hljóð ór e-m, to become dumb,
lose the wind, Fms.
xi. 115; það er komit annað hljóð í strokkinn (m
etaphor from churning),
there is another sound in the churn, of a sudden turn, e. g. from
high to low spirits; the ancients also seem to have said, 'there is another
<PAGE NUM="b0272">
<HEADER>272 HLJÓÐA -- HLUTA.</HEADER>
sound in the fells,' of one who is crest-fallen; see verses in Nj. 249, H&aacute
;v. 34 new Ed., Dropl. 31, nú kná þjóta annan veg &ia
cute; fjöllum, now the fells resound with another tale; nú &t
horn;ykir henni eigi batna hljóðið í sögunni, the
tale began to sound dismal, Clar.: so in the phrase, það er gott (
slæmt, dauft) hljóð í e-m, to be in a good (or moody) state of mind. III. plur. esp. in mod. usage: &alph
a;. crying aloud, a cry, of a child or one in paroxysms of pain; Heyr

mín hljóð, hear my cry! Hólabók 276; hlj
óðin heyrðusk út fyrir dyr (of a sick person); þa&et
h; linnir ekki af hljóðum (of a baby). β. howling, scr
eaming; og þeirra hljóð (pl.) og höfuð-prestanna t
óku yfir, Luke xxiii. 23; ó-hljóð, dissonance, i
.e. screaming, howling. γ. music. voice; hafa fö
gr hljóð, a sweet voice; há, mikil, veyk, dimm, hvell h
ljóð, a high, strong, weak, deep, pealing voice; Syng þ&
uacute; ungr mest sem mátt | meðan hljóð þín
fagrt gjalla, ... eintóm hljóð úr forfeðranna gr&ou
ml;fum, Bjarni 142: the same distinction is sometimes observed in old writers, s
yngja með fögrum hljóðum, Stj. 606, Bs. i. 155; þar ge
ngr hæst í hljóðunum, there the tune reached the high
est pitch, Mar.
hljóða, að, [Germ. lauten; Dan. lyde], to
sound; hversu hverr stafr hljóðar, Skálda 159, Mar., Bs.
ii. passim; rödd hljóðar í hans eyra, Mar.: to run, of speech and writing, eptir því sem letrið hljóða
r, Stj. 29; réttarbót er svá hljóðar, a writ
which runs thus, Bs. i; whence the phrase, svo hljóðandi, to t
his effect, as follows. 2. to scream with pain, of horror; &th
orn;eir hljóðuðu og fórnuðu til mín höndun
um, Od. x. 255; þeir hljóðuðu afskapliga, xxii. 308: also o
f a child, see hljóð above; farðu að hugga barnið, &thorn
;að er að hljóða.
hljóðaðr, part. sounding, Stj. 90.
hljóðan, f. a sound, Stj. 4, 45, 80, 334: a tune, með fagrlegri h., Bs. i. 155; sam-h., harmony, Stj.: wording, ut
terance, freq. in mod. usage; eptir orðanna h., according to the exac
t words, the sound (run) of the words.
hljóð-bjalla, u, f. a tinkling bell, Karl. 157.
hljóð-bærr, adj. rumoured abroad.
hljóð-fall, n. consonancy (metric.), Edda 121.
hljóð-fegrð, f. euphony, Skálda 178.
hljóð-fylling, f., hljóð-fyllandi, a, m., be
tter ljóð-fylling, q.v.
hljóð-færi, n. a musical instrument, Fms. iii. 18
4, Fas. iii. 220, 221, Vígl. 16.
hljóð-góðr, adj. well-tuned, Bs. ii. 39.
hljóð-greipr, f. pl., poët. 'sound-tongs,' i.e. the mouth, Lex. Poët.
hljóð-kyrr, adj. still, quiet, Fms. ix. 23, v.l.
hljóð-lauss, adj. soundless, Pm. 106 (of bells).
hljóð-látr, adj. still, taciturn, Sturl. ii. 185
, Dropl. 7.
hljóð-leiki, a, m. silence, sadness, Fbr. 142.

hljóð-liga, adv. silently, in all stillness, Eg. 261, N
j. 33, Fms. i. 204, vi. 179, Fas. ii. 517.
hljóð-ligr, adj. silent; þung ok h. sótt,
a heavy and creeping sickness, Sturl. ii. 186.
hljóð-lítill, adj. faintly sounding, Pm.
61 (of bells).
hljóð-lyndr, adj. taciturn, Eb. 42, Nj. 91, Fms. vi. 18
9, Bs. ii. 155.
hljóð-læti n. stillness, silence.
hljóð-mikill, adj. shrill-sounding, Grett. 111.
hljóð-mæli, n. whispering, secrecy; færa &i
acute; h., to hush up, Ld. 206, Nj. 51.
hljóðna, að, to become silent, dumb, from surprise,
Sturl. ii. 151 (v.l.), Fas. iii. 311: impers., þá hljóð
nar um hann, he became silent, ii. 433; þar til hljóðnar
um mál þessi, till the noise about it subsides, Grett. 125
A.
Hljóð-ólfr, m. name of a dwarf, Lex. Poët.
hljóð-pípa, u, f. a flute, (mod.)
HLJÓÐR, adj. [cp. A. S. hlûde, Engl. aloud, mid. H. G. lûte, Germ. laut, but all in the opp. sense of
aloud; cp. hljóð] :-- silent, taciturn, 677. 12, Sks.
367, 370, Hom. 129; menn prúða ok hljóða, Fb. ii. 288. 
β. melancholy, sad; var hann h. ok mælti ekki við a&et
h;ra menn, biskup spurði hvat hann hugsaði er hann var svá hlj&oa
cute;ðr, Fb. ii. 329, Eg. 95, Fms. i. 208, Nj. 9, passim. 2. neut. hl
jótt, stillness, silence; er hann settisk niðr þá
var hljótt, Ó. H. 68; er hljótt var orðit, Fms. xi. 85
; göra h. um sik, to keep quiet, Grett. 198 new Ed.; tala hlj&oacute
;tt, to speak in a low voice or secretly, Nj. 118.
hljóð-samliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), = hljóðli
ga, Hkr. ii. 220.
hljóð-samr, adj. = hljóðr, Fms. viii. 81, Hkr. ii.
252.
hljóðs-grein, hljóða-grein, f. distinction of so
und or a kind of sound, Edda 120, Skálda 160, 170, 175, 179,
Stj. 45.
hljóð-skraf, n. whispering.
hljóð-stafr, m. a vowel, litera vocalis, Edda 121, Sk&a
acute;lda 161.
hljóma, að, to sound, of a musical voice, Pass. passim.
hljóman, f. sound, tune, Skálda 179.

hljóm-fagr, adj. sweet sounding; h. harpa, Bs. i.
HLJÓMR, m. [Ulf. hliuma = GREEK; cp. A. S. hlymman =
sonare; Lat. cl&a-long;mor], a sound, tune, voice, Gs. 2,
Hkr. ii. 393; h. engla Guðs, Post. 645. 73; h. ok rödd, Ísl. ii.
170, Rb. 380: chiefly of tunes in music, as in the ditty, Held eg sem he
lgan dóm | hörpunnar sætan róm | þann til að
heyra hljóm | hlypi eg suðr í Róm.
HLJÓTA, pres. hlýt, pl. hljótum; pret. hlaut, hlauzt
, hlaut, pl. hlutum; subj. hlyti; part. hlotinn, neut. hlotið: [A. S. hle
ôtan; O. H. G. hliuzan; mid. H. G. liuze; Ivar Aasen 
liota] :-- to get by lot, have allotted to oneself; þeir t&oacu
te;ku at herfangi Álöfu konu hans ok Arneiði dóttur hans,
ok hlaut Hólmfastr hana, Landn. 314; hón hlaut at sitja hj&aacute
; Björgölfi, Eg. 23; þeir lögðu hluti á ok hlaut
Þrándr, Fær. 3; var svá til sýst at Sighvatr s
káld hlaut at segja konungi, Fms. vi. 38; (Loki) hlaut blása at he
lgum skutli, Haustl. 4; skal sá reifa mál hans er hlýtr, who gets the lot, whom the lot falls on, Grág. i. 63. 2. t
o get; vér munum hljóta þunnar fylkingar, Fms. v. 53; me
nn vegnir eða sárir þrír eða fleiri ok sé hlo
tnir í hvárn-tveggja flokk, Grág. ii. 114. 3. to
undergo, suffer, bide; hljóta högg. Fms. xi. 151; úf&oum
l;r, 113; harm, i. 21; vel er, at þú hlautzt slíkt af konung
i, Hkr. ii. 319. II. metaph., absol. must needs be, with infin.; s
vá mun nú hljóta at vera at sinni sem þú vill,
Fms. i. 159; hefir margr hlotið um sárt at binda fyrir mér, N
j. 54; hér muntú vera hljóta, 129; þú munt r&i
acute;ða h., Fær. 48; en fara hlýtr þú með m&e
acute;r til Jómsborgar, Fms. i. 159; yðart atkvæði mun stan
da h., Fas. i. 211, passim; þar hlaut at nötra um, Sd. 169. III. reflex. to be allotted, fall by lot; var síðan reynt li&eth
; þeirra ok hljótask af því liði átta tigir
manna, Fms. xi. 89; at þess þeirra, er ómaginn hlautsk til h
anda, Grág. i. 266; Kaleb fór til þeirrar borgar er honum ha
fði hlotisk, Stj. 361; hann hlutaði með lýðnum um stuldin
n, ok hlautsk í kyn Júda, 356. 2. metaph. to proceed
or result from, esp. in a bad sense; en þó mun hér h
ljótask af margs manns bani, Mun nokkut hér minn bani af hlj&oacut
e;task? Nj. 90; kann vera at af hljótisk þessu tali, sem þ&aa
cute; verst hefir af hlotisk, Sd. 172.
hlotnask, að, dep. to fall to one's lot, with dat.; en ef honu
m hlotnuðusk herteknir menn, Fms. i. 258: freq. in mod. usage, Pass. 36. 10;
ok þá honum hlotnaðist að hann skyldi veifa reykelsinu, Lu
ke i. 9; hlotuask til, to turn out; hlotnaðisk svá til, V&iacu
te;gl. 57 new Ed.
hlotr, see hlutr, Fms. xi. 128.
HLÓA, ð, [A. S. hlowan; Engl. low], to bellow
, roar, of streams or cascades, Gm. 29, an GREEK., but no doubt to be thus e
xplained, and not as in Lex. Poët.
HLÓÐ, n. pl. [hlaða], a hearth, chimney-place, freq
. in mod. usage (it can only be by chance that no old reference is on record); s
etja pott á hlóðir, to set the pot on the fire. hl&o
acute;ða-karl, m. = hadda, q.v.
Hlóðyn, f., gen. hlóðynjar, the mythical name of th
e Earth, prop. hearth (?), homestead (?), and akin to hló&e
th;, Edda, Lex. Poët.
Hlóra, u, f. the mythical name of the foster mother or nurse of Th
or, Edda.
Hlóriði, a, m. [hlóa and reið = thunder], on
e of the names of Thor, the Bellowing Thunderer, Edda, Hým., &THOR
N;kv., Ls., Vellekla.
HLUMR, m., pl. ir, proncd. hlummr, the handle of an oar, Fa
s. i. 215 (hlumir), ii. 355 (where hlummar pl.), Edda (Ht., where hlumr and sumr
i are rhymed), Sturl. iii. 68, Glúm. 395.
HLUNKA, að, [hlymr], to give a dull, hollow sound, Fms. xi. 28
0, Skáld H. R. 4. 19.
hlunkr, m. a dull sound, a thump.
hlunnindi, n. pl. [hlunnr], prop. 'launching,' but only used metap
h., emoluments, esp. attached to an estate or possession, Gþl. 68,
293, Vm. 55, Eb. 40, Fms. ix. 95.
HLUNNR, m. [Shetl. linn; cp. Engl. to launch, which is deri
ved from the Scandin. word] :-- a roller for launching ships, Edda 38, Fm
s. vii. 19, viii. 45: also of the pieces of wood put under the keel of ships when ashore (during the winter ships used to be dragged ashore, called r&aac
ute;ða skipi til hlunns), Grág. i. 92, 209, N. G. L. i. 26, Eg. 515,
Nj. 10, Lex. Poët. passim: in poetry a ship is called hlunn-d&yac
ute;r, -fákr, -goti, -jór, -vigg, -vitnir, -vísundr, =
the deer, steed, bison of h., Lex. Poët.
hlunn-roð, n. reddening the h., so called when a person was ki
lled in launching a ship (in the spring), Fas. i. 264, N. G. L. i. 65: this was
taken to be a bad augury, see Ragn. S. ch. 9 (Fas. i. 259, 260).
HLUST, f. [A. S. hlyst; Hel. hlust = hearing; cp. Gr
. GREEK], the ear, prop. the inner part of the ear, cochlea auris,
Ad. 6, 9, Nj. 210 (v.l.), Fms. ii. 100, Edda 109, Band. 36 new Ed., Sturl. ii.
85, Eg. 758 (in a verse), passim: the ears of beasts, e.g. seals, bears, birds,
or the like are usually called hlust, not eyra, Merl. 1. 38, Fb. i. 133, Eb. 99
new Ed. (v.l.), Fas. ii. 237, Fs. 149, 179. hlustar-verkr, m. ear-ache
, otalgia, Fél.
hlusta, að, [A. S. hlystan; Engl. listen; cp. hlust], to listen; h. til e-s, 623. 34: in mod. usage, h. á e-ð, freq.
HLUTA, að, [A. S. hluton; Engl. lot; Germ. loosen], to draw lots for a thing, obtain by lot, the thing in acc. or infin.;
þar var hlutaðr tvímenningr, Eg. 22; þar skyldi sæ
ti (acc. pl.) hluta, the seats were allotted, 247; þeir eigu at h.
með sér hverr reifa skal mál hans, Grág. i. 63; þ
ær sakir skal eigi hluta er um veföng er sótt, 74; þ&aac
ute; eigu þeir at h. með sér, hvárr þeirra annask
skal (the ómagi), 266; svá lízt mér at annarr hv&aac
ute;rr okkarr sæki málit, ok munu vit þá verða at
hluta með okkr, Nj. 86; þá vóru hlutaðar framsö

gur, ok hlaut hann fyrst fram at segja sína sök, 232; vóru me
nn hlutaðir til skip-stjórnar, Fb. ii. 317; urðu þeir &aacu
te; þat sáttir um síðir, at hlutað var hverr þ
etta eyrindi skyldi fram segja, Fms. vi. 38; skyldi ... hluta með Grikkjum o
k Væringjum, hvárir fyrri skyldi ríða eðr róa
, etc., 136; þat mál samdisk á þá leið, at
konungar skyldi hluta um, hvárr ráða skyldi þaðan &i
acute; frá, vii. 170: mæltu þá konungar sín &ia
cute; milli, at þeir skyldi hluta um eign þá ok kasta teningu
m, Ó. H. 90;
<PAGE NUM="b0273">
<HEADER>HLUTAN -- HLUTR. 273</HEADER>
slítum vér eigi þenna kyrtil heldr hlutum vér hann, G
reg. 1. II. reflex.: 1. to be allotted, to fall out, turn out; ok hlutaðisk svá til, it so turned out, Bs. i. 433. 2. with prep.; hlutask til e-s, to meddle with a thing; eigi hlutumk ek
til málsverða, Eb. 36; en þú veizt, frændi, at ek
hefi til fás hlutask síðan ek kom til Íslands, Hrafn. 1
7; en þat varð fram at koma er Þorgerðr vildi til hvers er h
ón hlutaðisk, Ld. 94; ekki hefi ek hlutask til málaferla y&eth
;varra, en nú vil ek vita ..., Nj. 101, Þórð. 67; &thorn
;at er bæði, at ek hefi lítt til ráða hlutask, ok vi
ll þú at ek ráða litlu, Glúm. 324; hlutask til me
ð e-m, to assist one in a case, Lv. 40; at eigi haldi þé
r sæmdum nema til hlutisk yðr tignari menn, 76, Fas. iii. 46. &beta
;. skiptum vér eigi þenna kyrtil, hlutumst heldr um hvers hann
skal verða, John xix. 24.
hlutan, f. a drawing or casting of lots, Grág. i. 38
, 493, N. G. L. i. 145.
hlut-burðr, m. a chance, lot, D. N.
hlut-deila, d, to meddle, Sturl. i. 196, ii. 42.
hlut-deilinn, adj. meddlesome, Fs. 123; ó-hlutdeilinn, p
assive.
hlut-deilni, f. meddlesomeness, Rd. 255, Karl. 123.
hlut-drjúgr, adj. lucky, getting the better share, Lv. 24.
hlut-fall, n., chiefly in pl., a casting of lots; leggja til hlutf
alla, Fs. 67, Fms. v. 147; fara at hlutföllum, to go by lots, Ver. 4
; bjóða til hlutfalla, a law term, to bid one proceed to cast lots
, Grág. i. 37, Nj. 232; skipta til hlutfalls, to divide into lots,
 Gþl. 341. 2. mod. proportion (sing.), Rb. 460.
hlut-felling, f. proportion, Alg. 372.
hlut-gengr, adj. capable, up to the mark, Fb. ii. 329.
hlut-girni, f. meddlesomeness, Glúm. 353.
hlut-gjarn, adj. meddlesome, Ld. 248.
hlut-henda and hlut-hending, f. a kind of metre or rhyme

, see hending and henda, Edda 121, 123, 136.
hluti, a, m. a part; í þeim hluta veraldar, Edda (pre
f.); mikinn hluta af Englandi, Eg. 270; mikinn hluta Skotlands, Ó. H. 131
; mikill (mestr, lítill) h. liðs, Fms. i. 110, Eg. 269, Edda 82, Fb.
ii. 283; bleikt silfr ok skal vera meiri hluti silfrs, Grág. i. 500: adve
rb, phrases, at öllum hluta, for the whole lot or share, 245;
að mestum hluta, for the most part; að nokkrum hluta, for so
me part; at mínum (sínum) hluta, for my (her) part, Nj. 250, Fs. 62. II. a share, but the weak form is seld
om used in this sense, as in the phrase, göra á hluta e-s, to enc
roach upon one's share, wrong one, Fms. vii. 219, Vígl. 25; eptir er
enn yðarr hluti, your part, portion of the work, Nj. 144; ok undi han
n þó verr sínum hluta, Fms. vii. 176 (v.l. hlut better).
hlut-kesti, n. a casting of lots, N. T.; but does not occur in old
writers.
hlut-lauss, adj. 'lot-less,' not partaking in, Lat. expers;
at yður bók skyldi þeirra umbóta eigi h. vera, Gþ
l. iv: having taken no part in, h. eðr sýkn af manndráp
i, Fms. ii. 225; h. ok afskiptr e-u (void of), Stj. 155; h. allrar undirhyggju, Bs. i. 723: neut., veiða hlutlaust, to fish without getting a sha
re, D. I. i. 497; ríða hlutlaust, to pass free, unmolested, Sturl. i. 39. In mod. usage, hlutlauss means passive, neutral, of a pe
rson; and láta e-ð hlutlaust, to leave a thing alone, not meddle w
ith it.
HLUTR, m., the original form was diphthongal, hlautr, like the Got
hic, as is borne out by the kindred and derivative words hlaut, hleyti, q.v.; th
e acc. was weakened into o, hlotr, Fms. xi. 128; and lastly into u, hlutr; old nom. pl. hlotar, Jómsv. S. l.c., but commonly
hlutir; gen. sing. hlutar: [Goth. hlauts = GREEK, Mark xv. 24, Col. i. 12
, Ephes. i. 11, Luke i. 9; A. S. and Hel. hlot; Engl. lot; Germ. loos; Dan. lod; Swed. lott; the Goth., Germ., and earliest S
candin. have a long vowel, and prob. also A. S. and O. H. G. (hlôt,
not hlot); the Ormul. spells lott with a short vowel, as is the
case also in Icel., Dan., Swed., and Engl.]
A. A lot; the ceremony of drawing lots was like that described in
Homer; each party marked his lot (skera or marka hluti), which was then thrown i
nto a sheet (lap of a garment, bera or leggja hluti í skaut), and a third
person came and drew a lot out; (it was not thrown out by shaking.) This drawin
g of lots was originally a sacred ceremony; it was used in sacrifices (by way of
augury, see below), in sharing booty or an inheritance; in law the order in whi
ch suits came on was decided by lot, in banquets the seats of honour were so ass
igned (e.g. who was to sit next to the daughter of the house), etc. Many words i
n the language refer to this old rite, and the ceremony is thus described: en hl
uti skyldi skera ok í skaut bera, Fms. vii. 140; kom þat ása
mt með þeim at hluti skyldi bera í skaut, ... skyldi þv&i
acute; hvárir-tveggju una sem hlutr segði, vóru þ&aacute
; hlutir markaðir; þá mælti Norðbrikt til Gyrgis: 'l&
aacute;t mik sjá hversu þú markar þinn hlut at vit mar
kim eigi báðir einn veg;' hann gerði svá; síðan
markaði Norðbrikt sinn hlut, ok kastaði í skaut ok sv&aacute
; báðir þeir; síðan gékk sá maðr a
t er til (upp, v.l.) skyldi taka, ok tók upp annan hlutinn milli fingra s
ér ...; síðan var at hugat þeim hlutinum ok kenndu &thor
n;ar allir mark Gyrgis, vi. 136, 137: hverr maðr er sök hefir með a
t fara í dóm, þá skal hlut bera í skaut, einn,
þótt hann hafi fleiri sakar í dóm þann, hverr
maðr skal merkja hlut sinn ok bera alla saman í skaut, ok skal ma&eth
;r taka fjóra hluti senn upp, Grág. i. 37; bjóða til hl
utfalla ok bera þar hluti í skaut, 74; menn báru þ&aac
ute; hluti sína í skaut ok tók jarlinn upp; ... svá
sagði hlutr til, at Egill skyldi sitja hjá jarls-dóttur um kve
ldit, Eg. 247; en þá er tólfmenningr var skipaðr til at
sitja ok settir hlutir til hverr næst skyldi sitja Ástrí&et
h;i, dóttur Vigfúss hersis, ok hlaut Eyjólfr ávalt a
t sitja hjá henni, Glúm. 331: nú ræða þeir
um goðorðit ok verða eigi ásáttir, vildi hverr sinn hl
ut (case) fram draga; þá leggja þeir hluti í sk
aut, ok kom jafnan upp hlutr Silfra, Fs. 68; þeir lögðu hluti &aa
cute;, ok hlaut Þrándr, Fær. 2. of sacrifice; v&oacute
;ru þá görvir hlutir af vísinda-mönnum (soothsa
yers), ok feldr blótspánn til, en svá gékk fr&ea
cute;ttin, at ..., Fas. i. 452; cp. hristu teina ok á hlaut sá, Hy
m. 1; and, þá kná Hænir hlautvið kjósa ( =
taka upp hluti), Vsp. l.c.; see also hlaut, hlauttein, p. 270. II. the hl
utir were talismans or little images, which people used to wear on their
persons; síðan tekr jarl skálar (scales) góð
ar ... ok fylgðu tvau met (weights), annat af gulli en annat af silfr
i; þar var á líkneskja manns, ok hétu þat hluta
r (hlotar sem fornmönnum var títt at hafa, add. in v.l.), ok fylg&et
h;i sú náttúra, at þá er jarl lagði &thorn
;á í skálarnar, ok kvað á hvat hvárr skyl
di merkja, ok ef sá kom upp (turned up) er hann vildi, þ&aac
ute; breylti sá í skálinni svá at varð glamm af.
Jarl gaf Einari skálarnar ok varð hann glaðr við ok s&iacute
;ðan kallaðr Einarr Skálarglam, Jómsv. S. (1824) 37, 38; h
lutr er horfinn ór pússi þínum sá er Haraldr k
onungr gaf þér í Hafrsfirði, ok er hann nú kominn
í holt þat er þú munt byggja, ok er á hlutnum
markaðr Freyr af silfri, Fs. 19; ok vili Freyr þar láta sinn hl
ut niðr koma er hann vill sitt sæmdar-sæti setja, 22; cp. Landn.
, hann sendi Finna tvá í hamförum til Íslands eptir hl
ut sínum, 174; hann hefir líkneski Þórs í pung
i sínum af tönn gört ...; nú fannsk engi sá 'hlut
r' í hans valdi, Fs. 97: the 'gumna heillir' or talismans, mentioned in S
dm., were prob. hlutir.
B. Metaph., without the actual drawing of lots: I. a share, all
otment, portion; skal þat þeirra er biskup lofar skilnað, ha
fa slíkan hlut fjár (portion) við annat, Grág. i
. 329: of booty, hann færði Ölvi skip sín ok kallar &thorn
;at vera hlut hans, Nj. 46: of a finder's share, heimtir hlut af sauð
unum, Háv. 40; halda til hlutar, id. β. esp. of a fisherma
n's share of the catch, Band. 4, cp. Höfuðl. 1; a fishing boat has
one or two hundred ... í hlut, each of the crew (hásetar) taking h
is 'hlutr,' and besides this there was a færis-hlutr (line share) o
r netja-hlutr (net share), skips-hlutr (ship's share), and lastly
for-manns-hlutr (foreman's share, he getting double); see the remarks o
n aflausn. γ. a share, lot, portion, of inheritance, often i
n early Dan. law, where the daughter received a half, the brother a whole portio
n, sun til ful lot, oc dotær til half lot, Wald. Sjæll. Lov., p. 1;
-- whence in Dan. broder-lod, söster-lod, = a brother's, sister's
portion; en komi jafnmikit fé á hlut hvers þeirra, Gr&a
acute;g. (Kb.) i. 220: of duty, kom þat á hlut Andreas postula, 625
. 64. 2. metaph. phrases; láta hlut sinn, to let go one's share
, be worsted, Fms. i. 74, Fb. ii. 62; þeirra h. brann við, got
singed, Hkr. ii. 178; þinn hlutr má ekki verða betri en g&
oacute;ðr, thy case cannot be better than good, is as good as it can be, Nj. 256; ella muntú finna á þínum hlut, thou s
halt find it to thy cost, Ld. 98; þeirra h. varð æ minni ok
minni, their lot grew ever worse and worse, Fms. x. 250; eigi skyldi henn
ar h. batna við þat, her case should not mend with that, Nj. 52
; sitja yfir hlut e-s, to oppress, weigh a person down, Eg. 512, Nj. 89,
Fb. iii. 450; mínka sinn hlut, to yield one's lot (right),
451; láta sinn (hlut) undir liggja, to let one's lot be the nethermost
, Bárð.; leggja hlut sinn við e-t, to throw in one's lot w
ith a thing, to espouse a cause, run a risk, Lv. 45 (twice), Fb. iii. 166, S
turl. i. 162 C; eigi mundi svá Sverrir gera, ef hann ætti vá
rn hlut, S. would not do so if he had our lot, our cards in his hand, Fms
. viii. 392; eigi mundir þú svá renna frá þ&iac
ute;num manni, ef þú ættir minn hlut, xi. 72; hafa (fá
) hærra (meira, lægra) hlut, to get the better (less)
share, to get the best (worst) of it, to win or lose
, Eb. 194, Fs. 32, 113, Nj. 90, 224, Fas. i. 252, Fms. vi. 412, viii. 284, Hkv.
2. 19; hafa allan hlut mála, Bs. i. 82; eiga hlut at e-u, to own a sha
re in, take part (interest) in, interfere (meddle) i
n a thing, be concerned about, Eb. 124, Nj. 27, 101, 119, Fms. xi. 83; &thor
n;ar er þú ættir hlut at, wherein thou wast concerned,
Nj. 54; nú mun eigi mega sitjanda hlut í eiga, to take a sitte
r's part in it, i.e. not stir in the matter, 110; hér munu eig
i gæfu-menn í hlut eiga, 179; hafa inn vesta hlut af, to behave
meanly, Eg. 271. II. a part, Lat. pars; enn efra hlut H
runamanna-hrepps, Landn. 312: mestr h. liðs, the most part of the body, Eg. 275; meiri hlutr, búa, dómanda ..., the majority of the
neighbours, judges ..., Nj. 237, Grág. i. 79; tíundi h. eyrir,
a tenth part of an ounce, 357: byggja jörð til hlutar, to le
ase an estate in shares, N. G. L. i. 137: sjau hlutum ljósari, sev
en times brighter, Eluc. 44; tveim hlutum dýrra, twice as dear, Landn. 243; eins hlutar (on the one hand) ... annars hlutar (on the
other hand), 625. 172. III. a case, thing, Lat. res; hv
ern hlut, everything, Nj. 53; á engum hlut, in nothing, Fms
. ii. 27; í öllum hlutum, in everything, passim; allir hlutir
, all things, Edda 147 (pref.); aðra hluti, other things, Fms.
i. 213; alla hluti þá er ..., all things whatsoever, Ld. 18
; allir þeirra hlutir, all their things, Fms. x. 250; fjórir
eru þeir hlutir (cases) er menn ber í átt, Gr&aacute
;g. i. 361; hverngi hlut (reason) er maðr vill til þess f&aelig
;ra, 179; fyrir tengda sakir ok annarra stórra hluta er hér hvarfl
a í milli, Nj. 147; undarlegr, kynlegr h., a strange thing, Ld. 20
0, Fms. x. 169; iðna slíka hluti, Grág. i. 149; eru þ&ea
cute;r stórir hlutir á höndum, Fms. vii. 30: a deed, fact,
 orðinn h., a bygone thing, Fr. fait accompli, Nj. 20; ein
n lítill h., a little thing, small matter, Fms. ix. 448. β
. with neg. adv. = Engl. naught; görðit
<PAGE NUM="b0274">
<HEADER>274 HLUTRÆNINGI -- HLÆJA.</HEADER>
hlut þiggja, Am. 94; ekki lyt (lyf MS.), Skv. 1. 9; engi hluta(r), nowa
ys, 656 C. 25.
hlut-ræningi, a, m. one robbed of his share; verða h. e-
s, or fyrir e-m, to be unfairly dealt with, Eg. 525 (v.l.), Fb. ii. 379,
Gullþ. 12; göra e-n h., Orkn. 306, 318.
hlut-samr, adj. meddlesome, Fms. ii. 68, Lv. 27, Karl. 386.
hlut-seigr, adj. holding fast one's share, tenacious, Bs. i. 716.
hlut-semi, f. meddling.
hlut-skarpr, adj. = hlutdrjúgr.
hlut-skipta, t, to share by lots, Stj. 375.
hlut-skipti, n. a sharing, Eg. 280, Fms. i. 183: a share, lot, of inheritance, Fs. 18, Ld. 222: of booty, Eg. 4, 57, Fms. vi. 86, vii. 278,
Bs. i. 37, Barl. 188.
hlut-sæll, adj. getting the best share, lucky, Fs. 143.
hlut-takandi, part. partaking, a partaker, 623. 28, 45, Greg. 12.
hlut-takari, a, m. a partaker, 655 xiv. A. 2, Magn. 432, Greg. 23,
Bs. i. 744, Stj.
hlut-tekning, f. a partaking: proportion, Alg. 372: gramm. the
participle, Skálda 180.
hlut-vandr, adj. fair about one's share, upright, honest, Band. 35
new Ed., Lv. 48, Thom. 396, Rétt. 5. 5: ó-hlutvandr, dishones
t.
hlut-verk, n. work allotted, Fbr. 130, Háv. 56, Grett. 125.
HLÚKI, a, m. a term of abuse; hrímugr hlúki,
Korm. in a verse. (Is the Scot. luckie, used of an old woman, akin to th
is word?)
hlykkjóttr, adj. crooked, Stj. 78, freq. in mod. usage.
hlykk-lauss, adj. 'bend-less,' unbent, straight, Al. 173.
HLYKKR, m., pl. ir, better lykkr (see p. 227), a bend, curve, Stur
l. iii. 37, Hom. 115, Fms. i. 145.
HLYMJA, pret. hlumði, pres. hlymr, to dash, Hým. 24; s&
aelig;r hlymr, the sea dashes against the boards, Edda 100 (in a verse).
hlymr, m. [hljómr], a clash, as of hoofs, Skálda 169
, Skm. 14, Og. 28.
HLYNNA, t, [hlunnr], prop. 'to launch,' but only used metaph. t
o help a person on; h. fyrir e-m, Fms. viii. 239, v.l.: very freq. in mod.
usage, h. að e-u, to cherish, foster, and of persons to nourish.
hlynning, f. a fostering; að-hlynning, id.
hlynninn, adj. fostering; h. á. sigr, victorious, Le
x. Poët.
HLYNR, m., pl. ir, [Ivar Aasen lön; Swed. lönn],

a maple tree, Lat. acer, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët. passim.
HLÝ, n. [Dan. ly = shelter], warmth, as of a
bed; þvíat konungr þóttisk þá þurf
a hlýs, Fms. vi. 251, Fagrsk. 49 (in a verse).
HLÝÐA, dd, [hljóð A]: I. prop. to hearken
, listen; eyrum hlýðir en augum skoðar, Hm. 7: with dat. 
to listen to one, 623. 27, Fms. vii. 245, Eg. 694; var hann ekki svá
mikillátr at eigi hlýddi (to give ear to) hann mönnu
m er skylt áttu við hann at ræða, Ó. H. 68; h. messu
, tíðum, lestri, to hear mass, attend service, go to church, 6
71 B, 655 xi. 4, Bs. i. 131 passim. 2. with prep.; hlýða &aacu
te; e-t, to listen to a thing, Fms. ix. 472; h. til e-s, a law term, t
o listen to a pleading, Nj. 36, Grág. i. 76; h. til tals e-s, Fas. ii
. 517; sitja menn þar umhverfis ok hlýða til sögunnar, Fbr
. 87 new Ed.; h. e-m yfir, to hear a pupil's lessons, of a teacher holdi
ng the book whilst the pupil recites the lesson; hlýða yfir Fræ
ðin, Faðir Vor, Kverið, Lektíuna, etc. 3. to yield
to; glöddusk allir er þeir höfðu hlýtt þv&
iacute; ráði, Fb. i. 439; þeim er eigi vildu h. hans orðum,
ii. 64: to obey, as children their parents, h. föður, mó
ður sinni, h. Guði, freq. in mod. usage, but it seems not to be used in
old writers exactly in this sense. II. metaph. to be due, to do, be pr
oper; hlýðir þat hvergi (it will not do), at hafa ei
gi lög í landi, Nj. 149; má eigi vita hvat helzt hlý&e
th;ir, Fms. vii. 105: to do, suffice, eigi man h. svá búit,
this will not do, something must be done (in an extreme case), Eg. 507,
Fms. i. 104; hlýðir þó þeir sé þr&iac
ute;r, three will do, Grág. ii. 139; nú hlýðir &
thorn;at eigi, but if that will not do, K. Þ. K. 88; en með &th
orn;ví at þeir höfðu liðs-kost góðan, &thor
n;á hlýddi, it went off well, Fms. i. 66: e-m hlý&et
h;ir e-t, it does, is possible for a person, Sinfjötla hlýddi
þat, Fas. i. 130. β. to be allowed to a person; engum
öðrum skyldi þat h., nobody else should dare to do so, Hkr
. i. 209; Einarr lét öngum h. móti at mæla, E. would
not hear of any one's gainsaying, let nobody contradict, Orkn. 40; er &thor
n;at undr er þér látið honum hvatvetna h., Eg. 71; ella
eru mjök aldauða várir foreldrar er eigi létu konungum h.
slik úlög, Fms. vi. 37. III. reflex. to listen; hann
hlýðisk um hvárt nokkurir vekti, Gísl. 29; þ&aacu
te; héldu þeir upp árum ok hlýddusk um, Fas. ii. 517;
nema þeir staðar undir búðar-vegginum ok hlýðas
k þaðan um, Fbr. 87 new Ed.; Sturla bað menn hlýðask um
, Sturl. i. 82: to be allowed, dare to do a thing with impunity, margir m
unu hér eptir taka ef þessum hlýðsk, 36; konungr sag&eth
;i þeim skyldi þat ekki hlýðask, Fas. i. 45.
hlýða, u, f. [A. S. hleowd; provinc. Dan. lude =
a shed], a shed; a part of a ship, a cabin (?); hlý
ðan skalf, Knytl. S. (in a verse).
hlýðinn, adj. giving ear to one; hann var h. vinum s&ia
cute;num um öll góð ráð, Fms. vi. 30: meek, obedie
nt, hlýðnum syni ok lítilátum, Sks. 11; and so in m
od. usage of children, pupils, þjónum þeim og hlyðnir s&e
acute;um, elskum þau og virðing veitum, Luther's Catech. on the 5th Co
mm.; var þeim og hlýðinn, Luke ii. 51; ó-hlýð
inn, disobedient, naughty. β. yielding homage to one;

h. konungi sínum, Sks. 269; áðr en landsfólk hafði
honum hlýðit orðit, Hkr. ii. 212.
hlýði-samt, n. adj. proper for one to do (see hl&yacute
;ða II. β); vera h. to do for one, Ísl. ii. 198, Ld. 154,
Fms. vi. (in a verse).
hlýðnask, að, dep. to obey one, with dat., Fms. i.
281, Fær. 132 Str. 20.
hlýðni, f. obedience, homage, Sks. 269, Fms. iii. 12, v
i. 29, Bs. i. 742 Orkn. 394, Stj. 117; ó-hlýðni, disobedien
ce.
hlýðugr, adj. = hlýðinn, N. T.
hlýindi, n. pl. warmth, snugness, Snót (1866): of we
ather, mild.
HLÝJA (mod. hlúa), pres. hlýr, pret. hløð
i (mod. hlúði), cp. tøði from týja; part. hl&uacute
;ð :-- prop. to cover, shelter, with dat.; hlýrat henni b&ouml
;rkr né barr, Hm. 49; to this belongs the poët. pret., serkir hl&osl
ash;ðut þeim = Homer's GREEK, Il. xv. 529 (cp. GREEK, xiii. 371, ga
ve them no shelter against the blow), Edda i. 418; in mod. usage, hlú
a að e-m, to cover with clothes (Lat. fovere), to make one
warm and snug; hér er sjór kallaðr hlér, þv&i
acute;at hann hlýr allra minzt, Skálda 198; hlúðu a&eth
; þér betr, þú hefr ekki hlúð vel að &t
horn;ér, thou art too thinly clad.
hlýna, að, to become warm.
HLÝR, adj. warm, mild; hlýtt veðr, mild weath
er; hlý húsa-kynni, warm, snug rooms: metaph., e-m er h
lýtt til e-s, to have a warm heart, affection, for a person; see h
lær below.
HLÝR, n. pl. [A. S. hleor; Hel. hlear; Engl. leer
], a cheek, Edda 72; hlýra skúrir, tears, &Iacut
e;sl. ii. 352 (in a verse): metaph. of things, of a vessel, the bows (cp.
Gr. GREEK, and kinnungr from kinn, a cheek), Edda (Gl.), Fms. iv. 377, L
ex. Poët. COMPDS: hlýr-birtr, adj. stained on the bows, Orkn. 332. hlýr-roðinn, part. = GREEK, Od. ix. 125, = hl&yac
ute;rbirtr: the shield is called hlýr-garðr, hlýr-s&
oacute;l, hlýr-tungl, hlýr-vangr, from the gunwale being fence
d with a wall of shields, Lex. Poët.: the cheeks of an axe, Nj. 28,
Grett. (in a verse), Edda i. 392 (in a verse): in mod. usage the sides of a k
nife are called hlýrar, as also the two sides of a bodice.
hlýri, a, m., poët. a brother, frater germanus, only i
n poets, Lex. Poët, passim; perhaps orig. a 'twin-brother.'
hlýrn, n. (?), poët. a certain time of day, d&oelig;gr
, hlýrn, röckr, Edda ii. 569; the exact meaning is not known, cp. Bj
arn. 59 (in a verse),
hlýrnir, m., poët. the sky, heaven, Alm. 13, Lex. Po&e
uml;t. passim,
hlæða, i.e. hl&oelig;ða, ð, [hlaða, hl&oacut

e;ð]; h. skip, to lade a ship; h. hest, to load, saddle a horse, Fb. i. 193, Skv. 1. 13, Hdl. 5: hlæðendr, part. pl., Orkn. (
in a verse).
hlæðir, m. a loader, Sighvat.
hlægi, n. ridicule, Hm. 19, Fms. vi. 151, Clem. 36, 42. COMP
DS: hlægi-orðr, hlægi-máll, and hlægi-mál
igr, adj. humorous, Fms. ix. 241, 249. hlægi-skip, n. an odd, curious ship, Sighvat.
hlægja, ð, properly hl&oelig;gja, [causal of hlæja
], to make one laugh; at hundi elskar Andaðr ... ok jöfur hl&oel
ig;gir, Fagrsk. 6 (in a verse); at engi maðr mundi sá vera at hann mu
ndi eigi hl&oelig;gja með sínum gamansamlegum orðum, Sks. 118 B;
at Ægir skyldi þat gera, er hón hugði at þeir skyld
i eigi mega, at hlægja hana, to make her laugh, Edda 46: metaph. to gladden one, make one's heart leap for joy, cheer one; þat hl&aeli
g;gir mik, segir Skarphéðinn, áttú munt hefna mí
n, Nj. 202; þat hl&oelig;gir mik nú, at ek sé þat, naf
ni, at þinn sigr mun eigi langr vera, Fms. xi. 23; oss hl&oelig;gir &thorn
;at eigi, Korm.; drottins-svikar er Djöful hl&oelig;gðu, Fms. v. 126 (i
n a verse).
hlæg-liga, mod. hlægi-liga, adv. ridiculously,
Fms. vi. 141.
hlæg-ligr, mod. hlægi-ligr, adj. ridiculous, laugha
ble, Am. 53, Hkv. Hjörv. 30, Glúm. 351 (hla'gligr UNCERTAIN), Ba
nd. 38 new Ed. (see note).
HLÆJA, pres. hlær, pl. hlægjum; pret. hló (qs. h
lóg), 2nd pers. hlótt, mod. hlóst; pl. hlógu, mod. h
lóu; pret. subj. hlægi; imperat. hlæ, hlaeðu; part. hlegi
nn; [Ulf. hlahjan; A. S. hlihan; Engl. laugh; Hel. hlaha
n; O. H. G. hlahhan; old Frank, hlaka; Germ. lachen; D
an. le] :-- to laugh, Hðm. 20, Skv. 3. 30, Am. 61, Akv. 24; h
. hátt, to laugh loud, Skv. 2. 15; Grímr var ekki ká
tr, ok aldri hló hann síðan Helgi var fallinn, Dropl. 27; Gr&i
acute;mr skelldi upp ok hló, 31; hví hlóttu nú? Fms.
vi. 390; hló Vigfúss at? Halli mælti, þat er vani &th
orn;eirra feðga at hlæja, þá er vígahugr er &aacut
e; þeim, Glúm. 367; hón hlaer við hvert orð, Nj. 18;
h. dátt, to laugh heartily; skelli-hlægja, to roar with
laughter; h. hlátr, Hildigunnr hló kalda-hlátr, Nj.: ph
rases, þá hló marmennill, then the merman laughed, o
f a sudden, unreasonable burst of laughter, Fas. Hálfs. S. ch. 7, &Iacute
;sl. Þjóðs. i. 133: as also Merlin (1869), ch. 23; hugr hlaer,
one's heart laughs; at minn hugr hlægja við honum, Fas. i. 195;
hlær mér þess hugr, Fms. xi. 96; þau tíðend
i er þeim hló hugr við, ix. 494, v.l.; löngum hlaer l&iacu
te;tið vit, long laugh, little wit; hleginn, laughed at, Ni&et
h;rst. 6. 2. with prep.; hlæja at e-u, to laugh at a thing;
Hrútr hló at ok gékk í braut, Nj. 10; allt fó
lk hló at þeim, Fms. ix. 494, Glúm. 366, passim (at-hl&aelig
;gi). II. metaph. of a country, the hills are said to laugh in we
lcoming a guest and to droop at his going away; Drúpir Höfði, da
uðr er Þengill, hlægja hlíðir við Hallsteini, Lan
dn. (in a verse); Há þóttu mér hlaegja ... of Noreg a

llan | klif meðan Ólafr lifði, Sighvat: the blunt edge is said to
laugh in one's face, síðan tók ek hein ór pússi
mínum ok reið ek í eggina, svá at exin var svá
slæ, at hón hló móti mér áðr en vi&
eth; skildum, Sturl. ii. 62.
<PAGE NUM="b0275">
<HEADER>HL&OElig;KINN -- HNEYKILIGR. 275</HEADER>
hl&oelig;kinn, adj. [akin to hlúki], mean, filthy, Fms. ix.
32: as also hl&oelig;kendr, part. pl. id., see Eb. 132, note 4 ne
w Ed.
hlær, adj. (hlætt, n.), [akin to hlé, hl&aacute
;ka, q.v., cp. hlýr], warm, mild; hlær vindr, Fms. ii. 228;
blíðari ok hlærri en aðrir vindar, Sks. 219; veðr var
þykt ok hlætt, Fbr. 13; en Ginnunga-gap var svá hlætt s
em lopt vindlaust, Edda 4.
hlæ-veðr, n. mild weather, a thaw; heiði ok í
hlæveðri, Hom. 127.
hlöðr, m. [hlaða], a destroyer, vanquisher, Lex. Po&e
uml;t.: a pr. name, Fas.
Hlökk, f., gen. Hlakkar, [perh. akin to A. S. hlanc, Engl. lank = thin, slender] :-- one of the heathen Valkyriur, Edda, Gm. pa
ssim; and in compds, Hlakkar-, Lex. Poët, passim.
hlöm, f. [hlam], a thump, Fms. vi. (in a verse), Höfu&et
h;l.
hlömmuðr, m. 'thumper,' poët. the wind, Edda
(Gl.)
hlömmun, f. a thumping, = hlamman.
hnakk-band, n. (see hnakkr), an anchor cable; heimtu þeir up
p akkeri sín, ok brast (sic) hnakkböndin, Lv. 99.
HNAKKI, a, m. [Dan. nakke; Swed. nacke; cp. A. S. hnecca
; Engl. neck, although in a different sense] :-- the nape of the n
eck, back of the head, occiput, N. G. L. i. 339, Fms. ii. 272 (v.l.), vii. 1
92, viii. 77; Nj. 96; setja (snúa) hnakka við e-m, to turn the bac
k on one, Sighvat, Hom. 68; settu hnakkann á bak sér aptr, &aa
cute;ðr þeir fengu séð upp yfir, Edda 30; hnakka dyttr, Ork
n. (in a verse). COMPDS: hnakka-bein, n. the occipital bone, Orkn.
50. hnakka-dramb, see dramb. hnakka-filla, u, f. the flesh on
the nape, Gullþ. 27. hnakka-gróf, f. the 'nape-pit,'
hollow in the nape of the neck. hnakka-kúla, u, f. the fles
h on the head of a fish.
hnakk-marr, m. a saddle-horse, Ýt. 10.
hnakk-mið, m. a buoy fastened to an anchor (?); ef menn draga
upp akkeri með sínu akkeri, ok fylgir hvártki strengr n&eacute
; hnakkmiði, Jb. 403; hnykkja hnakkmiða, to move the anchor, change a
ship's berth, Fs. 92 (in a verse of A.D. 996).

hnakkr, m. an anchor-stone, similar to the mod. dreki and stj&oacu
te;ri (GREEK in Homer), whence hnakk-band, hnakk-mið. II. a man's
saddle, freq. in mod. usage, which distinguishes between a söðull (
a side saddle) and hnakkr, but it seems not to be found in old writers, e
xcept in hnakkmarr above. III. = knakkr, q.v.; stólar fjóri
r, knakkr, lectari, Pm. 17 (in a church's inventory).
HNALLR, m. a club or cudgel used by fishermen in killing sh
arks.
hnappa, að, to huddle together (e.g. of sheep).
HNAPPR, m. [cp. Engl. nape; A. S. cnæp; Germ. knop
f], a button; the older form is knappr, q.v. COMPDS: hnappa-gat, n. a button-hole. hnapp-rass, m. a nickname. II. a
bevy, cluster, esp. of birds, sheep, as fjár-hnappr. COMPDS: hnapp
-sitja, sat, to keep the sheep huddled together instead of being spre
ad over the pasture, of a bad shepherd; þú skalt ekki h. þa&e
th;, því þá dettr úr því nytin, Pi
ltr og Stúlka 9: a local name, Hnappa-fell, n., Landn.: Hnappfe
llingar, m. men from H., id.
hnarr-reistr, part. rising high, as the stem of a ship (knörr
, q.v.)
hnaskr, adj. [cp. A. S. hnæsc], brisk, alert; hann er
hnaskr (convers.)
hnauk, n. turmoil; bú-hnauk, household bustle, Bb. 2
. 5.
hnauka, að, to bustle, (slang.)
HNAUSS, m. a sod, a flag of turf, Lat. cespes; torf-hnauss,
klumbu-h., snið-h.
hnefa, að, to clasp with the fist, Eb. 90 new Ed., Karl. 356.
HNEFI, a, m., nefi, N. G. L. ii. 223; [Scot. neif or nieve;
Dan. næve; Swed. näfve; but the word is not found in
A. S. or Germ.] :-- the fist, Grág. ii. 14, 133, Stj. 597; rei&et
h;a hnefann, to clench the fist, Edda 36; láta hnefa skjalla e-m,
54 (in a verse); þá setti Ófeigr hnefann á borðit
ok mælti, hversu mikill þykki þér hnefi sjá, Gu
ðmundr? Lv. 67; geta til launa í hnefa e-m, Sturl. iii. 151 :-- a
nieveful. COMPDS: hnefa-högg, n. a blow with the fist, Fm
s. iii. 78, Fas. i. 446, N. G. L. ii. 223. hnefa-spjald, n. a writingtablet, GREEK, Luke i. 63.
hnefi, a, m. the king in a kind of chess played by the ancients, F
as. ii. 68: the game was called hnefa-tafl, n., which is variously spelt
-- nettafl, Gullþ. 20, and hnettafl, Grett. 144 A (which are
contracted or assimilated forms); hneftafl, Mork. 186, Fms. vi. 29, Fas.
i. 284; hnottafl (a bad form), Fas. i. 476 in a spurious verse, and in K
rók. ch. 10; hnefa-tafl (the true form), Fas. i. 67. The game is b
est described in Friðþ. S. ch. 3, and in one of the riddles in Hervar.
S. (where however the rhymed replies are not genuine): 'Who are the maids that
fight about their unarmed lord, the dark all day defending, but the fair slaying
?' The players were two, as in chess; there was only one king (hnefi), here call
ed the 'unarmed lord;' the pieces (töflur) were white and red, the white at
tacking, the red defending the hnefi; þat er hneftafl, enar dökkri ve
rja hnefann, en hinar hvítari sækja, Fas. i. 474; þat er h&ua
cute;ninn í hneftafli, 476: pieces made of silver are recorded in Gull&th
orn;. S., of walrus-bone in Krók. l.c. For the general use of this game,
cp. the dialogue between the two brother kings, Mork. l.c., -- teflig hneftafl b
etr, era þat minna vert en afl þitt; Sigurðr Ormr í auga
ok Hvítserkr hvati sitja at hneftafli, Fas. i. 284: whenever tafl is ment
ioned, this particular game seems to be understood, e.g. the gullnar töflur
and tefldu í túni of the Vsp.; cp. earl Rögnvald's verse in
Orkn. ch. 61; and the fatal game of chess between king Canute and earl Ulf in R
oeskilde A.D. 1027 was probably a hneftafl. We see from Mork. l.c. that it was s
till played at the beginning of the 12th century, but in after times it was supe
rseded by the true chess (skák); both games were probably of the same ori
gin. COMPDS: hnefa-tafla, u, f. or hnef-töfl, f. or hnett&
ouml;fl, f., Fas. i. 463, v.l., or hnettafla, u, f. the piece of t
he hnefi. UNCERTAIN See the remarks s.v. halatafl, p. 234, and húnn,
p. 293, but the whole passage in Grett. is obscure.
hneggja, að, to neigh; see gneggja.
hneiging, f. a bowing, bending, Rb. 474: gramm. inflection.
HNEIGJA, ð, [Goth. hnaivjan; A. S. hnægan; Germ.
neigen; Dan. neje] :-- causal from hníga, to bow, bow do
wn, bend, incline; h. höfuð, Ísl. ii. 274; h. sik, to mak
e a bow; h. sik fyrir e-m, to bow oneself before a person (in greetin
g), 625. 86, Stj. 185; h. eyru sín, to incline one's ear, Sks. 27
5, Ps. xl. 1; h. sik til við e-n, to bow down, pay homage to one, Fm
s. vii. 17; h. sik ok sveigja, to bow oneself and sway, Stj. 61: h. hugi
sínum, to incline one's mind, Hom. 53; víkja eðr h. hen
di né fæti, Stj. 204; h. e-m (sik understood), to bow down to on
e, Fms. ii. 133, Sks. 291: with prepp., h. af, to decline from, swerve fr
om, Stj. 332; h. eptir e-m, to be biassed towards, Orkn. 134. II. reflex. to lean; konungr hneigðisk at hásætinu, Fms.
ii. 139; h. frá e-m, to go away from, Stj. 497; h. undan, to e
scape, 625. 68; h. til e-s, to lean towards a person, side with him,
Fms. vii. 18; h. frá réttum dómi, to deviate from,
Hom. 135; h. af villu, to forsake heresy, Fms. x. 301; h. fyrir fort&ouml
;lur e-s, to be swayed by another's persuasions, Sturl. iii. 136. 2. pass., gramm. to be declined, inflected; grammatica kennir hve öl
l orð hneigjask, Clem. 33. 3. part. hneigðr, as adj. in
clined to, hneigðr fyrir bækr.
hneigjanlegr, adj. declinable.
hneisa, u, f., but better neisa (q.v.), see Hm. [Swed. nesa
] :-- shame, disgrace, Fms. viii. 20, x. 223, 346, 394, xi. 86, Ó.
H. 107. COMPDS: hneisu-liga (neisuliga), adv. disgracefully, &Iac
ute;sl. ii. 367, Fms. vii. 20, x. 222. hneisu-ligr, adj. disgraceful, Ísl. ii. 384.
hneisa, t, to disgrace one; niðra ok neisa e-n, Stj. 67, 248,
512, Fms. x. 256, Bs. i. 392; but hneist, 106.
hneisi, n. = hneisa, Mork. 58.
HNEITA, t, causal from hníta, q.v., to cut or wound

(?); síðan kallaði Ólafr sverðit Hneiti, þv&iacu
te;at honum þótti þat hneita önnur sverð fyrir hvass
leika sakir, i.e. it was keener than other swords, Fms. iv. 58: the same
word is prob. the true reading in Fas. ii. 131 (viz. hneittir for kveittir).
hneita, u, f. the white saline dust covering a kind of seaweed (s&
ouml;l) when dried.
Hneitir, m. [hneita, the verb], Cutter, name of the sword of St. O
lave, Lex. Poët. passim, but only after St. Olave's time; neither can the v
erse in Gísl. 65 have been composed before that time: a vanquisher, Þd.
hnekking, f. a check, rebuff, Am. 56, Glúm. 337, Greg. 19,
Bret. 62, Sturl. i. 217.
hnekkir, m. one who checks another, Lex. Poët.
hnekki-stikill, m. a bump on the head, in a pun, Glúm. 383,
Fas. ii. 407.
HNEKKJA, t or ð, [hnakki], to throw back, check; sí&eth
;an lét Egill hnekkja nautunum út á mýrar, he had
the neat-cattle driven back, Eg. 711, 712, Grág. i. 293, Landn. 281,
Sturl. ii. 176, Gþl. 460, N. G. L. i. 59; h. för sinni, to halt a
nd go back again, Sturl. i. 167; hnekðumk heiðnir rekkar, the hea
then rogues turned me out, Sighvat. 2. to thwart, prevent; And
reas bað lýðinn at þeir hnekki eigi písl hans, 656 B
. 1; h. vándu ráði, to prevent an evil deed, Fms. v. 19
8, viii. 60 (thwarted it); mun þat eigi hér h., iv. 194; ok
hnekði þat, 15. 3. with prep.; h. e-m frá, to repel a
person, Fms. x. 100, Ld. 186 (of a wooer). II. to fall back, hobb
le back; hann féll eigi við höggit ok hnekti þá
í mot þeim, Gullþ. 29, Landn. 153 (of one maimed in battle);
hnekkja Írar nú frá, Ld. 78, Sturl. iii. 205: part. hne
ktr, abashed, checked; h. ok lútr, 656 B. 1.
hnellinn, adj. [hnallr], brawny.
HNEPPA, t, [Engl. to nip, knap], to cut short, curtail; vil
ja heldr hneppa við sik þann eina búninginn, to curtail ones
elf in dress, Hom. (St.): also, hneppa e-n undir sik, to keep one under, a wrestler's term, Fas. iii. 353; h. í þrældóm, to keep bound in thraldom, Sks. 465 :-- slóðu upp og hnepptu han
n út af borginni, thrust him head-foremost out, Luke iv. 29: metri
c. a monosyllabic end syllable is called hneppt, Edda (Ht.): part. hne
pptr, crippled.
HNEPPA, t, different from the last word, to button; see kneppa.
hneppa, u, f. a being bent or bowed down. hneppu-s&oacut
e;tt, f. a kind of disease, Fél. xiv. 100.
hneppiliga, adv. too sparingly, Stj. 25, Ld. 106.
hneppr, adj. [Dan. knap], scant, Hkr. i. 154, Grett. 169; &
aelig;tla hneppt til Jólanna, to make scant provisions for Yule, F
b. ii. 185, Fms. iv. 235.
hnepta, t, = hnippa; h. höfðum, and stinga saman nefjum, Sighvat

.
hnerra, að, to sneeze.
HNERRI, a, m. (older form hnöri or hneri, with a singl
e r, Edda. ii. 430; hneyri, Thom. 308), a sneeze, Orkn. 448
. A plague is said to have set in once upon a time with sneezing, therefore when
a person sneezes an Icel. says, Guð hjálpi þér! cp. Ger
m. helf Gott! Engl. Bless you ! see Ísl. Þjó&e
th;s. i.
hneyki-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), shameful, Mar.
<PAGE NUM="b0276">
<HEADER>276 HNEYKING -- HNJÓÐHAMARR.</HEADER>
hneyking, f. shame, rebuff, disgrace; h. eðr svívir&eth
;ing, Stj. 67, 68 (v.l.); hneyking ok niðran, 25; göra e-m h., Fms. iv.
243; hneykingar staðr, as a rendering of the word Babylon, Mar. 10.
HNEYKJA, ð or t, to put to shame, defeat, confound, with acc.;
at berjask við þá er yðr hafa hneykt, Fms. x. 231; þ
á er hann hafði herjað ok hneykt grimmleik heiðinna þj&
oacute;ða, iv. 66; andskotann hneykðir þú, 623. 35; eigi mu
nu vér þá hneykðir, we shall not then be confounded, 34; hneykjask ok svívirðask, to be confounded, Stj. 241;
hverr vætti urn aldr í þinni miskun ok hneykðisk s&iacute
;ðan, Th. 25. 2. with prep.; hneykja at e-u, to scoff at a thing; sá er hneykir at því er allir leyfa mun göra sik at
fífli ( = lastar það sem allir lofa), he who scoffs at what
all folk praise is a fool, a saying, Sighvat.
hneykja, u, f. shame. hneykju-för, f. a journey of
disgrace, defeat, Hrafn.
hneyxla, often spelt hneixla, að, to offend, eccl., the
rendering of Gr. GREEK in the N. T.; en ef þitt hægra auga hneyxlar
þig, Matth. v. 29, 30, xviii. 6, 8; h. sik, xi. 6, Luke xvii. 2: pass. to be offended, xiii. 21, xv. 12, xxiv. 10, John vi. 61, xvi. 1; hneyxlast
á e-m, Matth. xiii. 57, xxvi. 31, 33. UNCERTAIN The spirited etymology gi
ven by Vídalin in his Michaelmas Sermon, comparing the metaphors of the G
reek and Icel. words, is true in sense but not to the letter: þetta &aacut
e; vel saman á vora tungu, því 'hneixli' drögum v&eacut
e;r af því orði að 'hníga' eðr 'hneigja,' &thorn
;ví sá sem hneixli af sér gefr, hann kemr öðrum ti
l að hníga eðr rasa, og hneigir hann til vondra verka, Víd
al. ii. 153, 154.
hneyxlan, f. an offence, = Gr. GREEK, Matth. viii. 7, xvii. 27, Lu
ke xvii. 1, Rom. ix. 33, 1 Cor. i. 23, Gal. v. 11.
hneyxlan-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), offensive, Matth. xvi. 2
3.
hneyxlari, a, m. an offender, Matth. xiii. 41.
hneyxli or hneyxl (qs. hneyksli), n. disgrace, dishonour
; metnaðr snýsk í hneyxl, 677. 7; af sekðinni getask

neyxlin, 656 B. 7; mál hvert er maðr mælir við annan mann
vá at honum horfir til hneyksla, defamation, Gþl. 197 (Jb.
08 A); h. (n&oelig;yxl) ok niðran, Barl. 20 :-- in mod. usage = Gr. GREEK,
om. xi. 9.
h
s
1
R
hneyxli-yrði, n. pl. calumny, foul language; glott ok h., &Oac

ute;. H. 151.
hnezla, better nezla, u, f. a button-loop.
hniðra, að, = niðra (q.v.), to disparage, pull down.
Hniflungar, m. pl. a mythical pr. name, = Niflungar, Germ. Niebelungen
, with an aspirate in alliteration, Hkv. 1. 47, Stor., Gh. 11, Am. 45, 86.
hnigna, að, [hníga], to begin to sink, decline: impers.
, e-m hnignar, or e-m fer hnignandi, to be in a decline, Grett. 151; &tho
rn;óat honum væri nokkut hnignandi, though he was somewhat stric
ken in years, Ísl. ii. 29.
hnignan, f. a declining, decline.
Hnikarr and Hnikaðr, m. a name of Odin, Edda 38, Gm.
hnipin, n. a kind of barley, Edda (Gl.)
hnipinn, adj. drooping, desponding; see hnípa.
hniplingr, m. a kind of bird, a pelican, Björn.
HNIPNA, að, [Ulf. ga-nipnan, Mark x. 22; A. S. hnipian]
, to droop, despond, Gkv. 2. 5, 7, Skv. 3. 13: in Shetl. neebin is
nodding drowsily.
hnippa, t, to poke one in the side: in the phrase, hnippa kolli hv
er at öðrum, to nod with the head one to another, nod significantly,
 Grett. 147; hnippa í e-n, to poke a person in the side, so as
to wake him from a doze, hnippask, to elbow one another, Gullþ. 61
, Fs. 152, 153; h. við e-n, id., Fms. vii. 243; lengi hafa vór
ir frændr við hnippsk, Valla L. 210.
hnipping, f. puny quarrels, Fas. i. 92; orða-h., a bandying
of words.
hnipr, n. a crouching position; í hnipri.
hnipra, að, h. sig, to crouch.
hnissa, u, f. [cp. Gr. GREEK], steam or smell from cooking,
esp. an ill flavour. hnissu-bragð, n. disflavour.
hnit, n. forging: poët. the clash of battle, Höfu
ðl.
hnita, að, [cp. Dan. nitte sammen; akin to hníta], t
o clasp or weld together with a hammer, Gísl. 14, Fas. i. 316.
hnitan, f. the act of welding.
Hnit-björg, n. pl. the 'clinched crags,' the mythol. name of

the crags where the poetical mead was kept, Edda.
hnit-bróðir, m. a 'clasp-brother,' an adversary, H&yacu
te;m. 23, (poët.)
hnitlast, að, dep. to quarrel, kick one another, Rb. 360.
hnit-miða, að, to take near aim at.
hnittinn, adj. hitting, facetious: hnittni, f. a hit, pi
ece of wit, (mod.)
HNÍGA, pres. hníg; pret. hné, hnétt, hn&eacut
e;, pl. hnigu; sing. hneig is very rare in old vellum, e.g. Sks. 112, Fms. vi. 2
80, viii. 21, Mork. 60, Fb. i. 106, Ó. H. 89, else always hné, as
also in mod. poets -- Jesú blóð hér til jarða h
né | jörðin aptur svo blessuð sé, Pass. 3.
10; part. hniginn: with neg. suff., pret. hnék-at, Og. 11; pres. hn&iacu
te;gr-a, Hm. 159, Eg. (in a verse); [Ulf. hneivan = GREEK, Luke ix. 12; A
. S. hnîgan, pret. hnâh; O. H. G. hnîgan;
cp. hneig-ja] :-- to bow down, sink, fall gently; of a stream, the sun,
a felled tree, a dying man, etc., heilög vötn hnigu af fjöllum,
Hkv. 1. 1; fóru þar til er vötn hnigu til vestr-ættar
af fjöllum, Orkn. 4; tré tekr at hníga ef höggr t&aacut
e;g undan, Am. 56: to sink, fall dead, h. at velli, Hkv. 2. 8; Baldr er
hné við bana-þúfu, Hdl.; Hamðir hné at h&uacu
te;sbaki, Hðm. 32; hnígra sá halr fyrir hjörum, Hm. 159,
Skm. 25, Hkm., Nj. 191; hniginn fyrir oddum, Darr.; hniginn í hadd jar&
eth;ar, Bm.; hné hans um dólgr til hluta tveggja, hendr ok h&ouml
;fuð hné á annan veg, Skv. 3. 23; ok kvað annan-hvá
rn verða at h. fyrir öðrum, Ísl. ii. 263; sinn veg hn&eacute
; hvárr þeirra af húsmæninum, 195; síðan hn
é hann aptr ok var þá dauðr, Ó. H. 223; þ&a
acute; hné (hneig Ed.) hann á bak aptr ok var þá anda
ðr, Lv. 70; Hjálmarr hnígr at (þúfunni) upp, Fas.
ii. 216; þá hné hann aptr ok sprakk af harmi, i. 357 (Fb. i
. 106); hné margr maðr fyrir honum ok lét sitt líf, Fb.
i. 193: the phrase, hníga at velli, h. í gras, h. at grasi, to
sink to the ground, bite the grass, Hkv. 2. 8; áðr en ek hn&iacu
te;ga í gras, Ísl. ii. 366; mann mun ek hafa fyrir mik á&et
h;r ek hníg at grasi, Njarð. 378; mannfólkit greipsk í
bráða-sótt, svá at innan fárra nátta hnig
u (died) sjau menn, Bs. ii. 35; Einarr sat svá at hann hneig upp a
t dýnunum, ok var þá sofnaðr, Fms. vi. 280, (hneg, Mork.
60, l.c.); hann hné niðr höfði sínu, he drooped w
ith his head, Karl. 489; þá hné Guðrún h&ouml
;ll við bólstri, G. sank back in the bed, Gkv. 1. 15. 2. poët., α. of ships, to rise and fall, toss on the waves; skip hnigu um lög, Lex. Poët., Fms. vi. (in a verse). β. hníga at rúnum, Gkv. 3. 4; h. at armi e-m, to sink into his
arms, Hkv. 2. 23. 3. with prepp.; h. til e-s, to swerve towards; þeim er hníga vilja til hans vináttu, Fms. viii. 239; s&a
acute; er yður þjónosta hneig til, whom you served, 21;
var jafnan þeirra hlutr betri er til hans hnigu, 47, vi. 414; ok þv&
iacute; á hann heldr til vár at hníga en yðar, Stj. 540
; allir konungar þeirra landa hnigu undir hans vald, 560: to bow down,
pay homage to another, allir menn er þar vóru hnigu þeim
manni, Eb. 330; Emundr gekk fyrir hann ok hneig honum ok kvaddi hann, Ó.
H. 85; hinir hæstu turnar hafa nú numit honum at hníga, Al.
90; hann hnígr (yields) eigi fyrir blíðu né str

íðu, 625. 95. II. metaph., h. til liðs, hjálpar vi&
eth; e-n, to side with one; þessir hnigu allir til liðs við
Karl inn Rauða, Lv. 137; hnékat ek af því til hj&aacute
;lpar þér, Og. 11; hneig mikill fjölði engla til hans, Sks
. 112 new Ed.: to incline, turn, of a scale in the balance, þ&aacut
e; hnígr mannfallit í þeirra lið, of a battle, Al. 134;
ok var þat lengi at eigi mátti sjá hvernig hníga mynd
i, which way the scale would turn (in a battle), Orkn. 70, 148; hn&iacute
;gr nú sýnt á Frankismenn, the day turns visibly against
the F., Karl. 193. III. part. act., at hníganda degi, at t
he fall of day, Sks. 40; vera hnígandi, to be failing, on the decl
ine, Karl. 162; með hníganda yfirbragði, with a falling,
drooping face, 542. 2. pass. hniginn, stricken in years; Þorsteinn var þá hniginn, Ld. 24; mjök h., well st
ricken in years, Fms. ix. 501; hann görðisk þá heldr h
niginn at aldri, Eg. 187; hniginn á aldr, id., Orkn. 216, 346; h.
í efra aldr, Fb. i. 346. β. of a door, shut; the word
hnigin shews that in olden times the door was shut up and down, as windows at th
e present time, and not moved on hinges; var hurð hnigin, Rm. 23; hnigin &aa
cute; gátt, sunk in the groove, Gísl. 16; h. á h&aac
ute;lfa gátt, half shut, half down the groove; hurð h. &aacute
; miðjan klofa, id., Fms. iii. 74; h. eigi allt í klofa, 125;
hnigin er helgrind, Fas. i. (in a verse).
HNÍPA, t, [in Ulf. ganipnan = GREEK, Mark x. 22; A. S. h
nipian = to bow] :-- to be downcast, droop; hnípði
drótt ok drúpði, people were downcast and drooping, &Oa
cute;d. 25: haukar þínir hnípa, Fas. i. 175; hann (the horse
) hnípti í jörðina, 205; hnipaði, pret., 197, (better
hnipnaði or hnípandi, part.) II. the part. hnipinn (sitja or
vera hnipinn, to sit drooping and downcast; döpr ok h., Ísl.
ii. 195, Edda 22, Fms. vi. 236 in a verse, Sól. 43) refers to a lost stro
ng inflexion (hnípa, hneip, hnipu).
HNÍSA, u, f., gen. pl. hnísna, Pm. 69 :-- a dolphin, del
phinus phocaena, Grág. ii. 337, 358, Gþl. 456, Sks. 121, Hkr.
iii. 279, Fms. vii. 161. II. a kind of weathercock on a ship; en &
thorn;at hefir at gengit um daginn á skipi Odds at hnísa hefir gen
git af (v.l. to húsa-snotra), Fas. ii. 210.
HNÍTA, pres. hnít, pret. hneit, pl. hnitu, a defect. verb:
[akin to hnita; A. S. hnîtan = tundere; Dan. nitte] :
-- to strike, wound to the death; lér (the scythe) hneit vi
ð Hrungnis fóta-stalli (his shield), Kormak; but chiefly used
in emphatic phrases, of a heart-wound, hneit þar! við hneit þarn
a! Gísl. 22, 106; en er hón þreifaði um síðun
a þá mælti hón, þar hneit viðna! Fms. iii. 7
3; hón kvað hvergi stórum við hníta, Korm. 6; hverg
i þykki mér við hníta, Ísl. ii. 343; the last thr
ee passages refer to a superstition that the touch of a wise woman made one's bo
dy 'wound-proof;' in Rd. ch. 5 (at end) the words 'ok þótti henni &
thorn;ar við hníta,' or the like, have been dropped by the transcribe
r: in poetry the allit. phrase, hjörr hneit við hjarta, the steel to
uched the heart, Korm. ch. 17 (in a verse); or, egg hneit við fjör
seggja, Fms. vii. 71; hneit mér við hjarta hjörr Angantýs
, Fas. i. 427; hvast hneit (beit MS.) hjarta ið næsta hættligt j
árn, Fbr. (fine); þar hneit við, sem ..., it cut him to the
quick, that ..., Thom. 397; hnitu reyr saman, the weapons clashed togethe
r, Ísl. ii. 353 (in a verse), Fms. ii. 318 (in a verse).
HNJÓÐA, pres. hnýð, pret. hnauð, pl. hnuðu,

part. hnoðinn; [cp. Ulf. hnuþo = GREEK, 2 Cor. xii. 7] :-- 
to rivet, clinch; Helgi hnauð hjalt á sverð, Nj. 66; hann &th
orn;rífr upp nefsteðja einn mikinn, þar hafði Vigfús
s áðr hnoðit við sverðs-hjölt sín, Fms. xi. 1
33; hnjóða rauða, to forge iron, Fs. 177 (in a verse), cp.
Fms. i. 177; spjót ok tveir geirnaglar í, eða sá einn
er í gegnum stendr, ok hnoðit (noðin, v.l.) at báða ve
ga, N. G. L. ii. 42; ási hnauð hjarta (acc.) við síðu,
the yard has clinched ribs and heart together, Fs. 113 (in a-verse); mar
r hnauð mínum (munar?) knerri, id.
hnjóð-hamarr (mod. hnoð-h.), m. a rivetting hamm
er, Fb. iii. 446.
<PAGE NUM="b0277">
<HEADER>HNJÓÐR -- HOF. 277</HEADER>
hnjóðr, m., prop. rivetting: metaph. blame, censure.

HNJÓSA, hnýs, hnaus; the noun hnöri or hneri (q.v.) re
fers to a lost pret. hnöri, analogous to fröri from frjósa, k&o
uml;ri from kjósa; [Germ. niesen; Dan. nyse; Swed. nysa] :-- to sneeze, Orkn. 448, Hbl. 26: now obsolete in Icel., see hnerra
.
hnjósa, a different word, to stumble, of a horse against a
'hnauss' (q.v.); hann hnýs um hverja þúfu, Snót 157;
perh. akin to A. S. hnossian = tundere.
hnjóskr, m. [akin to A. S. hnysc or hnesc, Old and N
orth. E. nesh, = soft, tender; whence prob. Engl. nice] :-touchwood, = fnjóskr (q.v.), Fms. vii. 225, v.l.; hnjósk-&
thorn;urr = fnjósk-þurr: in local names, Hnjóska-dalr, m., Landn.; Hnjósk-dælir, m. pl. the men from H.; Hnjósk-dælskr, adj., Rd. 259.
hnjósku-lindi, a. m., dub. a belt worn by a wise woman, &TH
ORN;orf. Karl. 374.
hnjótr, m. a knob in turf or a field, það s&eacut
e;r ekki á hæstu hnjóta, when the ground is covered all over
with snow.
hnjúkr and hnúkr, m. a knoll, peak.
HNOÐA, n. [hnjóða], a clew, Ó. H. 152, Pr. 4
22.
hnoðri, a, m. a fleece or flock of wool; ullar-h., freq
.: metaph., ský-h., a fleecy cloud, boding a rising gale: botan.,
hellu-h., see hella.
hnoð-saumr, m. a clinching nail, rivet, Sks. 30.
hnokki, a, m. the small metal hooks holding the thread in a distaf
f: metaph., strák-hnokki, an urchin.

hnokkinn, part. [hnúka], bowed, curved.
HNOSS, f. [prob. from A. S. hnossian = to hammer, as sm&iac
ute;ð from smíða], a costly thing, esp. in plur. of a lady
's ornaments, Hkr. i. 16, Edda 21, Fms. xi. 428 (hnossa-smíði)
, Am. 53, Gh. 6, 18, Gkv. 2. 20, Harms. 40, Líknarb. 13, Orkn. 154 (in a
verse): mythol. the goddess Hnoss, a daughter of Freyja and sister to Gersemi, E
dda 21. II. freq. in mod. usage, but usually neuter, and used in sing. as
well as in plur.; himneskt miskunar hnoss, Pass. 36. 3; = N. T. GREEK, einn er
sá sem hnossið meðtekr, 1 Cor. ix. 24; eg skunda ... eptir &thorn
;ví hnossi, Phil. iii. 14; dýrðar-h., the prize of glory. COMPDS: hnoss-fjöld, f. a number of costly things, Sighvat
. hnoss-gæti, n. a dainty. hnoss-gætr, adj. 
dainty.
HNOT, f., pl. hnetr, or better hnötr, mod. hnotir; [A. S. hnyt; Engl. nut; O. H. G. hnuz; Germ. nuss; Dan. nöd; Swed. nöt; Lat. nux] :-- a nut, Str. 20, Fms. v.
175, Edda 46. hnotar-skurn, f. a nut-shell, 625. 1.
hnot-skógr, m. a 'nut-shaw,' nut-wood; in the phrase, &aacu
te; hnotskóg, to go a-nutting, Nj. 129, Fas. ii. 59, Sams. 8.
hnot-tafl, n. a corrupt form for hneftafl, p. 275.
hnuðla, að, to squeeze, (slang.)
hnugg-hent, n. adj. a kind of apocopate metre, Edda (Ht.) v. 75.
hnugginn, part., see hnöggva.
hnupla, að, to pilfer; hnupl, n. pilfering. h
nupl-samr, adj.
HNÚÐR, m. [akin to hnyðja; Ulf. hnuþo = GREEK
], a knob, ball; borgarmenn veltu á þá steinum ok hn
úðum, Róm. 277; 'saxa et sudes' of Sallust, B. J. ch. 57: staf
-hnúðr, a knob at the end of a stick, a hump, whence hnúðr-bakaðr, adj. hump-backed.
HNÚFA, a defect. strong verb, to chop off; áðr e
k hnauf (MS. wrongly hnof) höfuð af Hniflungum, Gh. 12; a GREEK. In old
writers and in mod. usage this verb is obsolete, but it still survives in provi
ncial Norse, where it belongs to the 3rd class of strong verbs, nuva, nauv, see Ivar Aasen's Grammar (1864), p. 203, l. 2; cp. also the following word.
hnúfa, u, f. a law term, used of a female slave who, having commit
ted theft thrice, was to have both ears and nose cut off, and was henceforth cal
led stúfa or hnúfa (spelt nufa), N. G. L. i. 85, -- en ef h&oacute
;n stelr hit þriðja sinn þá skal skera af henni nef, &tho
rn;á heitir hón stufa ok nuva ok steli æ sem hón vill
. II. a nickname, Ölver h., one of the poets of king Harold Fairhair
; cp. Lat. Naso, Silus, Silius, Eg., Landn.
hnúka, ð, to sit cowering, Ls.
hnúkr, m. = hnjúkr: a local name.
hnúska, að, = knúska, q.v.

hnúskr, m. a knot, e.g. in a bed.
hnúta, u, f. = knúta.
hnútr, m. a knot, = knútr, Bs. i. 829.
hnybbast, að, dep. to elbow one another; see hnippast.
HNYÐJA, u, f. [hnjóða], a club, rammer used for bea
ting and smoothing turf or stones in building.
HNYKILL, m., dat. hnykli, [Dan. nögle; Swed. nyckel; p
rob. a dimin. derived from hnoða] :-- a clew of yarn: metaph. a cl
ew-like thing; þoku-hnyklar, ský-h., wreaths of fog and clou
ds: of a tumor, Fas. ii. 453.
hnykka-stafr, m. a kind of peg, = hnakkr, Ld. 116.
hnykking, f. pulling, Fas. iii. 502.
hnykkja, t, to pull violently by the hair or the like, with dat.,
Eg. 560; h. e-m til sín, Grág. i. 132; h. e-n af e-m, to snatch
at a thing, Nj. 32, Orkn. 182; h. e-u upp, to pull up a thing. Gl&ua
cute;m. 338. 2. absol. to pull or tug; sveinninn tók
upp í kanp konunginum ok hnykði, Ó. H. 63; en hestr Lögm
anns hnykði svá fast at hællinn gékk upp, Hkr. iii. 139;
þykkisk sveinninn vel hafa hnykt, he thought he had made a good pull,
 Ísl. ii. 348: reflex. to box, Grett. 107 A. II. metaph
. in mod. usage; e-m hnykkir við, one is amazed.
hnykkr, m. a wrestler's term, a certain bragð in the Icel. glí
ma; hence metaph. device.
hnysking, f. = hnykking, Háv. 9 new Ed.
hnýðingr, m. a kind of dolphin, delphinus minimus, Edda
(Gl.), Sks. 120.
hnýfil-drykkja, u, f. a carouse, drinking bout (?); v&oacut
e;ru fyrst drukknar sveitar-drykkjur, síðan slógusk í h
nýfildrykkjur, Sturl. iii. 126,
hnýflll, m. (see knýfill), a short horn, Fb. i. 563;
Hnýfill and Hnýfla, lambs with short horns. 2. t
he peak at the bow of a boat; stakst á hnýfil feigðar-far,
Stef. Ól., freq.
hnýflóttr, adj. short-horned; see knýfl&oacut
e;ttr: metaph. pointed, sharp, in reply.
hnýsa, t, to scrutinise; see nýsa.
hn&oelig;filigr, adj. taunting; h. orð = hn&oelig;filyrði,
Hbl.
hn&oelig;fil-yrði, n. pl., so spelt in Ölk. 36 C, Fms. iv. 334;
but hnýfil-yrði in Sturl. i. 20 :-- sarcasms, taunts, gibes
.
hnöggr, adj., acc. hnoggvan, [A. S. hneaw, Engl. niggard], niggardly, stingy. Hnöggvan-baugi, a, m. niggard of r
ings, i.e. of money, a nickname, Fb. iii.
hnöggr and hneggr, m. a flail, cudgel (= hnallr); &iac
ute;lla munu þeir kunna hnögginum (hnegginum, v.l.), er heiman hafa h
laupit frá kirnuaskinum, Fms. viii. 350; en Birkibeinar hljópu at
þeim ok gáfu þeim hnegginn (v.l.) sem þeir vóru
vanir, and gave them a sound thrashing, 405.
HNÖGGVA or hnyggja, a defect. strong verb; pres. hnyggr; pret
. hnögg (hnaugg), Thom. 503; part. hnugginn; [akin to hníga] :-- 
to humble, bring down, with dat.; hnyggr þú andskotum, Fms. vi.
175 (in a verse); með hnöggvanda fæti, with staggering feet, Thom. 337; skip nyghðo (i.e. hnuggu, 3rd pers. pl. pret.), the ship l
ay adrift (?), Fagrsk. 44 (in a verse) :-- part. hnugginn, bereft;
 miklu h., bereft of much, Gm. 51; sigri h., Fms. vii. 58 (in a verse
); h. hverjum leik, Lex. Poët.: sad, dismal, downcast, svip-h
., a sad countenance, freq. in mod. usage.
hnöggvi, f. niggardliness, stinginess, Lex. Poët.
hnökkóttr, adj. piebald (?); hesta tvá hnö
kkótta, Landn. 154.
hnökra, að, to touch or graze the bottom, in the p
hrase, það hnökrar, of a boat in shallow water, or of a horse cro
ssing a stream.
hnöllóttr, adj. knobly, pebbly, of stones.
hnöllungr, m. [hnallr], a large round stone, a large pebble, boul
der. hnöllungs-grjót, n. pl. round pebbles.
hnöri, see hneri.
hnöttr, m., hnöttóttr, adj., see knöttr.
HODD, n. pl., -- the m. pl. hoddar, which occurs twice in verses of the 1
3th century (Sturl.), is a false and late form; [Ulf. huzd = GREEK; A. S
. hord; Engl. hoard; O. H. G. hort] :-- a hoard, treasur
e, only in poetry; hodd blóðrekin, Hkv. 1. 9; hodd Hniflunga, Ger
m. Niebelungen hort, Akv. 26; hodd (acc. pl.) ok rekna brodda, Fagrsk. (i
n a verse); góðum hoddum, Fas. ii. 312 (in a verse); granda hoddum, m
æra e-n hoddum, Lex. Poët.; kveðja hodda (gen.), Eb. (in a verse)
; oddar roðnir hoddum, Arnór; halda hoddum fyrir e-m, Ísl. ii.
224 (in a verse). 2. poët. phrases, as hoddum haettr, hodda (gen.)
brjótr, njótr, stökkvir, stríðir, þverrir, the breaker ... of gold, a princely man: as also poët. cornpds, ho
dd-brjótr, -beiðandi, -finnandi, -geymir, -glötuðr, -lestir,
-lógandi, -mildingr, -sendir, -skati, -spennir, -stiklandi, -str&iacute
;ðandi, -sveigir, -sviptir, -veitir, -vönuðr, all epithets of a lordly, princely man: so of women, hodd-gefn, -grund; the nouns,
hodd-mildr, -örr, = liberal; hodd-dofi, a, m. sting
iness; and the mythical pr. names Hodd-mímir, Hodd-dropnir, 'gold-dripping,' Sdm. II. a holy place, temple, sanctuary, wh
ere the holy things are hoarded; of this sense, which occurs in Heliand (
Schmeller), the Gm. 27 is the single instance left on record, see Bugge's note t
o l.c. in his Edda, p. 81.
HOF, n. [in A. S., Hel., and O. H. G. hof means a hall, Lat
. aedes, (whence mod. Germ. hof = a farm, answering to Icel
. bær or Norse ból,) and spec. the court or king's household, (in the old Scandin. languages this sense is unknown); Ul
f renders GREEK and GREEK by alhs; in Danish local names -vé prevails, but in Norse and Icel. Hof still survives in many local names, Ho
f, Hof-garðr, Hof-staðir, Hofs-fell, Hofs-teigr, Hofs-vágr, L
andn., Munch's Norg. Beskriv.; and as the temple formed the nucleus of the old p
olitical life (see goði and goðorð), all these names throw light on
the old political geography; cp. Hofland near Appleby in Engl.] :-- a temple;
 distinction is made between hof, a temple (a sanctuary with a roo
f), and hörgr, an altar, holy circle, or any roofless place o
f worship: passages referring to hof and worship are very numerous, e.g. for
Norway, Hkr. Yngl. S. ch. 12, Hák. S. Aðalst. ch. 16, Ó. T. c
h. 76 (by Odd Munk ch. 41), Ó. H. (1853) ch. 113-115, O. H. L. ch. 36, F&
aelig;r. ch. 23, Nj. ch. 88, 89, Fas. i. 474 (Hervar. S.); for Iceland, Landn. 1
. ch. 11, 21, 2. ch. 12, 3. ch. 16 (twice), 4. ch. 2, 6 (interesting), 7, 5. ch.
3 (p. 284), 8 (interesting), 12, Eb. ch. 3, 4, 10, Glúm. ch. 25, Har&eth
;. ch. 19, 37, Vd. ch. 15, 17, Hrafn. ch. 2, Eg. ch. 87,
<PAGE NUM="b0278">
<HEADER>278 HOFSDYRR -- HOLTAROT.</HEADER>
Gullþ. ch. 7, Vápn. pp. 10, 11, Dropl. pp. 10, 11, Kristni S. ch. 2
, etc.; cp. also Vsp. 7, Vþm. 38, Hkv. Hjörv. 4: poët., orðhof, the word's sanctuary = the mouth, Stor. 2. a hall (as in Germ. and Saxon), Hým. 33 (GREEK.) COMPDS: I. with gen.,
hofs-dyrr, n. pl. temple-doors, Fms. i. 97. hofs-eiðr,
m. a temple-oath, Glúm. 388. hofs-goði, a, m. = hofgo&
eth;i, Eg. 754. hofs-helgi, f. = hofhelgi. hofs-hurð, f. a
temple-door (janua), Fms. i. 302. hofs-höfðingi, a, m
. a temple-lord, Post. 645. 90. hofs-mold, f. temple-earth, hol
y mould, see Landn. 254. hofs-teigr, m. a strip of temple-land, gl
ebe, Landn. 241. II. hof-garðr, m. a temple-yard, a
local name, Landn. hof-goði, a, m. a temple-priest (see go&et
h;i), Landn. 254, Hkr. i. 6, Eb. 12, 14, 16 new Ed. hof-grið, n. pl.
asylum in a sanctuary, Landn. 80, v.l. hof-gyðja, u, f. a p
riestess, Vápn. 10, Landn. 265, v.l. hof-helgi, f. a temple
-holiday, feast; halda h., Ísl. ii. 15: the sanctity of a hof,
Bret. 38, Eg. 251. hof-prestr, m. a temple-priest, Stj. hof-st
aðr, m. a 'temple-stead,' sanctuary, Eb. 26, Fms. ii. 73. hoftollr, m. a temple-toll, rate, Vápn. 10, Eb. 6, 12 new Ed., Bs
. i. 6, Gullþ. 11, answering to the modern church-rate.
B. A court, almost solely in compds, and not earlier than the 14th
century, from Romances: hof-ferð, f. pride, pomp, Bs. ii. 122
. hof-ferðugr, adj. proud. hof-fólk, n. pl. c
ourtiers, Thom. 322, 479, Grett. 161, Karl. 51, Pass. 21. 8. hof-frakt, n. pomp, Fas. i. 46, Snót 86. hof-garðr, m. a lor
dly mansion, Thom., Bév., Rétt. hof-list, f. pomp, Thom. 479. hof-lýðr, m. = hoffólk, Clar. hof-ma&e
th;r, m. a courtier; in pl. hofmenn, lords; hertogi greifi ok
aðrir hofmenn, Ann. 1303; gentry, chiefly in the ballads of the Middl
e Ages, Ungan leit eg hofmann, Fkv. In the old dancing parties the leader of the
gentlemen was styled hofmann (cp. Germ. Hoffmann). Before dancing began,
men and maids having been drawn up in two rows, he went up to the ladies, and t
he following dialogue ensued: Hér er Hofmann, hér eru allir Hofman
ns sveinar. -- Hvað vill Hofmann, hvað vilja allir Hofmanns sveinar? -Mey vill Hofmann, mey vilja allir Hofmanns sveinar. Then each dancer engaged his
lady for the dance; það var hlaup, og það var hofmanns hlau
p, Safn i. 689. A plain in the neighbourhood of the alþingi, where the peo
ple met, is still called Hofmanna-flöt, f. 'Gentry's Lea.' hof-móðugr, adj. haughty, Pass. 18. 5. hof-tyft, f
. urbanity, Clar. hof-verk, n. a great feat, Safn i. 71. hof-þénari, a, m. a court servant, Fas. iii. 408.
hofera, að, for. word, [Germ. hofiren], to be proud, haught
y.
hoferan, f. haughtiness.
hogr, m. = hugr (q.v.), mind, occurs in some compds, as hog-v&a
elig;rð and hog-væri, f., hogvær-leikr, hogv&aelig
;r-ligr; see hóg.
hoka, að, = hvika (q.v.), to waver; við hokit þ&eacu
te;r enn, Glúm. 380.
hokinn, part. (of a lost strong verb), bowed, bent, Fas. iii. 501.
HOKRA, að, [North. E. to hocker], to go bent, crouch; h
. eða skríða, to crouch or creep, Mirm.; hægt hokrar
þú nú, Hornskeggi, sagði jötunn, Fas. iii. 386; h.
at honum, Fbr. 12; þat verðr at hann hokrar undir klæðin hj
á henni, Háv. 54; h. undan, to slink away, Fms. xi. 61; eig
i stoðar at h. undan í hyrningar, Fbr. 168; h. at e-u, Ísl. ii
. 405 :-- in mod. usage hokra also means to live as a small farmer; whenc
e hokr, n., in bú-hokr, small farming.
HOL, n. [A. S. hol; Engl. hole, hollow; Dan. hule; S
wed. håla; Germ. höhle, etc.] :-- a hollow, cavity; lýstr vindinum ofan í holit verplanna, Fms. xi. 34, Boll. 340
(of a shield), but esp. a cavity of the body, Bs. i. 385: á hol, (
piercing) to the inwards, Nj. 60, Fb. i. 146; ef blóð m
á falla á hol ór sári, if it bleeds inwardly,
Grág. ii. 11, Gullþ. 66, Band. 42 new Ed.; í hol, id., 91; inn í holit, of the chest, Edda 76, Fs. 65; hit efra, neðra ho
l, the upper and nether hollow (i.e. the chest and stomach), N. G. L. i.
172, Sturl. iii. 54: a hole, = hola, stór hol, Bs. i. 321, Rb. 440
; grafinn með hol, Thom. 468.
hola, u, f. a hole, Fms. viii. 39, Gullþ. 22, Bs. i. 329, Sk
s. 148; botn-hola, q.v.; jarð-hola, an earth-hole; moldar-hola, m&uac
ute;sar-hola.
hola, að, to make hollow, Al. 168, Mar. freq.
hol-barki, a, in. a hollow throat ( = holgóma), a nickname,
Landn.
hol-blóð, n. blood from the inwards, Eb. 242.
HOLD, n. [A. S. hold; Dan. huld; Swed. hull], fle
sh; Ýmis hold, Vþm. 21; svörðr ok hold, skin and fl
esh, Eg. 770; þá var allt hold hans fúit ok öll kl&
aelig;ði, Fms. iv. 110; þrútnar hörund eðr stekkr unda
n hold, Grág. ii. 15; hold né bein, Ephes. v. 30, Luke xxiv. 39; h
old ok bein, flesh and bone; hold af mínu holdi, Gen. ii. 23: phra
ses, hold ok hjarta, flesh and heart, Hm. 95; hold ok hams, q.v. 2. edible flesh, meat = kjöt; beru hold, bear's flesh, Vkv. 9;
bjarnar hold, Sks. 191; lambs hold, lamb's flesh, Hom. 82; hnísu
hold, Fms. vii. 161. 3. plur. fleshiness, stoutness, fatness, esp
. of cattle, Fbr. 17 new Ed.; ala fé svá at úhætt s&e
acute; fyrir holda sakir, Grág. i. 431; at þat standi eigi fyrir ho
ldum, 140; vera í góðum holdum, to be in good condition, freq.; góðu holdi (sing.), Bs. i. 350; hann er mesta holda hnyð
ja, of a fat person. II. eccl. the flesh, rendering of Gr. GREEK (
whereas GREEK is rendered by kjöt); og þau munu eitt hold vera, Matth
. xix. 5, 6; holds breiskleiki, Rom. vi. 19; vera í holdinu, to be in
the flesh, vii. 5, 18, 25, viii. 1, 3, 9, 12, 13: opp. to andi, John iii. 6,
vi. 63, 1 Cor. i. 26, 29; andinn er fúss en holdið er breiskt, Matth
. xxvi. 41; eptir holdinu, after the flesh, John viii. 15, Acts ii. 30, R
om. i. 3, iv. 1, ix. 3, 8, 1 Cor. x. 18, 2 Cor. v. 16, Gal. vi. 12, Ephes. ii. 1
1; allt hold, all flesh, Luke iii. 6 John xvii. 2; hold og bló&eth
;, Matth. xvi. 17: kith, kin, mitt hold, Rom. xi. 14, Fms. x. 110 :-- in
mod. usage also distinction is usually made between hold, flesh, and kj&o
uml;t, meat. COMPDS: holds-veiki, f. leprosy. holds-veik
r, adj. leprous.
hold-bori, a, m., poët. a raven, Edda (Gl.)
hold-borinn, part.; h. bróðir, a natural brother, Fl&oa
cute;v. 52.
hold-fúi, a, m., medic. mortification, Bs. i. 190.
holdgan, f., eccl. incarnation, Fms. i. 107, Rb. 84, N. T., Pass.,
Vídal.
holdgask, að, dep., eccl. to take flesh, be incarnate, Rb. 80,
Mar., Stj., N. T., Vídal., Pass. passim: in a profane sense, ok holdgu&e
th;umk ek svá með þessum hætti, Fms. x. 307.
hold-grannr, adj. lean.
hold-gróinn, part. grown to the flesh, Hðm. 15, Edda 70
, Fms. v. 344, Fas. i. 165: metaph. incarnate, inborn, Stj. 87.
holdigr, adj. fleshy, stout, Eb. 258.
hold-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), carnal, 677. 6, Barl. 142, 1
85, Bs. i. 850; in N. T. = Gr. GREEK.
hold-lítill, adj. = holdgrannr, Bs. i. 312.
hold-mikill, adj. fat, stout.
hold-mímir, m. a 'flesh-cutter,' chopper, poët. a s
word, Edda (Gl.)
holdr, adj. fleshy; vel holdr, well-fleshed, fat, Grett. 12
5, Vm. 28.
hold-rosa, u, f. (hold-rosi, a, m.), the flesh side of a hide, Fas. i. 289.
hold-tekja, u, f., eccl. incarnation, Hom. 137, 141, Stj. 149.
hol-fenni, n. [fönn], hollow snow, such as has melted from be

neath, Sturl. i. 85.
hol-geyfla, u, f. a hollow wave, breaker, Hom. Il. xiii. 798.
hol-gómr, mod. holgóma, adj. with hollow gums, mu
mbling, Skálda 170.
hol-grafa, gróf, to suppurate, of a boil.
hol-höggva, hjó, to smite to the inwards, Fas. i. 506.
holla, d, with dat., to help, Lat. favere, Eg. 480 (in a ve
rse); a GREEK., whence the participle pl. hollendr, helpers, followers
, Grág. ii. 20, 21.
holl-liga, adv. faithfully, Sks. 371, Hom. 63.
holl-ligr, adj. sincere.
HOLLR, adj. [hollari, hollastr; Ulf. hulþs, Luke xviii. 13;
A. S. hold; O. H. G. and Germ. hold; Dan.-Swed. huld] :-- o
f kings and chiefs, gracious; hull regin, Ls. 4; hollar vettir, Og. 10, L
ex. Poët, passim; holl frændsemi, Eb. 116; vingaðr ok hollr e-m,
Fs. 123; of subjects and followers, faithful, loyal; þú ert
hollari Agli en Eireki konungi, Eb. 424; e-m hollost, Al. 71; sé Guð
hollr þeim er heldr griðum, Grág. ii. 166, in the oath formula,
where opp. to gramr; vera e-m h. ok trúr, Bs. i. 817, Lex. Poët, pa
ssim; vin-h., vil-h., favouring one. II. of things, wholesome; heil ok holl ráð, 4. 11; hafa skal holl ráð hvaðan
sem þau koma, a saying, = fas est et ab hoste doceri; holl forsjá,
Fms. vi. 343; holl hirting, Al. 129; sjálfs hönd er hollost, a sayi
ng, Hkr. ii. 259. 2. so in medic. sense, þat er ekki hollt; &oacute
;-hollr, unwholesome.
holl-ráðr, adj. giving wholesome counsel, Fms. ix. 462.
holl-ræði, n. wholesome counsel, Sks. 329 B.
hollusta (hollosta), u, f. faith, loyalty; vil ek hafa &tho
rn;ar til hollostu þína í mót, Fms.: esp. loyalty to a liege lord, h. við konung, Fb. ii. 265, passim. 2. wholes
omeness, a wholesome thing; vil ek at þú þiggir at m&eacu
te;r litla gjöf, en h. fylgir, Korm. 68. COMPDS: hollostu-eiðr,
m. an oath of fealty. hollustu-maðr, m. a friend, partisan,
 Gþl. 61.
hol-muðr, adj. 'hole-mouth,' = holgóma, a nickname, Nj.
HOLR, adj. [A. S. hol; O. H. G. holi; Engl. hollow;
Dan. huul; Swed. hol; Gr. GREEK] :-- hollow; var leikit und
an bökkunum svá at holt var með landinu, Grett. 131 A; holr stei
nn, Str. 32; holr innan, hollow within, Ó. H. 108, Njarð. 378;
klappa eigi holan baug um e-t, not to hammer a hollow ring, i.e. to b
e quite in earnest, Fb. iii. 404; cp. hulda.
hol-sár, n. a wound in a vital part. Fbr. 211, N. G. L. i.
67.
HOLT, n. [A. S. holt = sylva; Germ. holz = lignum

; in E. Engl. and North. Engl. holt means copsewood, and the w
ord often occurs in local names] :-- prop. wood, copsewood, a coppice; bu
t this sense is almost obsolete, though it remains in the saying, opt er &iacute
; holti heyrandi nær, in a holt a hearer is nigh, answering to the
Engl. leaves have ears, in Germ. die blätter haben ohren, Gre
tt. 133: as also in old poems, holt ok hrár viðr, Skm. 32; ösp &
iacute; holti, Hðm. 4; Hoddmímis holt, Vþm.; fara ór hol
ti, to go from the woods, Vkv. 15: whence holt-skriði, a, m. 'holt-creeper,' poët. for a snake, Edda: holta-þ&oacu
te;r, m. reynard the fox: in laws, yrkja holt né haga, G&thorn
;l. 315; h. eða haga eða veiði-staði, 362; but otherwise rare in
common prose, holt eðr skógar, Eg.; smákjörr ok holt, Fm
s. vi. 334: in local names, Holtsetar (Holsetar), m. pl. 'holtsitters,' the men of Holsten; Holtseta-land, n. the land of the Holtsetar (Holstenland), whence the mod. Germ. Holstein. In barr
en Icel., Holt, Holtar are freq. local names, as also in compds, e.g. Lan
g-holt, Skála-holt, Geldinga-holt, Villinga-holt, Reykja-holt, Holta-v
að, see Landn.; in olden times; all these places were no doubt covered w
ith copse (of dwarf birch). 2. in common Icel. usage holt means any ro
ugh stony hill or ridge, opp. to a marsh or lea, Fms. v. 70, 97, Ld.
96, Eg. 713, Fs. 19, 22, 67, passim, as also in mod. usage. COMPDS: holta-r&
oacute;t, f., botan.
<PAGE NUM="b0279">
<HEADER>HOLTASOLEY -- HORSKR. 279</HEADER>
moss campion, silene acaulis, Hjalt. holta-sóley, f., botan
. mountain avens, dryas. holt-barð, n. the rim of a hol
t (hill). holts-gata, u, f. a path through a holt, Fms. iii
. 22. holts-hnjúkr, m., holts-múli, a, m. a crag,
 Sturl. ii. 210.
holti, a, m. a nickname, Bs.
holt-rið, n. a 'holt-ridge,' Hým. 27.
hol-und, f. [cp. Ulf. hulundi = GREEK], a wound reaching to the
hollow of the body, a mortal wound, = holsár, Grág. ii. 11, N
j. 217. holundar-sár, n. = holsár, Nj. 110.
hol-undi (hol-unda), adj. wounded to the hollow of the body, Grág. ii. 91, N. G. L. i. 172.
HOPA, að, spelt opa, Korm. 60, Ísl. ii. 253 (see v.l.),
Bs. i. 551, Gullþ. 19 :-- to bound backwards, to draw back, recoil; þá hopuðu þeir, Fms. vii. 254; sumir hopuðu sumir f
lýðu, 324: with prepp., hopaði konungr þá upp &aacut
e; borgar-vegginn, i. 104; hopa aptr, to draw back, vi. 419, Eg. 296; hop
a á hæl, id., Al. 5, Nj. 170, Fms. viii. 134: hopa til, t
o take a leap, = skopa skeið, ix. 56; hopa undan, Ísl. ii. 253, F
br. 66 new Ed., Bs. i. 551; þeir stóðu upp en hann hopaði &
uacute;t undan, Nj. 130; hopar hann þá hestinum undan, he backed
the horse, 205. 2. to bound, of a horse; hestr opaði undi
r Narfa, Korm. 60; konungr hopaði þá hestinum ok forðað
i fótum sínum, Fb. ii. 27. II. metaph. phrase, hopar m&eacu
te;r til vánar, it bounds for me to a hope, i.e. I hope or
believe, Fms. i. 140; whence prob. Engl. hope, Germ. hoffen, which word is otherwise strange to the old Scandin. tongue. III. reflex
. hopask, to hope, Swed. hoppas, D. N. iv. 493 (Norse); unknown in
the Icel.
hopp, n. a hopping, skipping, Mar. hopp-danz, m. 'skippi
ng-dance,' Bláus S.
HOPPA, að, [Engl. hop], to hop, skip, bound, Stj. 249,
Þiðr. 151 (of a dance), passim in mod. usage; h. yfir, to skip over
, Alg. 368.
hopp-fögr, adj. fair-skipping, springy, epithet of a girl, Eb
. (in a verse).
horaðr, part. pinched, starved; grind-h., skin-h., skin and
bone.
horast, að, dep. to become lean and pinched.
hor-blaka, u, f., botan. menyanthes, buck-bean, Hjalt.
hor-dingull, m., see dígull, Fas. ii. 149.
horf, n. a naut. term, direction, course; halda í horfinu,
to keep the ship's head to the wind, etc., opp. to letting her drive.
HORFA, ð, subj. hyrfði, Rb. 470, Skáld. H. 4. 21, Fms. xi.
76, [akin to hverfa, q.v.] :-- to turn in a certain direction, Lat. v
ergere; horfði upp eggin, kjölrinn, the edge, keel, turned upper
most, Nj. 136, Ld. 142; h. frá landi, the ship turns towards the s
ea, Fms. xi. 101; er eigi veit hvárt söðull skal fram h. &aa
cute; hrossi eðr aptr, eða hvárt hann skal h., Grág. ii. 1
75; horfa bökum við e-m, to stand back to back, Hkr. iii. 384; h
orfa höfði til jarðar en fótum til himins, Post. 656 C. 37;
hann hljóp æ sem horfði, he ran ever headlong on, Bret.
90; suðr horfðu dyrr, the doors looked south, Vsp., Fb. ii. 138;
horfði botninn inn at höfðanum, Landn. 34; þótti honum
ílla af sér h. fótrinn, i.e. the leg was awry, Stu
rl. ii. 63; hann horfði í lopt upp, Fs. 7. II. to turn so a
s to look on, behold; hann horfði út ór hringinum, Ld. 276
: with prepp. to look on, hón horfði þar á l&ouml
;ngum, Ísl. ii. 274, passim; h. við e-m, to face one, Eg. 293;
þeir bleyðask skjótt ef vel er við horft, Fms. vi. 312; h.
öndurðr við, Ó. H. 183: metaph. to set oneself against a
person, þeir er heldr höfðu við honum horft í s&i
acute;num huga, Bs. i. 81; vóru þeir hinir mestu örskipta-menn
er þeim tók við at horfa, i.e. they (the berserkers) were great ruffians if any one opposed them, Eb. 38 new Ed.; horfa ekki &ia
cute; e-t, not to turn away from, not to shirk, eg horfi ekki í a&
eth; göra það. 2. metaph. matters take a turn, look
so and so; þetta horfir til úefna, Ísl. ii. 239; at þ
ar horfi til gamans mikils, that things look towards great joy, Fas. i. 3
17; horfði til landauðnar, 526; h. fastliga, to look bad, difficult, Lv. 94, Ld. 92; h. þungliga, Ísl. ii. 19; h. erfiðliga, Nj.
139; h. úvænt, to look unpromising, Eg. 340, Fms. xi. 76; h
várum horfir vænna, who is more likely to get the better, Nj
. 45; e-m horfir betr, Lv. 54; ok horfir mjök í móti oss, 10;
h. til handa e-m, to devolve upon one, Grág. i. 269. III.
reflex., with prepp.; horfask á, matters look so and so; betri s&a
elig;tt en nú þykir á horfask, Eg. 113; hér horfisk e
igi sköruliga á, Fms. vii. 33; Hjalta þótti þ&aac

ute; úvænt áhorfask, iv. 141, x. 214; horfask vel á,
to look well, promise well; horfðisk á með þeim held
r en eigi, i.e. it looked rather good than not, Bjarn. 56; h. til e-s, to look as if ...; eðr til hvers váða horfðisk, Fms. vii
. 125; með fíflsku slíkri sem hér horfisk til, Eg. 729,
Lv. 10. 2. recipr., horfask á, to face one another, Sturl.
i. 176; horfðusk þeir Gizurr at höfðunum, turned the head
s together, iii. 189.
horfin-heilla, u, f. loss of luck; h. er mér, luck has l
eft me, Fs. 98; kvaðsk þeim h. at þykkja, Fms. vii. 272.
horfna, að, to disappear, O. H. L. 11, (spelt hormna.)
hor-lopi, a, m. dropsy caused by scanty food.
HORN, n. [A. S., Engl., O. H. G., Germ., Dan., and Swed. horn; Lat
. cornu; Gr. GREEK] :-- a horn (of cattle), antler (of deer
), Gm. 26, Hkv. 2. 36, Sól. 55, Barl. 135, Ld. 120, Fas. ii. 506, Gr&aacu
te;g. ii. 122, N. G. L. i. 41, passim: metaph. phrases, vera harðr í
horn at taka, to be hard to take by the horns, hard to deal with, F&aelig
;r. 159, Fms. viii. 435, xi. 221, Hkr. ii. 91, Fb. i. 411; hlaupa um horn e-m, to leap round or by one's horns, i.e. to evade, metaph. fro
m a bull-fight, Sturl. iii. 256, Boll. 346; setja (hafa) horn í sí
ðu e-m, to put one's horn into a person's side, i.e. to treat him
spitefully, Gd. 49, passim: the phrase, gefa þræli frelsi fr&aac
ute; horni ok knappi, to release a thrall from horn and clasp, i.e. to
set him free, N. G. L. i. 228, prob. from the thrall's neck-collar being of
horn: horna-brækla, u. f. = brák, q.v., Finnb. ch. 29; h
orna-fláttr, m. flaying a hide with the horns, Fb. iii. 400;
horna-tog, n. tow round the horns, Fb. i. 320. II. the b
ack-fin of a whale, Sks. 128; skera hval frá horni ok aptr í s
íðu, N. G. L. i. 252, Gþl. 463. III. a drinking horn,
 Fs. 152, Eg. 206, Edda 32; drekka horn, Hkr. i. 35; horna skvol, a bout,
 Eb. 28, and passim in the Sagas, see Worsaae, Nos. 319, 320. IV. 
a horn, trumpet; horna blástr, horna þytr, the blowing, soun
d of a born, Stj. 621.
B. A corner, nook, angle; lands-horn, the outskirts of a county
, Grág. ii. 223; fara lands-horna á milli, to run from one
corner of the land to the other :-- a nook in a house or building, L
v. 61, Fms. vii. 230, Anal. 186: mathem. an angle, 415. 18, Rb. 470; r&ea
cute;tt horn, a right angle. 2. phrases, skjóta í tv
au horn, 'to shoot between two horns,' of a wide difference; skauzk mj&o
uml;k í tvau horn um búnað þeirra, Eb. 32, Band. 11 new
Ed., Fms. vi. 202, Mag. 39; eiga í mörg horn að líta, 
to have many nooks to look at, have many things to heed. β. when
parents get old and infirm, and yield up their fortune and estate to one of the
ir children, they are in popular Icel. phrase said 'to go into the corner,' to t
ake their seat in the chimney-corner, fara upp í hornið hjá sy
ni sínum, (dóttur sinni); many sayings refer to this, eigi munu v&
eacute;r eiga úvænna en horn-ván, if the worst happens, w
e shall have a 'corner-chance,' Sturl. iii. 279, cp. Eg. ch. 83 (begin.), a
nd the Sagas passim; Grimm R. A. 489 mentions the same in the Germ. law, and it
is touchingly introduced in the Märchen, No. 78; horna-kerling (q.v.) refer
s prob. to the same. II. freq. in local names, Horn, Cape Horn;
 Horn-strandir, Horna-fjörðr (whence Hornfirðingar), see Landn.
horna, u, f. a female hornungr (q.v.), N. G. L. i. 206.

hornauga, n. a wry look; líta h. til e-s.
horn-blástr, m. a sound of trumpets, Fms. vii. 202, Rb. 376
, 380.
horn-bogi, a, m. a horn bow, Sks. 408, Karl. 352, Þiðr.
283, Fas. i. 502.
horn-fiskr, m. [Dan. hornfisk], a garfish or green-bone:
 a nickname, Sturl.
horn-glói, a, m., poët. a ram, Edda (Gl.)
horn-gæla, u, f. a kind of fish, esox belone, Dan. horngj
æle, Edda (Gl.)
horn-göfigr, adj. proud of his horns, epithet of a he-goat, H
ým. 7.
horn-hagldir, f. pl. horn buckles.
horn-ístöð, n. pl. horn stirrups.
horn-ker, n. a horn cup, Dipl. iii. 4.
horn-kerling (horn-kona, horn-oka, horn-reka, u, f. all various re
adings), f. an old woman in the corner, a term of contempt, Nj. 52: mod.
horna-skella, u, f. a term of contempt, one who is pushed about from o
ne corner to another.
horn-klofi, a, m., poët. a raven, Edda (Gl.): as the name of
a poet, Hkr.
hornóttr, adj. horned, Stj. 132, passim; hornótt tun
gl (moon), id.
horn-síl, n. a kind of fish, the stickle-back, Ld. 76.
horn-skafa, u, f. a scraper made of horn, used in the game called
sköfuleikr (q.v.), Ísl. ii. 71.
horn-spensl, n. a horn buckle, Gþl. 359.
horn-spónn, m. a horn spoon, Fms. vi. 364 (in a verse), Hun
grv. (pref.); mod. Icel., like the ancients, use horn spoons, and the handle is
often ornamented with carved work.
horn-stafr, m. a corner pillar in a building, Sturl. iii. 279, Lan
dn. 42, Ld. 326, Hom. 95.
horn-steinn, m. a corner stone, Post. 645. 69, N. G. L. i. 345.
hornum-skali, a, m., poët. a ram, Edda (Gl.)
hornungr, m. [A. S. hornung = bastard; Lex Romana ornong
o; cp. Germ. winkel-kind and winkel-ehe = concubinatus;
cp. bæsingr and Engl. bastard :-- all of them with the notion of a corner for the illegitimate and outcast son, see Grimm R. A. 476] :-- an
old law term, a bastard son; in the Norse law the son of a freebo
rn wife, whose mundr has not been paid, and who is therefore illegitimate, N. G.
L. i. 48, 228, cp. Hðm. 12; h. ok þýjar-barn, Fas. i. 495. 
β. in Icel. law the son of a freeborn woman and a bondman, Gr&aa
cute;g. i. 178. 2. metaph. a scamp, outcast; vera hornungr e-s, Fm
s. xi. 7; munu margir verða þess hornungar er eigu, hann var görr
h. bróður síns, i. 255; nú emk h. hylli hennar, I a
m her outcast, Kormak (in a verse).
horn-ván, f., Sturl. iii. 279; see horn above.
HORR, m., I. starvation; detta niðr í hor, to
starve to death, Bs. i. 875; deyja úr hor, id. hor-dauðr, adj. starved to death, hor-ket, n. meat of a starved beast. II. [A. S. horu = sordes], mucus from the nose, N
. G. L. i. 351, Fas. iii. 653: in the saying, aptr sækir horr í nef
.
hors, see hross.
horsk-leikr, m. an accomplishment, Hom. 144, Fms. xi. 439.
horsk-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), brave, wise, noble; h. or&e
th;, Hom. 143.
HORSKR, adj. [A. S. horsc], wise; thus in the old Hm., hors
kr and
<PAGE NUM="b0280">
<HEADER>280 HORTI -- HÓLMR.</HEADER>
heimskr, wise and foolish, good and wicked, are opposed, 19
, 92, 93; horskr is opp. to ósviðr, Fm. 35, 36, cp. 37; h. ok þ
ögull, the wise and silent, Hm. 6 (cp. GREEK of Pythagoras); s&aacut
e; er vill heitinn h., Hm. 61; horskir hugir, wise minds, 90; en horska m
ær, the wise maiden, 95; it horska man, id., 101; horskar k
onur, Hbl. 17; h. halr, Skv. 3; heill ok h., Akv. 12, see Lex. Poët.; hv&ia
cute;t ok horsk, of a maid, Rm. 36. This word is almost obsolete in prose, Sks.
207, Str. 31.
horti, a, m. a ruffian, a nickname, Fms. xii.
hor-tittr, m. a stop-gap, Germ. lücken büsser, Da
n. fyldekalk, Fél. x. 286.
hortugr, adj. impertinent, saucy, Fas. ii. 333: esp. used of boys
who give rude replies, þú ert hortugr, strákr!
HOSA, u, f. [A. S. hosa; Engl. hose; Germ. hosen; Da
n. hose] :-- prop. the hose or stocking covering the leg be
tween the knee and ankle, serving as a kind of legging or gaiter;
the hose were often of fine stuff, hosna-reim, f. and hosna-sterta, u, f. a garter, Grett. 101, Nj. 214, Orkn. 404, Al. 44, O. H. L. 45, Eg
. 602, Sks. 286, 405, Fms. vi. 381, viii. 265, Þiðr. 358, Fb. ii. 34:
compds, skinn-hosa, dramb-hosa, leðr-hosa.
hosaðr, part. wearing hose, Sks. 286.
hossa, að, to toss in one's arms or on one's knees, e.g
. a child, with dat.; hossa barni, freq.
hott, an interj. used in driving horses, hotta, að, to say
'hott.'
HÓ, interj. ho! Fms. x. 338, Stj.; also a shepherd's cal
l.
hóa, að, to shout 'ho' or 'hoy,' of a shepherd, Grett.
111, Glúm. 311, Snót 221 (1866): also with dat. to call to the
sheep, to gather them, þegar forsælan er komin ofan í sla
kkann þarna, þá er tími til fyrir þig að far
a að hóa því (fénu) saman, Piltr og Stúlka
10.
HÓF, n. [from a lost strong verb, hafa, hóf], moderation
, measure; hóf ok stilling, Fms. ii. 38; kunna hóf, to she
w moderation; allt kann sá er hófit kann, a saying, Gís
l. 27; görit þeim þá ina fyrstu hríð, at &tho
rn;eir kunni hóf sín, i.e. give them a good lesson! Fms. xi
. 94; Klaufi, kunn þú hóf þitt, K., be not so mad! Sd. 147; ætla hóf fyrir sér, Eg. 21; þeir eru ofsa
menn svá at þeir hafa ekki hóf við, 175 :-- proportio
n, at því hófi, in the same proportion, equal degree,
 Grág. ii. 177, Al. 131, Fms. vi. 225; slíkt víti ... &
aacute; sitt hóf, in his turn, Ld. 136; vel er þessu &iacute
; hóf stillt, 'tis fairly done, fair and just, Nj. 54; e-t gegnir
hófi, it is fair, Fms. vii. 132; þá er hóf at,
then it is all right, Fs. 25; nú er nær hófi, 15; at
hófi, tolerably, Fms. vi. 102; vel at hófi, pretty well
, xi. 11, 48; við hóf, reasonable, Edda 48 :-- a rule,
standard, at þú hafir þar einskis manns hóf vi&eth
; nema þitt, Eg. 714; ó-hóf, excess, intemperance, hófs-maðr, m. a temperate, just man, Hkr. i. 309, Eg. 50,
Ísl. ii. 190. II. a feast, banquet; hóf eðr h&a
acute;tíð, Stj. 186; halda mikit hóf, 188, Fas. i. 420, 462; d
rekka hóf, Fms. xi. 436: in mod. usage esp. of a wedding.
hóf-hvarf, n. the fetlock or pastern of a horse.
hóf-klæði, n. a festive dress, Stj.
hóf-langr, adj. pretty long, Sturl. iii. 44.
hóf-lauss, adj. immoderate, boundless, Sks. 467, 733, Al. 1
56.
hóf-látr, adj. moderate, Edda i. 116, v.l.
hóf-leysa, u, f. excess, intemperance, licence, Stj. 626, B
s. ii. 98, 115.
hóf-liga, adv. with moderation, fitly, justly, Fms. viii. 3
73: fairly, tolerably, Nj. 105, Sturl. iii. 169, Róm. 353 (caut
iously).
hóf-ligr, adj. moderate, Fms. x. 295, Barl. 9, Róm.
302.
HÓFR, m. [A. S. hôf; Engl. hoof; O. H. G. h

uof; Germ. huf; Swed. hof; Dan. hov] :-- a hoof,
of a horse, opp. to klaufir = cloven hoof, Fms. xi. 280, Grett. 91, N.
G. L. i. 41; hófs gangr, a clash of hoofs, 341.
hófr, m. = húfr (q.v.), a trunk; whence hó
f-reginn, Haustl.
hóf-samliga, adv. = hófliga, Orkn. 274 (cautiously),
Gþl. ix.
hóf-samligr, adj. = hófsamr, Mar. passim, Barl. 161.
hóf-samr, adj. moderate, temperate, Sks. 355, 454, Sturl. i
. 107 (v.l.), Orkn. 252, Barl. 142: thrifty (mod.); ó-hófs
amr, intemperate.
hóf-semd, f. moderation, temperance, Hkr. iii. 179, Th. 77,
Grág. lxvii, Barl. 85.
hóf-semi, f. temperance, Fms. ii. 238, Hom. 27; ó-h&
oacute;fsemi, intemperance.
hóf-skegg, n. 'hoof-tuft,' the tuft on a horse's pastern, K
arl. 426, Landn. 94.
hóf-stilling, f. moderation, Fms. iii. 45.
hóf-tunga, u, f. 'hoof-tongue,' the frog of a horse's hoof.
hóf-tölt, n. 'hoof-tilt,' a slow trot.
Hóf-varpnir, m. name of a mythical horse, Edda.
HÓG-, [akin to hagr and h&oelig;gr, easy; from a lost stron
g verb, haga, hóg], only found in COMPDS, denoting easy, gentle, soft
: hóg-bærr, adj. easy to bear, Bs. i. 94. h&oa
cute;g-drægr, adj. easy to carry, Stor. 1. hóg-d&yacu
te;r, n. gentle deer, poët. name of a ship, Lex. Poët. h
óg-látr, adj. of easy temper, Sks. 355. hóg-l
eiki, m. meekness, Stj. 71. hóg-liga, adv. calmly,
meekly, gently; taka h. á, to touch gently, Fb. i. 467, Hkr.
ii. 63, Fms. vii. 158, Nj. 219; hóg-ligar, more fitly, Fms. vii.
258; ríða h., to ride gently, Korm. 60; fara h. með, Fms.
vi. 353. hóg-ligr, adj. easy, Gísl. 143: gentle,
 Fs. 32, Fms. vi. 274: meet, hóglig bið, 623. 60. h&oa
cute;g-lífl, n. an easy, quiet life, Ó. H. 214, Fb. i.
37. hóg-lyndi, n. an easy temper, gentleness, Mar. h&oa
cute;g-lyndr, adj. easy-tempered, peaceable, Eb. 258, 656 B. 6, Fms.
iv. 214. hóg-læti, n. gentleness, Hkr. iii. 169. 
hóg-reið, f. the easy wain, the wain of Thor, Haustl. 
hóg-samliga, adv. calmly, 656 A. ii. 11. hóg-samr, adj. gentle, Fms. x. 415. hóg-seta, u, f. = hógl
ífi, Fs. 183. hóg-settr, adj. modest, Lex. Poë
t. hóg-stýrt, part. easily steered, Eg. 762. h&o
acute;g-sætr, adj. living at ease, Greg. 49.
B. In a few words hóg- is no doubt of a different origin, from hog
- = hogr or hugr, mind: these words are, hóg-væra, &e
th;, to ease the mind, Sks. 40, 591, Mag. 7. hóg-værð
 and hóg-væri, f. calmness of mind, equanimity, B

s. i. 45, Fms. x. 408, Hom. 43, Mar. passim, Pass. 6. 5, 34. 4. hógv&a
elig;r-leikr, m. modesty, Stj. hóg-værliga, adv.
meekly. hóg-værligr, adj. meek, gentle, Mar. p
assim. hóg-værr, adj. gentle, pious, meek of mind, Nj
. 2, Eg. 702, Sturl. i. 139, Anecd. 11, Ó. H. 92, Hom. 8, 129, Fms. x. 41
9, Pass. 13. 2, passim: of beasts, gentle, 673. 56, Stj. 83, Karl. 277. I
n all these words the notion of 'quietness' is contained in the latter part of t
he compd.
HÓL, n. [A. S. hôl], praise, flattery, Hkr. ii
. 88, Edda ii. 544, Pr. 110: boasting, vaunting, Nj. 237. hól-b
eri, a, m. a flatterer, Greg. 23, Fms. v. 194, v.l.
hólf, n. = hválf (q.v.), a vault, Thom. 472: a co
mpartment in a drawer.
hólfa, ð, = hválfa, q.v.
hólfinn, adj. [hválf], hollow, Stj.
HÓLKR, m. [prop. holkr, cp. Engl. hulk], a ring or tube of metal, Dipl. iii. 4, Fas. ii. 259; kníf-h., the ring on
a knife's handle; skúf-h., járn-h., an iron tube.
HÓLL, m. contracted for hváll (q.v.), and the usual
form in old MSS. :-- a hill, hillock, Eg. 744, Fms. ii. 197, vii. 71, Ork
n. 300, Nj. 67, Ld. 154 (see dalr), Gullþ. 28, Al. 28, Karl. 211, Fb. i. 4
21, Róm. 315, Fs. 27: the phrases, dal og hól, dale and hill; hólar og hæðir; álf-hóll, an elf-hill, fair
y mount; orrostu-hóll, víg-hóll, a battle-hill;
sjávar-hólar, sand-hills (dunes or denes) 
on the shore; grjót-hóll, a stone heap, passim: freq. i
n local names, Hóll and Hólar; Hóla-biskup, H&oac
ute;la-staðr, etc., the bishop, see of Holar, Sturl.; Reykja-h&oa
cute;lar, Staðar-hóll, Landn. passim. The older form remains in a few
instances, see that word.
hólm-ganga, u, f. 'holm-gang, holm-going,' a duel or wager
of battle fought on an islet or 'holm,' which with the ancients was a kind of la
st appeal or ordeal; and wherever a Thing (parliament) was held, a place was app
ointed for the wager of battle, as the holm in the Axe River in the alþing
i. The hólmganga differed from the plain einvígi or duel, as being
accompanied by rites and governed by rules, whilst the latter was not, -- &thor
n;víat á hólmgöngu er vandhæfi en alls eigi &aac
ute; einvígi, Korm. 84. The ancient Icel. Sagas abound in wagers of battl
e, chiefly the Korm. S. ch. 10 and passim: some champions were nicknamed from th
e custom, e.g. Hólmgöngu-Bersi (Korm. S.), Hólmgöngu-Sta
rri, Hólmgöngu-Máni, Hólmgöngu-Hrafn, Landn. Abou
t A.D. 1006 (see Tímatal), the hólmganga was abolished by law in t
he parliament, on account of the unhappy feud between Gunnlaug Snake-tongue and
Skald-Hrafn, Gunnl. S. ch. 11, cp. Valla L. ch. 5 (þá vóru a
f tekin hólmgöngu-lög öll ok hólmgöngur), refe
rring to about A.D. 1010; a single instance however of a challenge in the north
of Icel. is recorded after this date (about the year 1030-1040), but it was not
accepted (Lv. S. ch. 30); the wager in Lv. ch. 17 was previous (though only by a
few years) to the fight between Gunnlaug and Rafn. It is curious that Jó
n Egilsson, in his Lives of Bishops (written about A.D. 1600, Bisk. Ann. ch. 36,
Safn i. 64), mentions a wager of battle between the parties of the two bishops,
Jón Arason and Ögmund, on the old holm in the Axe River A.D. 1529;
but the whole is evidently a mere reproduction of the tale of the Horatii in Liv
y. Maurer thinks that the two important acts of legislation, the institution of
the Fifth Court in 1004 and the abolition of the ordeal of hólmganga a fe
w years later, are closely connected, as the institution of the new court of app
eal made the decision by battle superfluous. In Norway, if we are to believe Gre
tt. S. ch. 21 (þá tók Eirekr af allar hólmgöngur
í Noregi), the hólmgöngur were abolished about the year 1012
. It is very likely that the tournaments of the Norman age, fought in lists betw
een two sets of champions, sprang from the heathen hólmganga, though this
was always a single combat. For separate cases see the Sagas, Korm. S. l.c., Gu
nnl. S. l.c., Eg. ch. 57, 67, Nj. ch. 24, 60, Landn. 2. ch. 13, 3. ch. 7, Rd. ch
. 1, 19, Gísl. init., Glúm. ch. 4, Valla L. l.c., Hallfr. S. ch. 1
0. A curious kind of duel in a tub is recorded in Flóam. S. ch. 17, calle
d kerganga, perhaps akin to the mod. Swed. fight in a belt. For England see Sir
Edmund Head's interesting notes to Glúm. COMPDS: hólmgöngu
-boð, n. challenging to h., Valla L. 214, Fas. ii. 475. h&oacu
te;lmgöngu-lög, n. pl. the law, rules of h., Korm. 86, Vall
a L. 213. hólmgöngu-maðr, m. a champion of h., Kor
m. 54, Fms. i. 149. hólmgöngu-staðr, m. a place where h. is fought, Fms. i. 150. hólmgöngu-sverð, n.
a sword used in h., Fas. i. 515.
HÓLMR, prop. holmr, also hólmi, a, m. [A. S.
holm; North. E. holm and houm] :-- a holm, islet, es
p. in a bay, creek, lake, or river; even meadows on the shore with ditches behin
d them are in Icel. called holms, Haustl. 18, Hkv. Hjörv. 8, Vkv. 38, Fms.
vi. 217, Hkr. i. 254, Sd. 181; í vatninu er einn hólmi reyri vaxin
n, Fms. i. 71; undir einn hólma, Fas. ii. 535; uppi á hólma
num, Orkn. 402. β. referring to the hólmganga (q.v.), Dropl.
36; falla á hólmi, to fall in a duel,
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<HEADER>HÓLMBUAR -- HRAKDYRI. 281</HEADER>
Landn. 80; skora e-m á hólm, to challenge one, Nj. 15, pass
im; ganga á hólm, to fight a wager of battle; skulu vit ber
jask í hólma þeim er hér er í Öxar&aacute
;, Nj. 36; leysa sik af hólmi, to release oneself off the holm, vi
z. the vanquished party had to pay the ransom stipulated in the hólmg&oum
l;ngu-lög, Glúm. passim. II. freq. in local names, Borgundarhólmr, Hólmr, Hólmar, Landn.; Hólm-gar&eth
;r, the county of Russia bordering on the lakes Ladoga, etc.: Hólm
-rygir, m. pl. a people in western Norway: pr. names of men, Hólmkell, Hólm-fastr, Hólm-steinn; of women, Hólm-fr&iac
ute;ðr, etc., Landn. COMPDS: Hólm-búar, m. pl. t
he men from Bornholm. Hólm-dælir, m. pl. the men from
Holm, Sturl. hólm-færr, adj. able to fight in a duel
, Gþl. 269, v.l. APPELL. COMPDS: hólm-ganga, q.v. h&
oacute;lm-hringr, m. the circle marked for a duel, Eg. 492. h&oacu
te;lm-lausn, f. releasing oneself by paying the ransom after a duel,
Dropl. 36, Korm. 88. hólm-staðr, m. = hólmgöngusta
ðr, Eg. 486. hólm-stefna, u, f. a meeting (duel)
on a holm, Eg. 485, 490, Fas. i. 419. hólm-sverð, n. =
hólmgöngusverð, Fas. i. 416. hólm-sök, f. =
hólmgöngusök, Bjarn. 66. In poetry the sea is called h&oacut
e;lm-fjöturr, m. 'holm-fetter,' and the rocks hólm-leg
gr, m. the leg of the holm, i.e. rocks, Lex. Poët.: the s
ea is hólm-negldr, part. studded with holms, id.
HÓP, n. [A. S. hop; Scot. hope = haven; perha

ps connected with A. S. hôp, Engl. hoop, with reference to a curved or circular form] :-- a small landlocked bay or 
inlet, connected with the sea so as to be salt at flood tide and fresh at eb
b, Þorf. Karl. 420, freq. in mod. usage. II. a local name, H&oac
ute;p, Hóps-ós, Vestr-hóp, Landn., Ísl. ii. 387:
in Engl. local names as Stanhope, Easthope, Kemble's Dipl.; Elleshoop
 in Holstein (Grein); Kirkhope, St. Margaret's hope, etc., in
Orkney.
HÓPR, m. [Dan. hob; Swed. hop; the Engl. heap, Germ. haufen, would answer to Icel. haupr, which does not exist] :-- a troop, flock, bevy; mann-hópr, a host of men, Bjarn. 52, Sk
áld H. 6. 47, Pass. 21. 10: freq. in mod. usage, e.g. í sinn h&oac
ute;p, among one's own equals; fjár-hópr, a flock of she
ep; fugla-hópr, a bevy of birds. hópa-kaup, n.
a purchasing in lots.
HÓR, m., acc. hó, gen. hós, [the same word as Goth.
hoha = a plough-share; Engl. hoe, though different in sense
] :-- a pot-hook ( = hadda, q.v.), in a nursery rhyme bidding one who has
sore lips go into the kitchen, kiss the pot-hook thrice (kyssa hóinn &th
orn;rysvar), and say these words: Heill og sæll hór minn, | eg skal
kyssa snös þína, ef þú græðir vör
mína, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 553, which throw a light o
u the passage in Hbl. 48 (Sif á hó heima), insinuating that Thor b
usied himself with cooking and dairy-work. The hós in Ls. 33 seems to be
a gen. = hvers, cujus, answering to the dat. hveim, abl. hví. COMP
DS: hó-band, n. a pot-hook string, Björn. hó
-nef, n. the 'nose' or loop into which the hór is ho
oked, Björn.
HÓR, n. [Goth. horinassus = GREEK; Engl. whoredom],
adultery, Jb. 448, N. G. L. i. 70, Sks. 693, v.l.
hóra, að, to commit adultery, Stj. 197, Gþl. 136;
hóra undir bónda sinn, Jb. 448 B, D. I. i. 262: with acc., K. &Aa
cute;. 122, Sks. 455, 575: reflex., Stj. 398. Jb. 124, Grett. 204 new Ed.
hóra, u, f. [Germ. hure; Engl. whore, harlot], Fas.
i. 99, N. G. L. i. 70.
hóran, f. adultery, K. Á. 28, Stj. 517, Sks. 702.
hór-barn, n. a child begotten in adultery, Gþl. 171,
Al. 1, Grág. ch. xviii.
hór-dómr, m. [whoredom], adultery, Stj. 301,
K. Á. 132, 218, Barl. 134, Jb. 131, Hom. 86, 154. hórdóm
s-maðr, m. an adulterer, 625. 15.
hór-getinn, part. begotten in adultery.
hór-karl, m. an adulterer, H. E. i. 54.
hór-kerling, f. a strumpet, Stj. 405, Barl. 137.
hór-kona, u, f. an adulteress, Jb. 161, Bs. i. 283.
HÓRR, m., gen. hórs, [Ulf. hôrs = GREEK; A. S.

horing; Engl. whoremonger, etc.], an adulterer, Ls. 30.
hór-vetna, adv. = hvarvetna, everywhere.
hósta, að, [Germ. husten; Dan. hoste; North. E.
and Scot. hoast], to cough, Bs. i. 347, 382.
hósti, a, m. a cough, Eluc. 19, Nj. 201, Fms. i. 282, x. 27
9, Pr. 474, Thom. 308.
HÓSTR, m., usually spelt óstr, without aspiration, F
ms. vi. 419, viii. 433, ix. 311, Sturl. iii. 251: in mod. usage óst, f.; but the aspirated initial is borne out by the kindred words hósta,
hósti :-- the throat, the upper part of the chest and the lower
part of the throat, Bs. i. 382, Fms. ix. 311, v.l.; var Haraldr konungr lostinn
öru í óstinn svá at þegar stóð bl&oac
ute;ðbogi út um munninn, vi. 419; í hálsstemnit frammi
fyrir hóstinn, Finnb. 214; hafðu ekki bera óstina! (fem.)
HÓT, n., contr. from hvat (q.v.), a whit, bit; hóti
heldr, a bit more, i.e. a good deal more, Fms. vii. 141; hó
ti ráðhollari, a good deal better, Ísl. ii. 347; h&oac
ute;ti neðar, Hrafn. 18: hóti mun, a whit, a grain, a hair's bread
th; hóti mun skjótara, a bit swifter, Rb. 106, Fms. vii
. 170, cp. Rb. 1812. 66: with superl., hóti helzt, a whit better,
Ísl. ii. 134; hóti líkast, most likely, Fms. vi. 351
; þat er hóti úmaklegast, i.e. that is least undeserved! iii. 25; endisk því þetta hóti helzt, þ&oacu
te;tt ekki væri með fullu, Gísl. 136, denoting a slight differe
nce: gen. plur., er nú lítilla hóta ávant, Karl. 96:
dat. plur., hótum framar, Clar.: gen., hóts annan veg, quite
the other way, Nj. (in a verse). 2. the phrase, ekki hót, n
ot a whit.
hót, n. pl. [Ulf. hwota], threats, Fms. ii. 32, Sks.
525, Fs. 31, Bs. i. 100, Fb. i. 297. II. in the compds, ílsku-h&o
acute;t, wickedness; ástar-hót, marks, expressions of lo
ve; vinar-hót, marks of friendship.
HÓTA, að, older form h&oelig;ta (q.v.), to hoot, threaten, with dat., Hkr. ii. 260, Fms. viii. 359, passim. II. hóta e-u
fram, to hold forth (a weapon or the like) with threatening gestures, Rétt. 71; cp. ota and hvata.
hótan, f. a threatening, Fas. iii. 445, Stj. 150.
hót-findinn n, adj. 'whit-finding,' i.e. hair-splitting,
captious: hót-findni, f.
hót-samr, adj. menacing, Karl. 490.
hót-vitna, gen. pl. = hvatvetna, every wight; see hverr, hv
at.
hraða, að, to hasten, speed, with dat., Þór&e
th;. 77, Fms. xi. 438.
hrað-berg, n. [hroði], medic. tartar on the teeth, F&eacut
e;l.
hrað-byri, n. a fresh fair wind, Fms. i. 19, iv. 14, vii. 94,
viii. 253.
hrað-byrja, adj. sailing with a strong wind, Eg. 94, Bs. i. 12
1.
hrað-fara, adj. hurrying, Sturl. i. 84.
hrað-feigr, adj. doomed to instant death, Nj. 60.
hrað-fleygr, adj. swift-flying.
hrað-færr, adj. 'quick-faring,' fleet, Gh. 18.
hrað-geði, n. a hasty temper, Edda (Gl.)
hraði, a, m. fleetness, swiftness, freq. in mod. usage.
hrað-kvæðr, adj. swift-singing, Ad. 1.
hrað-liga, adv. swiftly, Sks. 629.
hrað-mæltr, adj. quick of speech, Hm. 28, Fms. iv. 91. 3
74, v.l.
HRAÐR adj. [A. S. hræd, hrad; Engl. rathe, ready]
:-- swift, fleet; h. byrr, Symb. 15, Bs. ii. 82, Fms. vii. 340; hj&aacu
te;lpar hraðr, swift to help, Pass. 15. 17. 2. neut. hratt, a
s adv. swiftly, Fas. ii. 87; sem hraðast, quickly, Háv.
48, El. Pass. 23. 3; fara hratt, Lv. 63; lífið matins hratt fram hle
ypr, Hallgr.; hratt úlíkligt, quite unlikely, Band. 25 new
Ed.
hrafla, að, to scrape together, (slang.)
HRAFN, often spelt hramn, m. [A. S. hræfn; Engl. r
aven; Germ. rabe; Dan. ravn, etc.; cp. Lat. corvus, Gr.
GREEK] :-- a raven, Nj. 119, Grág. ii. 346, Fms. i. 131, Hkr. iii
. 11, Stj. 59, Orkn. 28, 38: allit., bíða hunds ok hrafns, Fms. viii.
210: in the sayings, sjaldsénir hvítir hrafnar, white ravens a
re not seen every day, of a strange appearance; þá er hart &tho
rn;egar einn hrafninn kroppar augun úr öðrum, it is too bad w
hen one raven picks another's eyes out; Guð borgar fyrir hrafninn, Go
d pays for the raven, perhaps referring to 1 Kings xvii. and Job xxxviii. 41
. The raven was a favourite with the Scandinavians, as a bird of augury and of s
agacity, víða flýgr hrafn yfir grund, the raven is a far tr
aveller; cp. the wise ravens Huginn and Muninn, the messengers of Odin, Gm.,
Edda; whence Odin is called hrafn-blætr, m. raven worshipper (Hallfred), and hrafn-áss, m. (Haustl.); hrafna-drótti
nn or hrafna-goð, hrafn-stýrandi, a, m. lord or 
god of ravens; hrafn-freistaðr, m. raven friend, Hú
sd., Edda 126; cp. also the interesting story of the ravens of Flóki, Lan
dn. 28 (v.l.), -- hann fékk at blóti miklu ok blótaði h
rafna þrjá, þá er honum skyldu leið vísa. A
raven was the traditional war standard of the Danish and Norse vikings and chie
fs, see Orkn. ch. 11, Nj. ch. 158, Þorst. Síðu H. ch. 2, as als
o the A. S. Chroniclers, e.g. the Saxon Chronicle, Asser, A.D. 878, etc. The cro
aking of ravens was an omen, Fagrsk. ch. 48, Sturl. 9. ch. 19, cp. Háv. 4
7: when heard in front of a house it betokens death, Landn. 2. ch. 33, Maurer Vo
lksagen 170, 171: the ravens are said to hold a parliament, hrafna-þing
; and metaph. a disorderly assembly was called by that name, see Ísl.
Þjóðs. i. 616-621. A black horse is called Hrafn, Edda. In pop
ular lore the raven is called krummi, q.v. Botan., hrafna-blaka and hr
afna-klukka, u, f. cardamine pratensis, the ladies' smock or cucko
o-flower, Hjalt. Pr. names of men, Hrafn, Hrafn-kell; of women, Hr
efna, Hrafn-hildr: local names, Hrafna-björg, Hrafna-gjá, Hra
fna-gil (whence Hrafn-gilingr, a man from H.), Hrafn-h&oacu
te;lar, Hrafn-ista (whence Hrafnistu-menn, an old family), etc., Land
n.: in poetry a warrior is styled hrafn-fæðir, -gæ&eth
;ir, -gælir, -greddir, -þarfr, = feeder of ravens, etc.:
the blood is hrafn-vín, Lex. Poët.: a coward i
s hrafna-sveltir, m. raven-starver, Bs. i.
hrafn-blár, adj. raven-black, Bragi.
hrafn-hauss, m. raven-skull, a nickname, Sturl. iii. 176.
hrafn-hvalr, m. [A. S. hran or hren = a whale], a ki
nd of whale, Sks. 123, Edda (Gl.), N. G. L. i. 330.
hrafn-ligr, adj. raven-like, Hom. 13.
hrafn-reyðr, f. a kind of whale; also called hrefna, balaen
a (medio) ventre plicato, Edda (Gl.), Eggert Itin. 542.
hrafn-svartr, adj. raven-black.
hrafn-tinna, u, f. 'raven-flint,' a kind of obsidian or 
agate, Fas. i. 470; called gagates Islandicus, Eggert Itin.
hrafn-önd, f. a kind of duck.
hragla, að, of the weather; það hraglar úr honum, it sleets; whence hraglandi, a, m. sleet, a drizzling shower.
HRAK-, in COMPDS, denoting wretched, wicked, [for the etymology se
e hrekja]: hrak-auga, n. evil eye, a nickname, Sturl. hrak-b&ua
cute;, n. a wretched household, Band. 37 new Ed. hrak-dýri,
 n. a poor,
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<HEADER>282 HRAKFALL -- HREÐA.</HEADER>
hunted deer, Korm. 60. hrak-fall, n. a wreck, disaster. 
hrak-för, hrak-ferð, f. a journey ending in disgrace and disaste
r, Fær. 166, Grett. 153, Mag. hrak-liga, adv. wretchedly, di
sgracefully, Fs. 35. hrak-ligr, adj. wretched, disgraceful, Ko
rm. 62, Sturl. i. 24, iii. 273, Glúm. 387. hrak-magr, adj. wret
chedly thin, Bs. i. 389. krak-mannligr, adj. wretched, mean. hrak-menni, n. a wretched man, wretch. hrak-ólar, f.
pl., in the phrase, vera á hrakólum, to be as on the rack.
hrak-spá, f. evil prophecy, croaking, hrak-viðri, n. wretched weather. hrak-yrði, n. foul language,
Gísl. 86. hrak-æfi, f. a wretched life, cp. G&iacute
;sl. 63.
hrakning, f. wretched treatment, insult, injury, Korm. 158, Nj. 13
6, Sturl. ii. 38, Sd. 167, Fms. viii. 78, 136, Grett. 203 new Ed., Hrafn. 20: in
mod. usage, hrakningr, m. a being tossed or wrecked at sea
; also sjó-hrakningr.
HRAMMR, m. [cp. Goth. hramjan = to nail to the cross], t
hat with which one clutches, a bear's paw, Finnb. 248, Grett. 101, Ld. 52, A
m. 17, Ver. 80, Fb. ii. 289: the palm of the hand, Edda (Gl.); whence 
hramm-þviti, a, m., poët. for gold, Höfuðl. 17.
hrandlan, f. tossing about, N. G. L. i. 157.
HRANG, n. a noise, din, tumult, as of a crowd, Grág. i. 5;
spelt hrong, Mork. 110 (in a verse).
hrani, a, m. a blusterer; hann er mesti hrani. COMPDS: hrana-le
gr, adj. rude. hrana-skapr, m. uncivil behaviour. II
. a pr. name, Sturl.
hrap, n. ruin, falling down, freq.; stjörnu-hrap, a shooti
ng star.
HRAPA, að, to fall, tumble down, Fs. 70, Ann. 1339, Th. 76, Al
. 76: to fall into an abyss, down a precipice, hröpuðu þei
r af hæðinni, Landn. 147; h. til helvítis, Hom. 87; eg s&aacute
; Satan svo sem eldingu h. af himni, Luke x. 18; hann hrapar í pyttinn, F
s. 158; h. ofan, Al. 146; hrapaði hann niðr í fjöruna, Fms.
viii. 75; hann er að h. klett af klett, a ditty: of a shooting star, stj&oum
l;rnur munu af himnum h., Matth. xxiv. 29, (stjörnu-hrap.) β. to fall in ruin; hvort hús mun yfir annat h., Luke xi. 17, xiii. 4;
but not usual, 'hrynja' being used of a house, wall, tower, rock which falls; h
rapa of a man who falls from them. II. to rush headlong, hurry; hr
apa á fund e-s, Fms. i. 303; er þú hrapar svá til ban
ans, vi. 115: h. í e-t, to rush into, H. E. i. 469; h. at e-u, 
to hurry on a thing, Fs. 41; ef maðr hrapar svá at grepti at kvi&
eth;r berr at önd sé í brjósti, K. Þ. K. 26: wit
h dat., eigi skulu þér h. því svá, Ölk. 36
; hitt mundi mitt ráð at h. eigi ferðinni, Eg. 577, Fms. v. 43; o
k hrapaðir þeim svá til helvítis, vii. 123.
hrapaðr, m. hurry; at hrapaði, hurriedly, Fms. ix.
377, Sturl. i. 83, Ann. 1417.
hrapa-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), mod. hrapar-ligr, hurrie
d, disastrous; mæla h., to bluster, Ísl. ii. 350, Sturl
. i. 166 C; fara hrapalliga, to rush headlong like a fool, Hrafn. 15.
hrapan, f. downfall, Fms. ii. 276, Al. 40.
hrap-orðr, adj. using blustering language, Sturl. iii. 113, v.
l.
Hrappr, m. a pr. name; see hreppr.
HRASA, but better rasa (q.v.), where the references will be given
in full, see introduction to letter H :-- to stumble; the aspirated form
is only used in a few cases, og hrasaði bland ræningja, Gr. GREEK, Lu
ke x. 30; hrasaðr, 36: eccl. to stumble in sin, Pass., Vídal.
passim.
hrasan, hrösun, f. stumbling, sinning, N. T., Pass., V&iacute
;dal.
hrat, n. [Ivar Aasen rat], refuse: esp. the skins, stone
s, etc. of berries (berja-hrat) which one spits out: the droppings
of birds, það er eins hrat úr hrafni.
HRATA, að, better and older rata (q.v.), vrata: [in mod. usage
the aspirated form is used in the sense to stagger, stumble, but rata in
the sense to find one's way; but that in both senses rata is the true fo
rm is shewn by alliteration, as in Skv. 1. 36, cp. also Vsp. 51; also by the for
m rati, a headlong fool] :-- to stagger, fall, tumble; ok hrata&et
h;i hann ofan af þekjunni, Nj. 114; þau hrata í gil nokkut of
an, Bs. i. 442, Sturl. ii. 137; hann hrataði af ok kom niðr standandi, 1
38; þá reið at honum brúnássinn ok hrataði ha
nn inn aptr, Nj. 202; nema menn rati (hrati?) á eðr hrindisk á
, Grág. ii. 96: to stagger, Önundr rataði (hrataði, v
.l.) við lagit, Eg. 379; hann hrataði við en féll eigi, Fms.
vi. 66; hann var hrumr ok hrataði áfram, vii. 22, Fs. 38, 52.
hrati, a, m. rubbish, trash, Bs. i. 601.
HRAUKR, m. [A. S. hreâc; Engl. rick], a small stac
k, torf-h.; cp. hroki.
hrauk-tjald, n. a rick-formed tent, Fas. ii. 273, Bárð.
178.
hraumi, a, m. [A. S. hreâm], a noisy fellow, Edda (Gl
.)
HRAUN, n. [akin to hruni, hrjóna, and hrynja (q.v.), and thus from
a lost strong verb jó, au, u; hrjúfr, hrúðr, hreysi, h
rjóstr (q.v.) seem all to be akin] :-- prop. a rough place, a wilderne
ss, and is used so esp. by Norse writers and in the oldest poems: in Norse l
ocal names, Raunen, bare rocks in the sea, as opp. to hólmr, a
grassy islet, Fritzner s.v.: a giant is in poetry called hraun-b&u
acute;i, -drengr, -hvalr, -skjöldungr, = the dweller, hero, whale, k
ing of the wilderness, Hým., Hkv. Hjörv., Haustl., Fas. ii. 306.
B. In volcanic Iceland the word came to mean a lava field when col
d, a burnt place (not the fresh glowing lava), freq. in the Sagas as well
as in mod. usage, Bjarn. 36, 52, Nj. 248, Grág. ii. 282, Landn. 280, Hra
fn. 26, Eb. 132-138, Bs. i. 540; um hvat reiddusk goðin, er hér brann
hraunit er nú stöndum vér á (Bs. i. 22), the famous w
ords of Snorri in the parliament of A.D. 1000; the place of the alþingi be
ing a burnt out lava field. II. in Icel. local names freq., Hraun, Hra
un-dalr, -fjörðr, -gerði, -holt, -höfn, etc., Landn.: esp.
in relation to fields of lava, Borgar-hraun, id.; Berserkja-hraun, Eb.; Beruv&i
acute;kr-hraun, Bjarn.; Staðar-hraun in Mýra-sýsla; Garðahraun near Reykjavík, etc.: Ódáða-hraun, the wilderness
in the inner part of Icel. (see Ísl. Þjóðs.), which was
supposed to be peopled by miscreants and outlaws. COMPDS: Hraun-dælir,
 m. pl. the men from Hraundalr. Hraun-firðingr, m. a ma
n from Hraunfjörðr, Landn. Hraun-gerðingr, m. a man f
rom Hraungerði, id. Hrauns-verjar, m. pl. the men from Hra
un, Bs. i. 643. 2. as appell., hraun-gata, u, f. a path through
a hraun, Bjarn. 36, Pr. 411. hraun-gjóta, u, f. a lava pit
 or hole. hraun-grýti, n. lava rocks. hraun-k
lettr, m. a lava crag, Sks. 127. hraun-skeggi, a, m. a
hraun dweller, Fs. 155; cp. eyjarskeggi.
UNCERTAIN The whole of Icel. may be said to be a burnt out lava field, from erup
tions previous to the peopling of the country. The following eruptions which hav
e happened since the settlement, beside those of Hekla (q.v.), are mentioned in
writers previous to A.D. 1430 :-- an eruption in Borgar-hraun in Mýra-s&
yacute;sla about the beginning of the 10th century, Landn. 2. ch. 5; in Ölf
us A.D. 1000, Kristni S. ch. 11; in the sea about Reykjanes A.D. 1211, 1226, 123
8, 1240, 1422, Ann. s.a.: but esp. in the southern glaciers in Trölla-dingj
ur A.D. 1151, 1188; in Sólheima-jökull A.D. 1245, 1262; in Sí
ða A.D. 1332; in Hnappafells-jökull A.D. 1332, 1350; in Herðubrei&e
th; etc. A.D. 1340; in three places in Skaptafells-sýsla A.D. 1362, -- th
e great eruption which destroyed the church in Rauðilækr; in Höf&
eth;ár-jökull A.D. 1416, see Ísl. Ann. In later centuries the
greatest eruptions are those of the Kötlu-gjá in 1755, and esp. the
terrible eruption of Skaptár-jökull on the 20th of June, 1783. In t
his century that of Eyjafjalla-jökull, 1821.
hraung, f. = hrang, q.v.
hraunóttr, adj. rugged, Orkn. 208 (in a Norse landscape).
hraust-leikr, m. and hraust-leiki, a, m. prowess, gallantry, Bær. 20, Fms. iii. 3, xi. 375; frægða, frama-verka ok hraustle
ika (gen.), Fb. ii. 136, passim.
hraust-liga, adv. valiantly, doughtily, Fms. i. 88, v. 318, Post.
645. 87.
hraust-ligr, adj. bold, valiant, manly, 655 ii. 1, Nj. 204: medic.
strong-looking.
hraust-mannligr, adj. = hraustligr, Hkr. iii. 427, v.l.
hraust-menni, n. a stout, strong man, Fs. 128, Finnb. 326.
HRAUSTR, adj. [Germ. rüstig], strong, valiant, doughty, of a warrior, Ísl. ii. 264, 366, Fms. i. 52, iv. 122, vi. 3, vii. 4, Ld
. 46, Ó. H. 218, Anal. 169, Eb. 148, and passim. 2. strong, hea
rty; hann var þá hniginn nokkut ok þó hinn hrausta
sti ok vel hress, Ld. 56; gamall ok þó h., Fs. 156; heill ok h., hale and hearty, Grág. i. 163, Fb. ii. 383; var hón þ&a
acute; enn hraust kona, Ísl. ii. 453; mun þá eigi hraust kon
a íllum manni gefin, Sd. 150; ú-hraustr, weak, invalid.
hrá-blautr, adj. raw, of hides or the like, Fms. iii. 18, S
tj. 416.
hrá-fiskr, m. a raw fish, Rb. 348.
hrái, a, m. crudeness.
HRÁKI, a, m. [cp. A. S. hraca = throat; Germ. rac
hen; also A. S. hræcan, Engl. to retch in vomiting, h
awk in spitting] :-- spittle, Edda 19, 47 (mythical), Sks. 540, N. G.
L. i. 339, K. Á. 6, Stj. 37, Mar. passim. hráka-skírn, f. baptism with spittle in lieu of water, 671. 16.
hrá-leikr, m. rawness, 677. 15.
HRÁR, hrá, hrátt, adj. [A. S. hreow = crud
us, whence Engl. rough and raw; Germ. rauh; Dan. ra
a] :-- raw, only of meat or food; eta hrátt, Hkv. 2. 6, Hom. 8
4, Fbr. 97, Karl. 426; hrán fisk, Al. 171. 2. raw, fresh, sappy
; góð jörð ok hrá, Edda 150 (pref.); hrár
viðr, a sapling, young plant, Grág. ii. 298, Fb. i. 342, Skm.
32.
hrá-skinn, n. 'raw-skin:' -- but used (it is hard to say wh
y) in the sense of a shelter, refuge; höfðu þeir hr&aacute
;skinn hjá feðrum sínum (v.l. hald ok traust), Fbr. 8; Guð
, drottinn er minn styrkr ok stuðning, ok mitt ráskinn ok frjá
lsari, Stj. 51. hráskinns-leikr, m. a kind of game, 'hide and s
eek (?),' Bárð. 174.
hrá-slagi, a, m. dampness in houses.
hrá-viði, n. saplings, young plants; höggva sem h.
, Fas. i. 451, Þorf. Karl. (A. A.) 198; allt eins og kvistir af hretvi&eth
;ri hristir, á hráviðar-lauki, Hallgr.
hrá-þefr, m. the smell of a carcase, Barl. 151.
hrá-æti, n. raw food, Fbr. 72.
HREÐA, u, f., mod. form hræða, a bugbear, bogle; at jafnan myndi vera nokkurar hreður í Miðfirði ... hefir
þar jafnan verit deilu-gjarnara en í öðrum héru&et
h;um, Þórð. 59 new Ed.; svá segir mér hugr um, at
sjaldan muni hreðu-laust í þessu héraði, 22. 2. in mod. usage in western Icel. hræða or hreða means a scare
crow, whence metaph. hræða, a poor, harmless creature; as a
lso, það sást eingin hræða, not a soul was to be s
een. II. a nickname, Þórð.
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<HEADER>HREÐI -- HREPPA. 283</HEADER>
hreði, a, m., mod. hroði, offal, rubbish, refuse, E
luc. 41 (spelt hröði). II. [A. S. hryðer = a heife
r], poët. a bull, Edda (Gl.): in local names, Hreða-vatn,
 Landn.
HREÐJAR and hreðr, f. pl. [A. S. hreder = viscer
a], the scrotum, N. G. L. i. 81, Edda 46, Grett. (in a verse); hestreðr, Fms. vi. 194 (in a verse).
hrefna, u, f. [hrafn], prop. a she-raven. 2. a whale, = hrafnreiðr, q.v. 3. a part of a ship, Edda (Gl.) II. a pr.
name, Landn.
hrefni and hremni, n. a plank in a ship, viz. the fifth fro
m the keel, Edda (Gl.); ef (skip) brotnar fyrir ofan hrefnis-skor (spelt refnis
skor and v.l. ræfsing, renni skor), N. G. L. i. 283: in poetry a ship is hrefnis goti, hrefnis stóð, the steed of the h. The h
 is warranted by alliteration.
HREGG, n. storm and rain, Edda 99, Am. 18, Fs. 129; var bæ&e
th;i hregg ok regn, Eb. 266, Fms. vii. 195; h. ok sjádrif, ii. 177; kasta
ði þá enn hreggi á móti þeim, Fas. ii. 80;
h. eða rota, Bs. i. 339, N. G. L. i. 388; hríð með hreggi, Eb
. 206, Lex. Poët.; kulda-h., a chilly, rainy wind; kafalds-h., sn
ow and wind: in poetry the battle is the hregg of weapons, Valkyriur,
Odin, etc., see the compds in Lex. Poët. COMPDS: hregg-blásinn, part. blown by the gale, Hallfred. hregg-mímir, m., myt
hol. name of one of the heavens, Edda (Gl.) hregg-nasi, a, m. a ni
ckname, Eb. hregg-rann, n., hregg-salr, m., poët. 'gale-ho
use,' i.e. the sky, Leiðarv. 17, 25, Geisli 61. hregg-sk&aacu
te;r, adj. stormy, Merl. 1. 65. hregg-skúr, f. a te
mpestuous shower, Sks. 227. hregg-tjald, n. 'gale-tent,' i.e.
the heaven, Lex. Poët. Hregg-viðr, m. a pr. name, Fas. hregg-viðri, n. a tempest, Fms. ii. 177. hregg-vindr, m.
a tempestuous gale, Grett. (in a verse). hregg-þjálmi, a, m. 'wind-trap,' i.e. the heaven, poët., Leiðarv. 4.
HREIÐR, n. [Dan. rede, prob. akin to Ulf. vriþus
= GREEK; A. S. vræd; Engl. wreath; Swed. vrad; Dan. vraad; -- all meaning a wreath, from vríða, to wreat
h] :-- a bird's nest, Grág. ii. 346, Gþl. 542, Greg. 55,
Fms. vi. 153, Merl. 1. 26, Stj. passim; ara h., an eagle's nest, Fagrsk.
146: the saying, sá er fuglinn vestr er í sitt h. drítr: hreiðr-böllr, m. a 'nest-ball,' an egg, Krók. 64 (i
n a pun), and hreiðr-balla, að, = eggja = to egg on, id. (
a pun).
hreiðrask, að, dep. to nestle, Stj. 81, Fms. vi. 153: mod.
hreiðra sig.
HREIFI, a, m. the wrist, Edda 110, Fms. i. 167, Sturl. ii. 104, Bs
. i. 658 :-- sels-hreifi, a seal's fin, Eb. 272; and so in mod. usage.
hreifingr, m. good cheer, high spirits; better reifingr.
HREIFR, adj., old form reifr (q.v.), merry, gladsome.
HREIMR, m. [cp. A. S. hreâm = noise, hrêmig = noisy, hrêman = to cry; Hel. hrôm, to cry out; ream or reem is still used in Lancashire; cp. Engl. sc-ream] :-- a scream, cry; óp né (h)reimr, Hom. 29; íllr h. armra
sálna, 31; íllr h., Fms. vii. 84 (in a verse); orða h., Lil. 7
2: a nickname, Sturl. hreim-samr, adj. noisy, peevish, Fas. iii. 1
56.
hreina, d, causal from hrína: to make to squeal, of swine,
Al. 171; ef svín eru hreind, made to squeal, Konr.
hreinask, að, to be cleaned.
hrein-bjálbi, a, m. a reindeer's skin, Fær. 42, &Oacu
te;. H. 198, 218.
hrein-braut, f. the reindeer's track, Egil; see hreinn, m., sub in
it.
hrein-drif, n. a snow-drift, Sks. 230, v.l.
hrein-dýri, n. a reindeer, Fær. 42, Sks. 62 new Ed.
hrein-ferðugr, adj. pure and chaste, Bs. i. 241, ii. 43, Karl.
553, Lil. 33, 68.

hrein-gálkn, n. a GREEK, Hým. 24; no doubt falsely for hrau
n-gálkn = a monster of the wilderness: hraun and hölkn are tw
in words used alliteratively.
hrein-getning, f. the immaculate conception, Magn. 468.
hrein-görr, part. made bright, of a shield, Bragi.
hrein-hjartaðr, adj. pure of heart, Sks. 90, Bs. ii. 61, Matth
. v. 8.
hrein-látr, adj. cleanly, clean: metaph. pure, Sks.
435, Barl. 18.
hrein-leikr (-leiki), m. cleanliness: metaph. purity; h. hjartans, Hom. 11, Mar.: chastity, Al. 58, K. Á. 74.
hrein-liga, adv. cleanly, Bs. i. 711, Sks. 134, 436: metaph. wi
th purity, sincerity, Fms. v. 241, Hom. 86, Best. 48: with chastity,
671. 6.
hrein-ligr, adj. cleanly, clean, Bárð. 171, Dipl. v. 10
, passim: metaph. pure, chaste, Mar.
hrein-lífi, n. a clean, pure life, chastity, Hom. 67, Lil.
27, N. T., Vídal., Pass, passim. 2. in Roman Catholic times esp. o
f monastic life, Hom. 93, Bs. i. 269, passim. COMPDS: hreinlíf
is-kona, u, f. a nun, Mar. hreinlífis-maðr, m. 
a friar, Sks. 96, Fms. x. 408, Hom. 93.
hrein-lífr, adj. clean-living, pure of life, Bs. i. 275, Ho
m. (St.) 3, Nikd. 34, passim; opp. to saurlífi and saurlífr.
hrein-lyndr, adj. (hrein-lyndi, n.), upright, Leiðar. 4
.
hrein-læti, n. cleanliness, Edda ii. 246, freq.
hrein-mannligr, adj. clean and manly, of noble bearing, stout-looking;
 h. á hesti, Karl. 234 :-- mod. hrefmannlegr, adj., in the sa
me sense.
HREINN, adj. [Ulf. hrains = GREEK; A. S. hrân; lost i
n Engl., except in the verb to rinse; O. H. G. hreini; Germ. re
in; Dan.-Swed. ren] :-- clean; h. líndúkr, Hom.
138, Fs. 1; hrein klæði, Fms. vi. 207; gott korn ok hreint, Sks. 326;
hreint vatn, Gd. 22; h. lögr, Alm. 35; hrein munnlaug, H. E. i. 489; h. mj&
ouml;ll, fresh snow, Rm. 26. β. bright; hreinir kyndla
r, bright candles, Sól. 69; hreint bál, a bright flame, Lex. Poët.; h. sól, the bright sun, id.; h. ok gagns&aeli
g;r, Hom. (St.) 15. 13; hreint sverð, hrein vápn, Fms. x. 360, R&eacu
te;tt. 120; h. rönd, a bright shield, Lex. Poët. γ. eccl., hrein kvikendi, clean beasts, Hom. 29. II. metaph. cle
an, pure, sincere; hreint hjarta, h. hugr, hrein iðran, hreint lí
f, Bs. i. 270, Sól. 7, Barl. 93, N. T., Vídal., Pass. passim. &
beta;. = Gr. GREEK in the N. T. of the cleansed leper; ú-hrein
n, unclean; tá-hreinn, quite clean.
HREINN, m. [the word is prob. of Finnish origin. From the words of king A
lfred, (þa deor he hâtað hrânas, Orosius i. 1, § 15,
Bosworth's Ed.), it seems that the king knew the name only from Ohthere's tale;
and when Egil in his poem on king Athelstân (if the verse be genuine) call
s Northern England hreinbraut, the reindeers' track, the phrase is prob.
merely poët. for a wilderness. There is however a curious passage in
Orkn. (448) where the hunting of reindeer in Caithness is recorded; the Icel. t
ext is here only preserved in a single MS.; but though the Danish translation in
Stockholm (of the year 1615) has the same reading, it is probably only a mistak
e of the Saga; for it is not likely that the Norsemen carried reindeer across th
e sea; the present breed was introduced into Icel. by the government only a cent
ury ago] :-- a reindeer, Hm. 89, K. Þ. K. 132, Fas. iii. 359; hrein
s fit, Hkr. ii. 250; hreins horn, Ann. Nord. Old. 1844, 1845, p. 170; hreina hol
d, Sks. 191. The finest deer were called stál-hreinar (the stælhrânas of king Alfred), cp. tálhreinn, Haustl. In northern poet
ry, ships are freq. called hreinn, see Lex. Poët., byr-hreinn, haf-h
., hún-h., unnar-h., hlýrvangs-h., Gylfa-h., all of them meaning ships, Lex. Poët.: a giant is called gnípu-h. = 'cra
g-rein,' Þd.: the wilderness is myrk-rein hreins = the mirkfield of the reindeer, Haustl. Hreinn is an old pr. name, Landn. COMP
DS: hrein-braut, f., hrein-vastir, f. pl., hrein-ver, n. a wilderness, Edda (in a verse).
hreinsa, að, [Ulf. hrainsjan; Engl. rinse; Dan. rens
e], to make clean, cleanse, Sks. 583, 605, Fms. ii. 261, Nj. 270, pas
sim: to purge, clear, h. land af víkingum, Fms. i. 93, vii. 18, A
nal. 249; h. líkþrá, to cleanse (heal) lepr
osy, Post., N. T.; líkþráir hreinsast, Matth. xi. 5, Joh
ann. 95, Fms. xi. 309: metaph. to purify, Post. 645. 77, 94, Hom. 97, N.
T., Vídal., Pass.
hreinsan, f. cleansing, purification, K. Á. 20, Hom. 64, 65
, passim. hreinsunar-eldr, m. the cleansing fire, purgatory, Fms.
vii. 38; land-h., clearing the land of miscreants.
hrein-skilinn, adj. sincere: hrein-skilni, f. sincerity,
uprightness.
hrein-staka, u, f. a reindeer cloak, Hkr. ii. 250.
hrein-viðri, n. bright, clear weather.
HREISTR, n. scales, of fish, 656 C. 13, Sks. 168, Anecd. 6, passim
. hreistr-kambr, m. a scaly comb, Stj. 98.
hreistra, að, to cover with scales: hreistraðr, par
t. scaly.
HREKJA, pret. hrakti; part. hrakiðr, Orkn. 424, mod. hrakinn, neut. h
rakt, Sturl. ii. 169: [akin to Goth. vrikan, A. S. wrecan, Engl. wreak, wreck, see introduction to letter H] :-- to worry, vex; h. e
-n í orðum, to scold and abuse one, Fms. vii. 319, Fs. 173; &t
horn;au bityrði er Skarphéðinn hrakti yðr Ljósvetninga
, Nj. 223; ámæla þær honum í hverju orði ok
hrekja, Finnb. 228: to confound, mér þaetti bezt við &th
orn;ann at eiga, er allir hrekjask fyrir áðr, by whom all people a
re confounded, Hrafn. 16; Sigmundr sagðisk heldr vilja h. þ&aacut
e; sem mest, Fær. 165, Fs. 33, 129, Sturl. ii. 169, Bs. ii. 143; hann ey&e
th;ir málit fyrir Erni ok hrekr hann sem mest af málinu, Fs. 125:
víghestrinn hafði hrakit hrossin, Eb. 36 new Ed. β. a nau
t. term, of ships driven out of their course, freq. in mod. usage; either impers
., e-n hrekr, one is driven and wrecked; or reflex., þeir hrök
tust fimm vikur sjávar, they were driven for five miles on the sea: also of a ship, skipið (acc.) hrekr, the ship has drifted, cp. Bs.
i. 817; of sheep in a snow storm.
hrekkja, t, to tease or play tricks on one.
hrekkjóttr, adj. tricky, mischievous, e.g. of a bad boy; ha
nn er h. bæði við menn og skepnur.
HREKKR, m., pl. ir, gen. pl. ja, [Dan. rænke], a trick, p
iece of mischief, Mag. 9, Fas. ii. 372, Nikd. 40; hrekkir ok slægð
ir, Stat. 273.
hrekk-vísi, f. trickiness, mischievousness, Róm. 254
, 347.
hrekkvís-ligr, adj. = hrekkvíss.
hrekkvíss, adj. tricky, mischievous, Eluc. 28, Fs. 46, R&oa
cute;m. 293, 299 ( = factiosus of Sallust).
HRELLA, d, [cp. slang Engl. to rile], to distress, with acc
., Bs. i. 438, Stj. 364: pass. to be distressed, grieved, 625. 75, Stj. 3
25.
hrella, u, f. a nickname, Rd.
hrelling, f. anguish, affliction, Hrafn. 17, Bs. i. 184, Ís
l. ii. 417, Rom. ii. 9, N. T., Vídal.
HREMMA, d, [hrammr; Ulf. hramjan = GREEK, i.e. to nail to the c
ross; cp. O. H. G. ramen; Dan. ramme = to hit] :-- t
o clutch, Bjarn. 12, Sturl. ii. 203, Fas. ii. 231, Or. 35: part. hremmdr, St
url. iii. 90, 103.
hremsa, að, = hremma, Fs. 45.
hremsa, u, f. a clutch, Konr. 25: poët. a shaft, Edda
(Gl.), Lex. Poët.
hreppa, t, [A. S. hreppan = tangere], to catch, obtain; nú fæ ek eigi þat af þér tekit er þ&ua
cute; hefir hreppt, Grett. 114 A; þá hét hann á hinn
sæla Þorlák biskup at hann skyldi skipit hreppa, that he m
ight catch up the lost boat, Bs. i. 338; en er hann hreppti áverkann,
when he
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<HEADER>284 HREPPR -- HRINDA.</HEADER>
caught the blow, was hit, Gullþ. 51; margr veit hverju hann sleppir
en ekki hvað hann hreppir, a saying.
HREPPR, m. :-- this word remains in 'the Rape of Bramber' in Susse
x, and is undoubtedly Scandinavian, being probably derived, as Pal Vídal&
iacute;n suggested, from hreppa, and thus originally meaning a share, allodiu
m; it may be that the proper name Hrappr (Landn.) is akin ( = a y
eoman, master of a Rape?); for the bad sense of that name ( = a traitor) is a metonyme, borrowed from the person of that name in the Njála. Af
ter the introduction of Christianity, all Icel. was, for the maintenance of the
poor, divided into poor-law districts called hreppar, which still exist,
being in most cases, though not always, identical with the sókn or par
ish; and it is remarkable that the district round the Bishop's seat at Skal
holt bears the local name Hreppar, indicating that this division had the
Bishop's house as its nucleus. The occurrence therefore of this name in the Land
n. is an anachronism; as probably are also the few instances in which hreppr is
used as an appellative in records of the heathen age, e.g. Lv. l.c. It is not kn
own when the division into Rapes took place; perhaps it took place gradually dur
ing the 11th century; vera á hrepp, koma á hreppinn, to be
or become a pauper. In the Grágás a special section (and as
it seems one of the oldest) is called 'um Hreppa-skil,' Kb. ii. 171-180; 'um Hr
eppa-lög,' Sb. i. 443-458. Twenty franklins at least constituted a lawful R
ape, Kb. ii. 171. (These remarks are partly due to Konrad Maurer.) COMPDS: hr
eppa-dómr, m. a Rape court, Grág. i. 245, 448. hrep
pa-lög, n. pl. the laws and rules of a Rape, Grág. i. 44
3. Hreppa-maðr, m. a man from the district Hreppar, Sturl. ii.
248. hreppa-mál, n. Rape affairs, Grág. ii. 178 new
Ed. hreppa-mót, n. pl. the march or border of two Rapes
, Grág. i. 444. hreppa-skil, n. pl. Rape business, Lv.
17; in mod. usage, the autumn meeting held in every Rape. hreppa-tal, n.
the census of a Rape, Grág. i. 443. hrepps-fundr, m. a
Rape meeting, Grág. i. 296, 446, 448. hrepps-maðr, m. a
franklin of a certain Rape, Grág. i. 248, 256, 262, 295, 445. hre
pps-sókn, f. the management of a Rape, the office of the Rape coun
cils, = mod. hreppstjórn, Grág. i. 445. hreppsóknarmenn, m. pl. the members of the five Rape councils, Grág. i. 2
95, 455, passim. hrepps-stjóri, a, m. = hreppstjóri, Gr&aac
ute;g. i. 262. hrepps-úmagi, a, m. a pauper.
hrepp-stefna, u, f. = hreppsfundr, Sturl. i. 185.
hrepp-stjóri, a, m. a 'Rape-steerer,' overseer, Jb. 186, Vm
. 116: in each Rape in Icel. the best yeoman is chosen as hreppstjóri by
the sheriff (amtmaðr) or, as in former days, by the parishioners, but he is
not paid; he has, jointly with the parish priest, to manage the business of the
Rape, esp. to see to the maintenance of the poor, fix the poor-rate of each fran
klin, and, as there are no poor-houses, to arrange the distribution of the poor
(úmagar) among the parishioners. In the days of the Commonwealth there wa
s a committee of five members, called hreppstjórnarmenn (q.v.), which dis
charged the duties of the present hreppstjóri; með ráði he
ima-prests ok hreppstjóra, Vm. 116. This word does not occur in the Gr&aa
cute;gás, but only after A.D. 1281; for the reading hreppstjóri in
the D. I. i. 199 (in a deed supposed to be of A.D. 1150) is only found in a mod
. transcript, and the original prob. had hreppstjórnarmenn (pl.)
hrepp-stjórn, f. the office of a hreppstjóri, Jb. 18
4: the management of a Rape, K. Á. 96, Jb. 178. hreppstj&oacute
;rnar-þing, n. = hreppa-skil or hreppsfundr, Jb. 182.
HRESS, adj. [cp. A. S. and Hel. hrôr, and prob. akin to hrau
str, qs. 'hrers;' cp. Germ. rührig, rüstig] :-- hale, hearty
, in good spirits; hann var af æsku-aldri ok þó maðr
inn hressasti, Eg. 202; en þó var Kveldúlfr hress maðr o
k vel færr, 84; hraustr ok vel hress, Ld. 56; en er allr herrinn hafði
drukkit, þá vórum vér hressir, Al. 167; hann var hin
n hressasti, he was quite well (after a sickness), Sturl. ii. 182; &uacut
e;-hress, low, sickly, Stj. 374.

hressa, t, to refresh, cheer; hressa kararmenn, 655 xiii. B. 3; h.
halta, Mar.; hón lét gera honum laugar ok h. hann, Bret. 164; t&o
uml;kum nú til fæðu ok hressum oss, 656 C. 22; hann bað han
n hressa sik, he bade him be of good cheer, bade him cheer up, Eg. 102: w
ith prepp., h. upp, to restore a building, 623. 14; at hann skyldi r&aac
ute;ðask norðr til Múnka-þverár ok h. staðinn, S
turl. i. 223. II. reflex. to recover one's strength or spirits, be ref
reshed, Fms. ii. 59, 270, vi. 303, Finnb. 234, Bs. i. 319, Fas. ii. 356, Eg.
645.
hressing, f. recovery of strength, refreshment.
hress-leiki, a, m. good health, heartiness, Fms. iv. 13.
HRET, n. a tempest, storm, Edda 99, Hkr. i. 282: freq. in mod. usa
ge, esp. of a lasting storm and tempest, viku-hret, hálfs-mána&eth
;ar-hret, a tempest lasting a week or fortnight; Þorra-hret,
Jónsmessu-hret, a tempest in the month of Thorri, on St. John Baptist
's day; kafalds-hret, a snow storm.
hret-viðri, n. a tempest, Þd., Sturl. (in a verse).
HREYFA, ð, [Ivar Aasen royva], to stir, with acc., (but
in mod. usage, with acc. of a person, and dat. of a thing); nú varða
r eigi þótt sá seyðr rjúki er þeir hafa hre
yft, Fms. vi. 105; engi knút fékk hann leyst ok engi álar-e
ndann hreyft, Edda 28. II. reflex. to put oneself into motion, stir, Mag. 93: of a bird ( = beina flug), r&oelig;yfðisk inn hösfjaðri
, Fagrsk. (Hornklofi), of the raven, to shake his feathers, cp. Fms. x. 1
30 (in a verse); hann hreyfðisk at fljúga, Konr.; feldr nokkurr liggr
þar -- mér þykkir sem hræfisk (i.e. hr&oelig;yfisk) st
undum er ek lít til, Fas. ii. 167. 2. metaph., hefsk upp ok hreyfi
sk í farsælligum hlutum, Stj. 376. III. this word, which in
old writers is of rare occurrence and limited in sense, has in mod. usage become
one of the general terms for to move, stir, and is usually, though erron
eously, spelt with ei, hreifa; hreifa við e-u, to touch on a thing
; hreifa sig, to stir the limbs; hann hreifir sig ekki, he does no
t stir :-- also with dat., h. e-u máli, to move, bring forward a c
ase; hann hreifði því ekki, he did not even mention it; hvar sem ófriðr hreifir sér, Pass. 21. 13.
hreyfing, f. motion, movement, (mod. and spelt hreifing.)
hreyrar, see heyrar.
HREYSI, n. and hreysar, f. pl., Fms. v. 70, Jb. 211, N. G. L. i. 1
4, 431; [Ivar Aasen rös; cp. Dunmail Raise (i.e. Dunmail's
Cairn) in Westmoreland] :-- a heap of stones ( = Icel. urð), whe
re wild beasts abide, Hým. 35; holt ok hreysar, Fms. v. 70; hölkn e&
eth;a hreysar, Jb. 211; hangar eðr hreysar, N. G. L. i. 14, 431; þeir
drógu í burt líkama hans ok reyrðu í hreysi nokk
uru, Fms. vii. 227; skríða í hreysi, to slink into a den, Hkv. 1. 33, Lv. 61; í hreysum eðr holum, Bárð. 168; lig
gja í hreysum, Fms. vi. 425; þú liggr þá &iacut
e; hreysum eðr fylgsnum, viii. 157, Konr. 22. 2. in mod. usage = a
poor wretched cottage, a hovel. COMPDS: hreysi-köttr, m. a w
ild cat, Stj. 93. hreysi-vísla, u, f. a weasel, Rb. 356
.
hreysingr, m. in íll-hreysingr, a savage ruffian.

hreysta, t, to make valiant, Finnb. 332; h. sik, to comfort one
self, cheer oneself up, Grett. 138.
HREYSTI, f. [hraustr], valour, prowess, Eg. 16, Nj. 266, Fs. 55, G
ullþ. 65, Fms. i. 34, vi. 58, vii. 326, Eb. 116, Fas. iii. 144, passim. CO
MPDS: hreysti-bragð, n. a feat of prowess, Karl. 417, 451. 
hreysti-maðr, m. a valiant man, Eg. 73, Edda 16, Fb. ii. 72. h
reysti-mannliga, adv. gallantly, Fms. vii. 289. hreysti-mannligr, adj. gallant, bold, Fms. ii. 120. hreysti-orð, n. a wor
d of prowess, Fms. i. 180. hreysti-raun, f. a trial of valour,
Fms. vi. 260. hreysti-verk, n. a deed of prowess, a deed of derring-d
o, Fms. ii. 105, Finnb. 330.
hreysti-liga, adv. stoutly, boldly, Fms. i. 42, Ísl. ii. 36
9.
hreysti-ligr, adj. stout, bold, Nj. 200.
HREYTA, t, [hrjóta], to spread, scatter, throw about, with
dat., Rm. 35, Am. 43, Sks. 226, 229, Eb. 200 new Ed.
hreyting, f. a spreading, Lv. 75.
hreytir, m. a sprinkler, Lat. sparsor, Lex. Poët.
hreyti-speldi, n. a top, as a child's toy, Fms. iii. 227.
hriflingr, m. a kind of shoes or stockings (?), Parc. (thri
ce), a part of Percival's dress when he left his mother. hriflinga-björg
, f. a hand to mouth life, Fas. iii. 538.
hrifs, n. robbery; rifs ok rán, Stj. 236, Fms. xi. 252, Fb.
i. 363.
hrifsa, að, or older rifsa, [cp. A. S. reafian; Engl. to rob, rifle; Scot. reif, reff = plunder, reiver = robbe
r; Germ. rauben, etc.] :-- to rob, pillage; rifsa ok gr&aacute
;pa, Stj. 78, 154; rænt ok rifsat, 236; hripsa ok ræna, Thom. 534.
hrifsan, f. a robbing, pillaging, Fb. ii. 412.
hrifsing, f. = hrifsan, Fas. i. 92.
HRIKI, a, m. a huge fellow, Fas. ii. 378, freq. in mod. usage: 
a giant, Edda (Gl.) COMPDS: hrika-legr, adj. (-lega, adv.), huge. hrika-leikr, m. a game of giants, Bjarni 34.
hrikta, t, to creak, Am. 36 (of door hinges), where spelt hric&tho
rn;o, as if from hrika, which seems the true old form; but the mod. form
is hrikta.
hrina, see hrinur.
HRINDA, pres. hrind; pret. hratt, 2nd pers. hratt, mod. hrazt, hraztu, &O
acute;. H. (in a verse); pl. hrundu; subj. hryndi; imperat. hrind, hritt', and h
rittú, Fsm. 43; part. hrundinn; in mod. usage pres. weak hrindi, and even
a pret. hrinti is in use: [A. S. hrindan] :-- to push, kick, throw, with dat.; ef hann hrindr manni í eld, Grág. ii. 129; Þor
kell hratt Knúti af baki, Fb. ii. 23; hann hratt hestinum í v&ouml
;k eina, Fms. i. 211, Nj. 91; skaut hann við honum hendi ok hratt honum, Fms
. vi. 6; þá höfðu þeir út hrundit skipunum, H
kr. i. 153; h. skipi fram or í vatn, to launch a ship, Eg. 142, Nj
. 18, Fms. i. 58, Ó. H. 109, Fas. iii. 40; var þá hrundit b&
aacute;tnum, the ship's boat was put out or off, Grett. 95; h. e-m
í eld, to kick him into the fire, Akv. 20; h. hurð, to pus
h the door open, Eg. 560; h. á hurð, Fsm. 43; h. í myrkvastofu, to cast into prison, Post. 656 C. 33; h. á braut, to dri
ve away, Fms. ix. 380; brot hrundinn or sæti, Sks. 623; hratt (thre
w) á völl brynju, Hkm. 4; að þeir hryndi honum þ
ar af fram, Luke iv. 29. II. metaph., er hann fékk öndinni fr
á sér hrundit, when he could draw his breath, Eg. 553; &tho
rn;eir hrundu frá honum (kicked away from him) því f&
oacute;lki flestu er þá var með honum, Bs. i. 554; þat hr
indr eitri ór, 655 xxx. 12 :-- phrases, h. harmi, to cast off one's gr
ief, Fms. vii. 153; h. ugg ok ótta, vi. 63; hrindum þessu af os
s ok verum kátir, let us throw this off and be glad! 127; h. &iacu
te;llu ráði, Merl. 1. 64; h. e-u af e-m, to defend one from one, Fms. v. 113; hann hratt þeim úfriði af sér, Ó.
H. 34; til pess at h. þessu ríki af landsmönnum, 232; h. m&aa
cute;li, to throw a case back, make it void, Landn. 89; hefir þ&uac
ute; drengiliga hrundit þessu máli, i.e. thou hast cleared thyse
lf of it, Fb. ii. 195; at ek gæta þessu íllmæli sem
skjótast rutt ok hrundit, Fms. iv. 310; eins þeirra vitni skyldi
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<HEADER>HRINDLAN -- HRÍM. 285</HEADER>
h. tíu Norðmanna, x. 398; villa aptr hrundin, Anecd. 104: absol. or i
mpers., hratt stundum fyrir en stundum frá, the clouds were drifting o
ff and on, so that the moon was hidden one moment and seen the next, Grett.
114. III. reflex. and recipr. hrindask, to push, kick one another,
Grág. ii. 96: part., grund grapi hrundin, the storm-beaten earth, Haustl.
hrindlan, f. a pushing, kicking, N. G. L. i. 157.
hringa, að, to furnish with a ring, to hook, Stj. 644 (2 Kings
xix. 28, of Sennacherib): to coil into rings, h. sik, of a serpent.
hring-danz, m. = hringleikr.
hring-eygr, adj. wall-eyed, of a horse.
Hring-horni, a, m. a mythol. ship, Edda.
hring-iða, u, f. a whirling eddy.
hringing, f. a bell-ringing, Fms. iii. 60, Hkr. ii. 111, N. G. L.
i. 381, Eluc. 147.
HRINGJA, d, [A. S. hringan; Engl. ring; Dan. ringe]
:-- to ring bells, Nj. 189, Grág. i. 27, Fms. iii. 60: act. with d
at., K. Þ. K. 48: reflex., hringdisk klukka sjálf, Bs. i. 443.
hringja, u, f. a buckle, Fas. i. 319, 331, Landn. 87, Fb. i. 354.
hringja, d, [hringr], to encircle, surround; also kringja (q.v.),

Fms. v. 53; hrinctu mik, imperat. surround me! a dub. reading, Gkv. 3. 5.
hringla, að, to clatter, rattle.
hring-leikr, m. a game in which the players stood in a
nce; um kveldit eptir náttverð mælti Sturla
nýju húsfreyju, at slá skyldi hringleik, ok
rn;ýða heimamanna ok gestir, Sturl. i. 82; slá
400, 466; gera h., id., Karl. 470.
ring, a ring-da
við Guð
fara til al&tho
hringleik, Stj.
hring-læginn, adj. coiled up, of a serpent, Hm. 85.

hring-ofinn, part. woven with rings, of a coat of mail, Lex. Po&eu
ml;t.: woven with rings, of a stuff, Vm. 22, Am. 33.
HRINGR, m., pl. hringar, in mod. usage sometimes hringir: [A. S., Hel., a
nd O. H. G. hring; Engl., Germ., Dan., and Swed. ring, ringlet]: I. a ring, circle; tungl hvert gengr sinn hring, Rb. 53 (1812); h.
jarðar, the earth's circumference, Hom. 20; slá hring um e-n,
to make a ring around one, Stj. 312, Fms. viii. 67; hann hefir lykkju af
ái en hringinn af ói, of the circle or bight of the letter &aol
ig;, Skálda 161; hann þóttisk sjá þangat hr
ing ok elds-lit á, Nj. 194. 2. í hring, adv. in a ring or circle; þeir lögðu þann sjá í hr
ing utan um hana, Edda; sól gengr umhverfis í hring, Rb. 66 (1812)
; standa umhverfis í hring, to stand round in a ring, Fms. iv. 160
, (mann-hringr, a ring of men); hann sveiflaði sverðinu í
hring um sik, he swept with his sword all round him, Sturl. iii. 220; ha
nn fór í hring um (swam in a circle around) skipit, Ld. 56;
lagðir steinar í hring utan um, Eg. 486; nú snúask &th
orn;essi merki í hring um heiminn á hverjum tveim dægrum, Rb
. 104; hann gékk þá í hring hjá konungi, Fms.
vi. 206. 3. as an adverb. phrase, með (at) hringum, all around, al
together, taka allt með hringum, Arnór; hann lét leggja el
d í kirkju ok bæinn ok brendu upp með hringum, Fms. vii. 212; b
renna bæinn upp at hringum, x. 389 (Ágrip). II. a ring, Lat. annulus: 1. a ring at the end of a chest, Fms. i. 1
78, kistu-h.; in a door, Rm. 23; hurðar-h., Ísl. Þjó&eth
;s. ii: the ring at the end of the hilt to which the friðbönd (q.v.) we
re fastened, Hkv. Hjörv. 9: the chain or links in a kettle chain (ha
dda), Hým. 33: an anchor ring (akkeris-h.) β. the r
ings in a coat of mail, the Sagas and Lex. Poët. passim, whence hrin
ga-brynja, u, f. a coat of ring-mail, see brynja, Fms. i. 43, vi. 416
-421, ix. 27, Karl. 542, the Sagas passim, see Worsaae, No. 474; hring-kofl, m., hring-skyrta, u, f., hring-serkr, m. a shirt of rings,
coat of ring-mail, Lex. Poët.: a coat of mail is called hring
-ofin, adj. woven with rings. 2. but esp. a ring on the
arm, finger (gull-h., silfr-h., járn-h.), passim; rauðir hringar, the red rings, Þkv. 29, 32; men ok hringar, Vsp. 23, passim; and henc
e gener. = money, see baugr. A lordly man is in poetry called 
hring-berandi, -bjóðr, -brjótr, -broti, -drífir, -hreyt
andi, -lestir, -mildr, -miðlandi, -rífr, -skati, -skemmir, -snyrtir,
-stríðandi, -stýrir, -tælir, -varpaðr, -viðr, þverrir, the bearer, breaker ... or spender of rings, L
ex. Poët.: a woman from wearing rings, hring-eir, -skögul, þöll, -varið; and a man, hring-þollr, et
c. III. a ship is called Hringr (also in present use), Eg. (in a v
erse); hringr Ullar, the ship of Ull, i.e. his shield, Akv. 30; c
p. Hring-horni, the mythol. ship of the Edda: Hringr is the pr. name of a
man, Fb. iii, Landn.
hring-snúa, sneri, to twirl or turn round.
hrinur, f. pl. [hrína], a howling, Sturl. iii. 176, Fas. ii
i. 149, Konr. 29.
HRIP, n. a box of laths or a basket to carry peat and the l
ike on horseback, with a drop at the bottom, Lv. 65, (mó-hrip, torf-hrip.
) hrips-grind, f. the frame of a h., id. Hence the phrase, þ
að er eins og að ausa vatni í hrip, 'it is like pouring water
into a sieve,' (cp. Lat. 'Danaidum dolia implere'), of useless efforts: h
urried work, e.g. hurried writing, as if dropped out of the quill.
HRIPA, að, to leak much; þá hripar allt, or &thor
n;að hrip-lekr, it leaks fast: metaph. to write hurriedly, h.
bréf; það er hripað í mesta flýtri.
hrips, n. and hrípsa, að, see hrifsa.
hripuðr, m., poët. a fire, Edda (Gl.), Gm. 1.
HRISTA, t, [Ulf. hrisjan = to shake; A. S. hreosan;
Hel. hrisjan; Dan. ryste] :-- to shake, Ld. 148, Hý
m. 1; h. höfuðit, to shake one's head, Fms. iii. 192; h. skegg,
to shake the beard, Þkv. 1; h. e-t af sér, to shake it of
f, Sd. 158, Fms. vii. 186; hann hristi at honum stúfinn, v. 184; hann
hristi bótann af fæti sér, vii. 186; h. vönd yfir e-m,
Sks. 700; h. teninga í hendi sér, Fb. ii. 174; hrista sik, to
shake himself, of a dog, lion; þeim hristusk tennr í höf&e
th;i, the teeth chattered in their mouth, Fas. i. 78; marir hristusk, the horses shook their manes, Hkv. Hjörv. 28; darraðr hristisk, the shafts shook, Hkm. 2; björg hristusk, of an earthquake, Haustl.: a
lso freq. in mod. usage, hið græna tréð var hrakið ok h
rist, Pass. 32. 13.
hristir, m. a shaker; h. hjálms, helm-shaker, GREEK,
Lex. Poët.
hristi-sif, f., poët.; h. háls-hringa, the shaker of the n
ecklace, epithet of a lady, Bragi.
HRÍÐ, f. [A. S. hrîð a GREEK in the poem Wids
ith; Scot. and North. E. snow-wreath] :-- a tempest, storm, in old
writers only of a snow storm, as also in present use, except in western
Icel., where rain and sleet are also called hríð; hr&ia
cute;ðir ok íllviðri, Rb. 102; hríð mikla gör&eth
;i at þeim, Nj. 263; hríð veðrs, 282; önnur hrí
ð kom þá menn riðu til alþingis (A.D. 1118) ok drap f
é manna fyrir norðan land, Bs. i. 74; í ógurligum hr&ia
cute;ðum, 656 B. 12; þá görði á harða ve&et
h;ráttu ok hríðir á fjallinu, ok hinn sjötta dag J
óla höfðu þeir hríð, Sturl. iii. 215; þ&a
acute; gerði at þeim hríð svá mikla, at hrí&e
th;in drap til dauðs son hans frumvaxta, Fms. vi. 31; þá l&eacu
te;tti hríðinni, a violent snow storm, Bjarn. 55; sí&et
h;an létti upp hríðinni, Fb. ii. 194; laust á fyrir &th
orn;eim hríð mikilli, Dropl. 10; en hríðin hélzt h&
aacute;lfan mánuð ok þótti mönnum þat langt m
jök, 11; þá kom hríð sú á Dymbild&oum

l;gum at menn máttu eigi veita tíðir í kirkjum, Bs. i.
30; hríð með frosti, Fas. iii. 318. 2. metaph. a shock,
attack, in a battle; hörð, snörp, hríð, Fms. ii. 3
23, viii. 139, Hkr. iii. 158, Nj. 115, Eg. 492, passim; þá l&eacute
;t jarlinn binda postulann ok berja svipum, en er gengnar vóru sjau hr&ia
cute;ðir (rounds) bardagans, 656 B. 4; Dags-hríð, Orra-hr
íð, Ó. H. ch. 227, Fms. vi. 421. 3. medic., in plur. paroxysms of pain, of fever; hafa harðar hríðir, sótt
ar-hríðir, paroxysms of fever: but esp. pangs of childbirth
 (fæðingar-hríðir); Forðum lögðust fj&ouml
;ll á gólf | fengu strangar hríðir, rendering of 'partu
riunt montes' of Horace, Grönd. II. the nick of time: 1. a while; nökkura hríð, for a while, Nj. 1; lang
a hríð, a long while, Ó. H. 31; litla hríð,
a little while, Fas. iii. 48; langar hríðir, for long spell
s of time, Fms. vii. 199; þessar hríðir allar, all this
while, Hkr. i. 211; á lítilli hríð, in a short w
hile, Sks. 232 B; um hríð, or (rarely) um hríðir, f
or a while, Ó. H. 32, Fs. 8, Eg. 59, 91, 95; enn of hríð,
Ísl. ii. 360; um hríðar sakir, id., Fs. 134; orrinn er
um hríð (a while ago) var nefndr, Stj. 77; sem um hrí&e
th; (for a while) var frá sagt, 104: in plur., þau vandr&ael
ig;ði er á þetta land hafa lagzt um hríðir, N. G. L.
i. 445; höfu vér nú um hríðir iðuliga sko&eth
;at hana, Gþl. v. 2. adverb, phrases, α. hrí&et
h;um, frequently; at þeir væri hríðum at Staða
rhóli, Sturl. i. 62; stundum í Hvammi en hríðum at Sta&
eth;, 193; hann mælti allt til andláts síns ok söng hr&
iacute;ðum ór psaltera, Fms. vii. 227, cp. Hdl. 38. β. &i
acute; hríðinni, immediately, at once; hann fór &iacute
; hríðinni upp til Hofs, Fms. ix. 520; báru þeir hann &t
horn;á í hríðinni ofan í Naustanes, Eg. 398; &th
orn;egar í hríðinni ( = Lat. jam jam), Stj. 7; þ&
aacute;sk hans bæn þegar í hríðinni, 272, 274; &th
orn;á bað Sveinn at þeir færi til Sandeyjar, ok fyndisk &
thorn;ar, þvíat hann lézk þangat fara mundu í h
ríðinni, Orkn. 388; létusk þá enn sex menn &iacut
e; hríðinni, Eb. 278; þrem sinnum í hríðinni,
thrice in succession, D. N. ii. 225; so also, í einni hrí
ð, all at once, Tristr. 6. III. local (rare), space, distan
ce; Erlingr ríðr mest, þar næst Ubbi, ok var þ&
oacute; hríð löng á millum, Mag. 9; stundar-hrí&et
h;, Hkr. i. 150.
hríða, d, to excite, Th. 3.
hríð-blásinn, part. storm-blown, Hallfr. (epithe
t of the waves).
hríð-drepa, adj. killed by a snow storm, 656 B. 12.
hríð-fastr, adj. held fast by a storm, Sturl. ii. 235,
Fms. ii. 239.
hríð-feldr, adj. stormy, epithet of the clouds, Gm. 40,
v.l. (Edda).
hríðir, m., poët. a sword, Edda (Gl.)
hríð-lyndr, adj. distressed, agitated, Vígl. (in

a verse).
hríð-mál, n. the nick of time, Edda i. 332 (Ob.)
, where Kb. hrimdal (wrongly); cp. the words, en jöfnuðr var milli pres
tanna samt annarra góðra bænda þar í Fljótu
m, sem gáfu ánum hey allan vetrinn, ok mín á Okrum &
iacute; miðsveitinni, sem ekki gaf hey nema at taka úr hrí&eth
;mál, Fél. iv. 198, where hríðmál and allan vetr
inn are opposed to each other.
hríð-tjald, n., poët. the heaven, Harms. 28.
hríð-viðri, n. a tempest, Eb. 204, Sturl. iii. 215.
hrífa, u, f. a rake, Eb. 258, Fms. iii. 207, Háv. 47
. COMPDS: hrífu-tindr, m. the teeth of a rake; hrifu-ska
pt, -höfuð, n. a rake-handle, head of a rake, freq. in mod.
usage.
HRÍFA, hreif, hrifu, hrifinn, [prob, from the same root as hrifsa,
cp. Engl. to rive] :-- to catch, grapple; kasta akkerum, ok hr&ia
cute;fa þau við um síðir, Bs. i. 423; en nokkuð b&aelig
;gði allstaðar svá at hvergi hreif við, Gísl. 125; &th
orn;á hét hann á heilagan Jón biskup ... ok hreif &t
horn;egar við, Bs. i. 197; hann reist þeim seiðvillur með &tho
rn;eim atkvæðum, at þeim hrifi sjálfum seiðmönnu
m, Fas. iii. 319; hann hrífr þá til hlustanna, Fs. 146: rare
in old writers, but freq. in mod. usage: also in a metaph. sense, to affect,
to move, touch, stir into a passion, hrifinn, part. moved, enthus
iastic, etc.
HRÍM, n. [A. S. hrîm; Engl. rime; Dan. rimfrost; cp. Germ. reif]: -- rime, hoar frost, Edda 4, Vþ
m. 31, Korm. (in a verse), Fms. vi. 23 (in
<PAGE NUM="b0286">
<HEADER>286 HRÍMDRIF -- HROKKINN.</HEADER>
a verse), Merl. 1. 51, freq. in mod. usage. COMPDS: hrím-drif, n.
a drift of rime, Sks. 230. Hrím-faxi, a, m. Rime-mane, a mythol. horse, Edda 56, Vþm. 14. hrím-fextr, part. r
ime-maned, of the waves, Fas. ii. (in a verse). hrím-frosinn,
part. rimy, Sks. 230. hrím-steinar, m. pl. rime stones, Edda 38, 48. Hrím-þursar, m. pl. 'Rime-giants;' t
he Titans of the Scandin. mythology were so called, as opposed to and older than
the common Jötnar (Giants), Vþm. 33, Hm. 109, Gm. 31, Skm. 34
; hrímþursar ok bergrisar, Edda 10, 15, 25, 38. II. the b
lack soot on a kettle, ketil-hrím. COMPDS: Hrím-gerðr, f. name of a giantess, Hkv. Hjörv. hrím-kaldr, adj. ri
me cold, Vþm. 21, Ls. 49, Fm. 38. hrím-kalkr, m. a r
imy cup, from the froth on the mead, Ls. 53, Skm. 37.
hrím-aldi, a, m. a lazy lout, who lies on the hearth black
with soot, cp. kolbítr, Fas. iii. 18.
hrímandi, see hrynjandi.
hrími, a, m. = hrím, Lex. Poët.

Hrímnir, m. the name of a giant, Edda.
hrímugr, adj. sooty, black, Korm. (in a verse).
HRÍNA, pres. hrín; pret. hrein, pl. hrinu; part. hrinið
:-A. To squeal like swine; stundum jarmaði hann sem geit eðr
hrein sem svín, Greg. 50, Fas. iii. 148; hani, krummi, hundr, sví
n ... | galar, krunkar, geltir, hrín, a ditty, passim. β. of
an animal in heat; þá hljóp merr at hestinum ok hrein vi&eth
;, Edda 26; hrein hænan við hananum, Fs. 156.
B. [A. S. hrînan = tangere], to cleave to, stick; það hrín ekki á, it will not stick, e.g. of t
hrowing water on a duck's back; það hrín ekki á svö
rtu, i.e. black (spots) on black will not be seen. 2. metaph. to take effect, hurt, esp. of curses or imprecations; mjök
þykir þetta atkvæði á hafa hrinit, Ld. 154; ella m
un ek mæla þat orð er alla æfi mun uppi vera í kn&e
acute;runni yðrum, ok mun á hrína, Anal. 186; ellegar hr&iacut
e;ni þat allt á þér sem ek hefi þér verst
beðit, Fas. iii. 206, 390; þótti þat mjök hafa hrin
it á er Ósvífr hafði spáð, Ld. 230; cp. &aac
ute;hrins-orð, curses that take effect.
HRÍS, n. [A. S. hrîs; Old Engl. ris or rys (Chaucer); Dan. riis; Swed. ris; Germ. reis] :-- a coll
ective noun, shrubs, brushwood; hrís ok hátt gras, Hm. 120;
smá hris ok þá enn holt, Fms. vi. 334 (v.l.), vii. 31, Eg.
220; hann fannsk í hrísum nokkurum, Fms. vii. 31, 68, Fs. 155; h&o
uml;rfuðu þeir þannig um hrísin, Sturl. i. 150: fagots
, Ld. 214, 216, Rm. 9; til hrísa ok haga, Jm. 7; brjóta hr&iac
ute;s, to break fagots, D. N. i. 215: so in the phrase, brjóta hr&
iacute;s í hæla e-m, to break fagots on another's heels, give hi
m a thrashing, Fms. vi. 339 (in a verse): rífa hrís, to mak
e fagots: the saying, þjökkva skal hræsinn við (nið
?) með hrísi, Sighvat, is dubious, perh. við = nið, i.e. a
proud son wants the rod, cp. Prov. xiii. 24. II. local names, Hr&
iacute;sar, Hrís-hóll, etc., Landn. COMPDS: hrís-b&i
acute;tr, m. twig-biter, a nickname, Fms. ix. hrís-brot, n. breaking wood for fagots, D. N. hrís-byrðr, f. a load of fagots, Fbr. 47, Pm. 423. hrís-fleki, a, m. a hu
rdle of brush-wood, Rd. 240. hrís-högg, n. = hrísb
rot, Vm. 96. hrís-kjörr, n. pl. brushwood, Ld. 204, La
ndn. 68, Fms. vii. 31, 123, Þiðr. 67. hrís-magi, a, m. a
nickname, Ld. 216. hrís-rif, n. = hrísbrot, Grág. i
i. 263, 264, Dipl. v. 10. hrís-runnr, m. a bush, Eb. 200, R
d. 250, Fms. vii. 250, Thom. 473.
hrísa, u, f. a female hrísungr (q.v.), N. G. L. i. 2
06.
hrísi, a, m. = hrísungr (?), a nickname, Landn.
hrísla, u, f. a dimin. a twig or sprig of a branch,
Ísl. ii. 356, Rd. 240, Ld. 52, N. G. L. i. 270, Fb. iii. 453, Barl. 56.
hrís-óttr, adj. grown with shrubs, Eg. 219, Fb. iii.

453.
hrísungr, m. a law term, a kind of bastard, one begotten in the
woods, but of a free mother, N. G. L. i. 48, 228: in the Grág&aacute
;s, a son born of a free woman, but begotten whilst she was a bondwoman;
he could not inherit, and, though called free born, had to be declared free pers
onally (pro formâ), Grág. i. 178; cp. rishöfde i
n the old Swed. law. The heipt hrísungs = stones, Ýt. 19, r
efers to the tale of the Sons of Jormunrek, of which one (Erp) is in Hðm. ca
lled hornungr.
hrjá, f. a rout, (cp. slang Engl. row), struggle,
 Fms. vi. 212, Fas. ii. 505.
HRJÁ, ð, to vex, distress, harass a person, Fms. vi. 20
4 (v.l.), viii. 78, Th. 77: neut. to struggle, wrestle, hann kvaðsk a
f hafa lagt at rjá (sic), Grett. 146 A: freq. in mod. usage and with the
h, Pass. 9. 9; hrjáð er holdið líka, Stef. Ó
l.
HRJÓÐA, pret. hrauð, pl. hruðu, part. hroðinn :-to strip, disable, esp. a ship in a sea-fight; hann hrauð öll v
íkinga-skipin, Fms. i. 27; var þá hroðit þat skip
stafna á meðal, 178; þau skip er þeir sjálfir ynni
ok hryði af Ólafi konungi, ii. 303; hruðu þeir öll Da
na skip þau er þeir fengu haldit, 314; hrauð Magnús konun
gr þat skip ok síðan hvárt at öðru, vi. 78, 84;
þeir hruðu sum skipin Birkibeina, viii. 290; léttu þeir
feðgar eigi fyrr en hroðit var skipit, Eg. 122. 2. of ships, t
o unload; þeir hrjóða skip sín ok setja landfestar,
Al. 13; ok er rétt at h. skip ok bera farm af þótt Drottinsdagr sé, af ..., K. Þ. K. 82; skip skal eigi h. um helgi nema skips
-háski sé, N. G. L. i. 142. 3. to be cleared; var &t
horn;á enn hroðinn valrinn, the battle-field was cleared of th
e slain, Fms. v. 97; mun hroðit myrkvanum (the fog has cleared away)
þar sem þeir eru, Hkr. iii. 94. II. impers. to belch o
r vomit forth, of steam, fire, expectoration, or the like; kongrinn hj&oa
cute; með Hneiti þá svo hrauð af eggjum báðum, so that both edges struck fire, Ór. 48; eldi hrauð ór hl
unni, Lex. Poët.; kvað hann þat vera svelg ok hrauð stundum s
vá hátt upp ór sem fjall væri, Bret. 49 (1845); hrau&
eth; upp ór honum miklu vatni (he brought up much water) er hann h
afði drukkit, Mag. 76; hrauð í himin upp glóðum, Edda
(in a verse); hrýðr um krapit, Finnb. 310 III. reflex. hrj&oac
ute;ðask, to be cleared, stripped, Jd., Hkm., Lex. Poët.
hrjóðr, m. [A. S. hroder], poët. one of the hea
vens, Edda (Gl.); whence hrjóðr-leika, u, f. the sun, id.
hrjóðr, m. a destroyer, Lex. Poët.
hrjóna, u, f. [Old Engl. royne = a scab; roynous, roynis
h = scabby (Chaucer and Shaksp.); cp. also ronyon] :-- roug
hness, Edda (Lauf.), and hrjónungr, m. id., esp. from f
laws in ice. The word, which is old, although not recorded in ancient writers, i
s interesting on account of its being akin to hraun, q.v.
hrjónn, adj. rough; h. íshrufa, Edda.
HRJÓSA, hraus, hrusu. subj. hrysi, a defect. strong verb: [A. S

. hreosan = to shake; Ivar Aasen rysja; Swed. rysa; aki
n to hrista, q.v.] :-- to shudder; ok hraus þeim mjök hugr vi&
eth; hánum, Grett. 78 new Ed.; ávallt hrýs mér hugr
við er ek sé þik, Krók. 7 new Ed. (1866).
hrjóstr, m. a rough place, barren rocky place, Grág.
ii. 282, Jb. 242.
hrjóstugr, adj., mod. hrjóstrugr, rough, barren, Bs. i. 674.
HRJÓTA, pres. hrýt, pl. hrjóta; pret. hraut, 2nd per
s. hrauzt, pl. hrutu; subj. hryti; part. hrotinn :-- to rebound, fall, fly, b
e flung, with the notion of shaking or violence; öxin hraut ór h
endi honum, Nj. 28, Fs. 101; björg hrutu ór stað, Rb. 318; hrutu
fyrir borð höfuð ok limir, Fms. i. 171; hraut upp hurðin, vi.
121; annarr hraut í sundr, rent asunder, Hkr. ii. 143; barrarnar h
rutu í sundr, were crushed, Sturl. ii. 49; hamrar sprungu en hrutu
steinar, Krosskv. 13; vápnin hrutu af upp af skallanum, the swords re
bounded from his skull, without hurting him, Fms. xi. 132; förunautar h
ans hrutu frá, they started back, Fbr. 40; hann blæss &iacut
e; nafars-raufina ok hrjóta spænirnir upp móti honum, Edda 4
9; en þó hraut þat upp fyrir Þorgrími, at ..., that (word) broke forth from Th., he was heard to say, that ...,
 Grett. 120 A. 2. metaph., eldr hraut ór törgunni, fir
e started from the target, Korm. 88; eldr hraut ór hlunnunum ok l&oum
l;nd öll skulfu, Edda 38, Gullþ. 9; hryti hár logi hús
mín í gögnum, Am. 15; svá sýndist sem dust hryt
i ór hreinbjálfanum, the dust flew out of the cloak, Fb. ii
. 356; hrýtr (sparkled) ór skallanum við höggin, F
ms. xi. 132; hraut ór af vætu, it drizzled into a shower, St
url. iii. 112; hrýtr blóð ór munni eða nösum,
Grág. i. 149 new Ed.
B. To snore, a different word, of which the older and better form
was rjóta, as shewn by alliteration in old poems, see p. 227: [A.
S. hrûtan; Old Engl. rout or rowt; Swed. ryta]
:-- þá raut við enn reginkunni Baldr í brynju sem bj&ou
ml;rn ryti, Hðm. 26; hann svaf ok hraut sterkliga, Edda 29; sofnar Skr&yacut
e;mir ok hraut fast, id., Grett. 154; konungr hraut mjök, Fms. ii. 139; fla
gðit hraut ógurliga hátt, Fb. i. 258; sofnar hann þegar
fast, ok hraut mikinn, Finnb. 336; hann hraut mjök, Fas. ii. 133, Sturl. ii
. 50.
HRJÚFR, adj. [A. S. hreof = scabby; Engl. rough], rough, rugged to the touch; hrjúfr háls, Fas. iii. 37
(in a verse). 2. scabby, scurvy; líkþráir ok
hrjúfir, 655 xi; þeir eru sem hrjúfir sé, er orðm
argir eru, id.; hendr hans höfðu hryfar (i.e. hrjúfar) verit ok
fætr ok vall hvárt-tveggja vági, Greg. 75, Ld. 232, v.l.
hroða, að, to huddle up; h. e-u af.
hroði, a, m. [hrjóða II], refuse, offal, Fær.
186; dún-h., refuse of eiderdown; medic. excretion. 2. = hrjá, a rout, riot, Fbr. 8; cp. also hryðja. hroð
a-vænligr, adj. likely to cause a row, Njarð. 366. II. metaph. a rough, brutal man. COMPDS: hroða-lega, adv. co
arsely, badly (done). hroða-legr, adj. coarse, bad (workma

nship): brutal. hroða-menni, n. a brutal person. hro
ða-skapr, m. brutality.
hroðinn, hroðit, part. of a lost verb [ = A. S. hreôdan,
to paint], painted, stained, only found once, hroðit sigli, Skv.
3. 47; and in the compd gull-roðinn, q.v.
hroð-virkr, adj. doing hurried and bungling work, (hroðvir
kni, f.)
HROGN, n. pl. [Engl. roe; Dan. rogn; Swed. row], 
roe, spawn, Sks. 48, Landn. 117 (as a nickname), freq.
hrogn-kelsi, n., proncd. hrokkelsi, the cyclopterus, lump-sucke
r, collectively; but the male fish is called rauðmagi, the female gr&aac
ute;magi or grásleppa, Bjarn. (in a verse), freq. hrokkelsa-fjara,
u, f. catching lump-suckers on the beach.
HROKA, að, (see hraukr), to fill a vessel above the brim; cist
era hrokuð af gulli, Hkr. iii. 245; hrokaðr (brimful) af ú
lyfjan, Th. 19: metaph., h. sig upp, to puff oneself up with pride: also
hroka-fylla, t, to fill over the brim.
hroki, a, m. the heap above the brim of a full vessel; með hro
ka færdæmingar, covered with disgrace, H. E. i. 514. II. metaph. insolence, overbearing manners, freq. COMPDS: hroka-fullr, adj. full of insolence. hroka-legr, adj. (-lega, adv.),
overbearing. hroka-yrði, n. swelling words, Jude 16.
hrokk-áll, m. a kind of eel, old form hrökkvi-á
ll, Bragi.
hrokkinn, part. (see hrökkva), curled: hrokkin-hárr
, -hærðr, adj. curly-haired, Fms. vii. 101, Fbr. 5, 176, Bs
. i. 127, Þiðr. 176: hrokkin-skinna, u, f. 'wrinkle-skin,' term of abuse for an old woman, Fms. ii.
<PAGE NUM="b0287">
<HEADER>HROLLA -- HRÓSA. 287</HEADER>
130: name of a MS. given to it by Torfeus, cp. Fagr-skinna, Grá-skinna, G
ullin-skinna, Morkin-skinna, = Fair-skin, Gray-skin, Golden-skin, Rotten-skin
, all names of Icel. vellum MSS.
hrolla, d, to shiver, and metaph. to shudder; hrollir hugr
minn, Fb. i. (in a verse); hroldi hotvetna, Am. 95; hrolla á hrísl
u, Fas. i. (in a verse), cp. Sól. 38.
HROLLR, m. a shivering, from cold; hann hafði hroll mikinn &ia
cute; búknum, Fas. ii. 394; h. kom í hörund honum, Orkn. 184;
h. og kuldi, Dropl. (Major); kulda-h., a shivering from cold: metaph. horror, Fas. i. 194.
hropti, a, m. a word of uncertain sense; Ögmundr sagðisk eigi &t
horn;á mundu sigla lengra en um þveran hroptann, Sd. 151.
HROPTR, m. a mythical name of Odin, perh. the crier, prophet (from
hrópa), Gm. 8, Kormak, Vsp. 61, Ls. 45, Eb. 78 (in a verse), Hd. (Edda);
prop. an appellative, as seen from the compds Rögna-hroptr, m. the crie
r of the gods, the prophet = Odin, Hm. 143; Hropta-týr,
m. the crying god = Odin, Hm. 161, Gm. 54.
HROSS, m., spelt hors, Stj. 178: [A. S. hors; Engl. hors
e; O. H. G. hros; Germ. ross] :-- a horse, Hm. 70, Gr&a
acute;g. i. 194, 432, 433, 599, Nj. 69, Sturl. iii. 227, Gþl. 190, Eb. 106
, Fb. ii. 184, 313; stóð-h., a stud-horse, steed; mer-h., a
mare; áburðar-h., a hackney. 2. spec. a mare, opp. to hestr, a stallion; litföróttr hestr með lj&oac
ute;sum hrossum, Gullþ. 14, Hrafn. 6; hestr eða h., N. G. L. ii. 68; e
f maðr á hest (a stallion), þá skal hann annathv&
aacute;rt kaupa hross (a mare) til, eða fá at láni, 125
. COMPDS: I. hrossa-bein, n. horse bone, horse flesh, Sturl
. i. 184. hrossa-beit, f. bite or grazing for horses, Jm. 2
0, Pm. 38. hrossa-brestr, m. a rattle. hrossa-fellir, m. loss of horses, from hunger or disease, Ann. 1313. hrossa-fúlga, u, f. fodder or pay given to keep a horse, Grág. i. 432
. hrossa-fætr, m. pl. horses' hoofs, Rb. 348; troðin und
ir hrossa fótum, Fas. i. 227. hrossa-gaukr, see gaukr. hrossa-g
eymsla, u, f. horse keeping, Grett. 91. hrossa-hús, n.
a stable, Fms. i. 108, xi. 407, Grett. 91, Orkn. 218, Bs. i. 285. hro
ssa-höfn, f. horse-keep, horse pasture, Íb. 6. hrossakjöt, n. horse flesh, horse meat, Fms. i. 36. hrossa-kyn,
n. horse flesh, Fas. iii. 132. hrossa-letr, n. 'horse-letters,
' a large coarse hand-writing. hrossa-maðr, m. a groom, &T
HORN;orst. Stang. 48; Kjartan kvaðsk engi vera h. ok vildi eigi þiggja
, Ld. 194. hrossa-móða, u, f. the dirt and loose hairs
which come off the coat of an ungroomed horse. hrossa-móðugr,
adj. covered with h. hrossa-reið, f. a horse-race, horse-ri
ding, Grág. i. 432, 438. hrossa-skella, u, f. = hrossabrestr.
hrossa-slátr, n. horse meat, Nj. 164, Hkr. i. 143, Fms. x.
300. hrossa-sótt, f. horse fever, a kind of horse's dise
ase. hrossa-stuldr, m. horse stealing, Fms. iii. 147. hross
a-taka, u, f. id., Eb. 56. hrossa-vöndr, m. a horse-wh
ip, Art. hrossa-þjófr, m. a horse-stealer, Hbl. 8
. hrossa-þöngull, m. a kind of seaweed, fucus digitatus. hross-bak, n. horse-back, Sturl. i. 146, ii. 219, Jb. 262. hr
oss-bein, n. a horse's bone, Sturl. i. 184. hross-eigandi, a,
m. part. a horse owner, Grág. i. 437. hross-fellir, n. = hr
ossafellir. hross-fjöldi, a, m. a drove of horses, Glú
m. 316. hross-fóðr, m. horse-fodder, N. G. L. i. 240. hross-gjöf, f. the gift of a horse, Sturl. i. 155. hross-g&
ouml;rsemi, f. a 'treasure of a horse,' a valuable horse, Bs. i. 633.
hross-hali, a, m. a horse's tail, Fms. ix. 18. hross-hauss, m. a horse's head, Fas. ii. 300: as a term of abuse, afgamall h. hro
ss-hár, n. horse-hair. Hrosshárs-grani, a, m. on
e of the names of Odin, prob. from wearing a frock or hekla of horse-hair, hr
oss-hófr, m. a horse's hoof, Al. 156. hross-hvalr, m. [
A. S. horshwæl = horse-whale; the Germ. form being wall-r
oss; Engl. wal-rus], a walrus, Edda (Gl.), Sks. 30 new Ed., Ko
rm. 164, K. Þ. K. 138: ropes of walrus skin (svörðr) were used of
old for rigging ships, see king Alfred's Orosius. hross-höfuð,
n. = hrosshauss, Eg. 389. hross-íss, m. ( = hrossheldr íss)
, horse-ice, i.e. ice safe to ride on, Sturl. iii. 21. hross-kl
yf, f. a horse pack, Karl. 382. hross-lifr, f. a horse's li
ver, Hkr. i. 144. hross-nautn, f. using a horse, Grág.
i. 432, 441. hross-reið, f. horse-riding, a horse-race, Gr&aac
ute;g. i. 432, 433, 442. hross-rófa, u, f. a horse's tail,
Fas. iii. 473. hross-síða, u, f. a horse's side, Orkn.

12. hross-spell, n. the damaging a horse, N. G. L. i. 176. hros
s-tagl, n. a horse's tail, Art. hross-tönn, f. a horse
's tooth. hross-verð, n. the worth of a horse, Grá
g. i. 434, Jb. 273. hross-þjófr, m. a horse-stealer:
name of a giant, Hdl. hross-æta, u, f. an eater of horse flesh, which by the old eccl. law might not be eaten. II. in pr. names, H
ross-kell, Hross-björn, Landn.: local name, Hross-ey, in the Ork
neys.
HROSTI, a, m. [Dan. roste; perh. the Engl. roast is akin; i
n Ivar Aasen roste -- the mash] :-- the mash in a brewer's
boiler, also the boiler and mash together; fánn h., the shining
frothy mash, Stor. 18; whence hrosta-fen, hrosta-brim, n. the hot
boiling fluid, Kormak, Arnór; hrosta-búð, f. a
beer-shop, D. N. v. 763; hrosta-lúðr, m. a 'mash-box,' = the boiler; the word only occurs in poetry.
hrota, u, f. the barnacle-goose, = hrotgás: as a term of ab
use, karl-hrota, an old man.
hrot-gás, f. [Dan. rodgaas; Norse rotgaas; Orkn. 
rood-goose] :-- a barnacle-goose, Edda (Gl.)
hrotti, a, m., poët. a sword, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët.: me
taph. a coarse, rude fellow; sá inn heimski h., Fms. ii. 161; hinn
gamli hrottinn, Grett. 118 A, Karl. 534. COMPDS: hrotta-legr, adj. co
arse, crude, hrotta-skapr, m. coarseness.
hrotur, f. pl. snoring.
hró, see hræ.
hróð-mögr, m. the great, famous son, Hkr. i. 114 (
in a verse).
HRÓÐR, m., gen. hróðrar and hróðrs: [A.
S. hræð, hrôðer; O. H. G. hruodi; Goth. hr&
ocirc;þ is assumed as the subst. of hrôþeigs, 2 Cor
. ii. 14] :-- praise, prop. fame, reputation; heyra hró&et
h;r sinn, to hear one's own praise, Fms. v. 174; bera hróðr e
-s, 623. 36; hróðrs örverðr, unworthy of praise, Ad.
14, 15; njóta hróðrar, to enjoy one's praise, Edda (in
a verse); mun þinn hróðr (thy honour) ekki at meiri &th
orn;ó at ek mæla berara, Gísl. 16; hróðr varlega
góðr, Fas. i. 267 (in a verse); ú-hróðr, disgrac
e. 2. esp. an encomium; göra hróðr of e-n, 
to compose a poem in one's praise, Kormak; nemi hann háttu hr&oacute
;ðrs míns, Edda (in a verse); hlýða hróðri s&ia
cute;num, to give ear to a song of praise, Sighvat. COMPDS (all from poem
s): hróðrar-gjarn, adj. willing to praise, of a poet, R
ekst. 34. hróðr-auðigr, adj. rich in honour, famous, Sighvat. hróðr-barmr, m. the famous, fatal spray (the
mistletoe), Vkv. 9. hróðr-barn, n. the glorious child,
Lex. Poët. hróðr-deilir, m. a 'praise-dealer,' an enc
omiast, Gísl. 42 (in a verse). hróðr-fúss,
adj. = hróðargjarn, Skv. 2. 21. hróðr-görð, f. 'praise-making,' an encomium, Lex. Poët. hróðr-kv
eði, a, m. a 'praise-singer,' a poet. Fas. iii. 36. hró
ðr-mál, n. pl. a song of praise, Hd. hróðr-s
míð, f. = hróðrgörð, Lex. Poët. hr&oa

cute;ðr-sonr, m. = hróðmögr, Fms. vi. 348. hró
ðr-tala, u, f. praise, Lex. Poët. II. in a few instan
ces the sense is ambiguous, and probably to be derived from hrjóða, to destroy, e.g. in Hróðvitnir, m. the fatal, murdero
us wolf, Edda 58, Gm. 39, Ls. 39: perh. also in hróðrbarmr (above
). III. in pr. names as prefix (cp. O. H. G. Hruod-land = Rolan
d), Hróð-marr, Hróð-geirr; assimil. in Hrolleifr, Hrol-laugr: absorbed in Hró-arr (qs. Hróðarr
= Hrod-here), Hró-aldr, Hró-mundr: as also in Hr
&oelig;-rekr (A. S. Hrêðric = Engl. Roderick), H
ró-bjartr ( = Engl. Robert), Hrolfr (qs. Hró&eth
;-úlfr = Germ. Rudolph, Engl. Ralph): also, Hró&e
th;-ný, a woman's name, Landn.: the obsolete pr. names Hreið-a
rr and Hreið-marr may also belong to the same root; as also Hr
eið-Gotar or Reið-Gotar (A. S. Hrêðgotan), a div
ision of the Goths, Hervar. S., Skjöld.
hróðugr, adj. [Ulf. hrôþeigs; A. S. hr&e
acute;ðig], triumphant, Vkv. 18, Ls. 45: glorious, Gm. 19,
Ad. 9, Lex. Poët.: as also in poët. compds, vin-h., al-h.: freq. in m
od. usage in the sense of boasting, triumphant.
HRÓF, n. [A. S. hrôf; Engl. roof; Dutch roe
f], a shed under which ships are built or kept, Ld. 34, 112, G
rág. ii. 400, Landn. 30, Krók. 10 new Ed.; Þangbrands-hr&oac
ute;f, Bs. i. 14; Stíganda-hróf, Fs. 28: in local names, Hr&oac
ute;f-á, Hróf-berg (proncd. Hró-berg), Landn.
hrófl, n. scrapings; það er ekki nema hróf
l, hann hefir hróflað því saman, of loose uncritical com
pilation.
hrófla, að, to scrape together. 2. dep. to ge
t out of order, Sks. 385.
hrófna, að, to be dilapidated.
HRÓKR, m. [Ulf. hruk = crowing; A. S. hrôc;
 Engl. rook; O. H. G. hruoh] :-- a rook, Edda (Gl.), Ht
., Lex. Poët, passim. hróka-ræða, u, f. long-win
ded foolish talk, croaking; in the popular Icel. phrase, setja upp hr&oacute
;karæðu, to set up long-winded talk, begin a 'long yarn,' which
reminds one of the Goth. sense; um hann mælti Sæmundr bró&et
h;ir Páls, at hann væri hrókr alls fagnaðar hvargi er ha
nn væri staddr, referring to his conversation and cheerfulness in company,
Bs. (Páls S.) i. 137. β. a term of abuse, a croaker, scur
ra garrulus, Kormak, Orkn. (in a verse); heimskr hrókr, Fbr. (in a ve
rse). 2. a pr. name, Fas. II. [from the Indian roch = elephant'
s castle, through the Engl.], the rook or castle in chess; sk&
aacute;ka í hróks-valdi, to check in the guard of the rook;
eiga sér hrók í horni. hróks-mát, n.
checkmate with the rook, Mag.
hróp, n. [Ulf. hrôps = GREEK; North. E. and Scot. 
roup, a public auction, from the calling out of the articles] :-- 
cavilling, scurrility, Korm. 162, Fms. iii. 154; hróp ok há&et
h;ung, Band. 31 new Ed.; hróp ok róg, Ls. 4; þú ert a
llra manna hróp (a laughing-stock) ok reklingr, MS. 4. 26. 2. [Germ. ruf], crying, screaming, mod. COMPDS: hróp-lau
st, n. adj. without taunt, Str. 69. hróps-tunga, u, f.

a 'slander-tongue,' foul mouth, Anal. 175. hróp-yrði,
n. pl. scurrility, Fms. iii. 154, Gísl. 53.
HRÓPA, að, [Ulf. hrôpjan = GREEK; A. S. hre&oc
irc;pan; Hel. hrôpan; Scot. roup or rope; O. H.
G. hruofan; Germ. rufen; Dutch roepen; Dan. raabe] :
-- to slander, defame a person, Nj. 68, Eg. 62, Landn. 238, Stj. 192, Str
. 15, Orkn. 120, Anal. 175, Ísl. ii. 238. II. [Germ. rufen]
, to cry, call aloud, freq. in mod. usage.
hrós, n. [Swed., Dan., and Ormul. ros], praise, freq
. in mod. usage.
HRÓSA, að, [Old Engl. and Scot. roose; Dan. rose; Swed. rosa; Ormul. rosen] :-- to praise, often with the n
otion to vaunt, boast, with dat., Vkv. 24, Hbl. 4, Nj. 147, Fms. vi. 239,
Hkr. ii. 299, Sks. 229, 743; h. sér, to boast, Karl. 291, G&iacut
e;sl. 37; h. sigri, to triumph, Ann. 1340; með hrósanda sigri,
triumphant, Sks. 631; því herfangi er þeir átt
u opt at h., to boast of, Fms. x. 253; Saul hrósaði (boaste
d), at hann hefði vel gört, Sks. 702.
<PAGE NUM="b0288">
<HEADER>288 HRÓSAN -- HRYNJA.</HEADER>
hrósan, f. praise, boasting, Str. 74. N. T.
hrósari, a, m. a boaster, Karl. 165, 283.
hrós-verðr, adj. praiseworthy.
HRÓT, n. [Ulf. hrôt = GREEK, Matth. viii. 8, etc., =
GREEK, ib. x. 27, Luke v. 19, xvii. 31] :-- a roof, only in poetry; hjart
a hrót, poët. the 'heart's-roof,' the breast, Landn. (in a ve
rse); hreggs hrót, the 'gale's-roof,' the sky; leiptra hrót
, the 'lightning-roof,' the sky; heims hrót, the 'world's-roof,
' the heaven, Lex. Poët. hrót-gandr, m. 'roof-wolf,' f
ire; or hrót-garmr, m. id., Lex. Poët. 2. the roof near the outer door is in mod. usage called rót, f.
hruðning, f. a challenging of neighbours, judges, Grág.
i. 39, 127, 178, ii. 85 (Kb.)
hrufa, u, f. [hrjúfr], a crust, the rough surface of a ston
e. β. the crust or scab of a boil or the like; h. &aac
ute; sári, N. G. L. i. 162, 305, Stj. 345, Bs. ii. 23.
hrufla, að, to scratch, Karl. 202, Mar.: reflex. to be scra
tched, of the skin, þar hefði hann hruflast og beinbrotnað, ..
. eins hrufluðust hans áræðnu hendr á klettunum, Od.
v. 426, 435.
hrufóttr, adj. rough, rugged to the touch, e.g. of a stone.
HRUKKA, u, f. [Engl. ruck, wrinkle; Dan. rynke; Swed. ry
nka; Lat. ruga] :-- a wrinkle on the skin, but also of cloth,
Barl. i. 174, Bs. i. 377, Thom. 518, Mar.: freq. in mod. usage, enga flekkan n&e
acute; hrukku, Ephes. v. 27.

hrukkast, að, dep. to be wrinkled.
hrukkóttr, adj. rugged, wrinkled, Lat. rugosus.
hruma, ð, to enfeeble, make infirm; Þorvarði hrum&et
h;i sárit, Lv. 86. II. reflex. to become old and infirm, Fa
s. iii. 204 (in a verse).
hrumaðr, adj. infirm, worn by age, Sturl. i. 57, Al. 55, Fms.
vii. 12 (v.l.)
hrum-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), infirm, Mork. 92, Fb. iii. 3
76.
HRUMR, adj. infirm, staggering, esp. from age, Thom. 464; hrumr &i
acute; göngu, Band. 28 new Ed.; stirðr ok h., Bs. i. 344; h. af v&aacut
e;si, Fms. ii. 59; haltr ok h., Stj. 501; h. at fótum, Fms. vii. 12; h. a
f elli, Eg. 393, Pr. 194.
hrun, n. [hrynja], ruin, collapse. 2. = hraun, Skáld
H. 2. 32.
Hrund, f. name of a Norse island; freq. used in poetry of women, bauga h.
, hringa h., Lex. Poët.
hrundning, f. [hrinda], kicking, pushing, Eg. 765, Vígl. 19
.
Hrungnir, m. the name of a famous giant, Edda; prob. akin to A. S. hru
ng, Germ. runge, = pertica: a shield is called the pedestal
of the giant H., from the tale told in Edda 56-59. Hrungnis-hjarta,
n., see hjarta.
hrun-henda, u, f. = hrynhenda.
hrunki, a, m. [akin to Hrungnir?], a clown, brute; skal sjá
við mik berjask hrunkinn, Glúm. 332.
hrun-sær, m. a breaker, Haustl. 11.
hrunull, adj. (?); h. þefr, a bad smell, Sturl. i. 27 (in a
verse).
HRÚÐR, m., gen. hrúðrs, a crust, scab on a s
ore, Bs. i. 182, freq.: crusty, of moss on rocks. COMPDS: hrú&e
th;r-karl, m. crusted moss on rocks, Bb. 2. 13. hrúðr-u
rt, f., botan. scabiosa, the scabious, Hjalt.
hrúðra, að, to become crusted, of sores.
HRÚGA, u, f. [Shetl. rudge], a heap, Fs. 42, Stj. 62
8, Nj. 190, Glúm. 327, Fms. viii. 206, Fb. ii. 8; beina-h., Fas. i. 66; p
eninga-h., Mar.; fata-h., Grett. 151. II. a nickname, Glúm., Orkn.
hrúga, að, to heap, pile up, with dat.
hrúgald, n. a heap, mass, Fas. ii. 134.
hrúkr, m. a nickname, Landn.

HRÚTR, m. a ram, Grág. i. 427, 502, 503, Grett. 148,
Rd. 260, Fs. 25. Stj. 580, Pr. 478, Fms. xi. 149: the zodiacal sign, Rb. 1812.
17: spec. phrases, svá sem börn göra hrúta með fingr
um sér, as children make rams with their fingers, i.e. by twisting
their fingers into the shape of rams' horns, Fms. v. 348, a child's game still
well known in Icel.; skera hrúta, to snore aloud (cp. hrjót
a B), Stef. Ól.; so, ic hrúti = sterto in king Alfred's Gr.
II. as a pr. name Hrútr; in local names, Hrúts-s
taðir, Hrúta-fjörðr, Hrút-ey, Landn. COMPDS: h
rúta-ber, n., botan. rubus saxatilis, the stone-bramble. hr
útaberja-lyng, n. the rubus ling. Hrút-firðingr,
 m. a man from Hrútafjörðr. hrút-lamb,
n. a ram lamb, Jb. 294. hrút-mál, n. and hr&uacut
e;t-mánuðr, m. 'ram months,' the winter months, when sheep
are at heat; frá vetrnóttum til hrútmáls, Vm. 7; in
Edda 103 the ram month is the 3rd month of winter. hrúts-fall, n.
a ram's carcase, Stj. 483. hrúts-gæra, u, f. the
skin and fleece of a ram, Stj. 306. hrúts-horn, n. a ram's
horn. hrúta-höfn, f. pasture for rams, Vm. 7. 
hrúts-höfuð, n. a ram's head, Rd. 260, 281. hr&uac
ute;ts-mark (-merki, -líki), n. the sign Aries, Rb. hrúts-reyfi, n. a ram's fleece, MS. 732. hrúts-svi&
eth;, n. pl. a roasted ram's head, the Scot. 'singed head.'
hrúzi, a, m., dimin. from hrútr, a ramkin; hvað
kemr til, hrússi minn, (GREEK), að þú fer síð
astr af fénu út úr hellinum, Od. ix. 447.
hryða, u, f. [hroði], excretion, Edda ii. 430.
HRYÐJA, hruddi, = ryðja, [cp. hrjóða], to clear; hryðja dóm, h. kvið, a law phrase, to challenge, Gr&aacu
te;g. ii. 85, 237 new Ed.
hryðja, u, f. [hroði and hrjóða II], rough weather,
sleet, tempest; mörg er hryðja mótlætis um aldr, Ste
f. Ól.: medic. fits of coughing with excretion, of a sick person:
metaph. an outrage, foul deed, hryðju-verk, n. a foul, brut
al deed, Fas. iii. 445.
hryfi, n. [hrufa], a scab, Bs. i. 181, ii. 23.
hrygg-afl, n. strength of the back, Fas. ii. 345, Greg. 22, MS. 65
5 xi. 2.
hrygg-boginn, part. bowed, bent, Thom. 356.
hrygg-brjóta, braut, to break the back.
hrygg-brotinn, part. broken-backed, Fms. x. 240, Greg. 48: metaph.
an unhappy wooer is said to be hryggbrotin.
hrygg-brotna, að, to break one's back, Bárð. 177.
HRYGGÐ or hrygð, f. affliction, grief, sorrow, Fms.
i. 135, vi. 61, 237, ix. 494 (v.l.), Johann. 97, N. T., Pass., Vídal. p
assim. COMPDS: hrygðar-búnaðr and hrygðar-bú
ningr, m. a mourning dress, Stj. 500, 642. hrygðar-dagr, m
. a day of mourning and sorrow, Fms. vii. 157. hrygðar-efni, n

. matter, cause of sorrow, Bs. i. 301. hrygðar-fullr, adj. 
sorrowful, rueful, Fms. ii. 162. hrygðar-grátr, m. wail
ing, lamentation, Mar. hrygðar-klæðnaðr, m. a mo
urning dress, Stj. 173, 207. hrygðar-lindi, a, m. a mourning
belt, Stj. 208. hrygðar-mark, n. a token of sorrow, Bs. i.
144. hrygðar-mál, n. a sad case, Thom. 452. hryg&et
h;ar-raust, f. a cry of sorrow, Pass. 41. 9. hrygðar-samligr, adj. mournful, Mar. hrygðar-svipr, m. a mournful look, 625. 96. hrygðar-söngr, m. a dirge, 625. 195.
hrygg-dreginn, part. bowed, bent, Thom. 478.
hryggi-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), mournful, sad, Fms. vi. 22
9, Sks. 227, Stj. 573, Róm. 239.
HRYGGJA, ð, older form hryggva, hryggvir, Harms. 60; hryggvask
, Pd. 36; hrvggvisk, Fms. ii. 42: [A. S. hreowan; Engl. rue] :-- to distress, grieve, with acc., Post. 645. 82, Karl. 481, Fas. i. 178, &Ia
cute;sl. ii. 238: impers., Fms. iii. 164, Band. 12 new Ed., Thom. 456, passim. II. reflex. to become grieved, Pd. 36, Fms. ii. 42, Sks. 225, N. T.
, Vídal., Pass., and in hymns; Mitt hjarta hvað svo hryggist þ&
uacute;?( = Warum betrübst du dich, mein herz?), Hólabók 208.
hrygg-knýttr, part. humpbacked, Karl. 547.
hrygg-leikr, m. (-leiki), affliction, grief, sorrow, 623. 5
7, Fms. x. 357, 368, Sks. 228, Bs. i. 78.
hrygg-lengja, u, f. the back of a hide.
hrygg-ligr, adj. = hryggiligr, Al. 59, 60.
hrygg-lundir, f. pl. the loins, Fms. ii. 82, Eb. 109 new Ed.; in t
he Sdm. 1. 1, 'hrælundir' is no doubt a false reading for hrygglundir, 
the loins.
HRYGGR, m., gen. hryggjar, pl. hryggir, [A. S. hrycg; Engl. rig
g, ridge (but only in the metaph. sense); O. H. G. hrucki; Germ. r
ücken; Dan. ryg; Swed. rygg] :-- the back, spine, ver
tebrae dorsi, in men and beasts, the spine of a fish being called dál
kr, q.v.; and even used of serpents, orma-h., Vsp. 44, Fms. v. 157, vii. 208, Nj
. 129, 155, Gþl. 459, Karl. 426, Bs. i. 354, ii. 167, Grett. 90, 112. I
I. metaph. a ridge, Gísl. 34, Landn. 115; fjall-h., a moun
tain ridge; in local names, as Öldu-hryggr: the middle of a piece of
stuff or cloth, opp. to jaðar (the edge); mæla (klæ&
eth;i) at hrygg eða jaðri, Grág. i. 498; hryggr bréfsins,
the back of a letter, D. N. i. 593, v. 839: of an edge of a stud,
Þiðr. 73. COMPDS: hryggjar-liðr, m. a vertebra. h
ryggjar-stykki, n. a kind of duck (from a spot on the back), the s
heldrake (?), Edda (Gl.): metaph. the name of an old Icel. historical work,
Fms. vii. (Mork.)
HRYGGR, adj., old
hryggri, Finnb. 224, and
Engl. rueful] :-1, Fms. ii. 290, v. 210,
dal. passim.
acc. hryggvan, with a characteristic v; compar.

hryggvari; superl. hryggvastr: [A. S. hreowig;
afflicted, grieved, distressed, Ls. 31, Gkv. 3.
239, ix. 500, Al. 56, Stj. 520, N. T., Pass., Ví
hrygg-spenna, u, f. a wrestling term, 'back-spanning,' clasping the ar
ms round one another's back, Fas. iii. 414.

hryggving, f. = hryggð, Mar.
hrygla, u, f. [Dan. rallen], medic. a rattling in the throat or bronchial tubes; hósti og h., a cough and h.; dauð
a-h., the death-rattle.
hrygna, u, f. [hrogn], a fish which has roe, Fas. ii. 112, Edda (G
l.)
HRYLLA, t, [hrollr], to shudder; mig hryllir við þv&iacu
te;, I shudder at it.
hrylli-legr, adj. (-lega, adv.), ghastly, horrible.
hrylling, f. horror.
HRYMASK, ð, [hrumr], = hrumast, Pr. 409, Bs. ii. 155, Rb. 344, 346: hrymðr, part. infirm from age, Dropl. 15, Hrafn. 15.
hrymja, ð, = hruma, Hb. 28.
Hrymr, m. name of an old giant, Vsp., the old, infirm (?).
hryn-henda, u, f. a kind of metre, the dróttkvæði
(q.v.), containing eight syllables in each line instead of the usual six, Edda
(Ht.) 62-64: name of poems composed in this metre, Fms. vi. 26.
hryn-hendr, adj. composed in the metre hrynhenda, Edda (Ht.)
HRYNJA, pres. hryn, pret. hrundi, part. hrunit :-- to fall to ruin, tu
mble down; björgin hrynja, Edda 41; veggrinn var hruninn (dilapidate
d), Fær. 111; veggrinn hrundi fyrir eldinum, Orkn. 350; hversu m&uacut
e;rar hafa niðr hrunit, Karl. 130; grjót eða björg eða j
örð hrynr, Skálda 169; þá munu þeir taka at s
egja fjöllunum, hrynið yfir oss, Luke xxiii. 30; og stjörnur himin
s hrundu á jörðina (better hröpuðu), Rev. vi. 13, cp. M
atth. vii. 25, 27, where hrundi would be the right word, although féll is
here used in the Icel. version. II. metaph. to stream, float; of
garments, jafnskjótt sem klæðit hrundi ofan um hann, Orkn. 182
;
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<HEADER>HRYNJANDI -- HRÖKKVA. 289</HEADER>
látum und hánum hrynja lukla, Vkv. 16, 19: of fluids, to stream
, pour down, ok er þeir vóru í brjósti hennar (of
a wave), þá hrundi hón öll, Bs. i. 484; hrynja hafb&aa
cute;rur, Fas. ii. 75 (in a verse): of blood, tears, water, hrynr bló&eth
;it ofan á kápu-skautið, Háv. 45; hvat berr nú &
thorn;at við, faðir minn, at þér hrynja tár? Ld. 132
, cp. the verse in Gísl. 2; sem regn það hraðast hrundi, hi
mins í dimmu skúr (of rain), Pass. 23. 3: of floating hair, Edda i
i. 500 (in a verse): of a song, hrynjandi háttr, a streaming, flowing
metre, = hrynhenda, Edda (Ht.) 136. 2. of doors; hrynja á h&ae
lig;la e-m, to be shut on one's heels, of one who is turned out of doors,
Skv. 3. 66, (in prose, skella á hæla e-m.)
hrynjandi, a, m. (or f.?), a streamer fastened to a staff, G&iacut

e;sl. 103, 104, whereas the other Recension (20, 21) has hrímandi,
which appears to be an error; see Mr. Dasent's Gisli the Outlaw, p. 39.
hryssa, u, f. [hross], a mare; and hryssi, n., in compds, m
er-hryssi, ung-hryssi.
hryssingr, m. coarseness, brutality; see hreysingr.
hrytr, m. a 'rowting,' snoring, Fas. i. 232, Bs. ii. 230.
hrýgja, ð, [hrúga], to heap together, Lat. cu
mulare, Karl. 259.
Hrýtlingar, m. pl. descendants of Hrútr (II), Landn.
HRÆ, n., old dat. hrævi or hræfi, (spelt hreifi, Hkv. 2
. 23), gen. pl. hræva (hræfa), Lex. Poët. passim: [Ulf. hrai
v in hraiva-dubo = GREEK, Luke ii. 24; A. S. hreaw; O. H. G.
hreô] :-- a dead body, carrion, Grág. ii. 88, Nj. 27,
Bret. 68, Stj. 201, Sturl. i. 28, Fms. iv. 244: carrion, of a beast, x.
308, passim. II. the wreck, fragments of a thing; Austmenn brutu &
thorn;ar skip sitt, ok görðu ór hrænum (the wreck)
skip þat er þeir kölluðu Trékylli, Landn. 157: sc
raps or chips of trees or timber, þá á hann at h&
ouml;ggva til þess er hann þarf at bæta þat, ok l&aacute
;ta eptir hræ, Grág. ii. 295; þá eigu þeir at ta
ka við af fjöru manns, ok bæta farkost sinn, ok láta liggj
a eptir hræ, 356; en ef hann vill bæta bús-búhluti s&i
acute;na, þá á hann at hafa við til þess, hv&aacut
e;rt sem hann vill ór skógi eðr ór fjöru, ok l&aac
ute;ta eptir liggja hræ, 339; cp. hráviði and hrár vi&et
h;r. This sense still remains in the mod. hræið! hræið mitt,
hræ-tetrið, poor wretch! poor fellow! as also in hró
, n. a mere wreck, ruin, an old dilapidated thing; skips-hró,
kistu-hró, etc.; and metaph. hróið, poor thing! h&oacut
e;n hefir aldrei verið heima, hróið! það getr aldrei or
ðið maðr úr henni, hróinu, Piltr og Stúlka 26.
COMPDS: hræ-barinn, part. [hræ II], crushed; hræ
barnar hlimar, felled saplings, Stor. 2. hræ-dreyrugr, adj.
bloody, Akv. 36. hræ-dýri, n. a carrion beast,
N. G. L. i. 80. hræ-fasti, a, m. = hrælog, Mork. 142 (in a
verse). hræ-fugl, m. a carrion bird, fowl, bird of prey, Stj
. 464, Bret. 68, (raven, vulture, etc.) hræ-gífr, n. = hr&ae
lig;dýri, Lex. Poët. hræ-kló, f. the claw of
a hræfugl, K. Þ. K. 132. hræ-kvikindi, n. (hr&ae
lig;-kind, f.), a carrion beast, K. Þ. K. 132, Fas. iii. 265, S
tj. 582. hræ-köstr, m. a pile of slain, Fms. vi. (in a
verse). hræ-ljómi, a, m. = hrælog, Bs. ii. 109. hr&
aelig;-ljós, n. = hrælog, Sturl. iii. 215. hræ-log, n. a 'carrion-lowe,' the light which gleams round decomposing matter, h
rælog brunnu af spjótum þeirra, svá at af lýsti
, Sturl. ii. 50: mod. hrævar-eldr. Hræ-svelgr, m. carrion
swallower, name of a giant, Edda, Vþm. hræva-daunn, -þe
fr, m. a smell as of carrion, Fms. viii. 230, x. 213. hrævagautr, m., poët. a sword, Edda (Gl.) hræva-kuldi, a
, m. deadly cold, Gg. 12. hrævar-eldr, m. = hrælog. hrævar-lykt, f. a smell as of carrion. In poetry blood
is called hræ-dögg, -lækr, -lögr, -pollr, -vín:
 weapons, hræ-frakki (see frakka, p. 169), -gagarr,

-klungr, -leiptr, -linnr, -ljómi, -máni, -naðr, -seiðr, -s
íkr, -síldr, -skóð, -teinn: a shield, hr
æ-borð, -net: carrion crows, hræ-gammr, -geitungr
, -skúfr, -skærr, Lex. Poët.
HRÆÐA, d, [Engl. dread], to frighten, with acc.,
Fms. iii. 48, vi. 147, Ó. H. 119, passim. II. reflex. hræ&et
h;ask, to be afraid of, to dread, fear, with acc.; h. e-n, to fear one
, Nj. 57, Fms. ix. 242; h. Guð, to fear God, Post. 656 C. 4; hr&a
elig;ðumk ekki hót þín, Skv. 2. 9: with prep., h. vi&eth
; e-t, Fms. x. 358, Sæm. 131 (prose); hræðumk ek við rei&eth
;i Óðins, Sighvat; h. fyrir e-m, Bær. 2: with infin. not to
dare, hræðask at ljúga, 656 A. ii. 16; h. at gjalda, Fms. v
iii. 252.
hræddr, adj. (prop. a participle, like Old Engl. adred), 
afraid, frightened, timid, Nj. 105, Sd. 144, Fms. vi. 118; manna hrædd
astr, i. 216; h. við e-t, frightened at a thing, Nj. 205; vera h. um
e-t, to fear, be alarmed about a thing, Fms. vii. 156, x. 18: it seems to
be used as a subst. in Al. 32, Fas. ii. 531; ú-hræddr, fearless
.
hræði-liga, adv. dreadfully, fearfully, Fms. i. 202, Fb.
i. 417.
hræði-ligr, adj. dreadful, fearful, terrible, Fms. i. 13
8, ix. 489, Ísl. ii. 418, Stj. 22, 477, Al. 37.
hræðinn, adj. timid, Fms. vi. 155.
hræðsla or hræzla, u, f. dread, fear, Nj. 1
42, Eg. 41, Sturl. ii. 5, passim. COMPDS: hræðslu-fullr, adj. in great fear, Sól. hræðslu-lauss, adj. fearles
s.
hræfa, ð, (hreifa, Fas. i. 220, Fms. xi. 90), to tole
rate, bear with; in the phrase, h. um e-t, menn þóttusk trautt
mega um h. hans skaplyndi ok ofsa, Fms. xi. 90; ok mátti um h. meðan
Högni lifði, Fas. i. 220, Am. 67; ok má ekki um þat hr&ael
ig;fa lengr, it is no longer tolerable, Fs. 31.
hræigr, adj. cadaverous, Ýt. 15.
hræking, f. spitting, Hom.
HRÆKJA, t, [hráki], to hawk, spit, Bs. i. 347, Fb. i.
330, Stj. 325, Róm. 740, Laudn. 247; h. út, to spit out,
N. G. L. i. 11, Mark vii. 33; h. á e-n, to spit on one, Matth. xx
vii. 30.
hræla, að, older ræla, to beat a loom with a we
aver's rod; hún hrælaði vefinn með gullhræl, Od.
v. 62, hrælaðr örum, Darr.; h. dún, to shake eider-dow
n on a frame to cleanse it.
HRÆLL, m., but ræll seems the true form, the h
being spurious, [cp. A. S. reol; Engl. reel, = Gr. GREEK, Od. v.
62] :-- a weaver's rod or sley, Nj. 275; dún-hræll, a stick to clean eider-down.
hræmug-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), hideous, disgraceful.
hræpa, t, [hróp], to libel, defame, with acc., Ni&eth
;rst. 6; h. Guð, to blaspheme, Mar. (655 xi. B. i); hr&oelig;pir hann
Heimd&aolig;l, Frump. (pref.)
HRÆRA, ð, i.e. hr&oelig;ra: [A. S. hrêran;
Engl. rear; O. H. G. hruorian; Germ. rühren; Dan. r
öre; Swed. röra] :-- to move: I. with acc., H
ým. 33; h. herbúðir sínar, Stj.; þeir fluttu burt
þá er hrærandi vóru, Fms. v. 97; þær g&aa
cute;tu öngan múga hrært, Fb. i. 522; ef vér hrær
um hann, ii. 129; h. tungu, to move the tongue, Stor. 1; Guð hr&aelig
;rir alla stjórn hugar þeirra, Sks. 479. II. to stir,
so as to mix; hrærðu allt saman mold ok silfr, Fms. iv. 298 (Hkr. ii.
220): to stir with a ladle in cooking, hræra í katlinum, Eb
. 70 new Ed.; h. í pottinum, h. í graut, súpu, to stir i
n the kettle, to stir the porridge, broth, etc.; vindr hrærir st&oacu
te;r höf, Edda: metaph. to stir in a matter, Bs. ii. 115, Róm
. 257; also, h. um e-t, Þorst. Síðu H. 6; h. e-t, id., K
arl. 187, Bs. ii. 35; h. við e-u, to touch a thing, Þiðr. 1
65. III. reflex. to stir, move oneself; þá hrær
isk heinin í höfði Þór, Edda; því at e
k ætla héðan hvergi at hrærask hvárt sem mé
r angrar reykr eðr bruni, Nj. 201; þau sjálf megu hvergi hr&ael
ig;rask ór stað nema þau sé af öðrum borin e&et
h;r dregin, Fms. i. 139, x. 373; allt þat er kvikt hrærisk, Sks. 715
; limarnar hrærðusk, Eg. 377; hvat liggr þar, mér þ
ykkir sem þat hrærisk stundum? Fas. ii. 507; mátti hann &thor
n;aðan hvergi hrærask, Nj. 203. 2. metaph., af þessum hlu
tum hrærisk (arises) heipt ok hatr, Al. 6; tunga hrærisk til
únýtra orða, Greg. 25.
HRÆRAR, m. pl. [Ivar Aasen röyr; cp. Lat. crus],
the groin, reins; hröra (acc.), Edda (Lauf.); hann hafði stein
sótt, ok lá steinninn í hrærunum, sá er stemdi
þurftina, Bs. i. 310; kom spjótið upp í hrærana,
ok renndi ofan í lærit, Sturl. iii. 14.
hræri-grautr, m. a mess of porridge, the Scot. 'stirabout
.'
hræri-ligr, mod. hræran-ligr, adj. movable; &ua
cute;-hræriligr, immovable, Skálda 173, 204, Stj. 18.
hræring, f. motion, stir, Edda 52, Bs. ii. 159; h. lí
kamans, Greg. 72; h. hafsins, Rb. 438; sjóvar h., Sks. 51; h. tungls, 438
; bíðandi eptir vatnsins hræringu, John v. 3 ( = Gr. GREEK). II. metaph. emotion; girndir ok hræringar, Stj. 35; úle
yfðar hræringar, Magn. 468; af sjálfra sinna hræringum, of their own impulse, H. E. ii. 75; geðs hræringar, emotions.

hræringr, m. 'stirabout,' cp. hrærigrautr.
hræsi-brekka, u, f., in the phrase, færa e-t á hr&aeli
g;sibrekku, to expose to scorn and ridicule; see rækibrekka.
hræsinn, adj. boasting, vaunting, Sighvat, Hm. 6.

hræsna, að, to feign; h. fyrir e-m, to act hypocritic
ally before one.
hræsnari, a, m. a hypocrite, Matth. vi. 2, 5, 16, vii. 5, et
c., Pass., Vídal.
HRÆSNI, f. [hrós], vanity, self-esteem, self-glorificatio
n, Stj. 644; sjálfhól ok h., Fms. ii. 267, Bs. ii. 16, Barl. 5
1, Róm. 267; göra e-t til hræsni, Fs. 88; fyrir tíma h.
, 'pro vanâ humanae laudis jactantiâ,' Hom. 22; always so in old wri
ters, but at the time of the Reformation it assumed the sense of II. h
ypocrisy (GREEK of the N. T.), and is constantly with its compds used so in
the N. T., Vídal., Pass., etc.
HRÖKKVA (also spelt hreyqua), pret. hrökk, pl. hrukku; pres. hr
ekk or hrökk, pl. hrökkva; subj. hrykki or hreykki; part. hrokkinn; wi
th neg. suff. hrökkvat, Km. 23 :-- to fall back, recoil, be repelled, with the notion of a shrinking or reeling motion; Jarl hrökk ofan &aacute
; Barðann, Fms. ii. 324; Hallvarðr hafði hrokkit fram ór lypt
ingunni ok á mitt skipit, viii. 388: with prep., þá gerð
u þeir hríð ena þriðju ok vóru við lengi,
eptir þat hrukku þeir frá, Nj. 115; kappa tvá þ&
aacute; er flestir urðu frá at hrökkva, Fms. v. 162: h. fyrir, to give way to a shock; gékk konungr svá hart fram, at allt
hrökk fyrir honum, i. 45; ok sýndisk þegar sú fylking h
. fyrir, viii. 14; ok svá ryðjask þeir nú um at allt hr&
ouml;kkr liðit fyrir, xi. 132: h. til, to suffice, cp. Dan. slaa t
il, of means, money: h. undan (to draw back) hrukku Baglar þ&aa
cute; undan, ix. 30: h. við, to give way; ok verðr Sigvaldi n&uac
ute; við at h., xi. 95; ok muntú ekki annat mega en h. við, Nj. 9
0: to start up, from fear: h. upp, to be thrown open, of a door; to start up from sleep, h. upp með andfælum. 2. metaph.,
nær þótti hvert tré h. fyrir, every rafter seemed t
o give way, creak, Gísl. 31; at nær þótti skipit h
. fyrir ok braka þótti í hverju tré, 115: til þ
ess er hrökk undir miðdegi, till it drew nigh midday, Fas. i. 50
6 (where better rökk, from rökva); hrökk hræfrakki, G&iacut
e;sl. (in a verse). II. to curl, of hair; hár hans ok skeg
g er gull sem silki ok hrökkr sem lokar-spánn, Þiðr. 20; h
ann hafði gull hár ok hrökk mjök, Fms. vii. 239; dökkj
arpr á hár ok hrökk mjök, Ld. 274: part. hrokkinn, cu
rled; hrokkit hár, Sturl. iii. 122; hrokkin-hárr and hrokk-h&a
acute;rr, q.v.; með hrokknum (wrinkled) kinnum, Sks. 170.
<PAGE NUM="b0290">
<HEADER>290 HRÖKKVA -- HUGR.</HEADER>
hrökkva, ð and t, causal of the last verb, to drive back, bea
t, whip; ok beit eigi heldr á enn tálknskíði v&aeli
g;ri hrökt um, than if it had been beaten with a reed, Fas. ii. 534,
556: to spur or whip a horse, eptir þat hrökti hann he
stinn, Sturl. iii. 50; þá hrökði Þórðr he
stinn undir sér ok kvað þetta við raust, 317; Eldgrí
mr vill nú skilja ok hrökkr hestinn, Ld. 150; þeir hrökkv
a hann síðan brott, they whipped him off, Mar. II. refl
ex. to fall back; hann skyldi geyma at engir hreykðisk aptr, that
none should lag behind, Sturl. ii. 211; þeir hröktusk (stagger
ed to and fro) þar í lengi dags, Grett. 147 new Ed. 2. e
sp. to coil, wriggle, of the movement of a snake; ormr hrökvisk (hr&
oslash;quesc) ok es háll, Eluc. 28, Stj. 96; undan honum hrökðis
k ein naðra at Oddi, Fas. ii. 300; ormrinn vildi eigi inn í munninn o
k hrökðisk frá í brott, Fms. ii. 179; gengu menn eptir or
minum þar til er hann hrökðisk í jörð niðr, v
i. 297; þá skreið hann í munn honum ok hrækðiz
þegar niðr í kviðinn, x. 325; hrökkvisk hann um hans
fótleggi, Stj. 96, cp. hrökkvi-áll.
hrökkvi-áll, m. a wriggling eel, poët. for a s
nake, Bragi: hrökkvi-skafl, m., poët. = brák (q.v.),
a tanner's tool, Fms. vi. (in a verse): hrökkvi-vöndr,
m. a whip, Lex. Poët.
hrökkvir, m. a giant, Edda (Gl.)
hröklast, að, to reel, Mag. 158, freq.: used also of a sn
ake.
HRÖNN, f., gen. hrannar, pl. hrannir, a wave, esp. used in po
etry, Stor. 6, Hkv. 1. 26, passim: a ship is called hrann-blakkr, -val
r, the steed, hawk of the wave, (also hranna elgr, hranna hraf
n, the elk, raven of the wave); gold is called hrann-blik, -eld
r, wave-fire, Lex. Poët.: hrann-garðr, m. a wall o
f waves, id. II. in prose, old and esp. mod., hrannir, f. pl.
the heaps or swathes of seaweed and shells along the beach; hr&ael
ig;s hrannir, heaps of slain, Edda (Ht.) 2. dat. pl. hrönn
um, adverb. in heaps, Lat. catervatim, = unnvörpum, drepr
hann hirðmenn konungs hrönnum niðr, Fas. i. 105. III. one o
f the northern Nereids was called Hrönn, Edda.
HRÖR, spelt hreyr and reyr, n. [A. S. hryre = ruina], a corpse, Lat. cadaver, Gkv. 1. 5, 11; köglar f
rænda hrörs, Stor. 4; sækja um hrör, Grág. ii. 141;
ekki skulu þér taka á hrörum þeirra, þv&ia
cute; at þau kvikendi eru úhrein, Levit. xi. 8; alla fugla þ&
aacute; er fjóra fætr hafa, skal ekki eta, ok hvergi maðr er te
kr á hrörum (not hræjum) þeirra, þá saurgas
k hann, Stj. 316. Levit. xi. 20. II. metaph. an old decayed thing, a r
uin, wreck, a fallen tomb, akin to hreysi (q.v.), the h being borne o
ut by alliteration in Ýt. 19; Yngva hrör, 6; Dyggva hrör, 7; fy
lkis hrör, Ht. (Yngl. S. ch. 26); as also Ýt. 19, where the sense is
that the king was buried in the avalanche of stones, -- horfinn foldar beinum H
ögna hrörs: in local names, Tryggva-hreyr, Hkr. i. 178.
hrörask, ð, = hrörna (?); fár er hvatr er hr&aolig;r
az tekr, ef í barnæsku er blauðr, Fm. 6, a saying.
hrör-ligr, adj. 'corpse-like,' ruinous, dilapidated, Fms. iv.
93 (of houses): of men, infirm, worn by age.
hrörna, að, to fall into decay, of buildings or the like,
K. Þ. K. 54, Fms. iii. 147, xi. 311, Eb. 6 new Ed.; heimr hrörnar, H
om.; þótt landit hrörni, Landn. 168, v.l.: to wither, t
ré hrörnar, Sks. 144, 665 6 A. ii. 11; hrörnar blóm, Elu
c.; hrörnar þöll, Hm. 49; eigi losnuðu hans tennr né
hrörnuðu, Stj. 348. 2. to become infirm, worn out by age;
önd vár hrörnar, Stj. 332; mér gömlum karli, hr&ou
ml;rnanda á hverjum degi, Sks. 730; mannsaldrar vóru þ&aacut

e; meiri en nú, ok hrörnuðu menn seinna, Mag. 89.
hrörnan, f. decay, dilapidation, Pm. 33.
hu or hú, interj. ho! Sks. 304, 365.
HUGA, að, or better hugði, (as from hyggja, q.v.), to mind, Lat. excogitare, to make out, think out; ráðit er nú
hugat, Fms. xi. 21; hugat hefi ek mér ráð, Gísl. 15; F&
aacute;tt er of vandlega hugat, a saying. 2. huga e-m e-t, to keep in
store for one; verk hefi ek hugat þér, Nj. 53, Róm. 211;
hverjar föðurbætr hann hefir hugat Hákoni konungi, Fms. v
ii. 261. 3. with prepp.; e-m er umhugat um e-t, one is concerned about
; mér mun mest um hugat, Ísl. ii. 150; allt skulda-lið ha
ns þat er honum var mest um hugat, Al. 21; svá at eigi þurfi
um at huga félát, Vápn. 30; huga at e-u (see athuga, athugi
), to attend to, look after; þá var at hugat sárum Ko
rmaks, Korm. 244, Fms. vi. 137; ef rétt er at hugt, if it is rightly c
onsidered, Al. 86; huga fyrir e-u, to provide for, Fms. vi. 127; &iac
ute;-huga, at-huga, to consider.
hugaðlát-liga, adv. amiably, lovingly, Bs. ii. 49.
hugað-látr, adj. engaging, amiable; h. ok veglát
r, O. H. L. 22, Fms. vii. 321, x. 152, v.l.; h. ok þokkasæll, ix. 24
6, v.l.
hugað-liga, adv. attentively; heyra h., Hom. 86: boldly, Fms. vi. 141.
hugaðr, adj. minded, disposed, Stor. 14; vera e-m vel h., Fms.
x. 267; görðisk þá fólkit honum lítt hugat,
264, Þiðr. 311. 2. bold, stout-hearted, Nj. 164; h. vel
, Bs. i. 36, Lv. 38, freq.
hugað-samliga, adv. kindly, Stj. 6: carefully, Fas. i.
363.
hugað-samligr, adj. devout; h. bæn, devout prayer, Greg. 49.
hugað-samr, adj. gentle, engaging, Fms. viii. 447.
hugall, adj. mindful, attentive, Hm. 14: kind, charitable,
Skálda 163; and so in mod. usage, hugull = attentive to the wan
ts and wishes of another; gör-h., Band. 4: neut. hugalt, carefully,
 Fas. i. 8. COMPDS: hugul-samr, adj. charitable in small things. hugul-semi, f. charitableness.
hugan, f, a minding; hafa h. fyrir e-u, Fms. xi. 238: attention
, Rd. 280.
hugð, f. and hugða, u, f. [A. S. hyð and hyg
ð; Engl. heed] :-- love, interest, affection; leggja hug&e
th;u til e-s, to take interest in, feel love for one, Fms. vi. 280; at k
onungr leggr enga hugðu til hests síns, he heeded it not, Bs.
i. 633; mæla, ræða af hugðu, to speak from one's heart, Bjarn. 40, 58. COMPDS: hugðar-erendi, n. = hugðarmál, S
kálda 173. hugðar-mál, n. matters which one has at h
eart, Ísl. ii. 98. hugðu-maðr, m. (hugðar-ma&et

h;r), an intimate friend, Bs. i. 175; frændr ok hugðar-menn
, Fms. viii. 103, 231, ix. 525, Bs. ii. 156.
hugga, að, to comfort, with acc., Bs. i. 238, 318, ii. 149, Fm
s. v. 239, vi. 234, x. 367, Greg. 22: to soothe one crying or weeping,
 esp. hugga barnið; óhuggandi, crying bitterly: reflex. to be comforted, Fs. 38, Ld. 286, Fas. i. 205, Hom. 49, Hkv. 2. 27, N. T.,
Pass., Vídal. passim.
huggan, f. comfort, consolation, 623. 13, 52, Eb. 44 new Ed., Fms.
iii. 173, v. 241, vi. 234, 371, Sks. 106, freq. COMPDS: huggunar-lauss,
adj. 'comfort-less,' 623. 56. huggunar-orð, n. a word of co
mfort, Stj. 195, Greg. 39. huggunar-sýn, f. a comforting s
ight, Post. huggunar-ván, f. hope of comfort, Fms. vi.
234.
huggandi, a, m. a comforter, Stj. 511.
huggari, a, m. a comforter, 656 C. 42, Bad. 181, Th. 77, Stj. 30:
eccl. = GREEK, the Holy Ghost, Sks. 132, N. T., Pass., Hólab&oacut
e;k, Vídal.
hugi, a, m. = hugr, Hbl. 21, Edda 24, Glúm. 323, Hkr. ii. 243, Stj
. 5, and passim, the weak and strong forms being used almost indiscriminately bo
th in old and mod. usage, as also in the compds, huga-góðr, huga-full
r, = hug-góðr, hug-fullr, q.v.; á-hugi, zeal; var-hugi,
caution; at-hugi, attention. II. a pr. name, Fms.; cp. mi
d. Lat. Hugo, Engl. Hugh.
Huginn, m. the wise raven of Odin, Gm., Edda.
hugna, að, to please; e-m hugnar e-t, something pleases one
, one likes it, is pleased, satisfied with it; h. vel, ílla, Eg. 395,
Lv. 34, Fs. 27, 138, 152, Fas. i. 220, Glúm. 355, 365, Orkn. 14, Korm. 1
54, Ld. 328, Band. 7 new Ed.: reflex., e-m hugnask e-t, id., Ld. 50, &Oac
ute;. H. 43, Eg. 96 (v.l.), Sturl. i. 24, Str. 19.
hugnan, f. a pleasing, comforting, Háv. 57.
HUGR, m., gen. hugar, dat. hugi and hug, pl. hugir; an older form hogr
 occurs in very old MSS., e.g. hog-g&aolig;ði, 655 xxv. 2, and still rem
ains in the compds hog-v&aolig;rr etc., see p. 280: [Ulf. hugs = GREEK,
but only once, in Ephes. iv. 17, whereas he usually renders GREEK etc. by other
words, as fraþi, aha, muns; A. S. hyge; Hel. hugi; O.
H. G. hugu; Dan. hu; Swed. håg; hyggja, hugga, hygg
ð, -úð (q.v.) are all kindred words and point to a double final]
:-- mind, with the notion of thought, answering to Germ. gedan
ke; hugr er býr hjarta nær, Hm. 94; engi hugr má hyggja,
Fms. v. 241; enn er eptir efi í hug mínum, 623. 26; í hug
eða verki, in mind or act, Fms. vi. 9; koma e-m í hug, to c
ome into one's mind, to bethink one, iv. 117, Fb. ii. 120, 325; vera &iacute
; hug e-m, to be in one's mind; þat mun þér ekki &iacu
te; hug, thou art not in earnest, Nj. 46, Fms. iv. 143; hafa e-t í
hug, to have a thing in mind, intend; renna hug sínum, to run
in one's mind, consider, vii. 19; renna hug or hugum til e-s, Hom. 114; koma
hug á e-t, to call to mind, remember, 623. 16; leiða e-t hugu
m, to consider, Sks. 623; leiða at huga, Skv. 1; ganga, lí&eth
;a, hverfa e-m ór hug, to forget, Ó. H. 157, Fms. vi. 272;
snúa hug sínum eptir (at, frá) e-u, to turn one's mind a
fter (to, from) a thing, iv. 87, Eb. 204; mæla um hug s&
eacute;r, to feign, dissimulate, Fær. 33 new Ed., Hkv. 2. 15, Am. 7
0; orka tveggja huga um e-t, to be of two minds about a thing, Þjal
. 31; orkask hugar á e-t, to resolve, Grett. 207 new Ed.; ef &thor
n;ér lér nokkut tveggja huga um þetta mál, if thou
be of two minds about the matter, Odd. 112 new Ed.; ok ljær mé
r þess hugar (thus emend.) at né einn fái fang af honum, 
I ween that none will be a match for him, Fms. xi. 96. II. denoting mood, heart, temper, feeling, affection; góðr h., a good, ki
nd heart, Hm. 118; íllr h., ill temper, spite, id.; heill h.,
sincerity, Sól. 4; horskr h., Hm. 90; í góðum hu
g, in a good mood, Fms. vi. 110, ix. 500 (v.l.), Stj. 453; in plur., vera
í hugum góðum, Fas. i. 441 (in a verse); or simply, í
hugum, 'in one's mind,' cheerful, Hkm. 9, Hým. 11; bæði
reiðr ok í hugum, both when angry and when glad, Post. 168; &i
acute; reiðum hug, in angry mood, Fms. vi. 4; í hörðu
m hug, in hard (sad) mood, distressed, 655 xii. 3; í
íllum hug, in evil mood; af öllum hug, from all one's hea
rt, 686 B. 2 (Matth. xxii. 37), cp. Hm. 125: and adverb., alls hugar, fro
m all one's heart, Hom. 68; all hugar feginn, Hom. (St.): reynask hugi vi&et
h;, to try one another's mind, make close acquaintance, Fb. iii. 446; &th
orn;ví at hón vildi reynask hugum við hann (examine him
), Fs. 128; hugir þeirra fóru saman, their minds went together,
they loved one another, 138. III. denoting desire, wish; legg
ja hug á e-t, to lay to heart, take interest in, Nj. 46; leggja mi
kinn hug á um e-t, Eg. 42; leggja allan hug á e-t, Ó. H. 44
, 55; leggja lítinn hug á e-t, to mind little, Fms. x. 61;
to neglect, 96; leggja hug á konu, to love a woman, Fs. 137
, Fb. i. 303; leika hugr á e-u, to long, wish for a thing, h&oacut
e;n er svá af konum at mér leikr helzt hugr á, Fms. vii. 10
3, Rd. 254; hugir þínir standa til þess mjök, Hom. 53; e
-m rennr hugr til e-s, to have affection for one, Fb. i. 279; e-m er hugr
á e-u, to have a mind for a thing, be eager for, have at heart; m
ér er engi hugr á at selja hann, I have no mind to sell him, Fms. i. 80, iv. 30, vii. 276; er þér nú jammikill hugr &aa
cute; at heyra draum minn sem í nótt? Dropl. 22, Nj. ii. 2.
in plur., personified, almost like fylgja or hamingja, q.v.,
<PAGE NUM="b0291">
<HEADER>HUGARANGR -- HUGSAN. 291</HEADER>
a person's ill-will or good-will being fancied as wandering abroad and pursuing
their object; for this belief see the Sagas passim, esp. in dreams; þ&aacu
te; vakti Torfi mik, ok veit ek víst, at þetta eru manna hugir, H&a
acute;v. 55; þetta eru íllra manna hugir til þín, &THO
RN;órð. 65; hvárt syfjar þik, Járnskjöldr fa
ðir ? Eigi er, Járndís dóttir, liggja á m&eacute
;r hugir stórra manna, art thou sleepy, father? Not so, daughter, but
the minds of mighty men weigh upon me, Fb. i. 258: popular sayings referring
to the travelling of the mind, e.g. fljótr sem hugr manns, swift as t
hought (Germ. gedankenschnell), cp. the tale of the race of Hugi and
Thjalfi, Edda, and of Odin's ravens Hugin and Munin. IV. with the notion
of foreboding; svá segir mér hugr um, 'so says my mind
to me,' I forebode, Fs. 127; kveðsk svá hugr um segja, sem konung
r myndi úmjúklega taka því, Ó. H. 51; kvað
sér ílla hug sagt hafa um hennar gjaforð, her wedlock had
boded him evil, Ísl. ii. 19; en kvaðsk þó úv&
iacute;st hugr um segja, hver ..., i.e. he had little hope, how ..., Fb.
i. 360; e-m býðr e-t í hug, it bodes one, Ísl. i
i. 32; bauð konungi þat helzt í hug, at ..., Ó. H. 195,
Eg. 21 (see bjóða IV); göra sér í hug, to imagi
ne, Fms. viii. 338; telja sér í hug, id., Fb. ii. 322,
Eb. 204. V. denoting courage; hugr ræðr hálfum si
gri, a stout heart is half the battle, a saying, Fms. vi. 429 (in a verse
); hugr ok áræði, Stj. 71; með hálfum hug, half-h
eartedly, faintly; með öruggum hug, fearlessly; herða h
uginn, Eg. 407, Ó. H. 241; engi er hugr í Dönum, Hkr. i. 338;
treysta hug sínum, Odd. 112 new Ed.; hugar eigandi, bold, Fas. i.
522 (in a verse), Korm. 200; bregðask at hug, Þórð. 48; &t
horn;at segi þér, at mér fylgi engi hugr, Fms. vii. 297; eng
i hugr mun í vera, Glúm. 356, passim. VI. COMPDS: hugarangr, n. heart's grief, Þjal. 11. hugar-beiskleikr, m. bitterness of mind, Stj. 290. hugar-bót, f. comfort,
Dropl. 11. hugar-burðr, m. fancy, hugar-ekki, a, m. 
distress of mind, Fas. i. 171, iii. 81. hugar-far, n. state of min
d, esp. in a moral sense, Bs. i. 317, 716, ii. 33, Thom. 40, N. T., V&iacute
;dal. hugar-fýst, f. desire, Magn. 468. hugar-glögg
r, adj. mean, narrow-minded, Fbr. (in a verse). hugar-gó&et
h;r, adj. good of heart, kind, Sks. 437. hugar-hræring,
f. emotions, Bs. i. 703. hugar-hvarf, n. frowardness of mind, Barl. 4. hugar-kraptr, m. strength of mind, Stj. 173. hugarlátliga, adv. = hugaðlátliga. hugar-lund, f. fan
cy, disposition of mind; eptir sinni h., after one's own fancy, Sks.
339, Stj. 451, Barl. 25, Fms. vi. 109; göra sér e-t í hugarl
und, to fancy, imagine, freq. hugar-ótti, a, m. fright,
terror, Fms. vi. 353. hugar-reikan, -ruglan, -ruplan, f. wandering
of mind, insanity, Al. 55, Pr. 467, Stj. 121, 256. hugar-speki, f. wisdom, Hsm. 33. 3. hugar-styrkr, m., hugar-styrkt, f. st
rength of mind, Stj. 132. hugar-válaðr, m. hypochondria
, despair, Bs. i. 366, 368, 644. hugar-víl, n. = hugarv&aacute
;laðr. hugar-æði, n. fury, Stj. 344.
B. COMPDS: hug-ást, f., in the phrase, unna hugástum
, to love with all one's heart, Hkr. iii. 194, passim. hug-blauðr,
 adj. timid, Hbl. 49, Km. hug-bleyði, f. cowardice, Hbl. 26. hug-blíðr, adj. merciful, Bs. i. (in a verse
). hug-boð, n. foreboding, fancy, Fs. 18, 64, Eg. 82, Nj. 212,
Fær. 202, Fms. viii. 118, Fb. ii. 38, passim. hug-boðit, n. pa
rt. what bodes one, Rd. 308. hug-borð, n. courage, meta
ph. from a ship, Fms. vii. 143, Lex. Poët. hug-borg, f., poët.
the breast, Lex. Poët. hug-bót, f. comfort, mind's
release, Hom. 104, Stj. 466. hug-brigðr, adj. fickle, Hm.
101. hug-dirfð, f. courage, Karl. 161. hug-dirfl, f. id., Karl. 346. hug-djarfr, adj. stout-hearted, Bs. i. 38,
Karl. 312. hug-dyggr, adj. steadfast, Mar. hug-fallast, f&e
acute;llsk, dep., láta h., to lose heart, despair. hug-fastliga
, adv. steadfastly, Str. 20. hug-fastr, adj. steadfast,
El. 24. hug-fár, adj. gloomy, Fms. v. 169. hug-feldr, adj. agreeable, Barl. 49, 95. hug-festa, t, to fix in one's
mind, Ld. 88, Sks. 237, Orkn. 54, Fms. i. 133: reflex., Fb. ii. 88. hug-f
róun, f., hug-fró, hug-frói, a, m. the mind's
ease, relief. hug-fullr, adj. full of courage, Hým. 8
, Fms. xi. 270, Mart. 107. hug-góðr, adj. kind-hearted, mer
ciful, O. H. L. 30, Fms. ii. 94, Bs. i. 166: cheerful, Sks. 446. h
ug-gæði, n. goodness of heart, mercy, 655 xxv. 2, Bs. i. 17
4, ii. 149, Stj. 155, Fms. v. 326, Þórð. 28 new Ed., Fagrsk. 29
. hug-hraustr, adj. strong of mind, of good cheer, N. T. freq. 
hug-hreysta, t, to comfort one, cheer one's heart. hug-hreysti, f. a being of good comfort, Pr. 454, El. 5, Fas. i. 159. hug-hryggr,
 adj. sorrowful, Str. 42. hug-hvarf, n. change of mind;
telja e-m hughvörf, to persuade a person to change his conviction,
Fas. i. 530, Ld. 306. hug-hægr, adj., e-m er hughægt, easi
ng one's mind, Glúm. 348, Bs. i. 358, Fas. ii. 91. hug-kvæmi
, f. a 'coming to one's mind,' ingenuity, Hom. (St.) hug-kvæ
miligr, adj. ingenious, Fms. vii. 225; -liga, adv. ingeniou
sly, 351. hug-kvæmr (-k&oelig;mr), adj. ingenious; h. ok margbreytinn, Vápn. 3, Þorst. S. St. 46, Fms. vi. 217: of t
hings, recurring to the mind, kvað þá hugkvæmra Va
tnsdals-meyjum ef hann væri svá nær götu, i.e. they w
ould sooner recollect him, Fs. 67; helzti hugkvæmt er um þau t&i
acute;ðendi, Fms. vi. 36, Valla L. 218, Bjarn. 7 (dear); hversu h. ha
nn var eptir at leita við vini sína hvat þeim væri at har
mi, Fms. vii. 103. hug-lauss, adj. heartless, faint-hearted, Ld. 2
32, Fbr. 35, Nj. 217, Fas. i. 192, iii. 616. hug-leggja, lagði, to
lay to mind, consider, Fas. iii. 527. hug-leiða, d, to consid
er, reflect, 655 xi. 3, Ld. 204, Eg. 70, Fs. 69, Fms. i. 3, vi. 280, vii. 30
, Stj. 25, Barl. 115, 122, Sks. 3, Grett. 161, passim. hug-leiðing,
f. reflection, Gísl. 16, Barl. 113, freq. hug-létt,
n. adj. light-hearted; e-m er huglétt, Stj. 290, 428, Edda 218. hug-léttir, m. mind's ease, comfort, Bs. ii. 225. hug-leik
it, n. part., e-m er e-t h., with heart bent upon a thing, Fas. iii.
268. hug-leysa, u, f. timidity, Karl. 339. hug-leysi, n. id., Nj. 264, Fms. ii. 68, Karl. 318, passim. hug-lítill, adj
. little-minded, timid, Rb. 348, Ísl. ii. 102. hug-ljúfi
, a, m. a darling; vera h. hvers manns. hug-ljúfr, adj.
engaging, kind. hug-maðr, m. a bold man, Þið
r. 174. hug-mannliga, adv. boldly, Fms. vii. 164. hug-mó
ðr, m. moodiness, Safn i. 33, 116. hug-mynd, f. 'mind's
-shaping,' a mod. rendering of idea. hug-prúðr, adj
. stout-hearted, Fbr. 5. hug-prýði, f. courage,
Fms. ii. 69, vi. 418, passim. hug-rakkr, adj. stout-hearted, Sks.
437, Al. 33. hug-raun, f. 'mind's-trial,' a trial, Sturl. iii. 145
: trial of courage, Fms. v. 165. hug-reifr, adj. cheerful,
Lex. Poët. hug-rekki, f. courage, Fms. ii. 322. hug-renni
ng, f. 'mind's-wandering,' thought, meditation, Sks. 559, Hom. 47, 54
, Greg. 13, Post. 656 C. 28, Barl. 32, 86, 180, N. T., Vídal. passim. 
hug-reynandi, part. a trusted, tried friend, Haustl. hug-ró
, f. peace of mind, Str. 88: the name of a ship, Fms. viii. 385. h
ug-rúnar, f. pl. 'mind's-runes,' magical runes with a power of wis
dom, Sdm. hug-sjó, f., Thom. 2, and hug-sjón, f.
vision. hug-sjúkr, adj. 'mind-sick,' distressed, anxiou
s, Nj. 9, Fms. i. 205, vi. 69, vii. 104, viii. 8, Hkr. ii. 11, Al. 73. hu
g-skot, q.v. hug-snjallr, adj. doughty, Lex. Poët. hug
-sótt, f. sickness of mind, care, anxiety, concern, Bret. 24,
Str. 4, Róm. 297, Mar. hug-spakligr, adj. sagacious, Sks. 6
27. hug-spakr, adj. wise. hug-speki, f. sagacity, foresi
ght, Sturl. i. 206, Orkn. 166. hug-spæi, f. 'mind-spaeing,'
prophecy, Sturl. i. 206 C. hug-steinn, m., poët. the heart, Lex. Poët. hug-sterkr, adj. strong-minded, Al. 8, MS. 4.
28. hug-stiginn, part. in high spirits, Grett. 177 new Ed., Mart.
100. hug-stoltr, adj. haughty, Pass. 21. 7. hug-stórr, adj. high-minded, Fs. 129. hug-styrkr, adj. = hugsterkr, Karl.
345. hug-stæðr, adj. steadfast; e-m er e-t hugstæ
tt, fixed in one's mind, Fs. 180, Grett. 151 A; vera hugstætt til e
-s, to busy one's mind with a thing, Ísl. ii. 19, where used of antipathy. hug-svala, að, to refresh the soul, comfort, V
ídal., Pass. hug-svalan, f. consolation. hug-svinnr,
adj. wise, Sighvat. Hugsvinns-mál, n. the name of a didact
ic poem. hug-sýki, f. anxiety, Luke xii. 25, Pass. 36. 6.

hug-sýkja, t, to dishearten, Al. 6. hug-tregi, a, m.
bereavement, grief, affliction, Bs. i. 645, Fms. v. 208. hug-tr&uacut
e;r, adj. true, faithful, Nj. 258. hug-veikr, adj. weak-min
ded, Fas. i. 418. hug-vekja, u, f. 'soul's-waking,' the title
of a religious tract. hug-vit, n. understanding, sagacity, Fms. ii
. 286; hugvit til bóknæmis, Bs. i. 793; hvass í hugviti, Mar
.; skilning ok h., Stj. 12; djúpsæi ok h., 560; skilja af sí
nu hugviti, Hom. 84; í hugviti smiðsins, Eluc. 7: mod. genius.
hug-vitr, adj. clever, Mar. hugvits-maðr, m. a man
of genius, esp. of an artist, mechanic, or the like. hug-værr,
adj., see hógværr, Hom. 8, 129. hug-þekkliga, adv. 
engagingly; h. ok lítillátliga, MS. 15. 1. hug-þekkr,
 adj. endeared to one, after one's heart; h. hverjum góðum
manni, Bs. i. 72, Fms. i. 140; h. allri alþýðu, vii. 102; &oum
l;llum var hann h., x. 151. hug-þokkaðr, part. well disposed
; var hvárt þeirra Hallfreðar öðru vel hugþo
kkat, Fms. ii. 88; vel er mér hugþokkat til Magnúss hins G&o
acute;ða, iii. 58. hug-þokkan, f, = hugþokki, Eg. 47, v.l
. hug-þokki, a, m. mind, disposition, judgment; eptir hug&th
orn;okka sínum, Eg. 47, Sks. 197; hefir þetta farit eptir hug&thorn
;okka mínum, Fms. xi. 288: = hugskot, rannsaka vandliga í hug&thor
n;okka þínum, Sks. 444 B; Saul mælti í hugþokka
sínum, 706; meðalorpning (interjectio) sýnir hugþ
okka manns, Skálda 180. hug-þótti, a, m. dispositi
on, with the notion of self-will, opinionativeness; eptir h. s&iacute
;num. following one's own opinion, (mod.) hug-þungt, n. adj.
, e-m er h., to be depressed, Ld. 160. II. in pl. in a few words,
mostly poëtical: hugum-prúðr, adj. = hugprúðr;
Hjálmarr inn h., a nickname, Fas. hugum-sterkr, -stórr, -stran
gr, adj. = hugstórr, etc., Hkv. 1. 1, Korm., Jd. 38, Fas. i. 418.
hug-ró, f. = höggró, Fms. i. 177, Hkr. i. 238, Þ
órð. 44 new Ed.
HUGSA, að, [early Dan. hugse, mod. huske = to rememb
er; for the mod. Dan. tænke and also Icel. þenkja were bo
rrowed from the German, and do not occur until the time of the Reformation] :-to think: I. absol. to think; því hefir oss &
thorn;at gefit verit at hugsa, Dipl. ii. 14; þó at eigi megi auga s
já eðr eyra heyra né engi manns hugr hugsa, hversu ..., Fms. i
. 229; h. til Guðs, Stj. 138; þeir hugsuðu hví þat mu
ndi gegna, Edda (pref.); ek vissa hvat Símon hugsaði, Post. 656 C. 28
. II. with acc. to think out, Lat. excogitare; ek mun hugsa
yðr konung, Stj. 441; hugsaðu vandliga hvar hann liggr, 424; hugsat hef
i ek kostinn, Nj. 3: to intend, þér hugsuðut mér
íllt, Stj. 239; sagði at hann hafi þat helzt hugsat, Fms. i. 83
: h. sik, to bethink oneself, ii. 133, Karl. 15, Bs. ii. 121. 2. w
ith prepp.; h. sik um e-t, to take counsel with oneself (um-hugsan); h. s
ik fyrir, to have forethought, ponder over, Fms. xi. 442; h. fyrir s&eacu
te;r, to ponder over, vii. 88, 289; h. um e-t, to think about a thing,
 Stj. 423, passim; h. eptir um e-t, Fms. x. 6. III. reflex., hugsa&et
h;isk honum svá til, at ..., Fms. vii. 88; e-m hugsast e-t, a thing oc
curs to one's mind.
hugsan, f. thought, thinking, Sturl. iii. 242 (opinion), Fm
s. i. 185, Al. 163; bera h. fyrir e-u, Sturl. i. 206; h. ok ætlun, 656 A.
i. 31, N. T.,
<PAGE NUM="b0292">
<HEADER>292 HUGSUNARAUGU -- HUNDRAÐ.</HEADER>
Pass., Vídal., very freq. COMPDS: hugsunar-augu, n. 'eyes of th
inking,' intellect, Skálda 160; umhugsan, meditation. hugsu
nar-lauss, adj. thoughtless. hugsunar-leysi, n. thoughtless
ness.
hugsandi, part. gerund, conceivable, possible; ú-hugsandi,
impossible.
hugsanlegr, adj. attentive, Sks. 6: conceivable, Lat. co
gitabilis, (mod.)
hugsi, adj. ind. thoughtful, meditative; sem hann væri hugsi
, Bjarn. 40; Gestr sitr nú hugsi um sitt mál, Ísl. ii. 294;
fámálugr ok nokkut hugsi, 156; um slíkt liggr hann hugsi,
Al. 15, 70; hann fór jafnan sem hugsi væri, as vacant, wandering
, Bs. i. 170.
hug-skot, n. [properly either 'mind's-recess,' from skot, a rec
ess, or rather 'mind's-shooting,' analogous to hugrenning] :-- min
d, soul; hryggt h., a bereaved mind, Sks. 24, Fms. x. 151; með r&
eacute;ttu hugskoti, Blas. 41; hugskots-eyru, Hom. 53; hugskots hendr, 54; hugsk
ots augu, the mind's eye, 47, Stj. 20, 132, Rb. 380; mitt h., my mind,
 Fms. i. 140; fjarlægr mönnum í hugskotinu, 272; vitnisbur
ðr hugskotsins, K. Á. 50; blindr á hugskotinu, viii. 294; at f
aðir hann skyldi við hans h. sem síðast verða varr, Barl.
16; hreinsa h. sitt með iðran, Hom. (St.), Thom. 9, 13; freq. in the N.
T. as to render GREEK or GREEK, e.g. elska skaltú Drottinn Guð &thor
n;inn af öllu hjarta, af allri sálu, ok af öllu hugskoti, Matth
. xxii. 37, Luke i. 35, Rom. xiii. 2, 1 Cor. ii. 16, 2 Cor. iii. 14, iv. 4, xi.
5, 2 Tim. iii. 8, Tit. i. 15, Vídal. passim.
HULD, f. the name of a giantess, cp. Gr. GREEK. Huldar-Saga, u, f.
the story of the giantess Huld, Sturl. iii. 304.
HULDA, u, f. hiding, secrecy; drepa huldu á e-t, Fms. xi. 1
06; með huldu, in secret, i. 295: cover, nokkur hulda l&aacute
; ávalt yfir, Fs. 22; mikil h. ok þoka liggr yfir eyju þeirri
, Fas. i. 5; þeir vóru komnir á einn lítinn sk&oacute
;g ok var þat lítil h., Fms. x. 239: a cover, hafa huldu fyr
ir andliti eðr augum, 625. 23. II. hollowness; in the phrase,
á huldu, ílla brotna bein á huldu, Ísl. Þj&oac
ute;ðs.; brast sundr hulda í hrauninu, Pr. 411. COMPDS: huldu-f&oa
cute;lk, n. pl. the hidden people, fairies, in the mod. Icel. lore; f
or the origin of this name see Ísl. Þjóðs. (begin.) i. 1
, 2. huldu-maðr, m. a fairy, Fms. iii. 177 (in a tale of the 1
5th century). huldar-höttr, m. a hood of disguise, Fbr. (in a
verse).
hulfr, m. dogwood, = beinviði (q.v.), Sks. 90 B.
huliðs-hjálmr, m., and hulins-hjálmr, less corre
ct, Fms. iii. 184, Fas. iii. 219 :-- a hidden helm (see s.v. hjálm
r), Fms. ii. 141, Gullþ. 27, Fbr. 34 new Ed.
hulning, f. concealing, Stj. 12, 127, 315, Mar.
hulstr, m. [Goth. hulistr; A. S. heolster; Engl. holster

; Dan. hylster, from hylja; cp. Germ. hülse] :-- a ca
se, sheath.
huma, að, prop. to hum: in the phrase, huma e-ð fram af s&
eacute;r, to put a thing by.
HUMALL, m. [Germ. hummel; Dan. humle; Fr. houblon; E
ngl. hop] :-- the humulus, hop-plant, Nj. 2 (v.l.), N. G. L. i. 24
4, Bs. i. 441, Boldt., D. N. passim: humla, u, f. a nickname, Sturl. i. 1
8; vall-humall, the wild hop. COMPDS: humla-garðr, m. a hop
garden, Boldt. 41. humla-ketill, m. a hop boiler, D. N. hu
mla-mungát, n. hop beer, D. N. humla-stæði, n
. a place grown with hops, D. N. humla-stöng, f. a hop pol
e, Boldt. humla-tekja, u, f. hop-picking, Boldt. 53.
HUMARR, m. [Dan. and Germ. hummer; Fr. homard], a lobste
r, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poët. humar-kló, f. a lobster cla
w, Mag.
humótt, see húm.
HUNANG, n. [A. S. hunig; Engl. honey; Germ. honig; D
an. honing; Ulf. renders GREEK by miliþ] :-- honey,
Gþl. 491, Bs. i. 103, 433, Eg. 69, 79, 469, Fms. vii. 173, viii. 258, Stj.
309, 411. COMPDS: hunang-bakaðr, part. baked honey, Stj. 193.
hunangs-dögg, f. honey dew, Pr. 401. hunangs-fall, n
. honey dew, Edda 12. hunangs-fljótandi, part. flowing w
ith honey, Stj. 642, Eluc. hunangs-ilmr, m. a smell of honey,
Landn. 140. hunangs-lækr, m. a stream of honey, Fas. iii. 66
9. hunangs-seimr, m. [Germ. honig-seim = virgin honey], 
a honeycomb, Stj. 210, N. T. hunang-sætr, adj. sweet as hone
y. UNCERTAIN In olden times and throughout the Middle Ages, honey was one of
the chief exports from England to Scandinavia (Norway and Iceland), see the pas
sages above; as sugar was then unknown, the export of honey far exceeded that of
the present day.
hunang-ligr, adj. honeyed, Sks. 630, Bs. i. passim, ii. 131, Mar.
HUND-, [Goth. hund only found in pl. hunda], a form of hund
rað, only used in poët. compds, many, very, like Lat. multi-,
 Germ. tausend: hund-forn, adj. very old, Þd. 14
; in mod. conversation hund-gamall and hund-margr, adj. hundred
-fold, innumerable, Hkv. 1. 21; h. víkingr, Sighvat (Ó. H. 190
); h. herr, Hallfred, Fms. xi. 208 (in a verse), Sighvat (Hkr. iii. 3), Hm. 17;
hunnmörg hof, Vþm. 38. hund-villr, adj. utterly lost, quite
astray, Eb. (in a verse): esp. of sailors, fóru þeir þ&a
acute; hundvillir, Nj. 267. hund-víss, adj. very wise, esp.
used of giants and partly as a term of abuse; hundvíss jötunn, H&ya
cute;m. 5, Hkv. Hjörv. 25, Fas. iii. 15; hann var jötunn h. ok &iacute
;llr viðreignar, Edda; at jötnar hundvísir skulu þar drekk
a, 57. The similarity of hundr, a dog, seems here to have given a bad sen
se to the word ( = dog-wise, cunning), which etymologically it did not de
serve.
hund-fiskr, m. a dog-fish.
hund-gá, f. barking, Lv. 60, 655 xxxii. 9.
hund-ligr, adj. dog-like, Clem. 55, 656 C. 29.
HUNDR, m. [Ulf. hunds; A. S., O. H. G., Germ., Dan., and Swed. 
hund; Engl. hound; Lat. canis; Gr. GREEK] :-- a dog, Hm
. 82, Gm. 44, Orkn. 150, Grág. ii. 119, Fms. ii. 224, iv. 314, Nj. 74, St
j. 464, passim; the shepherd's dog, watch dog, and deer hound were best known; - smala-h. and fjár-h., a shepherd's dog; dýr-h., a fox
hound; búr-h., varð-h., a watch dog; grey-h., a greyhou
nd; spor-h., a slot hound, Orkn. 150, Ó. H.; mjó-h., Da
n. mynde, a spaniel; [skikkju-rakki, a lap dog, Orkn. 114;] dvergh., q.v.; hunda-gá, gnauð, gelt, gnöll, barking, howling,
656 A. ii. 12, Fas. i. 213; vera ór hunda hljóði, to be ou
t of the dog's bark, have made one's escape, Orkn. 212, Gísl. 7, cp.
hljóð B. 2; hunds hauss, höfuð, a dog's head (also as
an epithet of abuse), Stj. 68, 498, Rb. 346; hunds eyru, dog's ears, in
a book; hunds kjaptr, trýni, löpp, rófa, hár, a dog
's mouth, snout, foot, tail, hair; hunda sveinn, a dog-keeper, Lv. 1
00: phrases and sayings, það er lítið sem hunds tungan finn
r ekki; opt hefir ólmr hundr rifið skinn; as also hlaupa á hun
da-vaði yfir e-t, to slur a thing over, scamp work; festa rá&e
th; sitt við hunds hala, Mag. 65 :-- a dog's age is, partly in fun, partly
in contempt, counted by half years; átta vetra á hunda t&ou
ml;lu = four years; whence, ek em maðr gamall, ok vánlegt at e
k eiga hunds aldr einn ólifat, Fb. ii. 285 :-- allan sinn hunds aldr, 
throughout all his wicked, reprobate life. II. metaph., 1. as
abuse; hundrinn þinn, GREEK! Ísl. ii. 176; eigi af hundinum þ
ínum, Fms. vi. 323; drepum þenna hund sem skjótast, xi. 146;
mann-hundr, a wicked man; hunds-verk, a dog's work, Sighvat: h
und-eygr, adj. GREEK, Grett. (in a verse): hund-geðjaðr, adj.
currish, Hallfred. 2. an ogre, destroyer, = vargr, Gr. GRE
EK; hundr segls, viða, elris, herklæða, Lex. Poët., Edda ii.
512. 3. a nickname, Þórir Hundr, Ó. H.: Hunds-f&oa
cute;tr, m. a nickname, Fas.; cp. also the pr. names Hundi, Hundingi,
Landn., Sæm.: Hunda-dagar, m. the dog-days: Hunda-stjarn
a, u, f. the dog-star, Sirius. 4. botan. = vulgaris; hu
nda-hvingras, hunda-sóley, etc., Hjalt.: hund-bítr, m. a
biter, Bjarn. (in a verse): hund-heiðinn, adj. 'dog-heathen,'
heathenish, Fms. ii. 130, Fas. ii. 186, Karl. 138, Flóv. 23. Favouri
te dogs recorded in the Sagas, king Olave's dog Vígi, the Argus of the no
rthern Sagas, Fms. Ó. T. ch. 82, 208, 259; Gunnar's dog Sam, Nj. ch. 71,
77, 78; the dog Flóki, Rd. ch. 24; also Hálfs S. ch. 7, 8, -- &tho
rn;á ina sömu nótt gó hundr hans Flóki er aldri
gó nema hann vissi konungi ótta vánir: mythol. the dog Gar
m, Vsp., Gm.; the dog Saurr, who was made king over the Thronds, (þeir l&e
acute;tu síða í hundinn þrjú manns-vit, ok g&oacu
te; hann til tveggja orða, en mælti it þriðja,) for this cur
ious tale see Hkr. Hák. S. Góða ch. 13: pet names, seppi, rakk
i, grey; and pr. names, Vígi, Snati, Loddi, Lubbi (a rough dog), Stripill
(smooth), etc.
HUNDRAÐ, n. pl. hundruð; the form hund- (q.v.) only occurs
in a few old compd words: [Goth. hunda, pl.; A. S. hund; O. H. G.
hunt; the extended form in Hel. and old Frank, hundered; Germ. hundert; Dan. hundrede; Swed. hundra; the inflexive syllabl
e is prob. akin to -ræðr in átt-ræðr] :-- 
a hundred; the Scandinavians of the heathen time (and perhaps also all Teuto
nic people) seem to have known only a duo-decimal hundred ( = 12 ×
10 or 120); at that time 100 was expressed by tíu-tíu, cp. Ulf. taihun-taihund = ten-teen; Pal Vídalín says, -- hundra
ð tólfrætt er sannlega frá heiðni til vor komið,
en hið tíræða er líkast að Norðrlönd h
afi ekki vitað af fyrr en Kristni kom hér og með henni lærd
ómr þeirrar aldar, Skýr. s.v. Hundrað (fine): but with t
he introduction of Christianity came in the decimal hundred, the two bein
g distinguished by adjectives, -- tólfrætt hundrað = 120, and t
írætt hundrað = 100. But still the old popular duodecimal syste
m continued in almost all matters concerned with economical or civil life, in al
l law phrases, in trade, exchange, property, value, or the like, and the decimal
only in ecclesiastical or scholastic matters (chronology, e.g. Íb. ch. 1
, 10). At the same time the word in speech and writing was commonly used without
any specification of tírætt or tólfrætt, for, as Pal
Vídalín remarks, every one acquainted with the language knew which
was meant in each case; even at the present time an Icel. farmer counts his flo
cks and a fisherman his share (hlutr) by the duodecimal system; and everybody kn
ows that a herd or share of one hundred and a half means 120 + 60 = 180. In old
writers the popular way of counting is now and then used even in chronology and
in computation, e.g. when Ari Frode (Íb. ch. 4) states that the year cons
ists of three hundred and four days (meaning 364); the census of franklins given
by the same writer (where the phrase is hundruð heil = whole or f
ull hundreds) is doubtless reckoned by duodecimal, not decimal hundreds, &Ia
cute;b. ch. 10; and in the census of priests and churches taken by bishop Paul (
about A.D. 1200) 'tíræð' is expressively added, lest duodecimal
hundreds should be understood, Bs. i. 136. The Landn. (at end) contains a state
ment (from Ari?) that Iceland continued pagan for about a hundred years, i.e. fr
om about 874-997 A.D. In the preface to Ólafs S., Snorri states that two
duodecimal hundreds (tvau hundruð tólfræð) elapsed from the
first colonisation of Iceland before historical writing began (i.e. from about
A.D. 874-1115): levies of ships and troops are in the laws and Sagas counted by
duodecimal hundreds, e.g. the body-guard of king Olave consisted of a hundred hi
rð-men, sixty house-carles and sixty guests, in all 'two hundred' men, i.e.
240, Mork. 126; the sons of earl Strút-Harald
<PAGE NUM="b0293">
<HEADER>HUNDRAÐASTI -- HÚFR. 293</HEADER>
had a hundred men, of whom eighty were billetted out and forty returned, Fms. xi
. 88, 89; hálft hundrað, a half hundred = sixty, Mork.
l.c. 2. a division of troops = 120; hundraðs-flokkr, Fms. vi. (in a v
erse). II. in indef. sense, hundreds, a host, countless number, se
e hund-, as also in the adverb, phrase, hundruðum, by hundreds (indef
initely), Fms. vi. 407, Þiðr. 275, 524: in mod. usage as adjective and
indecl., except the pl. in -uð, thus hundruð ásauðum,
Dipl. iv. 10.
B. As value, a hundred, i.e. a hundred and twenty ells of the stuf
f wadmal, and then simply value to that amount (as a pound sterling in En
glish). All property, real as well as personal, is even at present in Icel. taxe
d by hundreds; thus an estate is a 'twenty, sixty, hundred' estate; a franklin g
ives his tithable property as amounting to so and so many hundreds. As for the a
bsolute value of a hundred, a few statements are sufficient, thus e.g. a milch c
ow, or six ewes with lambs, counts for a hundred, and a hundrað and a k&uacu
te;gildi (cow's value) are equal: the charge for the alimentation of a pa
uper for twelve months was in the law (Jb. 165) fixed to four hundred and a half
for a male person, but three hundred and a half for a female; cp. also the phra
se, það er ekki hundrað í hættunni, there is no hu
ndred at stake, no great risk! In olden times a double standard was used, -the wool or wadmal standard, called hundrað talið = a hundred by tal
e, i.e. a hundred and twenty ells as stated above, and a silver standard, ca
lled hundrað vegit, a hundred by weight, or hundrað silfrs, a
hundred in silver, amounting to two marks and a half = twenty ounces = sixty
örtugar; but how the name hundred came to be applied to it is not certain,
unless half an örtug was taken as the unit. It is probable that originally
both standards were identical, which is denoted by the phrase, sex álna
eyrir, six ells to an ounce, or a hundred and twenty ells equal to twenty
ounces (i.e. wadmal and silver at par); but according as the silver coinage was
debased, the phrases varied between nine, ten, eleven, twelve ells to an ounce
(N. G. L. i. 80, 81, 387, 390, passim), which denote bad silver; whereas the phr
ase 'three ells to an ounce' (þriggja álna eyrir, Sturl. i. 163, pa
ssim, or a hundred in wadmal equal to half a hundred in silver) must refer eithe
r to a double ell or to silver twice as pure: the passage in Grág. i. 500
is somewhat obscure, as also Rd. 233: the words vegin, silfrs, or talin are oft
en added, but in most cases no specification is given, and the context must shew
which of the two standards is there meant; the wool standard is the usual one,
but in cases of weregild the silver standard seems always to be understood; thus
a single weregild (the fine for a man's life) was one hundred, Njála pas
sim. 2. the phrases, hundrað frítt, a hundred paid in cattl
e, Finnb. 236; tólf hundruð mórend, twelve hundred in d
ark striped wadmal, Nj. 225; hundrað í búsgögnum ok &
iacute; húsbúningi, Vm. 65; hundraðs-gripr, hestr, hross, kapa
ll, hvíla, sæng, rekkja, psaltari, etc., a beast, a horse, a bed
, etc., of a hundred's value, Am. 2, 10, Vm. 25, 39, 60, 153, Jm. 3,
30; hundraðs-úmagi, a person whose maintenance costs a hundred, Vm. 156; hundraðs virði, a hundred's value, 68. For references
see the Sagas and laws passim, and for more information see Mr. Dasent's Essay i
n Burnt Njal.
C. A hundred, a political division which in olden times was common
to all Teut. nations, but is most freq. in old Swedish laws, where several hund
reds made a hérað or shire; cp. the A. S. and Engl. hundred,
Du Cange hundredum; old Germ. hunderti, see Grimm's Rechts Alterth
ümer; the centum pagi of Caesar, Bell. Gall. iv. ch. 1, is probably
the Roman writer's misconception of the Teut. division of land into hundreds;
 this is also the case with Tacit. Germ. ch. 12: cp. the Swed. local names
Fjaðrunda-land, Áttundaland, and Tíunda-land, qs. Fjaðr-hu
nda land, Átthunda land, Tíhunda land, i.e. a combination of four,
eight, ten hundreds. The original meaning was probably a community of a hund
red and twenty franklins or captains. This division is not found in I
cel.
hundraðasti, adj. an ordinal number, the hundredth.
hundrað-falda, að, to 'hundredfold,' Stj. 545.
hundrað-faldliga, adv. hundredfold, Barl. 200: -ligr, a
dj., 19.
hundrað-faldr, adj. hundredfold, Stj. 94, Bs. ii. 157, Matth.
xiii. 8.
hundraðs-höfðingi, a, m. a centurion, Stj. 630, N. T.
, Fms. i. 142, Post. 656 B. 2, Róm. 260. hundraðs-blót,
n. a hecatomb, (mod.)
hunds-ligr, adj. currish, Barl. 160.
hundtér, m. a hunter, (Engl. word,) Thom. 16.
hund-tík, f. a 'she-tyke,' bitch, Fs. 71, Fas. iii. 231.
HUNGR, m., but in mod. usage neut., as in Bs. ii. 135; [Ulf. huhrus = GREEK; A. S., Engl., Dan., Swed., and Germ. hunger; O. H. G. hung
ar] :-- hunger; hungr várn, Greg. 58; mikinn hungr, Só
l. 50; fyrir hungrs sakir, Gþl. 531; seðja fenginn hungr, Al. 83; svel
ta hungri heill, to starve, Ls. 63; þungan hungr, Gd. 49; sinn s&aa
cute;ra hungr, Fas. ii. 222; svelta hungri heill, to starve, Ls. 62.
hungra, að, [Ulf. huggrjan], to be a-hungred, to hunger, impers., þá hungraði hann (acc.), Stj. 144, Greg. 30; oss hun
grar, 28; hungrandi = hungraðr, Sks. 632.
hungraðr, adj. hungry, Stj. 145, 152, Sks. 632, Hom. 18, Bs. i
. 46, Str. 45.
hungran, f. = hungr, Bs. ii. 135.
hungr-morða, adj., verða h., to die of hunger.
hungr-vaka, u, f. the hunger-waker: the name of an old historical
work, from its exciting hunger (thirst) for more knowledge, Bs. i. 59.
HUPPR, m. [Ulf. hups = rib; A. S. hype; O. H. G. 
huf; Engl. hip; Germ. hüfte] :-- a hip, Ví
gl. 21, passim: the loins of a carcase, as in the ditty, þegar eg
rís aptr upp ei mun kjöt að fá, fáið þ&e
acute;r mér heitan hupp, hólpinn verð eg þá, J&o
acute;n Þorl.
HURÐ, f. [Goth. haurds = GREEK; A. S. hyrdel; Engl. 
hurdle; O. H. G. hurt] :-- a door, = Lat. janua; drepa,
berja á hurð, Th. 3, Ísl. ii. 31, Hom. 96, Vm. 34, Jm. 8, Stj
. 402; reka aptr hurð, Ísl. ii. 158, Korm. 10, Eg. 749; úti-h
urð, stofu-hurð, búr-hurð, eldhús-hurð, N. G. L. i
. 38; hurð er aptr, shut, Ísl. ii. 31, passim: a hurdle, Grág. ii. 328: a lid, Eg. 234. II. metaph. phrases, eigi
fellr honum þá hurð á hæla ef ek fylgi honum, t
he door shuts not on his heels if I follow him, i.e. I go in with him, he
is not alone, Fas. i. 204; ef hér hafa hurðir verit loknar eptir
þessum manni, if he has been taken in-doors, Ld. 42; hurð hnig
in, a shut door, for this phrase see hníga; at seilask um hurð
til lokunnar, to stretch oneself across the door to the latch, to try to rea
ch farther than one can, Grett. 67 new Ed. COMPDS: hurða-naust, n
. a shed of hurdles, Háv. 26 new Ed. hurðar-áss, m. a 'door-beam;' hurðás or hurðásar were the roo
f-rafters nearest the door, where things (weapons, fish, meat) were hung up, alm
ost answering to the rót or dyra-lopt in mod. Icel. dwellings, cp. Eg. 18
2, 183, Bs. i. 209, N. G. L. i. 349, 397: the phrase, reisa sér hurða
rás um öxl, to carry the door-beam on one's shoulder, to undertak
e a thing one is not equal to. hurðar-bak, n. the back of a do
or; ab hurðar-baki, behind the door, Stj. 118, Fms. vi. 188, &Iac
ute;sl. ii. 45, Fas. ii. 115, Barl. 70. hurðar-bora, u, f. a key-h
ole, Grett. 137 A. hurðar-flaki, a, m. a hurdle, Grett. 11
4 A. hurðar-hringr, m. a door-ring, Ísl. ii. 158, Pm. 1
13, El. 26. hurðar-hæll, m. = hurðás, N. G. L. i. 34
9, v.l. hurðar-járn, n. a door-hinge, Am. 16, Þi&
eth;r. 364, Rétt. 2, 10, Fms. ii. 163. hurðar-klofi, a, m. 
a door-groove, = gátt, q.v., Eb. 226. hurðar-lauss, adj. 'doorless,' without a door, Pm. 14, 66. hurðar-loka, u, f. a
door-bolt, MS. 4. 29. hurðar-oki, a, m. a cross-plank joining
the boards of the door, Eb. 182.
hurð-áss, m. = hurðar-áss.
hurr, m. [cp. Engl. hurry], a hurley-burley, noise, Thom. (
Ed.) 96, 97, 103.
hussun or hoson, interj. of dislike, cp. Engl. hiss! Dan. hysse! o hoson yðr er hlæið! þvíat ér mo
noð sýta ok gráta, Hom. (St.); hussun þér gö
mlum! Karl. 532.
hutututu, interj., to express shivering from cold, Orkn. 326.
HÚÐ, f. (húðna, acc. with the article, Edda i. 370)
; [A. S. hûð; Engl. hide; O. H. G. hût; Ger
m. haut; Dan.-Swed. hud; Lat. cutis] :-- a hide, of
cattle; húð af nauti (neat), en skinn at sauði (sheep), N. G. L. i. 420; nauts-húð, but sauð-skinn; hörund, of
a man; há (q.v.), of a horse; skrápr, of a shark; roð, of a fi
sh; hvelja, of a whale, cyclopterus, etc., Eg. 69, Nj. 201, K. Þ. K. 38, G
rág. ii. 403, Sturl. ii. 50, Dipl. v. 18; of a seal's skin, Sks. 168, 179
; húða-vara, Eg. 69; húða-fang, a supply of hides,
N. G. L. i. 101. II. metaph. as a law term, of flogging or 'hiding' (as the phrase still is in vulgar Engl.); fyrirgöra húð sinni
, to forfeit one's hide; leysa húð sína, to redeem o
ne's skin from flogging, N. G. L. ii. 133, 168; berja húð af e-m,
to flog, i. 10, 85. COMPDS: húðar-lausn, f. saving
one's hide, N. G. L. i. 349. húð-fat, n., naut. a 'hide
-vat,' i.e. a hammock, Sturl. ii. 50, Fms. vi. 168, 244, vii. 166, vi
ii. 316, Fb. i. 539, Boll. 344, Fs. 64, Finnb. 232, Gþl. 94, Orkn. 274: th
e hammocks were leather bags, and sailors used to bring them ashore and keep the
m in the harbour-booths (see búð). húðfats-beðr, m. a hammock bed, D. N. iv. 475. húðfats-félagi, a, m. a hammock mate, Fms. ix. 321. húð-keipr, m. a canoe of skin, such as is used by the Esquimaux and savages of Ví
nland (America), Þorf. Karl. passim, Fs. 145, Fb. i. 541. hú&eth
;-lát, n. loss of one's hide, i.e. a flogging, Grett. 1
61, Bs. i. 792. húð-sekkr, n. a hide-bag, Jb. h&uacu
te;ð-skór, m. a shoe of a raw hide, Hbl. 35. hú
ð-stroka, u, f. a 'hiding,' flogging, Grett. 135, Thom. 331, Mar.
húð-strokinn, part. flogged. húð-str&yac
ute;king, f. flogging, Pass. húð-strýkja, t
, to flog, flagellare, Clar., Bær. 20, N. T.
HÚFA, u, f., proncd. húa, [Scot. how; O. H. G. h&
ucirc;ba; Germ. haube; Dan. hue] :-- a hood, cap, bonnet; húfa hlaðbúin, Fms. vii. 225; höttr né h&uacute
;fa, Sks. 290; bar kona vatn í húfu sinni, Bs. i. 461, Gísl
. 24, Bs. ii. 21, Dipl. v. 18 (belonging to a priest's dress), passim; st&aacute
;l-húfa, a steel hood; skott-húfa, a tasseled cap;
koll-húfa, a cowl or skull-cap; nátt-húfa, a night cap. 2. the name of a cow with a white head; heimsk er h&uac
ute;n Húfa, Stef. Ól., Kveld. ii. 197; Skinn-húfa, a nickna
me. húfu-lauss, adj. hoodless, bare-headed. II. ( =
húfr), part of a church, in the old timber churches, Ísl.
ii. 402 (of a temple); hann lét færa innar háaltarit &iacute
; húfuna, Bs. i. 830, 890, D. N. v. 586. húfu-viðr, m.
timber for the húfa, Bs. i. 144.
HÚFR, m., an older form hófr, Fms. i. 176 (in a vers
e), as also in hófregin (q.v.), and in the phrase, eiga mikið &iacute
; hófi (below) :-- the hulk or hull of a ship; hann &thorn
;rífr upp fork ok rekr út í húfinn á skipi &t
horn;eirra, hann færði forkinn í þann húf skipsins
er seglit hafði ofan farit ok seglit hallaðisk áðr, Fæ
r. 165; upp í naustið ok settu undir húfinn á skipi Orm
s, Ísl. ii. 81; kjöl eða stafna, húf eða hálsa
, N. G. L. i. 100, freq. in Lex. Poët.; skeiðar-húfr, a ship'
s hull, Arnór; stíga fyrir húf,
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to go overboard, Jd.; hafskips húfar, Fms. vi. (in a verse); h&eac
ute;ldir húfar, the frosted ships, Jd.; skörum hveldr h&uacut
e;fr, Arnór; svelldr húfr; breið-húfaðr, broad-h
ulled. COMPDS: húf-langr, adj. long-hulled, of a ship,
Lex. Poët. hóf-regin, i.e. húf-regin, m. and húf-stjóri, a, m. the guider or steerer of the hull
 = Thor the Thunderer driving through the air, Haustl., Þd. 
II. metaph. phrases, vera heill á hófi, to be 'hale in hull
,' i.e. to be safe and sound; eiga mikit í hófi (h&uacu
te;fi), to own much in a ship, to have much at stake, metaph. of a mercha
nt.
húka, t, to sit on one's hams, Sturl. ii. 220, Mag. 64, Art
.; see hokra.
húkr, m. a nickname, Fb. iii.
HÚM, n., poët. the sea, from its dusky colour; salt h&
uacute;m, the salt sea, Lex. Poët., Edda (Gl.), also in poët. c
ompds. II. in prose, twilight, dusk; um kveldit í hú
mi, Fb. iii. 333; en húm var á mikit, Fas. ii. 284, Grett. (in a v
erse); í húminu, in the dusk of evening, Gísl. 138,
Thom. 308: of the grey dusk in the morning, Fms. vi. 284; hence comes pro
b. the mod. phrase, að koma, fara í humótt (hám&
oacute;ti) á eptir, to lag behind, sneak behind another. hum&oa
cute;ttu-legr, adj. sneaking and ashamed.
húma, að, to grow dusk; var nú mjök h&uacut
e;mat, Fas. iii. 223, 545; meðan lífs ei húmar húm, a d
itty; see hýma.
Húnar, m. pl. (but also Hýnir), the Huns, and
Húna-land, Hún-mörk, f. the land of the Huns;
Húnlenzkr and Húnskr, adj. Hunnish: the word
s occur in several of the old poems, esp. Kormak, Akv., Hðm., Og., Gkv. 1, H
ornklofi, but only in mythical songs or tales, Fas. passim; the word is derived
from the Tartar Huns. COMPDS: Húna-herr, m. a host of Huns,
Hervar. S. Húna-kappi, a, m. the champion of the Huns, the
nickname of the mythical hero Hildebrand, Fas. ii.
hún-bogi, a, m. a kind of bow, Sks. 408: a pr. name, Landn.
HÚNN, m. [Gr. GREEK], a knob: naut. the knob at the top
of the mast-head; draga segl við hún, or í hún upp,
or vinda upp segl við húna, to hoist a sail to the top, &Oacu
te;. H. 17, Tríst. 8, Fas. iii. 410. COMPDS: hún-bora, u, f

. the hole in the mast-head through which the halyard went; vinda segl vi
ð húnboru, to hoist the sail, Fær. 203. hún-dr
eginn, part. hoisted to the top, Sks. 394. hún-kastali,
a, m. the crow's nest or 'castle' at the mast-head, Sks. 393, Fms
. vii. 256, 262. hún-spænir, m. pl. ornaments at the mast
-head, Edda (Gl.) 2. the knob at a staff's end; stafs-h&uacute
;nn, the knob on a door handle etc.: a slice, skera svá bre
iðan hún til beins er bast er langt, of a whale's blubber, N. G. L. i
. 59. 3. a piece in a game, prob. from its cone-like shape: from t
he phrase, verpa húnum, to cast (throw) the piece 'h
ún,' it seems to follow that this game was either similar to the Gr. GREE
K or rather to the mod. nine pins; þeirs í Haralds tú
ni húnum verpa, Hornklofi, Fagrsk. 5 (in a verse); in Rm. 32 the 'hundum
verpa' is no doubt a false reading for 'húnum verpa;' the riddle in Herva
r. S., (where the answer is, þat er húninn í hnettafli,) is
obscure and corrupt in the text, for the hnettafl or hneftafl (q.v.) was quite a
different game.
HÚNN, m. a young bear, Kormak, Fas. i. 367, Fb. i. 253, Nj.
35, Landn. 176, Fs. 26, Stj. 530, passim; bjarnar-húnn, a bear's youn
g: in local names, Húna-flói, Húna-vatn, Húna
vatns-þing, -sýsla, Landn.; Húnavatns-leið, F
ms. iii. 21. II. metaph. an urchin, boy, Vkv. 22, 30, 32, Gh. 12.
HÚS, n. [Ulf. renders GREEK by gards and razn, and G
REEK by hrôt, whereas hûs only occurs once in the comp
d gudhus = GREEK, John xviii. 20; in all other Teut. languages, old and new, 
hûs is the general word; A. S., O. H. G., Dan., and Swed. hûs
; Engl. house; Germ. haus; Dutch huys] :-- a house; hús eru þrjú í hvers manns híbýlum,
... eitt er stofa, annat eldhús, þriðja búr, Grá
g. i. 459; leita nú um hvert hús á þeim bæ, 215
, x. 270; þeir fara til bæjarins ok hlaupa þar inn í h&
uacute;s, Eg. 385; í næsta húsi, Ld. 318; af hverju h&uacute
;si, from every house, Fms. x. 226; eitthvert mikit hús, Sks. 62;
eitt fagrt hús, Fb. i. 467; at húsinu, nær dyrrum hús
sins, id.; bæn-hús, a prayer-house, chapel; söng-h&uacu
te;s, a choir; eld-hús, fjós (fé-hús), hest-h
ús (qq.v.) 2. a house, family, rare in old writers; sonr h&
uacute;ss, the son of the house, Rm. 11: freq. in eccl. writers, í
húsi Heber, 625. 11; af annars-háttar ættum ok húsi,
Stj. 246: freq. in the N. T., af húsi Davíðs, Luke ii. 4: 
a religious house, monastic order; af Prédikara húsi, from
the house of the Preaching Friars, the Dominican order, Bs. passim. 3. a case = húsi (q.v.), corporale með hús, B. K. 84, V
m. 83, 189, Pm. 73, Rb. 358. II. in pl. = bær, the group of buil
dings of which a house consists, built in a row, the front (hús-bust)
facing the sea, or a river if in a dale, or looking south; the back (hús
a-bak) turned to the mountain; the pavement along the front is in Icel. called s
tétt, the open place in front hlað, q.v.; the buildings are parted by
a lane (sund, bæjar-sund); the whole surrounded by a wall, called h&uacut
e;sa-garðr; a lane, called geilar or tröð, leads up to the houses a
nd house-yard, see Eggert Itin. 22; distinction is made between bæjar-h&ua
cute;s or heima-hús, the 'home-houses,' homesteads, or útihús, the out-houses, and fjár-hús, sheep-houses, which are at a distance from the homesteads; geymslu-hús, store-ho
uses. That this was the same in olden times is borne out by the freq. use of
the plur., even when referring to a single house (cp. Lat. aedes, tecta)
; konur skulu ræsta húsin ok tjalda, Nj. 175, 220; þeir s&oac
ute;ttu at húsunum, 115; þeir hlaupa upp á húsin, Eb.

214; biðjast húsa, skipta húsum, ráða sínum
húsum, N. G. L. i. 109; hér milli húsa, Ld. 204; taka h&u
acute;s (pl.) á e-m, to take a person by surprise in his houses, F
ms. viii. 172; inni í húsum, Sturl. i. 181; þeir stigu af ba
ki fyrir sunnan húsin ... ok gengu þá í einum dun hel
dr hljóðliga heim at húsum, iii. 185; varð þá
brátt reykr mikill í húsunum, 189; tóku þ&aac
ute; húsin mjök at loga, 186; nú tóku at loga öll
húsin, nema elda-hús brann eigi ok litla-stofa ok skyrbúr,
191; þar vóru öll hús mjök vönduð at sm&
iacute;ð, 193; hann hljóp upp á húsin ok rifu þak
it, 218; rofin húsin yfir þeim, 220. Passages in the Sagas referrin
g to buildings are very numerous: for Iceland, esp. in Sturl. 4. ch. 33, 50, 5.
ch. 3-8, 6. ch. 31, 32, 35, 9. ch. 1-5, 8, 20, 52, Nj. ch. 34, 48, 78, 80, 117,
128-133, 137, Gísl. 28 sqq., Dropl. 28 sqq., etc.; for the Orkneys, Orkn.
ch. 18, 33, 34, 70 (interesting), 105, 113, 115; for Norway, Eg., Hkr., &Oacute
;. H. passim. COMPDS: I. in plur., húsa-bak, n. the back
of the houses; at húsa baki. húsa-búnaðr, m
. = húsbúnaðr UNCERTAIN, Ó. H. 175. húsa-b&ae
lig;r, m. buildings, farms, Rm. (prose), Nj. 130; mikill húsab
ær, Orkn. 244; góðr h., Fms. xi. 192, Fas. iii. 20; líti
ll h., Ó. H. 152. húsa-garðr, m. = húsabær
, the yard-wall, Nj. 120, v.l. húsa-gras, n. herbs growi
ng on a house roof, such as house-leek, Stj. 644. húsa-hagi
, a, m. home pasture, Gþl. 404. húsa-kostr, m. lodgings, a means of dwelling, Ísl. ii. 139. húsa-kot,
n. a cottage, Sturl. ii. 50, Ó. H. 152. húsa-kynni,
n. a dwelling; mikil, góð húsakynni, Bs. i. 700, Fms.
ii. 84; h. ok borðbúnaðr, Ó. H. 175. húsa-leiga,
 u, f. house rent, Barl. 194. húsa-mót, n. pl. the joining of buildings, Sturl. ii. 59, Fms. ix. 24. húsa-skild
agi, a, m. a contract for the tenure of a house, Gþl. 330. h
úsa-skipan, f. the order, arrangement of buildings, Gís
l. 28, Eg. 235, Post. 656 B. 8. húsa-skipti, n. a sharing of ho
uses, Gþl. 341. húsa-skjól, n. house shelter. húsa-skygni, n. a 'house-shed,' shelter, Stj. 121. h
úsa-smiðr, m. a house-wright, Post. 153. húsa-sm
íð, f. house-building, Post. húsa-snotra, u,
f. a 'house-neat,' house-cleaner; the exact meaning of this word is dubi
ous; Finn Magnusson suggested a broom: the word only occurs in Fas. ii. (
see hnísa) and in Fb. i. 548 (Symb. 14, Ant. Amer. 291); the latter insta
nce is esp. interesting, as the 'house-neat' which is there mentioned (about A.D
. 1002) was made from an American tree. húsa-staðr, m. a ho
use-stead, the site of a building, Post. húsa-timbr, n. hou
se timber. húsa-torf, n. house turf for walls and roof
, Dipl. v. 5. húsa-tópt, f. house walls, without the
roof, Lat. rudera, Fs. 158 (a local name). húsa-umbót, f. house repairs, Jb. 215. húsa-viðr, m. house t
imber, Grág. i. 200, Nj. 82 (v.l.), Ld. 32, Bs. i. 144. hú
sa-vist, f. abiding, an abode, Fb. ii. 456. II. in local names
, Húsa-fell, Húsa-garðr, Húsa-vaðill, Hús
a-vík, Landn., Dipl. i. 7: Hús-víkingr, Hús-f
ellingr, m. a man from H.
húsa, að, 'to house,' build houses; húsa konungs
garð, Ó. H. 43; húsa land, Grág. ii. 211; þann h
luta landsins er ekki var húsaðr, Glúm. 335; Uni húsa&e
th;i þar, Landn. 246; húsa ok göra kirkju, Fms. vii. 110; h&ua
cute;sa upp, to repair, Fas. ii. 342. 2. to shelter (= h&ya
cute;sa), N. G. L. i. 322. 3. [húsi], to case, B. K. 34, of

laths.
húsan, f. house-building, Sd. 180: a casing, B. K. 1
7 (twice).
hús-bak, n. = húsabak, Hðm. 32, Nj. 28, Sturl. i. 63.
hús-bóndi, a, m., pl. húsbændr; in mod. usage
the æ is kept throughout the plural, but not so in old writers; hús
bóndi is prop. a participle contracted from húsbóandi or húsbúandi; [see bóndi, p. 74, and búa, o
f which the older form is bóa, Dan. boe, p. 86; Engl. husband; Swed. husbonde] :-- prop. a house-master, master, the Scot. good man ( = Swed. husbonde); sínum húsbóanda,
Hom. 121; þann klæðnað er húsbóndi átti
, Grág. i. 460; ek hefi áðr verit missáttr við h&ua
cute;sbónda minn, Ld. 278, Fb. ii. 385, Nj. 97; hann var með þe
im húsbónda lengi, he served that master long, Fms. i. 78:
a household word in Icel., where the plural húsbændr is used collec
t. even of master and mistress = Germ. herrschaft, and is opp. to
hjú, servants; biddu húsbændrna; húsbondi g&oa
cute;ðr! is an address of servants to the house-master. In Norway the h&uacu
te;sbóndi as the landlord was opp. to the húsmaðr or ga
rðsmaðr or cottager, N. G. L. ii. 207, D. N. v. 54: a host, Fms. vii. 30. II. a husband, answering to húsfreya II; ef
húsbóndi hennar er í brottu, Jd. 372; minn húsb&oac
ute;ndi, Stj. 119; see bóndi I. 2; but not freq. in mod. usage in that se
nse: the household phrase being, maðrinn, or maðrinn minn! COMPDS: h&
uacute;sbonda-hollr, adj. faithful to one's master. húsb&oa
cute;nda-lauss, adj. without a master.
hús-bót, f. house repairs, Am. 110.
hús-brenna, u, f. house-burning, arson, Grett. 103 new Ed.
hús-brot, n. a law term, house-breaking, burglary, N. G. L.
i. 38, Gþl. 345, H. E. i. 496: in pl. ruins, Ann. 1390.
hús-bruni, a, m. house-burning, Bs. i. 78, Rb. 572.
hús-bust, f. a house front.
hús-búnaðr and hús-búningr, m. 
house furniture, esp. hangings, tapestry, Js. 78, Fms. vii. 148, &Oac
ute;. H. 175, Eg. 94, Sturl. ii. 35, Fbr. 138, Vm. 65.
Hús-drápa, u, f. name of an old poem describing the mythica
l representation on the wall of an old hall, Ld. 114, Edda.
hús-dróttinn, m. the master of a house, 656 C. 16.
hús-dyrr, n. pl. house doors, Sturl. ii. 222.
hús-endi, a, m. a house end, gable, Orkn. 450.
<PAGE NUM="b0295">
<HEADER>HÚSFAÐIR -- HVALFISKE. 295</HEADER>
hús-faðir, m. the house father, master, Matth. xiii. 27

, 52, xxi. 33.
hús-fastr, adj. 'house-fast, ' domiciled, Grág. i. 2
07, ii. 409, N. G. L.
ii. 258, Fms. vi. 13.
hús-freyja, u, f., and by way of popular pronunciation huspreyj
a,
Bs. i. 535, Glúm. 349, N. G. L. ii. 6; or húsfrú (Swed, 
husfru), indecl.
in sing., freq. in Stj. 123, Orkn. 326, Fms. vi. 166, xi. 437: whence by
corrupt pronunciation hústrú (Dan. hustru), which fo
rm is freq. in late
MS. deeds, Dipl. iv. r, 3, v. 15, Vm. 31, 52, Bs. i. 117, 119 :-- a housewife, lady, mistress; bóndi ok húsfreyja, Bs. i. 535, Gr&aacut
e;g. i. 157; Unnr
húsfreyja, Orkn. 210; Gyða h., Eg. 478; ein rík húsfr&u
acute;, a great lady,
Fms. vi. 166; húsfrú Geirdís, h. Salgerðr, Dipl. iv. 3,
Vm. 52; see frú,
p. 175, and the references there given. II. a wife, answering to
húsbóndi II; sér ok húsfreyju sinni (his wife
), Ísl. ii. 201, Stj. 123, Dipl.
iv. 1; Sölmundr ok hústrú hans, Vm. 31, Dipl. v. 15; leitandi
hvar húsfrú
muni sofa, where his wife would be sleeping, Fms. xi. 437.
hús-fyllir, m. a houseful, of guests at an inn.
hús-gafl, m. a house gable, Ísl. ii. 20, þ&oac
ute;rst. Síðu H. 15.
hús-ganga, u, f. 'house-walking,' visits, Fs. 32, Gl&uacute
;m. 372, Bjarn. 61.
hús-gangr, m. a begging from house to house, Grág. i
. 301; fara á husgang, Háv. 54, passim: a beggar = húsgangs-maðr,
m., Grág. i. 163.
hús-gisting, f. a lodging, Greg. 50.
hús-grind, f. a house frame.
hús-gumi, a, m. the master of a house, the good man, Rm. 25
, Gkv.
i. 10.
hús-göngull, adj. making many visits, Grett. 96.
hús-görð, f. house-making, Js. 92, Fms. ii. 230, J
b. 211, Odd. 18, Stj.
hús-herra, m. lord of the house, Mar., Art., Pr. 416, Mag.
150.
húsi, a, m. a case, Gullþ. 22; skæris-hú
si, a scissors-case, id.
hús-karl, m. a house-carle, man-servant, opp. to hús

bóndi, a master;
 Halli var huskarl undir Felli, Sturl. i. 55; hanu kvaddi húskarla s&
iacute;na með
sér, Nj. 18; var skipat verkum með húskörlum, Ld. 58, Gr&
aacute;g. i. 435,
456, Gísl. 21, Eg. 4, 52, 565, Bs. i. 645, passim; but in mod. usage
vinnumaðr. II. the king's men, his body-guard, Sks. 249 B;
allir þeir menn er handgengnir eru konungi þá eru húsk
arlar hans, þeir
konungs-menn ... þá hafa þeir auknafn með húskarla
-nafni at þeir heita
hirðmenn, 272; enn eru þeir húskarlar konungs er heita gestir,
249, 257,
259, 261; görðusk sumir hirðmenn hans en sumir gestir, sumir h&uacu
te;skarlar,
Fms. viii. 24. COMPDS: húskarla-hvöt, f. name of a poem, &Oac
ute;. H.
208. húskarla-lið, n., and húskarla-sveit, f. a body of housecarles, Hkr. ii. 294, Fms. vi. (in a verse), Ó. H. 67.
húski, a, m. a niggard, húska-legr, adj., 
húski-skapr, m.
hús-kona, u, f. a housewife, lady of the bouse, Rm. 25.
hús-kveðja, u, f. 'house-farewell;' at Icel. funerals o
f persons of
note, a brief sermon is delivered at the home of the deceased when
the body is removed from the house (see hefja A. 3); this sermon is
called húskveðja, and a brief account is therein given of the life, c
haracter,
family, pedigree, etc. of the deceased; when the 'house-farewell' is ended,
the body is carried out of the house, the last verses of the 25th Passion
hymn (En með því út var leiddr), and the following verse
s on John
xix. 5, being sung; after which the coffin is carried to the church, which
is sometimes a long way off. See a description of the funeral of an Icel.
lady in Þjóðólfr, 17th Aug. 1869, p. 166.
hús-kytja, u, f. a cottage, hovel, Fms. v. 95.
HÚSL, n. [Ulf. hunsl = GREEK and GREEK, John xvi. 2; A. S
. húsl;
 E. Engl. housel; Swed. husl] :-- the housel, Corpus
Domini, a word only
used during the Roman Catholic times, never in heathen rites, although
the word is Teutonic; at the Reformation it was disused, Hom. 34, 157;
taka húsl, N. G. L. i. 144, Karl. 27, passim. COMPDS: húsl-ker,
n. a housel box, Vm., Pm. húsl-þungr, m. a housel
bag, Vm.129.
húsl-taka and húsl-tekja, u, f. taking the housel
, the communion,
N. G. L. i. 144, Hom. (St.) 15.
húsla, að, to housel, to give the Corpus Domini to a si
ck person;
oleaði hann Ásgrím ok húslaði, Bs. i. 746; hann var

húslaðr ok dó síðan,
Sturl. ii. 7; húslaðr ok oleaðr, 150, Bs. ii. 70; láta h&u
acute;sla sik, N. G. L.
i. 390; -- only used of the Roman Catholic service.
húslan, f. the Holy Communion, Hom. (St.) 68.
hús-langr, adj. 'house-long,' nickname of a man who built
a long hall, Landn. (App.) 324.
hús-lauss, adj. homeless, D. N.
hús-lestr, m. a house-reading, home-service, family prayers, at which
hymns are sung and a sermon or lesson read; such services are held in
Icel. on Sundays all the year round, in the middle of the day, for the
people who cannot get to church; the húslestr consists of the Gospel for
the day and a printed sermon (Vídalíns Postilla), a short prayer,
the Lord's
Prayer, and a hymn before and after. During the winter an evening service is held every week day (from November to April), which consists of
a brief sermon (hugvekja), a prayer, the Lord's Prayer, and a hymn:
hence hús-lestrar-bók, f. a house-reading-book, a po
stil or the like;
húslestrar-fær, adj. able to read a huslestr, of one
who has learnt to
read well; vera við húslestr, to attend a h. During Lent the P
assíuSálmar are by popular consent appointed for the húslestr. This old
and pious custom is entirely spontaneous, and not ordered by any church
authority.
hús-leysi, n. being homeless.
hús-móðir, f. a 'house-mother,' housew
ife, mistress; servants address
their mistress as ' h. góð. '
hús-mænir, m. a house ridge, Ísl. ii. 196.
hús-næði, n. a lodging, shelter.
hús-prúðr, adj. = híbýla-prúðr
(q.v.), Fms. v. 191.
hús-rúm, n. house-room, lodging, shelter, Grá
g. ii. 333.
hús-veggr, m. a house wall, Eg. 187, Fms. viii. 347.
hús-verð, n. the price of a house, Js. 92.
hús-vitja, að, to go on a húsvitjan.
hús-vitjan, f. a 'house-visitation,' a circuit which the pa
rish priest has
to make every winter from farm to farm in his parish, to enquire into
the religious state of his people, the education of children, and so on.
Hús-víkingr, m., Hús-víkskr, adj. a

man from Húsavík, Landn.
hús-vörðr, m. a house-ward, 'house-keeper' of. Sha
ksp., Gr. GREEK ,
i. e. the house dog, N. G. L. i. 235.
hús-þekja, u, f. house-thatch, Hkr. iii. 61, Fbr. 24,
Stj. 402.
hús-þing, n. [cp. Engl. hustings], a council o
r meeting, to which a king,
earl, or captain summoned his people or guardsmen; skaut konungr á
húsþingi ok segir fyrirætlan sína, Eg. 357; Ásb
jörn jarl skaut þá á húsþingi, Fms. xi. 267; þá lætr Pálnatóki kv
eðja húsþings, 67; Sigurðr
konungr ... ok áttu þar húsþing; talaði Sigurð
r konungr, vii. 151, Ó. H.
45, 155; Þá átti Ólafr konungr h. í garðin
um ok stóð upp á stein þann inn
mikla er þar stóð, Hkr. i. 252; Eysteinn konungr hafði &tho
rn;á h., Fms. vii.
249; keisarinn hafði h. við ráðgjafa sína ok aðra
höfðingja, hann sagði
svá, i. 126; þá átti Arinbjörn húsþ
ing við lið sitt, ok sagði mönnum fyrirætlan sína, Eg. 533; hann kvaddi þá húsþi
ngs (rendering of Sallust's
'concionem populi advocavit'), Róm. 146.
hús-þjófr, m. a house-breaker, Ýt. 20.
hús-þröng, f. ' house-throng,' a house-full, Jb.
264.
hvaða, pron., indecl. throughout all cases and genders [see hverr],
what, which, but only as an adjective, never as a subst. pronoun, e. g.
hvaða menn, hvaða konur, hvaða skip ? whereas hverr (q.v.) is used
as a substantive; hvaða is a mod. form from the old hvat or hvatta (q.v.),
and is hardly found in old vellums, except with a dat.; hvaða snú&eth
; (dat.),
Sks. 266; hvaða burði, Fms. viii. 8; whereas in mod. speech hvaða as
an adj. pron. has almost displaced the old hverr, which is at present only
used in the substantive sense.
hvaðan, adv. interrog. [Ulf. waþro = GREEK ; A.S. hw
anon; Engl. whence;
Germ. woher] :-- whence, Nj. 2, 125, Fms. ix. 55: absol. of the wi
nd, hvaðan
er hann? whence (from what quarter) is the wind? the answer
, sunnan,
norðan; þóttisk engi vita, hvaðan veðr var á, whence the wind blew, Fms. viii.
55; h. af löndum? Ísl. ii. 222, Vþm. 22, 24, 26, Pr. 416, pass
im. β.
spec. usage; meðan ek veit eigi víst hvaðan Guðmundr hinn r&i
acute;ki stendr at,
mágr minn (as long as I know not what side G. takes'), þv&ia
cute; at ek aetla
honum at veita, hvaðan sem hann stendr at, Nj. 214. II. indef. =
undecunque, koma þeir heilir hvaðan, Hm. 157; hvaðan sem, whencesoever; hann siglir hvaðan sem á er, he sails whencesoever the w
ind may
blow, whatever wind may blow, Fms. x. 204; blóðrás hva&eth
;an sem
renn, Pr. 473; hvaðan af sem hann hafði þann spádóm,
Hkr. i.
224. III. as relative, Stj. i.
hvaðan-æva, adv. [æva answers to Engl. - ever in wherever, whenever,
whatever, but in Icel. only remains in the adverb denoting the place from
which] :-- from whencesoever, Fms. vii. 75 (in a verse); drífa h.,
to
throng together from every side, Hkr. i. 54; þustu þá bor
garmenn h. at
þeim, Fms. i. 104; þar drósk saman mikit lið ok kom h. ti
l, viii. 411; þá
gaf þeim glámskygni, sýndisk þeim sem menn færi
h. at þeim, Sturl. i.
179; úvina er h. herja á oss, Stj. 398, 444 :-- phrases, þ&o
acute;tti konungi sem
h. væri augu á honum, of a wild, fugitive look, Fms. ii. 180; ok hv
aðanæfa augun á sem á hrakdýri, with a look as wild as
a hunted deer (as if
be had eyes all over him), Korm. 60; hann vann svá at h. vóru
á honum
hendrnar, he worked as if be had hands all over him, Grett. 101 new Ed.
HVALR, m., pl. hvalar, Sks. 180 B; hvala, acc. pl., K. þ. K. 138;
hvalana, Grág. ii. 387; hvala alla, 359; mod. hvalir: [A. S. hw&oelig;
l;
 Germ, wall-fiscb; Dan. hval] :-- a whale, Hým.
21, Rb. 1812. 17, Grág.
1. 159, ii.337: as to the right to claim whales as jetsum, see the law
in Grág. and Jb., the Reka-bálkr and the Sagas passim, e. g. Grett
.
ch. 14,Eb. ch. 57, Háv. ch. 3, Fbr. ch. 9 :-- there was always a great
stir when a whale was driven ashore, flýgr fiskisaga ferr hvalsaga; &iacu
te;
hvals líki, Fms. xi. 182, Fas. ii. 131; hvals auki, amber, old Dan
. hvalsöky, Sks.; hvals hauss, a whale's head; hvals ván, exp
ectation of a whale
being drifted ashore, Vm. 174; hvals verð, a whale's value, Gr&aa
cute;g. ii. 373;
hvala blástr, the blowing of a whale; hvala-kváma, arriv
al of shoals of
whales, Eg. 135; hvala-kyn, a species of whale, Sks. 121; in Edda (Gl
.)
and in Sks. 1. c. no less than twenty-five kinds of whales are enumerated
and described; hvala-skúfr, whale guts, a nickname, Landn.; hvalavetr, a winter when many whales were caught, Ann. 1375: in local
names, Hvals-á, Hvals-nes, Hval-fjörðr, 
Hvals-eyrr, Landn. etc.
COMPDS: hval-ambr, m. whale amber. hval-fiskr, m. a whal
e.
<PAGE NUM="b0296">
<HEADER>296 HVALFJARA -- HVARVETNA.</HEADER>
hval-fjara, u, f. a whale beach, on which a whale has drifted and
is cut
up. hval-fjós, f. whale blubber, Ám. 83, Rd. 251. hval-flutningr,
m. carrying blubber, Ám. 78. hval-flystri, n. = hvalfj&oacu
te;s, Rétt. 10, II.
hval-fundr, m. the finding a (dead) whale, N. G. L. hval
-föng, n. pl.
stores of whale (blubber), Bs. i. 549, Fbr. 41. hval-grafir
, f. pl. whale
pits where blubber was kept, Sturl. i. 136: a local name in western Icel.
hval-gæði, n. pl. = hvalgögn, H. E. ii. 130. hval-g
ögn, n. pl. gain
derived from whales, Ám. III. hval-járn, n. a whaleiron, harpoon,
 Sturl. iii. 68. hval-kaup, n. purchase of whale-blubber, Lv.
59.
hval-kálfr, n. a whale-calf, young whale, Fas. iii. 546. hval-klippa,
u, f. = hvalfjós, Grett. (in a verse). hval-kváma, u, f. a drifting of
whales ashore, Sturl. i. 190, Bs. i. 665. hval-látr, m. 'wh
ale-litter,'
a place where whales cast their young: a local name in Icel. hvalmagi, a, m. whale-maw, a nickname, Landn. hval-mál, n.
'whalecase, ' i. e. a claim to whales as jetsum, Bs. i. 666. hval-reið,
f. = hvalreki, Lv. 58. hval-reki, a, m. a drift of whales, Grág. ii.
210, 366,
Ld. 4. hval-rekstr, m. whale hunting (as described by Sir Walter
Scott in the Pirate), Gþl. 458, Ann. 1296, Bs. i. 801, Boldt. 143.
hval-rétti, n. 'whale-right,' as to jetsum, N. G. L. i. 59.
hval-réttr,
m. whale hunting, Ann. 1296. hval-rif, n. a whale's rib, H&
aacute;v. 48,
Grett. 89. hval-ró, f. a nickname, Landn. hval-saga, u, f.
whale
news, Bs. i. 463. hval-skipti, n. whale sharing, Grág.
ii. 381, H. E.
ii. 126. hval-skíð, n. whale gills. hval-skurðr, m. whale
carving, cutting up whales, Fbr. 41, Bs. i. 666, Am. 36. hval-skyti,
a, m. a whale harpooner, Grág. ii. 377, Jb. 326. hval-taka,
u, f.
taking, stealing blubber, Sturl. ii. 29, Rd. 251. hval-tíund, f. a tithe
paid from whales, Vm. 76, B. K. 53. hval-vágr, m. a whale c
reek,
 where whales are caught, Gþl. 464. hval-ván, f. a wh
ale expected to
be driven ashore, Vm. 174. In poetry the sea is called hval-fr&oac
ute;n, -jörð,
-mænir, -tún, = the abode ... town of whales,
Lex. Poët.
HVAMMR, m. [Ivar Aasen kvam] :-- a grassy slope or vale
; þar
var byggilegr hvammr, Fs. 22; kaus hann sér bústað í hv
ammi einum
mjök fögrum, 26; sá var einn h. í landi Geirmundar, at h
ann kvaðsk
vilja kjósa í brott or landinu, -- varð búfé han
s statt í hvamminum, -- hann
eltir féð ór hvamminum, Sturl. i. 5; með þeim vi&eth
;i er í þeim hvammi er
vaxinn, 6; þeir kómu at því síki er leið li
ggr til Kirkjubæjar ok skamt
var frá þeim hvammi er þeir Ögmundr sátu í
, Sturl. iii. 112: very freq. as
an appellative in every Icel. farm or as a local name, Hvammr, Landn.:
the best known is the seat of the Sturlungar in Broadfirth, Hvammsdalr, Hvamms-fjörðr, Landn.; Hvamms-land, Hvamm
s-verjar,
or Hvamms-menn, m. pl. the men from Hvam, Sturl.; HvammSturla, m. Sturla from H., the father of Snorri.
hvann-garðr, m. [hvönn], an angelica garden, N. G. L. i.
38, 241,
253, Gþl. 347, Js. 134.
hvann-jóli, a, m. (see jóll), a stalk of angelica, F
ms. ii. 179, x. 336, 337.
hvann-kálfr, m. a young angelica, Hervar. (Hb.)
hvann-stóð, n. a bed of angelica, Vm. 143: as a local n
ame.
hvap, n. [cp. Goth. hwapjan = to suffocate, extinguish], dropsi
cal flesh,
holda-hvap. hvap-ligr, adj. dropsy-like, dropsical.
HVAR, adv. interrog. and indef., [Ulf. hwar = GREEK A. S. hw&
aelig;r; Old
Scot. qubar; Engl. where; Germ, wo; Dan. hvor]: I
. interrog. where?
direct and indirect; in endless instances indirect after the verbs vita, sj&aacu
te;,
heyra spyrja..., hvar, to know, see, hear, ask..., Vsp. 5, 22, Hm. i, &Ya
cute;t.,
Höfuðl. 3; kveða á, hvar koma skal, Grág. i. 46; hvar
við skyldi auka,
Ib. 5; þeir fundu hvar upp var rekin kista Kveldúlfs, Eg. 129 and p
rose
passim. β. followed by a subj., hvar viti? hvar hafi? hvar muni? Lex.
Poët. γ. with a prep.; hvar skulum vit á leita, where shall
we go and
seek? Nj. 3; greina hvar þetta heyrir til, whereto, Fms. ii. 26
0. 2.
with the notion of whither; eigi vitum ver hvar hann for, N. G. L. i. 218
;
hvar hann skyldi stefna, Fas. iii. 543; sé ek nú hvar sök hor
fir, Hrafn.
II. 3. with particles; hvar fyrir? wherefore? why? Fms. iv. 47;
þeir spyrja, hvar til þessi svör skulu koma, i. 3, passim; hvar
kvómu
feðr okkrir þess (staðar understood) at..., hvar nema alls hvergi,
Ísl. ii.
236; hvar landa ertu þess faeddr, where in the world art thou born
? Lat.
ubi terrarum? Fas. ii. 534. II. indef. anywhere; allir hlutir
verða bjartari á glerinu í sólskini en hvar annarsta&et
h;ar, Hom. 128; hér
eru vötn verri en hvar annarstadar, Stj. 609; hér framar enn hvar an
narstaðar, Fb. i. 236. 2. in each place; urðu þrjú &tho
rn;ing í hverjum
fjórðungi ok skyldu þingu-nautar eiga hvar (in each) sak
sóknir saman,
Íb. 9; Duná (Danube) kemr í sjau stöðum mik
il hvar (IB seven arms,
each of which is great) saman í sjó, Rb.; turturar eru fair
hvar saman,
Hom. 65. 3. hvar sem, hvar es, and in old MSS. and poems
contracted hvars, wheresoever; hvar sem hann for, hvar sem þeir kv&
aacute;mu,
Fms. i. 62, vii. 21: with a local genitive, hvar lands er kom, wherever he
came, Ód. 8; hvar þess er (wheresoever that) maðr he
fir þann eið unninn,
Grág. i. 56; hvar landa sem þú ert, Fs. 23; hvar þess
er aðrir taka fyrst
arf, 191; hvar helzt, id., Hom. 155. 4. hér ok hvar, here and
there, now here now there, Nj. 142, Fms. i. 136, vii. 294, 301, 324,
viii. 61, ix. 362, Sks. 566; víða hvar, far and wide, in many plac
es;
 víðast hvar, in most places, in most instances, Skald. H.
3. 42, freq. in
mod. usage. 5. eve r so, very; hvar fjarri, ever so far, very f
ar off;
 en þegar er Arnljótr laust við geislinum þá v
ar hann hvarr fjarri þeim,
Ó. H. 153; honum kastaði mjök upp or húsunum svá h
átt at hvar fjarri
kom niðr, Sturl. i. 161 C, Orkn. 114; hann laust hann svá mikit h&oum
l;gg at
hann kom hvar fjarri niðr, El. 100; hugr þinn er mér h. fjarri,
Stj. 417,
Hom. (St.) 43: with a compar., um allt Hálogaland ok þó v&ia
cute;ðara hvar,
in all H. and ever so much farther, Fas. ii. 504; hvar meiri, evermore
;
 ek skal þó hvar meiri stund (with ever more zeal) &aacu
te; leggja hennar mál
en ek ætlaða, Fms. x. 106. III. relat. only in later writers,
Dipl.
v. 3, Mar. passim; hvar til (whereunto, to which) Bjarni bauð ekki fr
emr
en áðr, Dipl. iii. n.
B. In COMPDS, intens. = ever, mostly in poetry: hvar-brigðr, a
dj.
ever shifty, fickle, Fms. x. (in a verse). hvar-dyggr, adj. eve
r true,
faithful, Lex. Poët. hvar-gegn, adj. 'ever-gain,' s
traightforward,
upright, Fms. xi. 314 (in a verse). hvar-góðr, adj. 
ever good,
 Lb. 13. hvar-grimmr, adj. savage, Lex. Poët. hvar-kun
nr,
adj. ' ever-known,' famous, Hallfred. hvar-kvæntr, pa
rt, polygamous, having 'a wife in every port;' a rendering of 'gentern p
rocacissimarn,' of the Vulgate, Deut. xxviii. 50, Stj. 345. hvar-leiðr, adj.
'ever-loathed, 'detested, Hkv. i. hvar-lofaðr, adj. 
ever praised,
 Geisli 16. hvar-mikill, adj. ever great, Clem.47.
HVARF, n. [hverfa], prop, a 'turning away,' disappearance: of a
thing being stolen, hvörf ok stuldir, Fbr.; hvarf Iðunnar, Edda 46, Ld.
206, Band. 12 new Ed.: cp. sól-hvörf, sun-turn, i. e. the
solstice. βrann
hann þeim þar hvarf (mod. á hvarf), he ran out of their si
ght, Sturl. ii. 145;
hlaupit í burt með ok runnit þeim skjótt hvarf, Bs. i. 7
04: in mod. usage
a hill on the horizon is called hvarf; á hvarf, to go to the ot
her side of a
hill so as to be out of sight: vera á hvörfum, to waver,
Skv. 3. 38. 2.
shelter; því ek hefi nú leitat áðr allra h
varfa, Barl. 59; ef björn er
horfinn í híði, lýsi því í fjö
lda manna at þat er hans hvarf (lair), N. G. L.
i. 46; at-hvarf, shelter; göra sér e-n at hvarfi, to call
on a friend, Fms.
iv. 292. II. a local name for Cape Wrath in Scotland, Bs. i. 483;
Hvarfs-gnipa, u, f. Cape Farewell in Greenland, A. A.
hvarfa, að, [Ulf. hwarbon = GREEK , GREEK ], prop, to tur
n round;
 let hann sér í hendi h. her gullit, Hðm. 21, obsolete. 2.
to wander,
stroll about, Fms. x. 412, Eg. (in a verse), Pr. 136. βmetaph., h.
i millum, what is between, as a matter of dispute or dissent, Gþl.
364;
sakir stórra hluta er her h. milli, Nj. 177, v. 1., ok h. þar &iacu
te; millum, run
on these numbers, i.e. between the length of ten and twenty ells, Sks. 120,
Anecd. 16: e-m hvarfar hugr, one's mind wavers, Fms. x. 270.
hvarfan, f. strolling, Skv. 3. 38.
hvarf-fúss, adj. shifty, Hel. 2.
hvarfla, að, = hvarfa, Eg. 766, Lv. 54, Sks. 141, Bs. ii. 62, Fs. 152
:
to waver, Aroni hvarflaði hugrinn, Sturl. ii. 84.
hvarf-lauss, adj. ' swerveless,' unswerving, Barl. 146.
hvarf-semi, f. shelter, refuge, Clem. 44.
hvargi, adv. indef. (for the particle -gi see p. 199); a clear distinctio
n is
made in the MSS. between hvargi, everywhere, and hvergi (q. v.), nowhe
re,
(Hkr. i. 269, 278, ii. 208 in the folio Ed. are misprints) :-- wheresoeve
r,
 with the particle er (es) or sem; hvargi sem menn ver&
eth;a staddir, 655 iii.
4; hvargi er hann kvángask, Grág. i. 181; hvargi er maðr drepr
mann
ok varðar þat skóggang, ii. 14; hvargi er menn eru staddir, 20;
h. er
hann tók, i. 210; h. er þú tekr land, Landn. 43, v. 1.; h. s
em þeir herja,
N. G. L. i. 103; h. er hann for, Fms. xi. 40, Hkr. i. 100, 269; h. sem
vér komum, Post. 645. 71; h. er þjóð heyrir, Am. 103. 2.
in each,
every place, without the particle; sýna mér, af hverju gefi
t er hvargi,
what is given in ea c h place, Nj. 76; en þá hit n&ae
lig;sta sumar gat nær
hvargi (almost everywhere) ber á Íslandi, Bs. i. 135, (the
MS. has hvergi
erroneously, cp. the Annals of the year 1203.)
HVARMR, m. the eyelid; brá eða brúna, hvarma ok
ennis, Edda
ii. 499, Róm. 326; hann þenr upp hvarmana, Stj. 475, Í Sam.
xxi.
13; hann let leggja lit í augu sér ok sneri um á sér
hvörmunum, Fs.
98; þá skauzt hællinn af auga-steininum ok sleit af honum hva
rminn,
síðan tók Einarr hvarminn með hendi sinni, ok sá at
auga-steinninn var
þar, Hkr. iii. 365; greri ör hvítt á hvarmi hvár
um-tveggja, 367; utan
á hvarmana, 655 xxx. 4: in the poets the eye is called stjörn
ur, tungl,
geisli hvarma, the stars, moon, beam of the h.: tears are hrynregn
hvarma:
eyelashes, skogr hvarma etc., Lex. Poët. COMPDS: hvarm-rauðr, ad
j.
with red eyelids, Korm. hvarm-skogr, m. 'eyelid-shaw,' eyelashe
s,
Lex. Poët. hvarm-tengr, f. pl. 'eyelid-tongues,' drooping
eyelids,
Egil. hvarmrþeyr, m., poet. ' eyelid-thaw,' tears, Ed
da (in a verse).
hvars, adv. = hvar es, wheresoever, freq. in old poetry and MSS.;
see
er, p. 131, and Lex. Poët.
hvar-vetna, adv., hórvetna, Grág. ii. 282, Post. 686 B. 2,
Fms. ii.
269; but usually, as also in mod. usage, though less correctly, hvervetna, Nj. 32, Fms. vi. 16. 296, Karl. 534, and passim; [from hvar
and vetna, a gen. pl. from an obsolete vetta = wight]:-- everywhere; t&oa
cute;k
herr hans hvarvetna at láta undan siga, Fms. i. 174; hvarvetna milli
steinanna, 230. 2. with a local gen., h. þess er, wheresoever that,

Grág.
i. 36, ii. 292, 342, N. G. L. i. 42, cp. 74, where the gen. is dropped; munu
þér hljóta at ráða okkar í millum h. er, in every case where, Fms. ii. 269,
(thus Fb. 1. e., cp. Cd.)
<PAGE NUM="b0297">
<HEADER>HVASS -- HVATVISLIGA. 297</HEADER>
HVASS, adj., hvöss, hvasst, gen. pl. hvassa, Sdm. 20; [the Goth. for
m
is supposed to be hwass, cp. hivassaba, Tit. i. 13, and bwassei
 = GREEK Rom. xi. 22; cp. hvessa, hvetja, hvatr, as well as O.H.G. hwas
si, which
seem to be kindred words] :-- pointed, tapering; hvass hjálmr e&et
h;a kuml,
Sks. 167; hvasst niðr sem hæll, id.; með hvössu enni, 170; hv
öss vörr,
Sturl. ii. (in a verse); hvass hringr, Fms. v. 343; hvass þyrnir, sharp
thorns. 2. sharp, keen, whetted, of edged tools; öngull s&aacute
; enn hvassi,
Niðrst. 3; hvasst vápn, Grett. 137; hvassan kníf, 91; hvasst s
verð, Barl.
155; h. hjörr, Fm. 6; odd-hvass, pointed; egg-hvass, q. v. II. metap
h.
of intellect, keen; hvasst næmi, Bs. i. 235; hvass í skilnin
gi, 681; hvass í
hugskoti. Hom.; hygginn ok hvass, id. 2. of the eyes or sight; hvöss
augu, Sks. 170, Skáld 160, Ó.H. 109, Hkv. 2. 2; hvöss sj&oacu
te;n, a keen sight;
hvassar sjónir, piercing eyes, Sighvat; hvassir geislar, s harp
beams of
light, MS. 732. 17. 3. sharp, acute; hvöss hljóðs gre
in, a sharp sound,
 Skálda 175, 179; hvasst hljóð, 160, 169; hvöss samst
afa, 175. 4. of
wind, sharp, fresh; hvasst veðr, Eg. 99; veðr var miklu hvassara,
196;
hvöss sunnan veðr, Fms. vii. 310; hvasst andviðri, Eg. 87; hvass by
rr,
Fms. i. 165; h. útnyrðingr, hann er hvass á sunnan, þa&e
th; er hvasst, hann
(the wind) er hvass, etc., passim; hvassir straumar, Sks. 14 new Ed.: neut.
hvasst, blowing hard; þeir höfðu hvasst mjök á
firðinum, Háv. 26, 42
new Ed.: freq. in mod. usage, æði-hvass, blowing very hard; b&a
acute;l-hvass,
blowing a gale (so as to lash the sea into tongues like flame). 5. sha
rp
fighting, Korm., Hkv. 2. 10, Lex. Poët.; hvassir menn, Fms. v. 137;
kveðsk mundu fá honum annan hest, ef nokkurir væri hvassari en
sjá,
Rd. 298, of a horse. 6. neut. precisely; ekki hvasst umhyggju-laust,
Fms. vi. 204; þat verðr hvasst (precisely) tveir hlutir &aacute
;tjándu álnar,
N. G. L. i. 78; þá taka hvárir eigi hvasst (not quite
) sjau penninga, 107:
in poets, ríða, ganga, sigla, líða, skjóta hvasst,

to ride, walk, sail, shoot
fast, Lex. Poët.; bita hvassara, to eat heartily, Þkv. 25.
7. coarse;
hvassar hosur, Karl. 363, (rare.) COMPDS: hvass-eygr, adj. keeneyed, Stj. 270. hvass-fleygr, adj. swift-winged, Lex. Poë
t. hvasskömbóttr, adj. with a sharp comb or crest, Stj. 77
. hvass-leikr, m.
sharpness; h. klungra, Barl. 18, 732. 18; h. veðrsins, Fms. viii. 55,
Sks. 212: of intellect, Hom. hvass-leitr, adj. sharp-looking, Fas.
i.
179 (in a verse). hvass-liga, adv. sharply, Stj. 181, Sks. 228.
hvass-ligr, adj. sharp, Edda (in a verse). hvass-nefjaðr, adj. sharpnebbed, Sks. 418. hvass-oddaðr, adj. sharp-pointed, Ht. R.
hvassorðr, adj. sharp-worded, Hsm. hvass-tenntr, adj. sharptoothed,
 Sks. 418. hvass-viðri, n. a sharp gale, Ld. 58, Stud. iii
. 56, Fms.
iv. 57, passim. hvass-ögnóttr, adj. sharp-pointed, Sks
.
HVAT, neut. pron. of an obsolete hvar; for the other kindred forms
see hverr, hví, and hót.
A. Interrog. direct and indirect, what; eiga at bíða hvat ek s
kal á
kveða, Nj. 3; vita, hvat hann skal við kveða, Hm. 28, Vþm. 55;
veit ek
eigi hvat til annars kemr, Band. 36 new Ed., passim. β. = Germ, was
für ein ... ? North. E. what for a ... ? for what sort of a ... expressing
wonder or the like; hvat Ögmundr ertú, what sort of an O. art tho
u ?
 Fas. ii. 534; hvat fé er þat? Nj. 55: indirectly, þeir v
issu eigi hvat
lið þat var, Hkr. i. 268. 2. with gen., hvat er manna þat m&eacu
te;r
ókunnra? Vtkv. 5; hvat er þat fíra, flagða, drauma, fisk
a, what sort
of men, witches, dreams, fishes? Alm. 2, 5, Skv. 2. 1, Fsm. 2, Em. i;
hvat mun enn verða æfi minnar? Skv. 1. 12, 14, 18; hvat manna ert&uacu
te;,
what sort of a man art thou? Fms. ix. 55; hvat kvenna ertú? Dropl.
4; hvat karla er þat? Fms. vii. 152; hvat íþrótta er &
thorn;at? Edda 31;
hvat undra varð þess? 623. 35: indirect, hann spurði hvat manna
Hallfreðr var, Fms. ii. 54, vii. 166; hvat sveina þat myndi vera, x. 2
19;
hann spurði hvat væri ráðs hennar, he asked what she int
ended to do,
 i. 186; hvat hann vildi ráða sinna, vii. 154; spurði hvat ve
ðrs væfi,
Bjarn. 54. β. with dat., hvat liði er þetta? Fms. ix. 50; hvat
rani var þat? Ísl. ii. 142; hvat húsi stendr þar? Hkr.
iii. 187, Stj. 626,
650: indirect, spurði hvat mönnum þeir væri, Eg. 162; hann
spyrr
hvat mönnum þeir sé, Fær. 64; vita hvat mönnum &tho
rn;eir væri, Hkr, i.

268; hvat erendum, Fs. 11; er hestrinn kenndi hvat hrossi þetta var,
Edda 26; Þá þóttisk þórr skilja hvat l&aa
cute;tum verit hafði um nóttina. 29;
hvat matvistum, Str. 81. 3. what, why, how? in asking, denoting surprise, indignation, or expecting an answer in the negative,
Lat. numquid? hvat skal rögum manni langt vápn, to what us
e? hvat
skaltú sveinn í sess minn ? Eg. (in a verse); hvat hæfir ykk
r með mér
at vera ? Stj. 420; hvat þarftú at spyrja at nafni minu ? 399, 410,
476;
hvat ek veit, segir Gunnarr, hvárt... ? Nj. 85; hvat mun ek þat vit
a,
how should I know that? Bs. ii. 104. 4. how = hve; fréttir
hann
nú hvat liði bónorðs-málum, Ld. 92; hvat hlý
ðnir landsmenn vóro, Íb.
16; hvat grimm, how cruel! Mar. 5. causal, why? hvat spyrr þ
ú
mik? Hom.; hvat lystr þú mik? id., freq.
B. Indef. pron. each, every, with the particle er (es) or sem, whatsoever; hvat sem, or hvat es, whatsoever; hvat dýr sem er, G&tho
rn;l. 457,
Fms. vii. 29; hvat sem hann kostaði til, Edda 29; hvat fjarlægr
sem..., howsoever remote..., Stj. 93: with suffixed es, hvaz or
hvats, id., see er, p. 131. 2. with the possess, pron. sinn; hvat
bíðr sinnar stundar, Lat. horam quodque suam expectat, there is a
time
for everything, Nj. 79; flýr sér hvat, they run each his ow
n way,
i.e. were scattered in all directions, Fms. x. 268. 3. hvat af ö&eth
;ru,
from one to another, in succession, Fms. i. 128; hvat af hverju, 'what
from which,' i.e. soon; hans er von hvað af hverju, he is exp
ected every
moment, (mod.) 4. with compar. ever so much; hann var til hans
hvat betr enn til sinna barna, he was ever so much kinder to him than to
his wn children, Ld. 304. II. as interj., hú, há, eðr hvat
!
Sks. 365 B; vaknaði hann alltrautt ok mælti nær í &uacute
;vitinu, hvat! hvat!
Fms. ix. 24.
HVATA, að, to make speed, hasten with a thing, with dat.; hvat
a för
sinni, h. ferðinni, to hasten one's journey, 655 iii. 3, Fms. iv. 144
; hvata
göngunni, to quicken one's pace, Edda 7; h. þessu, Lv. 20; h.
báli, make
speed with the bale-fire, Fms. x. 379: absol. to hasten, speed, hann
eggjar at
menn skulu hvata, Fær. 262; hvata til skipa, Eg. 357; hvata heim, Í
sl.
ii. 387; h. í brott, Rd. 16: with prep., hvata at e-u, to make haste w
ith
a thing, Hkr. i. 103. II. also spelt hvota, Band, and Thom. 1.c.,
cp. hóta (II): to stretch forth with, with dat.; hvata hnefa at em, to
threaten a person with the fist, but without striking, Grág. ii. 14;
hvota
skálm at e-m, Band, (in a verse); hvotandi sverðinu ofan í tom
an hausinn,
Thom. 442: in mod. usage ota.
hvata-buss (-bussi), m. a busybody, Fbr. 191, v. 1.; gætt&ua
cute; hans þá,
Þórarinn, at hann komizk eigi í brott, ok ertú jafnan
hvatabuss mikill,
Fms. iv. 266.
hvatan, f. an urging on, pushing on, Skv. I. 50.
hvat-færr, adj. quick, Eg. 73.
hvati, a, m. hurry, Mork. 110. an inciter, Lex. Poët.
hvatki, pron. indef. [see -gi, p. 199]: 1. each thing, every thing
for itself; munu þér þá vita til hvers hvatki kemr
, Fms. xi. 103; því at
h. var þar, gnógar vistir, etc., Karl. 203; hversu hann vill h. g&o
uml;ra, Eluc. 56;
at skynja hverja jartein hvatki hefir, Hom. 139. 2. with er; hvatki
er, whatsoever, Sighvat, Lex. Poët.; hvatki er yfir fjóra f&a
elig;tr gengr, þat
skulu þér eta, Stj. 416; hvatki es missagt es í fræ&et
h;um þessum, Íb. (pref.);
h. es honum var í hug, Hkr. ii. 156; hvakki er lifi hans hefir lukt, Fms.
x. 395; hvatki málum er lýzk hafa, N. G. L. i. 250; h. mönnum
sem
inni eru, 61; hvatki er þess þrýtr, er honum er á hend
i, Grág. i. 94; hvatki
er maðr görir, id., Am. 20. II. hveskis, gen. of or fo
r whatsoever, cujuscunque; hveskis er vér biðjum, Hom. (St.) HI. hv&iacut
e;gi,
dat. to whatsoever, cuicunque; skynja hvaðan af hvígi er nafn
gefit,
Hom. 139. 2. = hvegi, q. v.
hvat-látr, adj. quick, Fms. ix. 489, v. 1.
hvat-leikr (-leiki), m. boldness, energy, alacrity, presence of mind,
 Sturl. iii. 42, Fms. vi. 166, Sks. 59 new Ed.; h. ok áræði
, Nj. 271; vitsmunir ok h., 262.
hvat-liga, adv. quickly; ríða h., Nj. 192, Sd. 156; b&u
acute;ask h., Ísl. ii.
338; fara h., Rd. 277, Th. 77.
hvat-ligr, adj. quick, brisk; hvatlegt lið, active troops, Fms. xi. 33;
verjask et hvatligsta, 142; hvatligt verk, a manly feat, x. 391.
HVATR, adj., fem. hvöt, neut. hvatt, bold, active, vigorous;
in the saying, engi er einna hvatastr, Hm. 63; h. maðr, Fms. vii. 160, Fm. 6. 24,
30, 31; ef engi hefði verit hvatari höfðingi í her þes
sum en þú, Fms. vi.
160; hvatr hugr, Fm. 26: acc. as adv., ríða hvatan, to ride at a q
uick
pace, Ld. 260: neut. hvatt, id.; ríða hvatt, Fb. ii. 125,
Sighvat; hann
bað menn sína fara sem hvatast, Eg. 217. II. male, opp. to
blauðr, female, of beasts; h. köttr, freq. in mod. usage.
hvat-ráðr, adj. headlong, Lex. Poët.
hvat-ræði, n. quick action, Glúm. 377.
hvat-skeyti, f. precipitancy, Karl. 393.
hvat-skeytliga, adv. precipitately, Stj. 4, K. Á. 202, Fms.
ii. 33.
hvat-skeytligr, adj. hurried, headlong, K. Á. 202.
hvatt, n. [hvetja], a c ut or mark on a sheep's ear, a slic
e cut off one
side of the ear; hvatt framan, aptan hægra, vinstra; whence hvat-rifa&e
th;,
n. adj. a hvat with a rift: when the slice is cut on both sides of the ea
r
so as to make it like a spear's point, it is called fjöður, a feathe
r.
hvattá, adv. or interj. = hvatþá, what! what then!
 Fms. xi. 118; hvattá!
láttú góðra gjalda vert ef þú kömsk m
eð fjörvi á braut, Mork. 139.
hvat-vetna, hvat-vitna, pron. used as subst. (hvetvetna is a false
form), in old MSS. often spelt hótvitna, Hm. 47, Am. 67, 95, Skm.
28,
Niðrst. 6, Fms. xi. 36, 68, 78, 122; [from hvat and vetna, q.v.] :-- anything whatever; vex þér hvatvetna í augu, Nj. 53; h. &ia
cute;llt, Fms. vi. 283;
þér látið honum h. hlýða, Eg. 71; hann kva&et
h;sk h. mundu til vinna, Fs.
59; eigi eru búar skyldir at bera um hvatvetna, Grág. i. 167; h. v
ar upp
brotið, Fms. vi. 381; hvatvetna þar nokkvat es, Greg. 12; Guð leys
ir
hótvetna, Niðrst. 6; fyr hótvetna fram, above all, Fms.
xi. 68. II.
dat. hví-vetna, to anything whatever, cuivis; ræntu þa
r hvívetna. Orkn.
294; var Hrafn fyrir þeim í hvívetna, Ísl. ii. 208; h
vívetna (hvívitni
MS.) er illt er, Hom. 35; miklu er sjá framarr at hvivetna, Fms. vii. 148
;
görr í hvívitna hornungr bróður sins, i. 255; fyri
r h. fram, above all, xi.
28. III. gen. hvers-vetna, of anything whatever, cujusvis;
 hann kann til hversvetna ráð, Nj. 67; ok sýnir sik sv&aac
ute; vera hversvetna
Dróttinn, Greg. 4; fyrir hversvetna sakir, Fas. i. 188, Fms. xi. 104.
hvat-vísi, f. temerity, Fms. vi. 8, vii. 124, xi. 98.
hvat-vísliga, adv. recklessly, rashly, Fms. ii. 33, v. l.

<PAGE NUM="b0298">
<HEADER>298 ÏIVATVISS -- HVÁRZ.</HEADER>
hvat-víss, adj. headlong, reckless, foolhardy, Hkr. iii. 22
5, Fms. ii. 211,
xi. 12, 75, Bjarn. 14.
hvaz, pron. = hvat es, whatsoever; see hvat (II), and er, p. 131.
hvá, ð, to say what! (há, q. v., eh), of
one not hearing; eins og ganti
roðið hvert við hváði, Snót 214.
HVÁÐA, u, f., not kváða, [Ulf. hwaþo =
GREEK Luke ix. 39, and hwaþjan = to froth] :-- glue, lime, resin, esp. from trees, freq.
HVÁLF, n., mod. form hólf, [A. S. hwealf], a vault, Bs. i. 177, Sks.
633, Al. 89; gufu-hvolf, or dampa-h., 'steam-vault,' the atmosphere,
(mod.): of the concavity of a shield, Boll. 340; vera á hv&aac
ute;lfi, keel
uppermost, of a boat or vessel; see hólf.
hválfa, d, in old writers spelt hólfa or höl
fa; but hvolfa is the mod.
form :-- to turn vpside down, keel uppermost; sjá at þar h&o
acute;lfir skip á
sjónum, Fb. ii. 223, as also Hb. l. c., Fbr. 103 new Ed.; þar hvolf
ði skip,
Njarð. 376 (paper MS.); hóf upp knörr ok sneri á lopti ok
kom hólfandi
niðr, Bs. i. 30; ok hugðu nú mundu fullkomlega yfir hólfa,
it would be overwhelmed, 769.
HVÁLL, m., mod. hvoll, [akin to Gr. GREEK also akin to hve
l,
hválf, prop, denoting what is convex, cp. Germ, hügel]
 :-- a bill; not
much used, holl (q. v.) being the common word; but it is still used of a
'dome-shaped' hill; and in local names of farms lying under such
hills, as Hváll in Saurbær in the west, Berg-þórs-hv&a
acute;ll and Stórólfshváll in the south, Beigaðar-hváll in the north, Landn.; K&aac
ute;lfs-hváll in
the east, Dropl.; Orrostu-hváll, Eg.: Hváls-maðr, m. a
man from H.,
 Sturl.; þeir stefna upp á hválinn, Nj. 69; dalr var &ia
cute; hválinum ok riðu
þeir þangat, 197; vér vildum á hválinn ok k&oac
ute;mumk ekki, Dropl. 22;
hvála eðr hálsa, Róm. 315.
hváma (hvoma), að, to swallow, devour.

hvámr (hvomr), m. a glutton.
HVÁPTR, m., mod. hvoptr, the cheek, Lat. bucca; kemr á kinnina
ok í hváptinn, Ísl. ii. 399; mér renna hró&et
h;rmál um hvápta, Húsd.;
úrakaða hváptana, Orkn. 288, Fb. i. 395: the mouth, 
gape, Lat. rictus,
of a beast, 416, 417, 530, Sks. 52, 53 new Ed.: the phrase, gott er at
hafa tvá hváptana ok sitt með hverjum mæla, Fas. ii. 429
, Þjorst. S.
St. 51; cp. kjaptr or kjöptr.
hvárgin-ligr, adj. neuter, Skálda 185.
hvárigr, m., mod. hvorugr, either, each; see
hvárrgi.
hvárki, see hvárrgi.
HVÁRR, pron. interrog. and indef., contr. from hvaðárr,
which is
obsolete, but occurs thrice in poets of the 10th century, Kormak, Fas, i.
297 (in a verse), Hkr. i. 205 (in a verse): mod. form hvorr, still so
proncd. in the south of Icel.: [Goth, hwaþar; A. S. hwæ&et
h;er, cp. Engl.
whether; Hel. hweðar, cp. Germ, weder]: I. inter
rog. direct and
indirect, whether, which of two, Lat. uter, in a dual sense, disti
nguished
from hverr in plur.: in plur., like Lat. utri, of two parties, hvá
rir sigrask,
either, which of both (hosts) will gain the day, Nj. 198, Fms. x. 199;
hvárir ná máli annarra, Nj. 8: in sing., hvárr &thor
n;eirra, each of them, both,
 Grág. i. 120: with a possess. pron., hvárr okkar, Nj. 202: hv
árr -- annarr,
one -- another, either ... the other; hvárr sem (either) annars frændkonu
á, Grág. i. 29; hvárr við annan, Fms. ii. 366; hv&aacut
e;rr okkarr við annan,
one to another, Fær. 174; annarr hvarr (q. v.), either. I
I. indef.,
each of two; hvárir við aðra, Fms. x. 299, Grág. i.
70; hvarir til annarra,
Eg. 126; selja grið hvárir öðrum, Grág. ii. 20; tvegg
ja (gen.) hvárr,
either of the twain, 623. 24, Blas. 40, Fms. vii. 157; hvárt... e&
eth;a,
either ... or; hvárt er þú vill, láta okkr lif
a eðr deyja, Fms. i. 205; á
hvára hlið, Rm.; sextigu barna, jafnmart hvárt, syni ok d&aeli
g;tr, Stj. 408;
hætt er þeirra hvárt, Hm. 87; sinn dag hvárir, Fbr.; s
inn veg hvárr,
Róm. 347; á sínum stól hvárr þeirra, St
j. 602; mánaðar mat hvars,
N. G. L. i. 67, 98, 99; hann kastaði á öxl sér hvá
rum tveimr, two on each

shoulder, Grett. 134 A. 2. adverbial, at hváru, yet, nevertheless
,
however, often spelt at-vóru, Hom. 116, 119, cp. Hkr. iii. 288; att v
aru,
Al. 30, 137, Hom. 158; sár mun gramr at hváru, but however that
may
be ..., Hallfred; þó at hváru, yet, N. G. L. i. 4
8; þá á hinn þó at hváru
at skuldfesta hann, Grág. i. 233; en hinn selr þó at hv&aacu
te;ru, yet nevertheless, ii. 253; þót hváru (=þó at h.), 313;
þá freistum attvóru, Al. 137,
this phrase is now obsolete, and is rare even in old writers.
B. Neut. hvárt, interrog. adverb, whether, direct and indir
ect;
commonly in the first of two correlative clauses, hvárt ..., eða or e
ðr ...,
whether..., or..., Lat. utrum..., an..., Nj. 205, etc., passim; hv
at?...
hvárt mægð eðr frændsemi, what?... whether is it a
ffinity or kin ? Fb. i.
328; hvárt (better hvat) segi þér til? hvárt skal ek
fara eðr eigi, whether
shall I go or not? Stj. 602; fæ ek nú varliga séð, h
várt Hrærekr mun
fá nauðgat mik til eða eigi at ek láta drepa hann? &Oacute
;. H. 74 :-- but the
latter of the two clauses is often dropped; hvárt grætr þ&uac
ute;, whether dost
thou weep (or not)? what! art thou weeping? Nj. 202; hv&aacute
;rt er rétt,
bóndi, whether is it true ( or not) ? 79; eld kveyki
þér nú sveinar, eða
hvárt skal nú búa til seyðis? 199; hvárt er Flos
i svá nær, at hann megi
heyra mál mitt? 200; hvárt er nú engi kona sú er &th
orn;ér er eigandi? Stj.
411, 602; hvat sagðir Þú? hvárt eigi þetta? &thorn
;iðr. 59; hann vildi vita
hvárt hann var í brynju, Ó. H. 74. 2. with adv. er (es, se
m),
either ... or; hvártz sem (sic) maðr verðr sekr at s&aacut
e;tt eða á várþingi,
Grág. i. 121; hvárt er Hákon Gamli vill eðr eigi, Fms.
i. 74; hvárt
sem þat er at lögbergi eða í lögréttu, whet
her it be at the bill of laws or
in the legislative chamber ? Grág. i. II; hvárt sem þat
var í löndum eða í
lausa-aurum? Íb. 16; hvárt er friðr er betri cða verri ? &
Oacute;. H. 208, Fms.
iv. 79; hvárt sem þat er heldr í þessarri eðr anna
rri bók, Stj.
HVÁRRGI or hvárgi, pron. indef.
A. Forms :-- the older form was nom. hvárrgi, Grág. i. 114, ii. 30
7,
Eg. 286, Ísl. ii. 354: neut. nom. and acc. hvártki, or with elided
t, hvárki,
mod. hvorki, Fms. i. 68, passim: gen. hvárskis, Grág. i. 494, N. G

. L. i.
350, Fms. viii. 163, Rd. 292; hvárkis, Sks. 558: dat. m. hvárungi,
Grág.
i. 10, ii. 266; neut. hvárugi, i. II, 131: acc. m. hvárngi, Gr&aac
ute;g. (Kb.), see
-gi, signif. B, p. 199. II. afterwards it changed into a regular
adjective, hvárigr, mod. hvorugr, pl. hvárgir, G&tho
rn;l. 114; but usually
uncontracted, and so in mod. usage, hvárugir, Grág. ii. 51, &Iacut
e;sl. ii. 267,
Fms. i. 36, viii. 193, Hkr. iii. 243, Sks. 650, passim: dat. sing. fem.
hvárugri, Fms. iii. 214, passim: acc. m. pl. hváruga, passim: irre
g. and
intermediate forms are, acc. masc. sing, hvárngan, Egill tekr þv&ia
cute; mjök
hvárngan veg, Sturl. iii. 99 C, Fms. viii. 88, Thom, III.
B. Usage: I. neither, of two, Lat. neuter. The old form
hvárgi is usually substantival; with gen., hvárrgi or hvárt
ki þeirra, neither
of them, Eg. 286, Grág. i. 237; miklu meiri sök en hvárgi
hinna var, Sks.
655, passim: with a possess, pron., hvártki okkat, neither of us,
Nj. 10:
rarely adjectival, hvártki sverðit, Korm. 112: on the other hand, the
form
hvárigr is used indiscriminately as substantive or adjective; for referen
ces
see the Sagas passim. II. special usages; with annarr, neither...
other, hvarigr at öðrum, Landn. 57; hvárigir kunnu ö&et
h;rum þar tíðendi at
segja, Ísl. ii. 349; réð hvárrgi á annan, Lv. 3;
svá hvárigr réð at öðrum,
Fas. i. 506; sem hvárrgi tryði öðrum, Fms. i. 217; hv&aacute
;rigir skildu annars
mál, Fb. i. 545; ok heri hvárigir á aðra, Eg. 282; &tho
rn;ví at hvárigir vildu
öðrum samneyta, Kristnir eða heiðnir, Fms. i. 265. III.
neut.
as adv. hvárki, mod. hvorki; hvárki... né, neither... nor; hvárki til
laga né til úlaga, Grág. i. 75; hefir h. heyrt til hans sty
n né hósta, Nj.
201; ok var málit hvárki sótt ne varit þaðan af,
37, Fms. i. 27, N. G. L.
i. 61, Hkr. i. 196, Sturl. iii. 99, 236, Grett. 94 B, Sks. 356, passim;
hvárki... né ... né, Sks. 157 new Ed.; hvárki... n&e
acute;, ... eða, Sks. 365 B,
H. E. i. 419; hvárki ... eða (less correct), Sks.
hvárr-tveggi or hvárr-tveggja; an older form, hva
ðar-tveggi,
occurs in Hkr. i. 205 (in a verse), and acc. m. hvaðran-tveggja, Korm. 224
(middle of the loth century).
A. Forms :-- the older declension is hvárr-tveggja, originally in
two words, of which the latter is a gen. of tveir, literally = uter duorum,
whether of twain; this form freq. occurs in old writers, the latter part bei
ng
indecl., thus, neut. hvárt-tveggja, utrum duorum, Grág. i.
113, Hom. 156,
Eg. 61, v. 1.: gen. hvárs-tveggja, Fms. i. 19, Grág. ii. 144: dat.
hvárumtveggja, hváru-tveggja, Fms. ii. 310, vii. 251, x. 304, Hkr. iii. 8, Gr&a
acute;g. i.
113, Nj. 64, Eg. 181, Ísl. ii. 332; dat. fem. hvárri-tveggja, Sks.
215 B:
acc. hvárn-tveggja, Nj. 145, Fms. i. 12, 13, K. Þ. K. 158: nom. pl.
hvárirtveggja, Sks. 272: gen. pl. hvárra-tveggja, Fms. x. 276. II. tveggja
afterwards took a kind of weak inflexion, viz. tveggi in nom. sing., tveggju
in the oblique cases and in plur., in dat. tveggjum, but these forms are often
applied with great irregularity; nom. sing, hvárr-tveggi, Grág. i.
6l,
Fms. i. 17, 265, x. 249, Nj. 39, 55, 59, Ld. 290, Landn. 47, Ísl. ii. 360
,
366, 369, Eg. 765, Js. 8, Hkr. iii. 8, passim: gen. fem. hvarrar tveggju,
Boll. 326 C: dat. fem. sing, hvárri-tveggju, Grág. ii. 228, Nj. 21
0, v. 1.:
acc. fem. hvára-tveggju, Fms. i. 62: pl. hvárir-tveggju, 655 xvii.
i, Grág.
i. 69, 107, Fms. i. 38, Eg. 267, Fb. ii. 103, 211, Fbr. 98, passim: acc. pl.
hvára-tveggju, Grág. i. 78, Ld. 210: gen. pl. hvárra-tveggj
u, Eg. 32, Fms.
ii. 14: dat. pl. hvárum-tveggjum, Grág. i. 30, ii. 44, Fms. i. 114
, Landn.
160, passim. 2. mixed irreg. forms, nom. pl. hvárir-tveggi, Grág.
i.
69; hváru-tveggju (as nom. pl.), Ísl. ii. 254, scarcely occurs in
good old
MSS., but is freq. in mod. usage even as an indecl. form.
B. Usage: I. either, each of two, both, Lat. uterque, Gr.
GREEK used both as adjective and substantive: 1. as adjective; ór
hvárritveggju hlustinni, Nj. 210; ór hvárutveggju liðin
u, Hkr. iii. 8;
hvárumtveggjum leysingjunum, Fms. i. 114; ór hvárutveggja &
thorn;ví vatni,
vii. 251; hvárrtveggi herrinn, Hkr. iii. 8; um Mæri hváratve
ggju, Fms.
i. 62; at hvárritveggju tiltekju þessi. Grág. ii. 228; &aacu
te; Bálkastöðum hvárumtveggjum, Landn. 160. 2. as substantive, with gen.; hvárrtveggi
þeirra, Grág. i. 61; hvárumtveggja þeirra, Nj. 64; hug
r hvárstveggja
þeirra, Fms. i. 19: with a possess, pron., hvárrtveggi okkarr, Nj.
55. β.
absol., til hvárstveggja, góðs ok ílls, Grág. ii
. 144; hvárttveggja, fuglar ok
aðrar skepnur, Sks. 103 B; við skaplyndi hvárratveggju, Fms. ii.
14; hvárttveggja, ok þó ..., Sks. 351 B; at hvárirtveggi nemi orð
annarra, Grág. i.
69. II. the neut. hvárttveggja, used as adverb, both; &thor
n;á hefir
þat h. tynt góðum siðum ok dugandi mönnum, Sks. 348; v
ery freq. in
mod. usage with the particle enda ironically expressing dislike, það e
r
hvortveggja hann kann mikit, enda veit hann af því, 'tis true he
knows much, but he lets it be seen.
hvárz = hvárts, = hvárt es, = hvárt er, pron.

neut. from hvarr, q. v., either,
used adverbially; hvárz ... eðr, either... or; hvártz h
ann hefir farit til
þessa eðr eigi, Grág. i. 48; h. er til sóknar eða va
rnar, 56; hvárz þeir eru
<PAGE NUM="b0299">
<HEADER>HVE -- HVERFA. 299</HEADER>
bændr eðr griðmenn, 57; hvárz hverfa til lofs eðr l&oum
l;stnnar, Greg. 10;
hvárz verit hafa góð eðr íll; hvárz hann er
lærðr eðr úlærðr, h. hann svimr
á sjó eðr vatni, Hom. (St.) passim: adding a superfluous sem,
hvártz sem
maðr verðr sekr at sátt eðr á várþingi, G
rág. i. 121.
HVE, adv., hvei, Gþl. 495 A; the vowel was prob., as in all similar
monosyllables, sounded long, qs. hvé; prop. an old instrumental case
from hvat: [Ulf. hwaiva; A. S. hwu; Engl. how; Germ. wie
; Swed. huru;
Dan. hvor-ledes] :-- how, interrog.; ok freista hve þ&aacu
te; hlýddi, Ib. 7; bera
vætti, hve fyrir sekð hans var mælt, Grág. i. 83; hve for
með þeim, Ísl.
ii. 341; kveða á, hve þing heitir, Grág. i. 100 (see hei
ta A. II); hve þú
heitir, how art tbou named ? hve margir, how many ? Ld. 74; hve mj
ök,
how much ? Nj. 24; hve mikill? Fms. vi. 286, Þiðr. 273, Hom. 35
;
þeir vissu eigi, hve fram var (mod. hvað framorðið var), th
ey knew not the
time, of the day, K. Þ. K. 90; spurði, hve gamall maðr hann v&
aelig;ri, Ld. 74;
þat var með miklum úlíkindum hve (how violent) st
ormr var eðr snæfall,
Finnb. 312: hve nær, when?; Stj. 339, Fb. ii. 394, Nj. 142, Hom. 9,
passim; but see hvenar below.
hveðnir, m. a kind of fish, Edda (Gl.)
hvegi, adv., qs. hve-gi; hvigi, Grág. (Kb.) i. 144, 147, N.
G. L. i. 71;
hveregi = hvegi, Skálda 169 (Thorodd), see p. 199 :-- howsoeve
r, always
with a following particle er (es) or sem; hvegi er mál fara með &thor
n;eim,
Grág. i. 330; hvegi er um hlaup bersk, Kb. i. 147; h. vandr sem vær
i,
Hom. (St.) 53, Am. 33; hvigi mikinn rétt sem erfingi hennar á &aac
ute; henni,
N. G. L. i. 71; hvegi er margir viðtakendr eru, Grág. (Kb.) i. 195; h
vegi
margir sem eru, N. G. L. i. 79; hvegi er síðan görisk, 19; h. sk
yllig er
hón væri, howsoever important it may be, Post. 686 C. I; hve

gi er fundr
ferr, Fms. viii. 118 (in a verse); h. úvænt sem þeim hyrf&eth
;i, xi. 76; hvegi
lengi sem, h. víða sem, x. 392, 395; h. litla hríð sem, H.
E. i. 243;
h. náin at frændsemi er, Grág. i. 227: a kind of gen., hvegi
s lítt sem
eptir var af öskunni, þá stóð ljós af mikit,
Blas. 37.
hveim, dat. to whom, = Lat. cui: I. interrog.; direc
t, hveim
eru bekkir baugum sánir ? Vtkv. 6: indirect, aesir vitu hveim ..., Ls. 8;
hveim ofreiðr, Skm. I, 2; hann skal segja hveim á hendr var, Gr&aacut
e;g. i.
65; hveim ek hefi þá jörð selda, N. G. L. i. 88. II. indef. to any,
with gen.; hveim hölda, to any, every man, Skv. 3. 12; manni
hveim, Skm.
7; but manna hveim, 27; hveim snotrum manni, Hm. 94; hón hratt
hveim af hálsi, Skv. 3. 42. 2. with er; hveim er, to whomsoever, L
at.
cuicunque; nefni ek þetta vætti hveim er njóta þ
arf, Grág. i. 7; hveim
er sér góðan getr, Hm. 75; hveim er þær kná
hafa, Sdm. 19; hveim er
liðinn er, 34; hveim er sína mælgi né manað, Ls. 47;
hveim er sér
góðan getr, Hm. 75; hveim er við kaldrifjaðan kemr, Vþm
. 10. This
form remains in the mod. hvim-leiðr or hvum-leiðr, qs. 
hveimleiðr, adj. loathsome to everybody, detested, hateful.
HVEITI, n. [Ulf. hwaiteis = GREEK , John xii. 24; A. S. hwæte; Engl.
wheat; Hel. hueti; O. H. G. hwaizi; Germ, waizen; Sw
ed. hvete; Dan.
hvede] :-- wheat, Eg. 69, 79, 460, Stj. 255, 413. COMPDS: hveitiakr, m. a wheat field, Stj. 413, Fas. iii. 373, Fb. i. 540. hveiti-ax,
n. an ear of wheat, Þorf. Karl. 412. hveiti-brauð, n. wheate
n bread,
Stj. 221. hveiti-hleifr, m. a wheaten loaf, Bev. hveiti-korn, n.
a grain of wheat, Stj. 99, Hom. 37, Pass. xvii. 27. hveiti-mjöl, n.
wheat meal, flour, K. Þj. K. 74, Fms. xi. 157. hveiti-salli,
a, m. the
finest flour, Stj. 294, 309, 318. hveiti-sekkr, m. a wheat sack, Stj.
217.
hvekkja, t, to tease, vex.
hvekkr, m. a bad trick, of an urchin.
HVEL, n., later form hjól, q. v.; the vowel was prob. long, qs. hv
él,
as in the Engl.; for in þd. 6 hvél and hál form a half rhyme
; a weak neut.
hvela occurs, Rb. 1812. 92, MS. 415. 8: [A. S. hweowol; Engl. 
wheel;
cp. Gr. GREEK ] :-- a wheel; á hverfanda hveli, on a turning
wheel, Hm.
83, Grett. 119 A, Fms. i. 104, Sks. 338: of the moon, Alm. 15; á þv
í
hveli er snýsk und reið Rögnis, Sdm. 15; mörg hvel ok st&oa
cute;r, Bret. 90;
hálfu hvela sólarinnar, Rb. 112; með fjórum hvelum, Sks
. 421; hann hjó
hvel undan skipi sínu, Krók. 59; þar sem hón velti hv
eli sínu, Al. 23; brjóta
í hveli, to break on the wheel, Hom. 147: an orb, geislanda
hvel, a beaming
orb, the sun, Sks. 94; fagra-hvel, fair wheel, poët, t
he sun, Alm.; himins
hvel, heaven's orb, the sun, Bragi; hvela sólarinnar, th
e sun's disk, MS.
415. 8; hvel á tungli, Rb. 452: a circle, vofit (woven) me&
eth; hvelum ok
hringum, Str. 17. COMPDS: hvel-görr, part. circular, Str. 80.
hvelvagn, m. a wheel wain, Akv. 28. hvel-vala, u, f., poët. a pebble, Þd. 6.
HVELFA, ð, causal from hválfa: to arch, vault, with acc
.; allt
húsit hvelfði hann innan, Stj. 563; var þar upp af hvelft r&ael
ig;frit, Fms. v.
339: hvelfðr, vaulted, Stj. 12. II. proncd. hvolfa, to turn
 (a
ship or vessel) upside down, with dat.; ef maðr hvelfir skipi undir m
anni,
Grág. ii. 130; hann kastaði árunum ok hvelfði nökkvan
um undir sér, Fms.
ii. 182; hann hvelfir skipinu undir þeim, Fb. ii. 220. 2. impers. to
capsize; hvelfði þar skipinu undir þeim, Fms. i. 293; halla&
eth;i því næst
skipinu svá at inn féll sjórinn ok því n&aelig
;st hvelfði, ix. 320, v. 1.; réru
dvergarnir á boða ok hvelfði skipinu, Edda 47; þá la
ust hviðu í seglit
ok hvelfði skipinu, Ld. 326; þá rekr á hvassviðri mi
kit ok hvelfir skipinu, 58, Fs. 150. 3. to pour out of a vessel; h. vatni úr föt
u, to
pour water out of a bucket; tveir vóru at hvölfa elfum ölva
í iðra sá,
Stefr Ól.: cp. Engl. to whelm, overwhelm, which may be a ki
ndred word.
hvelfing, f. a vault.
HVELJA, u, f. [hvalr, cp. Engl. wheal] , the skin of a cyclopterus or
whale, etc.: in pl. the metaph. súpa hveljur, to sup on hveljur, i
. e. to
lose the breath, to gasp as when about half drowned; ekki þurft
i hann
Oddr staup, hann ýmist sökk eða hveljur saup, Stef. 01.
hvellr, m. a shrill sound.

HVELLR, adj. [cp. Germ, hell, hallen], shrilling, thrilling, of sound
as from an explosion; hvellr hamarr, Thom. 325; hvellr lúðr, Karl. 35
9;
hvellast óp ok skjal, Bær. 18; hveli rödd, Fas. i. 272; hvella
r hurðir,
Al. 70; hvellr hneri, Orkn. 448; tala hvellt, Fms. i. 215; hátt ok hvellr
,
Thom. 451, 478.
HVELPR, m., not hvalpr. but proncd. hvolpr; [A. S. hweolp; Engl.
whelp; Dan. hvalp] :-- a whelp, Fms. xi. 10, 12, Gkv. 2. 4
1, passim:
metaph. an urchin, cp. hunn, Fms. vi. 323, Nj. 142: of a lion's, tiger's
whelp, Stj. 71, 80, 572, Al. 3, Fas. ii. 165; a wolf's, Al. 31: a nic
kname, Orkn.: the phrase, bera hvelpa undir hondunum, to pull with the
elbows stuck out, of awkward rowing.
hvenar or hvenær, spelt hvenar in Dropl. 20, 21, and
proncd. so at
the present day; [hvenar seems to be the true form, as the word is prob.
derived not from hve and nær, but is like Engl. when-e'er, from Got
h.
hwan -- GREEK A. S. hwænne; Engl. when; Hel. huan;
Germ, wann] : -when, Nj. 142, Ld. 204, Grág. i. 103, 350, passim.
hvepsa, að, [hváptr], to snap, snap at, bite.
hvepsinn, adj. snappish, of a dog: hvepsni, f.
hveregi, see hvegi.
hver-einn, pron. every one; see hverr.
hverf, n. a scoop or basket for herring-fishing; með hv
erfum ok roðháfum, Gþl. 427; en hverr er síld fiskir ... greiði hann
hverf af lest
hverri, N. G. L. i. 140.
HVERFA, pret. hvarf, pl. hurfu; subj. hyrfi; part, horfinn; in mod.
pronunciation inserting the v throughout, hvurfu, hvyrfi, hvorfinn; akin
to horfa, q. v.: [Ulf. hwairban = GREEK ; A. S. hweorfan; O. H.
G.
hwerban; Germ, werben] :-- to turn round; hverfanda hvel, H
m. 73 (see
hvel); nú mátt þú engi veg þess hverfa (thou
canst turn to no side) at
Guðs miskunn sé ekki fyrir þér, Hom. 156; h. í m&
oacute;ðurátt, föðurátt, to
devolve upon, of right or duty, Grág. i. 177, 237; hafa horfit
í Guðdóm,
625. 59; hverfa af lífi, to depart from life, die, Stor. 10: with
acc. of
place, himin hverfa þau skulu hverjan dag, they shall pass round the he
aven
every day, of the sun and moon, Vþm. 23. 2. with prep.; h. aptr,
to turn back, return, Fms. vii. 298, x. 231, Stj. 606, Hom. 98; to recoil,
aptr hverfr lygi þá er sönnu mætir, a lie recoils be
fore the truth, Bs. i. 639;
h. aptr til sin, to recover one's senses, Mar.; hurfu at því
ráði allir þrændir,
all the Th. turned that way, took that part, Fms. i. 18, vii. 206;
þá hurfu
menn þegar at honum, thronged around him, xi. 193: h. af, to lea
ve off;
þá hvarf af Pálnatóka þyngd öll, i. e. P.
recovered, Fms. xi. 69; þegar er
þú vilt af h. at unna Ólafi, Hkr. ii. 322 . h. frá eu, to turn from, cut short,
leave off; þar var fyrr frá horfit Konunga-tali, Fms. i. 139
; nú verðr þess
at geta er ver hurfum frá, Rd. 171 (of episodes in a story); taka þ
ar til
er hinn hvarf frá, Grág. i. 139; áðr frá hyrfi,
áðr sundr hyrfi, before they
parted, Am. 34, 35: h. eptir, to follow; fr&aelig-acute;ndr hans ok v
inir þeir er eptir
honum hurfu, Fms. iv. 287; eptir honum hurfu margir menn, Ver. 47:
h. með e-m, to turn with one, follow, Grág. i. 8, 9; &t
horn;á hurfu saman fjórir
tigir, gathered together, 655 xvi. B. 4: h. til e-s, to turn towards a
place,
Hým. 17, Gh. 7; to turn to one and take leave, Fms. vii. 224, Am.
44: h.
undan, to be withdrawn, lost; hvarf ríki í Noregi un
dan Dana-konungum,
Fms. xi. 183; þat ríki er undan var horfit, 42: h. um, to encirc
le, surround,
(um-hverfis = all around); innan garðs þess er hverfr um akr e&
eth;a eng, Gþl.
136; þær hverfa um hodd goða, Gm. 27. II. metaph. to turn out
of
sight, disappear, be lost, stolen, or the like;
maðrinn hvarf þar, there the
man was lost from sight, Nj. 95, 275; stjörnur hverfa af himni, Vsp. 57
:
to disappear, skip hvarf, Landn. 305; ef skip hverfr, Grág. 1. 215
; hverfi
féit or hirzlu hans, 401; motrinn var horfinn (stolen), Ld. 206; S
teinólfi
hurfu (St. lost) svín þrjú, Landn. 126; Ingimundi hur
fu svín tíu, 177; see
hvarf. III. part, horfinn: I. surrounded; björn horfinn i
híði, much the same as híðbjörn (see híð),
Gþl. 444; horfinn foldar
beinum, Ýt. 19; bærinn var h. mönnum, surrounded by men
, Sturl. ii.
144, Orkn. 112. β vera vel vinum horfinn, to be well backed by
friends, Nj. 268; vel um horfit (in good condition), þar st&oac
ute;ð naust ok
var vel um horfit, Háv. 48; whence the mod. phrase, vel um-horfs, in a
good state. 2. abandoned, forsaken; heillum horfinn, forsaken
by
luck (horfin-heilla), Fs. 48; héraði horfinn, bereft of a dwelling
in the district, Sturl. iii. 255; sok horfinn, having lost the suit, Nj. 234; m
un bann
eigi horfinn heimsóknum við mik, he has not left off attacking me, Sturl.
iii. 228; eigi ertú enn horfinn í fyrirsátunum við mik,
Þórð. 41 new
Ed.; þögn horfinn, bereft of silence, i. e. noisy, Gs.
3.
hverfa, ð, causal of the last verb: I. to make to turn, tur
n, with
acc.; h. e-m hugi (acc. pl.), to turn a person's mind, Hm. 162; sneru
þeir krossinum, ok hverfðu (turned) hendr hans niftr, ok h&ouml
;fuð tíl jarðar,
656 C. 37; hann sneri sverðinu í hendi sér ok hverfði fram
eggina, Fas.
ii. 139; hann ofrar vápni sínu at manni, ok hverfir hann fram hama
r,
N. G. L. i. 67; h. at sér hinn mjóvara hlut, Ýt. 13; v&eacu
te;r hverfum oss í
<PAGE NUM="b0300">
<HEADER>300 HVERFI -- HVERR.</HEADER>
austr (we turn our faces towards the east) þá er vér
biðjum fyrir oss, Hom.
156, 158. II. to enclose; h. garði um e-t, to enclose with a fenc
e,
 Gþl. 407 (garð-hverfa); himinn þann er hverfðr er &uacu
te;tan um lopt öll, Fms.
v. 340; hverfðr við e-t, stirred so as to be blended with, Sdm. 1
8.
hverfi, n. a cluster of farms, such as almost to form a village
, freq. in
Icel. local names, Fiskilækjar-hverfi, Skóga-h., Rangár-h.,
Ingólfshöfða-h.,
Fljóts-h., Landn.: metaph., vizku-h., the abode of wisdom = the
breast,
 Fbr. (in a verse); tanna-h., the 'tooth-abode,' i. e. the
mouth, Kristni S.
(in a verse): a shelter, verða e-m at hverfi, Sturl. i. (in a verse).
hverfi-legr, adj. ugly, Nj. 147, v. 1.; whence mod. herfilegr (-li
ga),
q. v., wretched, miserable.
hverfing, f. turning, in sjón-h., eye-deceit, glamour.
hverfingi, a, m. a froward ERROR person, Post. 201.
hverfi-steinn, m. a grindstone, Vm. 177.
hverf-lyndi, n. 'turn-mind,' fickleness, Str. 61, Ró
m. 305.
hverf-lyndr, adj. shifty, fickle-minded, Rd. 295, Str. 26.
hverfr, adj. shifty; hverf haustgríma, Hm. 73; hverfr hugr,
a shifty mind,
Sol. 31: crank, of a ship, freq. in mod. usage: also in the phrase, st&ya
cute;ra
hverft, to steer wrong. Fas. ii. 178. 2. metaph., ráða hverft,
to give
false counsel, Karl. III; fara hverft, t o s t a rt, stagge
r, as if . frightened,
Nj. 197, Sd. 154; whence the mod. verða hverft, to be startled, be fright
ened: of clothes, rétt-hverfr, turning right; út-hverfr
, turning outside;
 as also út-hverfa, rétt-hverfa, u, f.
hverf-ráðr, adj. fickle, wavering, Fms. viii. 447, v. 1
.
hverfull, adj. shifty, changeable, of things, Barl. 32, 97; &uacut
e;-hverfull,
not shifty, abiding firm, hverfull-leiki, a, m. shiftiness,
freq.
hvergi, pron., see hverrgi.
hvergi, adv. [see -gi, p. 199], nowhere; hann undi h., Landn. 174,
Vsp.
3; áðr var h., before there was none anywhere, Íb. 16;
sá þeir h. konung,
Fms. ii. 332; hvergi á bæjum, Sturl. iii. 55; h. annarsstaðar,
nowhere
else, passim: with gen., hvergi lands, Helr. 9; hvergi jarðar né
upphimins,
Þkv. 2; moldar h., Fas. i. 521 (in a verse), Merl. 1. 59. II. metaph.
in no manner, by no means, not at all; uggum hvergi, be not afraid!
 Kormak; varðar honum slíkt sem hvergi sé léð,
Grág. i. 438; ef þú
bregðr h. af, Nj. 31; at þeir skyldu h. at göra, 189; hvergi &aac
ute; fé at taka
frá kirkju, K. Þ. K. 20 new Ed.: fara hvergi, to 'fare nowhere,'
to stay
at home, 9 new Ed., Fms. i. 10; ek vil hvergi fara, I shall not go
at all, Ísl. ii. 32; vil ek at hvergi sé eptir riðit, n
opursuit, 358;
vera hvergi færr, to be quite unable to go, Eg. 107, Hkr. i. 269, &
Oacute;. H.
128. 2. with compar.; þat þykki mér hvergi úvænn
a, Fms. xi. 94;
h. úframar, noways inferior, 48; h. betr, no better, Bs. i.
633; hvergi
nær (mod. hvergi nærri), nowhere near, far from it, Eg. III.
3.
alls hvergi, not at all, Grág. i. 141; hvar nema alls hvergi, w
here but
nowhere, Ísl. ii. 236.
hverigr, adj., see hverrgi.
HVERN or hvörn, f. [proncd. kvörn or kvern

, but distinction is
to be made between kvern, mola, and hvern, cerebrum; for in the la
tter
word h is the true initial, as is shewn by comparison with Ulf. hwairn
ei
= GREEK , Mark xv. 22; Scot, harns; Germ, hirn; Swed. hjerna; Dan.
hjerne, which stand in the same relation to hvern as hjól to hvel]
:-- the
two boat-formed white bones embedded in a fish's brains. These bones, as
well as shells, are in Icel. collected and used by children in the game of
guessing, as nuts etc. are in England; hann lauk þá upp höfu&e
th;skeljum
mannanna, og tók hnefa-fylli úr hverju höfði og hugði
vandliga að;
eintómar hvarnir, og ekki nema tvær í þorsk-kindinni,
Fjölnir (1845)
52. hvarnar-skeljar, f. pl. = hvarnir.
hverna, u, f. [hverr, m.], a pan, basin, Nikd. 28.
hvernig, qs. hvernveg, [see hverr], interrog. direct and indirect; the
forms vary, hverneg or hvernig, Eg. 19 A, 106, 123, 292, 394, Hkr
.
i. 170, 287, Korm. 130, 148, Glúm. 327, Band. 18 new Ed., passim:
hvernog or hvernug, Orkn. 83 (v. 1.), Hkr. i. 120, 347, Al. 63, 6
5,
and passim in old MSS.: the mod. form is hvernin, proncd. hvurinn
or kvurninn, qs. hvernveginn, from vegr with the article, which form
is also now and then found in old MSS., Fs. 105 (MS. Arna-Magn. 132),
Bs. Hungrv. passim, as also later MSS. :-- how? in what way? the r
eferences passim.
HVERR, m., pl. hverar: I. a cauldron, boiler; hver kringlóttan af eiri, Stj. 564; heyrði til höddu er Þorr bar hver
inn, Skálda
168, Hym. 1, 3, 5, 9, 13, 27, 33, 34, 36, 39 (of a boiler); hefja af
hvera, Gm. 42,= mod. taka ofan pottinn; in Gkv. 3, 6, 9, 10, ketill
and hver are synonymous: hver-gætir, m. a cauldron-keeper, cook,
 Am. 58: hvera-lundr, m. a cauldron groove, Vsp. 39: Hver-g
elmir,
m. local name of the northern Tartarus, the abyss, Edda. II. metaph.
in volcanic Icel. this word was taken to express the hot springs, and it
is so used to the present day (in pl. often hverir), Sd. 191, Grett. 141
(hverar), Bs. i. 322, Ann. 1294, and freq. in local names. In the west
the largest hverar are those in Reykjahólar, Eggert Itin. 382; in the
north the Reykja-hver; Hvera-vellir in the wilderness Kjöl, 637;
Reykjadals-hverar, among which the largest is the Uxa-hver, and Baðstofu-hver, 640, 641. In the east there are only a few, see Itin. 798;
whereas the south is very rich in such springs, especially the neighbourhood of Haukadal (Geysir, Strokkr), see Ann. 1294; Grafar-hver, 890Reykjaness-hverar, 895, (whence Hver-holmr, the name of a holm);
the springs in Krísuvík, 897; the hverar in Reykja-holt and Reykja
-dalr:
they are found even in glaciers, as in Torfa-jökull, 766. COMPDS;
hvera-fuglar, m. pl. fabulous birds, Eggert Itin. 890. hvera-hella
,
u, f. = hverahrúðr, Itin. 142. hvera-hrúðr, m. t

he tophus or tuf-stone
deposited by hot springs, Itin. 145. hvera-leir, m. a kind of lime
 Itin. 127. hvera-slý, n. the soft pulp deposited by hot sp
rings, Itin.
109. hvera-steinar, m. pl. a kind of tuf-stone, Itin. 660. hver
avatn, n. water from a hver. For old dried up hverar see Itin. 295; cp
.
also the remarks s. v. Geysir and Ann. 1294. From hvera-lundr in
Vsp. an Icel. origin of this poem is suggested by Prof. Bergmann in his
Poëmes Islandaises, Paris 1838, p. 183, as the verse seems to refer to
volcanic agencies.
HVERR, pron. interrog. and indef.; at the present day proncd. hvur
,
with u throughout, and in mod. printed books usually spelt hvör, a f
orm
no doubt derived from the dual hvárr (hvorr), used in a plur. sense: for
its declension, see Gramm. p. xxi; an acc. hverjan, Hým. 39; hverjan
morgin, Vsp. 22, Fb. ii. 71 (in a verse); hverjan dag, Vþm. 11, 18, 23, 41
,
Gm. 8, 14, 20, 29; hverjan veg, Vþm. 18; whence the contracted form
hvern. [The Gothic has a threefold interrog. pron., a sing, hwas, hwo,
hwa; a dual, hwaþar; and a plur. hwarjis, hwarja, hwarjat
a. To the
first of these pronouns answers the old Icel. form hvar, A. S. hwa, Scot.
who, Engl. who, Swed. ho, Dan. hvo, cp. Lat. quis
; but this pronoun is defective, and remains only in the neut. hvat, q. v., Ulf. hwa, A. S. hwat, Engl.
what, Germ, was, Dan. -Swed. hvad, Lat. quid: the da
t. masc. hveim is
obsolete, Goth, hvamme, Engl. whom, Dan. hvem: the dat. hvi
(see
hvat II, III): a nom. masc. hvar (hva-r) seems to be used a few
times in old MSS. (e. g. Kb. of the Grágás), but it is uncertain,
as the
word is usually abbreviated UNCERTAIN or UNCERTAIN : a gen. sing, hves (Goth,
hwes,
North. E. whese) occurs, hves lengra, how much farther? Hom. (St.)
50;
til hves, to what? 65: possibly the GREEK hós, Ls. 33, is a remna
nt of
the old gen. To the Goth, dual answers the Icel. hvárr (hvaðar
r), q. v.
To the Goth. plur. answers the Icel. hverr, with characteristic j,
which
is used in sing, and plur. alike. In the neut. sing, the two forms, hvat
and hvert, are distinguished thus, that hvat (hvað) is interrog., hvert
indef., e. g. hvað barn, what bairn ? but hvert barn, every bairn.]
A. Interrogative, = Lat. quis, quae, quid? who, what, which ? as substantive and adjective, direct and indirect; hvers fregnit mik? Vsp. 22;
hverjar ro þær meyjar ? Vþm. 48; hverir æsir ? 30, Fsm.
8, 34; hverr er
sá enn eini? Fas. ii. 529; hverir hafa tekið ofan skjöldu v&aacu
te;ra? Nj. 68;
hverju skal launa kvæðit? Ísl. ii. 230; hverr er sá ma&e
th;r? Fms. ii. 269;

telja til hvers hann hafði neytt eði hvers úneytt, Grág. i
. 155; spyrja
hverja þeir vilja kveðja, ii. 24; kveða á þingmö
rk hver eru, i. 100;
(segja) hverjar guðsifjar með þeim eru, 30; hugsa til hvers &thorn
;ú munt færr
verða, Fms. i. 83; vita hverr þú ert, ii. 269; vita hvert bi&et
h;ja skal, Edda;
þeir þóttusk sjá til hvers aetlað var, Fms. ix. 46
1; eigi veit ek til hvers
ek má ætla, Bs. i. 541; hón segir honum hvers efni í
eru, how matters
stood, 539; þeir vissu hverju hann ætlaði fram at fara, Fms.
i. 291;
hann segir hverrar ættar Ólafr var, 81; sögðu með hver
ju (erendi) þeir
höfðu farit, Eg. 281. 2. with the notion of Lat. qualis; en hvat
kemr þér í hug, hverr (qualis) ek muna vera þei
m Írum, ef ? ..., Fas. ii.
529; þeim þótti úsýnt hverr friðr gefinn v&
aelig;ri, Fms. v. 24; sá einn veit,
hverju geði styrir gumna hverr, Hm. 17.
B. Indefinite pronoun, = Lat. quisque, every one, each, used both as
substantive and as adjective: 1. as subst.; with gen., þat sæti &ael
ig;tlaði sér
hverr sona hans, Fms. i. 7; manna, seggja, lýða, gumna hverr, ever
y one of
the men, every man, Hm. 14, 17, 53-55, Sól. 49; fróðra hve
rr, every wise
man, Hm. 7; ráðsnotra hverr, 63: absol., as in the sayings, hverr
er sjálfum
sér næstr; bærr er hverr at ráða sínu; djar
fr er hverrum deildan verð; fróðr er
hverr fregnvíss; hverr er sinnar hamingju smiðr; dauðr verðr
hverr, Hallfred;
hail er heima hverr, Hm.; kveðr hverr sinnar þurftar: lét harm
þar tala
um hvern þat er vildi, Eb. and passim: with a possess, pron., ef sé
r ferr
hverr várr, each of us, Glúm. 329. 2. as adj., á hve
rju þingi, Hkr. ii.
300; hverjan dag, every day, Vsp., Vþm., Gm.; í hverri t&iac
ute;ð, at any time,
 Hom. 112; hver undr, Fs. 115; hverjum manni, Nj. 6; meiri ok sterkari
hverjum manni, Hkr. i. 148; hver spurning liítr til svara, Sks. 307; hver
r
gumi, Hm. 13, passim. 3. as adv., í hverju, evermore; veðrit &
oacute;x í
hverju, Fms. vi. 379; þykir harðna sambúðin í hverju
, grew ever worse
and worse, xi. 441; veðrit óx í hverri, Skáld. H. 4
. 14. II. any;
 fyrir utan hverja hjálp, Hom. 159: esp. if following after a compar.
, es
meiri fögnuðr boðinn á þessi tíð en &aacute
; hverri annarri, Hom. (St.); hefir
þetta með meirum fádæmum gengit heldr en hvert annarra, B
and. 33
new Ed. III. adding the relat. particle er or sem, whosoever, which-
soever, whatsoever; hvers sem við þarf, Fms. i. 306; þ&aacut

e; á þá sök hverr
er vill, Grág. i. 10; hverr er svá er spakr, Hom. 2; hverju sinni
er,
whensoever, Str. 27 and passim. IV. with another pron. or adj.;
hverr at öðrum, one after another, Eg. 91, Fs. 158; hvert at &ou
ml;ðru, Fas.
ii. 556; hvert sumar frá öðru, Grág. i. 92; hverja n&oacu
te;tt eptir aðra, Þiðr.
53, 150; at öðru hverju, now and then, adverbially; hverir tveir
, every
two and two, by twos, Fms. iv. 299; þriðja hvert ár, eve
ry three years,
<PAGE NUM="b0301">
<HEADER>HYEERGI -- HVIRFILL. 301</HEADER>
Fas. ii. 64; á hverjum þremr árum, id., Stj. 573; dag
inn sjaunda hvern,
K. ÞK.; þriðja hvert sumar, Landn. 299; annan hvern dag, n&iacut
e;undu
hverja nótt, Skm. 21, Nj. 190. 2. hverr ... sinn, every ... his;
 hverr maðr í sínu rúmi, Nj. 51; hverr sér,
each separately; sér hverr,
each in particular, every one; at serhverju hofi, at every single temp
le,
 Landn. 336 (App.); þó at ek greina eigi ser hvat, though I
do not tell
each thing in detail, Bs. i. 64; sérhverja atburði, 134; s&eacute
;rhverjum hlut,
Fms. v. 333; sérhverjum þeirra, Nj. 256, Landn. 35, Sturl. ii. 175;
sérhvern fingr, Fas. iii. 345; sérhvern mann, Fms. i. 149; allir ok s&eacute
;rhverir,
all and several, i. e. everyone, Grág. ii. 36, 140, Eluc. 4
3, H. E. i. 468;
einn ok sérhverr, one and all, every one, Skálda 161; hverr
sem einn,
each as one, all like one man, 165, Al. 91, 93, Bad. 40, Stj. 4; hvereinn
,
every one.
C. Relative, = Lat. qui, quae, quod, Engl. who, which, only in lat
er
writers of the end of the 13th and the 14th centuries, and since freq. in
N. T., Vídal., Hymns; at first it was seldom used but with the particles
er, at, as in Engl. who that ...,which that...; þat herbergi
, í hverju
er ..., in which that..., Stj.; takandi vátta, hverir at só
ru fullan bókareið, Dipl. ii. 2; með fullkomnum ávexti, hverr at þekkr mu
n verða,
Fms. v. 159 and passim: singly, tvær jarðir, hverjar svá heita,
Dipl. v. 27;
Guðs orð, hver frjófgask munu, Fms. v. 159; Gerhardus, hverr me&e
th;
fögrum píslar-sigri fór brott, Mar.; með hverjum hann hug
ar-prýði vann,
Fb. iii. 567.
HVERRGI or hvergi, indef. pron. each, every, Lat. unusqu

isque.
A. Forms: I. declined like hvárrgi, viz. nom. hverrgi, passim;
gen. hverkis, N. G. L. i. 126; dat. masc. hverjumgi, Grág. (Kb.) 14;
fern, hverrigi, 655 iii. 4; acc. masc. hverngi, Grág. passim; neut. hvert
ki
or hverki, passim; see more references s. v. -gi, p. 199 A. II. declined as an adjective, hverigr; acc. sing. fern, hverega, Thorodd; dat.
sing. fem, hveregri, N. G. L. i: nom. plur. hverigir, Grág. i. 392; hveri
gar,
94; hverigra (gen. pl.), ii. 20: hveriga (acc. pl.), Nj. 101; hverigar (acc.
fem, pl.), 623. 48, Ó. H. 74. 2. mixed forms, acc. hverngan, Grág
.
ii. 13; hvernegan, Hkr. ii. 79; hveregi handsöl (acc. pl.), Grág. i.
140.
B. Usage: I. alone, mostly as subst.; hvat hverigum hentir,
Fms. iv. 147; hvat hverrgi hefir, Skálda 160; hverr hverrgi er, Fms. viii
.
314; hverr hverrgi sé, xi. 152; hvat sem h. segði, ix. 256; hvat hver
rgi
talaði, ii. 67; hverju heilli hverrgi kemr, Fas. iii. 41; Njáll vissi
þá görla
hverr hverrgi hafði verit, Nj. 104; hann sagði fyrir heima-mönnum s
ínum
hvat hverrgi skyldi starfa meðan hann væri í brottu, 196; hvat
hverrgi
þeirra hefir af sér tekit, Skálda 159; vant er þat at
sjá hvar hverrgi berr
hjarta sitt, Orkn. 474; skipar jarl til hvar hveregir skyldu at leggja, 360;
af hverjungi bætil hverrar kirkju, K. Jj. K. l. c.; hvar hverrgi þei
rra mundi
jarðaðr verða, Al. 14, Fms. x. 323; ok eigi vitu hvar hverkis skulu
leita,
N. G. L. i. 126. 2. as adj., hverngi dag, every day, Rb. 1812. 57; hvar
hvergi hús höfðu staðit, Fas. ii. 558. II. adding er, who
soever, Lat.
quicunque, subst. and adj.; hverrgi er þá beiðir, Greg.
53; hvertki þess er
þrýtr, Grág. i. 48, 2 77; hverngi veg (howsoever, Lat
. quocunquemodo) er þeir
hafa áðr setið, 69, 174, ii. 13; hverrgi er fyrr let göra, K
b. 14; hvernegan
veg sem hann vill svara, Hkr. ii. 79; hverngi (staf) er ek rít, Sk&aacute
;lda
(Thorodd) 165; nú hverngan veg sem aðrir vilja, Hkr. iii. 370; hvereg
a
tungu er maðr skal ríta annarrar tungu stöfum, þá v
erðr sumra stafa
vant, Skálda (Thorodd) 160; á hverega lund er, K. Þ. K. (Kb.
) 23;
hverega helgi sem hann vill á leggja þingit, Eb. 24; þ&aacute
; skalt þú aldri vera
í móti mér, við hverega sem ek á um, Nj. 101; hv
eregir aurar, sem ...,
Grág. i. 392; hverngi annarra sem hana berr, Rb. 46; hverigar úh&a
elig;fur
sem hann tekr til, Fms. iv. 259; með hveregi skepnu sem er, N. G. L. i.
hvers-dagliga, adv. every day, Fms. ix. 267, 384, Skálda 19
9, Eb.
32, 258, Gullþ. 20, Jb. 33, Eg. 598, Ld. 22, of week days.
hvers-dagligr, adj. daily, every day, Gþl. 42, Greg. 42, 625
. 178;
h. hættir, Bs. i. 164; h. búningr, a dress to be used on week da
ys, K. Þ. K.
82, Vm. 46; h. maðr, Nj. 258.
hvers-dags-, mod. pronunciation hvundags, every day: in com
pds,
hversdags-búningr, m. (-föt, n. pl.), one's every-day dres
s, work-aday clothes, K. Þ. K. 140: hversdags-hökull, m., -kl&ae
lig;ði, n., Vm. 52,
Grág. i. 323: -leika, n., Sturl. iii. 127; -maðr, m., N
j.: in mod. usage,
hvundags, -búningr, -föt, etc., Vm. 38; opp. to
spari-föt.
hvers-konar, adv. of every kind, Hom. 87, 91, passim.
hvers-kyndis = hverskyns, Thom. 113.
hvers-kyns = hverskonar, Fms. x. 379, passim.
hversu, adv., proncd. hvursu, (hversug, N. G. L. i. 27, 91, qs. hv
ersveg, what way, = hve) :-- how, Nj. 2, 68, Al. 10, Fms. x. 404, &Ia
cute;sl. ii.
364, N. G. L. i. 91, Hom. 103, passim; for hversu is the common word,
whereas hve is obsolete.
hversu-gi, adv. howsoever, = hvegi, q. v.; with the particle sem o
r er,
Fms. viii. 59; h. mikit fé er þeir gefa með sér, Gr&aacu
te;g. i. 223; h. margar
sem fígúrur eru, Alg. 360.
hvert, proncd. hvurt, neut. sing, of hverr, used as adv. whither,
Germ,
wohin, interrog.; Gunnarr sagði þeim hvert hann ætlað
i, Nj. 76; Jarl
spurði hvert hann færi þaðan, 132; gera ráð hvert
hann sneri þaðan, Fms.
v. 24. II. hvert er, whithersoever; hvert er hann ferr, Nj. 129;
hann let reka skipit hvert er vildi, Fms. i. 293; hvert er hann ferr fullum
dagleiðum, þá er ..., Grág. i. 93; gefi gaum at, hvert e
r hann er (in
what direction) frá merki því er hann skal fylgja, O. H.
204.
hvertki, adv. whithersoever; h. sem hann fór, Greg. 53, &TH
ORN;jal. 351.
hver-vetna, see hvarvetna, everywhere, passim.
HVESSA, t, [hvass], to sharpen; hvessa ok hvetja, Fms. vii. 37; hv
essa
sýn, Pr. 474; h. augu, to look with a piercing glance, Hkv. I. 6,
Edda
36, Eg. 44, 457, Fms. ii. 174, vii. 172: to make keen for a thing, encourage, Al. 33, Fms. vii. 37, Bs. i. 750: of weather, to blow keenly,
blow up a gale, impers., veðr (acc.) tók at hvessa mjök, Ld.
326; hvesti
veðrit, Fms. ix. 21; þá hvessti svá, at ..., 387, freq.;
það er farit að
hvessa, það fer að hvessa, it 'fares to blow sharp.'
hvessir, m. a wbetter, sharpener, Lex. Poët.
HVETJA, hvatti, hvatt, pres. hvet, part, hvattr, Gh. 6; a middle
form hvöttomc, Hom. 29; [A. S. hwettgan; Engl. whet; Germ, wetzen;
 cp. hvass] :-- to whet, sharpen a cutting instrument; h. sverð,
Kormak;
h. spjót, Fb. i. 189; Skarphéðinn hvatti öxi, Nj. 66, Fs.
72, Landn. 293;
h. gadd, Stj. 77. II. metaph. to make one keen, encourage; þats
mik hvatti hugr, Ls. 64; síðan hvatti hann lið sitt, Fms. ix. 509
, Hðm. 2 ;
 hvat hvatti þik hingat, what urged thee to come here ? Nj. 6;
h. ok hvessa,
Fms. vii. 37; hugr mik hvatti, Fm. 6; heilög ritning hvetr oss opt at
fara, Hom. 9, Fs. 6, passim: part, hvetjandi, an inciter, instigator, Mar.
656 A. i. 12: pass, hvatinn, cut; hvatinn spjóti, pierce
d with a spear,
 Fas. ii. (in a verse), GREEK cp. hvatt (q. v.), of the sheep mark, which
seems to point to an affinity between Engl. to cut and Icel. hvetja.
hvet-vetna, adv. = hvatvetna, q. v.
HVIÐA, u, f. [A. S. hwiða], a squall of wind, Ld. 3
26, freq.: medic.
a fit; hósta-h., a fit of coughing.
hviðuðr, m. the 'squatter, ' poet, the wind, Aim. 2
1.
hvik, n., mod. hik, a quaking, wavering. COMPDS: hvik-eygr,
adj.
with wandering eyes, Bs. i. 671 (in a verse, v. l.) hvik-lyndi, n.
fickleness. hvik-lyndr, adj. fickle. hvik-mál
, n. pl. slander,
 Bjarn. 57 (in a verse), emend. MS. hvitmál, qs. hvicmal. hvik-sag
a,
u, f. an idle tale, nonsense, Al. 4, Sturl. iii. 125. hvik-tunga,
u, f. a
slander-tongue, tale-bearer, N. G. L. ii. 437.
HVIKA, að, mod. hika (a strong pret. hvak occurs in Fms. x.
(Ágrip) 383) :-- to quail, shrink, waver; ok hvikaði (Ed. hink
aði
wrongly) hestrinn undir honum, Fs. 159: of ranks in battle, Karl. 364;
hvika undan, io quail; konungrinn hvak undan lítt þat, sh
rank from the
blow, Fms. x. 383; hefir þú jafnan undan hvikat, Korm. 202; &th
orn;at er
nú ráð at h. eigi undan, Vígl. 72 new Ed.; hvikit &eacu

te;r allir, Nj. 78, Bs.
ii. 229; Sigmundr kvað nú ekki göra at h. um þetta, Fb. i.
148: impers.,
hví hvikar þér svá, why quakest tbou thus? Nj.
143.
hvikan, f. a quaking, Lv. 54: wavering, Bs. i. 654 (in a ve
rse).
hvikari, a, m. a coward, Karl. 363.
hvikr, adj. quaking, epithet of a stag; hviks í hjartar lik
i, Pd. 7.
hvikull, adj. shifty, changeable; ú-hvikull. firm.
HVILFT, f. [Ulf. hwilftri = GREEK , a coffin, Luke vii. 14] :-- a grassy
hollow, a combe or corrie, Edda ii. 482; 566, l. c., spells hvilmt; f
req.
in mod. usage. II. a local name in western Icel.
HVIMA, að, [cp. Engl. whim], to wander with the eyes, o
f a fugitive
look, as of one frightened or silly; hvirna og skirna í allar átti
r.
hvim-leiðr, adj. loathed, detested, Bjarn. 71 (in a verse); se
e hví.
hvimpinn, adj. shaking the bead from fright, of a horse.
hvimsa, adj. [cp. hvima], blank, discomfitted, Grág.
ii. 55, Fas. iii. 290:
freq. in mod. usage, and proncd. hvumsa.
hvinand-orði, a, m. ' whining-speaker,' a nickname, Fms. vii.
hvinnir, m., poët, a stealer, i. e. the wolf, Edda (Gl
.)
HVINNR or hvinn, m. a pilferer, Fbr. (in a verse); distingu
ished
from a thief; ef maðr stell örtug eða örtug meira, &tho
rn;á er sá þjófr;... enn ef
maðr stell minna en örtog, þá er sá torfs-maðr
ok tjöru;... en ef minnr stelr
en þveiti, þá skal sá heita hvinn um allan aldr s&iacu
te;ðan ok eigi engan rétt
á sér, N. G. L. i. 253, Edda ii. 495; ef maðr stel einhverju &
thorn;essu (viz. a
plough, harrow, etc.), þá heiti æ hvinn at úsekju, G&t
horn;l. 359; ef maðr
stelr hundi manns, eða ketti, knífi eða belti ok öllu &thorn
;ví er minna er vert
en eyris, þá er hvinnska, N. G. L. ii. 172; hvinna-ætt, Sighv
at. Hvinngestr, m. a pr. name, Fms. vi. (in a verse).
hvinnska, u, f. petty theft, larceny, Gþl. 197, cp. Jb. l. c

., N. G. L.
HVINR, m. (hvimr in Eb. 182, but wrongly, as hvína is the root wor
d),
a cracking, whizzing, whistling, as of a whip or missile; hann heyrir
hvininn af högginu, Fms. vii. 230; hvin örvarinnar, ii. 272; Arnkell
heyrði hvininn (of a stroke), Eb. 182; hann heyrir hvininn af for þ&TH
ORN;
Fbr. 40.
Hvin-verskr, adj. from the county Hvin in Norway, Fms. Hvinverjar, m. pl. the men from Hvin: Hvinverja-dalr, a local name
,
Landn.
hvirfil-fóylr, m. a squall of whirlwind.
HVIRFILI, m., dat. hvirfli; [Engl. whirl, whorl; Germ, wirbel;
 Dan. hvirvel] :-- prop, a circle, ring, = hvirfingr; þe
ir ráku saman í einn
hvirfil heiðingja, Karl. 360: but esp., II. the crown of the head,
 where the hair turns all ways as from a centre, Lat. vertex,
Germ, wirbel, (cp. Icel. sveipr); fra iljum til hvirfils, Sks. 159; milli
hæls ok hvirfils,
<PAGE NUM="b0302">
<HEADER>302 HVIRFILVINDR -- HVÍTR.</HEADER>
Stj. 617; frá hvirfli til ilja, Job ii. 7; lýstr ofan í mi&
eth;jan hvirfil, Edda
30; dreyrði or hvirflinum, Fms. ii. 272, Fb. iii. 406, Ísl. ii. 343,
Bs. i.
190; fyll skóinn af blóði ok set í hvirfil mér,
229. 2. a top, summit,
 Sks. 728; hvirflar heimsins, the poles, Pr. 476; h. fjallsins, Stj.
306, Mar.
hvirfil-vindr, m. a whirlwind, Fms. x. 201, Ld. 156, Bs. i. 724, i
i. 5,
Stj. 114, Barl. 162.
hvirfing, f. or hvirfingr, m. a circle of men; setjask &iac
ute; hvirfing, to sit in a circle, Fms. vi. 279; þeir sömnu&et
h;u þeim saman í eina hvirfing,
Karl. 249; Helgi spurði hvárt þeir sæti í hv&iacut
e;rfingi eðr hverr út fra öðrum,
Ld. 272; þeir setjask niðr í einn stað í hvirfing, B
and. 33 new Ed.;
síðan vóru goð hennar sett í hvirfing úti, F
ms. v. 319. II. a
drinking match, at which the cup was passed round, cp. the Engl. l
oving
cup; it is opp. to tvímenningr, when two persons pledged one another
in the same cup; drekka hvirfing, Ó. H. 61. COMPDS: hvirfingsbróðir, m. a club-mate, club-brother, Fms. vi. 440. hvi
rfingsdrykkja, u, f. a drinking bout, a kind of club in Norway in ol
den times
as opposed to the later gildi, q. v.; hann kvað þá engar veizlu
r hafa haft
þat haust nema gildi sín ok hvirfings-drykkjur, Hkr. ii. 165; &Oacu
te;lafr
konungr (who died A. D. 1193) lét setja Mikla-gildi í Ní&et
h;arósi, en áðr
vóru þar hvirfingsdrykkjur, Fms. vi. 440. hvirfings-klukka,
u, f.
a bell in such a club, Fms. vi. 440.
hvirfla, að, to whirl; h. heyit, Fb. iii. 522, in mod. usage w
ith dat.
hviss, interj. whew! to imitate the sound of whistling, Bs. i. 420
.
hvissa, að, [Engl. hiss], to run with a hissing sound,
e. g. of a stream;
það hvissar í honum.
HVÍ, prop, a dat. of an old and partly obsolete pron. hvat, [see h
vat
and hverr] :-- Lat. cui, for what: I. interrog., þá v
ar séð yfir hví
stafrinn hafði búit, 655 iii. 2; kviðr berr hví hann orkar
, of what it is
capable, Grág. i. 252; at hví neyt sé, w hat it is g
ood for, ii. 260; þá
spurði Hallr hví þat sætti, H. asked what was the matt
er, Fms. ii. 193;
hvi saetir hark þetta ok hlaup ? Ó. H. 109; fyrir hví, wh
erefore ? (in vulgar
Engl. still, for why?), fyrir hví biðr þú eigi l&
aelig;kningar? 222; spurði hann
fyrir hví þeir væri þar? Eg. 375, Eluc. 4: with compar.
, hví verri, how
much the worse, quanta pejor; skulu búar telja hví hann var &t
horn;á verri
at hafa er hann var sjúkr en þá er hann tók vistina,
Grág. i. 155,
475. II. indef. any; Guð mun við hví (= hverju) fa&
eth;erni ganga,
er hann játar oss í skirninni, 655 i. 2.
B. Adverb interrog., prop, ellipt. [cp. Goth, du hwe = GREEK ; A. S.
hwi; Engl. why; Germ, wie] :-- why ? (see fyrir hv&i
acute; above); hví freistið
mín ? Vsp. 22; hví þú einn sitr ? Skm. 3; hví
sitið ? Gk. 2; hví þá, why
then? Vþm. 9, Ls. 47 is dubious; hví þykkir dót
tur minni svá íllt vestr
þar? Nj. 11; hví skal eigi þegar drepa hann? Eg. 414; eigi ve
it ek hví
þú gengr með slíku máli, 523; mun ek ákve&
eth;it gera hví þannig er til
skipt, Ísl. ii. 346: hvi-ligr, adj. (q. v.), Fms. x. 107: hv&iacut
e;-likr, adj. =
Lat. qualis, (q. v.) 2. with subj.; hví um segjak þér
? Skm. 4;
hvi þú vitir? Vþm. 42; hví sé drengr at feigri?
Km. 22. 3. = hve,

instrumental, Skm. 17, (q.v.).
hví, interj. imitating a gull's cry, Bb.
hvía, að, to squeal, of a vicious horse when fighting.
HVÍLA, d, to rest, esp. to rest, sleep in a bed; í hvíluna þar er hón
hvildi, Eg. 567; h. í rekkju sinni, Fb. ii. 195, Stud. iii. 282, Fms. vii
.
222; h. tveim megin brikar, Korm.; the old beds stood with the side
to the wall, hence the phrase, hvíla við stokk, or þil, cp. Stu
rl. i. 207,
208; see also brík; h. í sama sæing konu, Grág. i. 32
9; h. hjá e-m,
Hbl. 17. 2. metaph. of the dead, to rest, sleep, Fms. vii. 240, N. G. L.
i. 348, Sighvat, but only in a Christian sense, so that 'her hvílir' (= D
an.
her hviler) on Runic stones is a sure test of a Christian age. 3.
hvíla sik, to take rest, pause, Eg. 492, 586; h. lið sitt, 
to let one's troops
rest, Karl. 370. II. reflex., hvílask, to take rest, pause,
 623. II,
Vkv. 28, Nj. 132, Lv. 59, Fms. v. 64, vii. 193, Sks. 550: to pause, vil e
k
nú láta þá ræðu hvílask, Sks. 240; n
ú verðr þar at hvílask, Gísl. 18.
HVÍLA, u, f. [Ulf. hweila = GREEK ; A. S. hwîl; Engl. while; O. H. G.
hwila; Germ, weile; Hel. hvîla; all of them in a temp
, sense, = a while,
an hour; whereas the Scandin. word has the notion of rest, making a
distinction between hvíld in a general, and hvíla in a special sen
se;
Dan. hvile; Swed. hvila] :-- a bed, Sturl. i. 207, 208, iii
. 282, Nj. 14,
Eg. 567, Fms. xi. 290, Gísl. 16, Am. 9, Sól. 72; vers-hvíla
, Grág. ii. 183,
passim. COMPDS: hvílu-ábreiða, u, f. a bed-blanket. hvílubrögð, n. pl. cohabitation, Fas. iii. 305, 470. hv&iacute
;lu-felagi, a, m.
a bedfellow, Fms. ix. 321. hvílu-gólf, n. a bed c
loset, Fms. ii. 85,
197, Eg. 603, Dropl. 29, Háv. 31 new Ed., Gísl. 30, Ld. 138; also
called
lok-hvíla, cp. Gísl. 29, Eb.; thalamus is rendered by hv&ia
cute;lugólf in Hom. (St.)
101. hvílu-höll, f. = hvílugolf, Karl. 20. hv&iacut
e;lu-klæði, n. pl.
bedclothes, Vm. 109, Finnb. 216, N. G. L. i. 358. hvílu-neyti, n.
the sleeping in one bed, Stj. 197, Bær. 17. hvílu-stofa, u, f. = hvilugólf, D. N. hvílu-stokkr, m. the outside edge of a bed, 623. 52, Pr.
439. hvílu-tollr, m. hire of a bed, Fas. iii. 372. hv&ia
cute;lu-váðir,
f. pl. bed sheets, (mod. rekkváðir or rekkjóðir), V

m. 177. hvíluþröng, f. the taking up one's bed, Gísl. 16; lok-hv&iac
ute;la, q. v.
hvíl-beðr, m. a bed of rest, Akv. 31.
hvíld, f. rest, repose, Nj. 43, Eg. 492, Fms. v. 307
, vi. 420, vii. 193,
Sks. 235, Stj. 613, passim: pause, Nj. 248; í hvíld, in
baiting, in rest,
 Hbl. 2. COMPDS: hvíldar-dagr, m. a day of rest, Magn.
502: esp.
eccl. the Sabbath, halda skaltú helgan hvíldar-daginn Drott
ins Guðs þíns,
the Fourth Commandment, Stj., Vidal. passim. hvíldar-hestr, m. a
relay horse, Sturl. iii. 23. hvíldar-lauss, adj. restles
s, without rest,
 Sks. 235. hvíldar-staðr, m. a place of rest, Stj.
155, Pass. 10. 3.
hvíl-dagr, m. = hvildardagr, Rb. 1812. 48.
hvílig-leikr, m. = Lat. qualitas, Alg. 372, Edda ii. 90.
hví-ligr, adj. = Lat. qualis, Fms. x. 107.
hví-líkr, adj. interrog. [Ulf. hweileiks; A. S. h
wylc; Engl. which; Early
Engl. and Scot, while, whilk] :-- what like? (as still used in No
rth. E. for
of what kind?), Lat. qualis, Fms. ii. 220, v. 302, Nj. 269, passim
in old
and mod. usage. II. relative, Stj. 85.
HVÍNA, pret. hvein, hvinu, hvinit, [A. S. hwînan; Eng
l. whine; Dan.
hvine; Swed. hvina] :-- to give a whizzing sound, as the pi
nions of a
bird, an arrow, shaft, gust of wind, or the like; hein hvein í hjarna mae
ni,
the bone whizzed into his skull, Hausrl. 5; örvarnar flugu hv&iacute
;nandi yfir
höfuð þeim, Fms. viii. 39; örvar hvinu hjá þeim
öllu megin, 179; sær
fell at landi hvínanda, Clem. 48; láta hein-þynntan hryneld
h., Edda 88
(in a verse).
hvískra, að, [Dan. hviske; Swed. hviska], to
whisper, Karl. 211.
hvískran, f. (hviskr, n.), a whispering, Karl. 236.
hvísl, n. (and hvísla, u, f., Thom. 535), a whisp
ering, THom. 447.
HVÍSLA, að, [A. S. hwîslan; Engl. whistle]
: to whisper; h. við e-n,
Fms. v. 201; h. með e-n, Karl. 53; h. sin í millum, Karl. 356: mod.,
hvísla at e-m: recipr. hvíslask, to whisper to one another,

Fms. xi. 425.
hvíta, u, f. the white in an egg.
hvíti, f. whiteness, fair hue, Ísl. ii. 211.
hvítill, m. (Ivar Aasen kvitel, the Engl. quilt), a whit
e bed-cover,
Sir., N. D.
hvítingr, m. a kind of whale, Sks. 123, Gkv. 2. 42; mod. mj
aldr:
name of horses, Bjarn. 20: of drinking horns, Fms. iii. 189.
hvít-leiki, a, m. whiteness, Stj. 92, Mar.
hvít-mata, að; það hvítmatar í augun &
aacute; honum, of milky white eyes.
hvítna, að, to become white, Edda 28, Sir. 64.
HVÍTR, adj. [Ulf. hweits = GREEK; A. S. hwít; Engl. white; Hel. huît;
O. H. G. hwîz; Germ, weiss; Swed. hvit; Dan. hvid
] :-- white; hvit
skinn, white fur, 4. 24; h. motr, a white cap, Ld. 188; h. skj&oum
l;ldr, a
white shield, Fms. x. 347; hit hvíta feldarins, Fbr. 148; hvít
t blóm,
white blossom, 4. 24; hvítt hold, white flesh (skin), id.;
hvít hönd,
a white band, Hallfred; h. háls, a white neck, of a lady, R
m.; h. hestr, a
white horse, Fms. ix. 527; hvítr á har, white-haired, v
i. 130; h. maðr
(fair of hue) ok vænn í andliti, x. 420; hvítan mann
ok huglausan, Ld.
232; hvít mörk, white money, of pure silver, opp. to gr&aacut
e;tt (grey) silver,
B. K. 95; hvitr matr, white meat, i. e. milk, curds, and the like, opp. t
o
flesh, in the eccl. law, K. Þ. K. 126; hvítr dögurðr, a
white day meal,
Sighvat; hvíta-matr, id, K. Þ. K. 102; mjall-hvítr, f
ann-h., snjó-h.,
drift-h., white as driven snow; al-h., white allover.
B. Eccl. use of the word white: I. at the introduction of
Christianity, neophytes in the week after their baptism used to wear
white garments, called hvíta-váðir, f. pl. white wee
ds, as a symbol of
baptism cleansing from sin and being a new birth; a neophyte was called
hvít-váðungr, m. a 'wbite-weedling,' o
ne dressed in white weeds, Niðrst.
II: the Sagas contain many touching episodes of neophytes, esp. such as
were baptized in old age, and died whilst in the white weeds; þat er s&oum
l;gn
flestra manna at Kjartan hafi þann dag görzt handgenginn Ölafi k
onungi
er hann var færðr ór hvíta-váðum ok þei
r Bolli báðir, Ld. ch. 40; síðan

hafði konungr þá í boði sínu ok veitti &thorn
;eim ena virðuligustu veizlu meðan
þeir vóru í hvítaváðum, ok lét kenn
a þeim heilög fræði, Fms. i. 230;
Glúmr (Víga-Glúm) var biskupaðr í banasót
t af Kol biskupi ok andaðisk í hvítaváðum, Glúm. 397; Bár&et
h;r tók sótt litlu síðar enn hann
var skírðr ok andaðisk í hvítaváðum, Fms
. ii. 153; Ólafr á Haukagili
var skírðr ok andaðisk í hvítaváðum, Fs.
(Vd.) 77; var Tóki síðan
skírðr af hirðbiskupi Ólafs konungs, ok andaðisk &iacu
te; hvítaváðum, Fb. ii.
138; síðan andaðisk Gestr í hvítaváðum,
Bárð. (sub fin.) Sweden, but
above all Gothland, remained in great part heathen throughout the whole
of the 11th century, after the neighbouring countries Denmark and Norway
had become Christian, and so we find in Sweden Runic stones referring to
Swedes who had died in the white weeds, some abroad and some at home;
sem varð dauðr íhvítaváðum í Danmör
ku, Baut. 435; hann varð dauðr
í Danmörku í hvítaváðum, 610; þeir d&
oacute; í hvítaváðum, 68; sem dó í
hvítaváðum, 271; hann varð dauðr í hvíta
váðum, 223, 497. Churches
when consecrated used to be dressed out with white; var Kjartan at
Borg grafinn, þá var kirkja nyvígð ok í hv&iacute
;taváðum, Ld. 230. II.
the white garments gave rise to new words and phrases amongst the first
generation of northern Christians: 1. Hvíta-Kristr, m. 'WhiteChrist,' was the favourite name of Christ; hafa láti mik heitan Hvita
-Kristr
at viti eld, ef..., Sighvat; another poet (Edda 91) uses the word; and
in prose, dugi þú mér, Hvíta-Kristr, help thou me, White-Christ! Fs. 101;
ok þeir er þann sið hafa taka nafn af þeim Guði er &th
orn;eir trúa á, ok
kallaðr er Hvíta-Kristr ok því heita þeir Kristnir
, mér er ok sagt at H.
<PAGE NUM="b0303">
<HEADER>HVlTABJÖRN -- HYGLI. 303</HEADER>&aelig-acute;
sé svá miskunsamr, at..., Fms. i. 295; en ef ek skal á gu&e
th; nacquat trúa,
hvat er mér þá verra at ek trúa á Hvita-Krist
en á annat guð ? Ó. H. 204;
Arnljótr svarar, heyrt hefi ek getið Hvíta-Krists, en ekki er
mér kunnigt
um athöfn hans eða hvar hann ræðr fyrir, 211; en þ&oacu
te; trúi ek á HviítaKrist, Fb. ii. 137. 2. the great festivals, Yule (see Ld. ch. 40), Easter
and Pentecost, but especially the two latter, were the great seasons for
christening; in the Roman Catholic church especially Easter, whence in
Roman usage the first Sunday after Easter was called Dominica in Albis;
but in the northern churches, perhaps owing to the cold weather at Easter
time, Pentecost, as the birthday of the church, seems to have been specially
appointed for christening and for ordination, see Hungrv. ch. 2, Thom.
318; hence the following week was termed the Holy Week (Helga
Vika). Hence; Pentecost derived its name from the white garments,
and was called Hvíta-dagar, the White days, i. e. Whitsu
n-week; frá
Páskadegi inum fýrsta skulu vera vikur sjau til Drottins-dags &iac
ute; Hvítadögum; Drottinsdag í Hvítadögum skulu vér halda s
em hinn fyrsta
Páskadag, K. Þ. K. 102; þváttdag fyrir Hvítadag
a = Saturday next before
Whitsunday, 126, 128; Páskadag inn fyrsta ok Uppstigningar-dag ok
Drottinsdag í Hvítadögum, 112; þá Imbrudaga er u
m Hvítadaga verða,
120; vóru afteknir tveir dagar í Hvítadögum, Bs. i. 42
0; um várit á
Hvítadögum, Orkn. 438: Hvítadaga-vika, u, f. Whiteday week =
Whitsun-week, K. Þ. K. 126: in sing., þeir kómu at Hv&
iacute;tadegi (= Whitsunday) til Björgynjar, Fms. x. 63, v. 1.: Hvíitadaga-helgi, f. the
White-day feast, Whitsuntide, Fms. viii. 373, xi. 339, Sturl. iii. 206:
Hvítadaga-hríð, a snow storm during the White days, Ann
. 1330: HvitDrottins-dagr, m. the White Lord's day, i. e. Whitsunday, the
northern
Dominica in Albis, Rb. 484, Ems. vii. 156, Bs. i. 62, where it refers to
the 20th of May, 1056, on which day Isleif the first bishop of Iceland
was consecrated. The name that at last prevailed was Hvíta-sunna,
u, f. Whitsun, i. e. White-sun, D. N. ii. 263, 403: Hvít
asunni-dagr,
m. Whitsuday, Fb. ii. 546, Ems. viii. 63, v. l.: Hvítasunnudags
-vika,
u, f. Whitsun-week, Fb. ii. 546; Páskaviku, ok Hvítasunn
udags-viku, ok
þrjár vikur fyrir Jónsvöku, ok svá fyrir Michial
s-messu, N. G. L. i. 150;
hvítasunnudagshátíð, Thom. 318. As the English was the
mother-church
of that of Norway and Iceland, the Icelandic eccl. phrases are derived
from the English language. See Bingham's Origg. s. vv. White Garments,
and Dominica in Albis, where however no reference is given to Icel.
writers. In modern Denmark and Norway the old name has been
displaced by Pindse, i. e. Pfingsten, derived from the Greek word,
whereas in Icel., as in Engl., only the name Hvitasunna is known,
UNCERTAIN In Denmark the people make a practice of thronging to the woods
on Whitsun morning to see the rising of the sun, and returning with
green branches in their hands, the trees being just in bud at that season.
C. COMPDS: hvíta-björn, m. the white bear, K. Þ.
K. 110, Sks. 191,
Landn. 174; see björn. hvíta-dagar, see B. II. 2. hv&iacut
e;ta-gnípa,
u, f. white peaks, the foaming waves, Lex. Poët. hvíta-log
n, n. a white
calm, of the sea. hvíta-matr = hvítr matr, K. Þ.
K. Hvíta-sunna,
see B. II; hvíta-váðir, see B. I. hvíta-valr, m. a white/ al co n, Sks. 189.
hvít-armr, adj. white-armed, Hm. 162 (epithet of a lady). hvítbránn, adj. white-browed, Fas. iii. (in a verse). hv&iacute
;t-brúnn, adj.
white-browed, Ems. x. 321. hvít-dreki, a, m. a white dra
gon, Merl.
2. 41. Hvítdrottins-dagr, see B. II. 2. hvít-faldaðr, p
art.
white-hooded, of the waves, Fas. i. (in a verse). hvít-fjað
raðr, part.
white-feathered, of a swan, Fas. i. (in a verse). hvít-flekk&oa
cute;ttr, adj.
white-decked, white-spotted, Stj. 93, 250. hvít-fyrsa, t, to be white
with foam, of a current, Fas. ii. 252. hvít-fyssi, n. a whi
te foaming
stream, Thom. 303. hvít-haddaðr, part, white-haired, Lex. Poët.
hvít-hárr and lavít-hærðr, adj. 
white-haired, 4. 25, Sks. 92. hvítjarpr, adj. white-brown, blond, of a woman, Fms. (in a verse). hv&
iacute;tklæddr, part. clad in white. hvít-melingar, f. pl
., poët, arrows,
 Edda (Gl.) hvít-röndóttr, adj. white-striped, Stj. 93. hvítskeggjaðr, part. white-bearded, Flóv. 41. hvít-s
kinn, n. white fur,
 D. N. hvít-váðungr, m., see B. II. as pr. names, Hvítr,
Engl. White, Dan. Hvid, Landn.; esp. as a surname, Hvíti
, the White,
 Óláfr Hvíti, Þorsteinn Hvíti, Landn.: 
Hvít-beinn, m. White-hone, a
nickname, Landn.; as also Hvíta-skáld, Hvíta-sk&y
acute;, Hvíta-leðr,
Hvíta-kollr, Landn.: in local names, Hvíta-býr, Whitby; Hvíta-nes,
Hvíta-dalr, Landn.; Hvít-á, the White-wate
r, a name of several Icel.
rivers flowing from glaciers, Hvítár-vellir, Hvít
ár-síða, Landn.;
Hvítramanna-land, White-men's-land, old name of the souther
n part
of the present United States, Landn.
HVÆSA, t, [Engl. hiss; Dan. hv&oelig;se; akin to hv&i
acute;sla] :-- to hiss; h.
sem höggormr, to hiss like a serpent, Greg. 50, Róm. 238; &th
orn;á nam jötunn
h. halt, Ülf.
hvæsing, f. hissing, Al. 168.
HVÖNN, f., gen. hvannar, pl. hvannir, [Norse kvanne], ange
lica,
arcbangelica L., Grág. ii. 348, Fms. ii. 244, Fbr. 87, 88: wild angel
ica
being common in Icel., the word is freq. in local names, Hvann-á,
Hvann-eyri, Hvann-dalr, Landn. In olden times the angelica seems
to have been much used to give flavour to ale; see jóll.

HVÖT, f., gen. hvatar, pl. hvatir, instigation, impulse, Al.
119, passim,
as also in mod. usage, fram-hvöt, q. v.: alacrity, Lex. Poët.:
names of
poems, Guðrunar-hvöt, Sæm.; Húskarla-hvöt, &Oa
cute;. H. COMPDS: hvatabuss, m., q. v. hvata-maðr, in. an instigator, Ld. 240, Fm
s. xi. 263.
hvötuðr, m. an instigator, author, Lex. Poët, chiefl
y in poët. compds.
hvötun, f. = hvatan.
hyggiliga, adv. wisely, with circumspection, Hkm. ii, Ld. 178, Gl&
uacute;m.
337, Karl. 442.
hyggiligr, adj. wise, circumspect, Bs. i. 294, Niðrst. 3.
hyggindi, in mod. usage a n. pl., but in old writers often a f. sing, and
spelt hyggjandi, Edda (Gl.), Hm. 6, Skv. 3. 49, Fms. iv. 132, Hðm.
28, Hom., Grág. i. 176 :-- circumspection, wisdom, svo eru hyggind
i sem
í hag koma, a saying; at viti ok hyggindi, Fms. v. 342; at hyggindum,
Landn. 259; at hyggindi ok réttlæti, Fms. iii. 106; vill hyggjandi
(gen.
sing.), out of one's senses, Fas. i. 436 (in a verse); hyggindis-munr, Gr
ett. 147 Ahygginn, adj. clever, intelligent, discreet, Ísl. ii. 341,
Fms. v. 221, xi.
17, 33, Sd. 178, Grág. i. 175. N. G. L. i. 231; hyggnir menu, Post. 33,
Karl. 352, 359.
HYGGJA, pres. hygg. pl. hyggjum; pret. hugði; part. hugt or hugat;
pres. reflex, hyggjumk, Stor. 13; pret. hugðumk, Em. I; pres. 1st pers.
hykk = hygg ek, Lex. Poët, passim; and with neg. hykk-at, id.; [Goth.
hugjan] : -- to think, mean, believe; hugðu þ&oac
ute; mjök sér hvárir-tveggju, were
of different opinions, Fms. vii. 176; ek hygg at á ekki kaupskip hafi
komit jafnmikit fé, Eg. 72; ferr þetta mjök annan veg en ek hu
gða, 127;
minni þurðr en hann kvaðsk hugat hafa, Bs. i. 778; hugði (s
uspected)
því hestvörðrinn úfrið, Fms. ix. 351: to gue
ss, far hyggr þegjanda þörf,
a saying, none can make out the wants of the silent, Sól. 28; &tho
rn;ær of hugði,
made out, Sdm. 13: to observe, muse, sat ek ok hugðak, Hm. 11.
2.
to intend, purpose; sóknar-gagna þeirra sem hann hugði f
ram at færa,
Nj. 110; at hann hafi fram færða sókn sem hann hyggr, Gr&aacute
;g. i. 60;
mæla fagrt en h. flátt, Fms. ii. 91, Hm. 44, 90. 3. to imagine,
apprehend; fleiri en þat of hyggi hverr ósviðra apa, Gm. 34; er
eigi má eyra

heyra né hjarta manns hyggja, Blas. 44; máka ek hyggja hvé
..., Korm.,
Am. 12; þat hugðum vér, at vér hefðim þ&aacute
; höndum himin tekit, Fms. i.
33 ; hyggja e-m vel, to be well-disposed towards a person, Sturl. iii. 15
0; h.
e-m gott, Am. 33; h. vel ráði e-s, to he pleased with, Eb. 206
(in a verse);
h. vel, to be of good comfort, Gísl. 71 (in a verse); ok munu &tho
rn;au vel hyggja
(they will be glad) er þau hafa akrinn, Glúm. 343; h. e-u &i
acute;lla, to be ill-disposed, dislike, Fas. ii. 486, Skv. i. 24, 40: with infin., er hann hygði
úhætt
fjörvi sínu vera munu, Grág. ii. 32. II. with prepp.; hyggja
af e-u,
to 'think off' a thing i. e. leave off thinking of it, drop or forget
it; h. af
heimsku, Hkr. 1. 103; h. af harmi, Fms. vi. 389; hannhugði seint af andl&aac
ute;ti
hans, vii. 17; af hyggja um e-t, to give up, vi. 381: hyggja at, to 't
hink to'
attend to, mind, behold, Rm. 25, Am. 3, Hým. 3, Hm. 23, Stor. 13, H&o
uml;fuðl.
3; hugði hann at vandliga hvat þar var á markat, Fms. i. 134; k
onungr
hugði vandlega at manninum, Nj. 6; var þá vandliga at hugt si&e
th;um allra
þeirra, Sks. 245 B, 278 B; Flosi gékk í lögréttu
at hyggja at fénu, Nj.
190; hón hugði at spámanna bókum, Mar.; hón hug&
eth;i at sér vel um
messuna sem hón var vön, Bs. i. 435; h. at eigi spilltisk, Fms. ix.
308;
hugðu þeir at eldinum, Bs. i. 669 :-- hyggja á e-t, to 'thin
k on' (as in
North. E.), attend to a thing; hyggja á flótta, to think
of flight, Fms. ii.
306, Am. 101, Ed. 88 (in a verse) :-- hyggja fyrir e-u, to take thought for;
 eiga bú ok bórn fyrir at h., Fms. v. 24; h. fyrir orði ok
eiði = Lat. mentis
compos, Grág. i. 461 :-- hyggja um e-t, to think about a thing
; h. um meô
e-m, to deliberate with one about a thing, Fms. vii. 139; h. um sik, t
o
think about oneself, Fm. 35: e-m er um hugat um e-t, to have a thing a
t
heart, be concerned about it, Glúm. 332. III. reflex., hyggjask,
to bethink oneself, suppose, deem; ek hugðumk rísa, me thou
ght I rose,
 Fm. 1; einn rammari hugðomk öllum vera, Fm. 16, Ísl. ii. 24
9 (in a
verse); hann hugðisk við Esau mæla, 655 vii. 2; ef maðr er kva
ddr þess
vættis er hann hyggsk eigi í vera, Grág. i. 44; hann hyg&eth
;isk eiga, 415;
hyggstú betr göra munu, dost thou think that thou canst do it bet
ter? Nj.
19; hugðusk menn þaðan mundu föng fá, Fms. i. 86: t
o intend, þú
hugðisk ræna mundu Þorstein landeign sinni, Eg. 737; hann hug&et
h;isk til
áreiðar, Fms. x. 413; hyggjask fyrir, to thinkon before, premedita
te,
 Ls. 15 :-- impers., hugðisk honum svá, it appeared to him so,
 Landn.
57. IV. part. hugðr, as adj.; nauðleytar-manna, eðr annarra
hugðra manna, or other beloved person, 625. 192; af hugðu, int
imately,
 Bjarn. 58; hann ræddi ekki af hugðu, 40; ræða hugat m&a
acute;l, to speak what one has at heart, Korm. (in a verse); mæla h
ugat, to speak sincerely, Skv. ï.
10, Höfuðl. 13; hugðan hróðr, a song of praise, encom
ium, Jd. I.
hyggja, u, f. thought, mind, opinion; h. ok hugleiðing, MS. 4.
7; at
sinni hyggju, N. G. L. ii. 173; Guðleg h., Róm. 308: understanding
,
 mannleg h., Stj.; fyrr fullkominn at hyggju en vetra-tölu, Ld. 18: &aa
cute;-hyggja,
care, anxiety; fyrir-h., forethought; van-h., want of forethoug
ht; umhyggja, concern. COMPDS: hyggju-lauss, adj. thoughtless, hyggjuleysi, n. thoughtlessness, Ld. 60.
hyggjaðr, part. minded, intending, Gh. 16.
hyggjandi, f., see hyggindi.
hyggnask, að, to give an insight, Þjal. 20.
hygli, f. consideration, K. Á. 104.
<PAGE NUM="b0304">
<HEADER>304 HYLBAUTI -- HÆFA.</HEADER>
hyl-bauti, a, m. 'depth-beater,' poët. a ship, Edda (G
l.)
HYLDA, d, [hold], to slash, N. G. L. i. 381, Am. 55; h. hval, Fms.
v. 178 (in a verse). II. reflex. to grow fat, get flesh, K. &THOR
N;. K. 130: hyldr, part. fleshy, Grett. 91.
hyldga, að, to get flesh.
hyldgan, f. getting flesh; of-hyldgan, medic.
HYLJA, pres. hyl (hylk = hyl ek, Hbl. 11), pl. hyljum; pret. hulði (h
uldi); part. huliðr, huldr, and hulinn; [Ulf. huljan = GREEK; A. S. helan; Old Engl. to hele, hull; O. H. G. huljan; Germ. h&
uuml;llen; Swed. hölja; Dan. hylle and hæle]
:-- to hide, cover; hylja hann allan, Edda 72; hann hulði höfu&
eth; sitt, Fms. x. 255; huldi andlit sitt, 361; hón huldi dúk, bj&
oacute;ð, Rm.; hann huldi hræ hans, Nj. 27, Grág. ii. 88; ok sv
á mikit hárit at hón mátti h. sik með, Nj. 16: to bury, jörðu hulinn, buried in the earth, Magn. 506; hyl
ja auri, Korm. (in a verse); huliðr sandi, Geisli 25: to conceal, lim
i okkra hyl ekki, Sks. 504: part. huldr or huliðr, id.; fara h
uldu höfði, to go with the head covered, i.e. in disguise
or by stealth, Eg. 406, Fms. i. 222; cp. huliðshjálmr.
hyljan, f. a covering, hiding, Sturl. iii. 234.
hylki, n. a hulk, of an old tub or vessel.
HYLLA, t, hylda in N. G. L. ii. l.c.; [cp. hollr; Germ. huldige
n; Dan. hylde] :-- to court a person's friendship; h. sik fj&
aacute;ndmönnum e-s, Fms. vi. 174; h. sik svá við menn, Gþ
l. 25; h. fyrir e-m, to recommend one, Lv. 6; h. ok samþykkja, N.
G. L. ii. 65, 220; h. hug með e-m, to consent, 183. II. reflex
., hyllask e-n at (athyllask, q.v.), to cultivate, pay homage to, Fs. 130
, Fms. iv. 448: eccl. to worship, hyllask at Guð, hyllisk nú a
t Thomas biskup, pray to bishop Thomas! Sturl. iii. 234.
hylli, f. favour, grace, Þkv. 29, Fas. ii. 69; Guðs h.,
Grág. ii. 167, Ísl. ii. 382, passim.
hylling, f. homage.
HYLMA, d, [akin to hylja], to hide, conceal; used only as a law ph
rase, and with the prep. yfir; yfir h. verk sitt, Stj. 42; nú mundi ellig
ar yfir hylmask mál Odds, Fms. vi. 384; þarf ekki lengr yfir &thorn
;essu at hylma, vii. 20, Fas. i. 195.
hylming, f. a concealing, of a sin, Pass. 5. 3.
HYLR, m., gen. hyljar, pl. ir, [akin to holr], a hole or deep p
lace in a river, e.g. places where trout and salmon lie hidden, Bs. i. 46,
Hrafn. 23, Fs. 48: freq. in local names, Skip-hylr (a dock in a river), Þ&
uacute;fu-h., Hörgs-h., D. I.
hyltingr, m. [from holt; cp. hultiggir in the Golden horn], the
'holt-dwellers,' in compds, Hjarð-hyltingar, etc.
hymni or ymni, proncd. himni, a, m. [a for. word], a hym
n, Ám. 54, Bs. hymna-bók, -skrá, f. a hymn bo
ok, B. K. 83, Pm. 24, 29; but out of use except in the word hymna-lag, n. a hymn, melody; með hymnalag, Pass. (begin.)
hyndask, d, [hund = hundrað], to be multiplied, a GREEK; unz f
é hyndisk, till the money increases, N. G. L. i. 23.
hyndla, u, f. [hundr], a little dog, doggie, Mar. 494, v.l.: name
of a giantess, whence Hyndlu-ljóð, n. pl. the name of a
n old song.
hypja, að, [hjúpr], to huddle the clothes on; h. sig &i
acute; fötin, to dress oneself in a hurry.
hypja, adj. in tötrug-hypja (q.v.), Rm.
HYRJA, pres. hyrr, [hurr], to knock at; hann hyrr hurðir = 
impingebat in ostia portae of the Vulgate, Stj. 475 (v.l.), 1 Sam. xxi. 13.
hyrja, u, f. name of a giantess, Edda.
hyrna, n, f. [horn], one of the horns or points of an axe-h

ead, öxar-h., Bjarn. 36, Fms. vii. 191, Nj. 198: of a mountain, a peak, freq.: of a house, Hornklofi: a horned ewe is called hyrna; Mó-hyrna,
Grá-h. II. a nickname, Landn.: in compds, Vatns-h., the book f
rom Vatnshorn, etc.
hyrndr, adj. horned, Rb. 356, Grág. i. 501, Fms. xi. 6, Stj
. 314: angular, mathem., þrí-h., fer-h., átt-h., Alg.
195.
hyrning, f. a corner, nook of a house, Skálda 162, Stj. 152
, Eg. 91, Fbr. 168, Grett. 57 new Ed., Fas. ii. 427, Thom. 80.
hyrningr, m. a horned man, used mockingly of a bishop with his cro
sier; margt mælir h. hjá, Ó. H.; karp þess hyrnings er
ér kallit biskup, id. 2. a pr. name, Fb. iii. II. an an
gle, mathem.; þrí-hyrningr, a triangle; fer-h., a squ
are; átt-h., an octagon.
HYRR, m., gen. hyrjar, [cp. Ulf. hauri = embers, John xviii
. 18, Rom. xii. 20] :-- embers of fire, but only in poetry, Vþm. 31
, Hdl. 45, Ýt. 20, Haustl. 14, Vellekla, passim, as also in a great many
compds denoting weapons ( = the fire of the battle or of Odin), or gold (
= the fire of the sea), see Lex. Poët. pp. 431-433. Hyrr-okin, the name of a giantess, from hyrr, and rokinn from rjúka, Edda.
HYSKI, n. [better hýski, from hús], a household, family,
 cp. hjú, Edda 5, Hkr. 197, Fms. vi. 368, Al. 21, N. G. L. ii. 473, H
om. 152, Stj. 57; but, in mod. usage at least, used almost exclusively in a low
sense, of beggars and low people.
hyskinn, adj. slothful.
HÝ, n. the down of plants, hair, feathers, Lat. lanugo; skalf á hnakka hý, Sturl. i. 22 (in a verse); hý eð
r fífa, Stj. 40. hý-nefr, m. downy nose, a nickname
of one with a tuft of hair on his nose, Landn.
hýaðr, part. fledged, Bb. 2. 26.
hý-býli, n. pl. home; see híbýli.
hýða, d, [húð], to flog, Fms. vi. 187, ix. 3
49, N. G. L. i. 13, 85.
hýði, n. a husk, shell, pod, Lat. legumen.
hýðing, f. a 'hiding' (slang Engl.), flogging; s
á skal hýðing valda er heimskastr er á þingi, a s
aying, N. G. L. i. 349, Grág. i. 456, Stj. 396.
hýi, a, m. [hjú], a domestic, servant, Grág.
ii. 40, a GREEK.
hý-jafn, adj. quite even, Lex. Poët.
hýma, d, [húm], to sneak in the dark, Fas. ii. 284;
but see híma.
Hýmir, m. [húm], name of a giant, Edda; Hymis-kviða,

 u, f. the name of a poem.
hý-nótt, f. [hjú], the 'wedding-nights,' i.e.
the three nights either just before or rather just after the wedding (Skm. 42):
that they were three is stated in Fas. i. 250 (in a verse), where hýjarnætr = hýnætr seems to be the true reading; the same number i
s hinted at in the Skm. l.c., -- hve um þreyjak 'þrjár.' May
not the Engl. honeymoon be derived from this old word, qs. hýn&oa
cute;ttar mánuðr = the wedding-night month?
Hýnskr, adj. [Húnar], Hunnish, Fas. i. 207.
hýra, u, f. a mild expression, sweetness; hýran af h
enni skein, Stef. Ól.; má ek vel lofa mína hýru (
my love), Bb. 3. 27; from the saying, hverr lofar sína hýru, every one praises his love.
hýrask, ð, dep. to be gladdened, brighten up; hý
rðisk hann skjótt í viðbragði, Fs. 184, freq. in mod.
usage.
hýring, f. a kindling, Mar. 23.
hýrlega, adv. sweetly, with a smiling face, Fas. i. 57, iii
. 209, Bs. ii. 55.
hýrligr, adj. smiling, sweet, of the eyes, face, Bs. i. 217
, freq. in mod. usage.
hýrna, að, to brighten up.
hý-rógi, n., qs. hýrúgr, [hý-], bea
rded rye (?), Hm. 138; see haull.
HÝRR, adj. [O. H. G. ga-hiuri; Germ. ge-heuer], s
weet, smiling, mild; Vkv. 15; hægr ok hýrr, Bs. i. 345; &thorn
;essi dýr vóru hýr, Fas. iii. 78; hýrr ok hug-&thorn
;ekkr, Stj. 588, Bs. ii. 13; hægt og hýrt, Pass. 12. 16; huga-h., 2
3; bæn af iðrandi hjarta hýr, 40. 6: the saying, vera aldrei me
ð hýrri há, to be never in good cheer, always melancholy: in mod. usage bright, sweet, of the face.
hýsa, t, [hús], to house, harbour, Stj. 152, G&thorn
;l. 144.
hýungr, m. [hý, n.], downy hair on the chin.
hý-víg, n. [hjú], a law term, homicide, where
the person slain is another person's bondsman, Grág. ii. 152.
hæ, an interj. of shouting from exultation.
HÆÐ, f. [Ulf. hauiþa = GREEK and GREEK; A. S. h
eahðo; Engl. height; Dan. höjde; Germ. höhe; Swed. höjd] :-- height; hlaupa hæð sína,
Nj. 29; hæð trjánna, Stj. 74; breidd, lengd, þykt, h&ael
ig;ð, Alg. 372, passim; manns-hæð, a man's height; fjalis-h
æð: of hair = lengd, Fms. x. 177, etc. 2. a height, hill; hæðir þær er nú heita Hallbjarnar-vörður
, Landn. 152; þeir fóru á hæðina, í ena sy&

eth;ri hæðina, því eru þrjár vörður
á þeirri hæðinni, 153; sat Ljótr á h&aelig
;ð einni, 147; gengu þeir upp á hæð nokkura, Nj. 267;
dalr ok hæð, Fms. ix. 490; hæðir eða haugar, Ó.
H. 67; er þeir ganga ofan ór hæð, Stj. 444; skaltú
ganga upp á hæð með mér, 443; hólar, h&aelig
;ðir, Núm. 2. 100; leiti né hæðir, Grág. i. 4
33. β. a top, summit, Stj. 66; í hæð borgari
nnar: of the heaven, Hom. 90; hæðir himna, Hólabók; Fa&e
th;ir á himna hæð, id.; níu eru himnar á hæ
ð talðir, Edda (Gl.); hæða blót, fórnfærin
g, göfgan, hof, sacrifice, worship, a temple on the high places, Stj
. 635, 640, 641. II. metaph. highness, shrill tone, of the voice,
Skálda 175; tala í hæð eða í leynd, to spe
ak aloud or secretly, Sks. 365. 2. amount, of price; ka
upa með sama hæð, Dipl. v. 21; upp-hæð, amount: highn
ess, exaltation, Hom., Mar.
HÆÐA, d, [háð], to scoff at, mock; with acc.,
Al. 170, Fms. ii. 46, Stj. 411, 583; also, h. at e-m, Eg. 755; hæðit
þit nú at mér, Fms. ii. 101, Flóv. 34, Karl. 477.
hæði-liga, adv. mockingly, scornfully, Fms. vi. 110, 152
, viii. 171, Stj. 395, 418.
hæði-ligr, adj. ludicrous, Fms. i. 14, vii. 210, Sturl.
ii. 90, Fs. 159, Orkn. 240, Stj. 396, 431.
hæðing, f. a scoffing, Bret. 36, Barl. 125.
hæðinn, adj. scoffing, Hm. 30.
hæði-yrði, n. pl. taunts, Nj. 27, Korm. 34.
hæðni, f. mockery, scurrility, Fms. iii. 21, Hom. (St.),
Pass. 14. 14. hæðnis-gjarn, adj. scoffing, Pass. 27. 3.
HÆFA (h&oelig;fa), ð, [hóf and hafa], to hit, with acc.; hann hæfði allt þat er hann skaut til, Nj. 29, Fm
s. i. 9, viii. 140; þeir hæfa aldri dýr, Fas. ii. 543, Fms. v
iii. 385, Grág. ii. 7, passim: hæfa á e-t, hæfði h
ann eigi á spjótið, Fms. ii. 250; á sama hæfi ek
um draumana, Ld.; hæfa skoti sínu, to take an aim, Þi&
eth;r. 94: hæfa til, to aim at, aim; svá hafði smiðr
inn til hæft, so well had he aimed, Fms. x. 321; svá haf&eth
;i hann glöggliga til hæft um gröftinn, vi. 149. II. with
dat., mostly metaph. to moderate, mete out justly; hæfa refsingum,
Stj.; hæfa hófi e-s hlutar, to hit the right mean, Gr&aacut
e;g. xvii, cxv; ek skal þat (því?) hæfa, I will put
that right, Lv. 8. III. to fit; hæfa e-m, hæfð
u Kjartani þau, they (the clothes) fitted K., Fms. ii. 79. 2. to behove, be meet; hæfir oss þá eiða vel
at halda, Fb. ii. 119; segir varla h. minni fávizku, Fms. i.
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140; sva vitr sem spökum konungi hæfði at vera, 259; hvat yðr
hæfir at göra, 281; eigi hæfir at drepa svá frí&
eth;an svein, 80; svá hæfir eigi, it will not do, xi. 123; s
kyldir þú kunna þér hóf, hvat þér
hæfir, iii. 330; þat hæfir honum (it is meet for him),
at sverðit er fast í umgörðinni, Fas. i. 70; þess hlut
ar sem þeim hæfir til, which is due to them, K. Á. 54.
IV. reflex. to correspond; spjótið mun hæfask ok
sár þat, the shaft and the wound will correspond, Hkr. ii.
203; vilda ek at þat hæfðisk mjök á, at lið &tho
rn;at kæmi, ok vér slítim talinu, Ld. 320; ef mjök h&ae
lig;fisk á með mönnum um búa-kvöð, Grág.
ii. 52.
hæfa, u, f. a foundation; það er engin hæfa
fyrir því, there is no foundation for it; ú-hæf
a, what is shocking; til-hæfa, a foundation.
hæfi, n. fitness; vera við e-s hæfi, to fit one
, be convenient, what one can wield, Eg. 109, Fas. ii. 521; ó-h&aelig
;fi, what is unfit, monstrous. hæfis-liga, adv. fitly, Flóv. 22.
hæfi-látr, adj. meet, moderate, Sks. 435, Sturl. iii.
169, Þiðr. 131.
hæfi-liga, adv. fitly, Grág. i. 441; ú-h&aelig
;filiga, unfitly.
hæfi-ligr, adj. fit, due, Anecd. 58, 66, Fs. 46, Ísl.
ii. 369, Fms. ii. 86, vi. 69, Sks. 13; ú-hæfiligr, unfit.
hæfindi, n. pl. what fits, behoves, Fms. vi. 121, Sturl. i.
60 C.
hæfing, f. aiming at; göra h., to aim at, Fas. i
i. 344.
hæfinn, adj. aiming well, making a good hit, Sturl. ii. 135.
hæfni, f. being hæfinn, Fb. i. 463.
hæfr, adj. fit, proper, Fms. xi. 94, Stj. 92: fit for use
, Germ. brauchbar, bækr hæfar, opp. to fán&yacute
;tar, Am. 73; vaðmál hæft til klæða, Grág. ii.
341 B; engu hæfr, useless, worthless, Fms. ii. 123; ú-h&ael
ig;fr, unfit, useless, Karl.
hægð, f. [hog-], ease, facility; með hægð,
with ease, easily: in pl. hægðir, medic. stools, h&a
elig;gðar-leikr, m. an easy game; það er enginn h&aelig
;gðarleikr, 'tis no easy game.
hægindi, n. pl. relief (e.g. for the sick and poor); vitja s
júkra ok leita þeim hæginda, 686 B. 2; þá var h&
oelig;genda leitað jarli, 623. 31; ó-hægindi, pains, Bs.
i. 69, 70; e-m til hæginda, 655 xi. 4; göra e-t til hæginda, to do a thing so as to make matters easier. 2. comforts; au&
eth;ræði ok h., Bs. i. 68; skiljask við svá mikil hæg
indi, Sturl. i. 97 C; snúask til hæginda, to turn to advantage,
for the better, Fms. vii. 263; með hægindum, Sturl. i. 60, (better
hæfíndum, C.) II. sing, a bolster, pillow, cushion;
áttján skinnbeðir, hálfr fjórði tigr h&aelig
;ginda, Dipl. iii. 4; undir hægindit í hvíluna, Eg. 567; h&o
acute;n vildi vekja hann ok tekr eitt h. lítið ok kastar í and
lit honum, Ísl. ii. 393; dýnur ok h., Eb. 96, 264, Fms. vii. 197,
198, xi. 290, Hom. 95; hægindis-ver, a pillow case, Dipl. iii. 4, v
. 18. III. eccl. hægindi or hægindis-kirkja, u.
f. a private chapel; N. G. L. i. 8 distinguishes between a fjór&e
th;ungs-, áttúngs-, héraðs-, and hægindis-kirkja;
ef maðr görir sér hægindis-kirkju á jörð
sinni, 344. hægindis-prestr, m. a priest in such a chapel, N
. G. L. i. 136: Hægindi, n. a local name, D. I. i: cp. also h&ae
lig;ginda-hús, n. a house which a tenant builds at his own ex
pense on the estate of his landlord, Gþl. 332.
hægja, ð, to abate, with dat.; hægja rás si
nni, to slacken one's course, Landn. 251, passim. 2. metaph. t
o relieve; h. válaði sitt (sínu), 655 iii. 1: to seek r
elief for one, of a sick person, var þeim hægt í öll
u sem mátti, Fms. xi. 290. II. impers., of a storm or high sea, to abate; veðrið hægir, það er farið að h&a
elig;gja; as also, III. reflex. to abate; sjór tók a
t hægjask, Fms. x. 150: to get smoother, kann vera at hægisk
ráðit, Band. 8; er Guð vill láta nokkurn veg hægjask
um hans mál, Fms. viii. 19: impers., eptir allt þetta hægisk
Fróða lítið, F. became more at ease, Fas. i. 5.
hæg-liga, adv. with ease, gently, Karl. 508, Odd. 2; lifa h.
, Hom. (St.); sættask h., readily, Lv. 75; sem hægligast, Fin
nb. 336. 2. easily; eg get það h., freq. in mod. usage.
hæg-ligr, adj. easy, convenient; h. umbúnaðr, Odd
. 2, 4, Barl. 9; h. samfarir, Sturl. ii. 148; h. færi, Fms. vii. 30.
hæg-lífi, n. an easy life, Str. 36, Stj. 36, 423, Bar
l. 9, Hkr. ii. 38; ár mikit ok h., Orkn. 6 old Ed.
HÆGR, adj. [hóg-], easy, convenient, Germ. behagli
ch, Fms. vi. 240, 261, viii. 154; e-m er e-t hægt, Eg. 507; h. ok mj&u
acute;kr, Fms. ii. 201; sem honum var hægt, at his ease, Sturl. i.
197 C; hæg hvíla, Fms. xi. 290; hægjar náðir, Stj.
420; taka hæga hvíld, Sks. 42; ef honum þykir sér &th
orn;at hægt, Grág. i. 355; er þeim þykir sér h&a
elig;gst, 486; ykkr er þat hægst um hönd, it is most at hand
for you, Nj. 25: hægr byrr, a gentle, fair wind; hægja b
yri, Fms. ix. 497, Fas. ii. 520; hafa útivist skamma ok hægja, Fms.
i. 285; ekki var samlag þeirra hægt, they were not on good terms
, Sturl. i. 139 C; hinn síðara vetrinn var hægra með &t
horn;eim = they lived on better terms, id.: medic. painless, h&ael
ig;g sótt: gentle, hægr sem sauðr, Bær. 11; h&aeli
g;gr ok hýrr, Bs. i. 345; hægr ok hógvær, Fms. x. 409;
hægr í biðum, long-suffering, Lv. 75; hægr vi&eth
;skiptis, Fms. xi. 91.
B. Compar. hægri, [Dan. höjre; Swed. högra]
:-- the right hand, opp. to vinstri, the left; skógrinn v
ar til hægra vegs, on the right hand, Eg. 295; hægri hendi,
Fær. 76, Ls. 61, Fms. vi. 165, Nj. 28; hægri handar, Hom. 102; h&ael
ig;gri fótr, N. G. L. i. 209; hægra auga, hægra eyra, etc.; h
ægra megin, on the right side, passim.

hæg-værr, adj. = hógværr, Barl. 119.
hækil-bjúgr, adj. bowed, crouching, Band. 8.
hæki-liga, adv. [hákr], voraciously, savagely, R&oacu
te;m. 353.
HÆKILL, m. [hykjel, Ivar Aasen], a 'hough,' or hin
d-leg, of a hide; flá af heming fyrir ofan hækilinn, N. G. L.
i. 209: freq. in mod. usage, but only of a skin: a nickname, Fms. ix.
hækja, u, f. a crutch, Grett. 161, Mag. 66, Fb. i. 210, Fas.
iii. 154; ganga á hækjum, to go on crutches.
hækka, að, [hár], to become higher, to rise, of a
hill; fjallið hækkar, opp. to lækka, to become lower, to dr
op. 2. causal, to heighten.
hæla, d, to kick with the heel, N. G. L. i. 164. 2. to secure by a peg.
HÆLA (h&oelig;la), d, [hól], to praise, flatter, with dat., Eb. 164; hrósa ok hæla e-u, Karl. 438: to glory, b
oast, hann hældi, at Haraldr hefði hefnt Gamla, Fms. i. 48; eigi m
á ek af því hæla, Lv. 10, passim. II. reflex. to boast, vaunt; hælumk minnst í máli, Fms. viii. (in
a verse): hælask e-u, to glory in a thing, 85, Karl. 412, Fagrsk. 9
3, Nj. 204, 237: hælask um e-t, to brag about, 54, Grág. ii.
145, Karl. 372, Valla L. 212: hælask af e-u, to boast of, 655 xx.
8: absol., Grág. ii. 145, Thom. 84: hælask við e-n, to boas
t over one, Grett. 128, Fms. vi. 399.
hæli, n. a shelter, refuge; leita sér hælis, ei
ga hæli, Fms. i. 210, vi. 74, xi. 367, Eg. 139, Barl. 118, Rd. 258. h&a
elig;lis-lauss, adj. homeless, helpless.
hælinn, adj. boasting, Sks. 383, Þórð. 29 n
ew Ed.; sjálf-h., id.
HÆLL, m. [Engl. heel, cp. Lat. calx: this is a Scandi
n. word, for the A. S. term is hóh, the Goth. fairzna,, the
Germ. fersen] :-- the heel, Bs. i. 423, Hým. 34, N. G. L.
i. 339, Stj. 37, passim. 2. in phrases, hlaupa á hæla e-m, to follow at one's heels, Nj. 202; falla á hæla e-m, to sh
ut upon one's heels, of a door; fara, ganga á hæla e-m, Edda 2,
Fms. v. 316, viii. 36; fara aptr á hæli, to return immediately,
 like the Gr. GREEK, Gísl. 272; mod. um hæl, adverb., in ret
urn, e.g. skrifa um hæl aptr, to write by return of post; hopa,
fara (undan) á hæli, or á hæl, to recede, draw bac
k, Eg. 296, 506, Fms. vii. 70, 298, viii. 134, x. 139, xi. 95, Bret. 46, Nj.
258, Karl. 375; milli hæls ok hnakka, between heel and neck: brj&
oacute;task um á hæl ok hnakka, to struggle heel and neck, o
f one restless in sleep :-- proverb. phrases, hann stígr aldrei þan
gat tánum sem hinn hafði hælana, he will never reach with hi
s toes where the other had his heels, i.e. he is far inferior to his pred
ecessor; það er undir hælinn lagt, it is laid under one's
heel, i.e. 'tis very uncertain. II. metaph., kjalar-hæl
l, 'keel's heel,' the hindmost part of the keel; stýris-hæll
, 'rudder's heel,' the hindmost point of the rudder. COMPDS: hæl

-bein, n. the heel bone, Fms. vi. 15, Fas. ii. 354, Þiðr.
86. hæl-bítr, m. a heel biter, Hbl. hæl-drep
a, u, f. a kicking with the heel, Mag. 63. hæl-drepa, dr
ap, to kick with the heel, Stj. 431. hæl-krókr, m. 'heel-crook,' back-heel, a trick in wrestling, Fas. iii. 392, 547. h&ae
lig;l-síðr, adj. 'heel-long,' of a garment, 625. 183, Stj.
194. hæl-staðr, m. the place of the heel, N. G. L. i.
339.
B. A peg fastened in the earth, either for mooring a vessel (festa
r-h.) or by which a tent-rope is fastened (tjald-h.); jarðfastr hæll,
Stj. 417, Korm. 86, Fms. vi. 334, Hkr. iii. 365, Blas, 48: the handle in
a scythe shaft (orf-hæll), Fb. i. 522; hurðar-hælar, door peg
s, N. G. L. i. 397, v.l.: belonging to a ship, Edda (Gl.)
C. Prob. a different word, a widow whose husband has been slain in bat
tle, Edda 108, cp. the pun in Eg. 763 (in a verse).
hælni, f. vain-glory, boasting, Sks. 703, Str. 74, Karl. 367
, Hom. 24, 86; sjálf-hælni, self-praise.
HÆNA (h&oelig;na), u, f. [hani, formed on the same analogy a
s dal and dæl, hag and hóg] :-- a hen, Al. 160, Fms. vii. 11
6, Fs. 156, Stj. 3, passim: in pr. names, Lopt-hana, Skálp-h., Landn.
hæna, d, to allure, attract; hæna e-n að sé
r: reflex., hænast að e-m, to take a liking for one; a mod. wor
d.
hængi-vakr, m. a bird, the kittywake (?), Edda (Gl.)
HÆNGR, m., older and better hæingr, m. a male salmo
n, called hungell in Shetl., Edda (Gl.), Fb. ii. 520 (in a verse) spe
lt hængs, Fas. ii. 112, freq. in mod. usage: a nickname, Landn.
Hænir, m. the name of the mythol. god Hænir, Vsp., Edda, Clem
. 44.
hæns (h&oelig;ns), n. pl., mod. hænsn or h&a
elig;nsni, also spelt hæsn, K. Þ. K. 34 new Ed., Hkr. iii
. 62; [Dan.-Swed. höns] :-- hens, fowls, poultry, Bret. 32, K
. Á. 196, Ísl. ii. 124, Karl. 472, Rétt. 70, passim; H&aeli
g;nsa-Þórir, Thorir the poulterer, a nickname, Ísl. i
i, whence the name of the Saga.
hænsa-fiðri, n. feathers of poultry, Þorf. Karl. 3
74.
hæpið, n. adj. doubtful: in the phrase, það er
hæpið, 'tis very uncertain: prop. scanty, a corrupt for
m for hneppt, qs. hept, as the word is indeed spelt in Grett. 169 new Ed., whenc
e hæpið.
HÆRA, u, f. grey hair, hoariness; ok hæra nekver &iacu
te; hári hans, Post. 645. 66; skegg hvítt af hæru, Ís
l. ii. 438; fá elli ok hæru, to live to a hoary old age, Hkr
. i. 123: in plur., hafa hærur í höfði, Grett. 16, 20 new
Ed.; hvítar hærur, Barl. 119: esp. in pl., in phrases as, gr&aacute
;r, hvítr, snjóhvitr fyrir hærum, Fas. ii. 557, Fms. viii. 2
5, Eb. 330, Stj. 447; hár hvítt af hærum, Karl. 280; hv&iacu
te;tr af hærum, Fms. vii. 321 (v.l.), Barl. 15: the phrase, kemba ekki h&a
elig;rur, to comb no grey hairs, of one who dies in the prime of life; ha
nn kembdi ekki hærur í húsi sínu, Od. viii. 226. COMP
DS; hæru-karl, m. a hoary carle, Grett. 143, Barl. 94. h&
aelig;ru-kollr, m. hoary head, a nickname, Grett. hæru-langr
, adj. 'long-
<PAGE NUM="b0306">
<HEADER>306 HÆRUSKEGGI -- HÖFGI.</HEADER>
hoary,' a nickname, Grett. hæru-skeggi, a, m. a hoary bea
rd, Clem. 32. II. = hár, hair, esp. the long hair of wool, whence hæru-poki, a, m. a hair-poke, bag made of hair
.
hærðr, part. haired, hairy; hærð kvenna bezt,
Korm. 24, Landn. 151; vel h., Fms. vii. 199, Nj. 39.
hæringr, m. a hoary man; svá öttum vér h&
aelig;ringinum nú at hann lá eptir, referring to the death of earl
Erling, Fms. viii. 104, v.l. :-- a pr. name, Landn.
hæsi, f. [háss], hoarseness, Mar.
HÆTA (h&oelig;ta), t, [hót; Uif. hwôtian
= GREEK; early Dan. höde] :-- to threaten, with dat. of the
person and thing; h. e-m e-u, Ls. 62, Fms. vii. 220, ix. 18, x. 316, Fs. 35, 165
, Karl. 397, 437, Þiðr. 225, Al. 47, Ölk. 35; see hóta.
hæting, f. a threat, Stj. 35: taunts, Hbl. 53, where
masc.
hætinn, adj. threatening, Karl. 491.
hætta, u. f. danger, peril, Fms. iv. 122, 132; leggja &aacut
e; hættu, to run a risk, Eg. 86, 719; leggja sik, líf sitt &
iacute; hættu, Fs. 4, 21, 41, Fms. iv. 86; eiga mikit í hættu
, to run a great risk, Nj. 16, Fms. x. 232. COMPDS: hættu-efni, n. a dangerous matter, Fs. 57. hættu-ferð, -för, f. a dangerous exploit, Fs. 50, Fms. iv. 135, viii. 431, Nj. 261. h&
aelig;ttu-lauss, adj. free from danger, without danger, Fms. iii. 155
, Bs. i. 286. hættu-ligr, adj. (hættu-liga, adv.), 
dangerous. hættu-lítill, adj. with little danger,
Sturl. iii. 68, 71. hættu-mikill, adj. very dangerous, Nj.
149. hættu-ráð, n. a dangerous plan, Lv. 22.
HÆTTA, t, to risk, stake, with dat., Hm. 106; hætta &u
acute;t mönnum sínum, Sd. 153; hætta til þess virðin
g þinni, to stake thy honour on it, Eg. 719; hættið &thor
n;it ok mestu til hversu ferr, Nj. 49; litlu hættir nú til, ther
e is but small risk, Fms. vi. 243: absol., hefir sá er hættir,
he wins who risks, 'nothing venture nothing have,' Bjarn. 7, Hrafn. 16. 2. with prepp.; hætta á e-t, to venture on a thing (&a
acute;hætta, q.v.), Nj. 48; hætta á vald e-s, Fms. xi. 285: h
. til e-s, id., Eg. 57, Nj. 73; eigi veit til hvers happs hættir, S
turl. iii. 228; kvað þar hóflangt til hætta, 44.
HÆTTA, t, to leave off, with dat.; hætta seið, 

to leave off witchcraft, Fms. i. 10; hann bað bændr h. storminum,
36; h. heyverkum, Nj. 103; h. máli, 10: absol. to leave off, desist, Hákon bað hann h., Fms. vii. 154; heldr vildu vér h., N. G
. L. i. 348: with infin., h. at tala, Fb. ii. 83 :-- impers., hætti &thor
n;ysnum, the tumult ceased, Fms. vi. 16.
hætting, f. danger, risk, Fms. viii. 431, Hkr. ii. 79, Lex.
Poët.; hættingar-ferð, f. = hættuferð, Fms. viii
. 431.
hættinn, adj. [háttr], behaving so and so; íll
a h., Sks. 239.
hætt-leggja, lagði, to risk, Bs. ii. 66.
hætt-leikr, m. danger, Grág. i. 383.
hætt-liga, adv. dangerously, Fms. viii. 144, Stj. 189.
hætt-ligr, adj. dangerous, serious, Fær. 263, Fms. vii
i. 98, ix. 291, xi. 367, Bs. i. 536, 766, Edda 36, Stj. 604; þá er
ok hættligt, 'tis to be feared, 686 B. 5; í hættligra
lagi, in a dangerous case, Lv. 86 :-- medic. = hættr, köllu&e
th;u hættligan mátt hans, they said that he was sinking fast, Fms. ix. 390.
hættr, adj. dangerous; slíkr maðr er hættas
tr, ef hann vill sik til þess hafa at göra þér mein, Fms
. i. 199; grýttu þeir þaðan á þá, var
þat miklu hættara, Eg. 581. 2. exposed to danger; hes
t þarf svá at búa, at ekki sé hann hættr fyrir
vápnum, Sks. 403. 3. medic., hættr við dauða, dan
gerously ill, Jb. 406; þá er herra Rafn var mjök hæt
tr, when R. was sinking fast, Bs. i. 784; hón lá hætt
, Korm. 164, (einhættr, q.v.): in mod. times hætt is used indecl., h
ann, hón, liggr hætt; þeir, þær liggja hætt
, he, she, they lie dangerously ill. 4. neut., e-m er hætt v
ið e-u, to be in danger of; var Þuríði við engu
meini hætt, Th. was out of danger, Ísl. ii. 340; mun Þ
orkatli bróður þínum við engu hætt? Gís
l. 28; nú hyggr maðr sér hætt við bana, Grág.
i. 497; öðrum ætlaða ek þat mundi hættara en m&e
acute;r, methought that would be more dangerous to others than to me, Nj.
85, 260.
hættr, part. of hætta, having left off, having done; e
g er hættr að lesa, I have left off reading.
hættur, f. pl. [hætta], the time of leaving off work and g
oing to bed, used chiefly of dairy and household work (cp. the Homeric GREE
K;) hafa góðar hættur, to go early to bed; seinar h&ael
ig;ttur, being late at work.
hæveska, u, f., höveski, Sks. 273, 274, 276 B; also spe
lt hoverska; [a for. word from mid. H. G. hovesch; Germ. h&ouml
;flich, etc.] :-- courtesy, good manners, esp. in regard to behaviour
at table and the like; íþróttir ok h., Fms. i. 78; siði
r ok h., vi. 71; þat er h. at hann kunni hversu hann skal haga klæ&e
th;um sínum, Sks. 433; þat er h. at vera blíðr ok l&eacu
te;ttlátr, 264, 432; h. eða góðir siðir, 266: in mod.

usage, of priggish ceremonies: fashion, höttr uppá höves
ku Franseisa, Karl. 178. hæversku-lauss, adj. rude, Sks. 246
.
hævesk-liga, adv. courteously, politely, Fas. i. 460, Odd. 3
0: fashionably, h. klædd, Fms. ii. 187.
hævesk-ligr, adj. well-mannered, polite, Fms. vi. 131; h. si
ðr, Al. 4.
hæveskr, adj., also spelt heyveskr, Str. 75, or heyskr, Art. :-- well-mannered, polite, Fms. ii. 133, vi. 1, Sks. 246, 276, 27
7; h. siðir, polite manners, Sks. 8.
HÖD, f. [A. S. heaðu- in several poët. compds; cp. S
ansk. çatru and çâtayâmi; Lat. caedo;
 Gr. GREEK] :-- war, slaughter, but only in compd pr. names, H&oum
l;ð-broddr, Fb.; Höð, f. the name of a Valkyria (also Ge
ira-höð), Gm.: as also of a woman, but mythical, Fas.: the name of an i
sland in Norway: Höðr, m., gen. Haðar, dat. Heði, the na
me of the blind brother and 'slayer' of Baldr, the 'fratricide' or 'Cain' of the
Edda, Vsp. 37, Vtkv. 9, Edda 17, 56: also the name of a mythol. king, whence Heðir, pl. a Norse people; and Haða-land, the county, Fb. ii
i. Haðar-lag, n. the metre of Höd, a kind of metre, Edda.
höfða, að, [höfuð], to 'head,' but esp. used
as a law term, to sue, prosecute; h. mál, sök á h&oum
l;nd e-m, to bring an action against, Grág. i. 19, 81, 142, Nj. 23
4, Fms. vii. 133, passim. II. to behead ( = afhöfða;) h.
fisk, Fas. i. 489: to execute, Karl. 371.
höfðaðr, part. headed so and so; h. sem hundr, 310. 9
9.
höfði, a, m. a headland, Landn. 54, Fb. i. 541, 542, Eb.
62, Rd. 267, Krók. 46, 52. II. local name of a farm, whence H&o
uml;fða-menn, m. pl. the men from Höfði, Landn. III. a carved head, ship's beak; amb-höfði, hjart-h., arn-h., he
st-h., karl-h., orkn-h., svín-h.; whence höfða-skip, n. a ship with beaks.
HÖFÐINGI, a, m. a head, chief; Þórðr Gel
lir varð h. at sökinni, Íb. 8; formaðr eða h., 671. 5; s
á er h. görisk í (ringleader), N. G. L. i. 313, G&thor
n;l. 387; h. ráða-görðar, Eg. 48; h. fyrir útferð
Gerhardi ábóta, Mar. 2. a captain, commander; setti
konungr þar yfir höfðingja Þórólf ok Egil, E
g. 272; víkinga-höfðingi, Fms. vi. 389; at allir höfðin
gjarnir fari frá liðinu, xi. 134; ok kvað Ketil Flatnef skyldu h&
ouml;fðingja vera yfir þeim her, Eb. 2; hers-h., hundraðs-h., svei
tar-h., q.v. 3. a ruler, used of all governors from a king downwar
ds; esp. in pl., the gentry, opp. to almúgi, the common people
; höfðingjar ok góðir menn, Íb. 14; höfð
ingjar ok ríkis-menn, 13; Ísleifr átti þrjá so
nu, þeir urðu allir höfðingjar nýtir, 14, 17; hann lag
ði undir sik Suðreyjar ok görðisk h. yfir, sættisk hann &
thorn;á við hina stærstu hofðingja fyrir vestan hatit ... a
t Ketill var h. í Suðreyjum, Eb. 4; Hrólfr var h. mikill, 6; &
thorn;á er Gizurr biskup andaðisk vóru þessir mestir h&o

uml;fðingiar á Íslandi, Bs. i. 31; þessir vóru &t
horn;á stærstir höfðingjar á landinu, 4; hann var r
íkr h., Nj. 1; biðja alla höfðingja liðsinnis, 213; au&e
th;igr at fé ok h. mikill, Ísl. ii. 290; Bárðr gör
ðisk brátt h. mikill, Eg. 31; einn hverr konunganna, eða einhverr
höfðingja annarra, Sks. 278; Erkibiskup þeirra hefi ek sé
ð ok þykki mér hann líklegr til góðs höf
ðingja, Fms. x. 9; Þorsteinn görðisk h. yfir Vatnsdælum
, Fs. 44; Snorri görðisk þá h. mikill, en ríki hans
var mjök öfundsamt, Eb. 42; Brúsi var h. yfir dalnum, Hkr. ii.
310; þá vóru höfðingjar í Noregi, Tryggvi k
onungr ..., Fms. i. 47; er þetta ákafi höfðingja, ok &thor
n;ar með alls fólks, 35; urðu þeir höfðingjar heim
s, Augustus ok Antonius, Rb. 412; h. lífsins, lord of life, Sks. 1
60; h. dauðans, prince of death, id.; heims h. = Satan, Ni&et
h;rst. 1; myrkra h., prince of darkness, 623. 28, Greg. 42: with the arti
cle, the great, hvað höfðingjarnir hafast að hinir &aeli
g;tla sér leyfist það, Pass. 22. 10; í yztu myrkrum engi
nn sér, aðgreining höfðingjanna, 8. 20. COMPDS: höf&
eth;ingja-ást, f. love for one's chief, Fb. i. 499. h&ouml
;fðingja-bragð, n., -bragr, m. the manners of a h., &I
acute;sl. ii. 204: a noble feat, Orkn. 144. höfðingja-djarfr,
 adj. frank and bold in one's intercourse with the great, Fms. ii. 15
, vi. 205, vii. 162. höfðingja-dómr, m., -dæmi, n. dominion, power, Stj. 85, 226, Barl. 169, Hom. 2. höfð
ingja-efni, n.; gott h., Nj. 174. höfðingja-fundr, m. a m
eeting of chiefs, Fms. ix. 324. höfðingja-hlutr, m. a chi
ef's lot or share, Orkn. 306. höfðingja-kyn, n. no
ble kin. höfðingja-kærr, adj. in favour with the gr
eat, Ó. H. 59. höfðingja-lauss, adj. chiefless, Fms. i. 220, vii. 182. höfðingja-merki, n. a chief's standa
rd, Fms. viii. 356. höfðingja-nafn, n. a chief's title, Hkr. iii. 195, Fms. xi. 62. höfðingja-skapr, m. = höf&et
h;ingskapr, Sks. 479, 610. höfðingja-skipti, n. change of chi
ef or king, Germ. Thronwechsel, Nj. 41, 156. höfðingja-s
on, m. the son of a h., Hrafn. 14. höfðingja-stefna,
u, f. = höfðingjafundr, Hkr. iii. 146. höfðingja-styrkr, m. the support of great folk, Fms. i. 221. höfðingja-val, n. chosen people, Stj. 628. höfðingja-veldi, n. pow
er, empire, rule, Rb. 374, 655 xiv. 3. höfðingja-ætt,
f. noble extraction, high birth, Magn. 466, Sks. 616. II. with gen
. sing.: höfðings-maðr, -kona, -fólk, etc., a man,
woman, people of noble extraction, as also generous, magnificent people.
 höfðings-gjöf, f. a princely gift, and many sim
ilar compds.
höfðing-liga, adv. in princely wise, nobly, generously, E
g. 410, Nj. 228, 254, Orkn. 144.
höfðing-ligr, adj. princely, noble, magnificent, Fms. vi.
206, vii. 63, ix. 277, Stj. 207, passim.
höfðing-skapr, m. power, dominion, Sturl. i. 213, Sks. 61
0, Fms. xi. 205: authority, prestige, Nj. 33, 266: liberality, magnifi
cence, Fms. vii. 65.
höfga, að, to make heavy, weight, Greg. 80; þeir h&
ouml;fgaðu hirzlur þeirra með grjóti, 656 B. 1. II.
impers., e-m höfgar, to become heavy, sleepy, Fas. iii. 526, Bs. i.
354: with acc., 369. III. reflex. to grow heavy, increase, 655 vii
. 4.
höfgi, a, m. heaviness, weight; h. jarðar, Sks. 627; h. k
rossins, Hom. 103; gefa e-m höfga, to weigh upon one, Anecd. 20. 
II. metaph. a sleep, nap, Fb. i. 542; léttr h., Th. 77; rann h
. á Svein, Fms. xi. 288; svefn-h., ómegins-h. höfga-vara, u, f. heavy wares, Grág. ii. 402.
<PAGE NUM="b0307">
<HEADER>HÖFIGBÆRR -- HOFUÐMIKILL. 307</HEADER>
höfig-bærr, adj. heavy to bear, Greg. 43.
höfig-leikr, m. heaviness, Edda 4.
HÖFIGR or höfugr, adj., acc. contr. höfgan, hö
fgir, höfgum, [A. S. heafig] :-- heavy, Hkr. iii. 199; h. ste
inn, Bs. i. 640; höfug byrðr, Grág. ii. 166, Fms. x. 203, Hkr. i
ii. 184: neut., hann kvað svá höfugt á sér, at han
n mátti hvergi hrærask, Sturl. i. 119 C. 2. heavy with sl
eep, sleepy; e-m er höfugt, Fms. viii. 89, 655 iii. 2; svefn-höfu
gt. II. metaph. hard, rude; höfigt orð, Bs. i. 341: he
avy, difficult, 169: irksome, 155.
HÖFN, f., also spelt hömn, gen. hafnar; [hafa]: 1. a holding, possession, esp. tenure of land; þá skal
þeim dæma eingis-höfnina er heimild kemr til, Grág. (Kb
.) ii. 86; jarðar h., tenure of land; at jarðar-höfn ok at f
jár-megni, N. G. L. ii. 38; nú skal görðum skipta eptir j
arðar-höfn ok öllum áverka, 122; hafnar-vitni, testimony
as to tenure of land, opp. to óðals-vitni, N. G. L. i. 246, 247
: the allit. phrase, hönd ok höfn, hand and having, absolute power;
 nema þeim sem hann leggr hendr ok höfn sem hann vill, cp. Dan. '
skalte og valte med,' Bs. i. 706, v.l., -- no emend. seems necessary. 2.
a foetus; lýstr maðr kviðuga konu, svá at höf
n sú deyr, er hón ferr með ok skilsk hón við h&ouml
;fnina, Stj. 302; taka við höfn, Lat. concipere, Flóv., B
s. ii. 173, Hom. (St.): the time of pregnancy, á enum níund
a mánaði hafnarinnar, 686 B. 14. 3. pasture; sauðahöfn í Múla-fjall, Vm. 64; nauta tröð ok hömn,
N. G. L. i. 379, D. N. ii. 146, iii. 120. 4. a coat, cp. Lat. h
abitus, esp. = a cloak; hann tók af sér höfnina ok
sveipaði um konunginn, Fms. ix. 25; yfir-h., a cloak, cp. Ísl
. ii. 245 (in a verse): a kind of stuff, Grág. i. 504, Nj. 7, D. N
. i. 134, ii. 6, iii. 8, 451, Vm. 103, 117, Pm. 57; hence hafnar-feldr, m
., hafnar-vaðmál, n., hafnar-váð, f. denotin
g a plain stuff, as it was sold in trade. 5. skips-höfn, 
a ship's crew; munns-höfn, 'mouth-habit,' language.
B. [Engl. and Dutch haven; Germ. hafen; Dan. havn; S
wed. hamn] :-- a haven, harbour, Fms. xi. 74, Eg. 79, Hkr. iii. 24
8, Grág., etc.: eccl., sælu-höfn, lífs-h., passim: some
times spelt hafn, Ísl. ii. 398: as also in local names, Hö
fn, Landn.: Hafnar-menn, m. pl., Sturl. ii. 91; Kaupmanna-höfn,
Copenhagen; Hraun-höfn, Eb., etc. COMPDS: hafnar-austr, m. pumping in harbour, Jb. 407. hafnar-búi, a, m. a law term, a harbour-neighbour, i.e. the member of a kind of naval court composed of p
ersons summoned from a harbour, Grág. ii. 401. hafnar-dyrr, n. pl.

doors, entrance of a haven, Fms. xi. 88. hafnar-kross, m. a cr
oss-shaped hafnarmark, q.v. hafnar-lykill, m. 'haven-key,' a n
ickname, Landn. hafnar-mark (and -merki, Fas. ii. 336), n. a ha
rbour mark, a kind of beacon, being a pyramid of stone or timber, or often a
carved figure in the shape of a man, Bjarn. 33, Hkv. Hjörv., Bs. i. 563, R
b. 468; or in the shape of a cross, Bs. i. 607, ii. 80. hafnar-rán, n. a law term, thronging or annoying one in harbour, defined in
Jb. 396. hafnar-tollr, m. a harbour toll, Grág. ii. 401, F
s. (Flóam. S.) 157. hafnar-vágr, m. a creek, Str. 4.
höfnun, f. = hafnan, q.v.
höfrungr, m. a dolphin, prop. a 'he-goat,' from hafr,
because of the dolphin's tumbling; the word is not found in old writers. h&ou
ml;frunga-hlaup, n. a kind of athletic sport, 'dolphin-leap,' a kind
of leap-frog.
HÖFUÐ, n., dat. höfði; gen. pl. höfða, dat. h&
ouml;fðum; in Norse MSS. often spelt hafuð, Anecd. 4 (without uml
aut); the root-vowel seems in very early times (8th century) to have been a diph
thong; thus Bragi uses the rhymes, laufi -- haufði, and rau
f -- haufuð, Edda; the old ditty with a half rhyme, höfð
u vér í haufði, Hkr. i. 104, wou'd be faulty unless we accept
a diphthong in the latter word: in good old MSS. (e.g. Sæm. Cod. Reg.) the
word is always spelt with &avlig; or au, never o, and probably ne
ver had a diphthongal sound; the Norse spelling havuð however points to a sh
ort vowel; and later Icel. MSS. spell o or &aolig;, e.g. Hb. in Vs
p. l.c. It is probable that the short vowel originated in the contracted form, a
s haufði sounds hard; [cp. Goth. haubiþ; A. S. heâfod;
 Engl. head; Hel. hôbid; O. H. G. houpit; mid. H.
G. houbet; mod. G. haupt; Dan. hôved; Swed. hufvu
d; Ormul. hæfedd (the single f marks a preceding long vo
wel); thus all old Teut. languages except the Icel. agree in the length of the v
owel, whereas Lat. c&a-short;put, Gr. GREEK have a short root vowel.]
A. A head, Vsp. 38, Sdm. 14, Vþm. 19, Þkv. 16, 19, Skm
. 23, Nj. 19, 275, Grág. ii. 11, Fms. x. 381, Eg. 181, Edda 59, passim; m
átti svá at kveða, at náliga væri tvau höfu&
eth; á hverju kvikendi, Hrafn. 22 (of a great increase in stock); Gr&iacu
te;mr rakaði bratt fé saman, vóru tvau höfuð á
hvívetna því er hann átti, Ísl. ii. 14. II
. phrases and sayings, láta höfði skemra, to make one a h
ead shorter, behead, Hým. 15, Fm. 34; strjúka aldrei frj&aacut
e;lst höfuð, to stroke never a free head, be never free, never at ea
se; (sagði) at þeir mundi aldrei um frjálst höfuð
strjúka, er vinir hans væri, meðan Þórðr v&ael
ig;ri höfðingi í Ísafirði, Sturl. ii. 124; eg m&aacut
e; aldrei um frjálst höfuð strjúka, I never have any t
ime to spare; sitja aldrei á sárs höfði, to be alw
ays quarrelling; skera e-m höfuð, to make a wry face at one,
Grett. 17; heita í höfuðit e-m, to be called after a person
; hón jós sveininn vatni ok kvað hann skyldu heita &iacute
; höfuð föður sínum, ok var hann kallaðr Gestr, B&a
acute;rð. 24 new Ed.: the mod. usage distinguishes between heita í h&
ouml;fuð á e-m, when a person is alive when the child was born, and h
eita eptir e-m, when that person is dead; halda höfði, to hold one's
head up, Flóv. 43, Og.; bera hátt höfuð, to bear
one's head high, Sturl. iii. 147, Sighvat; hefja höfuðs, to lift
one's head, Thom. 535; drepa niðr höfði, to droop one's hea
d, Bs. i. 625; þoku hóf af höfði, the fog lifted, Ld. 74; búa hvárr í annars höfði, to be at l
oggerheads, Sks. 346; fara huldu höfði, to go with a hidden head
, in disguise, to hide oneself, Fms. vi. 12; færa e-m höfuð s
itt, to surrender oneself to an enemy, Eg. ch. 62, 63, Fms. x. 261; st&ia
cute;ga yfir höfuð e-m, to pass over one's head, overcome one, 3
04; er á engri stundu örvænt nær elli stígr yfir
h. mér, Eb. 332; hlaða hellum at höfði e-m, to leave one
dead on the spot, Dropl. 18; ganga milli bols ok höfuðs, 'to gan
g between bole and head,' i.e. to kill outright, Eb. 240; hætta
höfði, to risk one's head, Hm. 106; leggjask e-t undir höf
uð, to lay under one's pillow, to put aside; leggjask ferð undir
höfuð, Fær. 132, Orkn. 46; þú munt verða f&aacut
e;tt undir höfuð at leggjask ef ek skal við þér taka,
Sturl. i. 27; vera höfði hærri, to be a head taller, Fms.
x. 381; setja höfuð á höfuð ofan, to set head upon h
ead, Bs. i. 73, (viz. to consecrate a second bishop to a see, which was agai
nst the eccl. law); cp. kjósa annan konung í höfuð Dav&ia
cute;ð, Sks. 801. III. in a personal sense, in poets, a person, = Lat. caput, Gr. GREEK, GREEK; fárgjarnt höfuð, tho
u fearful woman! Fas. ii. 556; hraustara höfuð, a bolder man, 315; berjask við eitt höfuð, 49; heiptrækt höfuð,
Ýt. 25; andprútt höfuð, high-minded man! Sighvat;
tírar h., glorious man; leyfðar h., id., Geisli 56; vin
a höfuð = cara capita, Bm. 2; frænda höfuð, ki
nsmen, Skáld H. 3. 40; hvarfúst h., thou fickle woman!
Hel. 2. 2. a number, tale, head, of animals; fádygt hö
fuð, of a fox, Merl. 1. 39: head, of cattle, þeir eiga at gjald
a þingfarar-kaup, er skulda-hjóna hvert hefir höfuð, k&uac
ute; skuldalausa eða kúgildi, Grág. (Kb.) i. 159, referring to
the old way of taxation, which is still the law in Icel., that a freeholder has
to pay tax (skattr) only if he has more head of cattle (kúgildi, q.v.),
than persons to support. IV. a head, chief; höfuð lendra
manna, Fms. vii. 273; h. ok höfðingi, Stj. 457; Þrándheimr
er h. Noregs, Fms. vi. 38; höfuð allra höfuð-tíða
(gen.), Leiðarvís. 23. V. of head-shaped things: 1. a beak, of a ship; með gylltum höfðum, Fms. viii. 385, x
. 10, 417, passim; dreka-höfuð, q.v.: the beak was usually a dragon's h
ead, sometimes a bison's, Ó. H.; a steer's, Landn. 5. ch. 8; or it was th
e image of a god, e.g. of Thor, Fms. ii. 325, (Ó. T. ch. 253); or of a ma
n, Karl-höfði, Ó. H., the ship of St. Olave; cp. the interesting
passage, þat var upphaf enna heiðnu laga, at menn skyldu eigi hafa h&
ouml;fuðskip í hafi, en ef þeir hefði, þá skyl
di þeir af taka höfuð áðr þeir kæmi &iacut
e; lands-sýn, ok sigla eigi at landi með gapandum höfðum e&e
th;r gínandi trjónum, svá at landvættir fældisk
við, Landn. (Hb.) 258, Fms. vi. 180 (in a verse), vii. 51 (in a verse). 2.
the capital of a pillar, Al. 116, Fb. i. 359 (of tent poles): of carved h
eads in a hall, sér þú augun útar hjá Hagbar&e
th;s-höfðinu? Korm. ch. 3: heads of idols carved on chairs, Fbr. ch. 38
: carved heads on high-seats, Eb. ch. 4: that these figures sometimes represente
d fairies or goddesses is shewn by the word brúða (q.v.) and st&oacut
e;lbrúða; heads of bedsteads seem to have been carved in a similar wa
y; cp. also Korm. 86, see tjasna. 3. the head-piece of a bridle; t
ýndi maðr höfði á beisli því er gör
sema-vel var gört, Bs. i. 314, v.l.; the head of a rake, hríf
u-h., etc. COMPDS: höfða-búza, u, f. name of a ship, Fms.
viii. höfða-fjöl, f. the head-board of a bedstead,
Sturl. ii. 50, Fas. i. 489, Fb. ii. 297; opp. to fótafjöl, q.v. h
öfða-lag, n. the head of a bedstead, Fas. iii. 543; brast up
p þilfjöl at höfðum Þorsteins, Fms. iii. 196. h&oum

l;fða-skip, n. a ship with a beak, Fms. ii. 302, Fb. iii. 448. höfða-tal, n. a 'tale of heads' Gþl. 396, Al. 75, Sks
. 340. höfða-tala, u, f. = höfðatal. höfuðband, n. a head-band, snood, Edda 71. höfuð-bani, a,
m. (and höfuðs-bani), 'head's-bane,' death, destruction;
tunga er h., a saying, Hm. 72, Landn. 307, Edda 73, Nj. 68, 71, Ld. 132, 246. höfuð-bein, n. head-bones, Fms. vi. 30, Bs. i. 178, Grett.
höfuð-burðr, m. the bearing of the head: metaph. h
elp, backing, support, lízt mér sem lítill h. muni m&ea
cute;r at því, it will be of little avail for me, Ísl
. ii. 125, Bs. i. 464, ii. 156, Sturl. i. 209, Fms. x. 170, Fs. 123, Mar. h&o
uml;fuð-búnaðr, höfuð-búningr, m. head-gea
r, Stj. 627, Sks. 225. Höfuð-dagr, m. 'Head-day,' i.e
. Aug. 29, the Beheading of St. John Baptist. höfuð-dú
kr, m. a head-kerchief, hood, Nj. 200, Stj. 208, Gísl. 21, &TH
ORN;iðr. 226, D. N. iii. 106, iv. 217. höfuð-faldr, m. = h&o
uml;fuðdúkr, Str. 82. höfuð-fatnaðr, m. head-g
ear, D. N. v. 263. höfuð-fetlar, m. pl. the head-piece of
a bridle, Ýt. 10. höfuð-gerð, f. (Dan. hovedgjerde), the head of a bedstead, Mar. höfuð-gjarnt, n
. adj. fatal, dangerous to one's life; at honum mundi h. verða, Fb i
ii. 550; segir mér svá hugr um, at h. (höfuðgrant, Ed.) v
erði nokkurum vina Páls, ef ..., Sturl. i. 104. höfuð-gul
l, n. 'head-jewels,' Stj. 396, Bs. ii. 142, Art., Mar. höfu&e
th;-hlutr, m. the 'head-part,' upper part of the body, opp. to f&oacu
te;tahlutr, Eg. 398, Fms. v. 352, xi. 277. höfuð-högg, n. a blow on the head, Grett. 119. höfuð-lausn, f. head's
lease, is the name of three old poems, Ad. 8, where this is the true reading
, see Eg. ch. 62, 63, Fb. iii. 241-243, Knytl. S. ch. 19. höfuð-laus
s, adj. headless, without a head, Nj. 203, Fær. 185, Stj. 93, R
b. 344: without a leader, Fær. 169, Fms. viii. 264; h. herr, ix. 25
3; dauðr er höfuðlaus herr, a saying. höfuð-leðr, n. the head-piece of a bridle, Bs. i. 314. höfuð-lí
n, n. a linen hood, belonging to a priest's dress, Vm. 26, 29, 70, 73
, Dipl. v. 18. höfuð-mein, n. a boil or sore on the he
ad, Bs. i. 196. höfuð-mikill, adj. big-
<PAGE NUM="b0308">
<HEADER>308 HÖFUÐMUNDR -- HÖGGORMR.</HEADER>
headed, Bárð. 165. höfuð-mundr, m. head-mon
ey, blood-money, for the slaying of an outlaw, Sturl. ii. 2. höfu&et
h;-órar, f. pl., medic. delirium, Sks. 703, Post. 656 C. 11, M
irm. ch. 20. höfuð-rót, f., botan. rose-root, a ki
nd of sedum. höfuð-sár, n. a head-sore, wound i
n the head, Gþl. 180. Ísl. ii. 269, Fbr. 211. höfuð
-skél, f. the 'head-shell,' skull. höfuð-skip,
n. = höfðaskip, Landn. 258. höfuð-skjálfti, a,
m., medic. a trembling of the head, palsy, Stj. 43. höfuð-sm&
aacute;tt (smótt from smjúga), f. [hovud-smotta,
Ivar Aasen], an opening for the head, in a coat, Ld. 134, 136, Fas. i. 1
65, Sæm. 139. höfuð-snauðr, adj. headless, Bjar
n. höfuð-sótt, f. the turning disease, falling sicknes
s, of sheep. höfuð-steypa, u, f., fara höfuðsteypu,
to be overset, Fas. i. 272. höfuð-sundl, n., höf
uð-svími, a, m. dizziness in the head. höfuð-s
vörðr, m. the head skin, scalp; in the phrase, standa yfir e
-s höfuðsvörðum, to have an enemy's head at one's feet, sla

y one, Fms. iii. 104, Ld. 132, 172, Al. 106, 116. höfuð-t&iacute
;und, f. a tithe from stock or investment, opp. to áv&a
acute;xtar-t., that on interest, K. Á. 58, N. G. L. i. 346. h&o
uml;fuð-verkr, m. head-ache, Bs. i. 179, 183, 253, Lækn. 47
1. höfuð-víti, n. capital punishment, Sturl. (in a
verse). höfuð-vörðr, m. a body-guard, Stj. 488,
Al. 103, Sks. 258, Fms. vii. 203, x. 150, Hkr. i. 244. höfuð-&thorn
;váttr, m. head-washing, Lv. 84, Vígl. 30. höfu
ð-þyngsl, n. pl. heaviness in the head. höfuð-&
aelig;rr, adj. insane, Mar., Art. höfuð-ærsl, n
. pl. = höfuðórar, Sks. 703.
B. Chief, capital, found like the Gr. GREEK in countless COMPDS: höfuð-atriði, n. a chief point. höfuð-&aac
ute;, f. a chief river, Stj. 68. höfuð-árr, m.
an archangel, Greg. 35, Hom. 145. höfuð-átt, f. one of the cardinal points, Rb. 440, Hkr. i. 49. höfuð-barmr, older höfuð-baðmr (Ad. 19, Eg. 316 (in a verse), Edda Ht
.), m. the head stem, a Norse law term of an agnate lineage, opp.
to kvennsift (q.v.), N. G. L. i. 49, 52, Edda. höfuðbarms-maðr, m. an agnate, N. G. L. i. 28, Js. 61. höfuð-baugr, m.
the head-ring, in weregild. see baugr, a law term in Grág. ii. 17
1. höfuð-benda, u, f. 'head-rope' naut. the stays,
Bær. 5, Fær. 164, Fas. iii. 118, N. G. L. i. 199, ii. 283, Kr&oacut
e;k. 59: metaph. a stay, help, Fms. vii. 362, Finnb. 298; fá s&eac
ute;r nokkura höfuðbendu, Fms. iv. 79. höfuð-biti, a, m
. the chief cross-beam in a ship. höfuðbita-rúm,
n. the place of the h., N. G. L. i. 335. höfuð-blót, n. the chief sacrifice, Hkr. ii. 97, Rb. 412. höfuð-borg, f. a 'head-burgh,' metropolis, Fms. i. 101, Rb. 398. höfu&eth
;-ból, n. a manor, domain, Gþl. 233, N. G. L. i. 43, Fms
. x. 393. höfuð-bæli, n. = höfuðból, G&tho
rn;l. 387, Fagrsk. 57. höfuð-bær, m. = höfuðb&uac
ute;l, Fms. x. 265, xi. 422. höfuð-drottning, f. a sovereign
queen, Sks. 759. höfuð-efni, n. = höfuðskepna, Hb.
höfuð-engill, m. an archangel, Nj. 157, Hom. 133. h&o
uml;fuð-faðir, m. a patriarch: a father of the church, Stj.
87, 132, Al. 64, Niðrst. 10, Fb. i. 264. höfuð-firn, f. a
great scandal, Fb. iii. 327. höfuð-fól, m. a grea
t fool, 4. 20. höfuð-gersemi, f. a great jewel, Hkr.
i. 264. höfuð-gjöf, f. a capital gift, Sks. 609, 73
8. höfuð-glæpr, m. a capital sin, Sks. 332, Mar. höfuð-goð, n. a principal god, Fms. xi. 386. hö
fuð-grein, f. a chief article, Barl. 167 (of faith). höf
uð-gæfa, u, f. capital luck, Fms. vii. 88, x. 185. h&oum
l;fuð-hátíð, f. a principal feast, Fms. ii. 38,
Mar. höfuð-hetja, u, f. a great champion, chief, Fas. ii
. 242. höfuð-hof, n. a chief temple, Eg. 256. höf
uð-innihald, n. chief contents. höfuð-ísar, m. pl. great masses or clumps of ice (on a river), when a channe
l is open in the middle, Fs. 52, Ld. 46, Nj. 142, 144, Sturl. i. 14. höf
uð-íþrótt, f. a principal art, Mar. h&ouml
;fuð-kempa, u, f. a great champion, Sturl. iii. 65. höfu&
eth;-kennimaðr, m. a great clerk or scholar, ecclesiastic,
Bs. i. 153. höfuð-kirkja, u, f. a high-church, cathedral, 623. 15, Fms. viii. 126, ix. 369, Bs. i. 48, Karl. 545, N. G. L. i. 7, D. N. i
i. 4, Al. 10. höfuð-klerkr, m. a great clerk or schola
r, Sturl. i. 95. höfuð-konungr, m. a sovereign king,
Fas. ii. 11, Edda (pref.), Karl. 410. höfuð-kostr, m. a cardi
nal virtue, Hom. 134. höfuð-kvöl, f. a great torment

, Mar. höfuð-list, f. = höfuðiþrótt, S
ks. 633. höfuð-lýti, n. a capital fault, N. G. L.
ii. 417. höfuð-læknir, m. a chief physician, Hkr.
iii. 35. höfuð-lærdómr, m. a chief doctrine.
höfuð-löstr, m. a cardinal sin, deadly sin, Sks. 60
9. höfuðs-maðr, m. a head-man, chief, leader, Fms. x
. 40, xi. 243, Hkr. i. 139; in Icel. in the 16th and 17th centuries this was the
title of the governor, see hirðstjóri. höfuð-meistari, a, m. a head-master, Sks. 634, Stj. 564, Bs. ii. 223. höfu&eth
;-merki, n. the chief mark, characteristic, Rb. 80: the chief stan
dard, Karl. 158. höfuð-musteri, n. = höfuðkirkja, L
ex. Poët. höfuð-nafn, n. the principal name, Rb. 112
. höfuð-nauðsyn, f. high need, Ld. 296, Fms. ix. 509,
Karl. 140. höfuð-niðjar, m. pl. the head-kinsmen, agnate
s, = hofuðbarmsmenn, Bragi, Gkv. 3. 5. höfuð-prestr, m.
a 'chief priest,' the priest of a höfuðkirkja, H. E. i. 474, 655
ii. 1, D. N. passim, N. G. L. i. 378, 390: a chief priest, high priest,
N. T. höfuð-ráð, n. a head-council, chief council,
 Gþl. 6l, Fms. viii. 438, ix. 240. höfuð-ráðgja
fi, a, m. a chief adviser, Barl. 109, Fms. ix. 293. höfuð
-skáld, n. a 'head-scald,' great poet, Fms. vi. 386, Fbr. 116,
Edda 49, 154, O. H. L. 57, Geisli 12. höfuð-skepna, u, f. a
'head-creation,' prime element, Bs. i. 145, Skálda 174, 175, Barl. 13
1, Eluc. 8; himnarnir munu forganga með stórum brestum, en höfu&
eth;skepnurnar bráðna, 2 Pet. iii. 10. höfuð-skutilsvein,
 n. a head cup-bearer, Karl. 84. höfuð-skömm, f.
a chief shame, scandal, Fms. vi. 262, Al. 147. höfuð-sk&ouml
;rungr, m. a great and noble person, of a woman, Sturl. iii. 6. h&
ouml;fuð-smiðr, m. a chief workman, architect, 656 B. 8, Stj.
23, Bs. i. 81, Fms. x. 320, Fbr. 12. höfuð-spekingr, m. a gr
eat, wise man, Sks. 14. höfuð-staðr, m. a 'head-stead
,' capital, chief place, Fms. iv. 236, vii. 159, xi. 202, 299, Eg. 267, Sks.
647, Edda 10, Bs. i. 90. höfuð-stafn, m. a 'head-stem,' rave
n's beak, Höfuðl. höfuð-stafr, m., gramm. a 'hea
d-stave,' head letter, capital, initial, used freq. in this sense by Thorodd
: but grammarians use it specially of the letters h, q, v, þ, which
can stand only at the beginnings of syllables, (see Gramm. p. xv, col. 1 at the
bottom; Skálda 165-171) :-- in prosody, the third of the alliterative le
tters (ljóðstafir) standing 'ahead' of the second verse line,
the preceding two being called stuðlar; thus in 'þá var grund groin | grænum lauki,' the g in 'gr&ael
ig;num' is a höfuðstafr, but in 'grund' and 'gróin
' a stuðill, Edda 120: in mod. usage höfuðstafir in pl. is used of
all the alliterative letters, skáldskapr þinn er skothent kl&uacute
;ðr | skakk-settum höfuðstöfum með, Jón Þorl.
höfuð-stjarna, u, f. a chief star, Rb. 440. höfu
ð-stóll, n. a chief seat: a trade term, capital, op
p. to interest. höfuð-stólpi, a, m. a chief gir
der, Sks. 633. höfuð-styrkr, m. principal strength,
N. G. L. ii. 416. höfuð-synd, f. a deadly sin, Hom. 33, 7
4, 671. 17. höfuð-sæti, n. a chief seat, Sks. 108,
460. höfuð-tunga, u, f. a chief language, Edda (pref.) höfuð-vápn, n. a principal weapon, Sks. 430. h&o
uml;fuð-veizla, u, f. a chief banquet, Fms. xi. 422. höfu
ð-vél, f. a chief device, Sks. 528, 633. höfuð
-vindr, m. a wind from one of the cardinal points, Rb. 438. h&ouml
;fuð-vinr, m. a bosom friend, Fms. ix. 308, 451. höfu&et
h;-þing, n. a great jewel: a chief meeting. höfuðætt, f. a chief family.
HÖFUNDR, m., gen. ar; the masc. inflex. -undr reminds one of
the Gothic (Gramm. p. xxxii. B. V); in old writers the word is found only four t
imes, always in the sense of a judge, and referring chiefly to Gothland i
n Sweden; Höfundr (a mythol. pr. name) var manna vitrastr, ok svá r&
eacute;ttdæmr, at hann hallaði aldri réttum dómi, ... ok
af hans nafni skyldi sá höfundr heita í hverju ríki e
r mál manna dæmdi, Fas. (Hervar. S.) i. 523, cp. 513: as also in Hr
ólfs S. Kraka (referring to Gothland), höfundr einn var þar ti
l settr at skora þetta mál með sannindum, settusk margir &iacut
e; þetta sæti, ok kallaði höfundr öngum sæma, &T
HORN;órir gengr seinastr ok sezk hann þegar í stólinn
; höfundr mælti, þér er sætið hæfiligast
, ok muntu dæmdr til þessarar stjórnar, Fas. i. 58: sigr-h&ou
ml;fundr, the judge of victory, the Lord of battle, a name given to Odin
by Egil, Stor. 21: lastly in Thorodd, skáld eru höfundar allrar r&ya
cute;nni eða máls-greina, sem smiðir málmgripa (?), eð
r lögmenn laga, the poets are judges in all matters of grammar and synta
x, as smiths in workmanship, and lawyers in law, Skálda (Thorodd) 164
; this passage as well as the preceding is erroneously rendered in the earlier t
ranslations, as also in Lex. Poët. II. an author, originator;
the revival of this ancient word, in quite a different sense, is curious; it do
es not occur in any of the earliest glossaries of the 17th century nor in the Bi
ble nor in Vídalín, but, as it seems for the first time, in the Le
xidion Islandico-Latinum, published at Copenhagen A.D. 1734, as a rendering of t
he Latin auctor, and was probably inserted by some learned philologer (Jo
n Ólafsson?) from the passage in Skálda, by a mistake. 2. b
y the end of the century it came to be used = a writer, and is now freq.
in that sense, either rit-höfundr or singly; but still in 1781, in the pref
ace to Fél. of that year, ritsmiðr (writ-smith) and höfun
dr are both used, shewing that the latter was not yet settled, though at present
the use of this word is quite fixed.
HÖGG, n., old dat. höggvi, Ó. H. 184, Fms. vii. 230, Nj.
passim; gen. pl. höggva; [Shetl. huggie; Scot. hag; Dan. 
hug; Swed. hugg; cp. the verb höggva] :-- a stroke, blow, esp. a stroke with an edged weapon, but also with a blunt one, Fms. vii. 191,
230, 297; laust hann selinn í svíma et fyrsta högg, Bs. i. 34
2; ljósta högg á dyr, to knock, Fs. 131, Nj. 28; &iac
ute; einu höggvi, of throwing a stone, Edda 72; högg loptsins, Sk&aacu
te;lda 174: sayings, skamma stund verðr hönd höggvi fegin, Nj. 64,
155, 213; eigi fellr tré við it fyrsta högg, Nj. 163, 224; eiga
í höggvi við e-n, to have a quarrel, come to blows with a pe
rson; það sér ekki högg á vatni, a stroke in
water is not seen, leaves no mark, of efforts without effect. 2. 
slaughter, a beheading; leiddr til höggs, Grett. 85, Karl. 518, Clem. 5
8; dæma e-n til höggs, Blas. 49; slaughter of cattle, yxn er
hann ætlaði til höggs, Eg. 181; strand-högg, q.v. 3.
a hewing down of trees, Dan. hugst, Grág. ii. 297; sk&oacut
e;gar-högg, 292; högg ok höfn, D. N.: a gap, kom þ&a
acute; skjótt högg í liðit, Fms. ix. 305. 4. of an instrument; þela-högg, q.v.; saum-högg, q.v.; fjal-h&oum
l;gg, a chopping-block. 5. a ravine or a cut-like gap in
a mountain. höggva-skipti, -viðskipti, n. exchange of bl
ows, Fms. i. 38, v. 165, Eg. 581, Korm. 212, Fs. 48.
högg-eyx, f. a hewing axe, hatchet, Fbr.
högg-færi, n. the being within sword's reach, so as to
have a chance of striking, Nj. 97, Gullþ. 30, Al. 33, passim.
högg-járn, n. a 'hewing iron,' chopper, Ld. 38, K. &TH

ORN;. K. 112: a chisel.
högg-ormr, m. [North. E. hagworm; Swed. huggorm], a
viper, 623.
<PAGE NUM="b0309">
<HEADER>HÖGGORMABIT -- HÖLL. 309</HEADER>
26, Skálda 176, Edda 37, Stj. 28, passim. COMPDS: höggorma-bit, n. a viper's bite. höggorms-tönn, f. a viper's too
th.
högg-orrosta, u, f. a close fight, Eg. 231, Fms. vi. 78, pass
im.
högg-ró, usually spelt hugró, f. a clinch on a sword's hilt, Edda (Gl.), Fms. i. 177, Hkr. i. 238, Þórð
. 75: name of a ship, Fms. viii: in Hkv. Hjörv. the true reading is prob.,
hugró í hjalti, ... önn er í oddi, for the MS. reading
'hugr er í hjalti' yields no meaning; hugró and önn (q.v.) w
ere parts of the sword.
högg-rúm, n. room to draw a sword, Þór&et
h;. 47, Eg. 492.
högg-sax, n. a kind of hatchet, Fbr. 58.
högg-skógr, m. [Dan. skovhugst], felled trees;
þat er h. er menn höggva upp, Grág. ii. 264.
högg-sledda, u, f. = höggsax, Safn i. 689.
högg-spjót, n. a kind of halberd, Fms. iv. 338, vi. 11
3, vii. 143, Fær. 207, Eg. 374, 378, = kesja.
högg-staðr, m. a place for a blow, Eg. 507, Fms. vi. 99,
vii. 290, viii. 404, Hkr. iii. 165.
högg-stokkr, m. a chopping-block, Ó. H. 117: a bloc
k for execution.
HÖGGVA, also spelt heyggva, Sæm. (Kb.); pres. höggr, mod.
also heggr; pl. höggum, mod. höggvum; pret. hjó, hjótt,
hjó, mod. hjó, hjóst, hjó; pl. hjoggum and hjuggum,
mod. only the latter form; a Norse pret. hjoggi = hjó, D. N. ii. 331; pr
et. subj. hjöggi and heyggi, mod. hjyggi; part. högginn, mod. but less
correct, höggvinn, which also is freq. in the Editions; but in the MSS. us
ually abbreviated, hög&g-long;, höggt UNCERTAIN, = högginn, h&oum
l;ggit: [not recorded in Ulf.; A. S. heawan; Engl. hew, hack; Hel.
hauwan; O. H. G. houwan; Germ. hauen; Dan. hugge; S
wed. hugga] :-- höggva denotes to strike with an edged tool,
slá and drepa with a blunt one: 1. to strike, smite with a
sharp weapon; höggr sá er hlífa skyldi, he strikes who ou
ght to shield, a saying: to deal blows with a weapon, hann gör&e
th;i ymist hjó eða lagði, Nj. 8; hann hjó títt ok h
art, passim; höggva báðum höndum, 29; h. sverði, ö
xi, strike with, i.e. to brandish, a sword, axe, Fms. v. 168, Gs.
6; h. til e-s, to deal a blow to one, smite, Grág. ii. 7, Al. 78;
h. e-n bana-högg, to smite with a deathblow, Eg. 220: to cut down
, destroy, þeir hjuggu drekann mjök, Fms. vii. 249: to maim, ef maðr höggr hund eða björn til háðungar manni,
Grág. ii. 121; h. rauf á hjálmi, Al. 78: the phrases, h. s
ik í lends manns rétt, Fms. ix. 399: spec. phrases, höggð
ú allra manna armastr, nú hjóttu Noreg ór hendi m&ea
cute;r! Ek þóttumk nú Noreg í hönd þ&eacut
e;r höggva, Ó. H. 184. 2. to put to death, behead, Fms
. vii. 250, 251, xi. 148-152: to kill, högg þú hestinn,
Nj. 92: to kill cattle, slaughter, h. bú, búfé, k&y
acute;r, geitr, naut, Landn. 293, Eg. 532, Fms. vi. 95, xi. 123, Fb. i. 186: h&o
uml;ggva strandhögg, Eg. 81. 3. to fell trees; höggva sk
ög, Grág. ii. 294; h. keyrivönd, id.: absol., hann hefir h&ouml
;ggit í skógi mínum, Nj. 98, passim: to cut grass (r
arely), ef maðr höggr hey á hlut annars manns, N. G. L. ii. 112;
upp höggvit gras, cut grass, Dipl. iv. 9, Jm. 7, (else always sl&aa
cute; of mowing.) 4. to bite, of snakes (högg-ormr); Miðg
arðsormr hjó hann til bana, Edda 155; naðran hjó fyrir fla
gbrjóskat, 76: of a wound from a boar's tusk, ef svín höggr m
ann, Gþl. 190: the phrase, h. hest sporum, to prick a horse with the sp
ur, Mag. 9. II. with prepp.; höggva af, to hew or cut
off; h. af kampa ok skegg, to cut off the beard, K. Þ. K.; h. a
f lim, Sks. 555; to kill, slaughter, h. af fé, Ld. 64; höggva
af sér, to parry off, Fms. v. 13 :-- h. niðr, to cut down
, i. 38; to kill, butcher, vii. 261, Orkn. 120; hjuggu þeir ni&
eth;r mungát sitt (by cutting casks to pieces), Fms. vii. 249 :-- h. upp,
to cut down a tree, Greg. 48, Matth. iii. 10; h. upp skip, to break a
ship up, Fms. iii. 228, ix. 381; h. upp hús, to break a house up
, viii. 166 :-- h. ór, to cut out, metaph. to make even; vóru margar greinir þær er ór þurfti at h. mil
li biskups ok leikmanna, Bs. i. 751; láta konung ok erkibiskup ór
h. (smooth) sagðar greinir, 773. III. reflex. to be cut, ha
cked; hjósk skjöldr Helga, Dropl. 24. 2. recipr. to e
xchange blows, fight; þeir hjuggusk nokkura stund, Háv. 56; &th
orn;eir h. til í ákafa, Bret. 74. 3. metaph., höggvask
í mitt mál, to begin abruptly, in the middle of a sentence
; taka heldr at upphafi til, en höggvask í mitt mál, Landn. 2
75, v.l.; ef enn höggsk nokkurr í ok mælir svá, cuts
in, objects, Skálda 168: þótti honum nú taka mj
ök um at höggvask, things looked hard, Grett. 142; þ&oacu
te;tti honum hart um höggvask, Bs. i. 423.
höggvandi, a, m., part. a hewer, as a nickname, Fms. xi. 115:
a headsman, Post. 645. 65.
högg-vápn, n. a cutlass, Eg. 580, Fms. vi. 158.
höggvin-kinni, a, m. cut cheek, a nickname, Landn.
HÖGLD, f., pl. hagldir, a kind of buckle (shaped like ∞
), commonly made of horn, used to run the rope through with which hay is trussed
: hann tekr reip á tíu hesta ok leysir af hagldir, Fb. i. 523: in
metaph. phrases, hann þóttisk nú hafa hagldir fengit &aacute
; sínum málum, Bs. i. 730; and the mod. phrase, hafa bæð
i töglin ok hagldirnar, to have it all one's own way. haglda-brau
ð, n. buckle-gingerbread.
högldungr, m. = högld. högldungs-reip, n. a rope
with buckles; kirkja á tíu högldungsreip, Vm. 177.

högni, a, m. a tom cat, freq. in mod. usage. II. a pr.
name, mid. H. G. Hagene, Landn.
hökta, t, to limp, Bárð. 167; h. kyrr, Fas. ii. 36
9.
höku-, see haka.
hökul-brækr, f. pl., also by dropping the aspirate, ökulbrækr, Fas. iii. 41 :-- 'cloak-breeks,' a kind of dress, per
haps like a Highlander's kilt, prob. derived from hökull, hekla, and
not from ökla, an ankle; it is used of beggarly attire, Ísl.
(Kjaln. S.) ii. 417, Fas. iii. 41.
HÖKULL, m., dat. hökli, [Ulf. renders by hakul the Gr. G
REEK, i.e. GREEK, Lat. paenula, a mantle, 2 Tim. iv. 13; A. S. hacela;
 O. H. G. hachul; old Fr. hekil; Dan. messe-hagel; akin
to hekla, q.v.] :-- a priest's cope; purpura-h., Bs. i. 67; hann haf&eth
; ok út pell þat er h. sá er úr görr er Skarbend
ingr heitir, 77, Vm. 13, 92, Fms. iii. 168, viii. 197, D. I. passim.
hökul-lauss, adj. 'cope-less,' without a cope, Vm. 22.
hökul-skúaðr, part., prob. wearing a kilt and brogues like a Highlander, Fms. ix. 512; this word is also, in the various MSS. to l
.c., spelt with or without the h, see Fb. iii. 151 (ökulskoðr).
höku-nótt, f. mid-winter night, about the time of Epip
hany, when the heathen Yule began; a GREEK: hann setti þat í l&ouml
;gum at hefja Jólahald sem Kristnir menn ..., en áðr var J&oac
ute;la-hald hafit Hökunótt, þat var miðsvetrar-nótt
(thus in Fms. i. 32, l.c.), ok haldin þriggja (þrettán?) n&a
acute;tta Jól, Hkr. i. 138 (Hák. S. Aðalst. ch. 15). The Scot.
hogmaney, = the last day of the year or a feast given on that da
y, is a remnant of this ancient word. The heathen Yule seems among the Scandinav
ians to have been celebrated about three weeks later than Christmas; but the Nor
se king Hakon, who had been brought up in Christian England, altered the time of
the festival, so as to make it correspond with the English Yule or Christmas; a
nd so the heathen hökunótt came to represent our Christmas Eve. The
etymology is not known.
höld-borinn, part. born of a höld (see höldr), e
njoying a höld's right, Hdl. 11, 16, N. G. L. i. 346.
höld-maðr, m. = höldr, N. G. L. i. 44, 55, 71, 175.
HÖLDR, m., in old MSS. spelt h&avlig;lðr or h&avlig;lþr, d
enoting that the d is inflexive, not radical; [the word therefore is not
to be derived from halda, but is identical with A. S. hæleð, G
erm. held, whence mod. Swed. and Dan. hjälta and helt,
see halr] :-- a Norse law term, a kind of higher yeoman, like the sta
tesman of Westmorland, i.e. the owner of allodial land, mod. Norse odelsbonde; the höld is to be distinguished from a hersir (q.v.) or a
lendr maðr, who held land in fee from the king, see the interesting story in
Har. S. Harðr. ch. 62 (Fms. vi. 278); the höld is thus defined, s&aacu
te; er h&avlig;ldr er hann hefir óðöl at erfðum tekit b&aeli
g;ði eptir föður ok móður, þau er hans forellrar (
forefathers) hafa átt áðr fyrir þeim, N. G. L. ii
. 146; hölda tvá eða bændr ina beztu, i. 251. In old Norwa
y the churchyards were divided into four parts; in the first were buried the len
dir menn, next them the hölds and their children (hölds-lega), then th
e freed men (leysingjar), and lastly the thralls (man, q.v.) nearest to the wall
; the höld had right to twice as much as the simple franklin, and half as m
uch as the lendr maðr, e.g. bóandi hálvan annan eyri, höl
dr þrjá aura, lendr maðr sex aura, jarl tólf aura, konun
gr þrjár merkr, N. G. L. i. 45, cp. 55, 71, 81; þegnar ok h&a
vlig;lðar, svá eru búendr kallaðir, Edda 107; haulðar,
þat er búendr þeir, er gildir eru af ættum eða r&e
acute;ttum fullum, 94; Björn hlaut annan bústað góðan
ok virðilegan, görðisk hann ekki handgenginn konungi, þv&iac
ute; var hann kallaðr Björn hölðr, Eg. 198; lends manns son sk
al taka hölds rétt ef hann fær eigi lönd, N. G. L. i. 71;
hann veltisk ór jarldóminum ok tók hölds rétt,
Orkn. 12: for the weregild to be paid for a höld (hölds-gjöld) s
ee N. G. L. i. 81: a law of king St. Olave ordered that Icelanders whilst in Nor
way should enjoy the right of a höld; Íslendingar eigu at hafa h&oum
l;lds-rétt í Noregi, D. I. i. 65. 2. in poetry, a man, Hm. 41; hölda synir, the sons of men, 93, Fm. 19, Hkr. i. 101, wh
ere the mother of Ganger-Rolf calls him 'the kinsman of the hölds,' cp. als
o Rm. 21, Gs. 17; h. inn hvíti, Ísl. ii. 251 (in a verse): in mod.
Icel. usage it remains in bú-höldr, q.v.
hölfa, að, see hválfa.
Hölgi, a, m. a pr. name, in the Hb. spelt H&oelig;lgi; this i
s the old Norse form, whereas the old and mod. Icel. form is Helgi, and o
f a woman, Helga, u, f., Landn.; prob. contracted from Hálogi, cp.
the Dan. Holger and Russian Olga: Hölgi was the name of a my
thol. king, Edda 83, whence Hölga-brúðr, f. the bride
of Hölgi, or Hölga-tröll, n. (Skálda 168, Fms.
xi. 134), the giantess of H.: hölda-brúðr and h
örga-brúðr are less correct forms, Nj. 131 (v.l.), Fb. i. 21
3; for the various readings in different MSS. see Jóms S. ch. 44, Nj. ch.
89: this is the name of two weird sisters worshipped by the earls of Hla
ðir; the passage in Skálda l.c. refers to some lost myth concerning t
hese sisters.
HÖLKN, n. a rough stony field, almost = hraun, q.v.; á
hölkni einu, Fas. iii. 625; hann setsk niðr á hölknit fyri
r ofan búðirnar, Ld. 290 (v.l. hraunit); þá er undir sv&
aacute; hart sem hölkn, Hrafn. 26; hölkn eða hreysar, N. G. L. i.
38; í fjöru eða á h&oelig;lkn, ii. 111, 146, Hým.
24; um hölkn ok skóga, Karl. 243: in local names, Hölkna-hei
ðr, see the map of Icel.
hölkvir, m., poët. a horse, Edda (Gl.); h. hvílbe
ðjar, poët. a clothes' horse, cp. Dan. sænge-hest (
?), Akv. 31; gólf-h., a 'closet-horse,' poët. a house,
Bragi; borð-h., a 'board-hobby,' a ship, Lex. Poët. II.
the name of a mythol. steed, Edda.
HÖLL, f., gen. hallar, often spelt hall without umlaut, Fb. i
. 212,
<PAGE NUM="b0310">
<HEADER>310 HALLARBUNAÐR -- HÖND.</HEADER>
l. 26, Fas. iii. 42, 87, Fms. viii. 191, v.l.; as also rhymed so in poets, e.g.
Geisli 11; [A. S. heal, gen. healle; Engl. hall; Hel. ha
lla; but not found in old and mid. H. G., the mod. Germ. halle being
a borrowed word, Grimm's Gr. iii. 427] :-- a hall, but in the Norse only
of a king's or earl's hall, whereas a private dwelling is called skáli, e
ldhús, q.v.; and thus 'hall' never could be used of an Icel. dwelling. In
earlier times it seems to have had a more general sense, which remains in a ver
se of Kormak, Korm. 42 :-- in the mythology and old poems 'hall' is also used of
the hall of gods, giants, Vþm., Hým., Lv.; Val-höll, Valha
lla, the hall of the slain, of Odin, Gm., Edda: as also Guðs höll,
God's hall = the heaven, Geisli; dags höll, days' hall, th
e sky; höll fjalla, mountain hall, the sky; lífs höl
l, life's hall, the breast, Lex. Poët. :-- in prose constantly, konu
ngs-höll, a king's hall, or hall simply, passim. For the building, s
tructure, seats of a hall, see the Sagas passim, Fagrsk. ch. 219, 220, Hr&oacute
;lfs S. Kr. ch. 34, 40, Jómsv. S. ch. 5, 22, Völs. S. ch. 3, H&aacut
e;lfs S. ch. 12, Eg. S. ch. 8, Edda 2, 30-33, 82. As all heathen Scandinavian bu
ildings were of timber, the hall of stone of Nj. ch. 6 is no doubt an anachronis
m. COMPDS: hallar-búnaðr, -búningr, m. the hangings
of a hall, Fms. x. 235, xi. 16. hallar-dyrr, n. pl. hall-doors, Edda 2, Fas. i. 15, Al. 70. hallar-gólf, n. a hall-floor, Edda 31, Fms. iii. 188, vii. 157, Fas. i. 284. hallar-veggr, m. the
wall of a hall, Fms. iv. 189, Sks. 709: Höll, name of an Icel. f
arm, Skáld H., whence Hallar-Steinn, a pr. name.
hölzti, see heldr B. III.
HÖM, f., gen. hamar, [A. S. and Engl. ham], the ham or
haunch of a horse; Grettir hljóp undir hömina á hesti
sínum, Grett. 108; kom á hömina hestinum, Karl. 124; skj&oac
ute;ta þeir upp höminni allir í senn, Od. xiii. 83; standa &ia
cute; höm = hama, q.v., of horses in a tempest.
hömul-grýti, n. [provinc. Norse humul, Shetl. hamme
rs], heaps of earth-fast stones; í klungri eða humulgr&yac
ute;ti, Barl. 19.
hömungr, m. = hemingr (q.v.), N. G. L. ii. 511.
HÖND, f., gen. handar, dat. hendi, acc. hönd, pl. hendr, mod. p
roncd. höndur, gen. handa; [Goth. handus; A. S. and Engl. hand; O. H. G. hant; Germ. hand; Dan. haand; Swed. hand] :-- a hand; beit höndina þar er nú heitir úlf
liðr, Edda 17; armleggir, handleggir ok hendr, Anecd. 6; kné eðr
hendi, Grág. ii. 8; ganga á höndum, Fms. vi. 5; með hendi
sinni, K. Þ. K. 5 new Ed.; taka hendi á e-u, to touch with the
hand, Fms. x. 110; taka höndum um háls e-m, Nj. 10; hvítr
i hendi, Hallfred; hafa e-t í hendi, to hold in hand, wield, Eg. 2
97, Nj. 84, 97, 255; hrjóta ór hendi e-m, Fms. xi. 141; hafa fingr
gull á hendi, Nj. 146; handar-högg, Fms. xi. 126, Fas. ii. 459; sj&a
acute; ekki handa sinna skil (deili), not to be able to see one's hands,
of a dense fog. 2. the arm and hand, the arm, like Gr. GREEK, Nj.
160, 253; á hendi heitir alnbogi, Edda 110; hendr til axla, Fas. i. 160;
leggir handa ok fóta, Magn. 532; hönd fyrir ofan úlnlið,
Nj. 84; hafa hring á hendi, of an arm-ring, Nj. 131; hring á h&ael
ig;gri hendi fyrir ofan ölnboga, Fms. iv. 383 :-- the arm and arm-pit, ná, taka undir hönd (arm-pit) e-m, Gþl. 380; var eig
i djúpara en þeim tók undir hendr, the water reached to t
heir arm-pits, Ld. 78; taka undir hönd sér, to take hold unde
r one's arms, Eg. 237, Nj. 200; sjá undir hönd e-m, Fas. ii. 558
; renna undir hendr e-m, to backspan one, Háv. 40, 41; þykkr
undir hönd, stout, Ld. 272. 3. metaph. handwriting, hand
; rita góða hönd, to write a good hand; snar-hön
d, running hand, italics. II. the hand, side; hægri h
önd, the right hand; vinstri hönd, the left hand; &aacut
e; hvára hönd, on either hand, each side, Landn. 215; &aacute
; vinstri hönd, Nj. 196; á hægri hönd; á tvæ
r hendr, on both hands or sides, Ísl. ii. 368, Fas. i. 384;
á báðar hendr, Grág.; hvat sem á aðra h&oum
l;nd ber, whatsoever may happen; á aðra hönd ... en &aacu
te; aðra, Ld. 46; til hvárigrar handara, Fms. x. 313; til annarrar ha
ndar, Nj. 50, 97; til sinnar handar hvárr, 140; til beggja handa, Eg. 65;
til ýmsa handa, Bs. i. 750; þver-hönd, a hand's breadth; örv-hönd. III. sayings and phrases referring to the hand: 1. sayings; sjálfs hönd er hollust, one's own hand is best, i.e. if you want to have a thing well done, do it yourself, Gl&uacut
e;m. 332, Ó. H. 157; blíð er bætandi hönd, bless
ed is the mending hand; gjörn er hönd á venju, Grett. 150,
Nj. (in a verse), and Edda (Ht. 26); margar hendr vinna létt verk; fiplar
hönd á feigu tafli; betri ein kráka í hendi en tv&ael
ig;r á skógi, Ld. 96; skamma stund verðr hönd höggvi
fegin, see högg. 2. phrases; drepa hendi við, to refuse,
Nj. 71; halda hendi yfir e-m, to hold one's hand over, protect, 266, Fbr
. 22, Anecd. 14; taka e-n höndum, to take hold with the hands, seize, ca
pture, Fms. x. 314, Nj. 265, passim; eiga hendr sínar at verja, to
act in self-defence, 84, 223; hefja handa, to lift the hands, stir for
action, 65, Ld. 262; bera hönd fyrir höfuð sér, to p
ut one's hand before one's head, stand on one's guard, defend oneself; vera
í hers höndum, óvina höndum, to be in a state of war,
exposed to rapine; vera í góðum höndum, vina-hö
ndum, góðra manna höndum, to be in good hands, among friends.
 β. læknis-hendr, 'leech hands,' healing hands; pai
ns and sickness were believed to give way to the magical touch of a person gifte
d with such hands, Sdm. 4, Magn. S. Góða ch. 36 (Fms. vi. 73), cp. Ra
fns S. ch. 2; hönd full, a handful, Fms. ii. 302, vi. 38, viii. 306;
fullar hendr fjár, hands full of gold :-- kasta hendinni til e-s,
to huddle a thing up; með harðri hendi, with hard hand, harsh
ly, rudely; með hangandi hendi, with drooping hand, slothfully; f
egins hendi, with glad hand, joyfully; sitja auðum höndum, to
sit with empty hands, sit idle; but með tómar hendr, empty-ha
nded, portionless, Thom. :-- láta hendr standa fram úr ermum,
to work briskly; víkja hendi til e-s (handar-vik), to move the
hand to do a thing; það er ekki í tveim höndum að
hafa við e-n, of double handed (i.e. faltering) half measures, when the one
hand undoes what the other has done; kann ek þat sjá at ekki m&aacu
te; í tveim höndum hafa við slíka menn, Band. 3; l&aacute
;ta hönd selja hendi, of a ready bargain; láta e-t ganga hendi firr,
to let go out of one's hands, lose, Ld. 202; ok lét sér ei
gi hendi firr ganga, and never lost sight of him, 656 ii. 4; e-m fallask
hendr, to be discomfited, lose one's head (see falla); leggja görva
hönd á allt, to be a ready hand, adept in everything, Thom. 3
00 (see göra F. 2); taka í hönd e-m, to join hands, Nj.
3; takask í hendr, to join, shake hands, Grág. ii. 80; legg
ja hendr saman, id., Gþl. 18, -- of shaking hands as symbolical of
a bargain, see the compds hand-lag, hand-festi, handa-band; eiga, taka, jöf
num höndum, to own, take with even hands, i.e. in equal shares, Grág. i. 171, ii. 66, Hkr. i. 318; vinna jöfnum höndum, t
o work even-handed, to help one another; e-m eru mislagðar hendr, one
's hands are amiss, when bad work is done by one from whom better was expect
ed; honum hafa verið mislagðar hendr, etc.

B. Metaph. usages: I. dat., sverja sér af hendi, to fors
wear, Fms. vii. 176; færa af höndum sér, to dismiss, Grág. i. 248; hefjask af höndum e-m, Fms. xi. 59 :-- af hendi e-s
, on one's behalf, part, Landn. 154; af hendi Hákonar, Fms. i. 20,
iv. 118; af hendi landsmanna, ix. 359; af sinni hendi, of one's own hand, fo
r one's own part, Grág. i. 392; reiða, greiða, gjalda, inna a
f hendi or höndum, to discharge, pay off, Fms. vii. 230, Nj. 146, 19
0, 232, 239, 257, 281, Grág. i. 82, ii. 374; selja, láta af hendi
(höndum), to part with, dismiss, Nj. 186, 231, Fms. vii. 173, Rb. 12
; líða af hendi, to pass, of time, Ísl. ii. 144, Fms. i
v. 83: koma, bera at hendi, to happen, Nj. 71, 177: at hendi, as adv. 
in turn; hvern at hendi, each in turn, Fms. i. 150: þar n&aelig
;st Gunnarr, þá Loðinn, þá hverr at hendi, Nj. 140
; hverr segir at hendi þat er frá honum hefir stolit verit, Mar.: f
elask á hendi e-m, to be under one's charge, protection, Nj. 201,
Bs. i. 167, 173. vera e-m á hendi, id., Fms. vii. 243; vera bundin
n á hendi e-m, Sturl. i. 57: hafa e-t á höndum (hendi), to
have a thing in hand, of duty, business to be done, Grág. i. 38; eig
a ferð á höndum, Ld. 72; hvat er þér á h&oum
l;ndum, what hast thou in hand? for what art thou concerned, distressed?
Nj. 133, Ld. 270; ella eru þér stórir hlutir á h&ouml
;ndum, Fms. vii. 30; ef honum væri ekki á höndum, if he had
nothing in hand, if his hands were free, Ld. 42: eiga e-t fyrir hendi (h&ou
ml;ndum), to have in hand (duty, business, engagement), Fas. ii. 557; far
vegr langr fyrir hendi, Fms. xi. 316; tveir kostir fyrir höndum, Nj. 264, G
rág. i. 279; hafa sýslu fyrir höndum, Ísl. ii. 344; ei
ga vandræði fyrir höndum, Ld. 4; eiga gott fyrir höndum, Hkr
. iii. 254: vera í hendi, to be at hand, within reach, at one's dispos
al, in one's power; hann er eigi í hendi, Fms. vi. 213; þat er
eigi í hendi, 'tis no easy matter, v.l.; hafa raun (evidence) í hendi, Bs. i. 708; hafa ráð e-s í hendi sér
, Ld. 174, Fas. i. 260; hafa vel, ílla í höndum, to behave
well, badly, Ísl. ii. 387, Eg. 158; varð honum þat vel &ia
cute; höndum, 50: hafa e-t með höndum (fé, auðæfi
, embætti, etc.), to have in hand, manage, discharge, Grág.
ii. 389, Greg. 25, Stj. 248, Hkr. iii. 131; to design, hafa rá&eth
;, stórræði með höndum, 623. 51: hljóta undan h
endi e-s, from one, at one's hands, Fas. i. 365: undir höndum, eigi
lítill undir höndum, not a small man to handle, Fms. vii. 17;
vera undir höndum e-m, to be under or in one's hands, under one'
s protection, in one's power, Sks. 337, Fms. i. 7, 13; sitja undir hendi e-m
, Hkr. i. 166, -- um hendr, Fms. iv. 71, is prob. an error = undir hendi. 2. absol., annarri hendi, on the other hand, Fms. vii. 158; en annarri h
endi vildu þeir gjarna veita konungi hlýðni, ix. 258. II. acc., with prepp.; á hönd, á hendr, against; hö
fða sök, lýsa vígi (etc.) á hönd e-m, to m
ake a suit ... against, Grág. i. 19, Nj. 86, 87, 98, 99, 101, 110, 12
0, 230; hyggja e-t á hendr e-m, to lay a thing to a person's charge, Hom. 115; reynask á hendr e-m, to have a charge brought home to on
e, Fms. xi. 76; snúa vanda á hendr e-m, to throw the respon
sibility upon ..., Nj. 215; færa, segja stríð á hend
r e-m, to wage, declare war against one; fara geystr á hendr e-m,
to rage against, Fms. vii. 230; færask e-t á hendr, to un
dertake, Nj. 126; ganga á hönd e-m, to vex one, 625. 33;
sótt elnar á hendr e-m, Eg. 126; leggja e-t á hendr e-m, to lay (a burden) on one's hands, Fms. xi. 98; in a good sens
e, ganga á hönd, to pay homage to, submit, Ó. H. 184;
dreif allt fólk á hönd honum, submitted to him, filled his
ranks, Fms. i. 21; bjargask á sínar hendr, by one's own ha
ndwork, Vápn. 28; (for at hönd, Grág. i. 135, read &aacut
e; hönd): selja, fá, gefa e-t í hönd, hendr e-m, to g
ive into one's hands, hand over; selja sök í hönd e-m (hand
söl), Grág. ii. 80, Nj. 4, 98, 112, 186; so, halda e-u í h&ou
ml;nd e-m, Ísl. ii. 232, Fms. vii. 274; búa í hendr e-m, to make it ready for one, Ld. 130; veiði berr í hendr e-m, Nj. 2
52; kalla til e-s í hendr e-m, to lay claim to a thing at the hands of
another, Ld. 300, Eg. 350, Fms. iv. 222, ix. 424; þegar í h&o
uml;nd, offhand, immediately, Bs. i; þá sömu nó
tt er fór í hönd, the following night, Fms. viii. 397,
Glúm. 341; gjalda í hönd, to pay in cash, Vm. 16; ve&
eth;r óx í hönd, the wind rose higher and higher, Fb.
i. 432: undir jafna hönd, equally, Sturl. iii. 243; standa ób
rigðiliga undir jafna hönd, Dipl. v. 26: væra hægt
<PAGE NUM="b0311">
<HEADER>HANDAAFL -- HÖRR. 311</HEADER>
um hönd, to be easy in hand, Nj. 25; þegar eg vil er hæg
t um hönd, heima á Fróni að vera, Núm. 1. 10; but
mér er e-t um hönd, it is awkward, costs trouble: hafa vi&eth
; hönd sér, to keep at hand, Fms. x. 264; tóku konur m
anna ok dætr ok höfðu við hönd sér viku, Grett. 9
7; hafa e-t við höndina, to have it at hand. III. gen., w
ith prepp.; til handa e-m, into one's hands; fara Guði til handa, 
to go into God's hands, Blas. 51; ganga til handa e-m, to put oneself in
another's hands, submit to him, Rb. 404, Eg. 12, Fms. vii. 234, Fas. ii. 522
; ef þat berr þér til handa, if it befalls thee, i. 13
5; þá skömm kýs ek mér eigi til handa, I will
not have that shame at my door, Nj. 191: for one, on one's behalf,
biðja konu til handa e-m, 120, 180, Grág. i. 353; í þeir
ri bæn er hann orti oss til handa, for its, for our use, our sake,
655 i. 2; hann hélt fénu til handa Þrándi, Landn. 214
, Nj. 151; safnar konungr liði (til) handa Oddi, Fas. ii. 553; til handa &TH
ORN;orkatli, Fs. β. dropping the prep. til; mikit fé handa ho
num, Rd. 195 (late MSS.): whence, handa has become an adverb with dat., handa em, for one, Lat. alicui, which is freq. in mod. usage. 2. a
dverbial; allra handa, Dan. allehaande, of every kind; allra handa &aacut
e;rgæzka, Edda (pref.); allra handa ganganda fé, Þór&e
th;. 51 new Ed.; fjögurra handa, of a fourfold kind, H. E. i. 525. 3. absol., minnar handar, for my part, Ísl. ii. 356; yðv
arrar handar, for your part, Fms. ix. 498; hvárrar-tveggju handar,
on either hand, Skálda 164; innan handar, within one's hands,
easy, Ld. 112; þótti þeim innan handar falla at taka land
þetta hjá sér sjálfum, 210.
C. COMPDS: I. plur., handa-afl, n., Edda, = handafl, p. 237
. handa-band, n. a joining or shaking of hands, as a law te
rm = handlag, Dipl. i. 11, iv. 2, Vígl. 23; in plur., Bs. (Laur. S.); hei
lsa, kveðja með handabandi. handa-festi, f. a hold for the han
ds, Fms. ii. 276. handa-gangr, m. grasping after a thing with all
hands, Fas. iii. 345. handa-görvi, f. 'hand-gear,' gloves, Sd. 143, Fbr. 139. handa-hóf, n., in the phrase, af handah&oacut
e;fi, at random. handa-kenning, f. hand touching, Eluc. 20.
handa-klapp, n. a clapping of hands, Skálda 174. handa-
læti, n. pl. gestures with the arms, Sks. 116. handar-m&aacu

te;l, n., in the phrase, at handarmáli, in heaps; var þ&
aacute; drepit lið hans at handarmáli, Fas. i. 41. handa-saumr, m. tight gloves, Bs. ii. 10. handa-síðr, adj. = hands
íðr. handa-skil, n. pl., in the phrase, sjá ekki h., not to see one's own hands, as in the dark, in a dense fog. handa-skol, n. pl. maladroitness; það er allt í handaskolum. 
handa-skömm, f. shameful work, a scandal; það er mesta
h.! handa-staðr, m. the print of the hands. Fas. i. 285. h
anda-tak, n., -tekt, f., -tekja, u, f. a taking of hands, as a bargain, Háv. 42, H. E. ii. 194, D. N. i. 398. handa-tæk
i, n. pl. a laying hold, a fight, Bs. i. (Laur. S.): a pledging of
hands, Dipl. ii. 6, D. N. passim. handa-upphald, n. a lifting the
arms, Stj. 296. handa-verk, n. pl. one's handiwork, doings, N
. G. L. i. 76, Fms. vii. 295, Stj. 198; í handaverkum eða bókf
ræði, 46; handaverk manna, men's handiwork, Blas. 47; Guðs
h.; ek em þín h., Sks. 610; hans h., Fms. viii. 406. II. sin
g., handar-bak, n. the back of the hand, Sdm. 7. handar-gagn, n. a being ready to the hand; leggja e-t til handargagns, to lay it
so as to be ready at hand, Hkr. ii, 158, 249. handar-grip, n. a m
easure, = spönn, Karl. 481. handar-hald, proncd. handarald, n. a handle, Fas. ii. 355. handar-jaðarr, m. the hand's
edge; in the phrase, vera undir handar-jaðri e-s, to be in one's han
ds, in one's power, Fær. 201. handar-kriki, a, m. 'hand's-cr
eek,' the arm-pit, Eg. 396, Fms. vi. 348, Sturl. ii. 37. handar-mein,
n. a sore in the hand, Bs. i. 115, 187, Sturl. ii. 177. handar-st&uac
ute;fr, m. a 'hand-stump,' stump of the arm, the hand being hacked o
ff, Fms. x. 258, xi. 119. handar-vani, a, m. maimed in hand, Hm. 7
0, Matth. xviii. 8. handar-veif, n., í handarveifi, in a 'wave
of the hand,' in a moment. handar-vik, n. the hands' reach, moveme
nt, work; lítið handarvik, a small work. handar-v&aeli
g;ni, a, m. want of hands (?), Hm. 72.
UNCERTAIN For the compds in hand- see pp. 237, 238.
HÖNDLA, að, (handla, Stj. 22, 47), to handle; h. h
eiðarliga, Karl. 51; h. úvarliga, Stj. 22: to manage, Gkv. 1.
8; h. e-n ílla, to treat one ill, Stj. 47; h. um e-t, Mar.; h. kau
p, to strike a bargain, to handsel (North. E.), Gþl. 493. II. as a law term, to seize, catch, Hrafn. 7, Ld. 148: to arrest, 62
3. 62, Nj. 267, Symb. 59, Pass. 8. 1; h. glæpamann, Fms. ii. 85.
höndulega, adv. adroitly; honum fórst það h&
ouml;nduliga.
HÖNK, f., gen. hankar, pl. henkr, hankar, Fs. 132, l. 12, mod. hanki
r; [Engl. hank, cp. Germ. henker] :-- a hank, coil, skein;
toga hönk, Fms. vi. 312, Fs. 146; þar var hönk í meða
lkaflanum, ok dró hann hana á hönd sér, Eg. 378, Grett
. 101; henkr tvær af viðjum, Gþl. 413; festa með hönkum
, 381; sterkar henkr (clasps), Fs. 132.
Hörðar, m. pl. the Hords, a people of Norway; whence H
örða-land, n. the land of the Hords: Hörða-konun
gr, -kappi, m. the king, champion of the Hords, Fms. passim: H&oum
l;rðu-ból, n., Hörðu-dalr, m. a local name in Ice
l.: Hörð-dælir, m. pl. the men from H., Sturl.
Hörðr, m., Herði, Hörð, a pr. name, Landn. Har&e
th;ar-saga, u, f. the story of Hörð.
HÖRFA, að, [akin to hvarfa, q.v.], to retire, Fas. iii. 3

4; h. frá í brott, Nj. 216; hvárt sem þeir h. með
ánni norðr eða suðr, 228; h. fyrir, to give way, Gret
t. 114; h. undan, Sd. 175, Fbr. 41 new Ed., Fs. 45; nú h. þeir inna
r eptir höllinni, Fas. ii. 261; hann hörfaði at borðinu &uacut
e;t, Fms. vii. 264; þá skal ganga á feld þó &aa
cute;ðr hafi af hörfat, Korm. 86: to pass round, hefir þat
(viz. the moon) hörfat hring sinn, Rb. 116: reflex., láta hörf
ask undan, Ísl. ii. 447.
hörfan, f. retrogression; h. heimsins, Mag. 69.
hörg-brjótr, m. a breaker of horgs, of a missionary ki
ng, Hallfred.
HÖRGR, m., never f., for the form hörg (Landn. 111) is merely a
n error; [A. S. hearg; O. H. G. haruc] :-- a heathen place of w
orship. Distinction is to be made between hof (temple) and horg; the
hof was a house of timber, whereas the horg was an altar of stone (the h&
aacute;timbraðr in Vþm. is not literal) erected on high places, or 
a sacrificial cairn (like haugr), built in open air, and without images, for
the horg itself was to be stained with the blood of the sacrifice; hence such p
hrases as, to 'break' the horgs, but 'burn' the temples. The horg worship remind
s one of the worship in high places of the Bible. The notion of a 'high place' s
till remains in the popular Icel. phrase, það eru ekki uppi nema h&ael
ig;stu hörgar, only the highest horgs jut out, when all lies under a
deep snow. In provincial Norse a dome-shaped mountain is called horg (Iv
ar Aasen). The worship on horgs seems to be older than that in temples, but was
in after times retained along with temple worship, and then, it seems, specially
reserved for the worship of the goddesses or female guardians (dísir), H
ervar. S. ch. 1, Hdl. l.c., Edda l.c., cp. also Hörga-brúðr, f. the bride of the horgs, see Hölgi. Many of the old cairns and
hows are no doubt horgs or high places of worship of the heathen age. A third w
ay of worshipping is recorded, viz. a portable booth or tabernacle in which the
god was carried through the land, mentioned in Tacit. Germ. ch. 40; traces of th
is ancient worship were still found in Sweden at the close of heathendom, see th
e interesting tale of Gunnar Helming in Fms. ii. 73-78. II. references; h
örg hann mér görði hlaðinn steinum, nú er grj&oa
cute;t þat at gleri orðit, etc., Hdl. 10; hofum ok hörgum, V&thor
n;m. 38; þeir er hörg ok hof hátimbruðu, Vsp. 7; hof mun e
k kjósa, hörga marga, Hkv. Hjörv. 4; hátimbraðr h.,
Gm. 16; hamra ok hörga, skóga, vötn ok tré, Fms. v. 239;
brjóta ok brenna hof ok hörga, Fms. i. 283, ii. 41; Oddr brenndi ho
f ok hörga braut, Fas. ii. 288 (in a verse); hauga né hörga, en
ef maðr verðr at því kunnr eða sannr, at hann hleð
r hauga, eðr gerir hús, ok kallar hörg, eða reisir stön
g, N. G. L. i. 430, cp. ii. 496; höfðu frændr hennar sí&et
h;an mikinn átrúnað á hólana, var þar g&ou
ml;rr UNCERTAIN hörg(r) er blót tóku til, trúðu &t
horn;eir at þeir dæi í hólana, Landn. 111; þar v
óru áðr blót ok hörgar, Kristni S. ch. 11; eitt ha
ust var gört dísablót mikit hjá Álfi konungi, g
ékk Álfhildr at blótinu, en um nóttina er hón
rauð hörginn ..., Fas. (Hervar. S.) i. 413; þat var hörgr e
r gyðjurnar áttu, Edda 9, a paraphrase of the passage in the Vsp. l.c
.; blóthús ok hörga, Rekst. 2. poët., brún
a-hörgr, the 'forehead-horg' or peak = the horns of a
steer, Ýt.; gunn-hörgr, a 'war-horg' = a helmet (not a shield), Hkr. i. 135 (in a verse); hörga herr, the host of the h
orgs = the heathen host, Knytl. S. (in a verse). III. in Icel.

local names, but not so freq. as Hof; Hörg-á and Hör
gár-dalr, in the north; Hörga-eyrr, in the west; H&oum
l;rgs-dalr and Hörgs-land, in the east; Hörgs-holt a
nd Hörgs-hlíð, in the west, Landn., Kristni S., map of Ic
el.; Hörgs-hylr, Dipl., Ísl. Hörg-dælir, m.
the men from Hörgárdalr, Sturl. In Norway, Hörg-in,
Hörga-setr, Munch's Norg. Beskr.
hör-hnoða, n. a clew of flax, Fms. vi. 296.
hörkla, að, [hark and harki], to hobble, go with difficulty, as if walking on rough ground; hann hörklar af heiðinni ofan, Bs. i
. 443.
hörkn, n. = hölkn, Bs. i. 452, v.l.
hörkull, m. roughness; hann segir svá meðr hö
rðum hörkul, 732. 15; skal ek göra þeim mikinn hörkul,
I will work them much annoyance, MS. 4. 16: noise, din, hóf
sk þá bardaginn með miklum hörkul, Karl. 289; mátti
þá heyra mikinn gný ok ógurligan hörkul, 307; &
thorn;eir heyrðu hörkul ok stór högg Frankismanna, 354: hen
ce comes prob. the mod. hörgull, meaning dearth; þa&eth
; er mesti hörgull á því: as also in the phrase, spyrja
e-n út í hörgul, or segja e-t út í hörgul
, to ask or tell minutely.
hörmugr, adj. afflicted, Gkv. 3.
hörmuliga, adv. sadly, 4. 15, Gþl. 45, Stj. 51, Hom. 11
6, passim.
hörmuligr, adj. sad, distressing, Sturl. i. 13, Þið
r. 174; h. tíðendi, Nj. 170; h. villa, Stj. 250; h. hrygð, 494; h
. glæpr, Fms. i. 205: neut. a distressing thing, Fms. vii. 160, x.
400: also with the notion of indignation, það er hörmulegt
að sjá það!
HÖRMUNG, f. [harmr], grief, affliction, Fms. vi. 94, Str. 24,
453, Fas. iii. 303; hörmungar tala, lamentation, Fms. iv. 165; h&ou
ml;rmungar orð, H. E. i. 255; hörmungar víg, Fs. 8; freq. in mod
. usage, N. T. = GREEK, esp. in plur., Mark xiii. 19, Acts vii. 10: in sing, wit
h the notion of indignation, það er hörmung að vita ti
l þess.
Hörn, f. one of the names of the goddess Freyja, Edda.
hörpu-, see harpa.
HÖRR, m., old dat. hörvi, mod. hör, pl. hörvar, H&oum
l;fuðl. 12 :-- flax, but also = linen, Lat. linum, Sks
. 287, Rm. 28; dúkr hvítr af hörvi, a white linen table cl
oth, id.; hörfi glæst, clad in linen, of a woman, Kormak;
from the wearing of linen a lady is in the poets called hör-bil,
-brekka, -fit, -gefn, -gerðr, -nauma, -skorða, -veig, -þella,
Lex. Poët. 2.
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<HEADER>312 HÖRSKRYDD -- I.</HEADER>

a cord of hemp, as a bowstring or the like, Höfuðl. 12; boga fyl
gði hörr, toginn hörr, Edda (in a verse); hörfa sleipnir, 
the hemp horse = the gallows, Ýt. 12. hör-dúkr,
 m. a linen cloth, Hallfred.
hör-skrýdd, part. f. clad in linen, Skv. 3. 49.
hörtl, n. [qs. hörkl or hörkull?], the roughness of fro
zen ground; það er hörtl í götunum, hörtl a&
eth; ríða.
hör-týgill, m. a hempen cord, Stj. 416. Judges xv. 14.
HÖRUND, n. the skin, of a person, prop. the cuticle or
inner skin, as shewn by the phrase, milli skinns ok hörunds, bet
ween the skin and hörund, Bs. i. 252; verðr hörundit ok skinni
t allt blátt sem drep, Mar.; e-m rennr kalt vatn milli skinns og hör
unds, one feels a cold chill between the skin and hörund; allt hans
hörund er svá hart sem horn, Þiðr. 183 (of the 'Gehö
rnete,' Sigfried); þá koma bláir flekkir í hörun
dit, Bs. i. 611; þá kom hrollr á hörund honum, Orkn. 18
2; allir synir hans stóðusk eitr á hörund utan, Sæm
. 118; var allr þroti ór hans hörundi, Bs. i. 644; sár
vóru mörg fallin á hörund hans, 298; h. ok líkamr
, Mar., Karl. 524, v.l.; ef þrútnar hörund, Grág. ii. 1
29: hence skin, complexion, bert hörund, 129, Fms. vi. 143; svartr (
hvítr) á hár ok hörund, swart (fair) 
in hair and skin, vii. 157; allra manna fegrstr á hörund, viii.
446: the flesh, var sem elds-hiti kæmi í h. honum, Hkr. i. 1
02; nálgaðist kuldi hans hörund, Sks. 758; meyjar h., id., 1 Kings i. 1, 2; vatn þat rennr í h. sem mungát, Sks. 164;
allar æðar í hans hörundi, Fbr. 149: genitalia, eu
phemistically, þegar hann kemr við mik þá er hörund
hans svá mikit, at hann má ekki eptirlæti hafa við mik,
Nj. 13. COMPDS: hörunds-bjartr, hörund-hvítr, hörund-lj
óss, adj. of bright complexion, Hkr. iii. 179, Landn. 120, Bs.
i. 127, Bret. ch. 9. hörunds-litr, m. complexion, Bs. ii. 18
0, Fb. ii. 300.
B. Fem. the flesh; svá sem hörundin dró oss &ia
cute; glæpinn, Stj. 149; hörundar hungr, the lusts of the flesh, Sól. 50; fara hungri hörund, 71; kipp svá ór s&aacu
te;rinu at eigi slái hörundinni saman, O. H. L. 73; hörundar li
tr, complexion, Edda 19, Fms. v. 347.
hörund-fall, n. impotentia (?); þat má skilja fe
star-mál, ef h. kemr á annat-tveggja, N. G. L. i. 27, cp. ii. 320,
H. E. i. 247, (a lawful cause for divorce.)
hörund-kuldi, a, m. coldness of the skin, chill, Sks. 758.
hörund-mjúkr, adj. soft-skinned, of a woman, Orkn. (in
a verse).
Hörzkr, adj. from Hörðaland, Landn.
hör-þráðr, m. a linen thread, Bs. i. 644.
hös-magi, a, m. a sheep with a gray, dusky belly, Grett. 154:

the spelling haustmagi is caused by a false pronunciation.
hös-mögóttr, adj. gray on the belly, Grett. 148.
HÖSS, adj., acc. hösvan, with a characteristic v; [A. S.
hasu, gen. hasweg and haswig; Engl. hazy; Lat. c
aesius] :-- gray, of a wolf; úlfr enn hösvi, Em. 6; h&oum
l;svan serk hrísgrisnis, a gray wolf's coat, Hl., Edda 86; hö
ss örn, a gray eagle, Fms. vi. 159 (in a verse); and höss sver&
eth;, a dusky sword blade (or = hvöss?), Lex. Poët.: in pr. nam
es, Hös-kollr, in common pronunciation Höskuldr, the
gray Coll; the old form is freq. presented in good MSS., e.g. Arna-Magn. 468
, as also in the old ditty, trautt man ek trúa þér | trol
l kvað Höskollr, Sturl. ii. 136; but that even in the 13th c
entury the name was pronounced as at the present day is shewn by the pun in the
words Höskuld and haustskuld, Sturl. iii. 216. The word is qu
ite obsolete, and does not occur elsewhere in prose.
höstugr, adj. [hastr, herstr], harshly, Pass. 40. 4.
hösvask, að, dep. to slink (as a wolf?), sneak, Fm
s. iii. 189.
hösvir, m. a gray wolf, Edda (Gl.): name of a slave, f
rom his dress, Rm.
höttóttr, adj. hooded, of cows or sheep with heads dif
fering in colour from the body.
HÖTTR, m., hattar, hetti, acc. pl. höttu, a later form hattr
, Dropl. 13, Eg. 407, Nj. 32, 46, Gísl. 55, O. H. L. 46, as also in m
od. usage; [the A. S. hôd, Engl. hood, O. H. G. huot,
Dutch hoed, Germ. hut may perhaps be identical; but A. S. h&a
elig;t, Engl., Dan., and Swed. hat certainly answer to the old h&ouml
;ttr, cp. also hetta, q.v.] :-- a hood, in olden times only a cowl
fastened to a cloak, as is seen from numerous instances. Fms. i. 149, ii. 72, v
iii. 368, x. 225, 229, 301, Eg. 375, 407, Grág. ii. 132: a cowl of fel
t, þófa-höttr, Dropl. 13, Nj. 179. 2. of a gorgeous
foreign hood or turban from the east, Fms. xi. 77, 85; called Ger
zkr (Russian) in Nj. 46, Gísl. 55, or Girskr (Greek) in O.
H. L. 46; Danskr höttr, a Danish hood, Ó. H.: a hat in the mo
d. sense was unknown to the men of old; even the hat-like helmet was called st&a
acute;l-húfa, a steel cap, not stál-höttr. II.
in poetry the head is called hattar land, hauðr, -stallr, -fell, -ste
ði, the land, knoll, fell, stithy of the hood; or hatt-staup,
n. a hat-knoll, Ad.: Odin is represented wearing a hött, and so 
the helmet is called the hood of Odin, etc.; as also Ála h&oum
l;ttr: the vaulted sky is foldar höttr = earth's hood, Lex. P
oët.: dular-h., huldar-h., a hiding hood, hood of disguise. hatta
r-maðr, m. a hooded man, man in disguise, Rd. 272; Síð
-höttr, 'Deep-hood,' was a favourite name of Odin from his travellin
g in disguise, cp. Robin Hood. III. a pr. name, Fas.
hötuðr, m. [hata], a hater, Lex. Poët.
I Í J
I is the ninth letter; in the old Runic alphabet it was called &iacute
;ss or ice (Skálda 176), and represented by RUNE (ís k&

ouml;llum brú breiða of the Runic poem), a form borrowed from the Gre
ek or Latin: but 'stunginn Íss' (RUNE) was in later Runes used to represe
nt e.
A. PRONUNCIATION, SPELLING. -- I is either a vowel (i), or
consonant (j), called joð: these are here treated separately:
1. the vowel i is sounded either short (i) or long (&iac
ute;), the short (i) like Engl. hill, prolonged with a breath
; but it is almost certain that in olden times it was sounded short, as in Engl.
wit. 2. the long (í) is sounded as Engl. e o
r ee in evil, feet. 3. the j is sounded as En
gl. y before a vowel, jata, jarð, jól, as yata, yard, yole.
 The oldest writers bear witness to the use of j as a consonant; thus
Thorodd says, -- i þá er hann verðr fyrir samhlj&oacute
;ðanda settr, Skálda 164; and the second grammarian, -- en ef hlj&oac
ute;ðstafr (vowel) er næstr eptir hann, þá skiptis
k hann í málstaf (consonant), svo sem já, jö
rð eða jór, 170; and Olave Hvítaskáld,
-- i ok u hafa því fleiri greinir, at þeir eru
stundum samhljóðendr, sem í þessum orðum, iarl and uitr, 176; but in syllables beginning with j (ja, jo, ju) in old alliterative poetry it always stands for the vowel, from the earlies
t poems down to the 15th century, e.g. jörð or ægi
-- iðja-græna, Vsp. 58; viltú nokkut jötuni
nn eiga | ýtum görir hann kosti seiga, Þrymlur 2
. 2; Ölmóðr hafði annan dag | já
rnið þetta at sýna, Skíða R. 64, which, as now prono
unced, would sound harsh, since in modern poetry syllables beginning with j cannot be used alliteratively with any other letter, cp. Pass. 37. 1, 10, 40.
8, 46. 3, 11, etc.; only in such words as eg (jeg), eta (jeta) can i ser
ve both as a vowel and consonant, see Pass. 6. 2; but jeg in 5. 5, 10, (the vers
e 6 of the same hymn is a poetical licence); so also the name Jesús is no
w and then used alliteratively with a vowel, 47. 18, 21; the hymns of the Reform
ation follow the same usage. The pronunciation of j seems therefore to ha
ve changed: in early times it was probably similar to Engl. e in ear,
tear, hear; an additional proof of this is, that the oldest spelling was, as
in Anglo-Saxon, ea, eo ...; and Thorodd himself probably wrote ea, e.g. eafn, eárn, earl, for jafn, járn, jarl, see his word
s: in old poets ea sometimes makes two syllables, e.g. in the vers
e cited in Skálda 164 (of A.D. 1018); as also in the name Njáll (N
iel), which is dissyllabic in the verses, Nj. ch. 136, 146. At a still earlier t
ime j was probably sounded purely as a vowel. II. in ancient MSS.
i serves for both i and j; in MSS., esp. of the 15th centur
y, j is used ornamentally for initial i, e.g. jnn = inn, as also i
n the double ij = í, e.g. tijd = tíð, mijtt = mítt, the j was introduced into print only in the last year
of the eighteenth century. 2. an i is often inserted in MSS., esp.
after g, k, so as to mark the aspirate sound, e.g. gieta = geta, gi&aeli
g;ta = gæta, kiær = kær, etc.: in inflexions it is also more c
orrect to write eyjar, bæjar, than eyar, bæar :-- ji is not w
ritten, but pronounced, e.g. vili ( = vilji), but vilja.
B. CHANGES. -- The i and e are exchanged in many root sylla
bles, but i is usually the older, e the later if not the modern fo
rm, as, if and ef, brinna and brenna, tvinnr and tvennr, þrimr and þ
remr, miðil and meðal, snimma and snemma, gingu and gengu, fingu and fen
gu, tigr and tegr: the article varies between enn and inn :-- the inflex. -en
di and -indi :-- Norse MSS. spell mek, þek, sek, = mik, þ
ik, sik (e.g. Thom. Cd. Holm.); -ligr and -legr, gagnligr and gagn
legr: for the inflexive e and i see introduction to letter E (sig
nif. B), p. 114 :-- i for y in old MSS., in firir, ifir, mindi, sk
ildi, minni (mouth), minnast (to kiss, mouth) :-- i and 
u are interchanged in inflexion, as, morginn and morgunn, vandill and v&ouml
;ndull; but esp. in the adjective inflexions - igr and -ugr, bl&oa
cute;ðigr and blóðugr, auðigr and auðugr. II. the
j in most instances originates from an e, either through absorptio
n or contraction, as in jór (q.v.), or through the dissolution or breakin
g of e, as in jörð (q.v.); again, the i as initial is in
most instances caused by absorption; as of n in í (in) and compds; of v or b in íllr (evil) and compds;
of d in some compds in í- from ið; -- in Gothic
there is only a single word (eisarn, i.e. ísarn = iron) with a long í initial. III. by comparison with other Te
utonic languages it is seen that a radical initial i or j has in t
he Scandinavian been dropped in a few words, while it has been kept in Gothic, S
axon, and German, thus Icel. ár, Goth. jêr, Engl. year, Germ. jahr; Icel. ungr, Goth. juggs, Engl. young; Icel.
ok, Goth. juk, Engl. yoke, Germ. joch, Lat. jugum; I
cel. ami, ömurligr, and O. H. G. jamar, Germ. jammer; Icel. u
pp, Goth. jup, Engl. up; Icel. ér (ye), Goth. jus
; Icel. ostr (a cheese), cp. Engl. yeast: in two words, jartei
gn and jurt, both of them probably foreign, the j stands for w: o
n the other hand, because of the resolution or breaking of vowels (Gramm. p. xxi
x, bottom), words which in Engl. and Germ. begin with e are in Icel. ofte
n to be found under j, thus Icel. jörð (old Scot. yerth)
= Engl. earth, Germ. erde: there are also a few stray words, -- ja
ta (a manger) for eta, jeta for eta, jeg for eg (ek). IV. the Icel
. í answers to Ulf. ei (rísa, Goth. reisjan),
to mod. Germ. ei in zeit, Engl. i as in time, Icel.
tími; in early German the diphthongs ei and í were,
as in Icelandic, distinguished (zît, îsarn, = mod. zeit,
eisen). V. in
<PAGE NUM="b0313">
<HEADER>313 I -- INGI.</HEADER>
mod. Dan. in a few words the Icel. short i is represented by an e,
thus Icel. við, liðr, viðr, siðr, biðja, limr, vinr, sin, =
Dan. ved, led, ved, sed, bede, lem, ven, sene, probably owing to the fac
t that the old Danish pronunciation of i was not the same as the present
Icelandic.
I
IÐ, f., the gen. iðjar, Hkr. ii. 227, points to a root iði
; [this root word with derivatives, which in cognate languages is of rare oc
currence, seems prop. to mean a perpetual motion, cp. Swed. and poët
. Dan. id] :-- a doing; orð ok iðir, words and deeds, Nj. (in a verse); ymissar iðir, Sighvat; leyfð ið, id.; tregnar i
ðir, sorrows, tears, Hðm. 1; þjóð veit þ&i
acute;nar iðir, thy feats, Edda (in a verse); því ver&et
h;r eigi til iðjar né verðs haldit, it can neither be worked n
or sold, Hkr. l.c.
ið, n. a restless motion; vera allr á iði.
IÐ- (iðja-, Vsp. 58), a particle only used in compds, chie
fly poetical, answering to Goth. iþ-, = Lat. contra, O. H. G

. id- and ida-, A. S. ed-, = Lat. re-; but in Icel.
esp. in an intensive sense. COMPDS: ið-gjöld, n. pl. recompe
nse; íll iðgjöld, Hm. 106; sonar iðgjöld, Stor. 16;
iðgjöld e-s, of one dead, Fs. 13, 61; en þat kom ásamt me
ð mönnum, at hans þóttusk aldrei iðgjöld f&aacute
;, Bs. i. 70; höfum vér þá nokkut svá iðgj&o
uml;ld föður þíns, Ísl. ii. 175. ið-gl&iacut
e;ki, n. a counterpart, Eb. (in a verse). ið-glíkr,
adj. exactly like, Fms. vi. 180 (in a verse). ið-gnógr, adj. abundant, Hkr. 1. 21. ið-gnótt, f. abundance,
 Ad. 19. ið-líka, adj. = iðglíkr, Mag. 580. 9.
ið-vandliga, adv. honestly, Gd. 20. ið-vandr, adj
guileless, Geisli 4, Rekst. 24. II. contracted in a few words, eve
n in mod. usage; í-líkr, much like; í-n&oa
cute;gr, e-nough, plentiful; í-lítill, very s
mall.
ið, pron. dual = it, þit. q.v.
IÐA, að, an eddy, whirlpool, Grett. 141 A; ok muntú
finna saman rekit í eina iðu, 623. 37, passim; hring-iða, q.v. iðu-kast, n. a whirling eddy, Mag.
iða, að, to move to and fro, be restless, like an eddy or
mercury; eg iða öll af kæti, Snót; fram og aptr iðar,
út á báðar hliðar, Sig. Pétr.; þetta e
ru þínir smiðir, því er von þú ið
ir, úr einum í annan stað, Jón Þorl.; freq. in mo
d. usage.
ið-gjarn, adj. eager for.
Iði, a, m., gen. iðja, name of a giant, Edda.
iðinn, adj. [Scot. ithand, ythen], assiduous, steady, dilig
ent, Sks. 437, Bs. i. 166, Fas. i. 85, freq. in mod. usage; iðinn að
lesa, læra, vinna.
iðja, að, [Old Engl. ithe = thrive, Chaucer] :-- to do, perform, be active, busy; þeir skyldu engan hlut eiga at i&eth
;ja, Lv. 13; veit engi maðr hvat þeir hafa iðjat, Fas. i. 71; v&ia
cute;st ávalt þeim vana halt, vinna, lesa og iðja, Hallgr.; seg
ðu þegar þú iðja átt, íllt sé &t
horn;ér í hendi, a ditty.
iðja, u, f. [Dan. id = a pursuit] :-- activity, doin
g, business, profession, Eg. 134 C, Hrafn. 5, Fas. i. 244, Bs. i. 83, Fms.
ii. 199, Þiðr. 25. COMPDS: iðju-fullr, adj. hard-working
, Njarð. 366. iðju-lauss, adj. [Dan. idløs], idle, Grett. 123. iðju-leysi, n. idleness, Rb. 196. i&
eth;ju-maðr, m. a hard-working man, Eg. 134, Fas. iii. 205. i&
eth;ju-samr, adj. (iðju-semi, f.), assiduity.
iðja-grænn, adj. [Dan. idelgrön], ever-green, Vsp. 58.
iðjan, f. = iðn, Skáld H. 7. 53.
iðka, að, to study, cultivate, Rb. 312, Thom., freq. in mo
d. usage.
iðkan, f. a studying, performing steadily, cultivating.
iðn, f. occupation, business, = iðja, Fs. 35, 72, Bjarn. 1
2, Fms. x. 233, Landn. 205 (v.l.), 217, Fms. iii. 102, MS. 4. 6: in mod. usage,
handiwork, profession. iðnar-lauss, -maðr, = iðjulauss
, Fms. iv. 35.
iðna, að, = iðja, to work, Grág. i. 147-150, St
r. 2; íllt iðnandi, Stj. 652; ekki munu vér hér iðn
a at sinni, Eg. 351.
iðnaðr, m. handicraft, profession. iðnaðar-ma&e
th;r, m. a workman, Hom. 150.
IÐR, n. pl.; [this word cannot be derived from inn (ð = nn), for even the Gothic idreiga and idreigon have the d; O. H. G. in-adiri; the word is prob., as suggested by Grimm, akin to
Germ. ader, Icel. æðr (a vein)] :-- the bowels, entr
ails (see innyfli), Grág. ii. 371, Bs. i. 346, Orkn. 458, Land
n. 217, Ld. 222, Gullþ. 23, Fbr. 208, Fms. iii. 77, viii. 326; iðr ok
innyfli, Stj. 280, Post. 238. II. metaph., freq. in eccl. usage like GREE
K; miskunar-iðr, bowels of mercy, N. T.; skaka ok skelfa iðr ok a
lvöru síns föður, Stj. 132. iðra-kveisa, u, f.,
iðra-verkr, m., North. E. and Scot. 'belly-work,' a pain in the bo
wels, 655 xii. 3, Al. 23, Stj. 436.
IÐRA, að, usually dep. iðrask, [Ulf. idreigon =
GREEK] :-- to be moved inwardly (from iðr), but only used metaph. li
ke Gr. GREEK, to repent: I. act., impers. with gen. of the thing,
to repent of; hvers engan iðrar, 2 Cor. vii. 10: with acc. of the per
son, nom. of the thing, Guðs gjafir og kallan kunna eigi að iðra han
n, Rom. xi. 29. 2. pers., það (sic) iðrar mig ekki, 2 Cor.
vii. 8; eigi iðra mik mínar görðir, Mar.: absol., heldr en &
thorn;ik iðri eptir, Sks. 250. II. more often in reflex. form, ið
rask e-s, to repent of, rue; opt ætla ek at vér iðrimk &
thorn;essa, Eg. 732; iðrumk ek þess mjök, Sks. 720, Nj. 78, 79. E
g. 176, Fs. 8, Fms. iv. 369, viii. 54, Barl. 172, 180, N. T., Pass., Víd
al. passim. III. part. iðrandi, repentant, Magn. 430, M
ar.: as subst., Greg. 39; iðrandans, Hom. 78.
iðran, f. [Ulf. idreiga = GREEK], repentance, 623. 23,
Greg. 20, 38, 45, Fms. x. 327, K. Þ. K. 36, H. E. i. 585; iðranar gr&a
acute;tr, tár, iðranar tími, Stj. 55; iðranar skírn
, 656 C. 14; iðranar mark, a mark of repentance, H. E. i. 486, Stj.,
Greg. 38, Mar., Pass. passim :-- in the N. T. = GREEK, Mark i. 4, vi. 12, Luke i
ii. 3, 8, v. 32, x. 13, xv. 7, 2 Cor. vii. 9, 10, Pass., Vídal. passim. C
OMPDS: iðranar-lauss, adj. unrepentant, Sturl. ii. 12, Fms. vi
i. 118. iðranar-leysi, f. impenitence.
iðrar, f. pl. bowels, = iðr, Gkv. 2. 23: metaph. ruth,
repentance, Am. 65.
iðri, see innri.
iðula, adv. = iðurliga, Lex. Poët.
iðuliga and iðuligr, see iðurliga and iðurligr.
Iðunn, f., pr. name of the goddess, Edda: she was the wife of Bragi (
the god of poetry), Edda 17; for tales about her, see Edda 46 and Haustl.: hence
in mod. poetry a poet is called the husband of Idun, -- Sj&aacut
e;lfr Iðunnar annar ver, Snót. II. a pr. name.
IÐUR-, a prefixed particle; [perhaps akin to ið- (above); Goth. id-; O. H. G. it-, ita; A. S. ed-, answering to Lat. re-;
 cp. Lat. iterum, iterare, Grimm's Gramm. ii. 757] :-- frequently,
 passim.
iður-liga, adv., iðrliga, O. H. L. 78; iðuliga,
Hom. 113, Sks. 66, 174, 231 B, Barl. 93, Anecd. 24, Fms. x. 392: mod. ið
ugliga, Bs. i. 849, Sks. 121, 359: iðula or iðola, Hom
. 140, Pr. 471 :-- frequently, passim.
iður-ligleikr, m. repetition, frequency, Barl. 196.
iður-ligr, adj. frequent, continuous, Barl. 94, 100: ið
uligr, H. E. i. 511, Stj. 71, Barl. 93.
iður-mælt, n. adj. a kind of metre, repeating the same s
yllable, Edda (Ht.) 47, Skálda 210, -- e.g. eim-þverrir gefi
r seima | seim-örr liði beima.
IF, ifa, and derivatives, see ef, efa, p. 115.
ifill, m., pl. iflar, a kind of hawk, Edda (Gl.), see Lex. Po&euml
;t.
ifjungr, m., poët. a bear, Edda (Gl.)
if-röðull, m., poët. the sun, Edda (Gl.)
IGÐA, u, f. a kind of bird, the nuthatch, Norse egde, sitta
Europaea L., Edda 74, Fas. i. 164, 332, Sæm. 136.
ikt, f. the gout. ikt-sýki, f. id.: mod. i
kt-sjúkr, adj. gouty.
IL, f., pl. iljar, the sole of the foot, planta pedis, Edda 110, S
tj. 160, Hom. 17; hann steyptisk fyrir borð, ok sér í iljar ho
num, Edda 36, Grett. 141, Fms. iii. 101; millum hvirfils ok ilja, Sks. 159; undi
r ilinni á hægra fæti, Fms. viii. 265; neðan í ili
na, Sturl. iii. 68, passim: in poetry, ilja gaupnir, the 'gowpens,' i.e.
soles, of the feet, Þd.: the toes were in poetry called 
il-kvistir, m. 'sole-twigs,' and il-þorn, m. 'sole-th
orns,' Am., Lex. Poët.
il-band, n. a strap under the foot. ilbanda-brækr, f.
pl. a kind of breeks, Hkr. iii. 282.
il-breiðr, adj. having a broad sole, flat-footed, a nickname,
Fms.
ilki, a, m. = il, Orkn. (in a verse).
ILLR, illa, and derivatives, see íllr.
ILMA, ð, (irma, Sks. 633 B), to smell sweet; þ&ua
cute; ilmir alla, Hom. 153; ilmdi allskonar sætum grösum, Str. 69: to scent, þeir megu eigi ilma af aldininu, Rb. 346; þefja ok il
ma, Anecd. 4: part. ilmandi, sweet-smelling, ilma grös, Sks.
48, 633, passim in mod. usage.
ilmaðr, adj. sweet-smelling; þar þótti Grel
öðu ílla ilmat, Landn. 140; sætt ok ilmat vel, Fb. i. 544.
ilman, f. smell, scent, (mod.)
ilming, f., spelt hilmning in Best. 20, smell, scent; ilming ens s
ætasta grass, Mar.: ilmingar vit, the sense of smell, Hom. 53, Best
. 20.
ILMR, m., spelt hilmr in Hom. 28, Fms. x. 241; hirmr in Sks. 632 B :-- a sweet smell; ilm af eplum ok grasi, Rb. 346; dýrðligr ilmr, Fb
. ii. 375; himneskr ilmr, Orkn. 174; daun en eigi ilm, Anecd. 8.
ilm-sætr, adj. sweet-smelling.
il-sporna, að, to tread, Lat. calcare, Lex. Poët.
ilstri, n., the Swed. jolster = salix pentandra, a kind of
willow, Edda (Gl.)
IM and derivatives, see ím.
Imbru-dagar, m. pl. = Ember-days, corrupted from tempora (i
.e. quatuor tempora), the seasons set apart for Ordination (as is seen mo
re plainly in the Dan. Tamper-dage), K. Þ. K., K. Á., Rb., N
. G. L. passim: Imbru-dægr, n. = imbrudagar, Fms. viii. 356: Imb
ru-nátt, f. Ember-night, K. Þ. K.: Imbru-vika, u,
f. Ember-week, D. N. The word was no doubt borrowed from the English alo
ng with the eccl. rule; but the etymology was lost, so that the ancients derive
it from Lat. imber, see Lex. Poët, (pref.), or even trace it to an o
ld woman called Imbra.
in, part., see en, the temp. adv. (2. β), pp. 127, 128.
India-land, n. India, passim: also in mod. usage Ind-land o
r Indíin, n. pl.: India-maðr, m. an Indian, 655
xiii. B: Ind-verskr, adj. Indian, Al. 147, Stj. 70: Ind-verska,
 u, f. the Hindu tongue, Al. 172.
Ingi, a, m. a pr. name: freq. also in compds; of women, Inga, Ingi-bj&
ouml;rg, Ingi-leif, Ing-veldr, Ingi-ríðr, Ingi-gerðr, Ing-unn
or Ing-uðr; and of men, in Ingi-marr, Ingi-mundr, Ingj-aldr,
<PAGE NUM="b0314">
<HEADER>314 INN -- INNGROINN.</HEADER>
Ing-ólfr, Landn.: many more compds are found in the Swedish-Runic
stones, as this name was national among the ancient Swedes; cp. also Yngvi and Ynglingar.
INN, adv., compar. innar, superl. innst, [Ulf. inna;
A. S. in; Engl. in; Germ. ein; Dan. ind; Swed. i
n; Lat. intus] :-- into, in, denoting motion towards the place
; ganga inn í búðina, Nj. 3; ganga inn, to go in-doors,
Rm. 2; í búð inn, Grág. i. 31; út ok inn, Nj. 1

04, Vkv. 4; setja inn, to shut in, Grág. i. 418, 436; hafa e-n inn
, to take a person in, give him lodging, Grág. i. 229 new Ed.; kas
ta inn, to cast into prison, Fms. x. 155; leggja inn skipi, to berth a
ship, xi. 323. II. with prepp., inn at, inn á, inn eptir, inn
um, etc., denoting direction; hann nam land, ... alt hit ytra, inn, öð
ru-megin, at Þernunesi, Fb. i. 250, cp. Landn. 253; land inn til Leirul&ae
lig;kjar, Eg. 140; hann sigldi inn á Borgarfjörð, ok inn &iacute
; Langá, he stood into Borgfirth, id.; inn á meginland, Fas
. ii. 517; bergsnös þá er vissi til lands inn, snúa e-u
inn á land. Eg. 389; miklar bygðir vóru inn á landit,
Fms. i. 226; var þar glaumr mikill inn at heyra, i.e. into the house, ii. 30; inn í Þrándheimi, i. 55; inn í Naumudal, E
g. 53; inn við sjá, Ld. 130; inn við Vágsbotn, Fms. x. 30;
ríða inn til Borgar, Eg. 394; inn til Veradals, Anal. 91; inn eptir
firði, inwards along, Eb. 254; inn um, in through, Vsp. 44; in
n undir, in and under (as in North. E.), Njarð. 378; inn undir virkit
, Fms. xi. 34; inn yfir, to pass inwards, over, through; inn yfir h&aacut
e;ls, fjörur, heiði; út ok inn með (along) hverjum fi
rði, Eg. 48; fram ok innar, out and in-doors, Bs. i. 343 :-- innar
 [Old Engl. ynnere], more inward, farther in; innar af (fr&aac
ute;) seti, Ísl. ii. 262, Bs. i. 523; innar í húsinu, 342;
innar frá, farther in, Nj. 50; innar í bæinn, Fms. ii
. 71 :-- innst [Old Engl. ynneste], innermost, inmost; inns
t sat Auðunn, Eg. 27; innst í vökinni, Hkr. iii. 140.
INN, the article, see hinn.
INNA, t, to do, perform; inna íþrótt, Edda 31;
inna skýrslu, Ld. 60; freista ef hann megi þessa dagleið upp i
nna, Str. 51; er hann útlagr ef hann innir eigi máldaga, Gr&aacute
;g. ii. 267; hafði hann þá af hendi innt alla sætt s&iacu
te;na, Nj. 281; öll lögmælt skil af hendi inna, 232; inna af hen
di suðrgöngu, Fms. vi. 36. 2. to pay, discharge; inna f&u
acute;lgu, Grág. i. 154; inna tíund af hendi, Grág.; inna g
jald af hendi, K. Þ. K. 152; inna kirkjunni fé sitt, id.; inna e-m
kostnað sinn, Js.; hvat áttu mér íllt at inna, what
evil hast thou to repay me? what evil have I done thee? Fas. ii. 204: hence
the mod. phrase, eiga e-m gott (íllt) upp að unna, to have an acco
unt of good (evil) against one. II. to relate, tell;
 inna sín vandræði, Fms. viii. 154; tekr Kolbera at l&iacut
e;ta á rúnarnar, ok innti stafina, and told, read the Runes, Fas. i. 211; er hann hafði þetta mælt ok innt allan veg &thorn
;enna, Hkr. ii. 206; minnisk á ok innir vandlega, Bs. i. 198; innti hann
ok þat, hversu ..., Fms. vii. 101; hann innti svá eiðstafinn, v
i. 53; inna spurning, to answer a question, Sks. 686; eru mörg hans
verk góð at inna, Fms. x. 409. 2. with prep.; inna e-t til, to hint at, allude to, mention; en er þú innir til þess
a, as thou alludest to it, Valla L. 209; þá skatta sem n&uac
ute; mon ek til inna, Fms. xi. 21; konungr innti til (the king replied),
hví kvattu svá at? v. 318: to utter, say, þá i
nnti Sigurðr konungr til þess, at hann vildi ekki ..., vii. 140; &thor
n;á innti Antenor til þess fyrst, hverja ..., Bret. 80; þ&uac
ute; skalt fyrst inna til máldaga við Svein, thou shall first remi
nd Sweyn of the agreement, Fb. ii. 8; litlu síðar inntu þei
r til við Ketil, Nj. 139; nú innir konungr til um heitstrengingar &th
orn;eirra, Fms. xi. 113: inna upp (to expound, sum up) allan málav
öxt, Eg. 473; má ek þat eigi nú upp inna í sk&ou
ml;mmu máli, Fms. xi. 89. III. reflex., recipr.; inntusk þei
r til um kaupa-kosti, they discussed the bargain, Ld. 322; við skulum
innask þá til nokkut áðr um þat mál, Fms.

vi. 205: mun þá ok samþykki okkat vera mest, at vit innimst l
ítt til um þann hlut landa, Orkn. 88; við skulum enn innask or&
eth; við áðr, exchange words, Fms. xi. 29.
innan, adv. [Ulf. innana = GREEK], from within, from an inner p
art; Ólafr hélt útan í fjörðinn ..., &
thorn;ar reri innan í móti Erlendr, Hkr. i. 251; réru &thor
n;eir innan í móti þeim, Fms. vii. 201: adv. from the ins
ide, læsti hón loptinu innan, Nj. 7. II. [A. S. innan
; Dan. inden], within, chiefly with a prep., innan um, &iacut
e;, etc., with or without motion; láta boð fara hérað inna
n, N. G. L. i. 352: inwardly, within, inside, Greg. 19: within, si
tja í dómhring innan, Grág. i. 78; um veröld innan, in all the world, 625. 163; senda um heim innan, Hom. 149; örkina reid
di um haf innan, Ver. 8; í valhnotar skurn innan, Fms. vii. 225; ok fanns
k þar í innan eirteinn, ii. 129; hón seri því u
m gamman bæði útan ok innan, i. 9; rak þau síð
an um haf innan, 226 :-- fyrir innan, see fyrir, p. 182, C. xi; fyrir innan Ag&e
th;anes, Fms. i. 12; fyrir innan Þórsbjörg, iv. 12; fyrir inna
n Skarðsheiði, Eg. 754; svá mikit átti kirkjan fyrir innan
sik, Vm. 36; fyrir innan stokk, in-doors, opp. to útan stokks, out-of-doors, Nj. 11, Grág. i. 333, Ísl. ii. 401: dropping t
he prep., kirkja á innan sik (i.e. as in-door's inventory) krossa
tvá, Vm. 1; þat sem henni (viz. the church) innan sik ok úta
n til heyrir, Dipl. ii. 13.
B. With gen. within; innan lítils tíma, within a
short time, presently, Fms. iii. 133; innan mánaðar, within a
month, Ann. 1362; innan þrjá tigi daga, Sks. 592; innan f&aacu
te;ra ára, Landn. 271, v.l. II. but esp. in a great many adverbial
COMPDS, followed by a genitive, within, inside of: innan-borðs, [Dan. inden-bord], on board, Eg. 161, Fms. iii. 181, Gí
sl. 49. innan-borgar, within the town, Fms. xi. 74, 76, Stj. 505.
innanborgar-maðr, m. a townsman, 655 iii. 4. innan-brj&oacu
te;sts, within one's breast, inwardly. innan-búðar,
within the booth, K. Þ. K. 26. innan-bæjar, innan-b&yacu
te;jar, [Dan. ind-byggir], within town, in-doors, (see b&aelig
;r), Gþl. 139, Fms. ix. 465. innan-dura, in-doors, Gg. 15. innan-fjarðar, within the firth (district), Gþl. 1
1. innan-fjórðungs, within the quarter, Grág. i.
470. innanfjórðungs-maðr, m. the inhabitant of a f
jórðung, Grág. i. 351, ii. 198. innan-fylkis, within
a fylki (q.v.), Gþl. 289. innan-garða, [Dan. inden-gier
ds], within the 'yard,' inside the fence, Pm. 102. innan-garðs
, [Dan. inden-gaard], within doors. innan-gátta,
within the door-groove, in-doors, Vm. 95. innan-gengt, n. adj. having a thoroughfare from within; var innangengt ór stofunni &iacut
e; matbúr; innangengt var í fjósit, Valla L. 218, Gí
sl. 28. innan-hallar, within the hall, Fas. i. 60. innan-handar
, in hand, within reach, Nj. 105, Ld. 112, Fs. 24. innan-hé
raðs, within the hérað, Jb. 75, 338, 363, 422. inna
nhéraðs-maðr, m. an inmate of a hérað, Gr&a
acute;g. ii. 405. innan-hirðar, within the hirð, Sks. 249,
Nj. 6, Fms. xi. 72. innan-hrepps, within a Rape. innanhreppsmaðr, m. the inhabitant of a Rape, Grág. i. 293. innanhúss, within the house, in-doors, Fms. xi. 438, Gþl. 376
, K. Þ. K. 3. innan-kirkju, within church, Fms. xi. 429, Vm.
6. innan-lands, [Dan. inden-lands], within the land, at home, opp. to abroad, Fms. i. 5, Hkr. i. 175. innanlands-fólk, n. the people of the land, opp. to foreigners, Fms. i. 37. in
nanlands-höfðingi, m. a native chief, Fas. i. 341. innan
lands-menn, m. pl. natives, Fms. xi. 226. innan-rifja, with
in the ribs, inwardly, Bs. i. 305, Th. 15, Fas. i. 286. innan-skamms,
yet a little while. innan-sóknar, within a parish.
innansóknar-maðr, m. a parishioner. innan-stafs,
within a paling, N. G. L. i. 244, Gþl. 437. innan-stokks, in-doors, Vm. 177 (of movables). innan-veggja, within the walls
, Am. 45, Sd. 179, Vm. 108, Dipl. v. 12. innan-þinga, pl. wi
thin the parish, Vm. 92. innan-þings, within a þi
ng (jurisdiction). innanþings-maðr, m. the inhabitant
of a þing, Grág. i. 101.
innan-mein, n. an internal complaint, 655 xi, Bs. i. 323.
innan-tökur, f. pl., medic. colic.
innan-vátr, adj. 'in wet;' hafa innanvátt, a naut. t
erm, to have the sea washing over, Fær. 256; þeir fengu mj&ou
ml;k innanvátt, they had a wet passage, Háv. 48.
innan-verðr, adj. inward, inner, interior; í innanver&e
th;ri búðinni, Nj. 3; í innanverðum firðinum, Fms. ix.
429; at setum innanverðum, Eg. 397; í innanverðum skála,
Eb. 256; í innanverðri hendinni, Fms. vi. 165.
innar-liga, adv. far inward, Ísl. ii. 156.
inn-blástr, m. inspiration, Fas. iii. 491, Vídal. pa
ssim.
inn-borg, f. the inner castle, keep, Fms. viii. 178.
inn-borinn, part. in-born, Stj. 87, 253; innbornir menn, native
s, 238.
inn-búi, a, m. an inhabitant.
inn-byggjandi, part., and inn-byggjari, a, m. = innbúi.
inn-byrðis, adv., naut. on board, Gísl. 46, Eg. 358, Fs
. 143: mod., metaph. [Dan. indbyrdes], amongst one another; &aacut
e; meðal vor i., amongst ourselves, N. T., Vídal., Pass. passi
m.
inn-drótt, f., poët. a king's body-guard, Edda (Gl.),
Lex. Poët.
inn-dælgirni, f. an easy life, Hom. (St.)
inn-dæli, n.; this and the following word are derived not from inn, but from ein-, qs. eindæli, eindæll, ease, comfort; skemtan
eðr i., Fms. vii. 277; með inndaeli (pleasure) líkams-los
ta, Hom. 159: mod. delight, charm, mesta inndæli, delightful. inndælis-lega, adv. (-legr, adj.), delightfully.
inn-dæll, adj., qs. eindæll (q.v.), quite easy; &thorn
;at mun þér inndælt, því at fáir munu ger
a móti þér, Fms. iii. 161; nema sá vili inndæll
a göra honum, unless he will make it still easier for him, Js. 9, G&
thorn;l. 28, N. G. L. i. 19; eindæll, Fas. ii. 492: mod. delightful, ch

arming.
inn-eygr, adj. in-eyed, hollow-eyed, Háv. 53, Barl. 199.
inn-fall, n. [Germ. einfall], fancy, (mod.)
inn-firðingr, m. a man from the inner part of a fjord (dist
rict), Sturl. i. 176, 178.
inn-fjálgr, adj., see fjálgr, Hkv. 2. 43.
inn-fæddr, part. native, in-born, D. N. ii. 95, freq. in mod
. usage.
inn-ganga, u, f. going in, entering, Fms. i. 16, Hom. 51, Niðr
st. 9; inngöngu-leyfi, leave to enter, Fms. ii. 160; mána&eth
;a inngöngur, the entrance, beginning of a month, Rb. 56; kirkju-i.,
a going into church; kvenna-i., the churching of women; klaustri., the entering a cloister, as a monk. 2. an entrance, door-wa
y, Stj. 41.
inn-gangr, m. = innganga, Eg. 519, Bs. i. 783. 2. = Lat. introi
tus; inngangr messunnar, Hom. (St.); Föstu-inngangr, the beginning
of Lent, Bs. i. 744 :-- introduction, to a book etc. (mod.)
inn-gerðis, adv. within the pales, D. N.
inn-gipta, u, f. endowment (of a monastery), D. N.
inn-gjald, n. an income; biskups rentur ok inngjöld, H. E. i.
434: paying in, opp. to útgjald, an outlay, Bs. i. 751: a tax, hann tók af þeim stór inngjöld, Stj.
inn-gróinn, part. in-grown, inveterate, (mod.)
<PAGE NUM="b0315">
<HEADER>INNGRÖPTR -- Í. 315</HEADER>
inn-gröptr, m. an engraving, Bs. i. 791 (on a seal).
inn-hallt, n. adj. standing near the shore, Fb. i. 475.
inn-hlaup, n. a refuge; eiga i. hjá e-m.
inn-hýsa, t, to house, harbour, Fms. vi. 14, Sturl. ii. 83;
vera innhýstr, to be an inmate of a house, Bs. i. 350.
inn-hýsingar, m. pl. a household, Edda (Gl.), Lex. Poë
t.
inn-hýsis, adv. = innanhúss, 671. 1.
INNI, adv. in-doors, denoting remaining in a place; bæinn ok
lið þat allt er inni var, Fms. i. 12, Fs. 42; úti eðr inni
, Grág. ii. 19, Eg. 407; brenna inni, to be burnt to death in a house,
 Nj. 285: in one's house, ef göngumaðr verðr dauðr i
nni at manns, Grág. i. 191; hafa brullaup, veizlu inni, to hold a wedd
ing, a feast at one's home, 333; hafa boð inni, id., Nj. 24, 152.
INNI, n. [Engl. inn], an inn, abode, home; engin hendi n&ea
cute; hitti sitt inni, Eg. 390; gengu síðan aptr í bæinn
, ok til sama innis, and to the same house, Fms. viii. 108; ná s&i
acute;nu inni, to get home, Fas. ii. 327; til þess innis er heilagr
Blasius var í, Blas. 39; ek hefi gört þat, at brenna innin fy
rir þeim, Hkr. ii. 343.
inni-hald, n. contents of a book.
inni-hús, n. a dwelling-house, opp. to úti-hú
s, Grág. ii. 333 (v.l.), D. I. i. 320.
inni-höfn and inn-höfn, f. a harbouring, housing,
Grág. i. 73, Nj. 150 (v.l.), Þorst. Síðu H. 6.
inni-liga, adv. exactly; muna i., to recollect exactly, Sks
. 236; at þelta sé i. skilat, 685; skýra e-t i., 487; segja
i. (minutely) frá, Fms. x. 371, Ld. 282; marka örn á b
aki honum sem inniligast, nicely, exactly, Fas. ii. 292. 2. [cp.
Dan. inderlig], intimately; taka vel ok i. við e-m, to rece
ive one in a friendly way, Stj. 85: as also in mod. usage.
inni-ligr, adj. [Dan. inderlig], kind, hearty.
inni-lykja, ð, to encompass, enclose.
inning, f. [inna], a discharge; inning ok efning máldaga, G
rág. i. 316.
innir, m. a performer, Lex. Poët.
inni-vist, f. a dwelling in, abiding, Greg. 50, Grág. ii. 1
58, 333, Þorst. Síðu H. 6.
inn-kaup, n. pl. buying in, Rétt.
inn-kulsa, adj. catching cold, (mod.)
inn-kváma, u, f. a coming in, arrival, Fms. ii. 72 (Fb. i.
337), Fs. 174.
inn-kvæmt, n. adj. passable into, Ísl. ii. 414.
inn-land, n. the inland, Fms. viii. 305.
inn-láss, m. a lock on the inside, Vm. 129.
inn-leið, f. a naut. term, a coasting along, course along the shor
e, opp. to útleið, Fms. iii. 43, passim. II. = innyfli, i
nnleið dýra, a GREEK, Gkv. 2. 22.
inn-leiða, d, to introduce, lead in.
inn-leiðsla, u, f. introduction, Bs. i. 700, Th. 19.
inn-lendr, adj. native, opp. to útlendr, Sks. 375, N. G. L.
i. 170: residing in one's country, Bs. i. 76.
inn-lenzkr, adj. indigenous, Eg. 264, Hkr. i. 212, Gþl. 490.

inn-líkr, adj. similar, alike, K. Á. 216; cp. ið
glíkr.
inn-máni, a, m.; i. ennis, 'forehead moon,' poët. t
he eye, Hd.
inn-planta, að, to plant: mod. esp. in a metaph. sense.
inn-raptr, m. an inner rafter, Ld. 280.
inn-reið, f. a riding in, Flov. 28: eccl., innreið Krists,
on Palm Sunday.
inn-renta, u, f. income, Bs. i. 844, D. N., Thom.
INNRI, a compar., in old MSS. almost always spelt iðri, and so
used in poets; liðhraustr konungr sár in iðri, Fms
. xi. 314 (in a verse of the beginning of the 12th century); superl. innstr :-- the inmost, Lat. interior, í en iðri sundin, Eg.
358; í Eynni iðri, Hkr. i. 144; at Hólmi enum iðra, Landn
. 52; hann bjó undir Felli eno iðra = the present Staðarfell, Stu
rl. i. 9 (MS.); fara hit iðra, to go by the inner road, Eg. 13, Rd. 2
68; it iðra, inside the house, Kormak; konungs skip lágu innst
(innermost) í vökinni, Fms. vi. 337; sitja iðri, to s
it innermost, Konr.; þeir skulu sitja innstir á hirðpall, N
. G. L. ii. 447. II. metaph., ens ytra manns ok ens iðra, Hom. 53; hi
n innri augu, H. E. i. 513; ens iðra vegs, Greg. 25; ef eigi er kennandi inn
ra, sem læri hjartað, 19; af enum innsta sárleik hjartans, Hom.
11: enu innstu hluti himins, 57.
inn-ræta, t, to root in one's breast: metaph., part. innr
ættr, rooted.
inn-setning, f. putting in, Gþl. 386: instalment. 
inn-setningar-orð, n. pl. the words of consecration in the Holy C
ommunion, see 1 Cor. xi. 22-24.
inn-sigla, að, [for. word, Lat. insigillare], to seal,
Hkr. ii. 267, Fms. x. 57, Bs. i. 641, N. G. L., passim in mod. usage, Matth. xxv
ii. 66.
inn-siglan, f. sealing, B. K. 126.
inn-sigli, n. [A. S. insegel], a seal, a seal-ring, as also
the wax affixed to a deed, Sturl. ii. 222, Mar., Eluc. 18; bréf o
k i., Fms. vii. 104, Ó. H. 162; bréf með i., Bs. i. 61; rit ok
i., K. Þ. K. 74, Gþl. 133; inn-siglis gröftr, Stj. 158: freq.
in mod. usage, undir beggja inniglum, Bs. i. 751.
inn-skeifr, adj. 'in-legged,' bandy-legged, Lat. varus; opp
. to útskeifr.
inn-skrifa, að, to matriculate, put into a book, inscribe, (mo
d.)
inn-stafr, m. an inner pillar, Fms. x. 16, v.l.
inn-steri, n. pl. = innyfli, Hom. 82, 84, Pr. 186.
inn-stofa, u, f. the inner part of a stofa (chamber), Fms.

x. 16.
inn-stólpi, a, m. = innstafr, a pillar, O. H. L. 9.
inn-strönd, f. the inner strand, Grett. 86.
inn-stæða, u, f, [inn, standa], 'in-standing,' investment, c
apital, opp. to rent or interest, Grág. i. 188, 195, Vm
. 97, Bs. i. 725, N. G. L. ii. 353, 380. COMPDS: innstæðu-eyrir, m. an investment, Gþl. 258. innstæðu-kúgildi,
 see kúgildi.
inn-stæði, a, m. = innstæða, Grág. i. 182, 184
, 189, 408, N. G. L. ii. 485.
inn-tak, n. the contents of a book, letter, Bs. i. 729.
inn-tekja, u, f. 'in-taking,' income, revenue, Bs. i. 752, D. N. i
i. 63, 93.
inn-tekt, f. = inntekja, Dipl. v. 18, Stj. 157.
inn-viðr, m., usually in pl. the 'in-timber,' timber for the ribs of a ship, Fms. i. 293, vii. 82, ix. 33, 447, Lv. 100, Ld. 326, Greg. 59, 60
; innviðar tré, id., N. G. L. i. 100: cp. Gr. GREEK, Lat. i
nteramenta.
inn-virðiliga and inn-virðuliga, adv., qs. einvirðilig
a, closely, minutely, strictly; rannsaka i., Gþl. 33; spyrja i., St
j. 215; undirstanda i., Mar.; geyma, halda i., K. Á. 202, Mar., Stj. 264;
skoða i., Dipl. v. 16; sem hann hefði i. sét ok heyrt, Stj. 6; h
ugsa i., H. E. i. 470; telja i., 487; segja i. frá e-u, Bs. i. 9.
inn-virðiligr, adj. seeming, Al. 155.
inn-vortis, adv. [from Germ. inwärts], inwardly, internall
y, opp. to út-vortis, (mod.)
inn-vörðr, m. a keeper, porter, Al. 72, 106.
inn-yfir, prep. 'in-over,' through, = inn yfir.
inn-yfli, n. pl., spelt innylfi, Fms. ix. 467 (Cod. Fris.), El. (twice);
[A. S. inelfe; O. H. G. innuovili and innôdi, in-adiri; cp. Germ. eingeweide; Grimm, Gr. iii. 407; originally a distinction se
ems to have been made between innylfi, the bowels, and iðr, the noble
r parts, viscera, the seat of feeling and sense, see iðr] :-- the
entrails, bowels, Ld. 216, Stj. 77, MS. 4. 20, 22, Al. 34, Sks. 135, Fms. i
x. 467.
Inn-þrændir, m. pl. (Innþrænzkr, adj.), the Inner Thronds, people of Norway, Fms., N. G. L., Ann.
instr, see hindri.
Irpa, u, f. the Brown, from jarpr, a mythical name, Fb. iii.
isja, u, f. a nickname, Sturl. ii. 108.
Í
Í, prep., often used ellipt. or even adverbially, [Goth., Saxon, a
nd Germ. in; contracted to í in the Scandin., but in earlie
r times pronounced with a nasal sound, as seen from Thorodd's words, '&iacute
; sá ísa,' Skálda 162] :-- in, denoting the i
nside of a thing (for the comparison with prep. á see p. 36 sq
q.), with dat. and acc.; in the first case denoting remaining in a place, in the
latter denoting motion towards a place.
WITH DAT.
A. LOC.: I. in, within, generally; fela fé sitt &iac
ute; jörðu, to hide it in the earth, Fms. i. 50; fastir í
vellinum, fast in the ground, Ld. 58; í steini, in the stone; í hendi, in the band; í skógi, in the wood, Nj. 98; í götunni, in the road, 75; í mörkinn
i, 625. 93. 2. vera í sveit, to be (live) in a pa
rish or district, Nj. 81, (but vera á sveit, to be a pauper
, a 'burden' on the parish); í héraði, in a district, Fms. xi. 43; hér í þingbrekkunni, Eg. 727; sær var
í miðjum hlíðum, the mountains were half below the sea,
 a naut. term denoting distance off land, Hkr. ii. 244; setja lög &iacu
te; landi, Eg. 400; í öðrum löndum, in foreign lands, Nj. 107; í várum lögum, in our law-district, Gr&aacu
te;g. i. 181; í Þrænda-lögum, Fms. i. 13. II. wit
h local names, denoting low land, firth or inlet, dale, island, holt, wood, have
n; í Borgarfirði, Vestfjörðum, Laxárdal, Hrappsey, Vi
ðey, Orkneyjum, Suðreyjum, Sauðeyjum, í Trollaskógi, M
örk, Skálaholti, Lundi, í Höfn, Kaupmannahöfn, Fms.
x. 2, Landn., Nj., Fms. passim; í Hvammi, í Vestr-hópi, &i
acute; Eyrarsundi, í Fljótshlíð, passim; í V&aac
ute;gi, Vík, Ósi, í Elliðar-vík, í R&ouml
;gnvalds-vági, í Salteyrar-ósi, í Laxár-&oacu
te;si, í Elfinni, Fms. x. 101, 124, 125, Eb. 54, Ld. 32; í L&oacut
e;ni, Landn., Am. 135; í Körmt, í Myl, í Storð (is
lands), Fms. passim; í Víkinni, i. 28; í Hólmi, Bjar
n.: of towns, í Lundunum, in London; í Jórvík
, Túnsbergi, í Björgyn, passim: circumlocutory, heitir &thorn
;ar síðan í Geitdal, Hrafn. 3; þar er síðan h
eitir í Hvammi, Ld. 10; bær heitir í Vestrhópi, &Iacu
te;sl. ii. 325; þrír bæir er í Mörk heita allir,
Nj. 257; kaupstaðr er heitir í Lundi, Eg. 241; staðinn í L
ybiku, Fms. x. 48; at staðnum í Skálaholti, vii. 198: of count
ries, í Noregi, Svíþjóð, Danmörku, in Nor
way, Sweden, Denmark, passim; í Austrríki, in the East,
Niðrst. 4; í Englandi, in England, Fms. i. 26, ix. 373, (but
á Englandi, i. 15, 20); í Skotlandi, Nj. 281, (but á Skotla
ndi, Fms. iv. 229.) III. with words denoting a hall, inn, vessel; &iacute
; turn einum, Fms. ix. 3; í húsi, Bs. i. 182; í litlu h&uac
ute;si, Fms. i. 35; í loptinu, Nj. 7; í eldhúsi, ská
la, höll, etc., passim; í kerum eða kistum, í byrðum
eða í örkum, N. G. L. i. 383; hús í lási, a locked-up house, Mar.; ef fundit er í lásum, under lock
, N. G. L. i. 158; í kili niðri, in the keel, Fbr. 131;
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hann var í stafni á skipi hans, he was an inmate of the stern o
f the ship, Eg. 177: as also local names, í Þrándheimi,
í Bæ, Kirkjubæ, Landn. passim: of a river, sea, lake, &iacut
e; ánni, in the river, passim; í læknum, in the br
ook; er mikill fjöldi eyja í því vatni, there ar
e many islets in that water, Fms. x. 134; fengu þeir í hafi st
orm mikinn, vii. 51; skiljask í hafi, x. 122; liggja í lægi
, in harbour, Grág. i. 92: of a place, í einum stað, &i
acute; þeim, hverjum stað, in one, that, every place, Nj. 3; &i
acute; heimi, in the world; liggja í valnum, Vígl. 26; sta
nda í höggfæri, within sword's reach, Nj. 97; í
miðri fylkingu, 274. IV. ganga allir í einum flokki, all in
one flock, Nj. 100; í bókum, in books, Fms. xi. 49, (&
aacute; bókum, Landn. 23); í Aldafars-bók, Landn. 23. 2.
 in, among; í Gyðinga-fólki, among the Jews,
Ver. 12; var þá íllr kurr í Böglum, Fms. ix. 45
; engi í kvenmönnum, not one of the women, Str. 18. V.
in, within; hafa, halda í hendi, to wield, hold in the hand; hafa staf, spjót, vápn, sverð, etc., í hendi, Nj. 91
; reiða í knjám sér, to carry on one's knees, Eg
. 396. 2. of dress, clothes; vera í ..., to be in, wear; ha
nn var í blám stakki, treyju, kyrtli, skarlats-klæðum, g
eithéðni, litklæðum, Nj. 48, 83, 91, 143, 175, 211, Fms. xi
. 85.
B. TEMP, in, during; þenna vetr í Jólum, du
ring Yule, Fms. x. 159; í Jóla-föstunni, in Advent, Dipl. ii. 14; í hinni fyrri æfî, in olden time, Ver
. 59; í fyrsta heims-aldri, 7; aldrei optar í öldinni, nev
er more during the period, Rb. 78; í hverri tíð, at any
time, Hom. 112; í fornöld, in days of yore; í &aa
cute;ri, this year, Sighvat, Lex. Poët.; í sumri, this sum
mer, Bjarn. 7; í hausti, this autumn, Fms. vii. 70 (in a verse
); í vetri, this winter, Eb. (in a verse); í degi, to-da
y, Fas. ii. 33 (in a verse); í kveldi, to-night, (mod. &iacute
; kveld), Skíða R. 108, Sturl. iii. 275, see p. 37 (B. IV); í
fyrstu, at first, Fms. i. 147, x. 4; í upphafi, in the beginnin
g; í því bili, in that moment, 389; í &tho
rn;essu bili, 103; í því sinni, at that time, Sturl.
ii. 3; í fyrsta ..., öðru sinni, the first ..., second time, Ísl. ii. 211, v.l.; í því (bili understood), adve
rb. in the very moment, then, Nj. 114; í því er Gunna
rr stendr upp, ríðr ..., 82; í þessu, in the same mom
ent, 125; Drottins-dag hinn fyrra í þingi, during the 'Thing
-time,' Grág. i. 48: also, fyrsta, síðasta dag í su
mri, vetri, viku, mánaði, the first, last, day of summer, winter,
week, month; í augabragði, in a moment, Barl. 124.
C. METAPH. in various relations: I. denoting action, engagement, c
ondition, often in Engl. to be rendered by a participle; vera í för
með e-m, to be in the suite of another, travelling in his company; &t
horn;ar var ok brúðr í för, the bride was also in the
party, Ld. 94; Skammkell var í för með Oddkatli, Nj. 81; ef
maðr andask í þingför, on the way, Grág. i.
138; hafa kaupskip í siglingu, í förum, to have a ship in
trade, voyage, Nj. 3; vera í víkingu, to be engaged in fre
ebooting, Eg. 178; vera í bardaga, to be in the battle, Nj. 97
; ef hann hittir hann í verki (working, at his work) úti ..

., ef hinn er í verki (at work), Grág. i. 244; vera &iacute
; smíð tíutigi vetra, to be a hundred years in building, of a house, Ver. 8; vera í gæzlu, to be in custody, Fms. i
x. 3; vera í góðu yfirlæti, to be in good quarters, l
ive well, x. 63; vera í boði e-s, to be in a person's invitati
on, bidden by him, his guest, ix. 497: í trausti, í nafni e-s,
to do a thing in one's confidence, in one's name, passim; í minni
eigu, in my possession, Ld. 30; eg á það ekki í
eigu minni, ala barn í ánauð, Grág. i. 363; vera &iacut
e; skuld, to be in debt, id.; sitja í festum, Nj. 4; í trau
sti e-s, in his trust, under his protection, Eg. 465; göra e-t &iacu
te; banni, leyfi, orlofi e-s, to do a thing with the ban, leave, consent of o
ne, passim; í nafni Guðs, in God's name, Niðrst. 8, N
. T.; sitr Gunnarr nú heima í sæmd sinni, in all his glor
y, Niðrst. 88; eiga mikit í ábyrgð, to have much a
t stake, passim; í hljóði, in silence, in hearing,
(see hljóð); hafa e-t í hug sér, to have in mind, Ld. 40. 2. denoting state; liggja í úviti, to lie in
a swoon, Nj. 91; í sárum, Eg. 34; í helsótt, Gr&
aacute;g. i. 201; menn vóru í svefni, asleep, Hrafn. 26, Ba
rl. 66; láta ílla í svefni, Nj. 94; sofa í ró
, to sleep in peace, Fms. vii. 317; vera í blíðu, g&oac
ute;ðu, íllu skapi, to be in a blithe, good, ill humour, Sks.
285; í reiði, in anger, Barl. 86; í hörðum hu
g, 655 xii. 3; vera í valdi e-s, in one's power, Barl. 86; &iacute
; kafi, under water. II. denoting capacity, regard to, quality, in; hinir mestu íllvirkjar í ránum, great evil-doer
s in robbery, Fms. ix. 372; roskinn í orðum, mature in words, 241; léttr í máli, cheerful in speech, Ld. 228;
þótti sem engi hestr mundi hafa við þeim í v&iacut
e;gi, Nj. 89; hann gafsk bezt í öllum mannraunum, in all trials, Ld. 60; ef þér prettið hann í engu, in naught, Nj. 90; í öllum hlutum, in everything, Barl. 115; í
allri atferð sinni, in all their ways, Dropl. 7. 2. by mea
ns of, through; opt kaupir sér í litlu lof, Hm. 51; hann sveik
tvá sveina í fjölkyngi sinni, 623. 49; hvárt sem &tho
rn;eir göra þat í ráðum eðr í ö&eth
;rum hlutum, Grág. i. 314; sakir þær er þú hefir
gjört á hönd þér í björgum við &T
HORN;órólf, Ld. 44; fannsk þat á í öllu,
at ..., Nj. 90. III. denoting substance, matter, value, in; &thorn
;að er gott efni í e-u, it has good stuff in it; gott silfr &i
acute; hring, gott manns-efni í e-m, the stuff of a good man is in one
; varat (var Ed.) ílls þegns efni vaxit í syni mí
num, i.e. my son would have made no bad thane, Stor. 11; hafa gó&e
th;a forystu í e-m, to have a good leader in a person, Skál
da 200 (in a verse); at eigi hafi komit meiri gersemi í skikkju (never
had come such a jewel of a cloak) til Noregs, Fms. x. 200; fé er &ia
cute; því, there is value in it, vii. 197; Hallr kvað g&
oacute;ðan kost í henni, H. said she was a good match, Nj. 180
; í þessu var þeim skömm, it was a disgrace to them, Barl. 139; meiri er veiðr í Flosa, en mörgum öðrum,
there is more in F. than in many of the rest, Nj. 232; hefnd væri
í honum, he would be a fit object for one's revenge, Hrafn. 26; &t
horn;að er gagn, lið í e-u, a thing is of use; ekkert gagn
, lið, í e-u, useless; spyrr Þórólfr eptir
, hvat verið hefir í erendum þeirra, Th. asked what their er
rand had been, Eg. 19; hvat er í því, how is that? wh
at is the matter? Nj. 67; þat var mest í því (t
hat was the chief reason) at allir vildu leita þér vegs, 78. 2. mikit í sér, much, good in itself, Fms. ix. 227, Hk
r. i. 275; góðr í sér, H. E. i. 517. 3. denoting
payment, in; var þat sumt í silfri, sumt í gr&aacute
;vöru, some in silver, some in fur, Eg. 375; í löndum e&
eth;r í lausum aurum eðr í kirkju-búnaði, K. &THORN
;. K. 40; skal gjalda þat fé í vaðmálum ok vararfeldum, í gulli ok í brendu silfri, 44; í jörðum,
in land, Bs. i. 853; lausa-fé í gulli ok silfri, Nj. 257; s
kal lögaura við bjóða, en ekki í landi, Grág.
ii. 245; í hverjum aurum hann vildi fyrir hafa, Nj. 259; inna alla sekt s
ína, bæði í utanferðum ok fégjöldum, 281
. IV. denoting specification; bjúgr í hrygg, bowed in th
e back, Bárð. 175; fót í ristar-lið, the joi
nt in the foot, Nj. 70; hönd í olbuga-bót, 97; í m
iðju, in the midst, Eg. 212; spjótið brotnaði í
falnum, Nj. 108. 2. circumlocutory for a gen. or possess. pron. with the
parts of the body, see p. 37, C. IV; augu, tunga, tennr, hjarta, bein, hryggr,
iðr, æðar í e-m, one's eyes, tongue, teeth, heart, bones
, back, bowels, veins, cp. the Engl. phrase 'the spirit within me;' h
ann braut hrygg í henni, he broke her back, Bárð. 170;
í sundr gékk í Hrafni handleggrinn, Rafn's arm broke, 169; hann knýtir saman alla halana í nautunum, all the cows'
tails, Gísl. 27. V. denoting parts of the whole, ellipt.; s&aa
cute; maðr er hlut á í úmögum, who has a share
in the ú., Grág. i. 242; eiga fjórðung í vi&
eth;reka, Am. 135: ellipt., hlutr or the like being understood, þeir menn
er í hvalnum eigu, Grág. ii. 378; svá sem þeir eigu &
iacute; skipi, i. 186. VI. the prep. can also be put after its case, esp.
in poetry, old as well as mod.; Háva höllu í, Hm. 112; svik
hans lægi svo hylming í, Pass. 2. 3; víngarði Drottins &
iacute;, 15. 8; himneskri sælu í, Hallgr. VII. either the no
un or pronoun is dropped, and the sentence becomes elliptical; hann þ&oacu
te;ttisk þar sjá helvítis kvalar í niðri, bene
ath (in the river), Nj. 275; hann fann stóran ás ok eld &iacut
e;, and fire in it, Ísl. ii. 462; engi ván í (viz. &
thorn;ví) at, it was not to be expected that ..., Fms. ix; ef engr
a ráða er í leitað, if no steps are taken, i. 68; f
ás þykki mér í leitað, Bs. i. 352; görðu
sk þá í (there arose) fáleikar af þeirra
hendi til Höskuldar, Nj. 169; segja konungi, hvat er þá hefir
í görsk, they told the king what had happened, Fms. xi. 26;
missa, sakna e-s í, to miss a thing, where 'í' has almost b
ecome an adverb in an intensive sense.
WITH ACC. in, into, towards.
A. LOC.: I. (answering to dat. A. I-V, see above), in, into; spjótið fló niðr í völlinn, Nj. 84; ganga &i
acute; spor e-m, to tread in one's steps, 108; þeir kómu &ia
cute; túnit, 79; í skóginn, into the wood, Eg. 237;
ganga upp í þingbrekku, 727; berit söðla yðra í
haga, Nj. 33; ríða fram at Rangá, í nesit, 95; f&oacut
e;ru þeir norðr í Víkina, Fms. x. 101; norðr &iacute
; Noreg, 160; koma í England, to come into E., 254; fara allt &iac
ute; Saxland, as far as S., 100; suðr í Mön, 159; settisk
konungr í borgina, Eg. 275; koma í þann stað, er ..., G
rág. i. 485; koma í skotfæri, Nj. 108; koma í augs&ya
cute;n e-m, to come before one's eyes, Eg. 458: in, among, ef f&ea
cute; kömr í fé manns, Grág. ii. 305; nú koma h
rútar eða hafrar í sauði manns, 310: þeir festa skj&
ouml;ldu sína í limar, Nj. 104; þeir settusk niðr &iacut
e; búðar-dyrnar, Ísl. ii. 194; hús er þeir k&oacu
te;mu í, Eg. 234; ríða heim í bæ, ríða
í garð, Fms. iv. 77; færa í naust eða í sel,
N. G. L. i. 38; leggja í kistu, to put into a coffin (chest), Eg. 127; hann verpr sér í söðulinn, into the saddl
e, Nj. 83; hann stakk sverðinu í bug hringnum, Eg. 306; steinninn
kom í höfuð bóandanum, hit him in the head, Nj. 9
6; tros féll í höfuð mér, Edda 30 :-- sigla, l&aac
ute;ta í haf, to stand out to sea, Fms. x. 76, Ld. 72, Eg. 514; ha
lda skipi í höfn, to stand into harbour, 515; koma í H
vítá, to land in Whitewater, Fms. x. 12; leggja (to land
) í Laxavág, 106 :-- of dress, fór konungr í ann
an búnað, he got into another dress, 16, Barl. 81; fara &iacut
e; brynju, kyrtil, föt, yfirhöfn, to put on, dress. II.
connected with adverbs denoting direction, -wards, (southwards, et
c.); stefna suðr í land, Eg. 32; riðu sex í suðr (s
outhwards), sex í norðr (northwards), Nj. 279; snú
a fram í nesit, 96; fellr áin sum í austr, sum í lan
dsuðr, 263; sá dalr gengr vestr í fjöllin, Ld. 138; s&aac
ute; fjörðr skersk í landnorðr, 20; þeir ísar l
iggja meir í landnorðr, Sks. 173; ór útsuðri &iacut
e; norðrætt, ór austri ok í vestr, Fms. x. 272; l&yacute
;sti í lopt ok á lög, it beamed into the sky, Edda 22;
at í austr horfi botninn á Hjörungavági, Fms. xi. 125
; sex dægra sigling í norðr frá Bretlandi, Landn. 36. 2. with a fancied or indirect motion; tekr veðrit at ylgjask í n
orðrit, Fms. xi. 136; hón veifaði kofra sínum í aus
trætt, Vígl. 22; ganga e-m í drauma or svefna, to appear
to in a dream, in one's sleep, of a vision, Lex. Poët. III. eve
n with verbs not denoting motion, e.g. such as signify to be drawn up in ranks,
to stand, as also to see, to hear 'towards' a place, and in many of which a mode
rn language would use dat.; var þat sagt Gunnari inn í bú&et
h;ina, the news was told G. 'into' the booth, reported into the booth to G., Nj. 80; giptask í önnur lönd, to marry into other countr
ies, marry an alien, Ld. 264; deyja í Þórisbjörg, M
ælifell, to die into, pass into after death, 78,
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192, Eb. 7 (v.l.) new Ed.; deyja í helvíti, to die 'into hell,'
 Niðrst. 9; lágu skip í þann arminn, the ships we
re placed on that flank, Fms. i. 174; Bróðir var í annan f
ylkingar-arminn en Sigtryggr í annan, Nj. 274; í annan enda h&uacu
te;ssins var lopt, in (towards) the other end of the house was
a closet, Ó. H. 153; í þann hóp, among those, Skáld H. 6. 47: this remains in the mod. phrase, sofa upp í &t
horn;ann arminn, to sleep turning one's head to that end of the bedstead;
hann sá eyjar liggja í útsuðr til hafs, Landn. 36; get
r Stígandi sét öðru-megin í hlíðina, Ld
. 156; Þórðr svaf ok horfði í lopt upp, turning t
he face uppermost, 140; heyrðu þeir hark mikit í búr
it, Eb. 266; ef lögsögu-maðr kann þar eigi mann fyrir &iacut
e; þá sveit, Grág. i. 10; beiða mann í annat &tho
rn;ing ok et þriðja, id.; taka vandræði annarra í a&e
th;ra fjórðunga, Nj. 181: the acc. is here caused by the fancied noti
on of 'seeking.'
B. TEMP, in, during; í þat mund, at that hour,
Korm. 128, Fms. xi. 136, Lv. 74, Niðrst. 3, Ld. 104; í þ&aelig
;r mundir, Fms. iii. 223; í þann tíma, Eg. 15; í &tho
rn;enna tíma, Fms. x. 27; í annan tíma, a second time, Pass.; í þann tíð, Blas. 43, Jb., Grág. i. 50
0; í mál, each meal, i.e. morn and eve; oxa þa
rf hann í mál, Fas. i. 238; gefa fátækum mönnum
mat í þrjú mál (three meals a day), en Kolbein
n lét gefa þeim í eitt mal, Bs. i. 477; þá skal
maðr ala (fæða) í eitt mál, í tvau má
l, Grág. i. 293, 400; í annat mál, Dipl. v. 28; í ne
fndan dag, the appointed day, Mar.; þá skein sól &iac
ute; miðja nótt, in the middle of the night, Hom. 30; miðv
ikudag í mitt þing, the Wednesday in the midst of the parliament
, Grág. i. 199; í morgin, this morning, Bs. i. 810, Fms
. vi. 254 (in a verse); í morgin skulu þeir koma til mín, 65
5 ix. A. 2; í miðjan morgin, at six o'clock, K. Þ. K. 40
; í kveld. this evening, Nj. 252; í nótt, this ni
ght, to-night, Eg. 283, 416; = the last night, 564, Ísl. ii. 1
56, Barl. 66; í dag, to-day, Grág. i. 16, 18, Nj. 36; enn &
iacute; dag, Barl. 65, passim; í gær-dag, yesterday; &iacute
; fyrra-dag, the day before yesterday, Háv. 50; í vetr, 
this winter, Nj. 4; í allan vetr, all this winter, Ld. 42; &ia
cute; allan dag, all the day, to-day, Nj. 252; í alla nótt,
all this night, Eg. 418, Nj. 55; í vár, last spring, Eg. 235; í sumar, this summer or the coming summer, Ld. 1
04, Nj. 113, Eg. 74, Fs. 51; í haust, last autumn, Nj. 168, (but &
aacute; hausti, v.l.); í ár, this year, Fkv.; í fj&o
acute;rtán vetr, for fourteen winters, Hkr. iii. 169; í nok
kurar vikur, for some weeks, Bárð. 173: thus also in mod. usag
e, í nokkra dag, mánuði, í nokkur ár, for som
e days, months, years, but also without the prep.
C. METAPH. and various usages: I. denoting entrance into a state,
condition, in, into; kom honum í málit með þ&eacu
te;r, bring him into the case, Nj. 102; ganga í lið með em, to help another; ef fé kemr í för manns, Grá
g. i. 262; hversu marga menn munu vér þurfa í fyrirsá
t? Nj. 93; ganga í bönd ok eiða, to enter into bonds and oath
s, Band. 20 new Ed.; ljósta e-n í öngvit, í rot, to strike a person into sorrow, so that he swoons, Grág. ii. 16; fa
lla í úvit, to fall into a swoon, Nj. 91; berja, drepa &iac
ute; hel, to smite to death, Eb. 98, (see hel); mæla sik í &
uacute;færu, to talk oneself into destruction, Boll. 352; þeg
ia sik í fjörbaugs-garð, to fall into outlawry by default of
silence, Grág. i. 69; höggva sik í hölds rétt
...; taka e-n í frið, to pardon one, Fms. x. 161; taka &iacut
e; vald konungs, to confiscate, 23. 2. law phrases, bera væt
ti í dóm, to produce a witness in court, Grág. i. 22
; sækja sök í dóm, Nj. 225; skal í þann d&
oacute;m sækja, sem frumsökin er í sótt, in the same
court in which the case was first brought, Grág. i. 56; festa m&aacu
te;l í konungs dóm, Fms. x. 8; bjóða búum &iacut
e; setu, to call on the neighbours to take their seats, Nj. 87; nefna s&e
acute;r vátta í þat vætti, at ..., to call on witne
sses to testify, that ..., Grág. i. 77; nefna Guð í vitni
, Fms. x. 246. II. denoting change, into; skjöldrinn klofna&e
th;i í tvá hluti, split in twain, Nj. 108; í tvau, in twain, passim; í þrennt, into three pieces; brotna

í spán, to be shivered, Eg. 405, Nj. 267, 282; í mol
a, id.; rísta í sundr klæði sín í s
treng, to cut one's clothes into strings, Fms. ix. 3; skipta íllu
í gott, Barl. 119; snúask í sút ok grát, t
o be turned into woe and wailing, Fms. xi. 425. 2. denoting investmen
t, payment, discharge, into; mæla mörgum orðum í si
nn frama, Hm. 104; verja fé sínu í lausa-eyri, to conver
t one's money into movables, Eg. 139; þiggja e-t í vingjafir, as a friend's gift, Eb. 116; gefa í mála, í kaup, 
to give in pay, wages, Fms. i. 1; gjalda í sonar-bætr, paid
in the son's weregild, Nj. 102; játuðu upp í jarðir s&
iacute;nar, as payment for their estates, Bs. i. 853; þá ska
l skeytt þangat Hernes mikla í proventu hans, Fms. vii. 196; taka f
é í skuld, Hkr. ii. 136; taka, gjalda í gjöld, &iacute
; sakfé, í skatt, N. G. L. i. 75, Sks. 104 new Ed.; kaupa e-t &iac
ute; skuld, to buy on credit, Hrafn. 22, Band. 1; skyldi horn drekka &iac
ute; minni hvert, a horn should be emptied to every toast, Eg. 206; hefir
oss jafnan dugat í nauðsynjar, Fms. iv. 242; í mun e-m, to
one's delight, to please one, Korm.; göra e-t í hag, vil, ska&e
th;a e-m, in one's favour, to one's scathe; í engan mun, not a
bit, by no means, Fms. iv. 254; stórættaðr í m&oacut
e;ður-kyn, high born on his mother's side, Ld. 102; þrælb
orin í allar ættir, Ó. H. 112; óðalborin ok lendb
orin ok tiginborin fram í ættir, Eg. 343. III. with verbs, l
anga í e-t, to long after; sjá, horfa í e-t, to g
rudge, (í-langan), etc. IV. ellipt., þeir gáfu he
yvöndul ok létu hestana grípa í, Boll. 348: adverb., &
thorn;ótt bresti í nokkut, though something should fall short, Nj. 102; hér vantar í, here something is wanting; vanta
r mikið í, Lat. multa desunt.
UNCERTAIN Used before or after adverbs or prepositions: I. prefixed; &iac
ute; hjá, besides, aside, Jb. 11, passim, (see hjá); &iacut
e; gegn, against, Bs. i. 22, passim, (see gegn); í braut, í
burt, away, passim, (see braut); í frá (cp. Swed. ifr&a
ring;n), from, passim, (see frá); í fyrir, in front,
 Fms. iv. 137; í framan (q.v.), in the face; í frammi (
q.v.); hafa í frammi, to hold forth; í meðal and &iacut
e; milli (q.v.), among, between: í kring, í kringum (q.v.),
all around; í mót (q.v.), í móti, í m
óts, against, towards, passim; í samt, together, continu
ally, Fms. xi. 4, 73; í sundr (q.v.), in sunder; í senn
(q.v.), at once, Gþl. 354, Ísl. ii. 378. 2. after lo
cal adverbs, towards or into a place; niðr í, aptr &ia
cute;, fram í, upp í, downwards, afterwards, forwards, upwards;
 or niðri í, aptr í, frammi í, uppi í (pronc
d. niðr' í, framm' í, upp' í), framan í, aptan &
iacute;, all proncd. as one word. II. prefixed to nouns and verbs, &iacut
e;-blástr, see the following list of words. 2. in a few instances
this í- conveys a diminutive notion, esp. in mod. usage, e.g. &iac
ute;-beiskr, í-bjúgr, í-boginn, í-lítill, pro
ncd. ei-lítill; this í- is no doubt etymologically differen
t, perhaps qs. ið-. β. in other cases intensive or iterat
ive, as in í-grænn, ever-green, contracted from ið-gr&ae
lig;nn; í-nógr, qs. ið-gnógr; í-þró
tt, q.v.; as also í-treka, q.v., etc.
í-beiskr, adj. a little hot to the taste.
í-bjúgr, adj. a little crooked.

í-blár, adj. a little blue, Bs. ii. 182.
í-blástr, m. 'in-breath,' inspiration, Fas. iii. 237
, Hom. 123, Bs. i. 231.
í-boginn, part. = íbjúgr.
í-brosligr, adj. ludicrous, to be smiled at, Sturl. i. 23.
í-búa, u, f. a female inmate, Lex. Poët.
í-búð, f. in-dwelling; til íbú&eth
;ar, Stj. 487, 609.
í-bygginn, adj. brooding over, conceited.
í-byggjari, a, m. an inmate, inhabitant, Mar., Lil. 71.
íðrótt, see íþrótt.
ídus-dagr, m. (Lat.), the Ides of a month, Fms. iii. 11.
í-endr, adj. [önd], 'in breath,' still breathing, Fms.
xi. 141.
í-fang, n. an undertaking, grappling with, Bs. i. 757, Mar.
í-fellt, n. adj. of the wind, filling the sails, Sturl. iii
. 59.
í-ferð, f. a 'faring into;' íferð í f
jöru, gathering weeds, Vm. 97, Jm. 20, Pm. 38.
í-fjörvan, adj., acc. m. = íendan, 'in-life,' livin
g, Ýt. 20.
í-frá, see frá.
í-færa, u, f. a kind of fisherman's hook or boat-h
ook, Sks. 30, v.l.
í-ganga, u, f. an entering, undertaking, Sturl. iii. 3, Gr&
aacute;g. i. 485: introitus, föstu-í. = inngangr; ígan
gs-fasta, id., D. N.
í-gangr, m. a wearing of clothes, a suit; íga
ngs-klæði, wearing apparel, Eg. 75, Orkn. 462, K. Á. 16
6, Hkr. ii. 280.
í-gegn, prep. through; see gegn.
í-gerð, f. suppuration of a sore.
í-gildi, n. = iðgildi, Sks. 262; hún er karlmanns &iacu
te;., she is a match for a man, as strong as a man.
í-gjarn, adj. = iðgjarn.
í-grár, adj. grayish.

í-gróðra, adj. in blossom; jörð var ekk
i ígróðra at várþingi, Bs. i. 172.
ÍGULL, m. [Gr. GREEK; Lat. echinus; A. S. îl;
Germ. igel], a sea-urchin, echinus esculentus, Eggert Itin. 612: a
lso called ígul-ker, n. from its ball-formed shape. ígul
-köttr, m. a hedgehog, Art.: a kind of war engine, Sks. 4
18.
ígul-tanni, a, m., poët. a bear, = júgtanni, q.
v.
í-hlutan, f. meddling, ihlutunar-mikill, -samr, adj.
meddlesome, Fms. ii. 69, Eg. 512, Boll. 346.
í-hræddr, adj. a little timid, Nj. 210.
í-huga, að, to consider, Rd. 303, Fms. vi. 191, viii. 1
01, xi. 20: to muse over, x. 259, Sks. 594: absol. to mind, Ld. 26
0.
í-hugan, f. a minding, consideration, Fms. viii. 358, Barl.
157.
í-hugi, a, m. a minding, = íhugan, Fas. i. 69, Hom.
(St.): sympathy, O. H. L. 35; mjök var Hárekr þ&oacute
; raunar með íhuga sínum með Knúti, 51. COMPDS: 
íhuga-fullr, adj. full of care, Mar.; hugsjúkr ok &iacu
te;., Fms. x. 25, viii. 25. íhuga-verðr, adj. worthy of con
sideration, doubtful, Valla L. 236.
í-hvolfr, adj. a little convex.
í-hyggja, u, f. consideration, íhyggju-samr,
adj. = íhugasamr, Lv. 91.
í-högg, n. striking in, Sturl. iii. 66.
ÍKORNI, a, m. a squirrel. This word is undoubtedly, as Grim
m suggests (s.v. eichhorn), not of Teut. origin, but a popular corruption of th
e Gr. GREEK ( = shade-tail), from which word all mod. European languages
have borrowed the name of this animal; A. S. âcvern; early Dutch
êncoren; Dutch eekhoren, eikhoren, inkhoren; O. H. G., mid.
H. G., and Germ. eichorne, eichorn; Dan. egern; Swed. ickorn, e
korre: in the Romance languages, old Fr. escuriere; Fr. ecureuil; Ital. schiriuolo; whence Engl. squirrel. The word íkor
ni occurs in the heathen poem Gm., but the word is outside the metre, spoiling
the flow of the verse, and was no doubt added afterwards; therefore, instead of
'Rata-töskr heitir íkorni | er renna skal,' read 'Rata-töskr
heitir | er renna skal.' Perhaps the ancient Scandin. name of the animal was t&
ouml;skr, akin to Engl. tusk, A. S. tux, from its sharp teeth, an
d then Rati ( = the climber?) would in the verse be the pr. name, tö
skr the appellative
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of that animal; and thus Rata-töskr would stand for Ratitöskr = Rati the squirrel; see also Edda, Ó. H. 85, Sks. 115, Gþl. 448.
í-kyndask, d, dep. to be kindled, take fire, Fms. x. 29.
í-lag, n. a mortgage, Bs. i. 876, H. E. i. 195, 220; t&iacu
te;u hundraða ílag, sem staðrinn á Möðruvöll
um átti í jörð á Ásláksstöð
um, Dipl. v. 9.
í-lát, n. a vessel, cask into which a thing is put,
Bs. i. 461, Korm. 154; sekkr er ílát, Skálda 168; mæl
ir eða annat ílát, Mar.
í-leiða, d, to lead into, induce, H. E. i. 490.
í-leiðing, f. introduction, H. E. i. 190, 490.
í-lenda, d, to make ílendr, to naturalise, a
law term, N. G. L. i. 170: reflex. to settle in a country, Fas. ii. 395,
Þorst. Hv. 46.
í-lendr, adj. naturalised, settled in a place, Gþl. 8
9, Eg. 346, Fms. i. 257, vi. 254.
í-lengjast, d, to make a longer stay, settle in a place.
í-lit, n. the looking to a mark; at hvárki verði
at örkuml né ílit, Grág. i. 347; ef hundr bítr
svá at örkuml verði eptir eðr ílit, ii. 120; meta &i
acute;lit ok lemð alla, N. G. L. i. 67.
í-líkr, adj. = iðglíkr; nokkut ilict þv&ia
cute; sem Gyðingar gerðu við Dróttinn vóru, O. H. L. 3
7.
í-lítill, adj. very little; proncd. in the south of
Icel. eilítill.
ílla, d, to harm one; íllir engi maðr farar hans
, N. G. L. i. 32.
ílla, adv., compar. verr, superl. verst (see verr), badly, ill;
 líka ílla, to like ill, dislike, Hkr. ii. 138; þ
eir kváðu sér við Örn verst líka, Landn. 287;
kurra ílla, to grumble sorely, Fms. vii. 151; heyra, sjá &i
acute;lla, to bear, see badly, Fb. ii. 171; var hann ílla til fr&a
elig;nda sinna, he behaved ill to his kinsmen, Nj. 38; ílla Kristi
nn, an ill Christian, Fms. vii. 151; ílla ært, a bad year
, Nj. 10; það er ílla farið, it is a great pity;
ílla heill, in ill health, Hm. 68; ílla ok úmannlig
a, Fb. i. 280.
íllendi or íllindi, n. pl. spite; til &aacute
;leitni eðr íllenda, Fb. iii. 248; en er Brandr varð varr við
flimtan þeirra, bað hann þá eigi fara með slí
k íllendi, Sturl. iii. 80; vera hér við íllindi (Ed. &i
acute;ll-lyndi) sona þinna, Fs. 34; at sjá þik í &iacu
te;llindum (in troubles) ok erfiðis-munum, Fb. i. 280. 2. medi
c. gangrene; þat sár greri ílla svá at bl&aacu

te;str hljóp ok íllendi í, Þórð. (Ed. 1860
) 96.
ílli-liga, adv. hideously; láta í., Fms. vii.
102; grenja í., Grett. 101 A.
ílli-ligr, adj. grim, frowning; íllileg (hideous) gaulan, Ó. H. 135; mikill vexti ok ekki íllilegr, ill-look
ing, Fb. i. 254; uxi ógurliga stór ok í., 257, 261; sv&
aacute; íllilegr sem genginn sé út ór sjávarhömrum, Nj. 182; dökkr ok íllilegr í ásjón
u, Bs. i. 40; fann hann á fæti hans flekk íllilegan, fullan
af eitri, Fms. x. 332.
ílling, f. evil, calamity; nauð ok í., Fms. x. 3
99, O. H. L. 61.
íllingr, m. a bad man. íllinga-seta, u, f. a set of rogues, Bs. i. 142.
ÍLLR, adj., compar. verri (q.v.), superl. verstr; íllr is s
till often pronounced with a long vowel, esp. in the forms íllt, í
lls, as also íllr and illr, although it is usually in mod. books spelt wi
th i; the long vowel is a remains of the contraction which in the Scandin
. languages has taken place in this word: [Ulf. ubils; A. S. yfel;
Engl. ill, evil; Hel. ubil; O. H. G. ubil; Germ. ü
bel; Dan. ild; Swed. ill-; in mod. Engl. ill is of Scan
din., evil of Saxon origin] :-- ill, evil, bad, in a bodily and mo
ral sense: in sayings, íllt er at eiga þræl at einga-vin, Gre
tt. 154; íllt er at eggja óbilgjarnan, or íllt er at eggja
íllt skap = GREEK; erat maðr svá íllr at einugi dugi, H
m. 134; fátt er svo fyrir öllu íllt, að ekki boði nok
kuð gott, = 'tis an ill wind that blows nobody any good; ílla
gefask íll ráð, Nj. 20; opt stendr íllt af kvenna tali,
Gísl. 15; opt hlýtr íllt af íllum (or íllt m
á af íllum hljóta), Ísl. ii. 151; frest eru í
lls bezt, Fms. v. 294. 2. ill, bad, of quality, capacity; í
llr búþegn, a bad farmer, Fms. i. 69; íllr hestr, 
a bad horse, Þiðr. 191; íllt skáld, a poetaster. 3. evil, wicked; góða frá íllum, Eluc
. 37; íllr maðr, Hm. (íll-menni); íll ráð, evil counsel, 9; til góðs ok ílls, for good or evil, Grág. ii. 144; sjá við íllu, beware of evil,
Sdm. 39; íllt eitt, all wickedness, as a nickname, Fms. ix. 419
(423 sqq.) 4. bad; íllum huga, an evil mind, spite,
Hbl. 21; ílls hugar, Hým. 9; íllt skap, ill humour;
vera í íllu skapi, to be in an ill mood; það er &
iacute;llt í mér, to be angry; mæla íllt, t
o use foul language, Bjarn. 32; íll orð, evil words, Skm.
2; varð honum íllt til liðs, Fms. i. 22; íll öld, 
evil times, vi. 96; íllt veðr, ill weather, v. 295; &iacut
e;llar álögur, evil, oppressive burdens, vii. 75, v.l.; &iacu
te;ll heilsa, ill health; íllt, unwholesome; er þat
íllt manni, Eg. 604; medic., e-m er íllt (mér er íll
t), to be ill; íllt er ('tis a pity) at eiga dáð
lausa sonu, Ld. 236; honum þótti íllt (he was sorry)
at heyra læti þeirra, Fms. iv. 368: denoting harm, hurt, grun
aði at mikit íllt mundi af þér hljótask, Í
sl. ii. 151; verðr hann þeim stórhöggr, ok fá &thor
n;eir íllt af honum, Fms. xi. 135. 5. with gen. ill, difficult;
 íllr viðr-eignar, ill to deal with, Nj. 18, Eg. 147; &ia
cute;llir heimsóknar, Fms. vii. 299; flestir verða íllir aptrh
varfs, 315: with dat. ill to one, íllr e-m, (cp. Scot. 'ill to his
friend, waur to his foe'), 655 A. 4. 6. close, stingy, cp. g&oacu
te;ðr (II. β); íllr af aurum, Jd. 35; íllir af mat, Hkr.
i. 140; hinn matar-ílli, a nickname, Hkr. COMPDS: íll-brigð
i, n. pl. a bad trick, Hkr. ii. 287, Grett. 111 A. íll-b&ya
cute;li, n. a wretched home; göra e-m í., Ísl. ii.
141. íll-deildir, f. pl. and íll-deilur, ill-dea
lings, hostilities, quarrels, Ld. 158, Fms. vii. 144, Nj. 77, Vígl. 2
9. íll-dýri, n. an ill beast, noxious animal, &Iacut
e;sl. ii. 300. íll-felli, n. mishap, Barl. 115. í
ll-fengr, adj. ill-natured, Fms. iii. 143, Grett. 144. íllferli, n. pl. ill doings, evil ways, Bs. i. 279. íll-f&uacu
te;ss, adj. ill-willed, Ld. 258. íll-fygli, n. an il
l bird, noxious bird, Pr. 186. íll-fýstr, part. bent
on evil, Nj. 72. íll-gengr, adj. rough, of a horse, o
pp. to góðgengr. íll-geta, u, f. 'ill-guess,' imputa
tion. íll-girnd and íll-girni, f. ill-will,
ill-nature, wickedness, Fms. vii. 37, Rd. 236, Grág. i. 131, Bs. i. 4
5. íll-gjarn, adj. ill-willed, ill-natured, wicked, Nj. 38,
Hom. 19, Bs. i. 40: superl., Fms. ii. 46, x. 327. íll-gjarnligr,
adj. ill-natured, spiteful, Hom. 19, 53, Sks. 445. íll-gresi, n. 'evil-grass,' tares, Magn. 502, Sks. 549, Barl. 34, N. T., V&iacute
;dal. passim. íll-grunaðr, part. suspected of evil, Mar
.; vera íllgrunaðr um e-t, Bs. i. 264. íll-gæfa,
u, f. ill-luck, Barl. 55. íll-gæti, n. ill fare, Barl. 55. íll-görð, f., esp. in pl. ill doings, Fms. vi. 291, Sks. 583, Stj. íllgörða-flokkr, m. a g
ang of rogues, Fms. viii. 232. íllgörða-maðr, m.
an evil-doer, of thieves, robbers, Eb. 300, Fms. i. 43, N. T., Víd
al. íllgörða-samr, adj. (-semi, f.), evil-doing
, Fms. xi. 90. íll-hreysingr, m. (see hreysi), a savage, mi
screant, Sturl. i. 14, iii. 26. íll-hveli, n. an evil whale
, Fas. iii. 507. íll-kvikendi, íll-kykvendi, n. an e
vil beast, e.g. a snake, toad, etc., 655 xii. 2, A. A. 284. íll-kv
ittinn, adj. slanderous. íll-kvittni, f. calumny. íll-kyndugr, adj. lewd, Bs. i. 256. íll-kyngi,
 f. lewdness, Mag. 129. íll-leikni, f. ill-treatment
, Fms. ii. 185, viii. 41. íll-lifnaðr, m. an evil life,
lewdness, Stj. 386. ílllifnaðar-maðr, m. a man of
an ill life, Fb. i. 233. íll-lífl, n. a wicked life,
 Barl. 138, Fms. viii. 54. íll-lífr, adj. wicked, Þiðr. 69. íll-lyndi, n. an ill temper. &iac
ute;ll-lyndr, adj. ill-tempered. íll-læti, n. pl.
hideous grimaces, Konr. íll-mannliga, adv. wickedly, cr
uelly; ílla ok í., Fms. v. 265; í. ok grimmliga, Ld. 24
6, Mar. íll-mannligr, adj. ill-looking, rogue-like, cruel, wick
ed, Fas. ii. 84, Fms. iii. 116: neut., Mar.: compar., Fas. ii. 534: superl.,
Nj. 78. íll-máligr, adj. foul-mouthed, slanderous,
Finnb. 280, Háv. 38, Str. 15. íll-menni, n. a knave
(of thieves and robbers), a wicked, cruel man, Fms. ii. 4, vi. 60, Symb.
59, Nj. 32. íll-mennska, u, f. wickedness, cruelly, H&aacu
te;v. 44. íll-mæla, t, with acc., in mod. usage with dat., to libel, slander, talk evil of, Str. 15, Hkr. iii. 262; vera íllm&
aelig;ltr af e-u, to have evil reputation from, Bs. i. 759. íll
-mælgi, f. slander, calumny, 623. 30. íll-mæli,
 n. a libel, Nj. 183, Lv. 53, Boll. 350, Dropl. 11, Krók. 7. íll-orðr, adj. 'ill-worded,' abusive, Fms. iii. 143, Nj.
66. íll-ráðigr, adj. giving wicked counsel, Fm

s. x. 380. íll-ráðr, adj. wicked, Sturl. iii. 28
1: a nickname, Fb. iii. íll-ræða, u, f. bad language,
 Sks. 25. íll-ræði, n. evil doings, crime, Fm
s. x. 390, Róm. 256. íllræðis-maðr, m. an
evil-doer, criminal, Sturl. i. 137, Fms. iii. 155, Fs. 20. íll-r&a
elig;mdr, part. of evil report. íll-sakar, f. pl., in t
he phrase, troða íllsakar við e-n, to have a rough fight with
one, Nj. 219. íll-skái, a, m. the less of two evils;
 hvárt þykkir þér betr? ... þat þykki
mér íllskáinn at þú hafir, Band. 21 new Ed. íll-skárri, compar., íll-skárst, superl.
the less of two evils; það er íllskátra, &iacute
;llskást. íll-skeptr, part. 'ill-shapen,' i.e. i
ll-natured, Stj. 43: wroth, Th. 76. íll-skælda, u
, f. a poetaster, Eg., Hkr.; a nickname given to a poet for having stole
n the burden of another poem, see Fms. iii. 65. íll-spár, f
. pl. evil prophecy, croakings, Glúm. 354, Fas. i. 372, Bret. 38.
íll-svipligr, adj. ill-looking, Fb. i. 260. íll-t
íðindi, n. pl. evil tidings, bad news, Sturl. iii. 210. íll-tyngdir, f. pl. [tunga], 'evil tongues,' slander, Gr&aacu
te;g. i. 361. Íll-ugi, i.e. Íllhugi, a pr. name, cp. hugr (
II). íll-úð, f. ill-nature, Vkv. 19, 22. &ia
cute;ll-úðigr, adj. evil-boding, Am. 13, Hkm. 15, Fas. i.
192. íll-úðligr, adj. ill-looking, grim, B&aacut
e;rð. 167. íll-verk, n. an evil deed, Háv. 38.
íll-viðri, n. bad weather, Fms. i. 275, ix. 233, Rb. 10
2, Str. 88, Sks. 211. íllviðris-klakkar, m. foul-weatber cl
ouds, Sks. 234. íllviðris-kráka, u, f. an evil c
row. íll-vili, a, m. ill-will, Fms. i. 71, vii. 312, x
i. 250, Orkn. 264. íll-vilja, adj. = íllviljaðr, Fagrsk
. ch. 272. íllvilja-fullr, adj. ill-willed, Bs. i. 45. &
iacute;llvilja-maðr, m. an ill-wisher, Sturl. iii. 227. &iacut
e;ll-viljaðr, part. ill-willed, Fms. ix. 335, Sks. 160, Barl. 38
. íll-virki, n. a cruel, evil doing, crime, Háv. 38:
as a law term, an outrage, done with an evil intention, defined in Gr&aa
cute;g. i. 130, 131: robbery, ravage, Fms. vii. 18, xi. 57. íll
-virki, a, m. an ill-doer, criminal (thief, robber), Grág. i.
130, Greg. 40, Fas. i. 56 (Ed. íllvirkr), Fms. xi. 445, Al. 108. &iacu
te;ll-viti, a, m. evil-boder, a nickname, Bjarn.: name of certain cra
gs, among which sounds are heard when a storm is coming. íll-vær
t, n. adj. what is not to be stood; þá kom regn sv&aacut
e; mikit, at í. var úti, a pelting rain, so that one could hard
ly stay out-of-doors, Bs. i. 172. íll-yrða, t, to abuse
, speak evil to, Fas. ii. 229, Finnb. 228, Stj. 529. íll-yrði,
 n. pl. foul language, libel, Nj. 64, Boll. 360, Karl. 509. &iacu
te;ll-yrmi, n. [ormr], vermin, Fms. x. 380. íllyrmis-legr, adj. (-lega, adv.), like vermin. íll-ýðgi
, f. = íllúð, Hom. (St.) íll-þolandi,
part. intolerable. íll-þræli, n. a wretched
thrall, Am. 59. íll-þýði, n. [þj&oacute
;ð], a rabble, gang of thieves and robbers, Fms. vii. 8, 16, Bs. i. 1
42, Hkr. iii. 208, Fb. ii. 349. íllþýðis-fólk,
 n. = íllþýði, Hkr. i. 36, Fms. vi. 162, ix. 384, v.
l. illþýðis-maðr, m. a thief and robber, Fms.
viii. 73, v.l.
íllska, u, f. ill will, wickedness, cruelty, Fms. x. 304, x
i. 445, Fb. ii. 388, Nj. 82, Js. 27, Hom. 4, 151, Stj. 314, Sks. 606, N. T., Pas
s., Vídal.
<PAGE NUM="b0319">
<HEADER>ÍLLSKASK -- ÍVIÐGJARN. 319</HEADER>
passim: as also fury, rage, það er íllska í honum
: íllsku-fullr, full of wickedness, Fms. ii. 137; íllsku-li
mr, a limb of wickedness; íllsku-kraptr, íllsku-í&th
orn;rótt, 188, 656 B. 1, Hom. 27; íllsku-verk, a wicked work, 14; íllsku-vættr, an evil wight, Str. 43; íllsku-m
aðr, a wicked, cruel man, Bær. 8; íllsku-þr&aacut
e;, doggedness, Stj. 268: mischief, evil, Fms. i. 184: as also in
mod. usage, íllsku-veðr, a fiery gale.
íllskask, að, dep. to wax wroth and furious, Fas. iii.
657.
í-löngun, f. longing after.
ÍM, n. [no doubt akin to eim in eimyrja, Engl. embers], dust, ashes, embers; hann hreinsar þat skjótt af, &thorn
;óat nokkut ím hafi á oss dregit af samneyti annarlegs si&e
th;ferðis, Fms. ii. 261; hann brennir af oss synda ím, Greg. 19, 46;
nú tók ím af honum, at hann var sannr propheta, Fms. x. 392
.
íma, u, f. = ím; elds íma, embers, Harms. 39:
poët. a she-wolf, from the ember-like colour (?), Edda (Gl.): a
giantess, id.
ímð, f. name of an ogress, Edda, Hkv. 1. 39.
ím-gerðr, f. name of a giantess.
ími, a, m. (ímarr, ímr, m.), a giant,
Edda (Gl.), Vþm. 5: a pr. name, Bs. i.
ími-gustr or ímu-gustr, m. 'giants'-gush:' disgus
t, in the metaph. phrase, hafa ímigust á e-u, to feel disli
ke, abhorrence for a thing.
ím-leitr, adj. dusky, gray-coloured, of a wolf, Lex. Po&eum
l;t.
ímun, f., poët. a fight, battle, Lex. Poët., &Oac
ute;l. 33, Hkv. 1. 49. COMPDS: ímun-borð, n. a shield,
Vellekla. ímun-dís, f. a war-goddess, Haustl. &i
acute;mun-laukr, m. a sword, Eyvind.
í-mynd, f. the very image.
í-mynda, að, to imagine; eg ímynda mér, I fancy.
í-myndan, f. imagination, fancy.
í-neyzla, u, f. participation in; íneyzla í j
örðu, Gþl. 367.
Írar, m. pl. Irishmen; Írland, n. Ireland;

 Íra-konungr, m. the king of the Irish; Írskr
, adj. Irish; Írska, u, f. the Irish tongue, Ld.
72, Fs. 78, Bs. i. 227, the Sagas passim. II. Írland it mi
kla, Great Ireland, was the name of Southern America, just as Eastern Rus
sia was called Great Sweden.
írask, að, dep. to be rumoured abroad; mætti ok &
thorn;á þat írask, at (then it may be that people would s
ay, that) þær eignir fylgði henni þá heiman, er
hón átti í Noregi, O. H. L. 30.
í-rauðr, adj. reddish, a little red, Mar.
ÍRI, a. m. gossip, rumour, tattle; höfum vér he
yrt nokkurn íra á, hvárt þú sér konungs
-son eðr eigi, Fms. ix. 278, v.l., a GREEK, hence prob. the mod. í
ra-fár, hurly-burly; í mesta írafári.
ísa, að, to 'ice,' freeze; þá ísa&e
th;i þegar sem áðr, Fms. ix. 400; ísaðr, iced, fr
ozen, 386, Rd. 277.
ísarn, n. iron; see járn.
ís-brot, n. broken ice, Fas. ii. 501.
ís-brún, f. the edge of an ice-field, Fms. i. 211, G
rág. ii. 386, Jb. 330.
í-seta, u, f. a sitting in judgment; íseta í
dómi, Grág. i. 78: occupation, unlawful, rán ok &ia
cute;seta, Jb. 159, N. G. L. i. 53. ísetu-arfr, m. inheritance
by right of occupancy, N. G. L. i. 207.
ís-heill, adj. dub., Bárð. 34 new Ed.
ís-héldr, part. [héla], covered with rime, Sk
s. 229.
ís-högg, n. ice breaking, Hkr. iii. 140, Vígl.
26.
ísing, f. sleet, Stj. 14.
í-sjá, f. attention, Konr.
í-sjáverðr, adj. worth looking after, Ld. 66, Nj
. 155, Karl. 547: mod., það er ísjárvert, 'tis rather
dangerous.
í-sjón, f. a looking into, Fbr. 147.
ís-kaldr, adj. ice-cold, Al. 51, Sks. 153.
í-skilja, ð, to bargain, stipulate, Dipl. i. 5.
í-skipan, f. a putting in or upon a place, Vm. 87.
í-skyggilegr, adj. dark-looking, suspicious.
í-skyld, f. = ítak, q.v.; svá margar ískyldir

á kirkjan í Odda, Vm. 27; taka jörð með öllum &
iacute;skyldum, Dipl. v. 26.
ís-leggir, m. pl. ice-legs, shin bones of sheep used for sk
ates, Fms. vii. 120.
ís-lög, n. pl. layers of ice, Fs. 26, Eb. 186, Fms. vi
i. 246, ix. 368, Ld. 286.
í-smótt, f. [smjúga], a cloak with a hole for the
head to pass through, Sks. 117 new Ed.
ís-möl, f. ground ice, broken ice; sem á ism&ou
ml;l sæi, Fms. vii. 18, xi. 365; var allt at sjá sem á eina
ísmöl sæi er vápnin glóuðu, vi. 412.
ísópi, a, m. [for. word], hyssop, Bær.
í-spen, f., pl. íspenjar, a kind of sausage filled w
ith lard and suet.
ís-reki, a, m., and ís-rek, n. an ice-drift, icefloe, Fms. ix. 350.
ÍSS, m. [A. S. îs; Engl. ice; O. H. G. &ici
rc;s; Germ. eis; Swed. and Dan. is] :-- ice; íss
is ice on sea and water, svell on a plain or meadow; klaki = frozen ground, etc.; distinction is made between hafíss, drift ice or Pola
r ice, and lagnaðar-íss, 'lay-ice,' common ice; in plur. &
iacute;sar, of large sheets of ice; en er ísa lagði á vöt
n, Fms. vii. 54; ísa leysir, the ice thaws, 55; íss var lag
ðr á Hofstaða-vág, Eb. 236; á ísinum (mod. &
iacute;snum), Nj. 143: for sliding, á ísi skríða, Hm. 8
2; see also ísleggir. Severe winters are marked in the Annals by the exte
nt of frozen water; A.D. 1047 (a sheet of ice between Norway and Denmark), 1306
(ice from Rostock to the Sound), 1126, 1197; Polar ice in Iceland in 1145, 1233
(hafísar allt sumar), 1261 (hafíss umhverfis Ísland), 1275
(kringdi þá hafíss nær um allt Ísland), 1306 (h
afíss fyrir norðan land nær allt sumar), 1319 (ísa-v&aac
ute;r, hafísar lágu umhverfis Ísland fram um mitt sumar), 1
348 (snjóar svá miklir ok íslög at fraus sjóinn
umbergis landit, svá at ríða mátti umbergis landit af
hverju annesi um alla fjörðu), 1375 (hafísar framan til Bartholo
meus-messu), cp. also Vd. ch. 15, Eb. ch. 57, 61: for later times and for the cu
rrents driving the ice around Icel. see Eggert Itin. ch. 645, 853 :-- the name o
f the Rune RUNE, Skálda 176. COMPDS: ísa-fjöldi, a, m.
, ísa-för, f., ísa-gangr, m. drifts of ice, Sks. 192, Grett. 133, Bs. i. 338 (of a river). ísa-lauss, adj.
ice-free, Landn. 26, v.l. ísa-lög, n. pl. layers,
strata of ice, Fs. ísa-válk, n. being tossed about
in ice, Sks. 174. ísa-vár, n. an icy spring, cold sp
ring, Ann. 1319. ísa-vök, f. an open hole in ice,
Sks. 174: in local names, Ís-eyri, in Denmark; Ísa-fj&ou
ml;rðr, m. in Denmark and Iceland; Ís-firðingr, m., Ís-firzkr, adj. from Icefjord; Ís-land, n. I
celand, for the origin of the name see Landn. 30, -- hann sá norð
r yfir fjöllin fjörð fullan af hafísum, því k&
ouml;lluðu þeir landit Ísland. Ís-lendingr, m. an Icelander, Landn. etc. passim. Íslendinga-bók, f. the Icelanders' Book, the historical work of Ari, Íb. (pref.), &Oac
ute;. T. (1853) 33. Íslendinga-saga, u, f. the old name of the Stu
rlunga Saga, as opp. to Konunga Sögur or Histories of the Kings, Sturl. i.
107, Bs. i. 589, 591: in mod. usage Íslendinga Sögur means the Li
ves of Icelanders, recorded in the Index D. ii. Íslendinga-skr&aac
ute;, f. the Icelandic scroll, prob. = the Landnáma, Fb. i. 52
6. Íslendinga-þáttr, m. a section or chapte
r treating of Iceland, Fms. x. 294. Íslenzkr, adj. Icelandi
c, passim. Íslenzka or Íslenzk tunga, u, f. t
he Icelandic tongue.
í-stað, n., usually in pl. ístöð, a stirrup
, Sks. 372, freq. in mod. usage, but stígreip (q.v.) is older, being
of rope, whereas the ístöð are of metal.
ístaða, u, f., in ístöðu-lauss, Fas. ii
i. 548; ístöðu-lítill, adj. who stands but litt
le, delicate, sensitive, esp. of children who cry readily at harsh words; ha
nn er svo ístöðulítill.
í-stangan, f. instigation, pricking, Karl. 197, Mar.
í-stig, n. = ístað, Flóv. 24, Str. 39, Thom. 208
.
ístr, n. = ístra, Þiðr. 341 (v.l.), Hb. (1865) 22
.
ÍSTRA, u, f. the fat of the paunch, of persons, Stj. 383, &
THORN;orf. Karl. 432, Þiðr. 341. ístru-magi, a, m. pa
unch-belly, a nickname, Fms.
ísungr, m. an ice-bear (?), a nickname, Sturl. iii. 270.
í-tak, n. a law term, a partial right of property in another's
estate, esp. of glebes (Kirkju-ítök), Grág. ii. 207, D. I
. i. 522, passim. ítaka-lauss, adj. without ítö
k, i. e. full possession, Vm. 108, D. I. i. 507.
í-tala, u, f. a proportionate share in a right or in an
estate, Grág. ii. 254: = ítak, Vm. 164, Dipl. ii. 10, Fms. vi.
103, v.l. ítölu-lauss, adj. = ítakalauss; ít&o
uml;lulauss eign, unshared, full possession, Am. 99, Dipl. ii. 3.
Ítalía, u, f. Italy, passim: Ítalía
-land, n. id., Ver. 37, Bret. 108: Ítalskr, adj. Ita
lian.
ítar-legr, adj. fine, glorious; dýrleg ok íta
rleg kirkja, Symb. 10; þat hús er bazt hefir verit ok ítarle
gast, Ver. 27; ítarleg fæðsla, lordly fare, Greg. 22, 97
; þessum enum ítarlega Guðs vín, Clem. 48; allt var &iac
ute;tarlegt um órar ferðir, Am. 91; í. at áliti, Lex. P
oët.; í. hilmir, a lordly king, Merl. 2. 34.
ítar-liga, adv. exquisitely; í. búinn, fin
e dressed, Fms. xi. 85; herbergi í. búin, well furnished, iv. 194; klæðask í., to dress fine, Hom. 98; b&uacute
;a í. um e-t, Ver. 56.
ÍTR, adj., the r is radical, [this word is hardly to be fou

nd in any other Teut. language] :-- glorious, excellent, mostly in poets;
ítr áliti, beautiful to behold, Sks. 1. 7; ítr konu
ngr, ítr yngvi, a great king, 10, Fms. vi. 87 (in a verse); inn &i
acute;tri öðlingr, Skv. 1. 23; ítrum Ólafi, ítr Ha
raldr, epithet of kings, Lex. Poët.; ítran ættbæti Einar
s, Arnór; í ítru liði, in the valiant host, &Oac
ute;. H. (in a verse): of things, ítr rönd, a fine shield, Ed
da (Ht.); ítran sal fjalla, of the sky, Edda (in a verse); til ítr
ar elli, to a glorious, golden age, Edda (Ht.); ítr lausn, glor
ious redemption, Líkn. 39. In COMPDS, only in poets, = glorious: ítr-borinn, part. high-born, Am., Hkv. ítr-b&o
acute;l, n. the glorious abode, Rekst. 33. ítr-geðr, adj. gentle, Geisli. ítr-hugaðr, adj. high-minded,
 Geisli 10. ítr-laukr, m. garlic, Hkv. 1. 7 (ímu
n-laukr?). ítr-maðr, m., ítr-menni, n. a nobl
e man, Lex. Poët. ítr-mannligr, adj. of stout, noble b
earing, Hkr. iii. 160. ítr-skapaðr, part. beautifully
shaped, Hkv. 2. 36. ítr-tunga, u, f. epithet of a sword, Landn
. (in a verse). ítr-vaxinn, part. of beautiful stature, epi
thet of a lady, Kormak. ítr-þveginn, part. clean-washed,
bright, clean, epithet of a lady's arms, Ls. 17.
ítreka, að, (qs. ið-vreka = to wreak again?); this
word seems not to occur in old writers, but is freq. in mod. usage :-- to ite
rate, repeat.
ítrekan, f. repetition.
Ívaldi, a, m. a mythical name of a dwarf, Edda.
í-vasan, f. bustle, fuss; varaldar í., worldly af
fairs, H. E. i. 255.
ívið-gjarn, adj. [Hel. inwid = fraud], wicked, e
vil, a GREEK, Vkv. 26.
<PAGE NUM="b0320">
<HEADER>320 ÍVIÐI -- JAFNFRAM.</HEADER>
íviði, n. a dub. word, Vsp. 2, prob. an ogress = &iacut
e;viðja, which is the reading of the Hb. l.c.; see Sæm. (Möbius),
p. 265.
í-viðja, u, f. an ogress, prob. from inwid, and
not from í and viðr, Hdl. 44, Edda (Gl.); see the preceding word.
í-vist, f. an abode, in-dwelling, N. G. L. i. 47. II. a local name, Uist, one of the Hebrides, Fms.
ÍÞRÓTT, f., also spelt iðrótt, prob. from
ið- and þrótt or þróttr, power, qs. iðþrótt; the long vowel seems due to absorption, analogous to Sv&iacu
te;þjóð = Svið-þjóð; the rhyme, i&thorn
;róttir ... níu, Orkn. l.c., shews that the vowel was s
ounded long: [Dan. idræt; Swed. idrott; but not in Saxon nor
Germ.] :-- accomplishment, art, skill, in olden times esp. of athletic e
xercises, but also of literary skill; king Harold (in the verse in Mork. 15, &ia
cute;ðróttir kann ek átta) counts eight íðró
ttir, -- poetry, riding, swimming, sliding in snow-shoes, shooting, rowing, play
ing the harp, and versification; earl Rognvald (in the verse in Orkn. ch. 61) co
unts nine, -- chess playing, Runes, 'book,' smíð, sliding on 'sk&iacu
te;ð,' shooting, rowing, playing the harp, and versification; cp. also the t
ale in Edda of Thor and Útgarða-Loki, where running a race, eating fa
st, drinking, lifting the cat, and wrestling are among íþrót
tir. In mod. usage the word is applied especially to the fine arts (painting, sc
ulpture); kann ek þá íþrótt, at engi er h&eacut
e;r sá inni er skjótara skal eta mat sinn en ek, Edda 31; vel b&ua
cute;inn at íþróttum, Nj. 61; vel at sér görr um
íþróttir, Eg. 111; hann lét Gunnar reyna ymsar &iacu
te;þróttir við menn sína, ok vóru þeir engi
r er né eina íþrótt hefði til jafns við hann,
Nj. 46, Edda 31; nú sýnir Sigmundr íþrótt s&i
acute;na, Fær. 76; inna íþrótt, Edda 31; gó&eth
; íþrótt. id.; með ágætri iðrótt
, of music, Bs. i. 155; iðrótt sú er Grammatica heitir, 163; i
ðrótt þá er grammatica heitir, Clem. 33; af iðr&oacu
te;tt þeirri er dialectica heitir, Al. 3. COMPDS: íþr&oacu
te;tta-lauss, adj. unskilled, Sks. 25; úfróðir men
n ok íþróttalausir, Clem. 33. íþrótta
-maðr, m. a man skilled in exercises, Fms. i. 17, Eg. 199, Finnb.
336; í. ok vitr, Bret. 8; haun görðisk enn mesti íðr
óttamaðr (master) í þess-konar námi (viz.
in grammar), Bs. i. 163.
íþrótt-ligr, adi. skilful; í. fimleiki,
a dexterous feat, Fms. vi. 225; torvelt er at týna öll &aacu
te;gæti íþróttligrar lækningar hans, Bs. i. 646.
J
J is really the tenth letter of the alphabet, but since it is usually reg
arded as another form of I, K is commonly reckoned as the tenth letter.
jaðar-flár, adj. loose in the edge, of stuff, Gr&aacute
;g. i. 498.
JAÐARR, m., dat. jaðri, pl. jaðrar; a form jöðurr
 (as vaðall and vöðull) occurs in Vsp. 5: [A. S. and Hel. ed
or = septum; provinc. Bavarian ettor, Schmeller] :-- the ed
ge, selvage, of cloth, Grág. i. 408, Nj. 176, v.l.; of a tent, Stj. 3
07, Str. 40: of a sail, Mag.: of the limb of the moon, Rb. 34: the edg
e-beam or rail of a paling, sá garðr er gildr, er öln
er á meðal staurs hvers, en hjástaurr enn þriði, ok
jaðarr er yfir, N. G. L. i. 246: poët., himin-jöður, the '
sky-border,' horizon, Vsp.; ský-jaðarr, 'cloud-border,' the he
aven, Geisli 2; sólar-jaðarr, id.: the edge of the
hand (handar-jaðarr), Edda 110: the border along the shore, með B
lálands jaðri, Lex. Poët.; fróns jaðarr, id.; Eylands
jaðarr = ora maritima, Merl. 2. 5: whence a local name of the Norse
district, Jaðarr, m. Jæderen; also Jaðar-bygg&et
h;, f., and Jaðar-byggjar, m. pl. the men of the country J., Fb., Fms. passim. II. metaph. [A. S. eodor, Beow.], the fore
most, best, with gen.; Ása jaðarr, the best of all the Ases, Ls. 35: fólks jaðarr, the best of men, Hkv. 2. 40; goðs
jaðarr, the highest god -- Odin, Stor. 22; hers jaðarr, Fm. 36,
Merl.
jaðar-skegg, n. whiskers, Sks. 288, (recorded as a German fash

ion.)
jaðra, að, to brim, border; jaðraðr, part. bord
ered, Gþl. 308.
jaðrakan, n. a kind of Icel. bird, numenius: mod. jarðr
eka, Edda (Gl.)
JAFN, adj., also spelt jamn, f. jöfn, neut. jafnt, often spelt as we
ll as proncd. jamt; compar. jafnari, superl. jafnastr: [Ulf. ibns, Luke v
i. 17; A. S. efen; Engl. and Dutch even; old Fr. ivin; O. H
. G. eban; mod. Germ. eben; Dan. jevn; Swed. jemn; a
kin to Lat. aequus by interchange of palatal and labial, see Grimm's Dict
. s.v. eben] :-- even, equal, but, like Lat. aequus, mostly in a m
etaph. sense, for sléttr (q.v.) answers to Lat. planus; often foll
owed by a dat., jafn e-u, equal to a thing, in comparison: I. e
qual, equal to; jöfn eyri (dat.) gulls, K. Þ. K. 72; jafn Guð
i, equal to God; jafn mér, passim. 2. equal, the same; enda er jöfn helgi hans meðan hann ferr svá með sé
r, Grág. i. 93; ella er jöfn sök við hann fram á lei
ð, 322; at ek verða jafn drengr í hvert sinn, Sd. 188; þ&ia
cute;nar verða flestar jafnastar, thy acts are mostly the same, i.e.
all bad, Fms. viii. 409. 3. fixed, unchanged; með jafn
ri leigu, jöfnum kaupum, jöfnum skildaga, Rétt. 2. 7, Stat. 264
, Fb. ii. 137; hann var ellefu vetra eðr tíu, ok sterkr at jöfnu
m aldri, and strong for his age, Eg. 188, 592; eiga þeir jöfnu
m höndum (see hönd) allt þat er þeir taka, Grág. ii
. 66. 4. even, even-tempered; jafn ok úmíslyndr, Mar
.: of numbers, jöfn tala, even in tale, equal, opp. to odda-tala, Al
g. 356. II. neut. jafnt or jamt, almost adverbially, equally, just; jafnt utan sem innan, Grág. i. 392: as, just as, ok hafa eitt at
ferli báðar jamt, both together, both alike, Fms. xi. 137; jaf
nt er sem þér sýnisk ('tis as it appears, indeed), af
er fótrinn, Nj. 97; jafnt þrælar sem frjálsir menn, F
ms. i. 113: jamt sem, just as, equally as; jafnt sem í fjór
ðungs-dómi, jamt skal eiga féránsdóm eptir fj&ou
ml;rbaugs-mann sem eptir skógar-mann, Grág. i. 87; skal hann l&aac
ute;ta virða fé þat jamt sem úmaga-eyri, 189; menn skulu
svá sakir hluta, jamt sem á alþingi, 122; jafnt hefir komit
er þú spáðir, it has happened just as thou didst for
etel, Niðrst. 8: ellipt., ok skal hann þá jamt (sem þ
eir) allri bót upp halda, Grág. ii. 182. 2. temp. at the
same time, just; ek skíri þik, ok nefna barn, í nafni F
öður, ok drepa barninu í vatn um sinn jafnt fram fyrir sik, a
nd dip the bairn each time info the water, K. Þ. K. 10: just, preci
sely, in the very moment, þat var jamt Jóla-aptan sjálfa
n er þeir börðusk, Fms. xi. 15; jamt í því ha
nn stakaði. 133. 3. adverb., at jöfnu, equally, in equal shar
es, Fms. xi. 131. 4. til jafns, vóru þeir engir at n&eac
ute; eina íþrótt hefði til jafns við hann, Nj. 46; h
alda til jafns við e-n, Ld. 40; komask til jafns við e-n, Fb. i. 261.
B. COMPDS: I. such a, so ... a; Karvel jafn-frægum dr
eng, so fine a fellow as K., Karl. 103; er þat skömm jafn-m&ou
ml;rgum mönnum, 'tis a shame for so many men, Gísl. 51: with
the particle sem, jafn-ungr sem hann var, young as he was, i.e. so you
ng as he was for his age, Vápn. 5; vel hafi þér m&iacute
;nu máli komit, jafn-úvænt sem var, Þiðr. 136; kva
ð þat ekki hæfa á jafn-mikilli hátið sem (i

n such a feast as) í hönd ferr, Fb. i. 376; at eigi skyldi Hugon
keisari yfir þá stíga jafn-reiðr sem hann varð &tho
rn;eim, Karl. 478; undraðisk hón hversu fríðr ok fagr hann
var jafn-gamall maðr (for his age), Stj. 225; mikill maðr ert&ua
cute; þó Þórir, jafn-gamall, Ó. H. 176; Þ
órir Oddsson var sterkastr jafn-gamall, Gullþ. 4. II. mod. p
hrases such as, það er jafngott fyrir hann, it serves him right; hann er jafngóðr fyrir því, it won't hurt him;
or honum er það jafn-gott, it will do him good, serve him right; vera jafn-nær, to be equally near, i.e. none the better; h
ann fór jafnnær, it was all of no use. III. in countl
ess COMPDS (esp. adjectives) with almost any participle or adverb, rarely with v
erbs and nouns, and denoting equal, as, the same, as seen from the contex
t often followed by a dat., e.g. jafn-gamall e-m, of the same age as another
person :-- of these compds only some can be noticed: jafn-aldri, a, m
. one of the same age, Fms. i. 13, vii. 199, Bs. i. 179, Eg. 25, 84. j
afn-auðigr, adj. equally wealthy, Band. 2: equally happy,
hann setr hund sinn jafnaudigan okkr undir borði, Bjarn. 27. jafn-au&eth
;sær, adj. as perspicuous, Eluc. 41. jafn-auðveldr,
adj. as easy, Ld. 78. jafn-ágætr, adj. as good, as
noble, Nj. 129. jafn-ákafr, adj. as impetuous, Fms. xi
. 137. jafn-beinn, adj. as straight, Sturl. i. 196. jafn-berr, adj. equally bare, Fas. i. 67. jafn-bitinn, part. evenly bi
tten or grazed, of a field, Gþl. 407. jafn-bitr, jafn-beittr
, adj. as sharp, keen. jafn-bjartr, adj. as bright, Nj.
208: neut., Sks. 69. jafn-bjóða, bauð; j. e-m, to be a
match for one, Finnb. 260: to be equal to, contest on equal terms with o
ne, Fms. ii. 27, vii. 22; gripr betri en þeim peningum jafnbjó&
eth;i, 655 xxx. 10. jafn-blíðr, adj. equally mild, F&a
elig;r. 154. jafn-borinn, part. of equal birth, Ld. 332, Fms. x. 7
9 (v.l.), Gþl. 133; j. til e-s, having equal birthright to, Fms. vi
i. 8, x. 407. jafn-brattr, adj. as steep. jafn-brátt, n. adj. as soon, at the same moment, Hom. 114. jafn-breiðr,
adj. equally broad, Edda 28, Gþl. 355. jafn-búinn, p
art. equally 'boun' or armed, Fms. ii. 165: ready, prepared, Stj. jafn-deildr, part. equally shared, Hom. 148. jafn-digr, adj. as stout, Sturl. iii. 63. jafn-djúpr, adj. as
deep. jafn-djúpvitr, adj. as deep-scheming, Orkn. 214,
Hkr. iii. 95. jafn-drengilegr, adj. as gallant, Ísl. ii. 44
6. jafn-drjúgdeildr, part. going as far, of stores, Sturl.
i. 166. jafn-drjúgr, adj. keeping as long, Sturl. i. 216, R
b. 18. jafn-dýrligr, adj. equally splendid, Bs. i. 454. 
jafn-dýrr, adj. as costly, glorious, of the same price, K. &TH
ORN;. K. 28, Nj. 56, Grett. 104 A, N. G. L. i. 150, 348. jafn-dægri, n. (mod. jafndægr), the equinox, both dægr (q.v.) b
eing equally long, Edda 103, Rb. 454, 456, 472, and passim: equal length,
of day and night, Fb. i. 539; see eykt. jafn-dæmi, n. equal jud
gment, justice, Fms. vi. 431, Pr. 413. jafn-dæmr, adj. just,
giving equal judgment, Rb. 364. jafn-einfaldr, adj. as simple, gu
ileless, Hom. 50. jafn-fagr, adj. as fair, Nj. 112. jafn-fa
llegr, adj. as handsome. jafn-fastr, adj. equally firm,
Grág. i. 7, K. Þ. K. 166: as adv., Fms. x. 270, Finnb. 338. jaf
n-fáir, adj. as few. jafn-feigr, adj. as fey. jafn-feitr, adj. as fat. jafn-fimlega, adv. (-ligr, ad
j.), as alert, Fms. ii. 273. jafn-fimr, adj. as alert, F&ae
lig;r. 272, Hkr. i. 291, v.l. jafn-fjær, adv. as far. jaf
n-fjölmennr, adj. with as many men, Nj. 222. jafn-flatt,
n. adj.; fara j., to fare so ill, Fms. vi. 379; see flatr. jafn-flj&oa
cute;tr, adj. as swift. jafn-fram, adv. equally forward, s
ide by side: with dat., jafnfram skipi Rúts, Nj. 8: locally, of place
s, over against, ( = gegnt and gagn-vart, q.v.); with dat., er hann kom j
afnfram Borgund, Hkr. ii. 309; j. Eiðsvelli, Vermá, Fms. ix. 408; j.
gagntaki konungs sonar, j. boðanum, vii. 170, ix. 387 (v.l.): as adv., stand
a jafnfram, to stand evenly, in a straight line; standa allir j. fyrir ko
nungs borðinu, i. 16, Eg. 581, Nj. 140, Rb. 466, Sturl. iii. 244: temp. a
t the same moment, of two things happening together, Fms. vi. 24; &th
orn;eir riðu til þings jafnfram Skeggja, Þórð. 18 new
Ed.; hann ferr ávalt jafnfram í frásogn æfi Guðs
-sonar, follows parallel in the story, 625. 83:
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in equal share, taka aff j., Gþl. 248; at the same time, also, hugsa þat j., at the same time consider, Stj. 156; jafnfram sem,
jafnfram ok, as soon as, Karl. 158, Pr. 413. jafn-framarla, -framar,
-liga, adv. as forward, as far, just as well, Ld. 254, Bs. i. 778. jafn-frammi, adv. = jafnframt, Sks. 364, Sturl. i. 32: temp., Fms. iii. 218
. jafn-framt, adv. = jafnfram, Háv. 42: temp., Sturl. i. 1: alo
ng with, with dat., Pass. viii. 9: equally, in the same degree, Ld. 6
2. jafn-fríðr, adj. as fair, Fms. i. 8: as valuable
, K. Þ. K. 172. jafn-frjáls, adj. equally free,
Fas. iii. 8. jafn-frjálsliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as fre
ely, as liberally, Hkr. i. 78. jafn-fróðr, adj. as wise
, as knowing, Sks. 544. jafn-frægr, adj. as famous, Fas.
i. 277. jafn-frækn, adj. equally gallant, Edda. jafn-ful
lr, adj. as full, Grág. i. 20, 68, Gþl. 477. jafn-f&u
acute;inn, adj. equally rotten, jafn-fúss, adj. equa
lly willing, Sturl. i. 190. jafn-færr, adj. as able, Nj.
97. jafn-fætis, adv. on equal footing; standa j. e-m, Sturl
. ii. 134, Hkr. ii. 153. jafn-gamall, adj. of the same age, Ld. 10
8, Fms. i. 60, xi. 96. jafn-geði, n. evenness of temper, Sks.
435. jafn-gefinn, part. equally given to, Fas. i. 268. jafn-geg
nt, adv. just opposite to, Sks. 63, Fms. ix. 463; see gegnt. jafngirnd, f. and jafn-girni, f. fairness, equity, Sks. 273, 639,
Hom. 17. jafn-gjarn, adj. as eager, Hom. 19: as equitable,
Sks. 355, Hom. 135, Karl. 495. jafn-gjarna (-gjarnliga), adv. a
s willingly, as readily, Fms. iii. 45 (v.l.), ix. 508, Stj. jafn-glað
r, adj. as glad, as cheerful, Eb. 88: neut., mér er ekki jafng
latt sem áðr, Fas. i. 106. jafn-glöggt, n. adj. as cle
arly, Bs. i. 352. jafn-góðr, adj. equally good, as goo
d, Nj. 18, Eg. 54, Gþl. 233, N. G. L. i. 347, Dipl. v. 16: unhurt,
none the worse, see (II) above. jafn-góðviljaðr, adj.
with equally good will, Stj. 629. jafn-grannr, adj. equally thi
n. jafn-grimmliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as fiercely, Th.
jafn-grimmr, adj. as fierce, Sks. 79. jafn-grunnr, adj. as shallow. jafn-gæfr, adj. as meek, Rb. 397. jafngöfigr, adj. as good, as famous, Sturl. iii. 11, Bs. i. 133. jafn-görla, adv. as clearly, Grág. i. 299, Fms. ii. 171,
Fas. i. 271. jafn-hafðr, part. equally used, N. G. L. i. 249.
jafn-hagliga, adv. as skilfully, Krók. 53. jafn-hagr, adj. as skilful in handiwork, Nj. 147. jafn-harðr, adj. 
as hard, as severe, Nj. 79: neut. jafn-hart, as fast, Fas. iii
. 488: jafn-harðan, adv. instantly. jafn-harðsnú
inn, part. as hard-twisted, as tight, Nj. 79. jafn-hár,
adj. as high, as tall, as loud, Rb. 112, 474, Fas. ii. 79: of metre, see
hár (I. 3), Fms. vi. 386, Skálda 182, 190: neut., Stj. 79. jaf
nhátta-góðr, adj. as well-mannered, Ld. 174. jaf

n-heilagr, adj. as holy, as inviolable, Sks. 674, Grág. i. 90.
jafn-heill, adj. as hale, as whole, Eg. 425, v.l. jafn-heimoll
, adj. equally open to use, Eg. 47, Ld. 70, Gþl. 214, 353: e
qually bound, 57. jafn-heimskr, adj. equally stupid, Fms. ii.
156, Sd. 178. jafn-heitr, adj. as hot, Sks. 540. jafn-hentr, adj. as well fitted, Sturl. i. 196. jafn-hlær, adj. equ
ally snug, Rb. 440. jafn-hollr, adj. equally sincere, Orkn. 1
66. jafn-hógværliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as meekly
, Krók. 36. jafn-hógværr, adj. as gentle.
jafn-hraustr, adj. as valiant, Fms. ii. 356, Krók. 51. j
afn-hryggr, adj. as distressed, Hkr. iii. 269. jafn-hugaðr, adj. even-tempered, Sks. 24: of one mind, 300: as daring.
jafn-hvass, adj. as sharp, Ld. 306: blowing as hard. ja
fn-hvatr, adj. as bold, as quick, Sturl. i. 112, v.l. jafn-hv&iacu
te;tr, adj. equally white. jafn-hæðiligr, adj. (liga, adv.), as ridiculous, Fas. iii. 91. jafn-hægr, adj
. equally easy, ready, meek, Fms. ii. 106, Fær. 69, Grág. i.
264, ii. 257. jafn-hættr, adj. as dangerous, Sks. 540. j
afn-höfigr, adj. as heavy, Rb. 102, Edda 38. jafn-ílla
, adv. as badly, Fms. viii. 140 (v.l.), Ísl. ii. 181. jafnílliligr, adj. (-liga, adv.) as ill-looking, Fas. ii. 2
07. jafn-íllr, adj. equally bad, Grág. ii. 145, Fas.
ii. 513. jafn-kaldr, adj. as cold, Sks. 215. jafn-keypi, n
. an equal bargain, Fs. 25. jafn-kominn, part. on even terms, Sks. 455: neut. an even match, jafnkomit er á með ykkr, ye are well-matched, Nj. 59; hann kvað jafnkomit með þeim fyr
ir aldrs sakir, Fms. iii. 76; jafnkomnir til erfðar, with equal title to,
 Grág. i. 304; jafnkomnir til fyrir ættar sakir, Fms. i. 220; j
afnkomnir at frændsemi, Ísl. ii. 315. jafn-kosta, adj. we
ll-matched, good enough, of wedlock, Stj. 204. jafn-kostgæfinn,
adj. equally painstaking, Bs. i. 681. jafn-krappr, adj. as str
aight, narrow; í jafnkrappan stað, in such a strait, Ld. 1
68. jafn-kringr, adj. equally dexterous, Sks. 381. jafn-kristin
n, adj. a fellow Christian, Jb. 92, Barl. 44. jafn-kunnigr, a
dj. as well known, Grett. 162 A: knowing as well. jafn-kunnr, adj. as well known, Hom. 90. jafn-kurteis, adj. as courteous
, Sturl. i. 165. jafn-kyrr, adj. as quiet. jafn-kýt
a, t, with dat. = jafnyrða. jafn-kænn, adj. as 'cunning,
' as well versed, Stj. 561. jafn-kærr, adj. as dear, as belo
ved, Fms. i. 215, xi. 319. jafn-langr, adj. as long, equally long,
 Fms. xi. 376, Gþl. 350, 355, Ísl. ii. 219, Grág. i. 406
, Edda 138 (of the same length): neut., en ef þær segja jafnl
angt, if they say both the same, Grág. i. 7. jafn-lágr, adj. equally low. jafn-leiðr, adj. equally loathed,
Fms. viii. 240. jafn-leiki, n. = jafnleikit. jafn-leikit, n. part
. an equal game, Fms. xi. 131. jafn-lendi, n. a level, even pi
ece of ground, Eg. 584. jafn-lengd, f. 'even-length,' the return to the same time in the next day, week, month, year, etc.: of a day, til jafn
lengdar annars dags, Grág. ii. 16, Stj. 49; þann sama dag tó
k Gormr konungr sótt, ok andaðisk annan dag at jafnlengdinni, Fms. i.
119, Fas. ii. 30, 37: of a year, anniversary, skal eigi brullaup vera f
yrr en at jafnlengd, Grág. i. 311; tíu aurar sé leigðir
eyri til jafnlengdar (a year's rent), 390; at jafnlengd it sí&eth
;asta, 487; eigi síðarr en fyrir jafnlengd, Fms. xi. 397; halda h&aac
ute;tíð at jafnlengdum, Greg. 13, Hom. 98; jafnlengdar-dagr, 129, Fms
. v. 214, Dipl. v. 8; jafnlengdar hátíð, an anniversary, Greg. 13. jafn-lengi, adv. as long, Grág. i. 423, Fms. ii
i. 9, MS. 732. 7. jafn-léttmæltr, adj. equally easy, just
as pleasant in one's speech, Fms. vii. 227. jafn-léttr, adj.
as light, as easy, Sturl. iii. 90: neut. (adverb.), Kjartani var ekki ann
at jafn-létthjalat, K. liked not to speak of anything so much, Ld.
214. jafn-léttvígr, adj. as ready in wielding arms,
Sturl. iii. 90. jafn-liða, adj. with an equal number of men,
Eb. 144. jafn-liga, adv. equally, fairly; sýnisk mér
eigi j. á komit, Bs. i. 531, Vm. 169; skipta j., Fb. ii. 300: perpetu
ally, all along, always, usually, Fms. i. 191, x. 88, 89, Dipl. v. 8, Rb. 34
8, 472, Stj. 77. jafn-ligr, adj. equal, fair, Hkr. ii. 149, H&aacu
te;v. 57, Eg. 488; er þat miklu jafnligra, a more equal match, Fms.
vii. 115. jafn-líkligr, adj. as likely, Sturl. iii. 7, Lv.
77. jafn-líkr, adj. as like, Lv. 58, Fas. ii. 478: equa
l, alike, j. sem hornspónar efni, Bs. i. 59. jafn-lítill, adj. as little, Fas. iii. 487. jafn-ljóss, adj. as br
ight, Bret. 62. jafn-ljótr, adj. as ugly, Fms. iv. 175.
jafn-ljúfr, adj. as willing. jafn-lygn, adj. as
'loun,' as calm, of the wind. jafn-lyndi, n. evenness of temper, Stj., Fagrsk. 132, Bs. i. 141, Mar. passim. jafn-lyndr, adj. even-t
empered, Fms. vi. 287, viii. 447 (v.l.) jafn-lýðskyldr, ad
j. equally bound, as liegemen, Sks. 270. jafn-lærðr, adj
. as learned. jafn-magr, adj. equally meagre. jafn-maki,
 a, m. an equal, a match, Sks. 22, 255. jafn-mannvænn, a
dj. equally promising, Þorf. Karl. 382. jafn-margr, adj. 
as many, Nj. 104, Grág. ii. 210, 403, Fms. i. 152, ii. 34. jafn-m&
aacute;ttugr, adj. as mighty, Fms. ii. 157, Eluc. 6. jafn-m&aacute
;ttuligr, adj. equally possible, 655 xxii. B. jafn-menni, n.
an equal, a match, Ld. 132, Ísl. ii. 358, Fms. vi. 345, vii. 103.
jafn-menntr, adj. of equal rank, Hrafn. 10. jafn-merkiligr, adj. equally dignified, Bs. i. 148. jafn-mikill, adj. as grea
t, Grág. ii. 264, 403, Fms. i. 1, Gþl. 363: equally big, tal
l, Fms. x. 202, Nj. 11: neut. as much, Fms. vii. 240, Skálda 1
68. jafn-mildr, adj. as mild, as gracious, Rb. 366. jafn-minnig
r, adj. having as good a memory, Bs. i. 681. jafn-mjúkliga,
 adv. as meekly, as gently, Lv. 50. jafn-mjúkr, adj. equally soft. jafn-mjök, adv. as much, as strongly, Gr&a
acute;g. ii. 140, Skálda 168. jafn-myrkr, adj. equally dark, Skálda 209. jafn-mæli, n. fair play, equality, Fb.
i. 407, Fms. vi. 206, Grág. i. 88, 200, Ld. 258, H. E. i. 247, Karl. 99.
jafn-naumr, adj. as close. jafn-náinn, adj.; j. at f
rændsemi, equally near akin, Grág. i. 171, ii. 67, Eb. 124,
Ísl. ii. 315, (jafnan, Ed.) jafn-nær, mod. jafn-nær
ri, adv. equally near: loc., er Ólafs mark j. báðum
, Fms. vii. 64, 268, Sks. 63, 216: as near, at honum væri úv
arligt at láta jafnmarga heiðna menn vera j. sér, Fms. ii. 34:
equally near (by birth), i. 123: metaph., eigi hefir honum jafnnær
ri gengit újafnaðr þeirra sem mér, Sturl. iii. 238: also
jafn-nær, adj. equally nigh, not a whit the better, see (II
) above. jafn-nætti, n. the equinox, 673. 54, Stj. 15. ja
fn-oki, a, m. = jafnmaki, an equal, a match for one, Sks. 22: a p
lay-fellow, Stj. 497, Þiðr. 213. jafn-opt, adv. as often
, Nj. 211, Rb. 566, Grág. i. 186. jafn-ótt, adj., neut
. as adv., at the same, time, immediately. Pass. 20. 2: one after anot
her, taka e-ð jafnótt og það kemr. jafn-rakkr, a
dj. as strong, as straight, Ld. 168. jafn-ramr, adj. as mighty,
as great a wizard, Vþm. 2. jafn-rangr; adj. as wrong. jafn-ráðinn, part. equally determined, Grett. 149. ja
fn-reiðr, adj. equally angry, Háv. 52. jafn-rétt
i, n. an equal right. jafnréttis-maðr, m. a man
with equal right, N. G. L. i. 31. jafn-réttr, adj. as righ
t, as lawful, Edda 93, Grág. i. 18: of equal authority, Hkr.
iii. 79. jafn-réttvíss, adj. equally just, Sks. 670.
jafn-rífligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), as large, Lv. 75.

jafn-ríkr, adj. as rich, equally mighty. jafn-rj&oacute
;ðr, adj. as ruddy, Hkr. i. 102. jafn-rúmr, adj. equally large, Bjarn. jafn-ræði, n. an equal match,
Fms. ii. 22, Glúm. 350, Nj. 49, Gþl. 215. jafn-röskr,
adj. as brisk, as quick, Fms. iii. 225, vi. 96. jafn-saman, adv.;
fyrir þessa hugsan alla jafnsaman, all at once, all together, Fms.
i. 185, Ld. 326, Ó. H. 46, Stj. 86, 121, Barl. 191. jafn-sannr, a
dj. equally true, 671. 1, Edda 19, Stj. 471. jafn-sárr, adj
. as sore, as smarting, Mar. jafn-seinn, adj. as slow. j
afn-sekr, adj. just as guilty, Grág. ii. 64, 89. jafn-s&iac
ute;ðis, adv. along with. jafn-síðr, adj. as
long, of a garment (síðr), Stj. 563. jafn-sjúkr, a
dj. as sick, Fms. v. 324. jafn-skammr, adj. as short, Al. 1
29. jafn-skarpliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as briskly, Nj. 19
9, v.l. jafn-skarpr, adj. as sharp, as keen. jafn-skipti, n
. equal, fair dealing. jafn-skiptiliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.),
equally, mutually, Stj. 159. jafn-skiptr, part. equally shared
. jafn-skjótr, adj. as swift, Fms. vii. 169, Rb. 454 :- jafn-skjótt, neut. as adv. immediately, at once, Eg. 87,
291, 492, Fms. ii. 10; jafnskjótt sem, as soon as, Nj. 5, Barl. 17
6, Karl. 409, 441. jafn-skygn, adj. as clear-sighted, 655 xiii. A,
Bjarn. 59. jafn-skyldliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as dutifully, Ver. 3. jafn-skyldr, adj. equally bound or obliged, Gr&a
acute;g. ii. 362, 403, Gþl. 70, 477, Fms. vii. 274. jafn-sköruliga
, adv. (-ligr, adj.), equally bold, Nj. 199. jafn-sl&eacute
;tta, u, f. even, level ground. jafn-sléttr, adj. eq
ually level, Stj. 79: as easily, Fas. ii. 48.
<PAGE NUM="b0322">
<HEADER>322 JAFNSLÆGR -- JAGT.</HEADER>
jafn-slægr, adj. as cunning, Fær. 99. jafn-snarpr, adj. (-snarpligr, adj., -liga, adv.), as sharp, Fms. vi
. 156. jafn-snarr, adj. as alert. jafn-snart, adj., neut.
as adv., as soon, instantly, Fas. iii. 434, Matth. xxvii. 48. jafn-sna
uðr, adj. as poor. jafn-snemma, adv. at the very same m
oment, of a coincidence, Eg. 425, Nj. 253, Fms. vi. 221; allir j., all at
once, ix. 506, xi. 368 (both together); vóru þessir atb
urðir margir jafnsnemma, en sumir litlu fyrr eðr síðar, Hkr.
ii. 368. jafn-snjallr, adj. equal, Glúm., Bjarn. (in a vers
e). jafn-spakr, adj. equally wise, Hm. 53. jafn-sparr, adj.
as saving, as close, Grág. i. 197, 222. jafn-sterkr, adj.
as strong, Fms. i. 43. jafn-stirðr, adj. as stiff. j
afn-stórlátr, adj. as proud, Ld. 116. jafn-st&oacute
;rliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), as proudly, Ölk. 34. jafnstórr, adj. as big, as great. jafn-stórætta&e
th;r, adj. of equally high birth, Fms. iv. 26. jafn-strí&et
h;r, adj. as hard, severe, Sks. 639. jafn-stuttr, adj. equa
lly short, brief. jafn-syndligr, adj. as sinful, Sks. 674. 
jafn-sætr, adj. as sweet, Fb. i. 539. jafn-sætti,
n. an agreement on equal terms, Nj. 21, Sturl. iii 253, Fb. i. 126. ja
fn-tamr, adj. equally alert. jafn-tefli, n. an equal, drawn
game, Vígl. 32. jafn-tengdr, part. in equal degrees of aff
inity, Grág. ii. 183. jafn-tíðhjalat, n. part. a
s much talked about, Nj. 100. jafn-tíðrætt, n. adj.
= jafntíðhjalat, Nj. 100. jafn-tíguliga, adv. (-ligr
, adj.), equally lordly, Fms. x. 109. jafn-títt, n. adj
. as often, as frequent, Niðrst. 10. jafn-torogætr, adj.

as rarely to be got, choice, Bs. i. 143. jafn-torsótligr,
adj. as hard to get at, Fms. x. 358. jafn-trauðr, adj. as u
nwilling. jafn-traustr, adj. as much to be trusted, Fms. vi. 2
44. jafn-trúr, jafn-tryggr, adj. as faithful. jafn-unda
rligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), as strange, Sks. 80. jafn-ungr, adj. as young, Fms. iii. 60, iv. 383. jafn-úbeint, n. a
dj. as far from the mark, of a bad shot, Fms. viii. 140. jafn-ú
færr, adj. as unpassable, Sturl. iii. 163. jafn-úhef
nisamr, adj. as tame, Rb. 366. jafn-úráðinn,
part. as irresolute, Grett. 153. jafn-úspakr, adj. as u
nruly, Sturl. ii. 63. jafn-útlagr, adj. having to lay out t
he same fine, N. G. L. i. 158. jafn-vandhæfr, adj. as dange
rous to keep, treat, Grág. i. 89. jafn-vandliga, adv. as ca
refully, Grág. ii. 249. jafn-varliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.
), as warily, Fms. vii. 127. jafn-varmr, adj. as warm, Sks.
217. jafn-varr, adj. as well aware, as much on one's guard, Drop
l. 28. jafn-vaskliga, adv. as gallantly, Fms. vii. 127, Ld. 272. jafn-vaskligr, adj. as gallant. jafn-vaskr, adj. as bold,
 Str. 3. jafn-vátr, adj. equally wet. jafn-veginn, part. of full weight, Stj. 216. jafn-vegit, n. a law phrase, us
ed when an equal number has been slain on both sides, in which case there were n
o further proceedings, Glúm. 383, Fas. ii. 208. jafn-vel, adv. 
as well, equally well, Nj. 48, Eg. 111, Gþl. 354: likewise, haf
a fyrirgört fé ok friði ok jafnvel óðals-jör&eth
;um sínum, 142; en þenna eið skulu jafnvel biskupar ábyr
gjask við Guð ..., jafnvel sem (as well as) hinir úl&aelig
;rðu, 57; jafnvel af sænum sem af landinu, Al. 2; ok jamvel sendir jar
l þeim mönnum orð, sem ..., Fms. xi. 120: even, dögf&
ouml;ll um nætr jafnvel at heiðskírum veðrum, Stj. 17; jafn
vel eptir þat er þau misgörðu, 40; jafnvel sýniliga,
j. oss önduðum, 9, Bs. i. 549, Barl. 170, 176, Gísl. 83; this l
ast sense is very freq. in mod. usage. jafn-velviljaðr, part. as w
ell wishing, Sks. 312. jafn-vesall, adj. as wretched, Kr&oacut
e;k. 54. jafn-virði, n. equal wirth, Bs. i. 9, Al. 48. jafn
-vægi, n. equal weight, equilibrium, Hkr. ii. 250, Fas. i. 121;
bóandi ok húsfreyja j. sitt, i.e. both of them equally, N.
G. L. i. 6. jafn-vægja, ð, to weigh the same as another, Fms. iii. 120. jafn-vægr, adj. of equal weight, Sks. 644.
jafn-vænn, adj. equally fine, handsome, promising, Fms. x. 4
29, Sturl. iii. 67. jafn-vætta, t, to weigh against, counterbala
nce, Stj. 13, Þorst. Síðu H. 14. jafn-yrða, &eth
;, with dat. to altercate, bandy words, Sturl. iii. 213. jafn-þa
rfr, adj. as useful, Arnor. jafn-þéttr, adj. p
ressed as closely together. jafn-þjófgefinn, adj. as
thievish. jafn-þolinmóðr, adj. as patient,
Rb. 366. jafn-þolinn, adj. as enduring. jafn-þreytt
r, part. as weary. jafn-þrifinn, adj. as cleanly.
jafn-þröngr, adj. as tight. jafn-þungr, a
dj. as heavy, pressing, Fms. v. 264, Stj. 278. jafn-þurr, ad
j. equally dry. jafn-þykkr, adj. as thick, Hkr. iii.
159. jafn-þyrstr, part. as thirsty. jafn-æfr, a
dj. as impetuous. jafn-æstr, part. equally excited, B
and. 34 new Ed. jafn-örr, adj. as eager, as liberal. jafnöruggr, adj. as firm, steadfast.
JAFNA, að, jamna, [Ulf. ga-ibnjan: cp. jafn], to mak
e even, but seldom in its original sense, see slétta: to cut even,
 Katla lék at hafri sínum ok jafnaði topp hans ok skegg, E
b. 94; mörum sínum mön jafnaði, Þkv. 6. II. me
taph. to make equal; svá sem skálir jafna (make to balan
ce) tvær vágir, 732. 18; en í arfinum megi jafna hlut &t
horn;eirra, Grág. i. 173; búar skulu j. hlut manna, ii. 343. 2.
 with dat. and with a prep.; jafna e-u saman, to compare, to set off one
against the other; var þá jafnat saman vígum, Nj. 250; b
úar skulu jamna þar nesjum saman, Grág. ii. 262: jafna e-u v
ið e-t, to compare one thing with another; en hvat of jafni ö&et
h;rum mönnum við hana, Mar.; er hinum fornum lögum jafnat við
blót, Eluc. 39; jamnit ér auðæfum yðrum við s&ou
ml;nn auðæfi, Greg. 27: jafna e-u til e-s, to liken one thing to an
other; því hefi ek jafnat þessu til hornspónsins,
at ..., Bs. i. 59; Gunnhildi þótti hyggjuleysi til ganga, eðr &
ouml;fund, ef nokkurum manni var til Hrúts jafnat, Ld. 60; svá m&a
acute; ek helzt til jafna þessum konungum, Fas. iii. 60: absol., svo til a
ð jafna, sem ..., so for example, as if ... III. reflex. to
compare oneself, to be equal to, call oneself a match for another; n&uacute
; veit ek eigi hvárt ek mætta þá við þik jaf
nask, Glúm. 337; segir at þeir hafa of dregit fram þræl
a, er slíkir skulu honum jafnask, when such fellows presume to be his
equals, Fms. x. 421; jafnask til við e-n um e-t, to compare oneself w
ith another in a thing, Fb. i. 261: with dat., hann rak engilinn frá
sér er honum vildi jafnask, Fms. viii. 240: jafnask í orðum v
ið e-n, to bandy words with one, 308, v.l. 2. pass. to beco
me equal; kvað þá jafnask með þeim, then would
all be made straight among them, Sturl. i. 77.
jafna, u, f. [O. H. G. epani; Germ. ebene], level ground
, a plain, Lat. planities; hann flýði af hálsinum
ofan á jöfnu, Hkr. i. 151; er þar þriggja mílna f
ör af jöfnu til þorpsins, Greg. 80; koma niðr á j&oum
l;fnu, Stj. 380, Róm. 272.
jafnaðr, m. and jöfnuðr, gen. ar, [Ulf. ibnassus = GREEK], an equal share; en þaðan af höfum vit jafna&e
th; af báðir, Hrafn, 17; slíkt sem honum sýndisk j&ouml
;fnuðr milli þeirra, Fms. xi. 87; skyldi fimm tigir hundraða &iacu
te; jafnað Sigríðar, Dipl. v. 3; í jafnað við &tho
rn;at góz, sem ..., id.; at jafnaði, in equal proportion; eiga
e-t at jafnaði, Grág. ii. 72; skipta e-u at jafnaði, i. 442, Fms
. xi. 401, Fb. ii. 55, 256: in temp. sense, usually, ekki að jafna&et
h;i, Fas. iii. 226, Mar.; með jafnaði, id., Mar. 2. the da
t. plur. jafnöðum (in mod. pronunciation jafnóðum) is used i
n adv. sense; hann mæðir sik í föstum ok vökum ok &aa
cute; bænum at liggja, ok jafnöðum svá talandi, Th. 7: in
mod. usage, bit by bit, one by one, each in its turn ..., eg vil spyrja &
thorn;á jafnóðum ok þeir koma, I will ask them one by
one as they come in; as also jafnótt, see jafn B. II. metaph.
equity, fairness, justice, Karl. 554, freq. esp. in mod. usage. COMPDS:
jafnaðar-boð, n. a fair offer, Fas. ii. 444. jafnað
ar-dómr, m. a law term, arbitrium; leggja mál til jafna
ðardóms, to put a case for an umpire, Nj. 101; tvennir kostir
..., bjóða Þórgilsi jafnaðardóm, ok mundi han
n svara fégjöldum eptir því sem dómr féll
i á, sá annarr at unna Þorgils sjálfdæmis, Stur
l. iii. 170 (where jafnaðardómr is opp. to sjálfdæmi), S
ks. 736. jafnaðar-eiðr, m. a law term, Gþl. 199; for this w
ord see eiðr. jafnaðar-fundr, m. a meeting for making an agree
ment, Sturl. ii. 134. jafnaðar-geð, n. an even temper,
Sks. 448. jafnaðar-gjöf, f. a law term, an equal gift, equal
portion; gaf hann henni tuttugu hundruð af sínu gózi, ok
reiknaði þat j. við Halldóru dóttur sína, Dip

l. iv. 7. jafnaðar-hlutskipti, n. an equal share, equal portion, Dipl. v. 3. jafnaðar-hönd, f.; leggja e-t undir jafnaðarh
önd, to share a thing in common, N. G. L. i. 220. jafnaðar-ka
up, n. an equal bargain, Ld. 96. jafnaðar-leiga, u, f. 
a fair rent, Jb. 392. jafnaðar-maðr, m. an equal match; taka sér jafnaðarmenn, Fms. vii. 119, Band. 37 new Ed.: as a law t
erm, an umpire, Fms. ix. 327: a fair, forbearing man, vizkumað
r mikill ok jafnaðarmaðr, x. 170; ofsa-maðr mikill ok ekki j. (ov
erbearing), Sturl. ii. 143; lítill j., Fb. i. 520; jarl þ&oacu
te;tti engi j., Orkn. 44. jafnaðar-máli, a, m. a law term, 
an agreement, Dipl. iv. 2. jafnaðar-samr, adj. (-semi, f.)
, fair, Sturl. ii. 143. jafnaðar-skipti, n. fair dealing, Grett. 105 A. jafnaðar-þokki, a, m. mutual affection;
j. er á með ykkr, ye love one another, Korm. 26, Grett. 162 A
, Fas. i. 176.
jafnan and jamnan, adv. constantly, always, Fms. ii. 37, Ba
rl. 78; sem þú sagðir jafnan, as thou didst say always,
Nj. 17; næsta jafnan, Sks. 18; æ jamnan, ever and ever, Sks.
193 B, passim.
JAFNI, a, m. an equal, a match for one: of a thing, mæl til
jafna ( = til jafna) við e-n, Fb. i. 250: mathem. an even number, &ia
cute; odda en eigi í jafna, Hom. (St.)
JAFNI, a, m., botan. lycopodium clavatum, a herb used by dyers, Hj
alt., mentioned in Sd.; jafna-baggi, jafna-belgr, a bag full of jafni, La
ndn. 208. COMPDS: jafna-bróðir, m. = jafni, Hjalt. jafna-ko
llr, m. a nickname, from hair as dyed (?), Landn.
jafnindr (jamyndir menn), prop. a part. pl., a law term, 'day's
men,' umpires; in Norse law, these day's men served as a kind of neighbours
or jurors in matter of compensation; bæta ... sem jamyndir menn (as adj.)
meta, N. G. L. i. 75; en ef hins verðr lóð, er lög festi fy
rir, þá skolu jamnyndir menn meta, hve mikit hann neytti til laga s
tefnu, 248; bæta munda-baugi, sem jafnendr unno, þeir er okkr vilja
sætta, Hbl. 42, analogous to the Icel. law phrases, sem búar meta,
of the Grágás.
jafningi, a, m. an equal, a match, Nj. 29, Fms. vi. 104, xi. 76: t
he saying, æ kemr maðr manns í stað, en ei jafningi jafnan,
passim: in Þiðr. and Karl. the peers of Charlemagne are called
jafningjar.
jag, n. a quarrel, squabble, Lat. rixa.
JAGA, að, [O. H. G. jagon; mid. H. G. jage; Germ. ja
gen; whence mod. Dan. jagen, pret. jog = to drive, when
ce to hunt, but in Icel. only in a particular sense] :-- to move to an
d fro, e.g. as a door on its hinges. 2. metaph. to harp on one str
ing; hvat þarf ek um slíkt at jaga, Mkv.; jaga ávallt &a
acute; enni sömn sök, to be harping all along on the same case,
Mork. 183. 3. reflex. jagast, to altercate, Lat. rixari;
cp. jag. II. to hunt; jaga dýr, Fas. iii. 273; in this sens
e however the word can hardly be said to be Icelandic.
jagt or jakt, n. [jaga], a yacht, (mod.)
<PAGE NUM="b0323">
<HEADER>JAKI -- JARL. 323</HEADER>
JAKI, a, m. [cp. A. S. gicel], a piece of ice, broken ice,
Fas. i. 472, Eb. 236-240, Grett. 140, passim. COMPDS: jaka-för, f. and 
jaka-hlaup, n. broken ice in a river, Grett. l.c.; see jökull: b
el-jaki, a bulging piece of ice, metaph. a rough strong man; hann
er mesti beljaki.
Jakob, m. James: Jakobs-land, n. St. James' land, Compos
tella in Spain: Jakobs-messa, -vaka, St. James' mass, vigil,
Fms.: botan., Jakobs-fífill, m. erigeron Alpinus, Alpine flea-b
ane, Hjalt.
JALDA, u, f. [provinc. Swed. jälda], a mare, only in p
oetry, gömul jalda í stóði, Kormak (twice); í j&ou
ml;ldu líki, Fms. xi. 42 (in a verse); ríða jöldu, Grett
. (in a verse). Jöldu-hlaup, n. Mare's-leap, a local name in the no
rth of Ireland, Landn.
jam- and jamn-, see jafn-.
jamla, að, to grumble, (slang.)
Jamtr, m. pl. men from Jamtaland in Sweden, Fms.
japla, að, to mumble, as with a toothless mouth.
jappa, ad, to harp on the same thing.
JAPR, m. [Norse jever], poët. a kind of snake, Edda (G
l.)
japra, u, f. = japr, Edda (Gl.)
JARA, u, f., poët. a fight, battle, Edda (Gl.), Ísl. i
i. 353 (in a verse); jöru skript, a 'war-tablet,' i.e. a shield; jöru-þollr, a warrior, Lex. Poët. II. in pr.
names; of women, Jar-þrúðr (mod. Jarð-þr&ua
cute;ðr), Fms. vii; of men, Jör-undr, Landn.
jarða, að, [Engl. to earth], to earth, bury, Bjarn.
69, Nj. 99, Eg. 130, Ísl. ii. 19, Mar.: reflex., H. E. i. 510.
jarðan, f. earthing, H. E. i. 493.
jarðar-, see jörð.
jarð-bann, n. 'earth-ban,' when, from the earth being frozen o
r covered with snow, there is no feed for cattle, Eb. 290, Fb. i. 522, Bs. i. 87
3.
jarð-borg, f. earth-works, an earth stronghold, Hkr. ii. 69.
jarð-bugr, m. the earth's convexity, Rb. 474.
jarð-búi, a, m. an earth-dweller, a dweller in underground
caves, Fms. iii. 119.
jarð-byggjandi, part. a tenant, Gísl. 83.

jarð-byggvir, m. = jarðbyggjandi, Vellekla.
jarð-díki, n. an earth-dyke, Stj. 194, v.l.
jarð-eigandi, part. a landowner, Gþl. 348.
jarð-eign, f. landed property.
jarð-eldr, m. 'earth-fire,' volcanic fire, Landn. 78, Symb. 27
, Bret. 8, Stj. 89, Grett. 141 new Ed.
jarð-epli, n. pl. [Germ. erd-apfeln, Fr. pommes de terre], potatoes, (mod.)
jarðeskr, adj. = jarðneskr, Barl. 36.
jarð-fall, n. an earth-slip, Gísl. 33, Glúm. 341
, Sks. 50, Pr. 381, Ísl. ii. 10.
jarð-fastr, adj. earth-fast, fixed in the earth; j. steinn, Fm
s. xi. 442, Fas. ii. 256, Finnb. 324; j. hæll, Stj. 417, v.l.
jarð-fé, n. treasure hidden in the earth, Grág.
ii. 403, Hkr. i. 12.
jarð-fjúk, n. a snow-drift, Valla L. 218: mod. skafrenn
ingr.
jarð-fólginn, part. hidden in the earth, Gþl. 310
, Barl. 199.
jarð-gjá, f. an earth-pit, Stj. 193.
jarð-gróinn, part. = jarðfastr, Eg. (in a verse).
jarð-göfigr, adj. 'lord of earth,' epithet of a king, Eg.
(in a verse).
jarð-hellir, m. an underground cave, Stj. 89.
jarð-hita, u, f. = jarðhiti, Stj. 82, Bs. i. 306.
jarð-hiti, a, m. subterranean, volcanic heat, Bs. i. 118, Gret
t. 136.
jarð-hlutr, m. a land-allotter, liege-lord, Kormak.
jarð-hola, u, f. an earth-hole, Eg. 767, Edda (pref.), Al. 166
, Stj. 89.
jarð-humall, m. wild hops, Hjalt.
jarð-hús, n. an earth-house, underground home, Landn. 3
2 (in Ireland), Fms. vi. 149 (in besieging), Eg. 234, Fær. 169; or an u
nderground passage opening into a dwelling house, and used for hiding or as
a means of escape, freq. mentioned in the Sagas, Dropl. 28, Gísl. 44, H&a
acute;v. 49, Fms. i. 15. jarðhús-nautr, in. a sword taken f
rom a j., Fs.
jarð-kerald, n. a large vat fixed in the floor, for keeping bu

tter or the like, Pm. 91; mod. birða.
jarð-kol, n. pl. fossil coal or saltpetre (?), Sks. 392
; jarðkol ok brennusteinn = saltpetre (?) and brimstone.
jarð-kostr, m. a choice of land, land to be had, Stj. 190.
jarð-kross, m. a cross-shaped sod, cut so as to serve for a ma
rk or boundary, K. Þ. K. 90, Valla L. 208, Dipl. i. 7.
jarð-kykvendi (-kvikendi), n. a land animal, Ver. 2.
jarð-laug, f. a bath in a warm spring from the earth, Í
sl. ii. 412.
jarð-laust, n. adj. furnishing no grazing; cp. jarðbann.
jarð-leiga, u, f. land-rent, Js. 83.
jarð-leysi, n. = jarðbann.
jarð-ligr, adj. earthly, Lat. terrestris, Edda (pref.),
Fb. iii. 465, Fms. x. 317, Niðrst. 6, Greg. 44, Hom. 38, Hem. 33. 2.
jarð-litr, m. earth colour, dark colour, MS. 544. 39.
jarð-lús, f. an 'earth-louse,' pediculus calcareus (Moh
r), or rather a kind of beetle, cp. A. S. earðwicge, Engl. 
earwig: used in contempt, munu jarðlýsnar, synir Gríms, ve
rða mér at bana? Landn. 146.
jarð-lægr, adj. lying on the ground, of a keel, Fms. x.
319.
jarð-munr, m. [Dan. jords-mon], a strip of land, portion, D. N.
jarð-neskr, adj. earthly, esp. in an eccl. sense, Fms. x. 342,
Stj. 14. 20, O. H. L. 11, Játv. ch. 3, N. T., Vídal., Pass.
jarð-næði, n. a home, tenancy. jarðnæ&e
th;is-lauss, adj. homeless, of a tenant.
jarð-plógr, m. ploughing, Stj.
jarð-ríki, n. the earth, the world, Edda (pref.), Sks.
491, Fms. i. 225, Barl. 84, etc.: esp. the kingdom of earth, eccl., opp.
to himinríki, N. T., Vídal.
jarð-setja, t, to bury, Pr. 413.
jarð-skjálfti, a, m. an earthquake, Sks. 143, Hom. 139,
Mar., freq. in mod. usage; cp. landskjálpti.
jarð-stofa, u, f. = jarðhús, Fms. vii. 32: the floor = Germ. erdgeschoss, D. N. i. 350, iv. 395, (Fr.)
jarð-varp, n. the act of throwing to the earth.
jarð-varpa, að, to throw one to the earth, a law term.

jarð-vegr, m. the earth, Mag.: in mod. usage a soil, g&
oacute;ðr j., íllr j., sendinn j., etc., good, bad, sandy soil.
jarð-yrkja, u, f. agriculture, (mod.)
jarganlega, adv. querulously, (mod. and slang.)
JARKI, a, m. [akin to jaðarr, qs. jaðrki], the outside of the
foot, Edda 110, freq. in mod. usage; hoppa út á jörkum, to walk on the jarki: in the Færoic dialect jarki is used of the han
d = handar-jaðar.
jarkna-steinn, m. [prob. a for. word derived from the A. S. eorcnan-st
ân] :-- a gem, it occurs only in the following poems, Vkv. 23,
33, Gkv. 1. 18, 3. 9, which may all have been composed by one man, who borrowed
the word from the A. S.
JARL, m., older form earl, [Hel. erl; A. S. eorl; En
gl. earl]: this word had a double sense, one old and common to the Saxons
as well as the earliest Scandinavians, one later and specifically Norse, which
afterwards became English through the Norse and Danish invasion, and was finally
established by the Norman Conquest.
A. A gentle, noble man, a warrior, and collect. gentlefolk,
as opp. to the churl folk or common people (karlar, búendr
); thus the old poem Rígsmál distinguishes three classes, earls
, churls, and thralls (jarla-ætt, karla-ætt, þr&ael
ig;la-ætt); so also in A. S. eorl and ceorl are almost prove
rbially opposed; in the old Saxon poem Heliand, 'erl' is used about a hun
dred times = a man. Prof. Munch suggested that the name of the Teutonic p
eople Eruli or Heruli simply represents an appellative (warrior
s), which the Roman writers took to be a proper name. In the Scandin. countr
ies this use of jarl is rare and obsolete, but remains in poët. phrases, in
old saws, and in law phrases; oddar görva jarli megin, spears make the
earl's might, Mkv.; rudda ek sem jarlar forðum mér til landa, 
I won me lands like the earls of yore, Glúm, (in a verse): jarls yndi
, an earl's delight = a man's delight, Hm. 96; jörlum öl
lum óðal batni, Gh. 21; hlaðit ér, earlar, eikiköstin
n, 20; ítrar jarla-brúðir, 'earl's-brides,' ladies, Gk
v. 1. 3; alsnotrir jarlar, the gentle earls, 2; eggja ek yðr, jarlar,
Am. 54; jarla einbani, 'earl-slayer' = GREEK, Em., Hkm.; karl-fól
k ok jarla, churlfolk and earl folk, Sighvat; eitt mein sækir hvern
jarl, every earl (man) has his ill luck, Fb. ii. (in a verse): in
the law, jarls jörð, an earl's estate, is opp. to konungs j&oum
l;rð, a king's estate, in the phrase, hálfan rétt skal
hann taka er hann kömr á jarls jörð, en þá all
an ok fullan er hann kömr á konungs jörð, Grág. (Kb.
) i. 192, for this is undoubtedly the bearing of this disputed passage; jarlma&e
th;r is opp. to búkarl, Fms. vii. (in a verse); so also karlmaðr (q.v
.) in its oldest sense is opp. to jarlmaðr, = churl-man and earl-m
an; hirð-jarl = hirðmaðr, Fms. xi. 302, v.l.; berg-jarl, po&euml
;t. a 'crag-earl' = a giant, Edda (in a verse); bak-jarl, a 'ba
ck-earl,' an enemy in one's rear; of-jarl (q.v.), an 'over-earl,' an over
bearing man.
B. A chief, as a title, specially Norse and Danish. The Landn&aacu
te;ma, which is almost our only source for the political and personal history of
Norway before king Harald Fairhair and the settlement of Iceland, records sever
al chiefs of the 8th and 9th centuries who bore an earl's name as a family digni
ty; Ívarr Upplendinga-jarl (Upplönd, a Norse county), Asbjörn j
arl Skerja-blesi, Eyvindr jarl, 317; Atli jarl Mjóvi af Gaulum (a Norse c
ounty), Þorkell Naumdæla-jarl (earl in Naumdale, a Norse county), 28
1; Grjótgarðr jarl í Sölva (a county), 297: and as a fami
ly title, the famous Háleygja-jarlar (the earls of the Norse county H&aac
ute;logaland, whose pedigree from Odin was drawn out in the old poem Hále
ygja-tal; Hákon jarl Grjótgarðsson, etc.): so also the M&aelig
;ra-jarlar, the earls of Mæri (a Norse county), the foremost of wh
om was Rögnvaldr Mæra-jarl, the forefather of the earls of the Orkney
s (Orkneyja-jarlar) and the earls of Rouen (Rúðu-jarlar = the dukes o
f Normandy). II. along with the Danish and Norse invasion the name appear
s in England, Bjartmár jarl in Ireland, Landn.; Hunda-Steinarr, an earl i
n England, id.; see also the Saxon Chronicle passim, where the very name indicat
es a Danish or Norse connexion. It is very likely that many of the earls of the
Landnáma were sovereign chiefs, differing from kings only in title, for i
n old poetry a king and an earl were addressed in the same way. III. abou
t the time of Harald Fairhair all the petty chiefs became liegemen under one kin
g, the earl being in dignity nearest the king, answering to comes
<PAGE NUM="b0324">
<HEADER>324 JARLAKAPPI -- JÁNKA.</HEADER>
in mid. Lat. and graf in Germ. In Scandinavia both name and office became
extinct about the 13th century: in Iceland, being a commonwealth, it never took
root; see however Gizur jarl (died A.D. 1268) in the Sturlunga. -- For referenc
es see the Sagas passim, esp. Har. S. Harf. ch. 6. IV. in eccl. translati
on the Roman procurator provinciae is often rendered by jarl, e.g
. Pílatus jarl, earl Pilate, Ver. 67, Pass. 20. 2. COMPDS: jarl
a-kappi, a, m. champion of earls (of Orkney), a nickname, Landn. j
arla-skáld, n. poet of earls, a nickname of the poet Arnor for
his poems on the earls of Orkney. Jarla-sögur, f. pl. Earls' Sag
as (earls of Orkney), the old name of the present Orkneyinga Saga, Fb. ii. 3
47, Ó. H. 100. jarls-efni, n. a young earl, earl's heir, N.
G. L. jarls-maðr, m. an earl's man, follower, Nj. 127. jar
ls-níð, n. earl's libel, name of a poem, Fb. i. jarls-r
íki, n. an earldom, Hkr. i. 101, Fms. xi. 179. jarls-s&aeli
g;ti, n. an earl's seat, Hkr. i. 81.
jarl-borinn, part. earl-born, Fs. 125.
jarl-dómr or jarls-dómr, m. an earldom, Landn
. 260, Fms. i. 6, vii. 315, Hkr. i. 263.
jarl-dæmi, n. = jarldómr, Fms.
jarl-maðr, m. an earl. 2. freq. as a pr. name on Swed.
Runic stones, Baut. passim. II. an earl's man, Lex. Poët.
jarma, að, to bleat, of sheep and goats, Grett. 137 A, Greg. 5
0 passim.
JARMR, m. [prob. identical with A. S. geomor; Hel. jamar; N
orth. E. yammer; O. H. G. jamar; Germ. jammer, which words
are else alien to the Scandin.] :-- a bleating, Gullþ. 19; sauð
a-jarmr, the bleating of sheep, Hrafn. 7; fugls-jarmr, the 'bleating,
' crying of birds, as the giantess calls the birds' song, poët., Edda (
in a verse), passim.
jarpi, a, m. a kind of bird, tetrao bonasia (?), Norse jerpe, Edda (Gl.)
JARPR, adj., fem. jörp, brown, of the hair; jarpr á h&
aacute;r, jarpt hár, Fms. vii. 112, 238, x. 397, Nj. 39; jarpa skör,
Hðm. 21; skarar jarpar, Gkv. 2. 19: as epithet of a lady, Fms. vii. 62 (in
a verse); hvít-j., id.: of horses, jarpr hestr, Flov. 33; in mod. usage,
of horses only, Jarpr of a stallion, Jörp of a mare.
jarp-skamr, Hðm. (doubtful.)
jarp-skjóttr, adj. skew-ball, i.e. bay piebald, Stur
l. ii. 177.
jartegn or jartein, later form jarteikn or even jarð
teikn, but not so in good MSS.; in Thom. S. even spelt hjartegn; jarg
tegn (badly), Fms. xi. 38: that the syllable tein was sounded guttural is also s
hewn by the rhyme, slíks eru jarteignir, Eb. (in a verse);
and fregnar jartegnir, Leiðarv. 6; but also hrein ... j
arteinir, 36: in the Rekst. the former syllable jart is rhymed on
bjart: [Hel. word-têkan, O. H. G. and mid. H. G. wort-zei
chen shew the true etymology to be word-token, whence, by a false et
ymology, arose the mid. H. G. and mod. Germ. war-zeichen; in the Scandin.
the w was changed into j, Dan. jertegn, Grimm's Gramm. ii.
481, note; the word is however scarcely genuine Scandinavian, although it occur
s in poems of the former part of the 11th century, e.g. the Rekst., as also in E
b. in the Hrafnsmál; but it is freq. used in the Sagas]: I. a t
oken, a ring, knife, belt, sword, or the like; properly, 'a word's token,' w
hich a messenger had to produce in proof that his word was true; orð ok jart
egnir, orðsending ok jartegnir, Fms. i. 21. Eg. 36. 167, 467, 477; erendi ok
j., 472; bréf ok j., Fms. vii. 47, (see bréf); með skilr&iacu
te;kum vitnum ok jartegnum, Gþl. 60; senda menn með jartegnum, Eg. 67;
fá e-m jartegnir sínar, bera fram jartegnir e-s, 96; bera upp &ou
ml;rendi sín ok sýna jartegnir, Ó. H. 53; fingrgull þ
etta fær þú Rögnvaldi jarli, þær jartegnir m
un hann kenna, id.; bar hann fram orðsendingar konungs ok sýndi &thor
n;at með jartegnum, Eg. 38; þeim er taka vilja við vináttu
minni ok jartegnum, Ó. H. 75; vera til jartegna, to be a token or
proof of a thing, Eg. 49, 768; hafa e-t til jartegna, use as a token,
proof, Sks. 725 B, Fms. viii. 197, Gísl. 97; nú tak hér
gullit ok haf til jartegna, Fs. 8; nú er hér gull er þ&uacu
te; skalt bera til jarteigna, at ek sendi þik, 7; fluttu sendimenn h&eacut
e;r með konungi berar jarteignir af jarli at þeir fóru með
sönnum hans eyrendum, Hkr. i. 327; sannar jartegnir, til sannra jartegna at
þú segir satt, þá fær þú honum, Fm
s. iii. 61, Eg. 28, 476; þat eru miklar jartegnir, hve hlyðnir ..., it is a great token, how ..., Íb. 16; þat vóru jarteini
r, at herr var í landi, it served as a token, that ..., Fms. i. 16
7. II. in sing, as well as plur. a miracle, esp. as a token
or proof of the holiness of a saint, Nj. 162, Clem. 47, 59, Fms. vii. 35
1, xi. 38, Rb. 374, 418, Hkr. ii. 393; þat mun þér þykk
ja jartein -- Þat kalla ek atburð, segir hann, en eigi jartein, Sturl
ii. 54; báru jarteinir vitni heilagleik hans, Greg. 57; Guðs jarteini
r, Fms. i. 133. 2. a mystery; vita jartegnir ríkis Guðs
, Hom. 67 (Mark iv. 11): in mod. usage, N. T., Pass., Vídal., krapta-verk
, and not jarteikn. III. gramm. token, value, of a letter; hafa ei
tt hljóð ok jartein, Skálda 166 (Thorodd); þeirra stafa
má þarnask ef vill í váru máli, þv&iacut

e;at engi er einka jartein þeirra, 167; líkneski, nafn ok j., id. C
OMPDS: jarteina-bók, f. a miracle-book, Bs., Orkn. 174, v.l
. jarteina-görð, f. the working of miracles, Stj., Hkr. i
i. 328, Fms. xi. 207, Orkn. 174. jarteina-kraptr, m. the power of work
ing miracles, Greg. 54. jarteina-maðr, m. a worker of miracles
, Greg. 55. jarteinar-samliga, adv. (-ligr, adj.), wonderfu
lly, Stj.
jarteina, d, earteina, Skálda 166; jartegna, jargtengna,
 Bret. 59, Cod. B. (badly); mod. jarteikna :-- to betoken; mun
sá siðr j. þau en fögru epli, Fms. xi. 12; jarteindu &tho
rn;at þau in miklu slátrin, er Barði lét þangat f&
aelig;ra, Ísl. ii. 342; þat jartegndi blóma ríkis han
s, Hkr. i. 123; Davíð konungr jartegnir Krist, Rb. 390: gramm. to
represent, of a letter, hann (the character) læt ek jarteina jafnt sem
hina tvá,, Skálda 166; sá stafr jarteinir tuttugu, id.; ok
skolu tvá stafi earteina, id.
JASTR or jast, n. [Engl. yeast; mid. H. G. jest and
gest; Germ. gischt; Ivar Aasen jest and jestr; akin
to ostr (q.v.) = a cheese] :-- yeast, leaven; jastri, dat., Nikd.
: jast-ostr, m. a kind of cheese, Fms. vi. (in a verse): jast-r
ín, f., poët. the 'yeasting-stream' = poetry, song, Kormak: in mod. usage jastr means the skin on curdled milk, whence 
jastr-súr, adj. curdled, acid, of milk, Lex. Poët.; hence
the mod. hjastr, n. a frothy, light work; það er mesta
hjastr.
jata, u, f. a manger (mod. = eta, q.v.), Gísl. 131, Luke ii
. 7, 12, 17, passim in mod. usage. jötu-band, n. a manger rail.
JAUR, adv., also spelt júr, Skálda 163 (Thorodd), Ar
t. 126: in mod. usage proncd. double, jur-jór or jir-jór
 (sounded yer-yor), which word was at the end of the last century sti
ll used in the north of Iceland (Thingeyjar-sýsla): [it is a compd partic
le, from já = yea and r, which may be a pers. pron.,
analogous to the early Gmn. jâ ich! jâ dû! jâ s&icir
c;! jâ ir! Grimm's Gramm. iii. 765; other Teutonic languages have pres
erved this particle, although in a somewhat different sense, mid. H. G. j&aci
rc;ra or jâr-ia, jâra-ja] :-- yea, yes! with empha
sis, yea, in sooth, yes indeed, yes certainly, as a reply to an expressio
n of doubt or denial. Of this interesting particle only six instances are found
in old writers: -- three in O. H. L., biskup leit útar í kirkjuna
ok sá hvar Ólafr stóð ok mælti, nú er kon
ungr út kominn, þeir sögðu at hann var eigi út komi
nn. -- Answer, Jaur, sagði biskup, sá er sannr konungr, er nú
er út kominn, 10; hvat er nú um félag þat er konungri
nn á með yðr? þeir drápu niðr höfði ok
kváðusk ekki haus félag hafa. -- Jaur, sagði hann, þ
ér sögðusk víst vera hans félagar, 45; Maðr sv
arar, hvá mælir þú þat ? -- Jaur, segir hann, &t
horn;at var mér þá í hug, etc., 69; one in Thorn, (th
e Norse Recension), ekki var ek þar nærri, ok því s&aac
ute; ek enga þessa hluti, ekki heyrða ek ok þat er þ&uacut
e; segir í frá. -- Jaur, segir hann, Guð þat veit, at ek
em uruggr um þat at ek sá þik þar, 246; one in Valv. S
. 126 (spelt júr); and lastly, one in Thorodd, austr, eárn, eir, j
úr, eyrir, vín, Skálda 163. Gudmund Andreae mentions this p
article as in use in his time, and as sounded jör-jur, e.g. er ekki

dagr? -- answer, jör-jur! viltú ekki þetta? -- answer, jö
r-jur! but his derivation from Lat. jure is erroneous.
JAXL, m. [Shetl. yackle], a jaw-tooth, grinder, Lat. den
s molaris, Am. 79, Eb. 60, Nj. 144, 203, Fas. i. 331, Stj. 414, N. G. L. i.
80; tennr ok jaxlar, Edda 5, Háv. 43, 49; jaxla verkr, tooth-ache, Bs. i. 195.
jaxl-bróðir, m. = jaxl, Eg. (in a verse).
jaxl-garðr, m. the jaw-bone, Fas. i. 331.
JÁ, adv. [Ulf. jâi and jâ; O. H. G., Ger
m., Dutch, Swed., and Dan. jâ; Old Engl. and North. E. aye;
A. S. gea; Old Engl. yea: the Saxons and Germans however prefer a
compd; thus the A. S. ge-se, from gea = yea, and the subj.
se ( = Lat. sit), whence Engl. yes (qs. ye-s = y
ea be it); the Germans say ja wohl! ja freilich! in preference to 
ja singly; as also Dan. ja-vist; analogous is the A. S. ne-se
= no (Grimm's Gramm. iii. 764); as also jaur above] :-- yea, yes;
já, sagði Kári, Nj. 263, passim: even, höfðing
ja, minni menn, já, hverja herkerlingu, Sturl. i. 36: as subst., j&aacute
; sem já er, nei sem nei er, K. Á. 200: fá já e-s, to get a person's 'yes,' his assent, N. G. L. i. 33; með jám (d
at. pl.) ok handsölum, D. N. ii. 101. II. as interj., aye! yes! já, segir hann (hón), Ísl. ii. 144, 348, 353, Band. pass
im, esp. in Cod. Reg.: doubled, aye, aye! yes, yes! já, já!
segir Hermundr, Band. 33 new Ed., Trist. 12; já, já? vel, vel! Bs
. i. 421; já, já! sagði hann, kaupmaðr víst, O. H.
L. 16.
já, ð, part. jáð, to say yes, assent, consent, Lat. aio, with dat.; eptir sem honum þótti biskup s&eacut
e;r jáð hafa, Fms. ix. 378; frekara en þeir jáðu, 52
; hann jáði því, Finnb. 224; ok hann jár (pres.)
honum at halda, Bs. i. 281; þann kost er mér var jáð, Fm
s. vi. 160; gengu allir bændr undir Þorgils, ok jáðu honu
m (confessed him) til yfirmanns, Sturl. iii. 270: with prep., já e
-u undan sér, to yield up, Bs. i. 281; já e-u upp, to yi
eld up, Fms. vi. 194; alla þá hluti sem nú eru upp j&aac
ute;ðir, H. E. i. 398.
já-eiðr, m. = jáorð, H. E. i. 465.
já-kvæða, ð, to say yes, with dat., Sks. 772,
Fms. vii. 280.
já-kvæði, n. assent, consent, Orkn. 50, Fms. iv.
87, Anecd. 74.
já-kvæðr, adj. assenting, consenting, 623. 24.
jálfaðr, m. a name of Odin, from jálmr.
JÁLKR, m. [Norse jelk: Dan. vallak], a gelding; ef graðr hestr bítr jálk, Gþl. 392: in mod. usage 
a hackney, freq. II. a pr. name of Odin, Gm., Lex. Poët.
jálma, að, to clatter, Lat. stridere, Fb. i. 405
(in a verse).
JÁLMR, m. a noise, bustle, poët., Landn. 162 (in a ver
se); j. málma, a clash of weapons, Fms. v. (in a verse); geira j.,
the clash or ring of spears, Orkn. 76 (in a verse).
jánka, að, to say yes; hann jánkaði þv
í, (convers.)
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<HEADER>JÁORÐ -- JÁTARI. 325</HEADER>
já-orð, n. a 'yea-word,' assent, consent, Fms. vii. 305
, Sturl. i. 141.
JÁRN, n., in older spelling earn, Thorodd; járn is a
contracted form; the older poët. form is ísarn, which occurs
only five times in old poetry, Eb. 26 new Ed. (in a verse of A.D. 981); &iacute
;sarn gullu, Hornklofi: ísarn-leikr, m. iron play, Haustl.:
ísarn-meiðr, m. a blacksmith, Eg. (in a verse); Edda (
Gl.) distinguishes between ísarn and járn. The contracted form jar
n or earn however occurs even in the oldest poems, (járnviðr, Vsp.),
and is dissyllabic in such verses as gunnþings earn-hringar (a vers
e of the beginning of the 11th century), Skálda (in a verse); but monosyl
labic in járn, rhyming with orna, Fms. vii. 35 (in a verse); f&eac
ute;ksk arnar matr jörnum, Skálda: [Goth. eisarn; A. S. îsen; Engl. iron, still often pronounced iern; O. H. G. îsen; Hel. îsarn; mod. Germ. eisen; Dan. jern; Swed. järn] :-- iron; þú rit
aðir earn þar sem ek munda járn ríta, Skálda 164;
hagr maðr á tré ok járn, Eg. 4; ór járni
, of iron, Nj. 272, passim. 2. in the phrase, bera járn (as
an ordeal), to bear iron; sitja til járns, etc., Fms. ix. 280; fo
r references see bera A. III. 1, p. 58. II. in plur. irons, fetters; setja í járn, Fms. ii. 143, xi. 246, 285; sitja í j&aacu
te;rnum, 287, passim: iron spikes, þar vóru járn &aac
ute; trjám fyrir, vii. 266: iron chains, irons, hann hafði j&a
acute;rnum komit fyrir Stokksund, Hkr. ii. 5; iron hinges, lék &th
orn;ar grind á járnum, Fms. v. 331: horse-shoes, either j&a
acute;rn or hesta-járn, (mod.): arms, weapons, Edda (Gl.) passim:
also in sing., Nj. 193. III. in pr. names, Járn-gerðr,
Landn., and Eld-járn, id. COMPDS: járna-far, n. an ironprint, a mark of weapons, Fas. ii. 400: iron-plating on a ship, Orkn.
362. járna-gangr, m. the clash of arms, Fms. xi. 288. j
árna-lauss, adj. without hinges (a chest), Pm. 6: unshod, of a horse. járna-staðr, m. a mark, print of irons,
Hkr. iii. 290. járns-litr, m. iron colour, Stj.
B. In endless COMPDS: járn-auga, n. 'iron-eye,' a ni
ckname, Sturl. iii. 68. járn-band, n. an iron borer, Barl.
179. Járn-barði, a, m. 'Iron-boarder,' name of a batter
ing ram, Ó. T. járn-benda, d, to band, gird, hoop with i
ron. járn-borg, f. an 'iron castle,' used of a ring of
iron-clad ships, Hkv. Hjörv. járn-brandr, m. an iron bar, Niðrst. 106. járn-broddr, m. an iron prod or spi
ke, járn-bundinn, part. iron-bound, of a shield, Karl.
240, 262, 349. járn-burðr, m. iron-bearing, the ordeal
of carrying hot iron, mid. Lat. ferrum candens, for references see bera A
. III. 1. járn-bútr, m. an iron stump, Þorst,

Síðu H. 10: a nickname, Sturl. iii. 217. járn-dragi, a,
m. an 'iron-drawer,' magnet, Konr. 33. járn-drepsleggja, u
, f. an iron sledge-hammer, Eb. 272. járn-faldinn, part. hooded in mail, Eb. (in a verse). járn-festr, f. an iron b
ond, Vm. 70, 165, Greg. 54, Fas. iii. 213. járn-fjöturr,
m. an iron fetter, Edda 20. járn-fleinn, m. an iron bar,
 Fas. iii. 125. járn-gaddr, m. an iron goad, Landn. 212
, Fb. iii. 300, Bs. i. 820. járn-gerð, f. an iron girdle, Fms. v. 345. járn-glófi, a, m. an iron glove, Edd
a 15 (of Thor). Járn-glumra, u, f. name of an ogress, Edda (Gl.) járn-góðr, adj. of good iron, Fas. ii. 466. j&
aacute;rn-grár, adj. iron-gray, Dipl. iii. 14 (of stuff); in
Edda (Ht.) of a coat of mail. járn-greipr, f. pl. = járngl&
oacute;fi, Edda 60, 61. járn-grind, f. an iron grate, Ni&et
h;rst. 106, Symb. 58. járn-görð, f. iron-forging.
járngörðar-maðr, m. a blacksmith, Grett. 129 A
. járn-hanki, a, m. an iron hoop, Sd. 191. járn-h
attr, m. an iron hat, a kind of helmet, Ann. 1394, D. N. i. 32
1. Járn-hauss, m. Iron-skull, a nickname, Fær. j&a
acute;rn-hespa, u, f. an iron hasp, Fas. iii. 383. járn-hle
kkr, m. an iron link, chain. járn-hlið, n. an i
ron gate, Lil. 61. járn-hosa, u, f. = brynhosa, Þiðr
. 169. járn-hólkr, m. an iron tube, Þjal. 8. járn-hringr, m. an iron ring, Hkr. ii. 12 (in a verse), iii.
266, Þiðr. 187: spelt earnhringar, Skálda 164. Járnhryggr, m. Iron-back, a nickname, Fas. járn-hurð, f
. an iron hurdle, door, Fms. i. 104, xi. 74, Þiðr. 169. j&aa
cute;rn-hvalr, m. a whale found with a harpoon in it, Jb. 108, 312, J
s. járn-kambr, m. an iron comb, Fas. iii. 612, Blas. 46. járn-karl, m. an iron hoe, Vm. 177, passim in mod. usage. járn-kertistika, u, f. an iron candlestick, Vm. 34. j&aacu
te;rn-ketill, m. an iron kettle, Grág. i. 501. járnkló, f. an iron claw or fang, Ísl. ii. 195. j&aacute
;rn-klukka, u, f. an iron bell, Landn. 42. járn-klædd
r, part. iron-clad, Hkr. iii. 201. járn-kola, u, f. 
a small iron lamp, Jm. 31, Vm. 177. járn-krókr, m. a
n iron crook, Fms. v. 157. járn-kylfa, u, f. an iron club, Fas. iii. 324. járn-lampr, m. an iron lamp, Pm. 126. járn-leikr, m. an iron game, poët. a battle, H&ou
ml;fuðl. 8. járn-ligr, adj. of iron, Lat. ferreus, Stj. 345. járn-litr, m. iron colour. járn-loka
, u, f. an iron lock, Fas. iii. 380. járn-lurkr, m. 
an iron cudgel, Hbl. járn-lykkja, u, f. an iron clasp,
Gísl. 88. járn-meiss, m. an iron basket: name of a
ship. Nj. 163. járn-mél, n. pl. the iron mouth-piece
of a bridle. járn-mikill, adj. of solid iron, Fb. i. 524.
járn-milti, n. an iron bar. járn-munnr, m. an iron mouth, poët. of a beak, Lex. Poët. járn-nagli, a, m. an iron nail, Bs. i. 860, passim. járn-nef, n. an iron neb or beak, Fas. iii. 507. járn-nökkvi,
a, m. an iron boat, used of a giant seen rowing in a boat of iron, Landn.
78. járn-ofinn, part. iron woven, of a coat of mail, Fas.
i. (in a verse). járn-port, n. an iron gate, Stj. 205, j
árn-rekendr, part. pl. iron chains, barring a strait, Fms. vii
. 183, xi. 322: shackles, Sks. 416; þá svaf Petrus bundinn
tvennum járnrekendum, Post. 656 C. 11. járn-rending, f. [r&
ouml;nd], an iron brim, Korm. 120. járn-rendr, part. bor
dered with iron, Korm. 68, Grett. 119 A. járn-saumr, m. ir
on nails, N. G. L. i. 101. járn-sax, n. an iron cutlass, Lex. Poët. Járn-saxa, u, f. Iron-chopper, name of an

ogress, Edda: a nickname, Nj. járn-serkr, m. an iron sark, coa
t of mail, Lex. Poët. járn-sía, u, f. a red-hot
iron bar, Edda 61. Járn-síða, u, f. Ironside, nickname of a mythical warrior king, Ragn. S.; cp. the A. S. king Edmund
Ironside: name of an Icel. code of laws (1271-1280), prob. from being cased
in iron, Ann. Resen. 1271. járn-skip, n. a ship's model in iron
, Pm. 51, 79. Járn-skjöldr, m. Iron-shield, a pr.
name, Fb.: as also a nickname, Hdl. járn-skór, m. an iro
n shoe, Bárð. 179, Edda 56, (of the mythol. shoe of the god Vidar
.) jára-slá, f. an iron bar, Fms. i. 129, Gís
l. 88, Sks. 631, Fas. i. 415. járn-sleggja, u, f. an iron sledg
e-hammer, Bs. i. 120, Karl. 338. járn-sleginn, part. mount
ed with iron. járn-smiðr, m. a blacksmith, Eg. 141
, Landn. 118, Fms. vi. 361, Stj. 451: metaph. a black insect, so called a
s opp. to gullsmiðr, q.v. járn-smíð, f. the forg
ing of iron, Fms. xi. 427. járn-smíði, n. smith'
s work, Sturl. i. 47. járn-spjót, n. an iron spear, Karl. 365. járn-spöng, f. an iron clasp, Gþl
. 105: iron-plating, Fms. ii. 310. járn-stafr, m. an iro
n staff, Nj. 211, Hkr. i. 229, Landn. (in a verse), járn-stika, u, f. an iron candlestick, Vm. 2, 6, Dipl. iii. 4. járn-st&oa
cute;ll, m. an iron chair, Dipl. v. 18, D. N. járn-st&oacut
e;lpi, a, m. an iron post, Sks. 631. járn-stúka,
u, f. the sleeves of a coat of mail, Sighvat. járn-stöng
, f. an iron bar, Bárð. 164. járn-súla, u, f. an iron column, Edda 61, Fb. i. 527. járn-svipa, u
, f. an iron lash, Clem. 57, 656 C. 36. járn-teinn, m. a
n iron prong, Eg. 285, Bs. i. 854: iron wire, Fms. ii. 129, v.l.: 
an iron fork, Fas. iii. 123. járn-tíund, f. a tax on
iron, N. G. L. i. 462. járn-vafinn, part. wound round with
iron, Eg. 285, Sturl. i. 63, Krók. járn-varðr, par
t. mounted with iron, Darr. 2, Stj. 387, Fms. vi. 145. járn-v&a
acute;pn, n. an iron weapon, Fas. ii. 178. járn-viðjar,
 f. pl. iron withes, iron wire, Fas. iii. 211, Symb. 57, Gullþ.
52. Járn-viðr, m. the Iron Wood, a mythical wood with
iron leaves (Vsp. 32), peopled by ogresses, called Járn-vi&eth
;jur, f. pl., Edda, Eyvind (Yngl. S. ch. 9): also the local name of a wood i
n Holsten, -- den stora Holstenska skov Isarnhow, der af de Danske overs
ættes Jarnwith, Nord. Tidskr. for Oldk. i. 272. járn-v&ou
ml;lr, m. an iron bar, Bev. járn-æðr, f. i
ron vein, ore, 544. 39. járn-ör, f. an iron shaft,
N. G. L. i. 102: also = herör, q.v. (sub herr B, at end).
járna, að, to mount with iron; járnaðir vagn
ar, wains mounted with iron, Stj.; járnuð kerra, 386; j&aacut
e;rnaðr skjöldr, Valla L. 213; járnuð hurð, Bær. 1
5; róðrgöltr með járnuðum múla, Sks. 395:
with hinges, járnaðr kistill, kista, D. N. iii. 421, Pr. 413;
járna kistu, Rétt. 2. 10, Pm. 120, Vm. 121. II. spec, usage
s, to put in irons, Fms. xi. 445: to be mailed, 365. 2. 
to shoe a horse; járna hest, Boll. 346, Fms. viii. 182; hann l&eacute
;ði honum hest járnaðan öllum fótum, Sturl. ii. 145;
hánn lét sér til ferðarinnar járna tvau hross, B
s. ii. 184; al-járnaðr, shod on all the feet; ílla, vel
járnaðr; blóð-járna, to 'blood-shoe,' shoe to t
he quick: the ancients usually said skúa (to shoe) hest, but j
árna is the mod. term.
JÁTA, að, or játta, t: it varies between the 1st
and 2nd conjugation, the older forms being, pres. játi, játir, as
still used in the north of Icel., pret. játti, part. játt; the la
ter, pres. játa, játar, pret. játaði, part. játa
ð: [mid. H. G. jaze] :-- to say yes: I. with dat. or ab
sol. to say yes, assent; allir játtuðu því, Fms.
vii. 281; þessu játtar Þrándr, vi. 190; þessu j&
aacute;tir hann, Glúm. 360, 361: to acknowledge, confess; j&aacut
e;tta ek því, at ek hefi ..., Fms. vii. 305; sagði at Erkibisku
p hafði því játtað (v.l. jáð), viii. 258;
nú játar ek Dróttni, Stj. 174; ef þeir göra i&e
th;ran játandi þínu nafni, 567; játa Guði, Greg.
20; hann neitaði Guðs nafni en játaði guðuni sínum
, Fms. x. 324: to consent, þóat játtat hafi verit, Sk
s. 776 B; eptir lögum ok því sem þá var já
ttat, Gþl. 47; játuðu ok samþyktu allir, at ..., id.; ek
mun jata (consent) at görask hans eiginkona, Fms. i. 3; þeir b
eiða þess at Sturla játaði í dóm Jóns
Loptssonar um málit, Sturl. i. 105; Dana-konungr játtaði gj&ou
ml;finni, Fms. x. 84; nú játti jarlinn hváru-tveggja, Krist
ninni ok vingan konungs, 277; játta e-u undan sér, to yield up,
 Orkn. 52; játaði biskup upp (yielded up) öllum st&ou
ml;ðum, Bs. i. 730: to promise, þann Finninn er hann hafði
játt (ját), at ..., Fms. x. 379; mun ek þessu játa fy
rir mik ok heimamenn mína, Nj. 162; játtir þú fer&eth
;inni, didst thou promise to go? Fms. iii. 72; játa skuldar-st&ou
ml;ðum, Ld. 212. II. with acc. of the thing, to acknowledge, confe
ss; játa syndir, Fb. ii. 434, Sks. 129 new Ed., Th. 23, 625. 92: t
o grant, játtuðu allir þér konungdóm, Fms. vi
i. 153; Jesús Christr sá er ek trúi á, ok ját
i með munni, Blas. 41: to yield, give, játa konungi þat
alt er hann beiddi, Fms. xi. 224; konungr bað bændr játa s&eac
ute;r reiðskjóta, 223; játa sik, to confess one's sins,
Bs. i. 121; þann tíma er herra Gyrðr hafði sik til j&aacut
e;ttat (promised), H. E. i. 528; játta sik undir e-t, to engage
oneself, Dipl. ii. 11, Fms. ii. 238. III. reflex., játask und
ir e-t, to engage oneself to, accept, profess, Nj. 122, Fms. x. 24, xi. 3
8: to promise, hvárt-tveggja játask öðru til hj&ua
cute;skapar, H. E. i. 247.
játan and játtan, f. confession, Edda ii. 192
, H. E. i. 484.
játari, a, m. a confessor, Hom. 147, Bs. i. 48.
<PAGE NUM="b0326">
<HEADER>326 JÁTING -- JÓRSALAFARI.</HEADER>
játing, f. = játning, Hom. 4.
játning, f. confession, esp. in an eccl. sense; játn
ing heilagrar trúar, Fms. i. 142; Trúar-játning. the Cre
ed, confession of faith; Augsborgar-trúarjatning = the Augsburg Co
nfession, Confessio Augustana, Vídal. passim: synda-játning, confession of sins, H. E. i. 476, Bs. i. 746, 846, passim.
játsi, adj. indecl. saying yes, confessing; konungr var&eth
; honum þess játsi, Fms. x. 379.
já-yrði, n. = jáorð, Fms. ii. 291, vii. 359, xi. 21

8, Sturl. iii. 315, K. Á. 112.
JÓÐ, n. [this interesting word is prob. akin to óða
l, auðr, eðli, referring to an old lost strong verb, jóða, au
ð, throwing light upon the sense of these words] :-- a baby, Edda 108
, Rm. 38; jóð ól Edda, jósu vatni, Rm. 7; ól ek
mér jóð, Gh. 14, Skv. 3. 60 (Bugge); eiga jóð, Vkv.
31; fæða jóð, Am. 103; jóðs aðal, a baby
's nature, poët. of one sucking like a baby, Ýt. 13: poët.,
arnar-jóð, úlfs, gyldis, örnis jóð, an eag
le's, wolf's, giant's kin, Lex. Poët.; hauk-jóð, a hawk's
offspring, Rekst.; hún (the fox) á sér í holu j
óð, hvað eiga þau að eta? Snót.
jóð-dís or jó-dís, f. a sister,
 poët., Edda 109, Ýt. 7: as a pr. name, of women, Jó-d
ís, Jó-fríðr, Jó-reiðr, Jó-runn;
of men, Jó-steinn, see the remarks under dís.
jóðla, að, [jóð], to drawl like a baby.
jóð-ligr, adj. blooming like a baby; hón mun bar
n fæða ok mun þat sveinn vera bæði mikill ok jó
ðligr, Fb. ii. 9; hón fæddi meybarn bæði mikit ok j&o
acute;ðligt, Ísl. ii. 19.
jóð-móðir, f. [Dan. corrupt jorde-moder], a midwife.
jóð-sjúk, f. adj. 'baby-sick,' in labour, Ann. 1
371.
jóð-sótt, f. the pains of childbirth, travail-pains,
 Fms. iv. 32, Mar. passim.
jóð-ungr, adj. 'baby-young,' infantile, Skv. 3. 37.
jóð-verkr, m. = jóðsótt, Mag. 95.
JÓL, n. pl., in rhymes, gólig, Jóla, &
Oacute;. H. (in a verse); [A. S. geôl, sometimes used of the whole
month of December, whereas December is also called æra geola = 
fore Yule, and January æftera geola = after Yule; the pl
ur. in Icel. perhaps refers to this double month. The origin and etymology of th
e word Yule is much contested, and has been treated at length by Grimm (Gesch. d
er Deutschen Sprache), who tries to make out a relation between the Lat. J&ulong;lus or J&u-long;lius and the Teut. Yule, the one being a
midsummer month, the other a midwinter month; like former etymologists, he also
derives the word from hjól, a wheel, as referring to the sun's whe
eling round at midwinter and midsummer time. The resemblance of the words is str
iking, as also the old northern celebration of the midsummer feast Jónsva
ka (see below), which was in fact a kind of midsummer Yule.]
B. Yule, a great feast in the heathen time, afterwards applied to
Christmas (as still in North. E.) In Icel. popular usage Yule-eve is a ki
nd of landmark by which the year is reckoned, so that a man is as many years old
as he has passed Yule nights, hafa lifað (so and so) margar Jóla-n&a
elig;tr; for the year counts from Yule night, whence the phrase, vera íll
a or vel á ár kominn, to become well or ill in the year;
 thus a person born shortly before Yule is 'ílla á ár
kominn,' for at next Yule he will be reckoned one year old, whereas one born jus
t after it is 'vel á ár kominn.' The heathen Yule lasted thirteen
days, whence are derived the names Þrettándi, the thirteenth
= Epiphany, i.e. the 6th of January, as also the Engl. 'Twelfth-night;'
it is however probable that the heathen feast was held a little later than the C
hristian (see hökunótt). The heathen Yule was a great merry-making,
and tales of ghosts, ogres, and satyrs were attached to it, esp. the Jóla
-sveinar or 'Yule-lads,' a kind of goblins or monster satyrs, thirteen i
n number, one to each day of the feast, sons of the kidnapping hag Grýla
(q.v.), whose names were used to frighten children with, see Ísl. Þ
jóðs. i. 219, 220. As the night lengthens and the day shortens, the g
hosts gain strength, and reach their highest at Yule time, see Grett. ch. 34-37,
67-70, Eb. ch. 34, Flóam. S. ch. 22. The day next before Yule is called
atfanga-dagr (q.v.) Jóla, when stores were provided and fresh ale brewed,
Jóla-öl. Passages in the Sagas referring to Yule are numerous, e.g.
Hervar. S. ch. 4, Hálfd. S. Svarta ch. 8, Har. S. Hárf. ch. 16 (i
n a verse), Hák. S. Góða ch. 12, 15, 19, Ó. H. ch. 151,
Eb. ch. 31, Landn. 3. ch. 15 (in the Hb.), Bjarn. 51 sqq., Sturl. iii. 127. As
for Yule games cp. the Norse and Danish Jule-buk, Jola-geit (Ivar
Aasen) = a Yule goat, Dan. Jule-leg = a Yule game. II. in poetry a feast (generally); hugins jól, a raven's feast, Fms. vi. 255 (in a verse), cp. Bjarn. 36. COMPDS: Jóla-aptan,
m. Yule-eve, Landn. 215, Fms. vii. 183, ix. 480, xi. 15. Jóla-b
ál, n. a 'Yule-bale,' Yule-fire, a bright blazing fire, Sk&yac
ute;r. 265. Jóla-boð, n. a Yule banquet, Eg. 516, Fms.
ii. 39, Hkr. ii. 70. Jóla-bók, f. a Yule book, lessons f
or Christmas Day, Am. 30, Pm. 14. Jóla-dagr, m. a Yule day (first, second, etc.), K. Þ. K., Nj. 165, 270, Rb. 44, 436. J&oacut
e;la-drykkja, u, f. Yule drinking, Landn. 216, Fbr. 138, Bjarn. 51,
Fms. vii. 274. Jóla-fasta, u, f. Yule-fast, the preparation for
Christmas = Advent, K. Þ. K., Rb., Eb. 272. Jóla-fri
ðr, m. Yule-peace, sanctity, Sturl. iii. 127. Jólaf&oum
l;stu-bók, f. lessons for Advent, Pm. 79. Jólaf&ouml
;stu-tíð, f. (-tími, a, m.), Advent time, K
. Á. 188. Jóla-gjöf, f. a Yule gift, Christmas box,
 Eg. 516, Hkr. ii. 70: a tax paid to the king, N. G. L. i. 58, Fms. v
ii. 1, x. 410. Jóla-grið, n. pl. = Jólafriðr. J&
oacute;la-hald, n. a keeping of Yule, Fms. i. 31. Jóla-helg
i, f. Yule holiday, K. Þ. K. Jóla-höll, f. a hall where Yule is held, Fms. ix. 372. Jóla-kveld, n. Y
ule-eve, Fms. i. 76, iv. 82, vii. 161. Jóla-les, n. a Yule
lesson, Pm. 31. Jóla-morgin, m. Yule morning, Fs. 143.
Jóla-nótt, f., see above, Fms. i. 31, x. 296, K. Þ. K
. 126. Jóla-skrá, f. a Yule scroll, see Ísl.
Þjóðs. ii. 561, a kind of almanack with weather prophecies. 
Jóla-sveinar, m. pl., see above. Jóla-tíð, f
. Yule-tide, N. G. L. i. 350: in plur., Jóla-tíðir, Christmas service, Fms. ii. 37. Jólatíða-b&oacut
e;k, f. lessons for Christmas, Am. 72. Jóla-tungl, n. the Yule moon. Jóla-veizla, u, f. a Yule banquet, Fms
. i. 31, x. 178. Jóla-vist, f. holding, staying the Yule, E
b. 236, Hkr. i. 72, Fms. ix. 290, x. 410, Sturl. i. 216. Jóla-öl,
 n. Yule ale, Eb. 274.
Jólfuðr, m. a name of Odin, Edda; as also Jólfr,
a pr. name, Fas. ii.
JÓLL, m.; the mod. form njóli is no doubt a corruption from
hvannjóli (q.v.), by dropping the former part of the compd, but retainin
g the final n, which was transferred to the latter part of the compd, jus
t as in Dan. paa = opp-aa: [jol = angelica sylvestris, Ivar Aasen] :-- wild angelica; the word is recorded in the Edda Lauf.,
and occurs in Ls. 3, -- jól (acc.) ok áfu færi ek Á
sa sonum ok blend ek þeim svá meini mjöð, denoting that Lo
ki threatened to poison their ale with ill-flavoured herbs (the passage must cer
tainly be so taken, and not as suggested s.v. áfr, p. 40).
Jól-mánuðr, m. the Yule month, Rb. 556, Fms. x.
222.
Jólnir, m. a name of Odin: in plur., jólnar, the
gods, Edda (Gl.), Ht.
JÓM, n. a county in Pomerania, where the Danes had an ancient colo
ny and stronghold called Jóms-borg, f. and Jóms-v&iacute
;kingar, m. pl. the Vikings of Jom: Jómvíkinga-barda
gi, a, m. the battle of J. (in the year 994), Fms. passim: J&oacut
e;mvíkinga-saga, u, f. the Saga of J.
Jómali, a, m. [a Tchudic word], the idol of the Finns at th
e White Sea, Ó. H. ch. 122.
jóm-frú, f. a maid, miss; see jungfrú.
JÓN, m. (Jónn, Fb.), a pr. name, contraction of the
older dissyllabic Jóann, John, Johannes, see Íb. 17:
of the same origin are Jóhann, Jóhannes, Jens, which have
come into use since the Reformation, whereas Jón or Jóan appears i
n Icel. at the middle of the 11th century, and soon afterwards became so popular
that in the K. Á. (of 1276) it is made to serve for M. M. (N. or M.) in
the baptismal formula, as also in the law formula, yfir höfði Jó
ni, against M. M., see Njála. Jóns-bók, f. John's book, the code of laws of 1281, named after John the lawyer (lö
gmaðr), who brought the book from Norway to Icel., Ann. 1281, Árna S.
II. St. John Baptist's Day (June 24) is in the northern countries a kind
of midsummer Yule, and was in Norway and Sweden celebrated with bonfires, dance
s, and merriment; and tales of fairies and goblins of every kind are connected w
ith St. John's eve in summer as well as with Yule-eve in winter. The name of the
feast varies, -- Jóns-dagr, m., Jóns-messa, u, f.,
Jónsvöku-dagr, m. the day, mass of St. John = the 24th
of June; Jóns-nótt, f., Jóns-vaka, u, f., St. John's eve, 'John's-wake,' Rb. 530, Sturl. iii. 59, N. G. L. i. 340, 34
3, Fms. viii. 357, ix. 7: Jónsvöku-skeið, Fms. x. 49: Jón
svöku-leyti, id. In Norway the feast is at present called Jonsoka =
Jónsvaka, and the fires Jonsoku-brising (cp. the Brisinga-men of t
he Edda). The origin of this feast is no doubt heathen, being a worship of light
and the sun, which has since been adapted to a Christian name and the Christian
calendar. For the fairy tales connected with this feast, see Ísl. &THORN
;jóðs., which tales again call to mind Shakspeare's Midsummer Night's
Dream: Jónsmessu-öl, n. ale brewed for St. John's day, N. G. L. i. 137; þá var sumar-tíð ok hát&iacute
;ð mikil Jónsvöku-nótt, Bær. 17. 2. J&oac
ute;ns-dagr, Jóns-messa are also used to signify the day or mass of the Icel. bishop John (died A.D. 1121), April 23 and March 3, see B
s.: Jóns-höfuð, Jóns-skript, f. the head, table
t of St. John, B. K., Vm., etc.: Jóns-stúka, u, f. c
hapel of St. John, Sturl. i. 125.
JÓR, m., gen. jós, Ls. 13; dat. jó, Hm. 89; acc. j&o
acute;, Hkv. 2. 47, Skm. 15, Kormak: plur. jóar, dat. jóm, Gm. 30,
Hðm. 3; acc. plur. jóa, Hkv. 2. 38, but jói, 39; gen. plur. j
óa, Gm. 43: [O. H. G. and Hel. ehu; in Goth. prob. aihvus;
but as the Acts, Apocalypse, and Epistle of St. James are lost in the version of
Ulf., we do not know the exact Goth. word for a horse: the Gr. GREEK (GREEK) an
d Lat. equus represent the uncontracted, the Teut. ehu, eô-
(jó-r) the contracted form] :-- a stallion, but only used in poetr
y; in mod. poets the r is wrongly kept as radical in plur. jórar,
dat. plur. jórum: poët. also, borð-jór, siglu-jór,
'board-steed,' 'sail-steed,' = a ship.
jór-bjúg or rather jór-bjúga, n. [from
jöfur, a boar, and bjúga, q.v.] :-- a kind of sausage
(?), a GREEK, Gkv. 2. 24, referring to iðrar blótnar and svín
s-lifr soðin in the preceding verse.
jó-reið, f. horsemen (?), Hkv. 1. 47.
jó-reykr, m. the cloud of dust seen afar off above a body o
f horsemen, Fms. vi. 411, vii. 68, Al. 31, Fas. i. 497.
Jór-salir, m. pl. Jerusalem. COMPDS: Jórsala-borg
, f. Jerusalem. Jórsala-fari, a, m. Jerusalem-travel
ler: as an appellative,
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<HEADER>JÓRSALAFÉ -- JARÐARMEN. 327</HEADER>
Sigurðr J., Fms. vii; Björn J., Ann. Jórsala-fé, -gj&o
uml;f, -tíund, f. a Jerusalem fee, penny, tithe (referring to
the Crusades), Fms., Ann., Sks., Bs., Rb., Hom. passim. Jórsala-fer&et
h;, -för, f. a journey to J. Jórsala-haf, n. t
he sea of J. = the Mediterranean. Jórsala-heimr, m., -land, -ríki, n. the land of J. = Palestine. J&oacu
te;rsala-konungr, m. the king of J. Jórsala-menn, -l&yacute
;ðr, m. the people of J.
jórtr, m. rumination, of animals: jórtr-dý
r, -kvikendi, n. ruminating animals.
JÓRTRA, að, prob. qs. jótra, from jótr (q.v.), to ruminate, Stj. 316 :-- jórtruð húð, a rugged h
ide, rough as an animal's maw, Fas. iii. (in a verse).
Jór-vík, also in later writers Jórk, contr. f
rom A. S. Eoforwic, York (Lat. Ebor&a-short;cum), Fms.
Jótar, m. pl. the Jutes, a Dan. tribe. Jótland, n. Jutland: Jótlands-haf, n. the Cattegat: J&o
acute;tlands-síða, u, f. the west coast of Jutland, Fms.,
Eg.
JÓTR, m., gen. jótrs, Þd. 17, a canine tooth,
Edda (Gl.): medic., andlits mein (face disease) þat er menn kalla j
ótr, similar to gaddr (q.v.) in sheep, Bs. i. 611.
Jótskr, adj. Jutish, from Jutland, Fms.
juð, n. a maundering.

juða, að, to maunder; vertu ekki að juða! (slang.)
jukk, n. a mess, medley; allt í jukki, all in a mess.
jula, u, f. a yawl, (mod.)
jung-frú, f., junk-frú, Fms. x. 86, v.l.; jung-fr
úva, Mork. 14; whence the mod. jóm-frú, Dan. 
jomfru; both words are foreign and derived from Germ. jungfrau, as is
shewn by the initial j; the word however appears in the 13th century, mo
stly in the sense of a princess, esp. those of foreign birth, as in Fms.
vi. 59, 132, of a Saxon and Russian princess; but also jungfrú Margr&eacu
te;t, of a daughter of Skúli hertogi, ix. 292, 412; jungfrú Krist&
iacute;n, 220, of an earl's daughter; but esp. in the Hák. S. Gamla (Fms.
ix, x), passim: of the Virgin Mary, Dipl. ii. 14, B. K. 83. jungfrú-a
ldr, m. maiden age, time of maidenhood, Stj.
jungfrú-dómr, mod. jómfrúr-dómr, m. maidenhood, Clar.
jungfrú-ligr, adj. maiden-like, Mar.
jung-herra, m., or junkeri, a, m., the Germ. jungherr, junker, prop. a young lord, in old writers esp. used of a prince, Fms.
vi. 51, Magn. 462, Ann., Fms. ix. passim, Fas. iii. 358.
jung-ligr, adj. = ungligr, Fb. ii. 538.
jung-menni, n. a young man, Barl. 112, 156.
jungr, adj. young ( = ungr); this Germanized form is freq. in some
MSS. of the 14th and 15th centuries (see Fb. pref. xxii), as also in ballads (r
ímur) of that time (Skíða R. 199, Þrymlur 7), but was af
terwards disused, and never took root in the spoken language.
JURT, f., later urt, which forms also occur in old writers, Al. 85
, Hom. 53, no doubt a borrowed word from the Germ. or Saxon; the j being
a substitute for the Germ. w, which cannot be sounded in Icel. before the
letter u; [A. S. wyrt; Engl. wort; O. H. G. wurz; G
erm. würze; Dan. urt] :-- aromatic herbs, used to seas
on wine, dishes, ointment; in old writers only in that sense, whereas in mod. us
age = a herb; smyrsl ok jurtir, Magn. 430; smyrja með dýrustum
jurtum, Al. 30; skaltú laugask ok smyrja þik ágætum j
urtum, Stj. 423; dýrligra urta, Eluc. 53; dýrar jurtir, Fas. iii.
359; allar þær urtir er bezt ilma, Al. 85; ágætar jurti
r, Bs. i. 258; krydd ok jurtir, Stj. 194; ilmandi urtir, Hom. 53. II. mod
. a herb; grösin og jurtir grænar, Hallgr. COMPDS: jurta-ga
rðr, m. [Dan. urtegaard], a garden of herbs, a kitchen-garden.
 jurta-klefi, a, m. a room for spices, Stj. 205. jurtar-leg
r, adj. spicy, Stj. 74. jurta-teinungr, m. a stick of spice
, Stj. 74: but, mat-jurtir, herbs, garden stuff (mod.); matjurta-b&oa
cute;k, a book about herbs.
justa, u, f. [for. word; justa, Du Gauge], a kind of measure for liquids, four justur making a bolli (q.v.), Gþl. 525, MS. 732. 16 (o
f a vessel), Nj. 43.
justis, m. [for. word], justice, H. E. i. 503, Thom.

jú, adv. [cp. Dan. jo; O. H. G. jû; Germ. j
e], yes; jú jú, yea yea; ó-jú, 
id. (convers.)
Júdi, a, m. a Jew, Lat. Judaeus, (rare); cp. Gyð
ingr.
JÚGR, n. [Engl. udder; North. E. yure or yower; Germ. euter; Dan. yver; Swed. jur; Gr. GREEK; Lat. ub
er] :-- an udder, Bs. i. 194, Fb. ii. 165, freq. in mod. usage; &thor
n;víað stálmi var farinn að koma í júgrin, O
d. ix. 440. júgr-bólga, u, f., júgr-mein, n.
an udder disease.
júg-tanni, a, m., qs. jótr-tanni (?), 'tusk-tooth,'
poët. for a bear, Korm., Lex. Poët.
júr, yes, Skálda 163, Art. 126; see jaur.
júristi, a, m. [for. word], a lawyer, Bs. i. Laur. S.
jæ-ja, interj. aye aye! yes! denoting hesitation, Piltr og S
túlka 8.
jöfnuðr, m. equity; see jafnaðr.
JÖFURR, m., dat. jöfri, pl. jöfrar: I. [A. S. eo
for; O. H. G. epar; Germ. eber; Lat. aper] :-- a wil
d boar; but it occurs in this sense only twice or thrice in poetry, Merl. 1.
39, Gkv. 2. 24. II. metaph. a king, warrior, prob. from the custo
m of wearing boar's heads as helmets, cp. A. S. eofor-cumbol and Hildig&
ouml;ltr; jöfurr in this sense is not used in prose, but is freq. in old po
etry, even in poems as old as the Ýt., see Lex. Poët. Sense I. is un
known to the Scandin., and sense II. to the Teut. languages.
jöklaðr, part. covered with icicles, Sks. 229, of the bea
rd.
jökul-barinn, part. storm-beaten, stiffened with ice, Lv. 86.
jökul-hlaup, n. an 'ice-leap,' ravine.
jökul-kaldr, adj. ice-cold, Flóv.
JÖKULL, m., dat. jökli, pl. jöklar, prop. a dimin. from ja
ki, q.v.; [A. S. gicel, i.e. îs-gicel, whence Engl. icicl
e; Low Germ. jokel] :-- an icicle; gékk inn í s
al, glumdu jöklar, var karls er kom kinnskógr frörinn, H&yacute
;m. 10, of the icicles in the giant's beard; síðan tóku &thorn
;eir jöklana ok bræddu, Fms. ix. 155: so also in poët. phrases,
where silver is called jökull handar or mund-jökull, the ici
cle of the hand, Hallfred, Lex. Poët.: as also böðvar-j., t
he war-icicle = the sword, or sár-j., the wound-icicle,
see Lex. Poët. II. a metaph. sense, ice, gener.; vatnið
snýsk í jökul, Sks. 196; settu þeir þat upp me&et
h; öllum sjánum sem í var ok jöklinum, en þat var
mjök sýlt, i.e. they launched the ship with all the ice in it, Grett. 125: snjór ok jökull, Sks. jökla-gangr, m. a
n ice-drift, Grett. 132 new Ed. 2. in specific Icel. sense, a glac
ier; this sense the Icelanders probably derived from the Norse county Harda
nger, which is the only county of Norway in which Jökul appears as a local
name, see Munch's Norg. Beskr.; in Icel. it is used all over the country both as
an appellative and in local names, whereas the primitive sense (icicle)
is quite lost, Fs., Fb., Eg. 133, Nj. 208, passim. 3. in local names, Bal
l-jökull, Eyjafjalla-j., Snæfells-j., Vatna-j., Mýrdals-j., &O
uml;ræfa-j., Dranga-j., Langi-j., Eireks-j., etc., see the map of Icel.; t
he glaciers of the Icel. colony in Greenland are also called jökuls: of riv
ers, Jökuls-á, f. Ice-water; Jökuls-dalr,
m. Ice-water-dale; Jökla-menn, m. pl. the men from the cou
nty Jökul (i.e. Snæfells-jökull), Sturl. ii. 158; Jökla
manna-búð and goðorð, see búð and goðorð.
jökul-vatn, n. ice-water from a glacier, Fas. iii. 570, Mar.
jökul-vetr, n. an icy, hard winter, Ann. 1233.
JÖRÐ, f., gen. jarðar; dat. jörðu, mod. also j&ouml
;rð; pl. jarðir; in old writers dat. and acc. are carefully distinguishe
d; in mod. prose and conversation the apocopated dative is mostly used, whereas
the poets use either form, as is most convenient for the flow of the verse and t
he metre, as in the Passion hymns, α. the full form; og hindra gj&o
uml;rðu, | Guðs dýrðarljós svo lýsi mér
á lifandi manna jörðu, 9. 9; merk að úr jörð
u mátti ei neinn, 46. 10; hróp og háreysti gjörðu
... | kringum krossinn á jörðu, 39. 7; nakinn Jesum á j&o
uml;rðu ... | með heiptar sinni hörðu, 33. 4; Lausnarinn ni&eth
;r á jörðu, 34. 1; blóðsveitinn þinn eg bið
mér sé, | blessan og vernd á jörðunni, 3. 12; ein
s hér á jörðu upp frá því, 21. 10; &t
horn;ó leggist lík í jörðu ... | hún m&aeli
g;tir aldrei hörðu, Hallgr. β. the apocopated form; en Jes&
uacute; hlýðni aptr hér, allri jörð blessan fær
ir, Pass. 24. 6; heiðr, lof, dýrð á himni og jörð
| hjártanleg ástar þakkar-gjörð, 3. 18; þ&oa
cute; heiðarleg sé hér á jörð | holdi ú
tvaldra líkför gjörð, 49. 14; ef hér á j&ouml
;rð er hróp og háð, 14. 16; hvað göra þeir
sem hér á jörð | hafa að spotti Drottins orð, 10:
[Goth. airþa; A. S. eorde; Hel. ertha; old Scot. 
yearthe; Engl. earth: O. H. G. erda; Germ. erde; Dutch
aarde; Fris. irth; Swed.-Dan. jord.]
A. The earth; jörð ok himin, Nj. 194; jörð ok up
phimin, Vsp. 3; jörð iðja-græna, 58; íllt er á
jörð of orðit, Glúm. (in a verse), Hm. 138, and prose passim
; jarðar yfirbragð er böllótt, Rb. 460, 465; jarðar bugr
, böllr, hringr, hvel, mynd, endi, bygð, the earth's bight, ball, ri
ng, wheel, shape, end, habitation, 440, 466, 472: for the mythol. genesis of
the earth see Vsp. l.c., Vþm. 20, 21, Gm. 40: as a mythical goddess, the
Earth was daughter of Ónar (Ónars-dóttir) and Nótt (
the night), and sister of Day on the mother's side, Edda 7: Thor was the Earth's
son, Jarðar-sonr, m., Haustl. II. the surface of the earth
, earth; falla til jarðar, Nj. 64; koma til jarðar, to throw dow
n, Fms. v. 348; falla frjáls á jörð, N. G. L. i. 32,
Grág. ii. 192; á jörðu ok í jörðu, Finnb.
290; bíta gras af jörðunni, Fms. xi. 7; skeðja jör&eth
;u, K. Þ. K. 22; jörð eða stein, Sks. 88; erja jörð,
to 'ear' the earth, plough, Rb. 100; flestir menn séru jarðir
sínar, Fms. i. 92: jarðar aldin, ávöxtr, blómi, d

upt, dust, dýr, kvikendi, skriðdýr, etc., the earth's fruit
, produce, blossom, dust, deer, beasts, reptiles, etc., H. E. ii. 188, Gr&aa
cute;g. ii. 347, Ver. 17, Fas. iii. 669, Sks. 527, 628, Stj. 18, 77. 2. pasture; görði kulda mikla með snjóum ok íllt t
il jarðar, Grett. 91 A; taka til jarðar, to graze, Skm. 15: freq.
in mod. usage, góð jörð, lítil jörð, jar&et
h;-leysi, jarð-laust, jarð-bann, q.v. 3. mould, Lat. hu
mus; jörð sú er á innsigli er lögð, Læ
kn. 472: soil, sand-jörð, sandy soil; leir-jörð,
clayey soil, etc. COMPDS: jarðar-ber, n. pl., Germ. erd-be
eren, strawberries. jarðar-för, f. burial. jar&et
h;ar-megin, n. 'earth-main,' power, in a mythol. sense, Hm. 138, Hdl.
37, Gkv. 2. 21. jarðar-men, n. [Dan. jordsmon], a sod, tur
f, Lat. caespes, Landn. 293 (in a verse), Eb. (in a verse); ganga un
dir jarðarmen: for the heathen rite of creeping under a sod partially detach
ed from the earth and letting the blood mix with the mould, see Gísl. 11,
Fbr. 6 new Ed.: as an ordeal, Ld. ch. 18: as a disgrace, similar to the Lat. jugum subire, Nj. 181, Vd. ch. 33.
B. Land, an estate, very freq. in Icel., answering to Norse bol
, Dan.
<PAGE NUM="b0328">
<HEADER>328 JARÐARBRIGÐ -- KAFNA.</HEADER>
gaard; thus, túlf, tuttugu, sextíu, ... hundraða j&ouml
;rð, land of twelve, twenty, sixty, ... hundreds value; byggja j&ouml
;rð, to lease a farm; búa á jörð, to live o
n a farm; leigja jörð, to hold land as a tenant (leigu-li&et
h;i); góð bú-jörð, good land for farming; har&
eth;bala-jörð, barren, bad land; plógs-jörð, land yielding rare produce, eider-down or the like; land-jörð, 
an inland estate, opp. to sjóvar-jörð, land by the sea si
de; Benedikt gaf sira Þórði jarðir út á S
kaga hverjar svá heita ..., Dipl. v. 27. COMPDS: jarðar-, sing
. or jarða-, pl.: jarðar-brigð, f. reclamation of l
and, N. G. L. i. 238, Jb. 190. jarðar-bygging, f. a leasing o
f land. jarðar-eigandi, part. a landowner, Gþl. 337
. jarðar-eign, f. possession of land, Pm. 45: an estate, Dipl.
iii. 10, iv. 9. jarðar-hefð, f. a holding of land, tenure, Jb. 261. jarðar-helmingr, m. the half of a land or farm, Dipl. iv. 2, v. 24. jarðar-hundrað, n. a hundrað (
q.v.) in an estate. jarðar-höfn, f. = jarðarhefð,
Gþl. 91. jarðar-flag, n. mortgaged land. Dipl. v. 9. jarðar-kaup or jarða-kaup, n. the purchase of land, D
ipl. iii. 8. jarðar-leiga, u, f. rent of land, Gþl. 260.
jarðar-lýsing, f. the publication of a conveyance of land,
 Gþl. 307. jarðar-mark, n. a landmark, march or b
oundary of land, Dipl. v. 7. jarða-mat, n. a survey of land fo
r making a terrier: jarðamats-bók, the terrier of an estate :-- so also jarða-máldagi, a, m. jarðar-máli, a, m. a lease, MS. 346, 167. jarðar-megin, n. a certain
portion of land; þá skulu þeir svá halda garð
i upp sem þeir hafa j. til, N. G. L. i. 40; halda kirkju-góðs e
ptir jarðarmagni, H. E. i. 459; sá leiðangr er görisk af jar
ðarmagni, Gþl. 91. jarðar-partr, m. a portion of land, Dipl. iv. 13. jarðar-rán, f. seizure (unlawful) o
f land, Gþl. 357. jarðar-reitr, m. a parcel of land,

Jm. 8, Pm. 52. jarða-skeyting, f. escheatage of land, N. G.
L. i. 96. jarðar-skipti, n. a parcelling of land, Gþl. 2
86, 287: mod. jarða-skipti, n. pl. = exchange of lands, Dipl.
i. 12. jarðar-spell, n. damage of land, Rd. 274, Gþl. 31
1. jarða-tal, n. a 'land-tale,' a register of farms. jar&et
h;ar-teigr, m. = jarðarreitr, Dipl. iii. 12. jarðar-usli, a,
m. = jarðarspell. jarðar-verð, n. the price of land,
Dipl. v. 17, 22. jarðar-vígsla, u, f. consecration of land by sprinkling holy water, N. G. L. i. 352. jarðar-þjófr,
 m. a 'land-thief,' a law term of a person who removes the mark-stone
s, N. G. L. i. 44.
JÖRFI, a, m. gravel; hann jós á þá
jörfa ok moldu, Stj. 529. 2 Sam. xvi. 13, 'lapides terramque spargens' of
the Vulgate :-- gravel, gravelly soil; þar var þá v&i
acute;ða blásit ok jörvi, er þá vóru hl&iacu
te;ðir fagrar, Fas. ii. 558; Þorsteinn gékk frá at j&oum
l;rva nökkurum, Þorst. Síðu H. 183: in local names, J&o
uml;rfi (Eb.) in the west, and in the south Klifs-jörfi, also called Kl
ifs-sandr, Bjarn. (in a verse). Jörva-sund, n., Hkv. 1. 24 (Bugge),
Vídal., Skýr. 302.
JÖRMUN-, a prefix in a few old mythical words, implying something huge, vast, superhuman: [cp. the A. S. eormen- in eormcn-cyn, -gr
und, -lâf, -strind, -þeôð; and Hel. irmin- in irmin-got = the great god, irmin-man = the great man, irmin-sul = a sacred column or idol, irmin-thiod = mankind, see Schmeller] :-- great; the compds. of this word, which occur in old
Scandin. poets only, are, Jörmun-gandr, m. the Great Monster,
a name of the northern Leviathan, the Midgard Serpent, Vsp. 50, Bragi (Edda i.
254): Jörmund-grund, f. = A. S. eormen-grund (Beowulf), = 
the earth, Gm. 20: Jörmun-rekr, m. a pr. name, A. S. Eormenri
c (the Goth. form would be Airmanariks), Edda, Bragi: Jörmunþrjótr, m. the Great Evil One, of a giant, Haustl.
jörmunr, m. a name of Odin, Edda (Gl.): name of an ox, id.
jöstr, m., gen. jastar, [ister, Ivar Aasen], a kind of wil
low, Bragi (Edda) twice.
Jösurr, m. a pr. name, Hdl.; perhaps derived from Norse jase
= a hare, Ivar Aasen.
jötun-bygðr, part. peopled by giants, Ýt.
Jötun-heimar, m. pl. Giants'-land, Edda, Haustl., Vsp., Stor.
, Sæm. 70.
jötun-kuml, n. the giant-badge, the stamp of the giant, Fas.
iii. (in a verse).
jötun-móðr, m. giant's mood, giant's fury, a kind
of berserksgangr, Vsp. 50; færask í jötunmóð, Edda
136, Fms. iii. 194.; opp. to Ás-móðr.
JÖTUNN, m., dat. jötni, pl. jötnar; [this word, so popular
in Icel. and still preserved in the form jutel of the Norse legends, har
dly occurs in Germ. or Saxon, except that A. S. eoten, ent, and entisc
 occur perhaps ten or a dozen times, see Grein] :-- a giant, Vþ
m. passim, Vsp. 2; jötuns brúðr, a giant's bride, Hdl. 4;

jötna synir, the giants' sons, opp. to 'sons of men,' Vþm. 16
; jötna vegir, the giants' ways, the mountains, Hm. 106; jötna
rúnar, the giants' mysteries, the mysteries of the world, V&thor
n;m. 42, 43; jötna garðar, the giants' yard or home, Skm.
30; jötna mjöðr, the giant's mead, poetry, see Edda 47, 48
; jötuns hauss, the giant's skull = the heaven (cp. Vþm
. 21), Arnór; jötuns und, the giants' wound = the sea,
Stor. 2; gold is called the speech of giants (orð, munntal j&
ouml;tna), Lex. Poët.; Thor is the bane of giants, jötna-bani,
-dólgr, Lex. Poët. For the genesis of the Jötnar see Edda. Famo
us giants of whom the Edda records tales were, Ýmir, Hýmir, Hrungn
ir, Þjazi, Örvandill, Gýmir, Skrýmir, Vafþr&uacut
e;ðnir, Dofri, see Edda (Gl.): for appearances of giants in the Sagas see Nj
. ch. 134, Hkr. i. 229, Landn. 84, Fb. i. ch. 453-455.
jötun-uxi, a, m. 'giant-ox, ' a kind of beetle, scarabaeus
.
K
K (ká) is the tenth letter of the alphabet; in the common Runes it
was represented by RUNE (kaun); the Anglo-Saxon k was called ce&acirc
;n or cên = Germ. kien, a pine or fir-tree; but a
s this was not a Norse word, the Scandinavians represented it by the Norse word
nearest in sound to it, kaun (a boil or scab), which bears witness
of the Anglo-Saxon origin of the old Norse Runic poem.
B. PRONUNCIATION. -- The k is sounded hard or aspirate, the pronun
ciation varying as that of g does, see p. 186; it is hard in kaldr, koma,
kunna, aspirate in kel, kem, kenna, kið, kyssa, kæti, keyri, vekja, e
tc.; the only difference is that k has the same sound, whether initial or
medial, kaka, kíkir, just as in English: in modern Danish the medial 
k has been softened into g, e.g. Icel. sök, vaka, líka,
Engl. sake, wake, like, are in Danish sounded sag, vaage, lige, wh
ereas Sweden and Norway as well as Iceland have kept the old pronunciation. 2
. the letter k before t and s is sounded as g, t
hus okt and ogt, þykkt and þygt, slíks and slígs are s
ounded alike; and so k is now and then misplaced in MSS., e.g. lakt = lag
t, heilakt = heilagt. The spelling and other points referring to k have a
lready been treated under C, p. 93; for qu = kv see Gramm. p. xxxv
i. (II. i. δ).
C. CHANGES. -- The change of initial kn into hn has been me
ntioned in the introduction to letter H (B. II. 2. γ), where however 'hnef
i' ought to be struck out of the list: for the changes of nk into kk see the introduction to letter N. II. according to Grimm's law, the Te
ut. k answers to the Gr. and Lat. g; thus Lat. genus, genu, ge
nt-is, Gr. GREEK = Icel. kyn, kné, kind, etc.: but in borrowed words
no change has taken place, as in Keisari, kista, kerti, kjallari, = Lat. Caes
ar, cista, cera, cella; the words borrowed in that way are verv numerous in
this letter, but there are some slang or vulgar words, which seem not borrowed,
and yet no change has taken place.
kaðall, m., dat. kaðli, [prob. like Engl. cable, borrowed
from mid. Lat. capulum, caplum; the word perhaps denotes twisted ropes, f
or in olden times the Scandinavians made their cables of walrus skin, svör&
eth;r] :-- a cable, esp. as a naut. term, Fms. ii. 279, vii. 82, 283, &Oa
cute;. H. 28, Fas. ii. 543, Gullþ. 8, passim.
KAF, n. [akin to kvef, kóf, kæfa (q.v.), dropping the v] :-- a plunge into water, a dive, diving; fær hann þ&aacut
e; annat kaf at öðru, one dive after another, Fb. ii. 215; &aacu
te; kaf and í kaf, into water, under water; hlaupa á kaf.
to plunge into water, dive, Fs. 48, Eg. 123, Fms. vi. 318, vii. 224, pass
im; sigla skip í kaf, ii. 64; fara í kaf, to go under water, du
ck, Bs. i. 355: as also of land covered with water or flooded,
or even covered with snow, passim; falla í kaf, færask ymsi
r í kaf, they ducked one another, Fb. ii. 215; á kafi and &
iacute; kafi, under water, diving, swimming, Bs. i. 355, Eg. 387, Fms. i
ii. 4, vii. 232, xi. 383, Grág. ii. 309: of snow, lágu hestarnir &
aacute; kafi í snjónum svá at draga varð upp, Eg. 546:
also metaph., standa á kafi, to sink deep, so as to be hidden, of
a weapon in a wound; öxin stóð á kafi, Fms. vi. 424; kom
annat hornit á kviðinn, svá at þegar stóð &aa
cute; kafi, Eb. 326: opp. to these phrases is, koma upp úr kali, to em
erge, Stj. 75: plur. köf, gasping for breath, Bjarni 142, (and-k
öf, choked breath.) 2. poët. the deep; kafs hestr
, the horse of the deep, a ship, Sighvat; kaf-sunna, the sun of the de
ep = gold, Eb. (in a verse). COMPDS: kafa-fjúk, n. a
thick fall of snow, Fms. ix. 233, Bs. i. 442, Fs. 54. kafa-hrí&et
h;, f. id., Sturl. i. 212, Fas. ii. 133.
kafa, að, to dive, swim under water, Jb. 403, Eg. 142, Fs. 92,
Fms. iii. 4, Stj. 75, Fbr. 100 new Ed., Grett. 131, 141; kafa upp, to emerge
, Stj. 249, passim: of a ship, to be swamped in a heavy sea, s&iacute
;ðan kafaði skipit, Fas. ii. 492: reflex. to plunge into water, S
ks. 116, N. G. L. ii. 284.
kafald, n. a thick fall of snow, freq. in mod. usage; mold-k. k
afalds-fjúk, n. id.
kaffe, n. coffee; kaffe-kvern, kaffe-bolli, kaffe-ketill, a cof
fee-mill, coffee-cup, coffee-pot; derived from the Fr. café th
rough Dan. caffe, and not older than the 18th century, for the satirical
poem Þagnarmál of 1728 and Eggert Ólafsson (died 1768) menti
on tea and tobacco, but not coffee, which came into use in Icel. as a popular be
verage not earlier than the end of the 18th century.
kaf-færa, ð, to duck another, Mag. 77.
kaf-för, f. a ducking, Þórð. 11 new Ed.
kaf-hlaðinn, part. deep-laden, of a ship, Ó. H. 115, Bs
. ii. 81,
kaf-hlaup, n. a deep snow-drift, Eg. 74, Fms. viii. 400, ix. 366,
v.l.
kaf-hleypr, adj. impassable, of snow, Fagrsk. 186.
KAFLI, a, m. [akin to kefli, q.v.; Swed. bud-kafle], a piece cu
t off; esp. a buoy fastened to a cable, net, or the like, Gþl.
427, 428; meðal-kafli, a 'mid-piece,' a sword's hilt. 2. meta
ph., tók at leysa ísinn köflum, the ice began to thaw into
floes, Þórð. 11 new Ed.: in mod. usage, köflum and me
ð köflum (adverb.), now and then, 'in bits.' II. mod. 
a piece, bit, episode, and the like; lesa lítinn kafla, miðkafli,
a 'mid-piece.'
kafna, að, (older form kvafna, Sks. 108), to be suffocated,

choked, in water, steam, or the like; kafna af sandfoki, Al. 50; sög&
eth;u at Kvásir hefði kafnat í mannviti, Edda 47; k. í
stofu-reyk, Grett. 116: of light, to be extinguished, Sks. 208: of a hors
e, kafna eðr springa, Fas. iii. 74.
<PAGE NUM="b0329">
<HEADER>KAFNAN -- KALLA. 329</HEADER>
kafnan, f. suffocation, Bs. i. 18.
kaf-rjóðr, adj. crimson red, of the cheeks.
kaf-setja, t, = kaffæra.
kaf-steyting, f. a diving, a plunge, Gþl. 174, Mar.
kaf-sund, n. a dive, Hkr. iii. 323, v.l.
kaf-syndi, n. a plunge into deep snow.
kaf-syndr, adj. good at diving, Fms. vii. 120.
kaf-þykkr, adj. thick, foggy; veðr kafþykkt ok dr&
iacute;fanda, Sturl. iii. 50.
KAGA, að, [kaga, Ivar Aasen; cp. Old. Engl. kyke (Chauc
er); Scot. keek; Germ. kucken; Dan. kige] :-- to bend fo
rward and peep, pry, gaze; hón kagar hjá gáttinni, Fbr
. 18, v.l.; kom út maðr ok kagaði hjá dyrrum, Fs. 42; kaga
upp í himin, Hom. 89; hjartans augum til hans kaga, 90; köguðu
til hans óframliga, Niðrst. 5; see kögla.
kaggi, a, m. [Engl. cag or keg; Swed. kagge; mid. La
t. caga, whence Engl. cage; the Dutch and Low Germ. kaag an
d kag = a ship used in rivers and canals] :-- a keg, cask,
Bs. i. 790, freq.: a nickname, Bs.
KAKA, u, f. [Engl. cake; Dan. kage; Swed. kaka; Germ
. kuchen] :-- a cake, freq. in mod. usage.
kakali, a, m. a nickname, Sturl.; [cp. Germ. kachel, O. H. G. c
hachala] : = an earthen pot; whence the mod. kakal-ofn, m., G
erm. kachel-ofen, an oven, prop. of clay.
kakari, a, m. a potter, Germ. kachler; kakari minn ert&uacu
te; ok skjól mitt, Guð minn, 623. 30, with reference to Rom. ix. 20,
21 (?).
kakka, að, [Germ. kachen], to heap up in a mess or l
ump, e.g. of wet hay; að kakka saman blautu heyi; cp. kökkr, a l
ump.
kakkildi, n. a lump.
KALA, pret. kól, kólu; pres. kell, mod. kelr; part. kalinn:
[cp. Engl. chill, cool; Germ. kühl] :-- to freeze, es
p. impers. of limbs to be numb and dead from frost; ok er sveininn (acc.) t&oacu
te;k at kala, Landn. 77, v.l.; ok kól hana í hel, she froze to
death, Sd. 143; svá at þik kali, Fas. i. 30; alla kól &t
horn;á um nóttina, 78; kell mik í höfuð, Vkv. 29;
mik tekr nú at kala, en mér var heitt fyrir stundu, Fb. ii. 112; v
ar bæði at hann kól mjök ok hungraði, en veiddi ekki,
Bs. i. 350; hann var kalinn á fótum svá at af leysti sumar
tærnar, Orkn. 432, Sturl. iii. 198; hann kól sem aðra hundt&iac
ute;k, Fs. 71; ok mun þik kala ef ek sit svá lengi ok útarli
ga sem ek em vanr, Edda 35; dýrit var kalit á fyrra fæti, Fs
. 179; kalit í hel, frozen to death, Fær. 185; sveinar tveir
, veslingar, kalnir ok máttdregnir, 42; á kné kalinn, Hm. 3
; kalinn ok klæðlauss, Fas. iii. 8; klæða kalna, O. H. L. 22
:-- part. kalinn [ = Germ. kahl], of a field barren from cold or fros
t. II. naut., of a sail, to lose the wind; seglið (acc.) k
elr, whence kalreip, q.v.
kalda, að, to become cold, Bs. ii. 148: to blow cold, &
aacute;n dvöl kaldar af boða-fallinu, a gust of cold air arose,
Bs. ii. 49; en þar kaldar í mót af Sighvati, 112.
kalda, u, f. a fever with cold fits, an ague: also köldu-s
ótt, f., N. T.
kald-brjóstaðr, part. malignant, cunning.
kald-hamra, að, to hammer (iron) cold.
kald-liga, adv. coldly, Sks. 230.
kald-ligr, adj. cold, Sks. 230.
kald-munnr, m. cold-mouth, a nickname, Landn.
kald-nefr. m. 'cold-neb,' poët. an anchor fluke, Fms.
vi. (in a verse).
KALDR, adj., köld, kalt; compar. kaldari; superl. kaldastr; [from ka
la, as aldr from ala, galdr from gala, stuldr from stela: Goth. kalds; A.
S. ceald; Engl. cold; Dutch kolt; Germ. kalt; Swed.
kall; Dan. kold; common to all Teut. languages; cp. Lat. gelu,
gelidus] :-- cold; kalt jarn, cold iron, Fb. ii. 197; kalt v
eðr, Fms. v. 178, viii. 306; kaldr nár, Pass. 44. 7; ef maðr gref
r lik áðr kalt er, K. Þ. K. 26; líkin vóru enn ei
gi köld, Fms. iv. 170; svá sem kalt stóð af Niflheimi, Ed
da; köld kol, cold coals, ashes, = kalda kol, Fb. i. (in a verse); b
renna at köldum kolum, to be burnt to cold ashes, utterly destroyed,
Fms. xi. 122, passim. 2. impers., e-m er kalt, one is cold; m&eac
ute;r er kalt á höndunum, fútum ..., Orkn. 326 (in a verse);
konungi görði kalt, the king began to get cold, Fms. v. 178. 
3. acc., kaldan as adv.; blása kaldan, to blow cold, Sks. 216:
ís-kaldr. ice-cold; hel-k., death cold; svið-k., b
urning cold; ú-k., not cold; hálf-k., half cold;
sár-k., sorely cold. II. metaph. cold, chilling, banefu
l, fatal, Lat. dirus, infestus; héðan skulu honum koma k&o
uml;ld ráð undan hverju rifi, Ó. H. 132, Ls. 51, Vkv. 30; so i
n the saying, köld eru opt kvenna-ráð, women's counsels are o
ft-times fatal, Nj. 177, Gísl. 34; kann vera í at nokkurum ver
ði myrkari eðr kaldari ráð Haralds konungs en mín, Fms
. vi. 229; köld öfund, envy, Geisli; köld rödd, an
evil voice, Akv. 2. 2. sometimes in translations in the metaph. sens
e of cold; kalt hjarta, Greg. 19; kaldr ok afskiptr, Stj. 195. COMPDS: kalda-hlátr, m. sardonic laughter, Nj. 176; see hlátr.
kalda-kol, n. pl. a law phrase, 'cold-ashes;' göra kaldakol
á jörðu, to make the hearth cold, to desert a farm, puni
shable on the part of a tenant, Gþl. 339, Jb. 210, cp. Hænsa Þ
. S. ch. 9. kalda-ljós, n. cold light, ignis fatuus (?), a
nickname, Sturl.
kald-ráðr, adj. cunning, Sturl. i. 104, Hkr. iii. 452.
kald-rifjaðr, part. 'cold-ribbed,' scheming, cunning, Vþ
m. 10.
kald-skúfaðr, part. 'cold-curled,' covered with icicles, Sks. 230.
kald-yrði, n. 'cold-words,' sarcasm, Fb. i. 214, ii. 78.
kalekr, m., Fms. iii. 28, vii. 198, Dipl. ii. 11, Fs. 115, Bs. i. 76; 
kalíkr, Hom. 139, B. K. 83; mod. kaleikr, the chalice,
Matth. xxvi. 27, Mark xiv. 23, Luke xxii. 20, 1 Cor. xi. 24-27, Vídal. pa
ssim; see kalkr below.
kalendis-dagr, m. [Lat. calendae], the kalends, Stj. 471.
kali, a, in. a cold gush: metaph. coldness, unkindness.
kalk, n. [A. S. cealc; Engl. chalk], chalk, (mod.)
kalka, að, to chalk, lime: kalkaðr, limed, K
onr.
KALKR, m. [borrowed from Lat. calix; A. S. calic and cal
c; Engl. chalice; O. H. G. chelih; Germ. kelk; Dan.-Swe
d. kalk; the word came in with Christianity from the Engl.; for, though i
t occurs in ancient poems, none of these can be older than the Danish settlement
in England: the form kalkr is used in a heathen sense, whereas the later form k
aleikr is used in the ecclesiastical sense only] :-- a chalice, cup, goblet, it occurs in the poems Hým. 28, 30, 32, Akv. 30, Rm. 29, Skv. 3. 29;
hrím-kalkr, Ls. 53; silfr-k., a silver cup, Hkr. i. 50; nú
er hér kalkr, er þú skalt drekka af, eptir þat t&oacu
te;k hann kalkinn, þá var enn eptir í kalkinum, er hann haf&
eth;i af drukkit kalkinum, Gullþ. 7; nú tók hann kalkinn ok
hönd hennar með, Hkr. i. 50.
kall, n. a call, cry, shouting; óp ok kall, Nj. 236; heyra
kall mikit, Fs. 179; með hátíðligu kalli, Sks. 748; kall o
k eggjan, Ó. H. 215; kall ok lúðra-þytr, Þiðr.
324. 2. a calling on; Eyjólfr heyrir kallit, ok lít
r við, Fbr. 61 new Ed.; eigi skaltú herstask á annan mann &iac
ute; kalli þínu, Hom. 16. 3. a call, name; nefna jarl
enn ílla ... var þat kall haft lengi síðan, Hkr. i. 254
; þessi eru at kalli (are by name, are called) in mestu ref-hv&oum
l;rf, Edda (Ht.) II. eccl. a call, cure of souls, (cp. Scot. 'c
all' of a minister); kjól ok kall, Dan. præste-kald, mo
d. 2. a claim; kalls-lauss, adj. free from claim, Fm
s. ix. 409.
KALLA, að, with neg. suff., pres. kalliga, I call not, Gkv. 3.
8; kallar-a, Akv. 37; [an A. S. ceallian occurs once in the poem Byrnoth
, and hilde-calla in Exodus, but in both instances the word is Danish; th

e word however occurs in O. H. G. challon, mid. H. G. kalle, but o
nly in the sense to talk loud, and it is lost in mod. Germ.] :-- to ca
ll, cry, shout; hver er sá karl karla er kallar um váginn? Hb
l. 2; kallaði konungr ok bað létta af, Eg. 92; þá k&
ouml;lluðu allir ok mæltu, 623. 26; bónda-múgrinn &aelig
;pti ok kallaði, Fms. i. 21; kalla hátt, Sturl. ii. 203; ek em r&ouml
;dd kallanda í eyðimörk, GREEK, 625. 90; kalla kaldri röddu
, Akv. 2: of the raven's cry, hrafn hátt kallaði, Bkv. 11; hann kalla
ði þegar, bað þá eigi flýja, Fms. viii. 142; &
THORN;órir kallaði út á skipit, Ó. H. 136; &thor
n;á lét hann kalla skip frá skipi, 182; þá kal
laði Erlingr ok hét á lið sitt, id. 2. to call,
send for; síðan lét konungr kalla bændr, ok sagð
i at hann vill eiga tal við þá, Ó. H. 109; gékk h
ann til húsþings síns ok lét þangat kalla menn
Svía-kouungs, 45; um kveldit kallaði konungr Áslák, Fms
. vii. 161; konungr lét kalla til sín þá bræ&et
h;r, Eg. 73: eccl., til þess er Guð kallaði hann af heiminum, Fms.
ix. 383. II. to say, call; þat kalla menn at ..., people
say that ..., Fms. x. 277; Svíþjóð ena miklu kalla
sumir eigi minni en ..., Hkr. 5; at blótmenn kalla eigi, at ..., Fagrsk.
18; en ef lands-dróttinn kallar svá, at ..., N. G. L. i. 249; &tho
rn;ér kallit guð ykkarn margar jartegnir göra, O. H. L. 108; kal
la ek betra spurt en úviss at vera, Sks.; sumir menn kalla at eigi s&eacu
te; sakleysi í, þótt ..., Ld. 64; þótt þe
ir kalli fé þetta með sínum föngum, 76. 2. a
t kalla, so to say, nominally, not really; sáttir at kalla, nom
inally on good terms, Fms. vii. 246; ok vóru þá s&aacute
;ttir at kalla, Ó. H. 112, Gullþ. 66; létu sér l&iacu
te;ka þessa tilskipan at kalla, Ísl. ii. 355; þóat men
n væri skírðir ok Kristnir at kalla, Eb. 274; Helgi var Kristin
n at kalla (Christian by name) ok þó blandinn mjök &iac
ute; trúnni, Fms. i. 251; greri yfir at kalla, Fs. 67; menn héldus
k at kalla, ok gengu á land, Fb. ii. 73; þóat þeir hef
ði líf at kalla, Stj. 436. 3. to assert; skal þes
s at bíða, ok kalla hann rjúfa sætt á yðr, Nj
. 102; eru synir þínir heima? þat má kalla, segir h&oa
cute;n, Fær. 264. III. with prepp.; kalla á, to call on; hann kallaði á Karla, Ó. H. 136; Höskuldr kallar &aac
ute; hana, farðú hingat til min! segir hann, Nj. 2: to call on, in
voke, þá kallaði hann á Guð ok hinn helga &Oacut
e;laf konung, Ó. H. 242; kallaði hann þá til fulltings s
er á Bárð, Bárð. 16. 13 new Ed.: to lay claim to
, Snækollr kallaði á bú nokkur þar í ey
junum, Fms. ix. 423 :-- kalla eptir, to protest; en Kolbeinn kallar eptir
ok vill eigi biskups dóm, Sturl. ii. 4 :-- kalla til e-s, to lay clai
m to (til-kall, a claim), to claim, demand; þótti
nú sem dælst mundi til at kalla, Eg. 264, Fms. ix. 327; þess
ar eignir er hann kallaði áðr til, x. 414; kallaði hón
til alls þess er aðrir áttu í nánd, Nj. 18; hann
kallaði til fjár í hendr þeim, Ld. 300: to invoke, Bárð. 173 :-- kalla aptr, to recall, revoke, N. G. L. iii.
150, H. E. i. 477. IV. to claim for oneself; kalla sér e-t;
konungr kallaði sér allar Orkneyjar, Fms. i. 201; ok kallaði s&e
acute;r þá landit allt, vii. 180; at jarl kalli sér þa
t, Fs. 132; ef menn skil á, ok kallar annarr sér, en annarr almenn
ing ..., hann er jörð þá kallar sér, Gþl. 451
; kallaði Grímr hersir konungi allan arf hans, Landn. 213. V.
to call, name; kölluðu Karl, Rm. 18; skal þar kirkju kalla
er hann vill, K. Þ. K. 42; köllum karl inn skegglausa, Nj. 67; M&oum
l;rðr hét maðr er kallaðr var gigja, 1; Einarr er þ&aac
ute; var kallaðr Skjaldmeyjar-Einar, Fms. xi. 127; þessir menn v&oacut
e;ru kallaðir skírðir, baptized nominally, called Christians, Ísl. ii. 399; Þórr sá er kallaðr er Ás
a<PAGE NUM="b0330">
<HEADER>330 KALLAN -- KAPP.</HEADER>
Þórr, Edda: ok má þat kalla hátta-fall,UNCERTAI
N Skálda 210; þeir taka hann ok
kalla njósnar-mann, Sturl. ii. 247; ef maðr kallar annan mann tr&ouml
;llriðu,
N. G. L. ii. 326. VI. reflex, to call, tell, say of oneself; kallask
sumir hafa látið fé, Ó. H. 58; hón talði upp
harma sína þá er hón
kallaðisk hafa fengit af Ólafi konungi, 191; konungr kallaðisk ha
nn
reynt hafa at góðum dreng, Ld. 60, Geisli 2. 2. recipr., kalla
sk á,
to shout to one another; er okkr þá alhægt at kallask
á fyrir tíðindum,
Fas. ii. 65, Skálda 210. 3. pass, (rare), to be called; spe
ki hans
kallask sonr hans, Eluc. 4; er at réttu má kallask postuli Nor&eth
;manna,
Fms. x. 371; þat er kallat, it is said, 656 C. 1; ok vísar s
vá til í sögu
Bjarnar, at þeir kallaðisk jafnir at íþróttum, Gre
tt. 133, cp. Bjarn. 38, -þeir lögðusk ofan eptir ánni, ok vóru 'kallaðir
' jafnsterkir menn.
kallan, or köllun, f. a call, vocation, freq. in mod.
and eccl. usage.
kallari, a, m. a crier, herald, Stj. 604: as a law term, a kind of
beadle or town clerk, N. G. L. i. 306, ii. 251.
Kall-bak, n., qs. kaldbak, Cold-back, name of a mountain, whence
Kall-baklingar, m. pl. the men of C., Landn.
kalldýr, m., mod. kalldór, a kind of iron, Me
rl. 2. 95.
Kall-grani, a, m. Cold-beard, name of a giant, Edda (Gl.)
kall-rani or kald-rani, a, m. a taunt, sarcasm. kaldrana
-legr,
adj. sarcastic.
kall-sókn, f. a calling to service, H. E. i. 392.
KALLZ, n. [kaldr II], taunting, sarcasm, raillery, Bs. i. 793, ii.
93,
Þorst. St. 49, Fms. ii. 268, v. 231, Pass. 30. 7, Stj. 163, 218, Barl. 60:
vituperation, Bs. i. 686. II. [kalla], a claim, Dipl. ii. 1
3, Karl.
52, Fms. vi. 371. kallz-yrði, n. pl. gibes, Fms. vi. 194.
kallza, að, to taunt, mock, Barl. 60, Bs. ii. 37, Stj. 16, 216
, Fas. ii.
344: to vituperate, Stj. 254: to molest, Dipl. i. 3, Stj. 199. 
II.
[kalla], to call on; hví kallsar þú eða kallar up
p á mik? Stj. 286: to
claim, demand, hinn kallsaði þá fæðsluna at f&aac
ute;, 161.
kal-reip, n. [kala II], a rope attached to a sail, so as to prevent it
from
shaking out the wind.
kamarr, m., dat. kamri, [O. H. G. chamara; Gr. GREEK whence
Engl. chamber, etc.] :-- a privy, Eb. 120, Grág. ii. 119, S
turl. ii. 95, 101,
Landn. 247, Fb. iii. 567 (in a verse), Þiðr. 77, Mar.
kamban, n. a nickname, prob. Gaelic, Landn. 47.
kambari, a, m. a comb-maker, N. G. L. ii. 204, iii. 2, 10; a nickn
ame, Fb. iii.
kamb-höttr, m. a nickname, Fær. 14.
kamb-pungr, m., proncd. kampungr, a 'comb-purse:' in mod.
usage, a letter-bag.
KAMBR, m. [A. S. camb; Engl. comb; O. H. G. champ
; Germ. kamm;
 Dan. kam] :-- a comb, Dipl. iii. 4; ladies used to wear cost
ly combs of
walrus-tusk or gold, whence the place in Icel. at which Auda lost her
comb was called Kambsnes; þau lendu við nes þat er Au&eth
;r tapaði kambi
sínum; þat kallaði hón Kambsnes, Landn. III; eigi berr h
ann kamb í
höfuð sér, Þiðr. 127; see Worsaae, No. 365. 2.
a carding-comb
(ullar-kambr), Grett. 91 A, Fb. i. 212. II. a crest, comb, Al.
171;
hreistr-k. (q. v.), hana-k., a cock's crest, cp. Gullin-kambi, Gold cr
est,
Vsp. 2. a crest, ridge of hills; malar-kambr, a ridge on the be
ach,
 Háv. 48 (where spelt kampr), Grág. ii. 354; as also bæj
ar-kambr, the
front wall of a house. III. freq. in local names, Kambr, of
crags rising like a crest, Landn., Finnb. ch. 27.
kamb-staðr, m. a law term, a scar in the head, such as to caus
e pain
when the hair is combed, N. G. L. i. 68.
kamelet, n. [for. word], camelot or camlet, Karl. 60.
kamell, m. [for. word], a camel, Karl. 502; usually úlfaldi
, q. v.
kampa, að, to devour, used of a whiskered wild beast.
kamp-hundr, m. a dog with whiskers, Sturl. i. 139.
kamp-höfði, a, m. a 'whisker-head,' Fagrsk. § 174, v
. 1. knapp-höfði,
q. v.
kampi, a, m. a bearded person, Sturl. ii. 50 (Bs. ii. 109): as a n
ickname, Sturl. iii. 185, Fs.
KAMPR and kanpr, m. a beard, moustache; stutt skegg ok sn&o
uml;ggvan
kamp, Sks. 288; skegg heitir barð, grön eða kampar, Edda 210; hendi
drap á kampa, Hðm. 21; hann hafði bitið á kampinum, Nj
. 209; höggva
kampa ok skegg, K. Þ. K.; hann (the idol) hafði kanpa af silfri, Fms.
x.
386; af könpunum, langa kanpa, hár ok kanpar, Ó. H. 229; efri
ok
neðri kampr, Fas. ii. 253; því næst hvetr hann that (the
spear) svá bat
stóð á kanpi, i. e. till it was as keen as a rasor, Kr&
oacute;k. 49: the whiskers
 of a seal, cat, and lion, Fb. i. 462 (of a seal). kamp-loðinn, a
dj. with
long whiskers, of a lion. kampa-síðr, adj. long-bearded
, Skíða R. 90,
Þryml. 41. II. a crest or front wall = kambr; var Aron &uacu
te;ti
hjá duronum, ok stóð við kanpinn er hlaðinn var af veg
ginum, Bs. i.
544 (Sturl. ii. 86): mod. bæjar-kampr, id.; malar-k.
kangin-yrði, n. pl. jeering words, Hbl. 12.
KANK, n. (kank-yrði), gibes, as also kankast, de
p. to jeer, gibe
(mod. conversational), akin to kanginyrði.
kank-víss, adj. jeering, gibing.
KANNA, u, f., gen. kanna, Snót 172, [A. S. canne; Engl. 
can;
O. H. G. channa; Germ, kanne; Dan. kande; from Lat. cant
harus] :-- a can, tankard, jug; vín var í könnu, R
m. 29, Stj. 207, Fms. viii. 413
(v. 1.), Dipl. iii. 4; könnu-brot, Pm. 137, Dipl. iii. 4; könnu-st&oac
ute;ll,
a can-stand, Pm. 113: a measure, Rétt., D. N.
kanna, u, f. a mark on cattle; oxi er hans k. væri á,
Fs. 173; allt þat
sem þeirra kanna leikr er á, D. N. i. 80, 91, iii. 144; see einkann
a and
einkunn.
KANNA, að, [kenna = to know, but kanna = to enquire] :
-- to search;
 kanna land, of an explorer, to explore a land; þeir könnu
ðu landit fyrir
austan ána, um várit kannaði hann austr landit, Eg. 100, Landn
. passim;
þykkir maðr við þat fávíss verða ef hann k
annar ekki víðarr en hér
Ísland, Landn. 310; fara víða um heim at kanna helga staði
, Fms.
i. 276; kanna heim allan, to travel through all the world, Edda: the
phrase, kanna ókunna stigtu, to 'try unknown ways,' to travel where on
e
has never been before; kanna ríkra, annara, manna siðu, i. e. 
to travel
abroad, Ld. 164, Fms. i. 276; kanna lið, to review, muster troops, ix.
478, Hkr. i. 23, 30; kanna val, to search the field for slain, Nj. 45,
Fms. i. 182. II. with prep.; kanna e-t af, to find out, make out;
 konungr spurði Úlf hvat hann kannaði af um siðferði
Eindriða, Fms. ii.
193; spurði, hvat hann kannaði af um Rögnvald, iv. 193; þat k
annaða
ek af, at sá herr myndi kallaðr vera Jómsvíkingar, xi.
119; ferr Brandr
biskup norðr á Völlu, ok kannar þat af, at ..., Bs. i. 450
. III.
reflex., kannask við e-t, to recognise, know again, recollect; kanna&
eth;isk
hón við hann ok kynferði hans, Hkr. ii. 129; Sigurðr kanna&et
h;isk þá við
ætt hans, Fms. i. 79, Þorst. Síðu H. 169; þá
kannaðisk hann við ok
mælti, nafnfrægir eruð þér fcðgar, Nj. 125; &TH
ORN;órólfr hitti þar marga
frændr sína þá er hann hafði eigi áðr v
ið kannask, whose acquaintance
he had not made before, Eg. 30; kannask þá margir við ef he
yra viðrnefni
mitt, Finnb. 338; sögðu þessir mean öll sönn merki til
hvar þeir
höfðu barninu komit, svá at hinir þrælarnir kön
nuðusk við er sveininn
höfðu fundit, Fms. i. 113; hefi ek hér gull or hann kvað y&e
th;r mundu við
kannask, Fs. 9: to recognise as one's own, kannask við skot, f&eacute
;, sauði,
Grág. ii. 312, 352, 374; með því at engi kannask við
svein þenna, Fms.
i. 294: to remember, vóru þar þeir menn er við k&o
uml;nnuðusk, at Hallfreðr
hafði til góða við gört, ii. 55. 2. recipr., kann
ask við, to recognise
one another, make one another's acquaintance; hafi þeir þ&aacute
; við kannask,
Grág. i. 224; síðan könnuðusk þau við, t
hen they knew one another,
 Fms. i. 186; könnuðusk menn hugi við, Fs. ii;UNCERTAIN f&eacut
e;ll mart áðr þeir
kannaðisk við, Ó. H. 216; ok eptir þetta þá ka
nnask þeir viðr með
öllu, Bs. i. 228.

kannaðr, könnuðr, m. an explorer, Lex. Po&euml
;t.; land-k., q. v.
kann-ske, adv. [Dan. kanske] , may be! (mod.)
kanoki and kanuki, a, m. [mid. Lat. canonicus; Dan. kani
k; Engl.
canon] :-- a canon of a church, Fms. viii. 376, ix. 532, Bs., H. E
., D. I.
passim; kanoka klaustr, setr, lifnaðr, vígsla, búningr, a c
anon's cloister,
seat, order, ordination, dress, Ann. 1295, Bs. passim.
kansellera, að, [for. word], to cancel; k. hendr sínar,
Stj. 229.
Kantara-borg, f. (-byrgi), [A. S. Cantuarbyrig] , Canter
bury, Bs.
kantari, a, m. in kantara-kápa, u, f. [eccl. Lat. cantare],
a bishop's
gown, Fms. viii. 197, Hkr. ii. 175: a priest's gown, Am. 95, Bs. i. 3
24,
847. kantara-sloppr, m. id., Bs. i. 324, v. 1.
kanzellari, kanselleri, a, m., kanceller, m. [mid. Lat. 
cancellarius],
a chancellor, Ann., Bs., Fms. ix, x, Thom.
kapalín, m. (mod. kapellan), [mid. Lat. capellanus],
a chaplain,
 Landn. 172, Fms. vii. 311, Bs. passim.
KAPALL, m., pl. kaplar, [Lat. caballus; whence Fr. cheval]
:-- a
nag, hack, in mod. usage also a mare; naut ok kapla, Rd. 284, Pd. 49;
þrjú hundrað í köplum, Vm. 32; lifði engi kvik
kind eptir nema öldruð
kona ok kapall, D. I. i. 246; lestfæran kapal járnaðan ok alf&a
elig;ran, H. E.
ii. 505; kapal-lán, lending a k., id. kapal-hestr, m. and kapal-hross, n. = kapall,
Eg. 730, Fms. ii. 231. II, in mod. usage,
a truss of hay; fimtán kaplar heys, five trusses, of a know
n weight or
bulk.
kapella, u, f. [for. word], a chapel, K. Á. 36, Symb. 31, B
s. i. 800,
H. E. i. 241, Fms. x. 153, Hkr. ii. 390, iii. 69. kapellu-prestr, m. t
he
priest of a chapel, H. E. i. 477, Stat. 247, 266, 307: a chaplain, Bs
. 1. 795.
kapituli, a, m. [Lat. capitulum], eccl. a chapter, Mar., Di
pl. iii. 5: a
chapter of a book, Grág. i. clxviii: freq. in mod. usage, kapitula-sk
ipti,
a new chapter.

KAPP, n. [a word common to all Teut. languages; A. S. camp; O. H.
G.
champh; Germ, kampf; Swed. and Dan. kamp; in the Icel. the
m is
assimilated; and in Danish also kap] :-- contest, zeal, eagerness, ene
rgy,
 but throughout with the notion of contest, which is the old sense;
even in early Germ, kamph is still duellum, whence it came to mean
bellum: deila kappi við e-n, to contend, contest with one; meg
u vér eigi
deila kappi við Hrafnkel, Hrafn. 10; þungt get ek at deila kappi vi&et
h;
Hrafnkel um múla-ferli, 11; er hann deildi kappi við Þorgr&iacu
te;m goða á
Þórness-þingi ok við sonu hans, Ísl. ii. 215; deil
a kappi við konunga,
Fagrsk. 10; mikit er upp tekit, ef þú vill kappi deila við &Oac
ute;laf Svía&dash-uncertain;konung
ok við Knút, Ó. H. 33; ok ætla þér aldri s&
iacute;ðan at deila kappi
við oss bræðr, Fs. 57, cp. deila I. 4: brjóta kapp við
e-n, to wage war
against; hæfir þat ekki konungdómi yðrum at brj&oacut
e;ta kapp við kvenn<PAGE NUM="b0331">
<HEADER>KAPPSFULLR -- KA11LSUNGL 331</HEADER>
menn, Fagrsk. 10, Fms. vii. 45 (in a verse): at halda til kapps ok
jafns við þá höfðingjana, Fb. ii. 46; siigðu hoiui
m þat bc'r s;una, at
halda eigi. til kapps við þá Hofs-menn, Fs. 35: kosta kapps um
e-t, to
strive. 2. a race; in the phrase, bað haini renna í köpp vi&
eth;
(run a race with) jpjulfa, Edda 31; at vit at kiippum keundar vóru
m,
we were noted for our matches, Gs. 14; ekki dy'r er þat, at renna m
stti
í köpp við hann, Karl. 514, cp. Dan. lobe omkaps med en -- to
run a
racc. II. eagerness, vehemence; er konungi mikit kapp á &thorn
;ví,
Eg. 16; eigi veil ek hvar kapp þitt er mi komit, Ld. 166; hann heir
engi mann þora at mæla við sik nema þat eilt er hann vill
vera luta,
ok hefir hann þar við allt kapp, 0. H. 68; mæltu þá
sumir at honum
hlypi kapp í kinn, Sturl. iii. 232; at þat væri konungi vegse
md en eigi
fyrir kapps sakir við hann, Eg. 44; honum gürðisk svá mikit
kapp á
þessi veiði, at hann skreið þar eptir allan dag, (5. 11. 85;
kapps lystr,
eager, Hornklofi; lügðu þeir á~ þat it mcsta
kapp hverr betr reið eðr
betri hesta átti, Hkr. i. 27; Onundr konungr lagði á þat
kapp mikit
ok kostnað, at ryðja markir ok byggja eptir ruðin, 44; með kappi
ok
ágirnd, D. N. i. 3; berjask af miklu kappi, jþiðr. 326; gangask
þær
tvennar fylkingar at móti með iniklu kappi, 328; verja með ka[)pi
,
Eg. 7:o; þessi íctlan er mcir af kappi en forsji'i, Ó. H. 32
; var sú veizla
gör með enu mcsta kappi, 31; hón gékk at með öll
u kappi at veita Ülalï
konungi, 51; mcir sækir þú þetta n;eð fiár-n
gimd ok kappi (ob-tinacy)
 heldr en við góðvild ok drengskap, Nj. 15. III. gun. kapps,
intens. kapps-vel, mighty well, Bjarn. (in a verse), Fms. vii. 45 (in;
verse); kapps-auðigr, mighty wealthy, merl. I. Q; kapps-húr, mighty high
(cp. Dan. kjephöj), Lex. Poët.; kona kapps gálig, a very gentle woman,
 Akv. 6; or even singly. COMPDS: kapps-fullr, adj. /W/ of energy,
vigorous, impetuous, Lv. 32; harðr ok k., Bjarn. 48, Sks. 649.
kapps-maðr, m. a man of energy, Eg. 9: headstrong, 710.
kapp-alinn, part, well fed, of a horse kept in a stall.
kapp-dregit, n. part, bard to pull, difficult, Nj. 100, v. l.
kapp-drykkja, u, f. a dri?iking-match, 0. H. 151.
kapp-drægt, adj. hard to pull; varð þeiin k. &iacu
te; leiknum, it was a hard
contest, Bs. i. 620; kvað þeim þetta mundu k., it would b
e a hard task,
 Nj. loo.
kapp-fúss, adj. = kappgjarn, Lex. Poët.
kapp-girni, f. energy; hreysti ok k., Fbr. 116, Fas. i. 119.
kapp-gjarn, zdj. full of energy and zeal, Fms. vi. 105.
kapp-góðr, adj. very good, Merl. 2. 79.
KAPPI, a, m. [a Teut. word, noticed by Plutarch, Marins ch. n -KÍn~povs bvopaôvai Tfpftavol rovs \yaras; see also kapp] :-- a
hero,
champion, man of valour; konungr s;'i er kappi pykkir, Hkm. 14; t'hisk
í ætt þar æztir kappar, Hdl. 17; átti á&e
th;r kappi, Am. 98; þá bjií Arnórr
í Reykjahlíð, kappi mikill, ... ok mú af þv&iacut
e; marka hverr k. hann var, Lv.
3; þessa búð á -þorkell hákr, kappi mikill
(cp. Germ, handegen] , Nj.
184; eru í Reykjadal kappar miklir? 32; gíslinn var kappi mikill,
ok
banð þangbran'di á pataldr, Bs. i. 9; hverjir berjask skulu nu'
ti þess
köppum af þeirra liði, Fms. xi. 126. 2. in a special sense, an
elect
champion, answering to the knight of the Middle Ages; þessir kappar
vóru með Haraldi konungi, Fas. i. 379; því var Bjiirn s&
iacute;ðan Kappi
kallaðr, Bjarn. 11; Hrulf Kraka ok Kappa hans, Fb. ii. 136; mco honum
(the king) ok bans Koppnm, Fas. i. 35: Kappar konungs, 69; Hrolfr
konungr ok allir hans Kappar ok stórmenni, 76, /f), 91, 95, 101, 102,
105, 108; Hroltr konungr bysk nú til ferðar með hundrað manna
, ok
auk Kappar hans ti'lf ok berscrkir túlf, 77; i;pp upp, allir Kappar ! 100
,
Skjöld. S. ch. 8, 9 (Fas. i. 379-385); kappa-lið, a troop of champio
ns,
warriors, Grett. 84; kappa-tala, a tale or ro ll of champions,
Fms. iii.
157; kappa-val, c hoi c e of champions, ii. 315. II. even as a nic
kname of some choice champions; Bjiirn Breiðvíkinga-kappi, E
b.; Bjorn
Hitdæla-kappi, Bjarn.; Ví'björn Sygna-kappi, Landn.; Hildibran
dr Ilunakappi; Asmundr Kappa-bani, a slayer of champions, Fas.
kappi, a, m. the hand at the back of a bound too k.
kapp-kosta, að, to strive, endeavour, Bárð. 176.
kapp-leikr, m. afghting-match, Róm. 269 = Lat. cer. 'ame
n.
kapp-mella, u, f. a loop.
kapp-mæli, n. a dispute, tsl. ii. 236, Fms. i. ii, x. 312, F
b. ii. 271.
kapp-nógr, adj. plentiful, Sturl. iii. 88.
kapp-orðr, adj. wrangling, Flóv. 44.
kapp-róðr, m. a rowing-match, Fms. x. 312.
kapp-samliga, adv. impetuously, with energy, Fms. x. 356, Sks. 572
;
richly, abundantly, gcfa k. mat, Ísl. ii. 337, Fb. i. 374; gri&eth
;ungr k.
alinn (= kappalinn), Hkr. i. 37.
kapp-samligr, adj. impetuous, vehement: k. reiði, Sks. 227: ri c h,
liberal, veizla fögr ok kappsamlig, Fms. vi. 182.
kapp-samr, adj. pushing, eager, impetuous, 0. II. 27, Nj. 51; h&ou
ml;fðingi mikill, manna kappsamastr, 147; k. ok reiðinn, Eg. 187; k. ok
úvæginn, O. H. L. 35.
kapp-semd, f. -- kappscmi, Eg. 257.
kapp-semi, f. energy, headstrong character; k. ok frrcknleikr, Bre
t.
36, fjiðr. 207.
kapp-sigling, f. a sailiiig-matcb, Fms. x. 278, xi. 360.

kapp-svinnr, adj. very noble, Am. 74.
kapp-ærinn, adj. more than sufficient, abundant; k. lið,
Bjarn. 71.
kaprún, n. [for. word], a kind of cowl or c ap, Jb.
187, Sturl. ii. 145,
iii. 306, B. K. 98, Siat. 299, D. N. passim.
kar or karr, n. the mucus or s lime on new-born calves and
lambs:
metaph., kar er 4 kampi voruni, kystu mær ef þú lystir, a dit
ty in a
ghost story.
KARA, að, to clean ojf the kar, as cwcs and cows do by licking
their young. II. metaph. to finish ojf; það er allt ókar
rað, V i s all
unlicked into fhape, in a rough state; or, það er ekki nema h&uacu
te;lí-karað,
it i s but half finished.
karar-, see kor.
karbunkli, a, in. [for. word], a carbuncle, FIuv.
kardinali, a, m. [for. word!, a cardinal, Ann., Bs., Fins, vii, x.
karfa, u, f., or körf, f., [Lat. c or bi s], a bask
et; akin to kerfi (q. v.), a
bunch, a mod. word, the old being vand-laupr.
karfasta, u, f. = karina, Sturl.
KARFI, a, in. [By/ant. Gr. /:apa~os; mid. Lat. carabiis; Ru
ss.
koralii] :-- a kind of galley, or swift-going ship, with six, twelve, or
sixteen rowers on each side, esp. used on lakes or inlets, Gretl. 95,
97; k. fimtun-sessa, 0. II. 42, 62 (to be used on the lake Mjürs); þe
ir
höfðu karfa þann er rmi á borð túlf menu eð
r sextan, Ea;. 171; Riignvalilr koumiss son átti karfa elnn, reru sex (sextan?) menu á bora
, 371,
386; karfar þeir seni til landvarnar eru skipaðir, Réît.
42, Fms. ix. 408,
Fb. i. 194; síðan túk hann karia nokkurn ok 16; draga ut urn c
yjarnar
þverar, Fins, viii. 3/7, 424; eikju-karfi, q. v.; they were long, narrow,
and light so as to be easily carried over land, valtr karii, a crank, unstead
y
 karti, Sighvat; whence the phrase, karfa-fútr, of reding, totteri
ng steps,
Ó. H. 72.
karfi, a, m. [Engl. carp; O. H. G. cha r/ h o; Germ,
iarpfii] , a kind of
~fid\ a carp, Edda (Gl.): so in the phrase, rauðr seni karti, red
as a k.,
Flor. 71; karfa-rjóðr, blushing like a goldfuh.
karfi, a, m., botan. cumin, freq. in Norway, Ivar Aascn, but in Ic
el.
this old word appears to be lost.
kargr, adj. [mid. H. G. karc; Germ, karg; Dan. iarrig] , lazy, stubborn, as an ass; hann er svo kari:r, heiilin niin, hann nennir ekki neitt
að gera, látuni við strákinn stúdíera, Gr&uu
ml;nd.
kar-koli, a, m. a kind offîsb, a sole.
KARL, m. | a word common to all Teut. languages, although not
recorded in Ulf.; A. S. car l, ceorl; Engl. carle, churl; Germ, kerl,
 etc.] :-- a man, opp. to a woman; brigðr er karla hugr konuin, H
m. 90;
kostum drcpr kvenna karla ofriki, Am. 69; often in allit. phrases, karla
ok konur, konur ok karlar, etc.; bæði karlar ok konur, Fms. i. 14, Kb.
276, 298; kvenna ok karla, Edda 21; drápu þeir menu alia, unga ok
gamla, konur sem karla, Fms. ii. 134, viii. 432; er þat ekki karla at
annask um matreiðu, Nj. 48; taldi hón afleiðis þoka kurteis
i karlanna,
er þá skyldi heita vtrða fyrir þeim sem ohraustum konum,
Bs. i. 340;
karlar tólf vetra gamlir eða ellri cru log-segendr eða lög-s
jácndr, Gr;ig.
ii. 31; yngri menn en sextan vetra gamlir karlar, eða konur yngri en
tuttugu, K. Þ. K.; samborin systir, bæôi til karls ok konu, a sister on the
father's and mother's side, D. N. ii. 528; spurði hvat konu varða&et
h;i ef
turn vicri í brókum jafnan svá sem karlar, Ld. 136; svu er
ir. ælt um
karla ef þeir klæðask kvenna klæðnaði, Grág
. (Kb.) ii. 204. COMPDS:
karla-fólk, n. male folk; brenndu hann itiui ok allt karla-f&oacut
e;lk en konur
gengu ut, Dropl. 4. karla-fot, n. pl. metis attire, Bs. i. 653, Sturl. i.
65, Ld. 276, v. 1. karla-siðr, m. habits of men, Grág. i. 338.
karlaskííli, a, m. a room for men, Dipl. v. 18. karla-vegr, m. the male
side, side where the men sit, the right hand in a church, etc., i. e. opp.
to kvenna vegr, D. N. iv. 283. karls-efhi, n. a nickname, one who
promises to be a doughty man, Landn. karls-ungi, a, m. a nickname, Sturl. iii. 258.
B. In a political sense, the common folk, opp. to great folk, see jarl;
vér karla born ok kerlinga, we bairns of carles and carlines, Hkr.
i. (in
a verse), opp. to hróðniögr Haralds, the king's son; &tho
rn;aðan eru komnar
Karla rettir, Rm. 22; era þat karls sett er at kvernum stendr, Hkv.
2. 2; kiilluðu Karl, Rm. 18; ek em konungs dóttir en eigi karls, I
am a
king's daughter and not a carle's. Fas. i. 225; skyldi hón gacta hjar
ðar ok
aldri annat vitask, en hón vxri karls dóttir ok kerlingar, 22 (of
a king's
daughter in disguise): in the allit. phrase, fyrir konung ok karl, /or king
and churl, D. N. i. 523, ii. 747, Gþl. 137; so in the saying, þa
t er margt
Í karls hiisi sem eigi er í konungs garði, there are many t
hings in the
carle's cottage that are no! in the king's palace, Gísl. 79, Fas. iii
. 155, Mag.
73: mod., það er mart í koti karís sem kongs er tkki &ia
cute; ranni; so also
in the popular tales, which often begin with the phrase, that there
was a Kongr og druttning í riki sinn og karl og kerling í Garð
s-horni,
and have as a standing incident that the churl's son marries the king's
daughter, Ísl. Jjjóðs. ii, cp. also 0. T. (1853) pref.; svo by
rjar þessa
sögu at karl bjó ok átti sér kerlingu, Pare, (begin.);
karl hefir bi'nt
ok kona öldruð, Fb. ii. 331 (in a verse); karls son, a churl's son, Fms.
ix. 509. karla-cettir, f. pl. the churls, Rm, II. a house-carle,
servant; hrundu þeir fram skútv., ok hlupu þar á s
ex karlar, Nj. 18; bun
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<HEADER>332 KARLAMAGNUS -- KASTA.</HEADER>
hafði á skipi með sér tuttugu karla frjálsa, Landn.
109, cp. Fb. i. 265; hús-karl, bú-karl, salt-karl, q.v.; Sl&eacut
e;ttu-karlar, Fbr.; cp. Swed. Dale-karlar. III. in contempt; fretkarl, q.v.; staf-karl (Norse stakkar, Dan. stakkel), a 'staff-c
hurl,' beggar: in the phrase, karl ok kýll, beggar and bag, Nj
. 274; bragða-karl, a cunning fellow; lítill karl, you litt
le wretch! þú þorðir ekki, lítill karl, at seg
ja satt til, Fbr. 39 new Ed.: in mod. usage also in a good sense, góð
r karl, a good fellow; harðr karl, a hardy carle: as also with
the article, karlinn = Germ. der kerl.
C. An old carle, old man, opp. to kerling; svá skal kö
rlum skipta ok kerlingum, sem öðrum skuldum, N. G. L. i. 51; heyrit &th
orn;ér hvat karlinn mælir, Nj. 143; karl inn skegglausi; Þorb
jörn karl, the old carle Th., Eb. 176; Arngeirr karl, Bjarn. 59, 69,
71; einn gamall karl, Barl. 74; karl afgamall, a decrepit old carle, Eg.
(in a verse); hann glíkir sik gömlum karli, Stj, 475, passim in old
and mod. usage.
Karla-magnús, m. Charlemagne; Karlamagnús Saga, t
he History of Charlemagne, Jm. 32.
karl-askr, m. a full measure, opp. to kvennaskr, a kind of half
measure, Jb. 375.
karl-barn, n. a male child, Stj. 248.
karl-dyrr, n. pl. the men's door; in ancient dwellings the wings (
skot, set) were occupied, the one side by the men, the other by the women; hence
the door leading to the men's side was termed karldyrr, as opp. to the entry le
ading to the females' side, Nj. 14, K. Þ. K. 9, 14 new Ed., Grág. i
i. 228.
karl-dýr, n. a male beast, Stj. 71.
karl-erfð, f. a male inheritance, of agnates, N. G. L. i. 49.
karl-fátt, n. adj. wanting in males; var k. heima, Sturl. i
. 142.
karl-fjöldi, a, m. a multitude of male persons, Sturl. ii. 14
4.
karl-fólk, n. common folk, Sighvat.
karl-fugl, m. a male bird, Stj. 77, Pr. 409.
karl-föt, n. pl. male attire, Ld. 276, Grág. i. 338.
karl-gildr, adj., a law term, meaning full, complete; thus karlgil
dr úmagi means, not a 'male-úmagi,' but a 'comple
te invalid,' one who can contribute nothing towards his sustenance, e.g. an
infant, a sick or aged person, male or female. The word is a standing term in th
e old church deeds, where the donor charged the gift with the support of a karlg
ild úmagi for ever, D. I. passim. The old Swedish laws present the same u
se of the word, e.g. karlgild mark = good money, money of full value, see
Verel. s.v.
karl-höfði, a, m. a carved man's head, figure head; ba&et
h; hann Þorgeir reisa þar upp ás, ok skera á karlh&oum
l;fða á endanum, an effigy 'in contumeliam,' Rd. 305; cp. Fs. 56, -Jökull skar karlshöfuð á súlu-endanum ok reist &aacu
te; rúnar; as also Landn. 4, ch. 4: name of a ship with a man's head carv
ed on her prow, Ó. H.
karlinna, u, f. a woman; þar fyrir skal hún k. kallas
k af því hún er af karlmanni tekin, Gen. ii. 23.
karl-kenndr, part. masculine, Edda 68.
karl-kind, f. the male sex, Stj. 74, 115, 283.
karl-klæði, n. pl. men's clothing, Grág. i. 338,
N. G. L. i. 75.
karl-kona, u, f. false reading for karlmenn, Ld. 136.
karl-kostr, m. a (good) match, of a man, Sturl. i. 2
07.
karl-kyn, n. the male kind, Stj. 56.
karl-leggr, m. the male lineage, the agnates, Gþl. 244, pass
im; opp. to kvennleggr.
karl-ligr, adj. masculine, Al. 172.
karl-maðr, in. (spelt karmaðr, N. G. L. i. 50, Eluc. 4), a man
, male, opp. to kvenn-maðr, a woman; karlmaðr eða kona,
N. G. L. i. 51; sambúð milli karlmanns ok konu, Stj. 21; karlmaðr
ok kona, Eg. 247, Ó. H. 152; skal karlmann tólf vetra gamlan e&et
h;a ellra nefna í dóm, Grág. i. 16; karlmaðr sext&aacut
e;n vetra gamall skal ráða sjálfr heimilis-fangi sínu,
147; hann er karlmaðr, því at hann hefir sonu átt vi&eth
; konu sinni, 190; er hann lét eigi aka í skegg sér, at han
n væri sem aðrir karlmenn, ok köllum karl inn skegglausa, 67; sl&
iacute;kt víti á honum at skapa fyrir þat á sitt h&oa
cute;f, sem karlmanni, ef hann hefir höfuð-smátt svá mikl
a at sjái geirvörtur hans berar, Ld. 136; skerask í setgeirabrækr sem karlmenn, id.; gefa karlmanns-verð, a meal for a man, a f
ull meal, D. I. i. 201, Vm. 169. 2. metaph. a man of valour; s
tyrkr ok fálátr ok inn hraustasti karlmaðr, Nj. 177; sv&aacute
; sé ek fara, at flestum bilar áræðit, þóat
góðir karlmenn sé, Fms. ii. 31; ef hann þorir, ok s&eac
ute; hann úragr karlmaðr, xi. 94; vér skyldim hafa karlmanns h
jarta en eigi konu, 389; k. at lunderni, Bs. i. 709. II. in a political s
ense = karl, a 'churlman,' a churl, commoner; cp. jarl and jarlmaðr:
this sense is obsolete, but is represented in the Frank. pr. name Karloman, Latinized Carolus Magnus, whence Charlemagne, Germ. Karl der
Grosse, without regard to the true etymology.
karlmann-liga, adv. in a manly way, Nj. 144, Fb. ii. 674.
karlmann-ligr, adj. masculine, Th. 23, Skálda 185. 2. ma
nly, bold, Fms. vi. 209, Nj. 70, Eg. 322; k. kappi, 623. 33; k. skap, 36, p
assim.
karl-menni, n. a stout, valiant man; hann er mesta k.
karl-mennska, u, f. manhood, valour, Nj. 176, Fs. 4, Fms. vii. 168
, xi. 80, 110, passim; karlmennsku bragð, prowess, iii. 134.
karl-sift, f. 'carle-sibness,' relationship by the father's side,
Lat. agnatio, opp. to kvenn-sift, Grág. ii. 176, Fms. i. 220. 
karlsiftar-maðr, m. an agnate, N. G. L. i. 78.
karl-sköp, n. pl. genitalia, Ver. 70, Mar.
kar-maðr, m. = kararmaðr, bedridden.
kar-mannliga, adv. wretchedly, Nj. 229, v.l. (Johnson.)
KARMR, m. [Dan. karm = a frame; vindues-karm, dör-karm
= a window-frame, door-frame] :-- a closet; slæðu-karmr
= vestiarium, Hallfred; öl-karmr, an ale cask, Landn. (in a
verse); mjöð-k., a mead cask, Lex. Poët.; bekk-k., a be
nch frame, couch = Lat. triclinium, id.; kastalar ok karmar, Fms. iv.
49. 2. a cart, B. K. 20, still used in that sense in Dan. and Nor
se.
karn (?), a kind of bird, Edda (Gl.)
karnaðr, m. [kör = a bed (?)], concubinage; kaupa
ambátt til karnaðar, Grág. i. 358.
KARP, n. bragging; var minna karp þitt meðan Háko
n konungr, fóstri minn, lifði, Mork. 139; sýnisk mér se
m minna sé nú karp þitt heldr en inn fyrra daginn, O. H. L.
27.
karpa, að. to brag, boast.

karp-málugr, adj. bragging, Karl. 429.
karp-yrði, n. pl. braggart words, boasts, Flóv. 29.
karra, að, to card wool :-- karra kalf, see kara.
KARRI, a, m. in rjúp-karri, a male ptarmigan.
karri, a, m. a card, for combing.
karsk-liga, adv. briskly. Fas. iii. 625.
karsk-ligr, adj. brisk, doughty.
KARSKR, adj., fem. körsk, karskt, proncd. kaskr; [from karl or karr,
qs. kariskr; Germ. karsch, a north Germ., word, Grimm's Dict. by Hildebr
and; Dan.-Swed. karsk] :-- brisk, bold, Nj, 120, v.l.: hale, he
arty, era karskr maðr sá er ..., he is not a hale man, i.
e. he suffers much who ..., Stor. 4: freq. in mod. usage.
karta, u, f. a short horn: metaph., þín krakka karta,
thou urchin! Grönd.
kart-nagl, m. a hangnail, Nj. 52, Snót 209, passim.
KARTR, m. a cart; karta at görva, Rm. 19; sá er &aacut
e;ðr sat í gyltri kerru er nú settr í hervilegan kart,
Al. 107; fjögr hundruð, vagna ok þúsund karta, 166.
KASA, að, [kös], prop. to heap earth or stones upon, t
o earth, commonly used of witches, miscreants, carcases of men or beasts, Gr
ág. ii. 156 (of an outlaw); lík Þóris var upp rekit o
k kasa þeir hann hjá Sigmundi, Fær. 177, Fs. 62; vóru
þeir færðir út í hraun ok kasaðir í dal
þeim er þar var í hrauninu, Eb. 138; þar heitir Knarra
rnes er hann var kasaðr, Ld. 156; vildu þeir eigi jarða hann at ki
rkju ok kösuðu hann utan-borgar, Mar.: to bury in snow, eru &tho
rn;eir kasaðir í mjöllinni, Fs. 143, Sturl. iii. 215; bár
u síðan at stórt grjót ok kasaðu þá, S
tj. 370: metaph., þeir kasaðu þetta með sér, Fms. iv.
284, v.l.; kváðusk hlaða mundu vegg í dalinn ok kasa &tho
rn;ar metorð Guðmundar, Sturl. i. 155. II. in mod. usage, to
pile in heaps, esp. of the blubber of whales or sharks.
kass, m., mod. kassi, a, m. a case, large box, Stj. 253, 35
7, v.l.; kasta kössunum, to take to the heels, run, Fms. viii. 421,
v.l.; komi þér eigi þeim kassa á mik, you shan't la
y this box on my back, Grett. 127: a fishing case, ker ok kassa, D. N
. ii. 35; kassa-fiski, fishing with creels, (mod. silunga-kista, laxa-kis
ta), D. N.
kassaðr, part. cased, Pm. 103.
kast, n. a cast, throw of a net; eignask þeir síld al
la er kast áttu, Gþl. 427, Boldt. 53; um kast ef menn hitta &iacute
; storma, N. G. L. ii. 278, :-- in the phrase, koma í kast við e-n, to come in collision with one (Dan. komme i kast med en), Nj. 260;
koma í kast saman við e-n, H. E. i. 524. β. a throw of
dice, Sturl. ii. 159, Ó. H. 90, Sks. 26. 2. köstum saman
, by heaps, Þórð. 62; at seinustum köstum, at th
e last moment, D. N. ii. 535: metaph., kemr til e-s kasta, one's turn co
mes, mun þá þykkja koma til várra kasta, at veita
lið málum yðrum, Valla L. 221; nú hafa kappar kveðit &
iacute; hring, kemr til minna kasta, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 7.
II. a kind of cloak, a dust cloak; hlógu at honum er hann v
ar í kasti mórendu, Nj. 179: in mod. usage, a cloak worn by
milkmaids whilst milking.
KASTA, að, [a Scandin. word; Dan.-Swed. kaste, not found in Sa
xon and Germ., so that Engl. cast must be of Dan. origin] :-- to cast,
throw, with dat. of the thing (to throw with a thing), but also abso
l.; Egill kastaði þegar niðr horninu, E. flung the horn away, Eg. 215; smala-maðr kastar höfðinu niðr, Nj. 71; en er skj&o
uml;ldr Atla var únýttr, þá kastaði hann honum, E
g. 507; hann kastar aptr öllu ok vill ekki þiggja, Man.; kasta brynju
, Hkv. 2. 42; kasta akkerum, to cast anchor, Eg. 128; k. farmi, to th
row the cargo overboard, 656 C. 21, Sks. 231 B; kasta verplum, to cast wi
th the dice, Grág. ii. 198; Suðrmenn tveir köstuðu um si
lfr (gambled); Magn. 528; hana kastaði, ok kómu upp tvau sex,
Ó. H. 90: to throw, toss, ef griðungr kastar manni, Grá
g. ii. 122; k. e-m inn, to cast into prison, Fms. ix. 245. II. wit
h prepp.; kasta um hesti, to turn a horse at full gallop; ven þ&uac
ute; hest þinn góðan um at kasta á hlaupanda skrefi, Sks
. 374; Jóns-synir köstuðu um hestum sínum, Sturl. ii. 75:
metaph., biskupi þótti hann hafa kastað
<PAGE NUM="b0333">
<HEADER>KASTALI -- KAUPANGSMENN. 333</HEADER>
sér um til mótstöðu-manna kirkjunnar, that he had turn
ed round to the enemies of the church, Bs. i. 722; k. um hug sínum, to change one's mind, Stj. 285: k. til e-s, to cast at one, pelt one, Grág. ii. 7: ef hvarrgi kastar fyrir annan, lay snares for another,
 Gþl. 426. III. to cast off; kasta trú, to cas
t off one's faith, be a renegade, Nj. 166, 272; kasta Kristni, to apostat
ize, Fms. i. 108, vii. 151. IV. phrases, kasta orðum á e-n
, to address one, Ölk. 37; k. kallz-yrðum at e-m, to throw ta
unts at one, Fms. vi. 194, Fb. i. 214 (at-kast); kasta reiði á en, Fms. vii. 228; k. á sik sótt, to feign illness, Nj. 14:
k. fram kviðlingi, vísu, stöku, to extemporise, cast abroad, a ditty, Fms. ii. 207; kasta sinni eign á e-t, to seize upon:
k. niðr, to cast down, Eg. 730: k. e-u til, to insinuate, Fb.
ii. 148; k. móti e-m, to cast in one's teeth, Stj. 173: kasta upp
, to forward, bring forth, Nj. 88. V. impers., of being cast, t
hrown, flung, esp. by wind, waves, etc.; varð svá mikill eldsgang
rinn, at logbröndunum kastaði upp í borgina, Fms. x. 29; er hann
frétti at skipinu hafði kastað, capsized, Bs. i. 389; &th
orn;ær síur ok gneista, er kastað hafði ór Mú
spells-heimi, Edda 5; köldum draug kastar upp á búnka, Skald
H. 4. 19; kastaði þú fram seglinu á akkeris-fleininn, Fm
s. ix. 387; menn dasask, skips-farmi kastar, Sks. 231; enda kasti hvölum e&
eth;a viði yfir malar-kamb, Grág. ii. 354; þat fé er kas
tar á land, 388; þá kastar þegar vindi á eptir
þeim, it blew up to a breeze, Bs. i. 461; nú kastar &aacute
; vindi innan eptir firðinum, Fms. ii. 72; henni var kastað skinni at be
ini, the skin was as it were thrown over her bones, of leanness, B&aacute
;rð. 176. VI. reflex. or recipr., kastask í móti, to

cast against one another, Gþl. 426; kastask orðum á, to
exchange words, Eg. 547, Þorst. St. 52. 2. pass. to be thro
wn, Fms. ix. 245, x. 49.
kastali, a, m. [from Lat. castellum], a castle, stronghold,
Fms. vii. 94, 159, 194, viii. 177, 418, x. 358, Al. 90, Sks. 597, Fas. i. 497,
Ver. 10, Sturl. ii. 42, Fs. 70, Orkn. 344-354; kastala hurð, dyr, veggr, v&i
acute;gskörð, a castle door, wall, rampart. Hkr. iii. 312, Orkn.
350. Sks. 416; kastala stafr, a castle pillar, Fms. viii. 429; kastala-k
irkja, a castle church, vii. 189; kastala-menn, defenders of a castle,
 Orkn. 350, Fms. vii. 192, Fs. 70. 2. a kind of war engine, Sk
s. 3. naut., hún-kastali, q.v. 4. a dome-shaped hill is in
Icel. called kastali; cp. borg.
kastan-razi, a, m. a nickname, Bs.
kast-möl, f. coarse gravel.
kast-vella u, f. boiling, Bs. ii. 9.
KATI, a, m. a kind of small ship, a 'cat,' Edda (Gl.); þ&aac
ute; gaf Hörðr nafn nesinu ok kallaði Katanes, því at
honum þótti þar margr kati fyrir fara, Ísl. ii. 85 :-ketíll (kettle) seems to be a diminutive from this old word. I
I. local names; Kata-nes, n. Caithness in Scotland: Katnesi
ngar, m. pl. the men of Caithness, Orkn.: Katneskr, adj. fr
om Caithness, Grág. i. 299, Orkn.
katlari, a, m. a kettle-maker, Rétt. 59.
Katrín, f. a pr. name, Catherine; Katrínar-messa, -s
aga, Catherine's mass, saga, Pm., Vm.
katt-belgr, m. a cat's skin, Grág. i. 501.
katt-skinn, n. a cat's skin, Þorf. Karl. 374; kattskinns gl&
oacute;far, cat-skin gloves, id.
kauða, u, f. = kauði, a nickname, Fms. vii. 217.
kauði, a, m. a rascal, Edda (Gl.) ii. 496, freq. in mod. usage
.
KAUN, n. a sore, of wounds and scabs, Bs. ii. 20 (in a verse), Mar
.; fullr kauna, Luke xvi. 26: freq. in mod. usage is the phrase, blása &i
acute; kaunin, to blow on one's sores, of fingers burnt, sore, or cold, G
rönd. 46, = GREEK of Theocr. 19. 3. 2. the Rune RUNE, see introducti
on to letter K.
KAUP, n. a bargain; íllt kaup, a bad bargain, &THORN
;orst. St. 54; daprt kaup, a sad bargain, Sighvat; kröpp kaup, Grett
. (in a verse); gott or góð kaup, a good bargain; af-kaup, q.v
.; hón gaf fyrir heklu flekkótta, ok vildi kaup kalla, she paid
a spotted frock for it, thus making it a bargain, Landn. 319; öll skul
u kaup haldask með mönnum váttlaus, nema fjögr, Grág
. ii. 406; kona á at ráða fyrir hálfs-eyris kaupi, a
woman has a right to make a bargain amounting to half an ounce, i. 333: phr
ases, slá kaupi við e-n, and slá kaupi saman, to strike a b
argain, Fms. ii. 80, Fb. ii. 79; slyngja kaupi, to strike a bargain,
Ld. 96; kaup ok sölur, buying and selling; ganga kaupum ok söl
um, to go into trade; eiga kaup við e-n, Fms. vi. 103; verða at
kaupi, to come to a bargain, Ld. 96; semja kaup, Fb. i. 124; kaupa sm&aa
cute;m kaupum sem stórum, ii. 75; eiga kaup við e-n, to exchange,
bargain, trade with one, Nj. 157, passim. II. a stipulation, agree
ment; allan áverka þann er í kaup þeirra kom, G&th
orn;l. 329; ek mæli til kaupa við þik, vill Rútr gör
ask mágr þinn ok kaupa dóttur þína (of marriage
, see brúð-kaup), Nj. 3; þá tala þeir um kaup, ok
verða á allt sáttir, 51; skulu vit korna saman á &thorn
;essi nótt at því kaupi sem þá vill verða,
Fms. vii. 244. III. wages, pay; eigi kann ek kaups at meta, to
take pay for a thing, O. H. L. 66; utan kaups, without pay, gratuitously,
 Þiðr. 312; vera af kaupi, to be off one's bargain, to have for
feited it, Edda 26; skal hann eigi taka meira kaup en hálfa mörk
, Grág. i. 147; at maðr taki tvá aura at kaupi, 466, Ré
tt. 2. 10; hvat kaup viltú hafa fyrir skemtan þína? O. H. L.
66; mæla sér kaup, Bs. i. 171, Stj. 176; konungr gaf honum mikit k
aup, Fms. x. 320; fara með kaup sín, to let oneself for hire,
Grág. i. 468; prests-kaup, a priest's pay for singing mass, Bs. i.
759; hann galt engum manni kaup, Grett. 109. COMPDS: kaupa-bálkr,
m. a section of the law referring to trade and exchange, Grág., G
þl., Jb. kaupa-bréf, n. a deed of a bargain, D. N. kaupa-jörð, f. purchased land, opp. to óðalsj&o
uml;rð, N. G. L. i. 75. kaupa-kostir, m. pl. terms of a bargain, Ld. 322, Rd. 260. kaupa-land, n. =kaupajörð, Bs. i. 684. k
aupa-maðr, m. a hired labourer during haymaking in the summer, op
p. to vinnu-maðr = a servant hired for the whole year. kaupa-mang, n.
barter, Sturl. ii. 125. kaupa-mark, n. a purchased mark, o
pp. to one inherited (in cattle), Grág. ii. 307. kaupa-váttr, m. (and kaups-váttr, Grág. ii. 204), a witness to a b
argain, Dipl. v. 26. kaupa-vinna, u, f. working for wages, of
mowers. kaups-vætti, n. id., Grág. ii. 272.
KAUPA, kaupir, pret. keypti, part. keypt; [Ulf. kaupatjan = GREEK
and kaupon = GREEK, Luke xix. 13; A. S. ceâpian; Old Engl. chop; North. E. coup; cp. Engl. cheapen, chaffer, couper, chap-m
an, etc. (see angr); Germ. kaufen; Dutch koopen; Swed. k&o
uml;pa; Dan. kjöbe; a word common to all Teut. languages. The d
erivation from Lat. caupona is hardly admissible, whereas Grimm's ingenio
us suggestion (Dict. iii. 198) connecting it with Goth. kaupatjan, which
Ulf. uses = to strike in the face, is strongly borne out by the very form
of the Icel. word; -- since, first, this word, although having au as its
root vowel, follows the 2nd and not the 1st weak conjugation; secondly, the vow
el changes in preterite and participle, which is characteristic of a verb with a
n inflexive or characteristic j; thirdly, the t in the preterite (
so far as is known) is never spelt with ð or þ, -- keypt
i, not keypði or keypþi (see introduction to letter D, C. III. 2), -which indicates that the t is here radical and not inflexive. The Icel. w
ord therefore represents in its tenses both the Gothic words, -- kaupan in the p
resent tense, kaupatjan in the preterite: the bargain was symbolized by 'strikin
g,' hence the phrase 'to strike' a bargain, Dutch koopslagen.]
B. To buy; magran mar kaupa, Hm. 83; kaupa frið, Skm. 19; opt
kaupir sér í litlu lof, Hm. 51; vel-keyptr, 107; allan þann
varning er þú kaupir ok selr, Sks. 20; hann keypti skip til fer&eth
;ar, Mar. passim; keypti Njáll land í Ossabæ, Nj. 151, Gr&aa
cute;g. ii. 243; Vill Rútr görask mágr þinn ok kaupa d&
oacute;ttur þína, Nj. 3 :-- the bargain or price in dat., skal &oum
l;ln (dat.) kaupa geymslu á kú, Grág. i. 147, 466; kaupa la
nd verði, ii. 243; k. sex álnum, i. 466; kaupa mey (konu) mundi, &tho
rn;á er kona mundi keypt, er mörk sex álna aura er goldin at
mundi eðr handsöluð, eðr meira fé ella, 175; gulli keypt
a léztú Gýmis dóttur, Ls. 42. 2. absol. to
make a bargain; þótt vér kaupim eigi, Nj. 49: kaupa kau
pi, to bargain; eigi kemr mér þat í hug at Snorri kau
pi sínu kaupi betr þótt hann gefi þér mat, Eb.
182; k. dýrt, to buy dearly, metaph., Parc., Str. 50. II. w
ith prepp.; kaupa saman, to bargain, Hkv. Hjörv. 3; kaupa á b
raut, to buy one off; þess væntir mik, at þú s&e
acute;r vel þessu á braut kaupandi, well worth being bought off
at this price, Fms. xi. 56 :-- k. við e-n, to make a bargain, come to
terms with one, Nj. 40, Fb. ii. 75 :-- k. um, to barter, exchange; k
eypti hann um lönd við Guðrúnu Ósvífrs-d&oacut
e;ttur, Eb. 282; kaupa klæðum (klæði um?) við e-n, to
exchange clothes with one, Fms. ii. 156; mælt var at þau mundi
kaupa um lönd, Snorri ok Guðrún, Ld. 248; drottning keypti um so
nu við ambátt, Fas. ii. 59 :-- k. e-t at e-m, to buy of one;
hann keypti at Þorgeiri, Íb. 11 (c&avlig;pti MS.); þat er mit
t eyrendi at k. at þér kvikfé, Fms. vi. 103, Ld. 96, Fb. ii.
75. III. reflex., rétt er at maðr láti kaupask verk at
, hire oneself out, Grág. i. 468: svá mikit sem mér
kaupisk í, as much as I gain by it, Band. 31 new Ed.; ef ek vissa,
at þat keyptisk í, at ..., that it would be gained by it, F
ms. v. 138; mikit kaupisk nú í, much is gained, vii. 116; s
líkt sem mér kaupisk í, xi. 285. 2. recipr., þ
ar sem menn kaupask saman at lögum, to bargain with one another, G&t
horn;l. 477; á þat urðu vit sáttir er vit keyptumk vi&et
h;, Fb. ii. 78; þegar er ér kaupisk við, Eb. 112; öðru
mtveggja þeim er við hafa keypzk, Grág. i. 227: the phrase, kom
ask at keyptu, to pay dearly for, smart for it, Eg. 64, Háv. 46, K
arl. 401. 3. pass., ekki munu frændr Grettis ausa út f&eacut
e; fyrir verk hans ef honum kaupisk enginn friðr, Grett. 126 A; sem í
þessi ferð muni mér þá engi frami kaupask, St. Od
d. 10.
kaup-angr, m. [kaup and vangr, dropping the v, rather than angr, q
.v.] :-- a market-place, village, town; ef maðr á hús &
iacute; kaupangi en bú í héraði, Gþl. 93; &iacute
; kaupangi sem í héraði, N. G. L. i. 303; allt þat sem &
iacute; kaupangri er gört, þat skal at kaupangrs-rétti skipta,
53; þá skal hann fara til kaupangrs með föt sín, 3
04. II. it is also freq. in Scandin. local names denoting old market-t
owns, Dan. Kjöbing, Nykjöbing, Kjöben-havn, Swed. K
öping, Norköping, Engl. Cheap-side, Chipping-Ongar; Chipping-No
rton, etc.: the Norse town Níðaróss was specially called Kaupangr, Fms. ii. 232, iii. 40, iv. 314, 340, v. 104, 117, x. 448, xii. p
assim, Ísl. ii. 391: also as a local name in northern Iceland, Lv., Rd. 2
74. COMPDS: Kaupangs-fjall, n. a local name in Norway, Fms. viii. kaup
angs-konur, f. pl. town-women, the women of Níðaróss, Fms. vi. kaupangrs-lýðr, m. town-folk, Fms. x. 411.
kaupangs-menn, m. pl. town-men, people, Fms. viii. 35. kaupangs
-
<PAGE NUM="b0334">
<HEADER>334 KAUPANGRSRÉTTR -- KÁRR.</HEADER>
manna-lög, n. pl. = kaupangrsréttr, Gþl. 263. kaupan
grs-réttr, m. town-law, Gþl. 264, N. G. L. i. 53.

kaup-bréf, n. a deed of purchase, Dipl. v. 16.
kaup-brigði, n. a breach of contract, Þorst. hv. 40.
kaup-bær, m. = kaupangr, Hom. 118, Fms. iv. 93, vii. 112, 151, &Iac
ute;sl. ii. 391.
kaup-drengr, m. = kaupmaðr, Fms. vi. 36, Ísl. ii. 126.
kaup-dýrr, adj. exorbitant, demanding a high price, Ld. 176
.
kaup-eyrir, m. articles of trade, wares, cargo; kaupskip ok kaupey
ri, ship and cargo, Eg. 157; hann fór með kaupmönnum vest
r til Englands ok hafði góðan kaupeyri, Orkn. 204, Fs. 131, Ld. 2
54 (money); af kaupeyri ok garðleigum í kaupstað, Gþ
l. 93; fá e-m kaupeyri, Fs. 84. kaupeyris-tíund, f. a ti
the or tax on trade, excise, H. E. ii. 98.
kaup-fang, n. a purchase, Nj. 131, v.l.
kaup-ferð, f. a journey; sigla kaupferð, Eb. 140; stundum
í víking stundum í kaupferðum, Eg. 154; optliga &iacute
; kaupferðum en stundum í hernaði, Fms. i. 185; hitt hafða ek
heldr nú ætlað at hætta kaupferðum, Nj. 22; hann rak
kaupferðir til ymissa landa, Ó. H. 50; Loðinn fór kaupfer
ð í Austrveg, Fb. i. 207; þá settisk friðr ok kaupfe
rðir ór Þrándheimi til Jamtalands, Ó. H. 142: met
aph. phrases, ok munu þessir hafa þvílíka kaupferð
sem hinir fyrri ( = fara sömu för), Fms. viii. 405; ok enginn s&aelig
;kir sá at honum, at eigi hefir þvílíka kaupferð,
Þiðr. 326.
kaup-fox, n. cheating, fraudulent dealing, Gþl. 496, Jb. 359
.
kaup-friðr, m. 'trade-peace,' security for trade, Fms. vi. 7,
O. H. L. 39.
kaup-för, f. = kaupferð, esp. in pl.; fara kaupförum ok afl
a sér svá fjár, Sks. 251; er hann rænti mik skipi &th
orn;ví er eitt er bezt haft í kaupförum, Ó. H. 215.
kaup-gegn, adj. good at trading, Fb. ii. 138.
kaup-gjald, n. wages, pay, Stj. 182.
kaup-hlutr, m. a bargain, Mar.
kaup-hús, n. a shop, Symb. 23.
kaup-höndlan, f. [Germ. handling], trade, (mod.)
kaupi, a, m. a buyer, Jb. 56, Pr. 128; báðir, kaupi ok
sali, N. G. L. ii. 100: = kaupunautr, Þiðr. 104.
kaup-lag, n. a tax, price, Grett. 95.
kaup-laust, n. adj. without charge, gratuitously, 656 B. 2, Fs. 92

, Fb. i. 122, Al. 135, Korm. 68: without bargain, profit, Germ. unverr
ichteter sache, Ld. 322, Konr. 38.
kaup-lendingr, adj. a law term, owner of purchased land (opp. to a
n allodial owner), N. G. L. i. 247.
kaup-ligr, adj. mercantile, Fms. iii. 159.
kaup-löstr, m. a flaw in a bargain, N. G. L. i. 75.
kaup-maðr, m. [cp. Engl. chapman; Germ. kaufmann; Dan.
kjöbmand; Swed. köpman] :-- a merchant, traveller; in old times, trade was held in honour, and a kaupmaðr (merchant) a
nd farmaðr (traveller) were almost synonymous; young men of rank and
fortune used to set out on their travels which they continued for some years, un
til at last they settled for life; even the kings engaged in trade (see e.g. the
pref. to the Hkr., of king St. Olave and Hall í Haukadale); whence in af
ter-times arose the notion of royal trade monopoly. Numerous passages in the Sag
as refer to journeys taken for trade; kaupmaðr ok smiðr mikill, Ó
. H. 5, 214, Nj. 124, Fms. viii. 234, 303, Ísl. ii. 126, Fs. 24, Eb. 140;
kaupmanna görfi, a merchant's attire, Fms. v. 285; kaupmanna-l&ouml
;g, a league of merchants; kallaði hann þeirra manna auðgas
tan er verit höfðu í kaupmanna-lögum, Ld. 28.
kaup-manga, að, to bargain, Sturl. i. 171.
kaupmannliga, adv. in a merchant-like manner, Fb. ii. 75.
kaupmannligr, adj. merchant-like, mercantile.
kaup-máli, a, m. a bargain, contract, Grág. i. 225,
Nj. 17, Fms. x. 12, 300, Th. passim; kaupmála-bréf, a deed,
Dipl. iii. 4.
kaup-rein, f. a market-place, N. G. L. i. 26.
kaup-rof, n. a breach of bargain, N. G. L. i. 237.
kaup-sáttr, adj. agreed to as a bargain, Sturl. iii. 133.
kaup-skapr, m. stores of merchandise, wares, Eg. 41, Fms. i. 185;
hafði hann með sér hæns ok seldi þau með ö&e
th;rum kaupskap, Ísl. ii. 124: -- mod. trade, trading.
kaup-skattr, m. = kaup-skapr, H. E. i. 492, ii. 72.
kaup-skil, n. pl. dealings; fara með réttum kaupskilum,
bargains; þeirri eigu er þá kom í kaupskil &th
orn;eirra, D. N. i. 83.
kaup-skip, n. a merchant ship, Ó. H. 215, Eg. 81, Nj. 3, F&
aelig;r. 249, N. G. L. i. 48, Eb. 49 (v.l.) new Ed., Fs. 70, 85, 92.
kaup-slaga, að, [Dutch kopslagen, whence Dan. kjöbslaa
e], to 'strike a bargain,' to bargain, Ann. 1414, Fb. i. 209.
kaup-staðr, m. a market town, a town, Ísl. ii. 232, Eg.
119, 241, Fms. ii. 27, vi. 440, vii. 235, Fær. 5.
kaup-stefna, u, f. a fair, a market, Eg. 41, 69, 599, Ó. H.

64, 134, Grág. i. 463, Fms. i. 185, x. 227, Ísl. ii. 126, 192, Fs
. 100: a bargain, Ó. H. 114.
kaup-sveinn, m. = kaupdrengr, Fms. vi. 238, Fas. iii. 165.
kaup-tíð, f. market time or season (July and Aug
ust).
kaup-tún, n. a 'cheap or chipping town,' market town, Fb. ii. 122; þorp eðr k., Stj. 183, 570, O. H. L. 13.
kaupu-bréf, n. = kaupbréf, D. N.
kaupu-nautr, m. a customer, Fms. iii. 91, Sd. 186, O. H. 114, Fb.
i. 209.
kaupungr, m. a nickname, Sturl. iii. 226.
kaup-varningr, m. merchant wares, Dropl. 9.
kaup-váttr, m. a witness to a bargain, Dipl. iv. 4, N. G. L
. i. 223, B. K. 124.
kaup-verzlan, f. trade, (mod.)
kaup-vitni, n. = kaupváttr.
kaup-þorp, n. = kauptún, Fms. x. 67, v.l.
KAUSI, a, m. [kause, Ivar Aasen], a cat, = kisa, q.v.; Snor
ri mælti við son sinn Þórð kausa, sér köt
trinn músina, sees the cat the mouse? Ísl. ii. 309 :-- a ni
ckname, Eb.
KÁ, ð, to harass; enna grimmustu úvina er kallza
oss ok ká, Barl. 60: reflex., kásk í e-u, to meddle in
a thing, Str. 24.
ká-beinn, m. a nickname, Fb.
káf, n. a stirring about: metaph. pretence of work, no r
eal work, það er ekki nema káf.
káfa, að, to stir; káfa í heyi, to sti
r the hay with a rake.
kák, n. bungling; það er ónýtt k&aa
cute;k.
káka, að, [from Engl. quack], to bungle, play the qu
ack; káka við e-t.
káklast, að, dep. to pick up quarrels; þér
mun kostr at káklast um, komir þú austr þangat, Sk&ia
cute;ða R. 61.
KÁL, n. [A. S. cawl; Engl. cole; Scot. kale;
Germ. kohl; Dan. kaal] :-- a cabbage; mun hann einn æ
tla at éta allt kál á Englandi? Ó. H. 131; græ

n kál, Stj. 61: kale broth and bacon, Fas. iii. 381; e-m fellr fle
sk í kál, Bs. i. 717, Fms. x. 348, see flesk: in the saying, ekki
er sopit kálit þó í ausuna sé komit, the ka
le is not supped though it be in the ladle, i.e. there is many a slip twixt
the cup and the lip, Grett. 132 A; er þat vel at vér deilim k&aacut
e;lit, 168 new Ed. COMPDS: kál-fræ, n. kale seed. 
kál-garðr, m. a kale garden, Bs. i. 765, D. N. k&aacute
;l-meti, m. kale food. kál-súpa, u, f. kale b
roth.
kálf-bær, f. adj. a cow that will bear calves, Gr&aac
ute;g. i. 501, N. G. L. i. 75.
kálf-full, adj. with calf, of a cow.
KÁLFI, a, m. the calf of the leg, Orkn. 12, Eb. 60, Nj. 247
, Fas. i. 61, ii. 343, 354, N. G. L. i. 339, Bs. i. 229. kálfa-b&oacut
e;t, f. = the ham = knésbót, Þiðr. 86.
KÁLFR, m. [Goth. kalbo = GREEK; A. S. cealf; Engl. calf; O. H. G. chalbâ; Germ. kalb; Dan. kalv; S
wed. kalf] :-- a calf; kýr ok kálfr, Fms. i. 168, vi
. 260, 368, Njarð. 374, Gísl. 80, Eb. 316, 318, Fas. iii. 34, Gr&aacu
te;g. i. 502, N. G. L. i. 25: the phrase, ala öðrum þræl k&
aacute;lfs-eldi, to feed a thrall for another man as a calf, i.e. to feed
a person who does nothing but eat, 31; hindar-k., a fawn, Str. 3: a w
hale-calf. II. metaph. of a small island near a large one, eyjar-k.;
Manar-k., the Calf of Man, at its southern extremity; Rastar-kálfr
, the Calf of the island Rost. β. hvann-kálfr, youn
g angelica, Hervar. (Hb.) Gsp., cp. Gr. GREEK: kálfa-kjöt, n. 'calf-flesh,' veal, Stj. 91: kálfs-belgr, m. a calf
's skin, Gísl. 118, Fas. iii. 621: kálfs-fætr, m.
pl. a calf's legs; flegnar kálfs fætr, flayed calves fee
t, of the stockings hanging about one's legs. III. metaph. a calf,
 i.e. a silly person, dunce; þú ert mesti kálfr!
kálf-skinn, n. a calf-skin; kálfskinns skór,
Sturl. iii. 199: the phrase, eigi þótti honum meiri himinn en k&aac
ute;lfskinn, svá þótti honum konungr ógurligr, the
heaven seemed to him not bigger than a calf-skin (he was so dazzled)
, so frowning seemed the king, Hkr. iii.
kálf-suga, u, f. the caul of calves, Björn; tregar k&a
acute;lfsugur, Hallgr., Snót (1866).
KÁM, n. [West Engl. keem = scum on cider; Germ. k
ahm, kahn, keim], grime, film of dirt, kám-leitr, adj.
grimy in the face, kámugr, adj. 'keamy,' grimed.
KÁPA, u, f. [A. S. cappe; Engl. cape, cope; O. H. G.
chappa; Germ. kappe; Dan. kaabe; also the Romance language
s, from the mid. Lat. cappa] :-- a cowled cloak, cloak with a hood, Fms. iv. 166, Nj. 143, Eg. 726, Jb. 187; blá kápa, Gísl.
37; kápu-ermr, -höttr, -skaut, -gríma, a cope's sleeve, h
ood, lap, Eb. 250, Bs. i. 623, Band. 33 new Ed., Fas. i. 143, ii. 133, G&iac
ute;sl. 37, Háv. 45; loð-kápa, a furred cloak, Fms. vii
. 19; tvíbyrð kápa, Rétt. 2. 10; kantara-kápa, q
.v.: the phrase, honum verðr ekki kápan úr því kl
æðinu, he will never get a cloak of that cloth = he will fai
l, be disappointed in that. 2. the cover of a book, (mod.)

kár-höfðaðr, part. curled, Þiðr. 175
, 181.
kár-höfði, a, m. one with curled hair, a nickname,
Bs.
kári, a, m., poët. the wind, freq. in mod. usage: a pr
. name.
kárína, u, f. [through Fr. carême, from Lat. quadragesima], a fast of forty days, ordered as a penance in the ol
d eccl. law, H. E. i. 521, ii. 189, 191. kárínu-fasta, u, f
. = kárína, Sturl. ii. 231.
kárna, að, [either from the preceding word or rather from Goth
. kaurs = heavy, kaurens = heaviness] :-- to become dist
ressed; heldr tók að kárna fyrir Árna, Jón A
rason.
KÁRR, m. [A. S. cerre; Ivar Aasen kaara], a curl or curls in the hair; svartr á hárslit ok kárr
í hári hans mikill, Post. 645. 66; rendering of
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<HEADER>KÁSSA -- KENNA. 335</HEADER>
'capillo nigro et crispo:' a pr. name, Kárr, Landn.; and as a nick
name in þunn-kárr, thin-haired; gull-kárr, gold cu
rl; örðlu-kárr, Landn.
kássa, u, f. a mess, muddle; allt í einni kás
su.
kássast, að, dep.; k. upp á e-n, to pick a quarrel w
ith.
kátína, u, f. merriment, merry pranks.
kátliga, adv. in an odd, funny manner, Barl. 74.
kátligr, adj. cheerful; k. ok með gleði-bragði,
Nj. 118; funny, comic, Grett. 127 A, Bs. ii. 148; all-k., Grett. 112.
KÁTR, adj. [Dan. kaad], merry, cheerful, in good spirits
, of mood, temper, Eg. 44, 483, Fms. i. 202, vii. 152, 157, 175, ix. 477, &O
acute;. H. 70; all-kátr, in excellent humour, 57; ú-k&aacut
e;tr, downcast.
ká-vísi, f. archness, Karl. 123.
ká-víslega, adv. archly, Stj. 16.
ká-vísligr, adj. wily; k. orð, Pr. 166.
ká-víss, adj. arch, wily, Fms. ix. 304.
keðja, u, f. [Germ. kette; Lat. catena; Dan. kjede], a chain, (mod.)
KEFJA, older form kvefja, Sks. l.c.; pres. kefr, pret. kafði,
part. kafinn, [kaf; mid. H. G. quebe] :-- causal, to dip, put under wa
ter; mantú hversu fór um sundit með okkr, ek mátta
kefja þik ef ek vilda, Fms. vii. 119; sem þat kvefi (kvæfi, n
ew Ed.) reykr eða mjörkvi, Sks. 211; þá kafði h&oacute
;n höfuðit svá at þar dó hann, Hkr. Yngl. S.; er r&
iacute;ki þitt klandar ok sjálfan þik vill kefja, MS. 4. 26:
the saying, þann má eigi kefja er Guð vill hefja, Fb. iii. 408.
II. impers. to be swamped, founder, sink, of a ship; skipit kaf&e
th;i undir þeim, Eg. 600; þá kafði skipit undir þei
m ok létusk þar allir, Hkr. i. 115, Mar.; svá er veðr &t
horn;etta mikit at við því þótti búit, at k
efja mundi skipin undir þeim, Fas. ii. 180. III. reflex. to dip
oneself, duck, dive; þat er athæfi þessa skrimsl, at &thor
n;at hefir opt kafsk, Sks. 170 :-- to be quenched, ok er þá
því líkast at ljósit kvefisk þá &iacute
; þeim reyk, 47 new Ed.; at ljós vili kefjast (old Ed.) 2. p
art. kafðr, drowned; sumir vóru í vatni kafð
ir, Hom. 147: metaph. overwhelmed, kafðr í áhyggjum, Ma
r.; önnum kafinn, overwhelmed with business.
kefla, ð, to gag a lamb, so as to prevent its sucking; sag&eth
;i at lömbunum væri tregast um átið fyrst er þau eru
nýkefld, Eb. 244. II. to mangle; kefla þvátt,
to mangle linen, freq. in mod. usage; 'þar vartú at er ma&e
th;r kefldi þvátt' is prob. the true reading of the corrupt passage
'er feaðr kleði þvátt' in Skálda 162 (Thorodd); the
MS. prob. had kelþi = kelfði (as the word is sounded), and UNCERTAIN
aþr, which two words the transcriber mistook for kleþi and pea&thorn
;r.
KEFLI, n. [kafli], a cylinder, stick, piece of wood; álnar
löng kefli öll ok smæri, Jb. 317; viðar-reki fylgir allr nem
a kefla reki, Vm. 130, Grett. 169 new Ed., Fms. vii. 170, xi. 347, Fs. 137; r&ia
cute;sta rúnar á kefli, to carve Runes (magical characters)
on a k., Gísl. 67, Eg. 605, Grett., Sd. 140, 141: a gag, F
ms. ii. 179. II. a mangle; svá eru Flosa ráð sem
fari kefli, F.'s plans are a rolling cylinder ( = Gr. GREEK), the metaph
or being probably taken from a mangle :-- laga-kefli, see lög.
kefling, f. gagging, Bs. i. 528.
kefli-völr, m. a cane, stick, Fms. vii. 193, N. G. L. i. 334.
kefsir, m. = Germ. kebs-mann, Edda (Gl.)
kegill, m. a nickname, Sturl.
keikan, n. a nickname, Fb. iii.
keikja, t, to bend backwards, Eg. 397, v.l. to kneykja; Flosi keik
tist mjök, of a wrestler, = kikna or lykna (q.v.), Fms. iii. 188.
KEIKR, adj. bent backwards, the belly jutting forwards; svá
at gerðu eik | gékk heldr keik, Bjarn. (in a verse); stendr heldr ke
ikari, Band. 11, Fas. iii. 557; k. í hálsi, Mag.
keila, u, f. a fish, gadus longus, Edda (Gl.): ref-keila, a fem

ale fox.
keilir, m. a wedge (cp. Germ. keil); ef maðr brý
tr há af skipi manns eðr keili, N. G. L. i. 325, Edda (Gl.) keiliselgr, keilis-múli, a, m. a nickname, Landn.: a cone-formed mounta
in, a local name in the south of Icel.
keimr, m. flavour, taste; bera keim af e-u, to have a taste of;
 íllr keimr, a bad flavour, keim-líkr, adj. o
f like flavour.
keipa, að, to pull an angler's line up and down, with dat.; fo
rgefins hafði fiskimann, færinu keipat lengi dags, Jón Þo
r.: metaph. to fret, be cross.
keipóttr, adj. fretful, fickle, shifty.
KEIPR, m. a rowlock, Edda (Gl.), Fms. vii. 66, freq. II. =
húðkeipr (q.v.), a canoe, Fb. i. 525, Skáld H. 4. 17, 2
0. keip-nagli, a, m. and keip-nef, n. a rowlock thrall, a rower
. III. metaph. fretful fits, of children; seldu mér han
a keipa-stelpu þína, Snót 298.
keipull, m. a kind of boat, the coble of the north-east coast of E
ngland and south-eastern of Scotland, Íb. 9.
KEIS, f. [akin to keikr], a round belly, freq. in mod. usage: a ni
ckname, Sturl. iii. 225.
keisa, t, to jut out; keisti fald, perhaps keikti fald, Rm. 26.
keisari, a, m. Caesar, Germ. Kaiser, an emperor, Ver. 40, H
kr. iii. 343, passim; keisara ríki, anempire; keisara garðr, h
öll, stóll, vígsla, the imperial residence, hall, chair, c
onsecration, Ver. 47, Fms. vii. 94, Stj. 1, Ann. 913, Fas. i. 323. COMPDS: keisara-dómr, m., -dæmi, n. an empire, Fms. xi.
329, 417. keisara-inna, u, f. [Germ. kaiserin], an empress, Ann., Thom. 162.
kekkja, u, f. [kökkr], a nickname, Fas.
kektunar-maðr, m., Nj. 105; see klektun.
KELDA, u, f. [mid. H. G. qual and quil; Germ. quelle; Dan. kilde; Swed. källa; cp. Engl. well, North. E.
keld = a spring] :-- a well, spring; krjúpa at keld
u (mod. vatna lömbum), Þorf. Karl. (in a verse); kelda er ok þa
r nær hellinum, ok þó konungr sér í, Ó.
H. 187; af sannri lífs æð sem lífs keldu, Barl. 84; &iac
ute; læk þann eðr keldu er féll ór brunninum, Bs.
i. 462; um ker ok keldur, þar skal ker vera í garði sem eigi er
kelda til ok vatn í, N. G. L. ii. 248, Sks. 91, Bret. 30; útan ga
rðs ok innan með keldu, D. N. i. 527; at keldunni þeirri er mitt e
r í garðinum, ii. 498, iii. 98; keldu-lækr, a stream from a
well, Karl. 266: and so in Dan. and Swed. local name, Roes-kilde, as
also in mod. Dan. and Swed. II. specific Icel. a stagnant pit in a swa
mpy ground, Eb. 266, Ld. 204, Lv. 5, Jb. 278, Dipl. ii. 1, Fb. i. 231. COMPD
S: keldu-skítr, m. = myri-skítr, a snipe: a nickname
, Fms. vii. keldu-sog, n. the outlet of a k., Dipl. v. 19. keld
u-svín, n. a hedge-hog: local names, Keldur, f. pl., Keldu-hverfi, n., Landn.; whence Keld-hverfingar, m. pl. the men
from K., Grett.
keldóttr, adj. miry, marshy.
KELFA, d, to calve, Gþl. 504, see Pal Vídal. Sk&yacut
e;r. s.v. kelft.
kelfing, f. calving, Gþl. 498.
kéli-, [Swed. kel; Dan. kjelen, kjele = to fondle
; cp. also ein-kili] :-- it occurs only in COMPDS: kéli-sjú
kr, adj. hysterical; fyrir kelisjúkar konur, Fsm. 23. k&eac
ute;li-sótt or kéli-sýki, f., Swed. kelenhet = hysterics, Fél.
kelkinn, adj., in þrá-kelkinn, obstinate, and þ
rá-kelkni, obstinacy.
kelli, kella, see kerli, kerla.
kelpa, u, f. a trap for otters, Fms. vii. 21; see kilpr.
KEMBA, d, [kambr], to comb; skera hár silt né k., Eg
. 6; k. höfuð, Vsp. 38, Vtkv. 11; kembdr ok þveginn, Skv. 2. 25;
laug skal göra hveim er liðinn er, hendr þvá ok höfu&
eth;, kemba ok þerra áðr í kistu fari, Sdm. 34 (Bugge);
k. sik, Stj. 138; usually k. sér, Karl. 409, Sturl. i. 168, Bs. i. 560; m
egi þér k. þeim eigi hagligar tjaldkúlur, Fas. ii. 448
; k. hærur, to comb gray hairs, see hæra. II. to ca
rd wool; kemba ull, Bret. 32, Stj. 78.
kemba, u, f. a skein of carded wool.
kembir, m. a comber, a nickname, Fb. iii.
kempa, u, f., spelt kenpa: I. [kappi], a champion, Dan. 
kjempe, Þiðr. 123, Stj. 384, Fms. viii. 158, x. 383, xi. 97, 389,
439. II. [kampr], plur. kempur, the gunwale of a boat.
keng-boginn, part. crooked.
KENGR, m. [cp. Shell. keeng = a brook; North. E. and Dutch
kink = a creek, fold; mod. Engl. kink or twist in a
rope] :-- a horseshoe-formed crook of metal, Safn 67, 84, Munk. 103, hur&
eth;ar kengr; Vm. 56 (of a bell): a bend, bight, en köttrinn beyg&et
h;i kenginn, Edda (Ub.) ii. 285; beygja sik í keng, to crouch; &th
orn;ó var upp ór kryppu kengr, Skíða R. 8: a nickname,
Landn.
kenjar, f. pl. freaks, whims: kenjóttr, adj. whim
sical.
KENNA, d, kennig, Hm. 164; part. kennandisk, Bs. i. 322, H. E. i. 499, Di
pl. iv. 8; [Goth. kunnan; A. S. knáwan; Old Engl. and Scot.
ken; Dan. kjende; Swed. känna] :-- to ken, know, r
ecognise; þú kennir konu þá er heitir Oddný
, Fms. vii. 103, Hkv. 2. 12; hann kenndi hann þegar, Nj. 9; Flosi kenndi K
ára er hann kom í stofuna, 282; hann kenndi skipit, þv&iacut
e; at hann hafði þat skip séð fyrr, Eg. 120; þar kenn
di Ingimundr lönd þau er honum var til vísat, Landn. 175, Sd.
186; þóttisk hann kenna sitt mark á vísu þessar
i, Fms. iii. 20: with infin., þeir kenndu at þat var Eirekr viðs
já, Ísl. ii. 335; er þetta hann Skalla-grímr? Gr&iacu
te;mr sagði at hann kenndi rétt, Eg. 112; kennir þú n&ou
ml;kkut til gripa þessara! Nj. 75. II. kenna sér e-t, to
know as one's own, claim; kenna sér land, Grág. ii. 204; hann
á eigi þat er hann kennir sér, 219; Ingimundr kenndi s&eacu
te;r fimm víntunnur ... þú munt kenna þér &thor
n;at er aðrir menn eigu, Bs. i. 433; því kenndi hvárr-tv
eggi sér nautin, Landn. 47; at enginn dirfi sik at kenna sér &thor
n;at er hann görir eigi, Al. 88; ek spyrr hverr sér kenni M. M. at &
thorn;ingmanni, Grág. i. 19. III. to acknowledge as belonging t
o another, attribute to him; öll vár góðverk eru honu
m at kenna ok eigna, Stj. 25; þá var ok ár um öll l&oum
l;nd, kenndu Svíar þat Frey, Hkr. i. 16; hér er tunglinu ken
nt embætti sólarinnar, Skálda 211; k. e-m barn, to father
a child upon one, Bs. i. 807, K. Á. 16; var sveinn sá kenndr
Jóni er Þórarinn hét, Sturl. i. 223; þó
at hann sé kenndr nokkurum manni at syni, Grág. ii. 113, (kenninga
r-son, a natural son): cp. the phrase, þar er enginn kenndr sem han
n kemr ekki, no one is known where he comes not, i.e. men had better k
eep aloof from where they have no business to be. 2. to lay to one
's charge, impute; Ásbjörn kenndi sér völd um &thorn
;at harðrétti, Rd. 249; Eva kenndi sína synd orminum, Stj. 37;
ef þeim eru engir laga-lestir kenndir, Grág. ii. 41; ef meiri eru
ráð kennd um konu-nám þeim manni, i. 335; ef hann v&aeli
g;ri sannr verks þessa er honum var kennt, Fms. ii. 73; Sigurðr taldi
þat úsatt sem Ingi konungr kenndi þeim, vii. 242; þeir
kenndu honum, at hann hefði verit at vígi Benteins, 224; kenndi &thor
n;at hvárr öðrum, at
<PAGE NUM="b0336">
<HEADER>336 KENNA -- KENNISEMI.</HEADER>
ekki héldi þat er mælt var, 248; það er mér
að kenna, it is brought home to me; yðr er þat kenna, Am. 5
1: k. e-m um e-t, to charge one with a thing; Þorgeirr vildi ekki a
t bræðrum hans mætti um kenna, hvat sem í görðis
k, Nj. 252; kenndu þeir því mest um, at Kjartan hafði &th
orn;egit skikkjuna, Fms. x. 295. IV. to know, perceive, feel, taste, s
cent; þegar hirðin hafði kennt (tasted) fyrsta r&eacute
;tt, Fas. iii. 302; þeir kenna svá sætan ilm at þeir h&
ouml;fðu aldri fyrr slíkan kenndan, Fms. i. 228; kenna fúlt, to perceive a foul smell, Hallfred; kenna daun, Fms. viii. 230; þeir
brugðu í munn sér ok þóttusk ekki jafnsætt
kennt hafa, Fb. i. 539; hundarnir röktu sporin, þvíat þ
eir kenndu (got scent of) af hreinstökunum, Ó. H. 152; kenndi
djákninn ekki (he felt not) at þeir lægi á hon
um, Bs. i. 464; hón kenndi (she felt pain) í meira lagi, &t
horn;á er nálgaðisk hátíð Þorlá
ks biskups, 323. β. kenna niðr (or niðri), to touch the b
ottom; en er skipin kenndu niðr þá gékk jarl &aacut
e; land, Hkr. i. 206; ok er skipit kenndi niðr, hlupu þeir fyrir bor&e
th;, Grett. 97, Fms. viii. 317, ix. 23; svá var djúpt á b&a
elig;ði borð, at forkarnir kenndu eigi niðr, it was so deep that
the boat-hooks did not reach the bottom, Ld. 56; þá er skipit f
laut ok eigi kenndi niðr, 78. γ. absol., þá er &th

orn;eir kómu upp í heiðina, kenndi at brá lit, the c
olour was felt to change, i.e. it began to darken, Sturl. iii. 217 C;
þá kenndi (one could scent) ór laukinum, Fbr. 215; &
thorn;á er maðr heilundi er köra (acc. or gen.?) kennir inn til
heila-basta, Grág. ii. 91. 2. with prepp.; kenna af (á, at)
, to perceive, see; þess kennir nú at (af?) at þ&eacut
e;r þykkir ek févani, it is clear that ..., I see that ...,
Eb. 38; kenndi þess mjök á (it was much to be seen) um
marga Upplendinga, at ílla hafði lekat UNCERTAIN aftaka Þ&oacut
e;ris, Ó. H. 188; þess kenna margir af, at þú ert fr&a
elig;ndstórr, Fb. ii. 270; deyr allt þat er af kennir (all die t
hat taste or smell of it), þeir deyja þegar er þeir
kenna af, Rb. 352 :-- kenna til, to smart, feel pain, ache, freq. in mod
. usage. 3. with gen. to have feeling of, feel; kenna mæ&eth
;i, lo be exhausted, Eg. 124; hjarta manns kennir alls, Skálda 169
; kenna sóttar, to feel sickness; kona kennir sér só
ttar, of childbirth, Fs. 26, Fas. ii. 504, Sd. 176: kenna karlmanns, to 'know
' a man, cohabit with, Mar.; ek kennda eigi karlmanns, barn at bera, Hom. 30
; kenna aflsmunar, liðsmunar, ríkismunar, to feel the odds, be ove
rmatched, Hkr. i. 286, Fms. iv. 331, Ld. 38; kenna harðinda, Fms. vi. 1
10; kenna kulda af e-u, to feel cold from, Eb. 42; k. hita af e-u, Bs. i.
42; k. odds, benja, to feel the point, the wound, Am. 59, 88; virðis
k mér ákall þetta meir kenna ranglætis en réttv
ísi, it is more prompted by overbearing than by justice, Fb. i. 19
; hón kenndi þess at þar stóð ör í, ii
. 365; nú má vera at mér kenni heiptar við suma menn, that I feel hatred against somebody, Sturl. iii. 233; tók þ&a
acute; at kenna annars litar, it began to grow dark, 171; vínvi&e
th;r var efst þar sem holta kenndi, the holts were covered with vines, Þorf. Karl. 420; kenna fæðu, to taste food, Stj. 490,
492; but also k. á fæðu, 453, 517; kenna grunns, to touch t
he bottom, of a ship or anything afloat, Grág. ii. 353; k. endi-skei&
eth;s, Bragi. V. to call, name; kenna e-t við e-n, to call
after one; Helgi trúði á Krist, ok kenndi því
við hann bústað sinn, i.e. called it after Christ (Christ
ness), Landn. 207; í þeim fjórðungi er dómrinn er
við kenndr, in the quarter by which name the court is called, Gr&aac
ute;g. i. 65; at helga Þór allt landnám sitt ok kenna vi&eth
; hann, Landn. 97; k. mánuðinn við þann mann sem vatnsins g
ætir, Rb. 104; við þann er kennt Gunnars-holt, Nj. 29; Oddbj&oum
l;rn er Oddbjarnar-leið er við kennd, Eg. 102; Fleiri hlupu þeir f
yrir berg, þar sem við þá er kennt síðan, Land
n. 36; kenna þá með margfjölda atkvæði, addre
ss them in the plural, Sks. 312; sá var kenndr (nicknamed) Kn
arrar-smiðr Ór, 43; Nótt en Nörvi kennda, i.e. Night,
the daughter of Norvi, Alm. 30; hvar eru Hjörvarði haugar kenndir,
where are the hows called Hjorward's? Fas. i. 519 (in a verse); Mær
ingr mér of kenndr, my own sword M., Bjarn. (in a verse); hlutir e
r þú skal varask, at þú verðir eigi við kenndr
, Sks. 358, 780; kenndr við styr, morð, connected with, Korm. 
2. in poetry, to call by a periphrasis or descriptive name; ré
tt er at kenna (to call) hana (a woman) svá, at kalla hana selju &
thorn;ess er hón miðlar, Edda; hvernig skal kenna Þór? - Svá at kalla hann son Óðins ..., how is Thor to be called
? -- Thus, call him the 'son of Odin,' 53: hvernig skal kenna mann? -- Hanna
skal k. við verk sín, 67: with prep., kona er kennd við stein, E
dda; ok kenn þó hvárn til sinnar iðnar, Fms. vi. 362; ko
nu skal k. til alls kvenn-búnaðar, Edda, etc., see Edda (Skáld
skm.) passim; hence kennd heiti (compound or circumlocutory names)
, opp. to ókennd heiti (plain appellatives), Edda 49.

B. In a causal sense, [Goth. kannjan = GREEK] :-- to teach,
with acc. of the thing, dat. of the person, or with infin. of the thing or abs
ol.; kenna e-m íþróttir, Fms. v. 334; kenna e-m rétta
trú ok góða siðu, i. 17; kenn mér engan sann, iii.
85; Gunnarr fór með öllu sem honum var ráð til kennt
, as he was taught, Nj. 100; kenn þú ráðit til, F
ms. x. 334; kenna e-m at flýja, Hkr. i. 149; ek hefi kennt þ&eacute
;r Írsku at mæla, Ld. 72; kenna helgar ritningar, 623. 18; þi
ng-kenna, to proclaim in public, N. G. L. i. 7; far sem ek kenni þ&
eacute;r, as I tell thee, Sd. 182; ek em sunr Áka, svá er m
ér til kennt, so I am told, Fms. xi. 153. 2. to teach in
school; Andresi syni þeirra lét Herra biskup kenna ok v&iacute
;gði síðan, Bs. i. 716; kenna kenningar, to preach, 140; &
thorn;á heyrði hann til er prestlingum var kennd íþr&oac
ute;tt sú er grammatica heitir, 163; k. prestlingum, id.; þat kann
ek it átjánda er ek æva kennig mey né manns konn, Hm
. 164; ungr kenndak mér annat, I was taught otherwise when young,
Fms. vi. 401 (in a verse); slíkt kennir mér at sofa líti&et
h;, Fas. ii. (in a verse). 3. to teach, make one to do; kenna e-m
falda rauðu, Edda (Ht.); kenna e-m bíta, lúta í gras, L
ex. Poët.; kenna e-m at drúpa, Sighvat; k. e-m brautir, to shew o
ne the way, Hðm. 12, Hbl. 56; ek mun þér stöðna ke
nna, 6. 4. to tell; kennit mér nafn konungs, Hkv. Hjör
v. 12.
C. REFLEX. to feel, seem to oneself; þar er hann lætr
kennask svá ágætan ilm, Fms. i. 229; Úlfr kennisk m&e
acute;r (appears to one to be) vitr maðr, v. 334 :-- with prep., kenn
ask við, to recognise; kenndisk hann af því þegar
við mennina, Nj. 267, Bret. 48; ef engi kennisk viðr, N. G. L. i. 345; d
ilkunum þeim er eigi kennask ær við, Grág. ii. 312: to
confess, kennask við sannan Guð, 625. 66; þeir eigu at kenna
sk við sik, at þeir hafa vald af Guði, Gþl. 43; at þei
r mætti við kennask sinn lítilleik, Edda. (pref.); ekki kennumk
ek við þetta, segir Hrói, Fb. ii. 76; nefndr Skeggi viðr-k
enndisk, at ..., Dipl. ii. 8; nú em ek eigi svá heimskr maðr,
at ek kennumk eigi við at ek hefi talat ílla, Fms. ii. 33; goldit var
honum þetta svá, at hann mun lengi kennask, feel it, remember i
t, Edda. 30; kenndisk svá Kálfr, at, Vm. 48; ek kennumst me&et
h; þessu mínu bréfi, at ..., Dipl. v. 5. 2. to fee
l, taste, touch; mold sýnisk mér, ok svá kennisk (ta
stes) mér eigi síðr ostrinn er ek et, Ísl. ii. 352;
hón þreifar um hann, -- Barði mælti, hvé kennisk
þér til, how is it to the touch? 342; slíks ek mest k
ennumk, Am. 52. II. recipr. to know, recognise one another; sv&aac
ute; var myrkt at þeir kenndusk eigi, Fms. ix, 50; ef þeir höf&
eth;u hér áðr við kennsk, Grág. ii. 72. III.
pass., þá kenndust (were taught) margar ástir, Edda
pref. (rare). IV. part. kenndr, vinsæll ok vel kenndr af s&i
acute;num undirmönnum, Mar.; ílla kenndr, having ill report,
Fs. 49. 2. tipsy; kenndr af drykk, Stj. 172; hann er dál&ia
cute;tið kenndr.
kennandi, part. a teacher, Greg., Post., passim: as a law term, a witness for recovering and identifying a lost thing; sá maðr e
r kennendr vill færa til fjár síns, hann skal vinna eið
at því at hann átti fé þat, Grág. i. 424
; þá á sá, er fé átti, allt þat e
r hann kennir ..., nema kennendr komi til, N. G. L. ii. 46.

kennanligr, adj. to be felt, tangible, Mar.
kennari, a, m. a teacher, tutor, master, Bs. i. 733, 625. 79, Greg
. 23; barna-k., skóla-k., passim.
kenni, n. a mark, Germ. kennzeichen; þeir mörku&
eth;u kennum Orms þetta fé, Bs. i. 748; ein-kenni, q.v.
kenni-dómr, m. doctrine, Stj. 2, 671. 22: mod. a body of
learned men, the clergy.
kenni-faðir, m. a teacher, Stj. 5: esp. patres ecclesiae; heilagra manna ok kennifeðra, Mar.; kennifeðr Kristninnar, 671. 22.
kenni-maðr, m. a teacher, but only used of a cleric or
priest, opp. to leikmenn (laymen), Rb. 396; biskup ok aðrir ke
nnimenn, Fms. i. 32; þriðja hlut (of the tithe) skyldu hafa kennimenn,
Bs. i. 68; ok sagt upp í lögréttu af kennimönnum sumari
t eptir, Íb. 17; ganga til skriptar við kennimann, K. Þ. K. 33,
Bs. i. (e.g. Arna S.) passim; kennimanns-búningr, -klæði, a
priest's dress, 655 xiv, Stj. 110; kennimanna fundr, an &oelig;cumenical
council, Ann. 485, Mar.; kennimanna setr, skyld, vist, a priest's mainte
nance, residence, Fms. x. 317, Vm. 5, 108, Stj. passim; kennimanna kó
r, the choir, Bs. i. kennimanns-dómr, m. priesthood,
Anecd. 12, Th. 52, Fms. viii. 9.
kennimann-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), clerical, 625. 85, Sks.
490: with the air, dignity of a priest, Bs. i. 183.
kennimann-skapr, m. priesthood, 415. 1, Sturl. i. 100, Stj. 241, 2
51, 301, passim.
kenni-mark, n. a mark ( = kenni), Fas. ii. 300, Sd. 137.
kenni-nafn, n. a surname, Ýt. 27.
kenning, f. doctrine, teaching, lesson, esp. of preaching,
Fms. i. 148; kenna kenningar, to teach, preach, 625. 24, K. Á. 22,
Bs. i. 140, N. T., Vídal.; tíðagörð ok k., passim; &
aacute;-kenning, q.v.; viðr-k., acknowledgment. 2. a mark o
f recognition, Grett. 132 A; kenningar-orð, words of admonition,
Hkr. iii. 23, Fb. iii. 279; kenningar-maðr = kennimaðr, Rb. 366; kenning
ar-sveinn, an apprentice, N. G. L. ii. 204. II. a poetical peri
phrasis or descriptive name (see kenna A. V. 2), Edda passim, opp. to
ókennd heiti (simple appellatives); a kenning is either simple (k
ennt), double (tví-kennt), or triple (rekit). The ancient circumlocutions
were either drawn from mythology, as to call Thor the son of Earth (Jarðar
sunr), and the heaven the skull of Ymir; or from the thing itself (sann-kenning)
, as to call the breast the mind's abode: similar phraseology is found in all an
cient poetry, but in the old northern poets it was carried farther and was more
artificial than in other languages. COMPDS: kenningar-faðir, m. a
father by name, Joseph var k. Jesu, Hom. (St.) kenningar-nafn, n. 
a surname, Ld. 52, Nj. 22, Ó. H. 139, Fms. ii. 51, Fbr. 80, Stj. 139,
Bs. i. 589, Eluc. 12. kenningar-son, m. a natural son (see kenna
A. 111. 1); Freysteinn var fóstri Þorbrands ok k., því
at þat var flestra manna sögn at hann væri hans son, en amb&aa
cute;tt var móðir hans, Eb. 156, Fms. xi. 162.
kennir, m. a knower, Lex. Poët.

kenni-semi, f. sense, Hom. (St.)
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<HEADER>KENNISPEKI -- KETILL. 337</HEADER>
kenni-speki, f. the faculty of recognition, Bs. i. 328, Greg. 26,
Fas. ii. 446; cp. Scot. kenspeckle = easy to be recognised, remarkable
.
kennsl, n. pl., in the phrase, bera kennsl á e-t, to recognise,
identify, Ó. H. 72, Fms. xi. 85, Mag. 97. II. a charge mad
e on evidence, N. G. L. i. 72; bar konungr á hendr bændum &tho
rn;essi kennsl, Ó. H. 103; vóru þá þessi k. bor
in á hendr honum, en hann synjaði þverliga ok bauð sk&iacut
e;rslur fyrir, Fms. vii. 186; þat var kennt Margretu dróttningu at
hón hefði ráðit mann til at svíkja konunginn &iacut
e; drykk, þann mann tóku Birkibeinar ok höfðu þessi
kennsl á honum, en hann setti þar syn fyrir ok bauð skír
slur ..., ix. 5. kennsla-mál, n. cases of circumstantial eviden
ce; dular-eiðar ok um kennsla-mál, þar sem eigi eru lö
gleg vitni til, Gþl. 199; þar at skyldu allir eiða sverja um ken
nslamál öll, Ísl. ii. 403, -- for these cases were disposed o
f by an oath of compurgators or by ordeal.
kennsla, u, f. teaching (kenning is properly preaching, ken
nsla teaching), Dipl. v. 3, Sturl. i. 126, iii. 242, Bs. i. 431, 846, pas
sim; barna-k., teaching children; skóla-k., school-teaching. COMPDS: kennslu-laun, n. pl. wages for teaching. kennslu-pilt
r, m. a school-boy, Bs. i. 792. II. = kensl (II), N. G. L. i.
410.
kenpa, u, f. a champion; see kempa.
KEPPA, t, [kapp], to contend, strive hard, Am. 54, 61; keppa um et, Fms. iii. 214, Grág. i. 410; ef tveir menn keppa um einn hlut, Fb. i.
150; keppa við e-n, to contend with one, Nj. 29, Hkr. iii. 264. II
. reflex. to contest; þá kepptusk þeir svá
mjök, at þeir rérusk svá nær, at þeir brutu
sk árarnar fyrir, Fms. viii. 216; kepptusk þau mjök um &aacute
;gæta menn, vildi hvártveggja til sín hafa, i. 100; keppask
til e-s, to strive after a thing; svá at hann keppisk til sm&aacut
e;rra hluta ok fær þó eigi, Ó. H. 87; eigi kepptumk ek
til konungdómsins, Fms. viii. 219: k. við e-n, to contend with or against; eigi kepptisk hann auð við auðga menn, R&oacute
;m. 347; Knúti konungi þótti hann keppask um skrautgirni vi&
eth; sik, Fms. v. 181; varask þú þat at þú keppi
sk við þér meiri menn, Eg. 21: absol., keppask við, to s
trive hard, do one's best, Al. 154, Mag. 53: to be busy, work hard, f
req. in mod. usage.
keppi-kefli, n. a thing worth fighting for: in the phrase, þ
að er ekkert k., it is not worth having, metaphor prob. from the laga
kefli, q.v.
keppilega, adv. impetuously, Róm. 314.
kepping, f. a beating with a keppr, Mar.

keppinn, adj. contentious, Háv. 42, Arnór.
KEPPR, m. [Dan. kjep], a cudgel, club, Skíða R.
136, Fas. iii. 345: a nickname, Sturl. II. a sausage ( = ís
pen, q.v.), from the shape.
keptr, m. = kjaptr or keyptr, Þiðr. 122, Edda ii. 291.
KER, n. [Goth. kas = GREEK; O. H. G. char; mid. H. G. ka
r; Dan. kar] :-- a tub, vessel, Grág. ii. 339, Fs. 137,
Bs. i. 336, 339, 340, Fms. vii. 150; hvert ker kann verða svá fullt
at yfir gangi, Sturl. iii. 282: for fishing, göra garða eðr ker, Gr
ág. ii. 350: valit ker, a chosen vessel, 656 C. 13, Matth. xxv. 4
, Mark xi. 16, Luke viii. 16, Rom. ix. 21, 22, 1 Thess. iv. 4, 2 Tim. ii. 21, Re
v. ii. 27: a goblet, Fms. x. 236, Js. 78, Hm. 18, 51: a chest, Gh.
7; aus-ker, a bucket, cp. Yngl. S. ch. 14; öl-ker, an ale cask, Orkn. 246; vín-ker, a wine cask; sýru-ker, Bs. i. 336;
váð-ker = vestiarium; skap-ker = Gr. GREEK; gull-ker, leir-ker
, silfr-ker, a gold, earthen, silver vessel: poët., vind-ker, the
wind basin = the sky, Egil; ker svefna, 'basins of sleep' or
'tear-basins' = the eyes, Gísl. (in a verse).
kerald, n., proncd. kjarald, a cask, Matth. xiii. 48, Blas. 43; &t
horn;eir kváðusk rakit hafa spor svá stór sem keralds b
otna, Grett. 111 A, esp. in dairy-work :-- a measure, K. Á. 206.
ker-bað, n. a tub-bath, Fms. x. 147.
kerf and kerfi, see kjarf.
KERFI, n. [A. S. cyrf; Scot. carf; Germ. kerbe] :-a bunch, wreath; blómstr-k. :-- sina-k., the nervous system, etc. (mod.)
ker-ganga, u, f. a kind of fight in a tub, Fs. 137.
kergi, f. or kergja, u, f. [kargr], doggedness.
kerla, u, f. = kerling, kerla mín! Fas. iii. 65, Hrólfs S.
236 (Ed. 1664).
ker-laug, f. 'tub-washing,' bathing in a tub, Lv. 118, Bjarn. 19,
Fas. i. 377, cp. Fms. vii. 150.
kerli, proncd. kelli, = kerling, kelli mín! Piltr og Stulka, (conv
ers.)
KERLING, f. [answering to karl, q.v.], a woman; þessi skal k
erling heita því at hón er af karlmanninum komin, Stj. 34. II. used, like Scot. carline, almost always of an old woman,
and only of a common person, not of a lady, see karl; mær heitir fyrst hv
er, en kerlingar er gamlar eru, Edda 108; gaman þykkir kerlingunni at, m&o
acute;ður várri, Nj. 68, Eb. 44; kerling ein gömul, an old wo
man, 318; kerlingin móðir konungs, Fms. i. 76; þar sem ek l
igg einn í húsi ok kerling mín, I myself and my old wife
, Grett. 127; körlum ok kerlingum, Gþl. 257; karls dóttir
ok kerlingar, Fas. i. 22; karla börn ok kerlinga, Hkr. i. (in a verse); kar
l og kerling, karl og kerling í garðs horni, see karl; kellingar gaml
ar, hrumar ok örvasa, Fb. i. 423: in the phrase, fleyta or flytja kerlingar
, to 'float witches,' to play at ducks and drakes; kerlingar nef, a nickn
ame, Fb. iii; kellinga bani, a nickname, Fms. xi. COMPDS: kerlingar-eldr,
m. a kind of mushroom. kerlingar-eyra, n. a kind of fucus.
kerlinga-saga, u, f., kerlinga-bók, f. an old woman's s
tory, nonsense. kerlingar-tönn, f., botan. lotus, Hjalt.
kerlinga-villa, u, f. an old woman's tale, nonsense, superstition, Sæm. 118. II. as a pr. name, Gullþ.; cp. Carolina. III. naut., like Engl. carling, one of the fore and aft timbers support
ing the planks of the deck, Edda (Gl.)
KERRA, u, f., gen. pl. kerrna, Stj. 288, [for. word], a car, chariot, Bret. 68, Stj. 204, 288, 387, Al. 42, Fb. i. 320; kerra sólarinnar, E
dda 7; kerra Þórs, Nj. 131; eldlig k., Niðrst. 9; kerru g&aelig
;tir, a charioteer, Skálda 194, Pr. 477: the zodiacal sign, Rb. kerru-sleði, a, m. a kind of sledge, D. N.
KERRA, t, to force or throw the neck backwards; hnakka-kert
r (part.), throwing the neck backwards; heldr en ekki hnakka-kertr, h&oum
l;ndum stingr mjaðmir á, Hallgr.
KERSKI, f., often spelt and proncd. keski, [karskr], cheerfulne
ss, mirth, fun, Fas. i. 525; mæla sér gaman ok k., Karl. 473, &
Oacute;. H. 170 (in a verse), Korm. (in a verse). COMPDS: keski-fimr, adj
. witty, Bs. i. 81. kerski-látr, adj. id., Sk&aacute
;ld H. 2. 27. kerski-mál, n. a jest, Fbr. 207. kerski-m&
aacute;ll, adj. facetious, Fas. iii. 195. kerski-orð, -yrð
i, n. pl. jokes, Orkn. 302, Sturl. i. 21. keraki-orðr, adj
. = kerskimáll, Skáld H. 3. 19.
kerskinn, adj. scurrilous: keskni, f. scurrility.
kerskr, adj. = karskr; kersk þjóð, Lex. Poët.; &oac
ute;kerskr, enn ókerskari, the weaker (the poorer), Gr&aacu
te;g. (Kb.) i. 172.
ker-staða, u, f. the placing of a fishing-creel, Vm. 85.
KERTI, n. [from Lat. cera, cp. Germ. kerze] :-- prop. a
wax candle, taper, used in church service, as also in attending great men,
Dipl. iii. 4; stóðu kerti-sveinar með kertum, Fms. x. 149; brunnu
kerti um allan kór, Bs. i. 311: of votive candles, en kertið var fim
m álna langt, 347; hétu þeir at göra kerti þat er
tæki um oxann, id.; með steyptum kertum, Stj. 43, Sturl. iii. 266; ke
rtis görð, candle making, Bs. i. COMPDS: kerta-grind, f.
a candle-frame, Am. 8. kerta-hjálmr, m. a chandelier, Vm. 35, H. E. ii. 107. kerta-klofi, a, m. snuffers, Stj. 565. kerta-pípa, u, f. a candlestick, Pm. 103. kerta-stika,
u, f. a candlestick, Fms. iii. 28, Fs. 115, Rb. 384. kerta-stokkr, m. a candle-box, Vm. 47. kertis-ljós and kerta-lj&oacu
te;s, n. candle-light, Rb. 358, Fb. ii. 272. kertis-log, n. id., Ó. H. 2-25. kertis-rak, n. a candle-wick, Bs. i.
118, 306. kertis-stafr, m. a 'candle-staff,' candlestick, Bs. i. 3
16.
kerti-hjálmr, m. = kertahjálmr, B. K. 83.
kerti-kista, u, f. = kertastokkr, Pm. 25
kerti-klofi, a, m. = kertaklofi, Vm. 25.
kerti-stika, u, f. = kertastika, Stj. 565, Fms. i. 124, v. 339.

kerti-stokkr, m. = kertastokkr, Ám. 8.
kerti-sveinn and kerta-sveinn, m. a 'candle-boy,' link-boy,
an attendant on a great man, Hkr. iii. 181, Fms. vi. 422, vii. 159, ix. 421, x.
137, 147, 157.
ker-veiðr, f. fishing with creels, D. I. i. 179.
KESJA, u, f. [prob. a Celtic word from Celtic-Latin gaesum, cp. GR
EEK in Polyb.] :-- a kind of halberd, Eg. 202, 285, 289, 378, 380, 387, S
ks. 407, Fms. i. 43, iv. 65, vi. 76, 336, 411, 413, vii. 69, 72, 265, viii. 97,
120, 124, 318, 350, ix. 55, x. 314, Stj. 475, 486, Karl. 123; kesju fleinn, Fas.
ii. 419; kesju lag, a thrust with a halberd, Fms. viii. 138; kesja skamm
skept, ii. 330, x. 363; -- kesja, atgeir, and höggspjót appear to be
the same thing. 2. a nickname, Fms. xi.
keski, f., see kerski.
ketil-botn, m. the bottom of a kettle, Bær. 8.
ketil-garðr, m. a kiln (?), N. G. L. ii. 246.
ketil-hadda, u, f. a kettle-handle, Fms. i. 36.
ketil-hrím, n. kettle-grime, soot, Fas. iii. 621, Barl. 41.
ketil-járn, n. a gridiron, D. N. iv. 457.
KETILL, m., dat. katli, pl. katlar, [Goth. katils = Mark vii. 4; A
. S. cytel; Engl. kettle; O. H. G. kezil; Germ. kessel; Swed. kettel; Dan. kjædel] :-- a kettle, cauldron, Eb. 198; í elda-húsinu var eldr mikill ok katlar yfir, Eg. 238,
Bs. i. 342, ii. 135, B. K. 52, Fms. vi. 364, Edda 28; elda undir katli, klj&uacu
te;fa við undir ketil, Fbr. 72 new Ed., Fs. 150; var honum goldinn k. mikill
ok góðr, Þorst. Siðu H. 171; búðar-k., Eb. 198;
eir-k., Eg.; járn-k., stein-k., an iron, an earthen kettle, &Oacu
te;. H. 223: in old usage as a general name for every kettle, boiler, cauldron;
in mod. usage, esp. of a kettle of a certain shape or of a small kettle, kaffe-k
., a coffee kettle; but pottr = cauldron; the same distinction is
made in Dipl. v. 4. -- sex katlar, tíu pottar: katla-máls skj&oac
ute;la, a measure, Grág. i. 501: the phrase, e-m fellr allr ketill
í eld, one's kettle falls into the fire, of consternation. 2. the earliest northern eccl. law prescribed as an ordeal for a woman to take
hot stones out of a boiling kettle, whereas a man had to take up hot iron; ganga
til ketils, taka í ketil, Gkv. 3. 7, (the ordeal being called ketil-t
ak, n.); beri karlmaðr járn en kona taki í ketil, N. G. L.
i. 152; karlmaðr skal ganga til arins-járns en kona til ketiltaks, 3
89; eðr berr hón járn eðr tekr hón í ketil,
Grág. i. 381. II. as a pr. name of men, Ketill, Ketil-björ
n; of women, Katla, Ketil-ríðr: but chiefly used as the la
tter part in compd names of men, contr. into 'kel,' As-kell, Arn-kell, Gr&iacute
;m-kell, Hall-kell, Stein-kell, Úlf-kell, Þór-kell, V&eacute
;-kell: of women, Hall-katla, Þór-katla. In poets of the 10th centu
ry the old uncontracted form was still used, but the contracted form occurs in v
erses of the beginning of the 11th century, although the old form still occurs n
ow and then. The freq. use of these names is no doubt derived
<PAGE NUM="b0338">
<HEADER>338 KETLA -- KIPPA.</HEADER>
from the holy cauldron at sacrifices, as is indicated by such names as V&
eacute;-kell, Holy kettle; cp. Ketilby in Yorkshire.
ketla, u, f. a kind of small boat, Edda (Gl.)
ketlingr, m., dimin. a kitten, Fms. vii. 219.
ketta, u, f. a she-cat: of a giantess, Fb. i. 526, Grett. 1
51 new Ed.: kettu-hryggr, m. a nickname, Bs. i.
keypiliga, adv. bargain-like, businesslike, Grett. 120.
KEYRA, ð, [Dan. kjöre], to whip, lash, prick on; h
ann keyrði þá hest sinn, Nj. 55; villt þú at ek ke
yra hest þinn? 91; k. hest sporum, Edda 38; k. jóa oddum, Hkv. 2. 3
8; ok hörðum mik höggum keyrði, Gkv. 1; látið &thor
n;á keyra upp (whip up, raise) fólkit, Fms. vii. 182; hann
hafði svipu í hendi ok keyrði hana, Sd. 185; hann stígr &a
acute; stafinn ok keyrir sem börn eru vön at göra, Fms. iii. 176.
2. to drive, ride; keyrir siðan sem harðest til sinna man
na, Karl. 241; keyra plóg, to drive a plough, Rm. 10. II. to drive; höggit ok leggit til þeirra ok keyrit þá
í brott héðan, Nj. 247. 2. to fling; þ&aa
cute; greip bæjar-maðrinn Kjartan, ok keyrði í kaf, Fms. ii
. 28; bregðr honum á lopt ok keyrir hann út á Rang&aacu
te;, Nj. 108; keyra e-n útbyrðis, to fling overboard, Fms. vi.
16: Grímr greip upp Þórð ok keyrir niðr svá
hart, at hann lamdisk allr, Eg. 192. 3. to drive, thrust, of a wea
pon; hann keyrði til spörðu, Ó. H. 95; hann skal taka kn&iac
ute;f þann ok keyra í gegnum hönd þess er lagði, G&t
horn;l. 165; keyra nagla, to drive a nail, Líkn. 16; prestr keyr&e
th;i hæll UNCERTAIN á bjarginu (drove a peg into the rock) o
k bar á grjót, Grett. 141 A; k. sverð í höfuð
e-m, Gísl. 51; fundu þeir reyði nýdauða, keyrðu
í festar (forced ropes through it) ok sigldu með, Glúm.
391; eða ek keyri öxina í höfuð þér ok kl
ýf þik í herðar niðr, Nj. 185; Jórunn t&oacut
e;k sokkana ok keyrði um höfuð henni, J. struck her about the he
ad, Ld. 36. III. impers. it drives one, i.e. one is driven,
tossed by the wind, waves; lýstr vindinum í holit verplanna,
ok keyrir (þá) út at virkinu, Fms. xi. 34; veðr st&oacut
e;ð at landi, keyrir þar at skipit (acc.), Finnb. 242; keyrir skipit v
estr fyrir Skálmarnes, Ld. 142; fundu þeir eigi fyrr en þ&aac
ute; keyrði á land upp, Nj. 267: the phrase, e-ð keyrir úr
hófi, it exceeds all measure, Fb. i. 417; veðrit keyrði &
uacute;r hófi, it blew a violent gale: part., hreggi keyrðr, storm-beaten, Jd. 32; þjósti keyrðr, driven by anger, Glúm. (in a verse).
keyri, n. a whip, Sturl. iii. 105; keyris-högg, 117; keyris-v
öndr, a 'whip-wand,' Grág. ii. 295.
keyrsla, u, f. driving, D. N.
keyta, u, f. foul water ( = veisa), Konr. 39: mod. stinking uri
ne.
KIÐ, n., gen. kiðja, Þorf. Karl. l.c.; but better kiði,
dat. kiðum, Grág. i. 503; [Engl. and Swed. kid] :-- a kid,
 Fms. vi. 260, Barl. 53, Mork. 227; geitr með kiðum, Grág. i.
503; kið eðr kálf, Fms. i. 53; kiðja-mjólk, kid's
milk, Þorf. Karl. 376; þar lágu kið tvau bundin, Gull
þ. 63: in local names, Kið-ey, Kiða-fell, etc., Landn.
kiðlingr, m. a kidling, young kid, Mork. 227, Pr. 472, 477, St
j.: a nickname, Sturl. iii. 209. kiðlings-munnr, m. a nickname, Fms.
kið-skínn, n. a kid-skin, Stj. 165, Rétt. 2. 10.
Kikini, a, m. a nickname (cp. Engl. Kitchin), in Kikina-sk&aacu
te;ld, the poet of K., Fms. vi.
KIKNA, að. [cp. keikr], to sink at the knees through a heavy b
urden; kikna í knésbótum, Fbr. 159, v.l. (but lyknar, Fb. l
.c.); rekr klærnar framan í fangit svá at Ormr kiknar vi&eth
;, Fb. i. 530; ok er hann bar af sér lagit kiknaði hann við, Gret
t. 3 new Ed.; lá við at hann mundi kikna, Fms. iii. 187.
kikr, m. a nickname, Fms. ix. 326.
kili, a, m. [cp. Dan. kjelen], only in the compd ein-kili, q.v.
kilja, að, to fondle (?); kiljar kván ok elja, Edda ii.
491 (in a verse).
kilpr, m. a handle of a vessel ( = hadda); mösurbolli ok yfir
gylltr kilpr, Fagrsk. 115; ok yfir kilpr gyldr af silfri, Mork. 19: in mod. usa
ge kilpr is a loop of whalebone fastening the handle to the bucket.
KILTING, f. [Scot. kilt], a skirl; hann hafði Inga konu
ng í kilting sér, Fms. vii. 208 (í kiltingu sér, Mor
k. 208), xi. 346; Þórólfr bar hann í kiltingu sinni t
il skógar, vi. 325; steypði hann silfrinu í kilting sín
a, Ó. H. 135; í kjöltungu sér, Fb. iii. 365; see kjalt
a.
kimbi, a, m. a nickname, Eb.
kimbill, m. [kumbl], a little trunk, a bundle ( = auka-pinkill); k
imbill næfra, N. G. L. i. 101. kimla-bönd, n., prop. trusse
s, a metrical term, in which a foot is added (trussed) to the end of each li
ne, Edda 135, 136; brands hnigþili randa stranda, where 'stranda' is the a
dditional foot (kimbill).
kimbla, að, to truss up; at k. yðrum vandræðum &
aacute; mínar áhyggjur, to make your troubles into a truss with
my cares, Fms. viii. 20, v.l.
KIND, f., pl. kindir, mod. kindr; [A. S. cind, gecynd; Engl. ki
nd; cp. Lat. gent-em (gens)] :-- kind, kin, kith, of m
en and beasts; helgar kindir, 'holy-kind' = the gods, Vsp. 1, opp.
to mann-kind, mankind; ok ólusk þaðan af mannkindir, Ed
da 6; bæði karl-kindar ok kvenn-kindar, both of male kind and femal
e kind, 79; mellu kind, the giantess kind, Nj. (in a verse); Hr&iacu
te;mnis kind, giant kind, Hdl.; Fenris kind, the kith of F. = t
he wolves; Ellu kind, the kith of Ella = the English; Gamla ki

nd, Fjölnis kind, the kindred of G. (Fjölni); Jamta kindir, 
the Jamt people; Bjarmskar kindir, the Perms; Syslu kind, the Osel
people, Vsp. 32, Ó. H. (in a verse), Fagrsk. (in a verse), Hallfred,
Hkr. i. (in a verse), Ýt.; Svía kind, the Swedish people,
id.: mann-kind. q.v.; firða kind, virða, ljóna, skatna, seggja, g
umna, ýta kind or kindir, the kind (sons) of men = mankind, Sól. 1, Rekst. 4, Vsp. 14, Likn. 3;, Lex. Poët, passi
m; þær kindir, those people, Gkv. 2. 31; hver kind, what k
ind of people? = who? Kormak; þvi fólki er svá h&
aacute;ttað at þat er miklu stærra ok sterkara en nokkur kind &o
uml;nnur, than any other creature, Fas. ii. 234; hverjar kindir æta
r eru, what kind (of beasts) may be eaten? K. Þ. K. 130; lif
ði engi kvik kind eptir (no 'quick kind,' living creatures, lived after), útan ein öldrud kona ok kapall, D. I. i. 246; allar konur sem a
nnars kyns ok kindar eru en hann, Stj. 207; allir ok sérhverir klerkar, h
verrar stéttar, vígslu eða tignar sem hverr er, N. G. L. iii.
280: a child, Germ. kind, leysa kind frá konum, of a midwif
e. Sdm. 9. II. in mod. usage, sheep, plur. kindur, ellipt. from sa
uð-kind, 'sheep-kind;' sér eignar smalamaðr fé, &th
orn;ó enga eigi hann kindina, the shepherd calls the sheep his own, th
ough he owns no sheep thereof, a saying; kindrnar hlupu allar saman í
einn hnapp, ... kindrnar liðu hægt og hægt og smáb&iacut
e;tandi undan piltinum, ... nú verð eg að fara og hóa kind
unum dálítið lengra fram eptir, Piltr og Stúlka 9-13; &
thorn;essa kind veit eg ekki hver á, 19; æ! hvaða smali er &tho
rn;að skrattinn sá arna, að þekkja ekki kindrnar hans f&oac
ute;ður síns! 20, 21 :-- hence, kind-lauss, sheepless, 15; kin
da-hópr, a flock of sheep, etc. 2. þorsk-kind, a c
od-fish; ó-kind, a nasty thing, monster; kindin þ&iacute
;n, thou wretch! þú verðr hýdd, kindin þ&ia
cute;n! ef þú kemr of snemma heim í kveld, Piltr og St&uacut
e;lka 9.
KINGA, u, f., also spelt qinga, [kengr; Shetl. keengs, a pewter brooch
] :-- a brooch worn on the breast by ladies, so called from the clasp
(kengr) by which it was fastened; kinga var á bringu, Rm. 26; kross skal
dóttir hafa eða kingu, hvárt sem hón vill, eða brj
óst-búnað inn bezta, ef eigi er ór gulli görr, N.
G. L. i. 211 (Js. 78); þar fannsk k. ok seiðstaðr mikill, Ld. 328.
As foreign coins, or copies of them, were used as brooches (Worsaae, Nos. 398-4
09), GREEK (Luke xv. 8), drachma of the Vulgate is rendered in an old ve
rsion of the 12th century by kinga, ef kona nequer á tio qingor, ... fagn
ið ér með mér, þvíat ek fann kingo mín
a; leita kingo, ... en líkneski es merkð á kingo, ... kinga fa
nzk es umb var snúit, Greg. Frump. 82, 83.
kingála, u, f. the name of a mare, Grett.
kingi, n., snjó-kingi, a heavy fall of snow.
kingja, d, to swallow; k. e-u niðr, hann getr ekki kingt: t
o fall thick, of snow; það kingir niðr snjó.
kings, in the phrase, koma til kings, to come to kicks (?), Sk&iac
ute;ða R. 155.
kingsa, ð, = kinka.
kinka, að, to nod archly with the head; kinka kollinum: cf. ke
ngr.
KINN, f., gen. kinnar; pl. kinnr, old kiðr, Lb. 18, Ísl. ii. 4
81, 686 C. 2: [Ulf. kinnus = GREEK; A. S. cin; Engl. chin;
O. H. G. kinni; Dan. kind, etc.; Gr. GREEK; Lat. gena] :-the cheek; hleypti hann annarri brúninni ofan á kinnina, Eg
. 305, 564; kómu rauðir flekkir í kinnr honum, Nj. 68; roð
i í kinnunum, 30; kenna við höku, kinnr eða kverkr, Edda 109
; vátar kiðr af gráti, Lb. l.c.; báðar kiðr, &I
acute;sl. ii. l.c.; ljós beggja kinna, poët. the 'cheek-beam'
= eyes, Kormak. COMPDS: kinnar-bein, n. pl. = kinnbein, Hkr. iii.
36:, Sd. 147, Bjarn. 36, Skíða R. 9. kinnar-kjálki, a,
m. the jaw-bone, 623. 31, Stj. 77, Sturl. ii. 95, iii. 186, Rd. 299. 
kinna-sár, n. a cheek wound, Landn. 54.
kinn-bein, n. pl. cheek-bones. Bárð. 176, Fms. iii. 186
.
kinn-björg, f. the cheek-piece, of a helmet, Sturl. ii. 220,
Grett. 118, Karl. 286.
kinn-filla, u, f. the 'cheek-flesh,' cheeks, Fas. i. 88, Gull&thor
n;. 27.
kinn-fiskr, m. 'cheek-fish,' the cheek-muscles. COMPDS: kinnfis
ka-mikill, adj. with full cheeks. kinnfiska-soginn, part. w
ith sunken, thin, haggard checks.
kinn-grár, adj. gray-cheeked, Skálda 193 (in a verse
).
kinn-hestr, m. a 'cheek-horse,' box on the ear, 623. 56, Ld. 134,
Nj. 75, 116, Finnb. 322, Fms. vii. 157, Pr. 445.
kinn-höggva, hjó, to hew or hack the cheek, Lan
dn. 54, v.l.
kinn-kjálki, a, m. the jaw-bone. Lex. Poët.
kinn-leðr, n. the leather cheek-piece of a bridle, Grett. 129.
kinn-rifa, u, f. 'cheek-crevice,' a nickname, Fb. iii.
kinn-roði, a, m. 'cheek-blushing,' blush of shame, 655 xx. 3,
Hom. 53, Anecd. 6, Stj. 325, Bs. i. 856, Mar., passim; göra e-m kinnroð
a, to put one to shame, Stj. 423.
kinn-skjóni, a, m. a horse with a piebald head, Sturl. i. 4
0, v.l.
kinn-skjóttr, adj. with piebald head, of a horse, Gull&thor
n;. 13.
kinn-skot, n. a kicking in the face, Fas. iii. 502.
kinn-skógr, m. the 'cheek-shaw,' poët. = the beard,
 Hým. 10.
Kinn-skær, m. = kinnskjóni, Gullþ.
kinnungr, m. the bow of a ship, Fms. viii. 139, x. 78.

kinn-vangi, a, m. the cheek, Eg. 386, Fms. x. 78, v.l.
KIPPA, t and ð, [Scot. to kip, see Jamies.] :-- with dat. t
o pull or snatch; hann kipði honum upp at pallinum, Ó. H.
95; þá tók konungr í hár sveininum ok kip&eth
;i, 63; k. bryggjum af landi. to pull in the gangways before weighing anc
hor, Fms. x. 286; kippa af (kippa út) þeirri bryggjunni, er þ
ar var í meðal skipanna, i. 158; kippa ofan seglinu, to pull the s
ail down, Bs. i. 422; k. skóm á fætr sér, to s
lip on shoes, Nj. 28; Egill kipli at sér
<PAGE NUM="b0339">
<HEADER>KIPPA -- KITLA. 339</HEADER>
sverðinu, E. drew the sword in, Eg. 379; hann kippir mönnum at s
ér, he gets men together, Ld. 64; Guð kipti honum frá r
iki ..., Sks. 714; k. aptr orðum sínum, to retract one's words, 680; má því engu upp kippa, it cannot be retracted,
655 xx. 6. II. impers., in the phrase, e-m kippir í kyn um e-t, 'to turn into one's kin' ( = bregða í kyn), to be 'a chip of
the old block,' resemble one's kinsman; er þat eigi örvænt
at honum kippi í kyn, Glúm. 346; at honum mundi í kyn kipp
a um údælleik, Sturl. i. 15; vera má at oss Íslending
um kippi í kyn, þó at vér gangim heldr fyrir bl&iacut
e;ðu en stríðu, Fms. ii, 34. III. reflex., kippask, to
pull, tug; kippask um e-t, to 'pull caps,' struggle with one another abou
t a thing; kippask þeir um lengi, Sturl. i. 15; þau öll kip
tusk þá enn um Noreg, Fms. x. 390; nú er eigi allhógl
egt at kippask um við hann, vi. 274; þar til kippask þau um kert
ið at þat stökk sundr í miðju, Mar. 2. kippask
við, to make a sudden motion, quiver convulsively; en meðan dr&ya
cute;pr eitrið í andlit honum, þá kippisk hann sv&aacute
; hart við at jörð öll skelfr, Edda 40; þá at ein
s sá menn at Gísli kiptisk við ok þó litt, Fms. v
ii. 35. 3. recipr., Eindriði segir, at þeir hefði sannlega
kippsk (struggled) nokkut svá, er hann vildi eigi at þeir he
fði ferju-skipit, Bs. i. 709.
kippa, u, f. a bundle drawn upon a string; fisk-k., korn-k., Nj.
kippi, n. a sheaf, Barl. 34.
kipping, f. a pulling, snatching, N. G. L. i. 157.
kippr, m. a pall, shock, spasm; sina-kippir, nervous spasms; verðr nú við kippr mikill, Mar. 1056: metaph. a pull, a dist
ance; góðan kipp, a good bit of the way.
kipra, að, [kippa], to wrinkle, draw tight, of a slight spasmo
dic contraction.
kipringr, m. a slight spasm, such as to form a fold or wrinkle.

kirfi, n. a bunch.
kirja, að, [GREEK], to chant, intone; k. upp söng; hann v

ar að kirja kvæðin sín, Stef. Ól.
Kirjalax, m. a pr. name = GREEK, Fms.
kirjall, m. = GREEK in the Litany, Fms. viii. 227, Pm. 29, Jm. 34.
Kirjálir, m. pl. the people on the Finnish Gulf, Careles
.
KIRKJA, u, f., gen. pl. kirkna; [Scot. kirk; Dan. kirke; Ge
rm. kirche; but Engl. church] :-- a kirk, church; timbr-k.,
a timber church; stein-k., a stone church; the earliest Scandin.
churches were all built of timber, the doors and pillars being ornamented with
fine carved work, see Worsaae, Nos. 505-508; in the 12th and following centuries
the old timber churches were one by one replaced by stone buildings. In Denmark
the last timber church was demolished at the beginning of the 17th century, but
in Norway some old churches (called stav-kyrkior) have remained up to th
e present time, see an interesting essay in Nord. Aarb. 1869, p. 185 sqq. Many p
assages in the Sagas refer to the building of churches, especially in records of
the years following after 1000, see esp. Ld. ch. 74 sqq.; a curious legend, for
the purpose of encouraging men to build churches, is told in Eb. ch. 49, -- tha
t a man could grant as many souls a seat in heaven as the church which he built
held persons; ok þegar er þingi var lokit (the summer of A.D. 1000)
lét Snorri goði göra kirkju at Helgafelli, en aðra Styrr m&a
acute;gr hans undir Hrauni, ok hvatti pat mjök til kirkju-görðar,
at þat var fyrirheit kennimanna, at maðr skyldi jafnmörgum eiga h
eimolt rúm í himinríki, sem standa mætti í kir
kju þeirri er hann lét göra, Eb. l.c. For the removal of a chu
rch, when all the graves were to be dug up and the bones 'translated' to the new
church, see Eb. (fine), Bjarn. 19. For references see the Sagas passim; kirkju
atgörð, atbót, uppgörð, church reparation, Vm. 1
2, 118, N. G. L. i. 345; kirkju brjóst, gólf, dyrr, horn, hurð
, láss, lykill, ráf, stigi, stoð, stöpull, sylla, veggr,
a church front, floor, door-way, corner, door, lock, key, roof, stair, pillar
, steeple, sill, wall, K. Þ. K. 168, 170, 186, Fms. vii. 211, 225, vii
i. 285, 428, ix. 47, 470, 524, Landn. 50, Pm. 5, Vm. 46, Sturl. i. 169, iii. 221
, 228, K. Á. 28, N. G. L. i. 312; kirkju sár, a church font, Jm. 2, 35, Ám. 6; kirkju kápa, ketill, kola, kross, mundlaug, St
url. i. 191, Vm. 1, 6, 34, 99, 149, Dipl. v. 18; kirkju mark (on sheep), H. E. i
. 494, Bs. i. 725: áttungs-k., fjórðungs-k., fylkis-k., h&eacu
te;raðs-k., höfuð-k., hægindis-k. (q.v.), þriðjungs
-k., veizlu-k., heima-k., etc.: in tales even used in a profane sense, trolla-k.
, álfa-k., a trolls' and elves' church, place where they worship.
2. eccl. the Church = Ecclesia, very rarely, for Kristni an
d siðr are the usual words; kirkjan eðr Kristnin, Stj. 44. II. in
local names, Kirkju-bær, Kirkju-ból, Kirkju-fjörðr, Ki
rkju-fell, Landn. and maps of Icel. passim, cp. Kirkby or Kirby in the north of England. COMPDS: kirkju-bann, n. the ban of the chur
ch, Bs. i. 749. kirkju-bók, f. = kirkjumáldagi, H. E. i
i. 207: mod. a church book. kirkju-ból, n. a church esta
te, an estate on which a church is built, K. Þ. K. 170. kirkju-b&oa
cute;lstaðr, m. id., K. Þ. K. 48, Landn. 50. kirkju-b&oa
cute;ndi, a, m. a church-'statesman,' church-franklin, Vm. 116. k
irkju-búningr or -búnaðr, m. church hangings, Vm. 156, K. Þ. K. 154, Hom. 97. kirkju-bær, m. = kirkjub&oa
cute;l, K. Þ. K. passim, Fms. ix. 351. kirkju-dagr, m. a churchday, anniversary, Germ. kirchweihe, Sturl. i. 35, 106, K. Þ. K
. 42, Bs. i. 77, Hom. 97, Pm. 10. kirkjudags-hald, n. a keeping church
-days, Hom. 93. kirkju-dróttinn, m. a church lord, church p
atron, Sturl. iii. 197. kirkju-eign, f. church property, Bs. i

. 689, H. E. i. 458. kirkju-embætti, n. a church office, K.
Á. 232. kirkju-fé, n. church property, K. Þ. K
. 48, Sturl. ii. 4, Bs. i. 748. kirkju-fólk, n. church people. kirkju-frelsi, f. church-freedom, privilege, K. Á. 216
, H. E. i. 459. kirkju-friðr, m. church-peace, sanctuary, K. &
Aacute;. 46, Sturl. i. 30, Fms. ix. 524; kirkju-friðbrot, a breach of chu
rch sanctuary, H. E. i. 242. kirkju-fundr, m. an &oelig;cumenical
council. kirkju-ganga, u, f. church going, Sturl. i. 168: 
churching after childbirth, H. E. ii. 86. kirkju-garðr, m. a c
hurch-yard, K. Þ. K. passim, Eg. 768, Ám. 89, Sks. 95. kirkj
ugarðs-hlið, n. a church-yard gate, Fms. ix. 517. kirkju-g
engt, n. part., an eccl. term; eiga k., to be allowed to go to church, not being under ban, Sturl. ii. 42, K. Þ. K. 26. kirkju-gjöf, f. a donation to a church, K. Þ. K. 166. kirkju-góz, n. church properly, glebes, H. E. i. 529. kirkju-grið, n. pl
. = kirkjufriðr, Sks. 770, Fms. ix. 478, Sturl. i. 30, iii. 71. kirkju-gr
æfr, adj. who can be buried at a church, not being under ban,
K. Á. 6, N. G. L. i. 4, Gþl. 58. kirkju-görð, f. church-building, Rb. 396, Bs. i. 163, Fms. ix. 236, N. G. L. i. 344. kir
kju-helgi, f. church service, Hom. 93, Sturl. i. 29. kirkju-hluti,
 a, m. a church portion, Bs. i. 748, Am. 222. kirkju-land, n.
church-land, glebe, K. Þ. K. 170. kirkju-ligr, adj. eccle
siastic, H. E. i. 501. kirkju-lægr, adj. fit for a church, of timber, Pm. 106: neut., eiga kirkjulægt = to be kirkjugr&aeli
g;fr, Grág. ii. 62, K. Þ. K. 34. kirkju-lög, n. pl. 
church-law, ecclesiastical law, Bs. i. kirkjulög-bók, f.
a church-law book, book of the canons, Bs. i. (Laur. S.) kirkju-m&aacu
te;l, n. a church cause, church question, K. Á. 216. kirkju
-maldagi, a, m. a church deed, written, Vm. 7. kirkju-menn, m.
pl. churchmen. kirkjumanna-fundr, m. = kirkjufundr, Mar. kirkj
u-messa, u, f. = kirkjudagr, Fms. viii. 46. kirkju-náðir,
f. pl. = kirkjugrið, Jb. 93. kirkju-prestr, m. a church priest, pa
rson, Grág. i. 73, Vm. 166. kirkju-rán, n. sacrilege
, Bs. i. 775. kirkju-reikningr, m. a church account, Vm. 69. kirkju-reki, a, m. jetsum belonging to a church, Jm. 1. kirkju-r
éttr, m. a church right, Sturl. iii. 267. kirkju-skot,
n. the wing of a church, Fms. vi. 302, ix. 492, v.l. kirkju-skraut, n. a church ornament, Am. 7. kirkju-skrúð, n. (-sk
rúði, a, m.). a church ornament, Vm. 5, 58, 108, Landn. 38
9 (App.), B. K. 82. kirkju-skyld, f. (-skylda, u, f.), a church
claim or right, Dipl. v. 5, 28, Vm. 113. kirkju-smíð,
 f. = kirkjugörð, 656 A. ii. 14, Bs. i. 81. kirkju-sókn, f. church-worship, attendance at service; at kirkjusóknum e&et
h;a mannfundum, Grág. i. 419; þeir höfðu k. til Burakirkju
, Fms. xi. 159; með rettlæti, k. ok bænum, Hom. 31, 65: mod. 
a parish, freq., Sks. 94. Fms. x. 66. kirkjusóknar-maðr, m
. a parishioner, K. Á. 40, N. G. L. i. 14. kirkjusóknarþing, n. a parish meeting, Gþl. 389. kirkju-sté
tt, f. a church pavement, Sturl. iii 221 C. kirkju-stóll, m. a church pew, Sturl. iii. 182, Vm. 5. kirkju-stuldr, m. s
acrilege, Hom. 33. kirkju-söngr, m. church music. kir
kju-tíund, f. a church tithe, K. Þ. K. 152, K. Á.
98, Pm. 35, Bs. i. 749. kirkju-tjöld, n. pl. church hangings, Vm. 11, Grág. i. 460. kirkju-varðveizla, u, f. church kee
ping, Bs. i. 129. kirkju-vegr, m. the church path, way to church, D. N. kirkju-viðr, m. church-timber, Landn. 54, Vm. 53, Ld
. kirkju-vist, f. a being in church, Bs. i. 902. kirkju-v&iacut
e;gsla, u, f. consecration of a church, K. Á. 28, 102, Sturl.
i. 121. kirkju-vörðr, m. a churchwarden, 655 xiii. B. 
kirkju-þjófr, m. a church thief. III. in plur. kirkna-friðr, -góz, -görð, -mál, -sókn, e
tc. = kirkju-, Fms. ix. 236, 478, K. Á. 216, Bs. i. 689, Ísl. ii.
380.
kirk-messa, u, f. = kirkjumessa, Vm. 35. kirkmessu-dagr, m. = kirk
judagr, Dipl. i. 5.
KIRNA, u, f. [North. E. and Scot. kirn] :-- a churn. kir
nu-askr, m. a churn-pail; þeir er heiman hafa hlaupit fr&aacute
; kirnuaskinum, Fms. viii. 350, xi. 272, Boldt. 167.
kirningr, m. = kjarnhafr, Grág. ii. 194.
kirn-samr, adj. quibbling, Krók. ch. 6.
kis, kis! interj. puss, puss!
kisa, u, f. puss, the pet name of a cat. kisu-gras, n., bot
an. echium vulgare, viper's bugloss.
kisi, a, m. = kisa; köttr ok kisi, Fas. iii. 556: the name of a gian
t, Edda (Gl.): a nickname, Ann. 1362, 1382.
KISTA, u, f., gen. pl. kistna, Nj. 20; [A. S. kist; North. E. and
Scot. kist; Engl. chest; Dan. kiste; from Lat. cista
] :-- a chest, Eg. 310; í kerum eða kistum, N. G. L. i. 383; k
ómu til kistu kröfðu lukla, Vkv.; kistur ok hirzlur, 656 B. 1, p
assim; kistu lok, botn, lykill, the cover, bottom, key of a chest, Nj. 94
; kistu-fjöl, a chest board, Hom. 155; kistu-hringr, a ring in a
chest, Fms. x. 258; kistu-þrum, the old shell of a chest, Pm. 6
4, 73: a coffin (usually lík-kista), Eg. 126, 127, Grág. i.
207, Bs. i. 337, Fs. 132; kemba ok þerra áðr í kistu fa
ri, Sdm. 34; knörr mun ek kaupa ok kistu steinda, Ám. 101, see Worsa
ae, No. 504: the seat in the poop of a ship (cp. hásætis-k.)
, Orkn. 400, Fms. vii. 201: the word, although foreign, is old, as it occurs in
old poems such as Vkv., Sdm., Am. kistna-smiðr, n. a joiner, R
étt. 2. 10, N. G. L. ii. 246. kistu-leggja, lagði, to lay i
n a coffin.
kistill, m., dimin., dat. kistli, a little box, Vm. 29, 655 xiii.
B. 2, Fms. iii. 136, Fas. iii. 296.
KITLA, að, [A. S. citelan; Scot. kittle; Germ. kitze
ln] :-- to tickle,
<PAGE NUM="b0340">
<HEADER>340 KITLUR -- KJÖSA.</HEADER>
with acc., Mar. 1057; killuðu mig ekki! impers., mig kitlar, I feel tickl
ish; y
kitlar þig? etc.
kitlur, f. pl. a feeling ticklish.
kíf, n. [O. H. ü. kip; Germ, keib; Dutch kij
f; Swed. ki/] :-- a quarrel,
strife. Art.
KÍFA, að, [Germ, keifen or leeiben] , to stri

ve, quarrel, Stj. 159, 255.
kífan, f. a quarrel, quarrelling, Stj. 163, 295.
kífinn, adj. quarrelsome, Grett. 116 A, 120, Ísl. ii
. 62.
kíkir, m. [Dan. kikkert], a telescope.
kíkja, t, [Scot, keek; Dan. kige"\, to stare; see ka
ga.
KÍLL, m. [kil, Ivar Aaên; mid. H. G. k í 
l; cp. the Germ. prop, name
Â' iel] :-- an inlet, canal; iða, fors ok kill, Edda (Gl
.); þar skarsk inn
vik ein eigi mikil, fundu þeir þar andir margar ok kölluðu
Anda-kíl, Eg.
 131; at laek þeim, er ofau fellr í kíl þann, er f
ellr lit í ana, Vm. 162.
Kípr, f., gen. Kiprar, Cyprus, Symb. 27.
kíta, t, to quarrel; see kvta.
kjafall, in. a kind of garment worn by the Indians in America, &th
orn;orf.
Karl. 412.
kjagg, n. in axar-kjagg, an old, blunt hatchet.
Kjalarr, m. a name of Odin, Edda (Gl.), Gm.
Kjallakr, m. a pr. name, from Gaelic Cealloc, Landn.; whence
Kjallekingar or Kjalleklingar, m. pl. the men or family ofK., Eb.,
Landn.
kjallandi, f. the name of a giantess, Edda (Gl.)
kjallari, a, m. [from Lat. c ella, as are Engl. cellar, Ger
m, keller,
 etc.] :-- a cellar, Bs. i. 840, Fms. xi. 425, Grett. 98 A, Sturl. ii
. 152, 242,
iii. 228, passim.
Kjalnesingr, m. a man from Kjalarnes (see kjölr), Sturl. ii.
192.
kjal-sog, n. the bottom of a boat, in which the bilgcwater is; no
doubt
derived from kjolsyja, q. v.
kjalta, u, f. [from kilting, q. v.], the ' kilt, ' lap; han
n greip taflit ok
steypir í kjuitu sér, Fas. iii. 629, bkáld H. 6. 37: esp. o
f a woman, hafa
barn í kjöltu, kjoltu-barn, a ' lap-bairn, ' a baby; kjö
ltu-rakki, a lap-dog.
kjal-tré, n. a 'keel-tree, ' keel-'imber.

kjal-vegr, m. 'keel-way, ' local name of a hi. g' h ridg
e of mountains, =
 kjölr (II), Fas. i. 56.
kjammi, a, in. = kjannr, a cooked sheep's head.
kjamta, að, to maunder.
kjannr, m. [kinn], the side of the bead, Edda 109.
kjappi, a, m. pet name of a he-goat, from the ' chopping' o
f his teeth,
Edda (GL); brakar í klaufum á kjappa mínum, Fas. iii. 305.
kjapta, að, to chatter, gabble, tell tales, use scurrilous languag
e, Fas. iii- 305kjapt-áss, m. a gabbler; hann er mesti kjaptás.
kjapt-forr, adj. scurrilous.
KJAPTR, m., older form kjöptr or keyptr, in ginkeyptr, q. v.;
[Germ, kiefer; Dutch kieuw; Dan. kjeeft^ :-- -the mouth, jaw, of beasts or
in a vulgar sense; Davíð tekr sinpi hendi hvern kjöptinn, Stj. 4
59; hann
reif í sundr kjapta ins úarga dyrs, Rb. 382; er inn efri kjöp
tr við himni
en inn neðri við jörðu, ... hann stígr öðrum f&
aelig;ti í neðra kevpt
nlfsins, annarri hendi tekr hann í enn efra keypt úlfsins ok r&iac
ute;fr sundr gin
hans, Eclda 41, 42; ef maðr bindr tagl í munn á hrossi manns,
eða bindr
kept við fót, Grág. i. 383; opt í Ægis kjöpt
a, Edda (in a verse); skjöldrinn gékk upp í munninn svá at rifnaði kjaptrinn en kj&a
acute;lkarnir hlupu ofan
á bringuna, Grett. 95 new Ed.; skeggstaðinn, hökuna, kjaptana b&
aacute;ða, Fb.
1. 531: in abuse, halda kjapti, as in Engl. slang, hold your jaw, Germ, maul
hal/en; skrokknum lifir ekkert á | utan tónvr kjaptr, a ditty.
COMPDS:
kjapta-skumr, m. a gabbler. kjapts-högg, n. a box on the ear,
 vulgar.
kjapt-vik, n. pl. the c reek or corner of the mouth,
of a beast, = munnvik, of a person.
kjapt-æði, n. loquacity, slander.
kjarf, n. = kerfi, a bundle; spjót bundin í kerfi, tied in a bundle,
 Sturl. iii. 101 C; kjarf riklinga, N. G. L. i. 143: k&oelig;rf riklinga, 30
4.
kjark-lauss, adj. (-leysi, n.), weak, faint.

kjark-leysi, n. lack of vigour, Stnrl. i. 162 (in a verse).
kjark-maðr, m. an energetic man.
KJARKR, m. vigour, pith, energy; ór þér er bar
ðr kjarkr allr, Fb.
ii. 189; gat hann þá talit kjark í Berg rindil, Bs. i. 808;
þat segi þér
at mér fyigi engi kjarkr, Fagrsk. 176; telva knell ok kjark (kirk, MS.)
í þá, 655 xxvii. 24, Bs. i. 654 (in a verse).
kjarn-góðr, a. d] . fat, good, of milk, pasture,
or the like; það er kjarngott, cp. kjarni and Engl. churn.
kjarn-hafr, m. a he-goal, ram, Grág. i. 503.
KJARNI, a, m. [Germ, kern; Dan. kjerne; cp. also Engl. k
ernel'] :-a kernel, nucleus, esp. of berries, Mar.; or metaph., k. landsins, the be
st
of the land, Stj. 221; Látínu-k., nucleus Latinitatis;
Bibliu-k., etc.
KJARR, n., pl. kjörr; [Dan. kj&oelig;r; Ivar Aasen kjerr and k/'orr] :-copsewood, brushwood; kjorr ok skóga, Rm. 43; smáví&
eth;i ok kjörr, Eg.
580; ok stingr niðr í jörðina undir eitt kjarr, þi&eth
;r. 68; hann let liðit
fara í kjörr nokkur, Fms. viii. 79; þá er þeir ri
ðu um kjörr nokkur, [Orkn. 80; ok reið ek þér þa
r knút á kjarrinu, Hkr. iii. 265, Fms. vii
123; fram um kjorriu, viii. 414; hris-k., q. v.
kjarr-mýrr, f. a marsh grown with brusbivood, Hkr. iii. 138
.
kjarr-skógr, m. copsewood, Eg. 546, Fms. vii. 68, viii. 172
.
kjassa, að, to coax.
kjass-mæli, n. coaxing: kjass-máll, adj. coaxing.
kjá, ð, to grin,
þú at hverr kjár
at öðrum, Grett. 147 A; eins
cute;ði æði-lengi
framan í mig kjúði,
make grimaces, look stupid; sór

nefinu
og gunti orðið hvert við hv&aa
Snót 215.
KJÁLKI, a, m. [Engl. cheek, - O. H. G. chelch; mid.

H. G. kel c h]:~
the jaw-bone; hoku ok kj;ilka, Fms. ii. 59, vii. 141, passim. II. a
kind of sledge; draga kjálka, Gm. 47; görði Bár&et
h;r kjálka hverju kvik-
endi, ok let hvert draga sitt fóðr, Landn. 226.

kjánka, að, = kjú, q. v., (slang.)
kjói, a, m. a s ea bird of the tern kind, Hill's ste
rna 3, coprotherus:
 kjóa-egg, n., -hreiðr, n., -ungi, a, m. the egg, nest, young
of the k.
KJÓLL, m., in sense and declension to be distinguished from kj&oum
l;lr,
a keel; [A. S. ceôl; North. E. keel = a flat-bottomed
boat for carrying
coals; O. H. G. cheol, chiel~\ :-- -a keel, barge, ship: this word is fre
q. in
old poetry, even in such as Vsp., but in prose it only occurs twice, and
in both instances of English ships; whereas in A. S. it is freq. even in
pr. and local names, as Ceolmnnd, Chelsea: it was prob. borrowed from
the English: a. in poetry; kjóll ferr austan, Vsp.; snefgir kjólar
,
Hkv. I. 48; kjola-valdi, a keel-wielder, Hy'm. 19; ríða kj&oac
ute;l, Rm. 45;
kjóla kcyrir, a keelman, Landn. 223 (in a verse); hæls hleyp
i-kjólar,
poët. the leaping keels of the heels = the feet, Fms. vi. (in
a verse);
arin-kjóll, ' hearth-keel' = a house, Ýt.; Ullar kj&
oacute;ll, the keel of the god
Ull = the shield, Rekst. 6: kjól-rennir, m. a keel-runner, sailor,
 Bs. i.
(in a verse1). p. in prose; en hón (the lightning") laust siglu-tr&eacute
; á kjól
einum, er flaut fyrir bænurn, einn hlutr af trénu varð at ska&e
th;a manni er
kominn var á kjólinn at kaupa glys, en enga sakaði aðra &t
horn;á er á kjólnum
voru, Fb. ii. 175; sigldu bar at hafi kjúlar tveir er kornnir vóru
af Englandi ok ætluðu til Dyflinnar, ... þeir Sveinn liigSu at kjolunu
in, ...
hann hafði tekit af kjólunum vin mikit ok mjoð F^nskan, Orkn. 462
,
464 (ch. 116).
kjóll, m. [from Dan. Ttjole; contr. from kyrtill] :-- a
frock, coat, (mod.)
KJÓS, f., also kvos, a deep or hollow place • -- dæl, q. v.: a local name,
Kjós, Kjósar-sýsla, in the south of Iceland, Landn. Kjos-ve
rjar,
m. pl. the men of Kjós, Sturl. i. 199.
KJÓSA, pres. kvss; pret. kauss, 2nd pers. kauss þu, Gs. 8; p
l.
kusu; subj. kysi; part, kosinn: but also as frjósa (q. v.), pret. kj&ouml
;ri
(köri, keyri), pl. kuru, kjöru, Fms. vi. 420, subj. kyri or keyri, par
t,
kjörinn, keyrinn: with neg. suff. kjos-at-tu, imperat. (choose not),
Hkv.
Hjorv. 3: the forms kaus, kusu, kysi, kosinn are very rare in old
writers, see the following references, whereas in mod. usage the forms
in r are all obsolete: [Ulf. kiûsan = 5ontfj. á^ftv, 2 Cor. viii. 8, Gal. vi.
4; A. S. ceôsan; Engl. c h oos e; O. H. G. kiusan;
 Germ, kiesen, cp. kjor;
Dan. kaare; Swed. kå r a] :-- to choose, elect, with acc. or absol., o.
þeim mönnum er hann kjöri til með sér, Bs. i. 84; &th
orn;aer líf kuru, Vsp. 20;
kurum land þaðra, Am. 97; segja honum hvat þeir kuru af, Fms. xi
. 67;
kuru þeir þat af at ganga til hauda konungi, Hkr. ii. 41; keyri hann
þann af er betr gegndi, Fms. i. 202, Bs. i. 37; Sigurðr konungr kj&oum
l;ri
(kaus, Mork.) heldr leikinn, Fms. vii. 96; þeir kjöru at færa h
eldr fé til
strandar, Fb. ii. 25; minni slægja en þeir ætluðu er keyru
þorvald til
eptirrnuls, Glúm. 383; skipta í helminga landi, en Magnus konungr
kyri (keyri), Fms. viii. 152; tðr þrjú skip önnur þa
u sem hann kej'ri or
herinum, x. 84; þat kuru allir Birkibeinar, viii. 186; en þeir kj&ou
ml;ru frið
við Odd, Fas. ii. 190; hann spyrr hvern ek kjöra (subj.) af þeim
sem
komnir vóru, i. 191; þat kjöra ek (subj., 7 would choose) at verða
konungr, ii. 233; ok mi hötu vúr kjörit sem Guð kenndi oss,
Fms. vii.
89; nu hafi þér þat kjörit (kosit, Fms. viii. 1. c.) er
mer er skapYelldra,
Fb. ii. 611; at þeir höfðu keyrit í hans stað;ib&oacut
e;ta, Fms. ix. 338; ok
var keyrinn (kosinn, v. 1.) í hans stað sira |xjrir, 412, x. 50, 98;
her
hefir þú keyrit mann til, Ld. 258 C; en þeir kuru hundinn, &t
horn;víat þeir
þóttusk þá heldr sjálfráði mundu ver
a, Hkr. i. 136; kuru heldr (chose
rather) at drepa hina, Róm. 295; kjöri hann heldr at halda g&oum
l;rð jarls
en þeir væri nsáttir, Fms. ii. 114; hann keyri heldr at leysa
lif sitt, Nj.
114; allir keyru honum at fylgja, 280; þá er kjörit er handsal
at er,
Grág. i. 198; þetta er keyrit hyggiliga, Ld. 178; er hinn skyldr at
hafa
kjörit sumardag fyrsta, Grág. ii. 244: in the phrase, hafa kjorna ko
sti, to
have the choice things; var þá dæmt, at Væringjar s
kyldu hafa kjörna
kosti af öllu því er þeir höfðu þræ
tt um, Fms. vi. 137. |3. þann mann
er kosinn er til veganda at lögum, Grág. ii. 41; fkalt þ&uacut
e; kjósa KoTtiI
veganda at vígi Hjartar, Nj. ioo; margir kjósa tkki orð &aacut
e; sik, people
cannot help bow they are spoken of, 142; kjósa sik í annan hre
pp, Grág.
i. 444; vildi Hallr bæði kjósa ok deila, Ld. 38, (see deila); &
thorn;e:r er ávíga
urðu skyldi kjósa mann til, ... at hafa annan veg kosit, ... ok vildi
hann
þá heldr hafa annan til kosit, Glúm. 383, 384; hálfan
val hón kyss,
Gm 8, 14; kjósa hlutvið, Vsp.; kjós þú (imperat.)
, Hm. 138; kjosa
mæðr frá mögum, Fm. 12; ok kusu (kjöru, v. 1.) ina vi
ldustu hesta, Karl.
328; hann kaus heldr brott verpa stundlegum metorðum, Mar.; þrj&aacute
;
<PAGE NUM="b0341">
<HEADER>KJÜKA -- KLATR. 341</HEADER>
kostgripi þá er hann kaus, (kjöri, v. 1.), Edda i. 394; h&oacu
te;n bað hann kjósa hvárt heita skyldi Glúmr eða H&
ouml;skuldr, Nj. 91. II reflex., recipr., skyldi annarr hanga en öðrum
steypa í forsinn Sarp, ok bað þá kjósask at, d
raw lots, Hkr. iii. 302.
KJÚKA, u, f. a kind of fre. '-b soft cheese, ost-kjnka: bla
utr einsog
kjúka, soft as a k., of a horse's hoof; whence húf-kj&uacut
e;ka, the soft part q/ the hoof.

kjúklingr, m. [A. S. cicen; Engl. c hi c ken;
Dan. kylling; Swed. k/w kling] '. -- a chicken
, young of birds, ürett. 90, as also the verse.
kjökr, n. a voi c e stifled by tears, a choking voice.
kjökra, að, to whine, to speak with a broken, faltering voice
; kvcða
kjökrandi, Sturl. ii. 214, freq. in mod. usage.
kjöl-far, n. the ' keel-print, ' ship's wake.
kjöl-fari, a, m. a nickname, Landn.
KJÖLR, m., kjalar, dat. kili, mod. kjöl, plur. kilir, acc. kj&o
uml;lu; [Engl. keel, which seems to be of Norse origin, as the A. S. uses
quite a different word for carina; Dan. kj'ól; Swed. kö l] :-- a keel; klökkr
k., Lex. Poët.; langir, svalir kilir, id.; rísta kaldan sjá k
ili, Edda
(Ht. IOI); brotnaði kjölrinn undir skipinu, Fs. 152; laust skipit sv&aa
cute;
at þegar horfði upp kjölrinn, Ld. 142; höggva skip í
sundr ok auka
at kili, Fms. viii. 372; koma e-m or komask á kjöl, to get on the
keel when a boat is capsized, ix. 320; þeir lí-tu fallask &iacu
te; kjölinn
niðr, vii. 288; ok er niðr hlaupinn drykkr allr í kjöl &aacu
te; skipinu, xi.
233; land Ránar, kjalar, stála ..., Edda 66; þeir segjask ei
gi fá tré
svá stórt no gott at heyri til kjalarins, Fb. i. 433; ok hvelfir s
vá
skipinu, at hón ri&r urn þveran kjölinn, ü. 26; rifna
ði skipit neðan,
ok var skjótt imdan kjolrinn, Bs, i. 842: phrases, sigla lausuni kili, t o
sail with a l oos e keel, with an empty ship, 0. H. 115: in poetry
, kjalarslóð, kjalar stigr, keel-track, keel-path = the sea; kjalar-la
nd, id., Lex.
Poët. II. metaph. a keel-shaped range of mountains; há fj&oum
l;ll
liggja eptir endilangri morkinni ok eru þat kallaðir Kilir, Eg. 58: es
p. as a
local name of the mountain Ki'ólen between Sweden and Norway, Eb.
2, 4,
Hkr. i. 137, passim; as also in Iceland, Landn., Sturl. 2. the back of
a book; biskup let búa ok lima oil blöðin í kjöl
inn, Ísl. ii. 460; bók gyllt
á kjöl, a gilt book, freq. in mod. usage: as also the inne
r margin of a book
 when open, whence the phrase, lesa ofun í kjölinn, to re
a d closely; hann
hefir ekki lesit ofan í kjulinn, of superficial, loose reading. COMPDS:
kjalar-h. æll, in., see h. fll. Fas. ii. 589. kjalar-leið, f. = kjalve
gr,
Slurl. iii. 278. kjalar-tré, n. = kjal-tro, Fb. i. 433.
kjöl-sýja, u, f. the keel suture, the boards nearest to th
e keel, Edda (Gl.)
kjöltr, n. [qs. kjötl, from kitla, q. v.], in hósta-kj&o
uml;lt, a tickling cough.
kjöltung, f., see kilting.
kjöptugr, adj. loquacious, scurrilous, tale-bearing.
KJÖR, n., also spelt keyr, [kjósa; cf. Germ, kur in kur-fúrst,
 etc.] :-- a choice, decision; ef undir oss bræðr skal koma
kjörit,
Nj. 192; vér viljum hugsa fyrir oss um kjorit, Fms. vii. 88; verðr
þat af kjörurn (the final choice) at þeir fara allir sai
nt, Fs. 120;
þat vóru allra kjür, at menu kjöru til biskups Norðle
nzkan maun,
Bs. i. 80; þá skyldi eigi fyrir þ;i sök skipta keyrinu,
alter the choice,
 Glúm. 383; enda hafi hann tngi þann mann fengit til kør
s (= kjörs)
fyrir sik, Grág. ii. 240; þá vandaðist kerit (keyrit), S
turl.; ganga at
kjorum, and ganga í kjör, to go as one wit-hen; hann kvað
þat hata gengit
í kjör, Fas. ii. 371; faíla í kjor, id., Sk&iac
ute;ða R. 104; ganga allt við kjör, id.,
Harms. 37. II. in plur. cheer; mikil kjör, mickle cheer, abundanc
e;
ó-kjör, a bad lot (to choose from): used in the west of I
cel. of bad weather,
mestu ó-kjür, a pelting rain; vil-kior (Dan. villtaar), bl
iss, wealth.
kjör-gripr, m. a choice or co stly thing; ek vii taka
þrjá kjörgripi af
nskiptu herfangi, Fms. vi. 148.
kjör-ligr, adj. jfa to be chosen; þótti honum hi
nn eigi kjorligri, Fms.
iv. 226.
kjörróttr, adj. overgrown tvi/h copsewood, Eg. 580.
kjörr-skógr, ni. = kjarrskógr.
kjör-tré, n. a choice piece of timber, in jetsum the b
est log of wood
driven ashore; kirkja á kjörtré af Kirkjubóli, Yin. 75
.
kjör-vápn, n. a choice weapon, Fas. iii. 387.
kjör-viðr, ker-viðr, m. = kjörtrú, Rd. 251, 252;
kjörviða-taka, 254.
kjör-viltr, part, having chosen amiss; kjörviltvart&uacu
te;. Kristín! Safnö/i.
kjör-vísligr, adj. acceptable; þútti &tho
rn;eim sá þó eigi kjörvísligr, at eiga
enga ván sjálfr til ættlcifðar sinnar, Orkn. 58, Fb. &uu
ml;. 180, Karl. 152.
KJÖT, n., also proncd. ket, dat. kjötvi, mod. kjöti; [a Sc
'andin. word;
found neither in Saxon nor Germ.; Scot, ket = carrion; Dan. k/o d; Swed.
kö tt] :-- flesh, meat, I, at. caro; heitt kj&o
uml;t, Fms. vii. 1, ^9, 160; ok suðu
vér þær með öðru kjöti, Fb. ii. 376; eta ki
öt, K. þ K. 130, 136: þat er
kjöt er menn láta afnaut, færsauði, geitr ok svíu,
130; varna við kjú'tvi,
to abstain from meat, 134, passim: in plur. stores of meat, &thorn
;au kjöt sem
lll þess eru niðr lögð á vegum, Stj. 71; gengu kjiitin
því harðara sinn veg,
Bs. ii. 144. COMPDS: kjöt-át, n. a meat-eating, 656 A. ii 16,
N. G. L.
*• 343- kjöt-áta, u, f. = kiö;át, Fms. x. 417. kj&o
uml;t-lær, n. a joint
of meat, Fms. viii. 117. kjöt-matr, m. Jlesbfood, meat, Hom. 93.
kjöt-stykki, n. a piece of meat, Grág. ii. 170, Fbr. 38. kj&o
uml;tvaxinn, adj. fleshy, Sturl, i. 10. kjöt-ætr, adj. eatable; also of
days o n which flesh was allowed; fugla þá er kjotætir
eru, K. þ. K. 132, Sks. 180; á þeim tíðum er kj&o
uml;tætt er, id.

kjöt-ligr, adj. carnal, Stj.; kjötligt barn, K. Á
. 146.
kjötvi, a, m. the fleshy, a nickname, Hkr.
klafi, a, m. a kind of fork, put on the neck of cattle; þat
er klafi
kyrkir, N. G. L. i. 19, 341. COMPDS: klafa-kerling, f. a kind of two-pronged
stick, Bárð. 17 new Ed. klafa-stafr, m. -- klataker- ling, B&aacu
te;rð. 19, 29 new Ed.
klaga, að, [Germ, klageri] , to complain, accuse, (mod.
)
klagan or klogiin, f. a complaint.
klak, n., see kliik.
klaka, að, [Dan. klukke~\, to twitter, of a swallow; to cha
tter, of a pie; hann hevrði at igður klükuðu á hr&ia
cute;sinu, Sæin. 136, Eg. 420, Stj. So, þiðr. 168, Karl. 544: of
an eagle, Ísl. ii. 195: metaph., of a person, ok und kvernum klaka, Ls.
44 :-- reflex., klakask við, to have a dispute about; við
biskup munum klakask við um kirkju-hann, Bs. i. 749.
klaka, u, f. a pr. name. Klöku-&oelig;tt, f. the family o/K.,
Landt).
KLAKI, a, m. hard-frozen ground, Finnb. 282, Vígl. 24, pass
im:
the phrase, koma e-m á kaldan klaka, to put one on a cold ice-field, t
o
bring one into distress; það hefir komið mörgum á
kaldan klaka.
COMPDS: klaka-riross, n. a jade, a poor horse left to feed on a frozen
field, Band. 37 new Ed. klaka-h. ogg, n. a crowbar to break the frozen
ground, Vm. 80, (for a grave-digger.) klaka-torf, n. frozen turf,
 Vígl. 71 new Ed.
KLAKKR, in. a peg, prop, the peg of a pack-saddle
the
packs are hung; setja, lypta á klakk, to lift to the k.;
upp af
klükkunum, to be flung down from the k., freq. :-- metaph.
peaked
clouds (sky'-klakkar, klakka-sky), íllviðris-k., q. v.:
names of
peaks (two and two), Dimunar-klakkar in Breiðifjördr.
on which
hriikkva
heavy,
in local
klakk-sekkr, in., proncd. klassekkr, a heavy trunk: a beavy, unwieldy thing, mesti klassekkr.
klak-laust or klakk-laust, n. adj. [A. S. cla:cleas -- free~\, scathel
ess,
unhurt; komask k. af, to come off unhurt, Finnb. 262; at vit mundum
eigi klakklaust skilja, Fb. i. 417; ef ek komumk nú á brott klakkl
aust
at sinni, Fms. iv. 312; ok verð því feginn at þú k
omisk klakklaust á

brott, Fas. iii. 98; þar sem aðrir komask eigi klaklaust þ&oacut
e; nauðsyn beri
til, Fms. vi. 299, (klaclaust, Mork. 61, I. e.)
klak-sárr, adj. touchy, feeling sore; e-m verðr heldr k
laksúrt, to be
ruffled, rudely bandied, Grett. 110 A.
klambra, að, to clamp or pinch together.
KLAND, n., mod. klandr, dat. klandri, Fb. ii. 388: [perh., through
Lat. scandalum, from Gr. ff/íái/SaXoi'] :-- calumny, mol
estation; yðr hefir
leyst af öllu illu klandi, Stj. 445; komask ór klandi sinna m&oacute
;tstöðumanna, 415; búaiid-karl varð fyrir klundutn rikra manna, Hom. 117,
(klandum, O. H. L. 80); hann kom þeim ór klandi vikinga, Gieg. 52;
tóku hann burt ór öllu klandi Odds ok hans manna, Bs. i. 707:
hindrance,
 af klönd koma á niúl þeirra fyrir brullaup, N. G.
L. i. 148. klanda-lauss,
adj. free from molestation, Str. 74, Fms. ix. 409.
klanda, að, mod. klandra, to molest, Stj. 216, Greg. 65; meidd
ir
eða drepnir e&a klandaðir, Sturl. i. 41.
klandan, f. calumny, Stj. 163, (calumnia of the Vulgate); v
er frjáls
af allri k. minni, Art.
klapp, n. clapping the hands; handa-klapp, Sk/tlda 174.
KLAPPA, að, [Engl. and Scot, clap; Germ, klopfen; Swed
klappa] : -- to pat, stroke gently; kyssa ok k., to ki s s and stroke, 655 xxxi; cp heot to clap a cat; þ &iacu
te; klappaði hón urn granirnar, Edda (pref.); jarlinn klappaði le
ndi sinni á bak honum ok bað hann vaka, Fms. viii. 88; maðr hefir
staf í liendi ok klappar á lend hestinum, Bs. i. 633; þ&aacu
te; kallar konungr
til sin hund sinn Viga ok klappaði um hann, hins. x. 327; him spyrr
art hann ætlar þá enn í Múfahlíð at
k. um kerlingar-nárann, Fb. 44,
Grett. 33 new Ed.; Þoroddr klappaði uni hann (the calf), Eb. 320. 2.
to clap the hands; rlestir æptu ok klöppuðu, shouted an
d clapped, ü N. 168: the phrase, k. lofi í lófa, to cl
ap, exult; klappa á dyruin, to nip
at the door, Eg. 409, Fms. xi. 425; klappa á hurð, Fas. iii. 583.
II.
a stone-mason's term, to chop stone with a hammer; hann klappaði
rauf í hellu, Grett. 137 A; þessi steinn var útan sein klapp
aðr væri ráðum eðr püllum, Fms. i. 137; vór
u klappaðir ú steinvegginn krossar)rír, vii. 64; í &tho
rn;eim steini vúru klappaðir fjórir koppar, Bs. 1. 640; &uacut
e;nar klappaðar á steini, 655 xiv. B. 2; spor vóru klöppu
ð í berginu, -'as. iii. 569. 2. to hammer; þarf eigi hol
an bang um þat at klappa,
''b. iii. 404; ok klappaði urn hans hjarta, bis heart clapped, throbbed. Fbr.
37; þeir sügðusk iiuindu k. um (they would clench it, make it

right) ef
nálin kænii heini í hérað, Sturl. i. 134; nuin ek
mi k. um aptr, / will
nake it good, ii. 38.
klaret, n. claret, Fas. iii. 3^9, Flóv. 22 (for. word), Kar
l. passim.
KLASI, a, m. a cluster, bunch, esp. of berries: berja-klasi, vinbe
rja- •:., a cluster of grapes: metaph., eyja-klasi, skerja-k., a
cluster of islands,
sksrries.
klastr, n. (klastra, að), o n entanglement, tangle, bunch.
klatr, n. a clatter; svá mikit k. at varla fékk hlj&
oacute;ð, Bær. 12, Al. 12:
n toy, trifle.
<PAGE NUM="b0342">
<HEADER>342 KLATRA -- KLETTR.</HEADER>
klatra, að, to waste on toys and trifles.
KLAUF, f., pl. klaufir, [A. S. cleâf; Engl. cleft, clove;
 Germ. klaue] :-- a cloven foot, Stj. 316, 317; göltrinn
svamm par til af gengu klaufirnar, Landn. 177; þeir rökðu þ
angat sem klaufirnar höfðu vitjað af hreinsfitjunum, Ó. H. 1
52: the cleft between the toes ( = neip between the fingers), sár
neðan í ilina ok skar út í klaufina við þumal
tána, Sturl. iii. 68. 2. a beast, a head of cattle; allar v
árar hjarðir, svá framt at eigi skal nokkur klauf eptir vera,
Stj. 276; hjoggu á skip sín hverja klauf, Fms. viii. 380. 3. gramm. an asyndeton, viz. two adjectives attached to one noun without a
copula, Skálda 193. COMPDS: klaufa-gangr, m. the tramp of catt
le, Fas. iii. 386. klauf-lax, m., see lax. klauf-rak, n. a
driving of cattle, D. N. ii. 146. klauf-troð, n. a track made
by the hoofs of cattle, D. N.
klauf-hamarr, m. a cloven hammer.
klaufi, a, m. an awkward, clumsy boor; þú ert mesti k
laufi! a nickname, Landn. COMPDS: klaufa-legr, adj. (-liga, adv.),
clumsy, awkward. klaufa-skapr, m. clumsiness, want of skill.
klausa, u, f. (for. word), a clause, passage, Skálda 174, 1
91; k. í bréfi, Bs. i. 706, 707.
KLAUSTR, n. [like A. S. clûstor, Engl. cloister, Germ
. kloster, from Lat. claustrum] :-- a cloister, Fms. i. 147
, x. 1, xi. 343, Bs. passim. COMPDS: klaustr-búnaðr, m. a c
onvent dress, Mar. klaustr-frú, f. a convent lady, Mar.
klaustr-ganga, u, f. entering a convent, Mar. klaustr-haldari
, a, m. a convent steward. klaustr-hlaupari, a, m. one who
elopes from a convent, Mar. klaustr-hús, n. a convent house
, Bs. i. 293. klaustr-jörð, f. a convent glebe.
klaustri, a, m. = klaustr; yfir klaustranum, klaustra sínum, Sks.

694 C, Þiðr. 368; helgum klaustra, Bær. 8. COMPDS: klaustra-b
róðir, m. a friar, Fms, i. 148. klaustra-fólk, n. convent folk, Fms. x. 10. klaustra-færsla, u, f. re
moving a convent, Bs. i. klaustra-garðr, m. a cloister yard, 645. 120. klaustra-innganga, u, f. entering a convent, Mar. 
klaustra-lifnaðr, m. convent life, Mar. klaustra-menn, m.
pl. convent people, K. Á. 42, 58, Sks. 694, Fms. ix. 372. klaus
tra-staðr, m. the glebe-land of a convent, K. Á. 38.
KLÁ, pres. klái, pret. kló, klótt, kló
, pret. kleginn, [Scot. claw] :-- to scratch or rub an itching
spot; var fengin kona at klá honum fót sinn, Sturl. i. 189; ha
nn kallaði á mik ok bað mik klá fótinn, Fms. ii. 18
7; síðan gekk konungr til svefns, ok kló ek fótinn, x.
331; ok vænti ek at nokkurir klái sárt síður, &aa
cute;ðr vit Aron látimk báðir, Bs. i. 538; var þar f
engin til kona um aptaninn er hann var kominn í rekkju, at klá f&o
acute;t hans, en er honum þótti of kyrt klegit, 462; ok þ&aac
ute; er fótr minn hafði kleginn verit, Fb. i. 400, -- the ancients se
em to have had their feet rubbed in bed in order to bring on sleep. II. r
eflex., þar mundi eigi þykkja við kollóttan at klá
sk, Sturl. iii. 238, v.l.
kláði, a, m. the itch, Fms. ii. 187, x. 331; brá
kláða á hvarmana, Fb. ii. 367; augna-k., fóta-k.: a
scab, fjár-k., scab on sheep.
kláð-sjúkr, adj. scabby, 655 xi. 1.
kláðugr, adj. scabby.
kláfr, m. a kind of rough box carried on horseback, Lv. 59.
KLÁM, n. [akin to A. S. clæmian = to daub], filthy, obscene language; in mod. usage only in that sense, klám ok
níð, Skáld H. 5. 24; vísur fullar af fúlu kl&aa
cute;mi, 26. COMPDS: klám-fenginn, adj. (-fengni, f.), f
oul-mouthed. klám-högg, n. a 'stroke of shame,' a
law term, a wound or stroke behind, Bjarn. 66, Grág. ii. 12, Fas. iii. 10
2. klám-orð, n. a libel, Eb. (in a verse). kl&aacute
;m-vísa, u, f. an obscene song. klám-yrði,
n. foul language, Fb. iii. 415, 427.
kláp-eygr, adj. goggle-eyed, Bær. 10.
klápr, m. = kláfr, a nickname, Sturl. ii. 212.
klára, u, f., or klárr, m. a kind of coarse rake used to spread dung.
klár-hestr, m. a hack.
KLÁRR, m. a hack, cart-horse; þat er újamligt,
hestr sá ok klárr þinn, Glúm. 356; klárr &uac
ute;kostuligr, Fs. 128, Nj. 55, Fas. ii. 252; hest-klárr, húða
r-k., a hack.
klárr, adj. [like Germ. klar, Engl. clear, etc., fro
m Lat. clarus], clear, bright; klár kenning, Pass. 10. 12;
blóminn fagr kvenna klár, Fkv.; ú-klárr, Sks. 135.

klár-vígr, adj. clumsy, awkward.
KLÉ, m., gen. kljá (kléa), pl. kljár, qs. kl&
eacute;ar; [cp. Gr. GREEK or GREEK, qs. GREEK?] :-- one of the stones to kee
p the warp straight in the old upright loom; þá er ek sl&oacute
; vefinn, þá féll af einn kléinn af miðjum vefnum
ok tók ek upp, ok þá sá ek at kljár þei
r vóru ekki nema manna-höfuð, Fms. xi. 49; manna-höfuð
vóru fyrir kljána, Nj. 275. kljá-grjót, n. a weaver's stones, Nj. 275, v.l.
KLEFI, a, m. (klifi, Greg. 49, Mart. 120), [A. S. cleofa], a cl
oset; heimulegr k., Stj. 205; hón var lukt í litlum klefa, Cl
em. 51; hann fór eptir brauðdiski í klefa, 656 B. 4; út
ar af elda-skálanum vóru klefar tveir, sinn á hönd hv&
aacute;ra, ok hlaðit skreið í annan en mjölvi í annan
, Eb. 268, 272; litla-stofa ok klefi are distinguished, Sturl. iii. 187; var s&e
acute;t opt ljós til klifa þess er inn ungi maðr var í,
Mart. 120; þá skalf klifi sá allr, Greg. 49; svefn-k., a
sleeping closet, bedroom, Stj. 204.
KLEGGI, a, m. [klegg, Ivar Aasen; cp. North. E. and Scot. cleg = a horse-fly] :-- a cleg or horse-fly, Stj. 481. 1 Sam
. xxiv. 14; mý eða kleggja, Eluc. 22; flugur þær er kalla
sk af alþýðu kleggjar, Best. 2. II. a cock of hay
(hey-kleggi), Háv. 53, Fb. i. 523.
KLEIF, f., plur. kleifar, [from klífa, to climb], a ridg
e of cliffs or shelves in a mountain side; hljópu sjau menn &o
acute;r skóginum ok upp í kleifina, Eg. 581; skógar-kj&ouml
;rr ok kleifar nökkurar, Fms. vii. 56; þeir kösuðu hann &tho
rn;ar við kleifina, Eb. 166 (klifit, v.l.); þar sem helzt vóru
kleifar ok skógar þröngvastir, Fms. ix. 359; suðr undir kl
eifarnar, Gísl. 67, 70: poët. the head is called hjarna kleif
, 'harn-cliff,' Km.: Kleifar, f. pl. a local name in western Icela
nd, Sturl., Landn., Ann. 1238.
kleima, d, [kleima, Ivar Aasen; akin to klám], to daub,
smear, dabble; þó at ek gæta kleimt einhvern þeirra
, Fas. iii. 544, (conversational.)
kleima, u, f. a blot, dab: name of an ogress, Fas.
kleisask, t, to become inarticulate; tunga kleisisk, Anecd. 3.
kleiss, adj., kleiss í máli, inarticulate in one's speec
h, Fms. x. 39.
KLEKJA, pres. klek, pret. klakði, part. klakinn, klaktr, [Ulf. niu
-klahs = GREEK; Dan. klække; Swed. kläcka] :-- t
o hatch; klekja út, to hatch out; klekr þau út, S
tj. 78; ungar út klaktir, id.; sem hann liggr á eggjunum ok hann s
kal út klekja, id.; hæna klakði dreka, Al. 160.
klekking, f., in the compd klekkingar-maðr, see klektan.
klekkja, t, in Icel. only used in the phrase, klekkja á e-m, to
make one smart, punish; eg skal k. á honum, (conversational.)
klektan, f. = klekking; [klektan and klekking are prob. akin to Goth. 
-klahs in niu-klahs; cp. also klekkjen = brittle, Ivar
Aasen] :-- chicken-heartedness; so in the phrase, hann er engi klektunar
maðr, i.e. he is no chicken, he is a daring, dangerous man, Sturl. ii
i. 282; ok sé þú svá fyrir at hann er engi klektunar
maðr, Eb. 90 new Ed., Nj. 105; for the various readings (klectun, kleckun, k
lecting, klektun) see Nj. Johnson. 214.
klembra, að, [Germ. klemmen], to jam or pinch in a s
mith's vice, klömbr, q.v.; klýptir ok klembraðir, Stj. 285.
Klement, mod., proncd. Klémus, m. a pr. name, Clement; Klemens kirkja, messa, dagr, saga, the church, mass, day, Saga of St. Clem
ent, Clem. 48, K. Á. 18, Vm. 6.
klenging, f. the picking up a quarrel; þó hann t&aeli
g;ki af mönnum slíkar klengingar, Sturl. i. 76.
klengi-sök, f. a law term, picking up a quarrel; þykkir
honum þetta klengisök vera, Ölk. 35; eigi vilju vér at &
thorn;egnar várir sé taksettir eða stefndir fyrir fépre
tta sakir eðr nokkura klengisaka, for the sake of cheating or chic
ane, N. G. L. ii. 482.
KLENGJASK, dep. [perh. akin to A. S. clingan, Engl. cling =
to cleave to] :-- to pick up a quarrel; ok varð Áskatl
i ílla við, ok þótti hann mjök klengst (MS. kleins)
hafa til þessa máls, Rd. 272; ok á þat með engu m
óti í erfð at ganga. þóat sumir hafi ranglega vi&
eth; klengzt, N. G. L. ii. 402.
klénn, adj. [for. word; from A. S. clæn; Engl. cle
an; Germ. klein] :-- snug; klénn koss, Fas. iii. (in a
verse of the 15th century); k. sæng, Úlf. 4. 44: little, puny, klén tign, Pass. The word first occurs in the 15th century, but it nev
er took root.
KLEPPR, m. [cp. Dan. klippa = a rock; Germ. klumpen;
A. S. clympre] :-- a plummet, lump, Bs. i. 806 (of a comet's tail
), Konr. 31; blý-kleppr, q.v. II. a local name in Icel.
klepra, u. f. or klepr, m., pl. kleprar, a clot, icicle-lik
e, of fat, ice, hair, wool, Jónas.
klepróttr, adj. clotted, of hair, wool, beard.
klerk-dómr, m. learning, Bs. i. 793, Sturl. i. 125, Al. 42,
Barl. 12; nema klerkdóm, Fms. vii. 327: the clergy, (mod.)
klerkliga, adv. learnedly; prédika k., Bs. i. 846.
klerkligr, adj. clerkly, scholarlike, Th. 79; klerkligar listir, B
s. i. 680; klerkligar bækr, Skálda (pref.)
KLERKR, m. [from Lat. clericus], a cleric, clerk, scholar;
góðr klerkr (beau-clerk), Fms. ix. 531, x. 111; Rikini var kle
rkr góðr (a good clerk), bæði diktaði hann vel
ok versaði, Bs. i. 239; Aristoteles með klerka-sveit sína, Al. 8;
hann skildi görla Völsku þvíat hann var góðr
k., El.; Paris klerkr, a Paris clerk, one who has studied in Paris, Fb. i
i. 475; vitr ok góðgjarn ok k. mikill, Fms. i. 229; Eiríkr kon
ungr var vitr maðr ok góðr k. ok kunni margar tungur, xi. 298; sv
á görir ok inn skilningslausi, ef hann kemr frá skóla,
þá hyggsk hann þegar vera góðr k., Sks. 247. 2
. a clergyman, clerk, esp. of the minor orders; klerk eðr klaustr
a-manni, K. Á. 40; fjórir tigir presta ok mart klerkar, Sturl. ii.
6. 3. a parish-clerk as in Engl.; messu-prestr skal engi leið
angr göra, né kona hans né klerkr hans, N. G. L. i. 97, iii.
77, D. N. passim: a nickname, Orkn. COMPDS: klerka-fólk, n. the
clergy, Fms. i. 147. klerka-lýðr, m. id., 623. 15.
klerka-mál, n. pl. clerical, ecclesiastical matters, H. E.
i. 389. klerka-siðir, m. pl. clerical customs, Fms. vii. 199.
klerka-sveinn, m. a clerk. klerka-sveit, f. the clerica
l body, Sturl. i. 122: a body of scholars, Al. 8. klerka-söng
r, m. church music, Fms. i. 260.
klessa, t, to clot, daub: reflex. klessast, to talk thick,
Anecd. 10: part. klesstr = kleiss (q.v.), Fms. x. 39, v.l.
klessa, u, f. [kleksa, Ivar Aasen], a clot; blek-k, an i
nk-clot, etc.
kless-mæltr, adj. talking thick, Fms. x. 39, v.l.
kletti, n. a lump of fat in the loins of meat.
KLETTR, m. [Dan. klint], a rock, cliff, Fær. 29; &tho
rn;ar stendr skógar<PAGE NUM="b0343">
<HEADER>KLETTABELTI -- KLÓKR. 343</HEADER>
klettr við Hafslæk, Þorsteinn gékk upp á klettinn,
Eg. 717, Bs. ii. 111, Sturl. iii. 104, Gísl. 147; hár k., Grett.
101; þeir sjá hvar klettar tveir koma upp ór hafinu, Fas. ii
. 248: in plur. a range of crags: poët., herða k., 'shoulder
rock,' i.e. the head, Ls.; hjarna k., 'harn rock,' i.e. th
e head; hjálma-k., helmet crag, cp. Helm-crag in Westmo
reland, Lex. Poët. COMPDS: kletta-belti, n. a belt of crags.
kletta-frú, f., botan. the saxifrage. kletta-skora, u, f. a scaur. kletta-snös, f. a jutting crag, freq
. in mod. usage.
kleykiliga, adv.; vera k. kominn, to have got into bad scrapes, Th
. 76.
kleykir, m. a nickname, Landn.
kliða, að, to murmur inarticulately.
KLIÐR, m. a din, the murmur in a great assembly when no articu
late sound is to be heard; þyss eða k., Gísl. 56; k. ok h&aacut
e;reysti, Fms. vi. 374, Bs. ii. 129; skilr þú hér nokkuð
mál manna? eigi heldr en fuglaklið, Fas. ii. 175; í einum kli
ð = í einum duni, -- allt var senn í einum klið | upp vatt
trúss meðal herða, Skíð. R. 28.
KLIF, n. [A. S. clif; Engl. cliff], a cliff; klif an

d kleif are used indiscriminately in Eb. and Eg. l.c.; þeir fengu tekit ha
nn út við klif er upp ríðr ór fjörunni, Eb. 16
6; ok kösuðu hann þar við klifit, id. v.l.; klif bratt ok ein
stigi yfir at fara, Eg. 576; þá var þar undir niðri sk&oa
cute;gr en skóglaust uppi á klifinu, 580; ok er Egill kom upp &oac
ute;r klifinu, id.; í klifi nokkuru, Bs. i. 200; var í brattasta e
instigi upp at ganga ok í harða há klif (plur.), Stj. 452. 1 S
am. xiv. 4 (eminentes petrae of the Vulgate); síðan gék
k hann til klifs þess er þjóðgata lá yfir, þ
eir stefndu hit gegnsta til klifsins, Korm. 146: poët., hauka klif, hawk
's cliff = the hand, Hallfred; há klif, a high cliff, S
ighvat: local names, Klifs-jörfi, Klifs-sandr, Klifs-dalr, Bjarn.; Klifs-lönd, Cliffland or Cleveland, in England, Fms. v
i.
klifa, að, prop. to climb, but only used metaph. :-- to rep
eat, to harp on the same thing; bað þá eigi klifa sv&aacute
; ey ok ey, Ísl. ii. 349; klifar þú nakkvat jafnan, mannf&ya
cute;la þín, Nj. 85; kerling klifaði allt sumarit um arfa-s&aac
ute;tuna at inn skyldi bera, 194; vér kumpánar lærðum &t
horn;ik eitt vers, ok er þat nú þegar þér sv&aac
ute; kært sem þú kunnir engan hlut annan, klifandi þat
jafnan æ fram, Mar.; klifar sá margr kvæðin lin, Sk&aacut
e;ld H. 3. 2. 2. reflex. to wrangle; töluðu menn at sj&aa
cute; maðr væri it mesta fífl, hversu heimsliga hann klifask vi
ð konung, Fb. iii. 381.
klifað, n. part. a kind of metre, where the same rhyme-syllabl
e is repeated throughout the half of a verse, a specimen of which is Edda (Ht.)
48.
klif-gata, u, f. a 'cliff-gate,' way along a cliff, Ísl. ii
. 176.
klifra, að, to climb, Rb. 102, Fagrsk. 125; usually as dep. klifrask, id., Fas. iii. 443.
kling, kling, kling, kling! interj., of bells or a tinkling sound, J&oacu
te;nas.
KLINGJA, d, [Germ. klingen; Dan. klinge; cp. Engl. clink
] :-- to ring, tinkle; hugsar at hér muni k. til upphafs, Fms.
xi. 434; hlýtr að klingja dalanna dyngja dúkinn á, Sn&
oacute;t 99; klingir mér fyrir eyrum ómr, Bjarni 136.
KLIPPA, ð, to clip; k. með söxum, Str. 9; klipti negl
hans ok hár, Fms. vi. 204; k. hár, to clip, cut the hair,
Stj. 202; k. sauði, hjörð, to clip, shear sheep, K. Þ.
K. 104, Stj. 482, 484.
klippa, u, f. a clipping, sample; af-klippa.
klippari, a, m. a hair-cutter, Stj. 524 :-- a dealer, monger, Rétt. 2. 10.
klipping, f. a clipping, shearing.
klippingr, m. a shorn sheepskin, Grág. i. 501, Bs. i. 834,
H. E. iv. 131.
KLÍFA, pres. klíf, pret. kleif, pl. klifu; [A. S. cl&ici

rc;fian; Engl. cleave to; Dutch kleven; Germ. kleben]
:-- to climb; Jónathan kleif ekki síðr með hön
dum en fótum um einstigit, Stj. 452; konungr kleif upp í einn bakk
a, Fms. viii. 75; en sumir klifu svá bratta brekku, 401; þá
kom jarl at hlaupandi ok kleif upp yfir köstinn ok þaðan upp yfir
húsin, ix. 225; svá at hann mátti klífa upp &iacute
; virkit af skildinum, Sturl. ii. 33; ok kleif einn í höku mé
r, Dropl. 22; því er kænlegra at k. skemra, ok falla læ
gra, Al. 145; þeim er áðr höfðu klifit, Hkr. i. 290; k
lífa á kjöl, Sturl. ii. 224 (in a verse).
KLÍGJA, ð, mod. klía, að, [provinc. Norse klia, pret. klidde and kligta, pres. klir, see notes t
o Al. 186] :-- to feel nausea; hón klígir mjök, Al. 15
3; þeirra önd klígir í mót inum himneska mat, Ma
r. :-- mod. impers., mig klíar, or mig klíar við þv&iac
ute;.
klígja, u, f., mod. klía, nausea, Mag. 89.
KLÍNA, d, to smear; klína brauð, to butter br
ead, Fms. ix. 241; klínask leiri, Best. 673. 53: mod. to daub,
esp. with ordure.
klíningr, m. [klining, Ivar Aasen], buttered bread;
kasta klíningnum ok könnunni, cp. the Engl. proverb 'to throw the he
lve after the hatchet,' Fms. viii. 413, v.l.: as a nickname, Orkn.: the word is
still used in the old sense in Norway. II. in Icel. it is only used of cakes of cow-dung.
klístra, að. to glue, paste.
KLJÁ;, ð, [klé, pl. kljár], to fix the weight
s to a loom (see klé); mér þótti kljáð
r vera vefrinn, Fms. xi. 49; harðkljáðr, hard stretched, D
arr.: metaph., vera á enda kljáðr, to be finished, done; það er ekki á enda kljáð, there is no end of it
as yet; vera út kljáðr, done; það er &ua
cute;t kljáð um þau mál: kljá á enda, t
o wind up, to have done; er ek á enda kljáðr at þola
þat lengr, Ísl. ii. 420.
KLJÚFA, prts. klýf; pret. klauf, klauft (klaufst), klauf, p
l. klufu; subj. klyfi; part. klofinn; [A. S. cleôfan; Engl cleav
e; O. H. G. chlioban; mid. H. G. klieben; Dan. klöve; Swed. klyfva] :-- to cleave, split; hann hjó á
skjöld Rúts ok klauf allan niðr, Nj. 95; elda er rétt at
göra ok k. torf til, K. Þ. K. 88; ætluðu at flá hann
kvikan ok klufu svörðinn í höfðinu, Fms. vii. 227; era
sem kolvið kljúfi, karl sá er vegr at jarli, viii. (in a vers
e); eða ek klyf þik í herðar niðr, Nj. 185; kom &iacute
; höfuðit ok klauf ofan í jaxlana, 144; skildir 'ro klofnir, 
cloven, cleft, Vsp. 46: metaph. to split, ek klýf ór &t
horn;essum sex greinir ins fjórða tigar, Skálda 162. II. reflex., þar at sem björgin kljúfask, are cleft, branch o
ut, Finnb. 242. 2. recipr., þó at þeir klyfisk &ia
cute; herðar niðr, Fas. i. 404. 3. part. klofinn, as adj.
cloven; langt upp klofinn, i.e. long-legged, Bárð. 165.
klof, n. the cleft between the legs, the fork, Fas. ii. 346. COMPD
S: klof-langr, adj. long-forked, long-legged. klof-snjór
, m. snow reaching to the klof. klof-stuttr, adj. short-for
ked.
klofa, að, to stand or stride with the legs apart; klof
a snjó.
KLOFI, a, m. a cleft or rift in a hill closed at the upper
end; metaph., þeir vóru komnir í svá mikinn klofa, at
Ingjaldr var á aðra hönd, en Laxá á aðra h&ou
ml;nd, i.e. they were 'in a cleft stick,' -- the enemy on one hand, the river
on the other, Ld. 46; so also as a military term; at samnaðr væri
á Rangár-völlum ok væri sú ráðag&oum
l;rð, at þeim sé ætlað at verða í klofanum
, 'were in a cleft stick,' 'caught in a trap,' Sturl. i. 201; mun ek ok s
enda lið til fulltings við yðr, ok skal þat koma á bak
þeim, svá at þeir verði í klofanum, Fas. i. 33; ok
var svá stefnt at hann skyldi þaðan at koma, ok skyldi Þ
orfinnr verða í klofanum, Orkn. 68: fjalla-klofi, a ravine with a
bottom, Stj. 87, Al. 26: landa-klofi, a delta at the fork of a river,
Sks. 194, 199; lausa-klofi, gramm. a diphthong (au, ei, ey), Sk&a
acute;lda 170: medic., gin-klofi, q.v. 2. the groove (hurðar-k
lofi) in which the door moves up and down instend of moving on hinges (see hn&ia
cute;ga III); hence the phrases, lúka upp hurðu, or lúka aptr
hurð á miðjan klofa, to open or shut the door to the mi
ddle of the groove, i.e. shut it half way, Bárð. 171, Fb.
i. 547; hurð hnigin á miðjan klofa, half shut, Fms. iii.
74, Fas. iii. 546; hann gengr þar til er hann kemr at hurðu, hó
n var greypt í stokk ok hnigin eigi allt í klofa, Fb. i. 258; hann
svarar ílla ok rak aptr hurðina í klofa, Gullþ. 15; ept
ir þat opar Þorbjörn inn undan, ok lauk hurðinni í k
lofa, 18. 3. the forks to support tents on board a ship, Edda (Gl.
); þá bað hann með sína ganga ytra með borðu
m, ok höggva tjöldin ór klofum, Eg. 122: a place in a ship = klofa-rúm, því skal hlaða í klofa inn, N. G.
L. ii. 276. 4. a forked mast, used in boats on the west coast of
Icel. 5. snuffers; göra skaltú klofa af gulli lj&oacut
e;s at slökkva, Stj. 306. Exod. xxv. 38, Vm 36; kerta-pípa í
staf ok klofi, Pm. 103; kerta-klofi, q.v.; horn-klofi, q.v. COMPDS: klofa-ker
ling, f. and klofa-stafr, m. a cleft stick or staff, B&
aacute;rð. 170, 171; see klafi. klofa-rúm, n. a ship's cabi
n near the mast; því skal hlaða í klofarúmi v
ið siglu, Jb. 386. klofa-sigling, f. sailing with a forked mast. klofa-stef, n. a metric. term, a 'cleft-burden,' a kind of r
efrain, consisting of several lines inserted separately in different
lines of a stanza, Sturl. ii. 59.
klofna, að, to be cloven, Vsp. 52; í þessum gn&ya
cute; klofnar himininn, Edda 41; klofnaði hann í tvá hluti, Nj
. 108; skildirnir klofnuðu, Eg. 507, v.l.; jörðin skalf og bjö
rgin klofnuðu, Matth. xxvii. 51.
klofningr, m. anything cloven, cp. the Engl. clove (of garl
ic); the name of a mountain in western Iceland, Landn.
KLÓ, f., gen. kló, N. G. L. i. 100, mod. klóar, pl.
klær, i.e. kl&oelig;r; [A. S. clawu; Engl. claw; O. H. G. chlawa; mid. H. G. klâ, Germ. klaue; Dan. klo, p
l. klöer] :-- a claw, talon, of beasts of prey, kattar-kl&ael

ig;r, ljóns-klær, arnar-klær, krumma-klær, vals-kl&aeli
g;r, the claws of a cat, lion, eagle, raven, falcon; gambrs-kló, q
.v.; brá henni í hnotar líki ok hafði í kl&oacut
e;m sér, Edda 46; flugu at þeim hrafnar, ok sýndusk þe
im ór járni nefin ok klærnar, Nj. 272; hann (the crocodile)
hefir stórar tenn ok klær, Stj. 77; með hvössum kló
m, 80: metaph. a claw, of the hand, kólnar nú á kl&o
acute;num, Grett. 94 B: as also in the ditty, kalt er mér á k. l.
ó. kenni eg þess á s. i. ó ... (i.e. kalt er m&eacute
;r klónum, kenni eg þess á sjonum ...): a nickname, Orkn. klóa-gangr, m. a fight with the claws, Fas. iii. 210. II. naut. the clew of a sail, Edda (Gl.); eyri fyrir hanka hvern, eyri fy
rir kló hverja, N. G. L. i. 101; en fyrir smáreip hvert er &aacute
; segli er ertog silfrs ok svá fyrir kló hverja, ii. 283; eyri fyr
ir krapta hvern, þó eyir at einnar klóar missi, i. 100, ii.
283: the cleat = kolla (q.v.), N. G. L. l.c.
klóask, dep. to fight with claws: in the saying, öndur
ðir skolu ernir klóask, Ó. H. 183, Fas. ii. 495.
kló-bjúgr, adj. an epithet of an eagle.
kló-dýr, n. a beast with claws, K. Þ. K. 134.
kló-festa, t, to clutch.
kló-fugl, m. a bird with claws or talons, opp. to fi
tfugl (q.v.), K. Þ. K. 132.
klókindi, n. pl. cunning, cleverness, Fas. iii. 267.
klók-leiki, a, m. craft, cunning, Karl. 130, Mar.
klók-liga, adv. cleverly, cunningly, Stj. 167, Pass. 15. 5.
klók-ligr, adj. cunning, crafty, Fms. x. 172.
KLÓKR, adj. [perh. not a genuine Scandin. word, but, like Dan. 
klog, Swed. klok, borrowed from Germ. klug] :-- arch, clev
er, Fms. xi. 227, Stj. 160, 223: arch, wily, 34, 70.
<PAGE NUM="b0344">
<HEADER>344 KLÓKSKAPR -- KLÆJA.</HEADER>
klók-skapr, m. archness, Stj. 75, 91, 178, Bs. i. 767: w
iliness, Stj. 37, 416, Fms. xi. 445, Grett. 162 A; klókskapar list, vél, a device, Stj. 177, 178, 247.
klór, n. a scratching, Fas. iii. 502; kattar-klór, a cat's scratch: bad writing, a scrawl, þetta er ljóta kl&oac
ute;rið.
klóra, að, to scratch like a cat, Stj. 77. 80, Fas. ii.
370: to scrawl, write badly, klóra bréf.
kló-segi, a, m. claw-like streaks of clouds, Björn.
klót, n. [Germ. klotz; Dan. klode = a ball] :

-- the knob on a sword's hilt, Ann. 1405, Fas. iii. 472.
klóungr, m. a kind of lichen, Björn.
kló-vara, u, f. hides with the claws left on, N. G. L. i. 2
57.
kló-þang, n. a kind of seaweed, kelp, fucus vesiculosus, Hjalt.
kluft, f. a cleft: Kluftir, f. pl. a local name, Sand-k., S
turl.
KLUKKA, u, f., gen. pl. klukkna, older form klocka, Fms. vi. 147,
Hom. 9, 68, 69, Bs. i. 38; [A. S. clucge; Engl. clock; Germ. gl
ocke; Dan. klokke] :-- a bell, Grág. i. 460, Bs. i. 65
, K. Þ. K. passim. COMPDS: klukku-hljóð, klukkna-hljó
ð, or klokkna-hljóð, n. a peal of bells, Bs. i.
38, Fb. i. 417, Fms. vi. 63, xi. 341. klukku-hringr, m. a bell-ring, Pm. 103. klukkna-hús, n. a bell-chamber, belfry, Pm. 60
, Sturl. ii. 119, Hom. 68, D. N. klukku-málmr, m. [Dan. klokkemalm], bell-metal, Ám. 29, Pm. 124. klukku-strengr, m.
a bell-rope, Fb. i. 354, Jm. 32. II. metaph., botan. a bell; a
short cloak.
klukkari, a, m., old form klokkari, Str. 18, Fms. iv. 171, [Dan. klokker] :-- a belman, Fms. xi. 256, Ó. H. 72, D. N. passim;
klukkara-hús, -stofa, a belman's room, D. N.
KLUMBA, u, f. and klubba, Fagrsk. 49, O. H. L. 70, Hkr. ii. 175, R
b. 1812. 18: a club, Fms. iv. 246, xi. 129, Sd. 147, Bév., El. (Fr
.); klumbu-fótr, a club foot; klumbu-nef, a snub nose.
klumsa, adj. lock-jaw, Germ. maulklemme, a disease of horse
s.
KLUNGR, m., the r is radical, [klungr, Ivar Aasen] :-- a
bramble; millum klungra ok hagþyrna, Barl. 18, 139; þorn ok kl
ungr, Stj. 38; milli þorna ok klungra, 47; með klungrum ok hvössu
m hagþornum, 395, ('spinis tribulisque' of the Vulgate); þyrni, klun
gr, ok allt annat íllgresi, Fms. v. 159; rósan vex upp á mi
lli klungra ok þyrna, Hom. (St.); sem rós hjá klungrum, Gd.
6: poët., hræ-k., carrion-thorn, poët. for a weapon, Merl. 1. 36, Lex. Poët. II. metaph., in Icel., where there are no
thorns, any rough ground is called klungr; hraun ok klungr (klungr ok h&
ouml;rkn, v.l.), Bs. i. 452: allit., klettar ok klungr, crags and rocks.
klungróttr, adj. grown with bramble, Stj. 45, Art. :-- s
tony, rough.
klunna, t, to cling to, in a rude sense; hann sitr ok klunnir &aac
ute; skógartrjám, Stj. 80, v.l.; en hin klunna viðr bakit, of
an ape and her young, 95.
klunni, a, m. a clumsy, boorish fellow. klunna-legr, adj. (
-lega, adv.), clumsy in shape.
klúka, u, f. a local name in the west of Icel., see Björn.
klúrr, adj. coarse, esp. in language and manners; the word

is now freq., and although not recorded in old writers, it must be old, as one o
f the thralls in Rm. is called Klúrr.
klúsa, að, [for. word], to make intricate: kl&uacute
;saðr, part. intricate; ú-klúsaðr, unhampere
d, Fær. 265.
Klús-Petrús, m. St. Peter with his keys, 'Key-Peter,' Ó. H. (in a verse).
klútr, m. [for. word; A. S. clût; Engl. clout;
Dan. klud; it appears in writers of the 14th century] :-- a kerchief,
 Bs. i. 791; ok þar um vafit einum hreinum klút, 829, ii. 170;
lín-klútr, i. 790; vasa-klútr, a pocket-handkerchief, (mod.)
KLYF, f., gen. sing, and nom. pl. klyfjar; [Dan. klöv] :-- a pack or trunk on a pack-horse; leggja upp klyf, to pack a horse
, N. G. L. i. 349; ef maðr ekr eða berr klyfjar, ... þó
tt eigi sé klyfjar á hrossi manns, Grág. i. 441; taka af kl
yfjar af hesti, Grett. 119 A; þat var nóg klyf, it was a full we
ight for a horse, Fas. iii. 401; hrindr ofan reiðinginum með klyfjun
um, Sturl. iii. 114; hrossum með klyfjum, Ó. H. 187. COMPDS: klyfj
a-band, n. the pack on a horse, Nj. 56. klyfja-burðr, m. carrying packs on horseback, Fbr. 65, Nj. 56, v.l. klyfja-hestr, m.
and klyfja-hross, n. a pack-horse, K. Þ. K. 80, Nj. 264, La
ndn. 152, Grág. ii. 279, Fbr. 41, 42 new Ed., Eb. 296, Þorst. S&iac
ute;ðu H. 13.
klyf-beri, a, m., proncd. klybberi, and spelt thus, Grág. (
Kb.) ii. 109, l. 21 :-- a pack-saddle, K. Þ. K. 86, Sturl. iii. 114
. klyfbera-band, n. and klyfbera-gjörð, f. a pack-sadd
le girth, Lv. 91.
klyf-bærr, adj. fit to carry a burden, of a pack-horse; sjau
kaplar klyfbærir, Vm. 177; fola klyfbaerrar ösnu, Matth. xxi. 5.
klyfja, að, to load a pack-horse, Nj. 74, Eg. 593, Stj. 460, 4
83, Ó. H. 170, Ver. 124, Fbr. 17 new Ed., passim.
klyfja, klufði, [kljúfa], to split, cleave, Vm. 53; seg
ja sumir menn at þeir klyfði hann til hjarta, Fbr. 57 new Ed.: part. k
lufðr, cleft; hjör-klufðr, a cleft with a sword, Lex.
Poët.
klykkja, t, [klukka], to ring; þar er klykt, 671. 16; klykki
r til fórnar upphalds, Mar., N. G. L. ii. 242, D. N. ii. 77; but in Icel.
hringja is the common word.
klymta, t, [A. S. clumjan], to maunder, murmur; ok vil ek a
t þú klymtir nú eigi á móti mér, H&aacu
te;v. 17 new Ed.
klyppr, m. a pr. name, Fb. iii.
KLÝPA, klýpði, later klýpti, but pres. kl&yacute
;pr, mod. klýpir; in mod. usage this word has (except in pres.) been turn
ed into a strong verb, klípa, kleip, klipu, klipinn; [Engl. to clip = to clasp] :-- to clip, pinch; þá tók Laure
ntius í síðu Stephani ok klýpti fast, Sks. 652; ef ma&e

th;r bítr mann eða hrífr eða klýpr, Grág. ii
. 133; síðan klýpðo þeir tungu-stúfinn me&eth
; töng, Ó. H. 250: to squeeze in, klýptir ok klembra&e
th;ir, Stj. 285; hefir eyðimörkin svá klypt þá, id.
klýpa, u, f. a bit pinched out of another; smjör-k., a bit of butter.
klýping, f. a clipping, pinching, Grág. ii. 133, Sks
. 652.
klýpi-töng, f. a smith's tongs or clippers, nail pi
ncers.
klæða, d, to clothe; klæða sik, to dress on
eself, Nj. 171; klæða nökðan, kalna, Hom., O. H. L. 22; a
fklæddi hann sik (he put off) sínum kyrtli, Stj. 466; &iacut
e; óttu fyrir dag stóð hann upp ok klæddi sik, Edda 28.
II. reflex. to dress oneself, to rise in the morning; afklæ&
eth;ask, to undress, Fms. x. 16; klæðask pells-klæðu
m, Ó. H. 31; mál mun vera upp at standa ok klæðask, Edda
30; hvern dag er þeir hara klæðsk, 25; en í dagan st&oac
ute;ð Ýmir upp ok klæddisk, 35; Snorri stóð upp ok b
að menn klæðask, ok er þeir vóru klæddir, Eb. 1
88: en síðan klæðisk hann ok húskarlar hans ok f&oac
ute;r ofan til vatns, Ó. H. 62; síðan stóðu þ
eir upp ok klæddusk, Ld. 44. III. part. klæddr, cla
d, dressed; á morgun er þú ert klæddr, Fs. 110; sv
art-klæddr, clad in black; hvít-k., clad in white; ra
uð-k.; þunn-k., thinly clad; al-klæddr, quite dressed;
 spari-k., in one's 'spared' clothes, i.e. in one's best clothes.
klæð-fár, adj. 'few-clad,' thinly clad, Bs. i. 44
2, Bret. ch. 34.
klæð-hæfr, adj. fit for clothes, fit for wear, Gr&
aacute;g. ii. 247.
KLÆÐI, n., irreg. gen. pl. klæðna, Barl. 80, 83, Str.
21; [A. S. clæð; Engl. cloth; O. H. G. chleit; G
erm. kleid; Dutch kleed; Swed. and Dan. klæde] I. cloth, stuff; mæla vaðmál ok lérept ok kl&ael
ig;ði öll, Grág. i. 497; vestr til Englands at kaupa sér
klæði ok önnur föng, ... hlaða skipit með hveiti ok
hunangi, víni ok klæðum, Eg. 69; Ensk klæði með m
örgum litum, 517; gaf konungr Þorgilsi laufgrænt klæð
i fimtán álna langt, Sturl. iii. 131; vel þér þ
au klæði til hosna er brúnuð sé at lit, en ekki &oum
l;nnur klæði nema skarlat sé, Sks. 286; skaltú taka &tho
rn;ér klæði er vér eigum bezt, Fas. iii. 265; fimt&aacut
e;n álnir klæðis brúnat at lit, en klæðit var
gersemi, Bs. i. 433; kennir hann klæði þau í kyrtlum hir&
eth;manna, er hann hafði ræntr verit, 434; þrjátigi stiku
r klæðis, 875; tvíbreitt, þríbreitt klæð
i, tvíeln klæði, N. G. L. iii. 205, 208; hálflit kl&aeli
g;ði, chequered cloth, Fms. ii. 70: in mod. usage distinction is made
between the foreign machine-made klæði and the home-made vaðm&aac
ute;l, q.v.; klæðis-treyja, klæðis-fat, opp. to vaðm&aac
ute;ls-treyja, vaðmáls-fat. II. a garment; Arinbjö

rn hafði látið göra klæði þat við v&ouml
;xt Egils, Eg. 516; eitt gullhlað, ok rautt klæði, Nj. 35; mað
r í rauðu klæði, Fms. x. 367; ef klæði rifnar af
manni, K. Þ. K. 88 :-- fjaðr-k., dún-k., feather or d
own cloth; söðul-k., a saddle cloth. 2. esp. in plur.
, clothes, apparel, dress; váskufl yztan klæða, Nj. 32;
laza klæði sín, Anal. 292; vönduð öll klæ&e
th;i, Eb. 34; hvar fyrir berr þú rauð klæði, þa
r sem þau eru klerkum fyrirboðin at bera? Því, sagði
hann, at ek hefi engi önnur til, ... hann kom inn litlu síðar me
ð brún klæði er erkibiskup hafði sjálfr borit, - Ber þessi klæði hátíðis-daga, Bs. i. 800; ka
sta klæðum, bera klæði á vápn, to throw clo
thes over the weapons, in a brawl, to hinder bloodshed, Vápn. 28: 
bedclothes, hann lét bera í vind klæði þau er
hón hafði haft áðr, Eg. 567; und klæðum, &Iacute
;sl. ii. 252 (in a verse); klæða ílát, klæða &
ouml;rk, a clothes chest, 655 xxx. 7, Js. 78; klæða hirðir,
keeper of a wardrobe, Stj. 649; klæða hlaði, a pile of
clothes, Grett. 160; klæða kaup = klæðaskipti, Fbr. 94 n
ew Ed.; klæða spell, spoiling, damaging one's dress, N. G. L. i
. 163; klæða verð, the price of clothes, Gþl. 259 :-vás-klæði, over-clothes; rekkju-klæði, bed
clothes; her-klæði, armour; lín-klæði, 
linen clothes; lit-klæði, chequered clothes, all of them in
plur. COMPDS: klæða-búnaðr, klæða-búni
ngr, m. apparel, Bs. i. 134, Fms. i. 69, Stj. 697; þeir hö
fðu mjök líkan klæða-búnað ok vápna,
Hkr. i. 344. klæða-faldr, m. the hem of a garment, N. T
. klæða-föll, n. pl. the folds of a garment, Mar.:
medic. = kvennatíðir. klæða-mangari, a, m. a clot
hesmonger, Rétt. 13. 9. klæða-skipti, n. pl., g&ouml
;ra k., to change clothes, Stj. 518, Fbr. 161, Sturl. iii. 100, Ld. 286.
klæða-skurðr, m. the cut of clothes, Rétt. klæða-snið, n. the cut, fashion of clothes, Hkr. iii.
181, Fas. ii. 344.
klæð-lauss, adj. 'clothes-less,' naked, Stj., Fms. ii. 1
74, vi. 302.
klæð-leysi, n. nakedness, Barl. 61.
klæð-margr, adj. having many clothes, opp. to klæ&
eth;fár, Sturl. iii. 228.
klæðnaðr, m. clothing, apparel; húsbún
aðr, borðbúnaðr ok klæðnaðr, Eg. 94; k. Þ
óru ok gripir, 158, Grág. i. 299, 460, Karl. 545.
klæð-sekkr, m. a clothes-bag, knapsack, Fms. iii. 178, G
rett. 134 A, Stj. 214, v.l.
klæð-ylr, m. clothes-warmth, of bedclothes, Sks. 758. 1
Kings i. 1.
klæingr, m., contr. klængr, a name of a raven, po&euml
;t., Edda (Gl.) II. a pr. name, Klæingr, Landn.
KLÆJA, að, to itch; nú klæja oss lóf
arnir, our palms itch, Sturl. i. 42; gnú þú um h&aacu

te;ls mér þerrunni þvíat mér klæjar mj&ou
ml;k, iii. 111; þeim mun í brún bregða ok ofarliga kl&ae
lig;ja (it will itch sorely) þá er ek berr fram vörnina
, Nj. 239.
<PAGE NUM="b0345">
<HEADER>KLÆKI -- KNÁLIGA. 345</HEADER>
KLÆKI, n. (in mod. usage klækr, m.), [perh. akin to kl
ekja and Goth. klahei = pusillanimity] :-- disgrace, cowardice;
 kvað mönnum klæki í vera, ef einn Víkverskr ma
ðr skal yfir oss ganga hér í frændhaga várum, Hkr
. iii. 395; oss er þat klæki, segir hann, ef ..., Fms. vii. 269; at
honum væri hvárki at síðan skömm né kl&aelig
;ki, Sturl. iii. 150; allir verðum vér þá at klækj
um, Fms. v. 204; haf nú þetta, ok með bæði skömm
ok klæki, Gísl. 63; en nú hafit ér ánauð
ok þrælkon ok þar með stórklæki ok ní&
eth;ingsskap, Ó. H. 227; bera æfinlegt klækisnafn at þo
ra eigi at hefna þín, Fms. ii. 69; klækis högg, a das
tardly blow, Bjarn. 66, (a pun.) COMPDS: klækis-efni, n. a m
ean, dastardly proceeding, Þorst. Síðu H. 49. klæk
ja-fullr, adj. disgraceful, Stj. 406. klækis-laust, n. a
dj. blameless, 'sans reproche,' Sturl. i. 221. klækis-maðr, m. a dastard; kvað þá eigi meðal-klækismen
n vera er þeir þyrði eigi at hefna sín, Ísl. ii. 7
1, Fms. xi. 270, Sturl. ii. 170. klækis-nafn, n. a name for cowa
rdice; see above. klækis-orð, n. in same sense, Hom. 111, F
ms. v. 136, Hkr. iii. 114. klækis-skapr, m. baseness, cowardice,
 Fms. xi. 270, Lv. 50. klækis-verk, n. a base work, Ld.
282.
klæki-liga, adv. in a dastardly way, Fs. 41, Vápn. 27
.
klæki-ligr, adj. dastardly, cowardly, Bs. i. 165, Ísl
. ii. 451.
klæki-skapr, n. baseness, meanness, Fbr. 74, Nj. 32.
klækja, t, to put to shame; suma hafi hón láti
ð klækja á nokkurn hátt, Fas. iii. 75; ok telr þat
manngi munu gört hafa at klækjask á við hann, Ísl.
ii. 319; hence the mod. klekkja á e-m, to punish one; engi skal d
irfask at göra henni kinnroða eðr klækja hana um, at h&uacute
;n fari fátækliga, Stj. 423.
klæma, d, [klám], to fall foul of; klæmdu mj&ou
ml;k í orðum sínum Maumet ok Terrogant, (as Spenser, 'Maume
t and Termagaunt'), Flóv. 42 :-- mod., reflex. klæmast,
to use obscene, filthy language.
klæminn, adj. using obscene, filthy language.
klök, n. pl. [Dan. klukken], the chirping of birds, Rm
. 41.
klökkna, að, to become klökkr, Karl. 545, freq. in m

od. usage.
klökkr, adj., with a characteristic v, acc. klökkvan, et
c., prop. bending, pliable, as of a reed; klökkr kjölr, Bs. i.
483 (in a verse); varð Mariusúðin klökk mjök ok skaut l
ykkjunum. Fms. viii. 199; klökk stál, of a ship, Edda (Ht.); &aacute
; klökkva saumför, Orkn. 104 (in a verse). II. metaph. soft,
crying faintly, moved to tears; hann varð við þetta klök
kr mjök ... ok segir honum til vandræða sinna, Rd. 50; Jón
ætlaði en sem fyr biskup með kúgan klökkan at gö
ra, Bs. i. 289: broken-hearted, Eb. 78 (in a verse); þá ur&e
th;o þeir klökkvir (they lost heart) ok flýðu fr&a
acute; Þóri, Hkr. Cd. Fr. 264; at hann skyldi gráta sem barn
, ok litill þróttr mundi í honum vera, at hana varð sv&a
acute; klökkr við þetta, Ó. H. 300; konungs-dóttir
varð klökk við orð hans ok bliknaði, Karl. 100.
KLÖKKVA, pres. klökkr, pret. klökk, pl. klukku, also spelt
with ey, kleyqva, Kb. of the Sæm.; [A. S. cloccan and Engl.
cluck, limited in sense, like Lat. glocire; Dan. klynke]:
I. to soften; klökkvandi kalda jörð, Mar. (rare). II. metaph. to sob, whine; kostir 'ro betri heldr en at klökkva
sé, Skm. 13; klukku þeir karlar er kunnu görst heyra, Am. 62;
af sonarlegri ást klokk nú Josaphat mjök, Barl. 187; þ
á klökk konungrinn ok allir þeir er honum fylgðu, 211; &th
orn;á klökkr hann af harmi hugar, Sks. 226; er Davíð heyr
ði þessi tíðindi, þá klökk hann, 716; ein
n af gestum Magnúss konungs gékk til ok kysti líkit ok kl&o
uml;kk við, Fms. viii. 236, v.l.; honum fannsk svá mikit til v&iacute
;gslunnar at hann klökk, x. 109, v.l.; sumir klukku en sumir grétu,
Barl. 190; sýta ok klökkva, Hom. (St.): part. klökkvandi, wi
th failing voice; síðan minntusk þeir viðr Karl kl&ouml
;kkvandi, Karl. 2, 180, 288: þótti honum konan klökkvandi kve&
eth;a, Sturl. ii. 214 C; biðja, mæla klökkvandi, passim; the word
is obsolete except as a participle.
klökkving, f. emotion, Mar.
KLÖMBR, f. [akin to a well-known root word common to all Teut. langu
ages, cp. Germ. klam, klemmen] :-- a smith's vice, of which a draw
ing is given in the old edition of Glúm. (1786). 2. metaph. of tro
ops drawn up in a similar shape; í klömbrina miðja millum &thorn
;essara fylkinga, Stj. 512; skulu vér nú renna at ok hafa spj&oacu
te;tin fyrir oss, ok mun klambrar-veggrinn ganga ef fast er fylgt, Glúm.
386; losnaði þá fljótt fylking Skagfirðinga sem klam
brar-veggr væri rekinn, Sturl. iii. 84 :-- a local name in Icel., see the
poem in Fjölnir (1836), p. 31.
KLÖPP, f., pl. klappir, [klappa], a pier-like rock projecting
into the sea, and looking as if shaped by art; lenda við klöppina, or
klappirnar, freq. in western Icel.; as also of stepping stones over a str
eam, leiðin lá yfir mýrar ok fen, ok vóru þar h&o
uml;ggnar yfir klappir, Fms. vii. 68; klappar-nef, n. a projecting roc
k.
klöppur-nes, n. jutting rocks, Ó. H. 182 (Fb. ii. 309)
; lítið klöppurnes gékk fram fyrir utan hjá skipum
þeirra, ok sá þeir því nær ekki út
á fjörðinn, Fms. viii. 217; gékk klepparnes fyrir &uacut
e;tan þá, Ó. H. 182.

knafa, að, stuprare, only occurring in the form knafat, as a v
arious reading to sorðit, Nj. 15.
KNAKKR, m., different from hnakkr and hnakki, q.v., [cp. Engl. knick-k
nack = trifle] :-- a kind of little chair, high stool; skalt&u
acute; gera kistu at móður þinni ok undir knakka, make a cof
fin and a hearse, Fs. 132; hann settisk niðr á einn knakk, Bs. ii
. 186; stólar fjórir, knakkr, lectari, Pm. 17; lang-knakkr, an
oblong bench; eldar vóru stórir í elda-skálanum,
ok sátu þar nokkurir menn á langknökkum, Finnb. 310; h
and-knakkr (q.v.), a kind of crutches.
KNAPI, a, m. [A. S. cnapa; Engl. knave; Germ. knabe]
:-- a servant boy, the valet of a king or great man, Js. 14, N. G. L. ii
. 434, O. H. 70, 71, Karl. 331, Þiðr. 141.
knappa, að, to furnish with studs; knappaðr, studded, of a garment, Rétt. 120; gull-k., Eg. (in a verse).
knapp-höfði, a, m. a knob-head, ball-head, Hkr. iii. 80.
knappi, a, m. a nickname, Landn.; whence Knappa-dalr, m. a local n
ame, id.
knapp-járn, n. iron with a knob at one end, Bs. i. 379, use
d for surgical operations.
knappr, adj. [Dan. knap], scanty.
KNAPPR, m., mod. hnappr, [A. S. cnæp; Engl. knop (Cha
ucer), later knob; Germ. knopf; Dutch knop] :-- a knob; staf í hendi ok knapp á, Þorf. Karl. 374; the knob or head of a pole or the like, Fms. viii. 428; þá sk&yacut
e;fðu þegar knappinn or hrips-grindinni. Lv. 65; stöng mikil upp
ór ok knappr á ór gulli, Fb. ii. 128; upp af hornstöfu
num vóru stórir knappar af eiri görvir, 297; á ofanver
ðri þeirri stöng er einn mikill gullknappr, Þiðr, 189;
stöng gulli búin upp at knöppunum, id.; hringr eða knappr,
Grág. ii. 232: the phrase, gefa frelsi frá horni ok knappi, from t
he clasp and neck-collar being a badge of servitude, N. G. L. i. 228; rí&
eth;a knapp á e-t, to furnish a thing with the knob, i.e. finis
h it, Ísl. ii. 102. 2. a stud, button; kjafal kneppt sa
man milli fóta með knappi ok nezlu, Þorf. Karl. 412. knappasvipa, u, f. a kind of lash = Russ. knut, Bs. ii. 10.
knapp-tjald, n. a tent; see knappr, D. N.
knarri, a, m. = knörr (q.v.), Arnór.
knarr-skip, n. = knörr, Fms. vi. 305, v.l.
knatta, að, to lift to the level of one's head; also já
rn-knatta.
knatt-drepa, u, f. a 'ball-smiter,' a bat, Vígl. 69 new Ed.
knatt-drepill, m. = knattdrepa, Grett. 92.
knatt-gildra, u, f. a trap to catch the ball in the knattleikr, Gr

ett. 92 A.
knatt-högg, n. a blow with a ball, Vígl. 69 new Ed.
knatt-leikr, m. playing at ball, a kind of cricket or tr
ap-ball, a favourite game with the old Scandinavians, Sturl. ii. 190; descri
bed in the Sagas, Grett. ch. 17, Gísl. pp. 26, 32, Eg. ch. 40, Víg
l. ch. 11 (13 new Ed.), Hallfr. S. ch. 2 (Fs. 86), Þorst. S. Vík. c
h. 10, Gullþ. ch. 2, Harð. ch. 22; the ice in winter was a favourite p
lay-ground, see Gullþ. etc. l.c.
knatt-tré, n. a bat-trap, Eg. 188, Fas. ii. 407, Gís
l. 32.
knauss, m. a knoll, crag, D. N. v. 620; whence the mod. Dan. kn
ös and bonde-knös = a 'boor knoll,' a boorish youth.
KNÁ, a defect. verb, for the conjugation of which see Gramm. p. xx
xiii; the pres. infin. knegu nowhere occurs, whereas a pret. infin. knátt
u occurs in Sighvat (Fms. vi. 40); a subj. pres. knega, knegi, knegim, Hkv. 2. 3
4, Fsm. 22, 25, 41, Stor. 15, N. G. L. i. 89; pret. knáði for kn&aacu
te;tti, Fms. xi. 296 (in a verse), Rekst.; with a suff. neg. kná-at, n
on potest, Gm. 25; knák-a, non possum, Hým. 32, Am. 52;
knegu-t, plur. non possunt, Hkv. Hjörv. 13: [A. S. cnáwa
n; Engl. know] :-- I know how to do a thing, I can, or quite p
araphrastically like Engl. do; ek kná sja, I can see, i.e.
I do see, freq. in poetry, always followed by an infinitive, but very ra
re in prose: I. in poetry; öllu gulli kná hann einn rá
ða, Fm. 34; hver er þær kná hafa óviltar, Sdm. 19;
knáttu sjá mey und hjálmi, Fm. 44; melta knáttu, Ak
v. 36; er vörðr né verr vinna knátti, Gkv. 33; ef ek sj&a
acute; knætti, 22; ef hann eiga knætti, Skv. 3. 3; ok knætta e
k þér í faðmi felask, Hkv. 2. 27; knættim hefna, G
h. 5; kneguð oss fara, ye cannot confound us, Hkv. Hjörv. 13; kn
ega ek grami fagna, Hkv. 2. 34: knegi hníga, Fsm. 25; knegi sofa, 41, 42;
sá er trúa knegim, Stor. 15; skjöldu knegut þar velja,
Akv. 4; knákat ek segja, I can never say, Hým. 32; kn&aacu
te;ka ek þess njóta, Am. 52; ek hykk þá knáttu
(pret. infin.) kjósa, Sighvat; ginnunga-vé knáttu brinna, did burn, Haustl.; knáttu drúpa, they did droop, Eg.
(in a verse); knátti svelgja, Ýt. 4; unnir knegu glymja, Gm. 7; bj
öllur knegu hringjask, Ó. H. (in a verse); hann kná kj&oacute
;sa, he does choose, Vsp. 62; knáttu sporna, they did spur, 28, Og. 9; hann knáði velja, Rekst.; knáði lenda, Fms. x
i. 296 (in a verse); hann knátti vakna, did awake, Bragi; é
r knáttuð skipta, ye did share, Edda (in a verse); ek kn&aacut
e; stýra, Landn. (in a verse); kná-at sú veig vanask, Gm. 2
5; kná snúa, Vsp. (Hb.) II. in prose; þá kn&aa
cute; þat grafa í kirkju-garði, then it can be buried in a c
hurchyard, N. G. L. i. 12 :-- I shall, in law phrases, várr kn
á engi blandask við búfé, N. G. L. i. 18 :-- I can,
I do, þá skulu þingmenn veita honum vápnatak til &
thorn;ess at hann knegi verja jörð sína lögum at dóm
i, N. G. L. i. 89; hann knátti engu bergja (he did not taste) af
himneskum sætleik, Eluc. 59; þeir báðu at þeir kn&a
elig;tti sjá líkama Clement pafa, Clem. 47.
kná-leikr, m. prowess, pithiness, Sd. 138, Bjarn. 48.
knáliga, adv. deftly, doughtily: þeir sækja k.

ferðina, Ld. 226;
<PAGE NUM="b0346">
<HEADER>346 KNÁLIGR -- KNÚTR.</HEADER>
stöndum mót þeim k., Fms. i. 303; skipaði jarl Orminn sem
knáligast, iii. 12; hann keyrði nautin k., Glúm. 342.
knáligr, adj. deft, brisk-looking; þeir vóru k
náligir menn ok vóru mjök grjótpálar fyrir b&ua
cute;i Ósvífrs, Ld. 122; miðaldra menn ok inir knáligus
tu, Sturl. i. 99.
KNÁR, adj., fem. kná (knó, Bs. i. 345), neut. kn&aac
ute;tt, [cp. Lat. gnavus] :-- pithy, vigorous; hann var mikill ma&
eth;r vexti ok knár, ok inn vaskasti um alla hluti, Sturl. ii. 38; &THORN
;orbjörn var knástr maðr, Lv. 27; þá var gott til k
nárra manna í Miðfirði, Þórð. 15; var Kar
l knástr, Sd. 138; varð síðan til kona vel tvítog,
en knó, Bs. i. 345; knáir menn ok úlatir, Fbr. 50 new Ed.;
ok óæð óknóm mönnum, Bs. i. 349; skal ek f&a
acute; til kná menn at fylgja þér, Þorst. Sí&et
h;u H. 181; vita mátti þó þat, segir Grettir, at ek mu
nda eigi slíku til leiðar koma, sem ek hefi unnit, ef ek væra e
igi all-knár, Grett. 97 new Ed.; margr er knár þó han
n sé smár, a saying; eigi matti hann styrkvan kalla at afli en &th
orn;ó var hann hinn knásti ok inn fimasti, Sturl. iii. 221; &iacut
e; þessi skriðu týndisk Markús, en sá komsk &iacu
te; brott heill er óknástr var, Bs. i. 640; líkar þei
m vel við Brand, þvíat hann var bæði knár ok l
iðvaskr, Lv. 24; Þórarinn var knástr maðr annarr en
Þorgils, Fs. 143.
KNÉ, n., gen. pl. knjá, dat. knjám, and older kni&oa
cute;m; [Goth. kniu; A. S. cneow; O. H. G. chniu: Germ. knie; Dan. knæ; Lat. genu; Gr. GREEK] :-- the knee; hrynja í kné, Þkv. 30; á knjánum, Fms. i.
182; á bæði kné, Nj. 70; setja á kné e-m,
Fms. i. 16; andaðisk Kjartan í knjám Bolla, ii. 257; á
kné kalinn, Hm. 3; þat er fall, ef maðr styðr niðr kn&e
acute; eðr hendi, Grág. 2. phrases, ganga, koma (fara, hvarfa)
fyrir kné e-m, to go, come, before another's knees, approach as a sup
pliant, Nj. 212, 229, Fbr. (in a verse), Fms. viii. 299; leiða e-n fyrir
kné e-m, id., Sks. 650; láta kné fylgja kví&
eth;i, let the knee follow the belly, plant the knee on the belly, in wre
stling, Grett. 28 new Ed.; koma e-m á kné, to bring one to his
knees, overcome; öllum kemr hann (the death) á kné, Al. 1
32; henni (Elli = the Age) hefir engi á kné komit, Edda ii.
286, Karl. 421; tala um þvert kné sér, to 'talk across o
ne's knees,' to gossip, chatter, Sturl. iii. 150; rísa á kn&ea
cute;, to arise, Hým. 51; sitja fyrir kné, knjóm e-m
, to sit at one's knees, feet, Og. 8 (of a midwife); en þjón
ustu-kona hennar sat fyrir knjóm henni, ok skyldi taka við barninu, F
ms. viii. 7; falla á kné, to fall on one's knees, Edda 33;
þá steig hann af baki, féll á kné ok baðsk
fyrir, 92; leggjask á kné, id., 95. 3. knee-timb
er, in boat-building; engi var saumr í, en viðjar fyrir kn&eacute

;, Fms. vii. 216; ok eigi var meiri sjór á en í mitt knj&aa
cute;m, Bs. i. 390; ertog fyrir kné hvert, krapta hvern ok kollu hverja,
N. G. L. ii. 283. COMPDS: knés-bót, f., pl. knésb&ae
lig;tr, (but knésfótum, Sæm. 91), the houghs, Lat. poplites, Fms. iii. 188, Fbr. 159, 179, Al. 43, Fas. ii. 354, Edda 40. k
njá-dúkr, m. a knee-cloth, cushion, Vm. 52, Dipl. iii.
4, v. 18. knjá-liðr, m. the knee-joint, Fas. iii. 329.
II. [A. S. cneow; but cp. also Ulf. knods = GREEK, Phil. ii
i. 5; O. H. G. knot; Hel. cnostes] :-- a degree in relationshi
p or lineage, spec, a degree of cognate relationship, a Norse
law term, (höfuðbaðm is the agnate); at sjaunda kné o
k sjaunda lið, in the seventh cognate and agnate degree, N. G. L. i.
15; at fimta kné ok fimta lið, id.; at fimta kné ok fimta man
ni, to the fifth degree of relalionship by the female and the fifth by the ma
le side, 350; til níunda knés, 49, 50; af kné hverju, a
t sétta kné, 148; nú skal engi maðr fá fræ
ndkonu sína skyldri en at fimta kné, ok at fimta manni frænd
leif, 350; kvenn-kné (q.v.), cognate lineage.
B. COMPDS: kné-beðr, m. a knee cushion; falla &a
acute; knébeð, to kneel, Greg. 67, Hom. 75, Ld. 328, Nj. 132,
Fms. viii. 95; leggjast á k., Bs. i. 352; knébeðja-fall, k
neeling, H. E. ii. 188. kné-beygjask, ð, to bow the kne
es, Mar. kné-björg, f. a knee-piece, Sks. 405. 
kné-fall, n. kneeling, Th. 16, Barl. 25, Stat. 299. kn&eacu
te;-falla, féll, to fall on the knees, Stj. 204, Fms. i. 147,
Bs. i. 684. kné-kast, n. (?), knékast, festar-fé ok
morgungjöf, D. N. i. 356. kné-krjúpa, kraup, to kne
el. kné-liðr, m. the knee-joint. Sturl. iii. 116. kné-runnr, m., see below. kné-setja, tt, to set on
one's knees, a kind of adoption; hann knésetti þann sv
ein ok fóstraði, Hkr. i. 97; þá tók Haukr sveinin
n ok setr á kné Aðalsteini konnngi ... Haukr mælti, kn&e
acute;sett hefir þú hann nú ok máttu myrða hann e
f þú vill, 120. kné-setningr, m. a 'knee-set,' a f
oster son, Fms. i. 85. kné-sig, n. a sinking on one's knees
, metaph. fá knésig, Fas. iii. 430. kné-skél
, f. the knee-pan, Fær. 269, Nj. 205, O. H. L. 73. kn&eacute
;-skot, n., see below. kné-sól, f. the name of the Rune
RUNE, Skálda 177.
knefa, að, to determine; er þar nú knefat um anna
t ráð, Sturl. ii. 181; er þat nú knefat at ek vil hafa S
kagafjörð, iii. 232.
knefan, f. determination (?); má eigi þat þ&uac
ute; mæla at þér takit knefanar kost, Sturl. iii. 276.
knefill, m. a post, pole; búð með fjórum kne
flum, Gþl. 499.
kneif, f. [cp. Engl. nip], a kind of nippers or pincers,
 Björn; hreifa kneif, 'palm-pincers,' poët. for the hand
, grasp, Gísl. (in a verse): a nickname, Landn. 278.
kneiking, f. a grasping, embrace; kossa ok kneikingar, Fb. i. 411.
KNEIKJA, t, [Dan. knække], to bend backwards with force; hann kneikti hann aptr á bak, Eg. 397; tók í axlir honu
m ok kneikti hann upp at stöfum, 552; síðan þú knei

ktir hann Kallrana, Fas. ii. 131.
knell, m. courage; kjark ok knell, 655 xvii. 24.
KNEPPA, t, [knappr], to stud; hettu knepta niðr millum f&oacut
e;ta sér, Bárð. 179, Þorf. Karl. 412; kneppta skú
a, nailed shoes, Fas. i. 34.
knerra, u, f. = knörr, a nickname, Fms. viii.
kné-runnr, m. [A. S. cneow-rim and cneowres, see kn&
eacute; II. above: knérunnr (if referred to runnr = a grove) gives
no adequate meaning, whereas the A. S. rîm = number is just
the word we should expect; and as the identity between the A. S. and Norse law
terms can scarcely be doubted, it is likely that the Norse or Icel. form is simp
ly a corruption of the A. S. form. Probably, as the A. S. rîm was u
nintelligible to the Norsemen, they took the Norse word nearest in sound; the wo
rd was probably borrowed from the A. S. through the eccl. law, so that its use i
n Nj. is an anachronism] :-- lineage, as also degree in lineage; &
thorn;at er k. at telja frá systkinum, Grág. i. 171; telja kn&eacu
te;runnum, 254; veg þú aldrei meir í enn sama knérunn
en um sinn, Nj. 85; allt til hinnar sjaundu kynkvíslar eða kn&eacute
;runns, Stj. 54; ella mun ek mæla þat orð, Yngveldr, at uppi mun
vera alla æfi í knérunni yðrum, Þorst. Sí&
eth;u H. 186.
kné-skot, n. a dishonour, humiliation, of a member of a fam
ily; nú verðr knéskot í erfðum, þá ska
l sá hafa er nánari er, N. G. L. i. 49; koma knéskoti &aacu
te; e-n, to bring one to his knees, Barl. 53.
kneyfa, ð, a false form; see kveyfa.
kneytir, m. a ravisher (?), Bjarn. (in a verse).
KNÍA or knjá, ð: I. to press, urge, de
bate; eigi kunnu vér at segja hve lengi þeir kníö&e
th;u þetta, Fms. xi. 48; en er þeir kníaðu þetta m&
aacute;l milli sín, Ó. H. 127, (Hkr. ii. 207, Fms. iv. 284 wrongly
knýaðu.) II. most freq. in poetry, but only in the pret. kn&i
acute;ði, to knock, strike, press; hamri kníði háf
jall skarar, Hým. 2. 1; kníði grindr, Am. 35; hörpu kn&ia
cute;ði, Akv. 32; hirð kníði árar, Rekst.; kní&
eth;um unnir, we rowed, Akv. 36; hinn er kjölslóðir kn&ia
cute;ði, Fms. xi. 196 (in a verse); þeir kníðu ber b&aacute
;ðir, pressed the vine, Skálda (in a verse); þeir kn&iac
ute;ðu hjálma, Fas. ii. 549 (in averse); þeir kníðu
blá borð, Sighvat; atróðr mikinn kníðu (gn&iacu
te;ðu MS.), Jd. 22. III. reflex. to struggle, fight hard; har&
eth;ir kníðusk menn at, Fms. xi. 305 (in a verse). 2. part. kníðr, kníðan kjapt, Fms. viii. 208 (in a verse); fol
dar síðu brimi kníða, a surf-beaten coast, xi. 307
.
kníar, m. pl. champions; seggir, kníar ok liðar,
Edda (Gl.)
KNÍFR, m., mod. hnífr; [Dan. kniv; Swed. knif; Engl. knife] :-- a knife or dirk, such as the ancients wo
re fastened to their belts; and so a knife with a belt is freq. mentioned as a g

ift; the handles of these knives or dirks were neatly carved of walrus' tusks; s
ee Landn. l.c., Sks. l.c., Am. 55, 59, Gþl. 164, Eg. 210, N. G. L. i. 39,
Bs. i. 385; kníf ok belli, Nj. 73, Fs. 98: metaph. in the phrase, kaupa u
m knífa, to exchange knives, to change one's state, Korm. 238; ska
r Tjörfi þau á knífsskepti sínu, T. carved th
eir images on his knives' handles, Landn. 248; hafa þeir hvalir tennr
ekki stærri en göra má mjök stór knífa-hept
i af, Sks. 127. COMPDS: knífa-dúkr, m. a napkin (?),
Vm. 109, D. N. iii. 202, iv. 217. knífs-blað, n. a knife's
blade, Rétt. 2. 10. knífs-egg, f. a knife's edge. knífs-hepti, n. a knife's handle, Landn. 248, Sks. 127.
knífs-oddr, m. a knife's point, Fs. 144. knífs-sk
apt (-skepti), n. = knífskepti, Fms. iii. 358, 391, Landn. 248
.
KNOÐA, að, mod. hnoða. [A. S. cnêdan], to kne
ad; knoða saman mjöl ok smjör, Landn. 34; þeir höf&
eth;u knoðat saman deig við snjó, Ann. 1337; mólu þe
ir þat í sundr sem smæst, knoðaðu síðan sa
man, Stj. 293; þá bað Sigmundr hann knoða ór mj&ouml
;lvi því ... í mjölinu, er ek tók at knoða,
ok hér hefi ek með knoðat þat er í var, Fas. i. 129.
KNOKA, ad, [A. S. cnucian], to knock, thump; þeir h&o
uml;fðu áðr bart höfuðit allt á honum ok knokat,
Hom. 120; Þorvaldr knokaði (forced) sína menn til lj&ua
cute;gvitna, Bs. i. 665; ok hygg ek at menn mínir hefði hann mest kno
kat, Karl. 399.
KNOSA, að, [Ulf. knusian = to kneel; A. S. cnysian; Dan. knuse] :-- to bruise, beat; þeir höfðu &aa
cute;ðr barit höfuð hans ok knosat, Fms. v. 148; senda mun Drottinn
yfir þik hungr þar til er hann knosar þik, Stj. 344, 345; ska
l ek með miklum ok margföldum kvölum knosa yðra líkami,
Fb. i. 404; tekr hann at knosa hjarta Theophili, Th. 14; knosuð bönd,
Líkn. 30: knosaðr, often eccl., in the sense of bruised, co
ntrite; sundrknosað hjarta, a contrite heart, Vídal. passi
m.
KNÚI, a, m. a knuckle, Rm. 8; hann herði hendrnar at ha
marskaptinu svá at hvítnuðu knúarnir, Edda 28, Fms. vi.
106; á knjám ok knúum, v. 140. II. a kind of shi
p, Edda (Gl.) 2. a pr. name, Gs. 13.
knúska, að, to knock, ill-treat, Fms. vii. 269, ix. 468
, Fas. iii. 497.
knúskan, f. knocking. Fms. ii. 87, viii. 41.
KNÚTA, u, f., mod. hnúta :-- a knuckle-bone, joint-bone,
head of a bone (lær-knúta, the hip joint); bló&e
th; hljóp milli leggjarins ok knútunnar, Bs. i. 179, 253; hann tek
r svá við knútunni, þar fylgir leggrinn með, Fas 67.
knútu-kast, n. a throwing with knuckle-bones, a game, B&aa
cute;rð. 176.
knútóttr, adj. knotted, Berl. 147.
KNÚTR, m. [Engl. knot; Dan. knud; Swed. knut]
, a knot, Stj. 96, Bs. ii. 170; leysa knút, Edda 29, Fms. i. 112;
ríða knút, to tie a knot, iii. 97, vii. 123; kn&yacute
;ta knút, to knit a knot, Fb. i. 97; ef knútr losnar,
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gjaldi sá er knút knýtti, N. G. L. ii. 281: metaph., rei&et
h; Nichulás knút á því, at hann mundi aldri la
usar láta þær eignir, Sturl. iii. 144; rembi-knútr, a
kind of knot; reipa-k., -- some of these references, esp. Fms. vii. l.c.,
as also several phrases, refer to a tale akin to that told in Arrian Anab. 2. 3
. II. medic. a bump, protuberance, after a bone fracture or the li
ke, 655 xi. 1, Bs. i. 328, Bárð. 174; tóku at losna þeir
knútar sem sinarnar höfðu saman dregit, Mar. III. a pr.
name, Knútr, m. Cnut, Canute, Fms.: mar-knútr, q.v.
knykr, m. = fnykr (q.v.), Barl.
knylla, t, [A. S. cnyllan; Engl. knell], to beat with a
blunt weapon; þeir knylltu harm með keyrinu, Sturl. iii. 212.
knypri, n. a cowering; vefja sik í knypri, to crouch tog
ether, Konr.; see hnipr.
knysking, f. = knúskan, Háv. 41.
knytja, að, mod. hnytja, [knútr], to knit together, truss; nú knytja þau saman yxnina, Bret. 26; á sumri hey hnytja
, Haligr., Snót.
Knytlingar, m. pl. the descendants of Cnut, the old royal family o
f Denmark. Knytlinga-Saga, u, f. the Saga of the K.
knyttr, m., see úknyttr.
knýfill, m., mod. hnýfill, a short horn, Hkr. i. 72,
Fms. x. 170.
knýflóttr, adj. short-horned, Fms. viii. 243, Thom.
473.
KNÝJA, pres. knýr, pl. knýjum; pret. knýð
i and knúði; part. pass. knúinn: [Scot. know, knusc, =
to press down with the fists and knees; Swed. knoga; Dan. knuge
] :-- to knock, press; tvær kistur fullar af gulli, svá
at eigi máttu tveir menn meira k. (carry?), Fms. xi. 24; kn&yacute
;ið á, ok mun fyrir yðr upp lokið verða, Matth. vii. 7; h
ann knúði hurðina, he knocked at the door, Fms. vi. 122; k
nýr hausmagi hurð, bróðir, ok knýr heldr fast, Gret
t. 154; eptir þat knýja þeir þar á ofan st&oacut
e;rt grjót, Fas. ii. 508 :-- to press, knýr hann þ&a
acute; þar til er þeir segja, Bs. ii. 227; páfinn knýr
hann at eiðstafnum, 52; þeir knúðu fast árar me&eth
; stórum bakföllum, Fas. i. 214; hann staðfestisk fyrir hellis-d
yrum, knýði fast ok kallaði, Barl. 199; kný hann fast ok m
æl þetta, ... ok í því er Einarr var knúi
nn, Fms. vi. 280. 2. esp. in poetry, to press on, urge onwards; ha
nn gat varia fylgt henni, svá knúði hón fast reiðin

a, Ld. 138; knyja merki, vexilla proferre, Fms. vi. 87 (in a verse); kn&y
acute;ja vé, id., Orkn.; skúr knýði snekkju bran
d frá landi, Fms. vi. 134; sverðálfr knýði lagar st
óð sunnan, Ht.; þeir knýðu blá borð, Sigh
vat; ormr knýr unnir, Vsp. 50; Ólafr knýr Vísund (th
e ship) norðan, Ó. H. (in a verse); knýja bardaga = bellum
gerere, Lex. Poët.; kappar knúðu hildi, Fas. ii. 276 (in a v
erse); knýja flótta, to press on the flying, Fms. x. 424 (,
in a verse); haus knýr hjarðar vísi, Eb. (in a verse). II.
 reflex. to struggle on, press on; því harðara er &T
HORN;órr knúðisk at fanginu, Edda 33; knýjask þei
r at víginu, Bret.; hann laust fjötrinum í jörðina o
k knúðisk fast at, spyrnir við, braut fjöturinn, Edda i. 108
; knýjask þeir fast, ok verðr brak mikit um þá, Gr
ett. 107; knúðusk Baglar þá á eptir, Fb. ii. 659;
ok með þessari ætlan knúðisk fram alþý&
eth;an, Fms. xi. 269; lendir menn eggjuðu lið sitt, ok knúðus
k til framgöngu, Ó. H. 216. 2. part. knúinn, hard driven, hard pressed; til knúinn af þessi nauðsyn, St
j. 450; til knúinn af Guðs hálfu, Bs. ii. 38, freq. in prose.
KNÝTA, t, [knútr; A. S. cnytan; Engl. knit; D
an. knytte] :-- to knit, fasten by a knot, bind, tie; ek kn&yacute
;tt silki-dregli um höfuð barninu, id., Fms. xi. 2; leggr &aacut
e; ok knýtir við vagn, Bret. 26; knýta saman, to knit toget
her, Skálda 180; hann knýtir saman halana í nautunum, G
ísl. 29. 2. of a purse (knýtil-skauti); fingrgullit haf&eth
;i knýtt verit í enni sveininum, Fms. xi. 2; hón hafði
knýtt í dúkinn gull mikit, Fs. 59. II. impers. in a
medic. sense; knýtti hrygginn (acc.), the back knotted up, became croo
ked, Fms. vii. 208; þó lá mestr verkr í lendum he
nnar þar til er þær (acc.) knýtti, Bs. i. 328; þ&
aacute; er sínar knýtti, Eb. 244; knýttr, knotted, cripp
led; knýttr var hann á herðum ok bringu, Fms. vii. 239; kn
ýtt ok bömluð, Þryml. 71; var ekki bein brotið ok kn&y
acute;tt, Bs. i. 347; var hryggr ok lendar knýttr en fætrnir krepti
r, 181.
knýti, n. a bag, purse; hón tekr upp grösin ok
leggr knýtið undir höfuð sér, Fas. iii. 580, Bs. ii.
170; see knýti-skauti.
knýtir, m. knitter, a nickname, Landn.
knýti-skauti, a, m., prop. a knotted sheet or kerchief,
a bag, purse; for the ancients used to keep money and precious things in ke
rchiefs knotted up and used as a purse, Bs. i. 337, 340, Ó. H. 148. G&iac
ute;sl. 19 :-- so also knýtil-skauti, a, m.; tók einn kn&y
acute;tilskauta ok leysir til, Ölk. 37; leysa til knýtilskauta, Fas.
iii. 580: see knýti.
KNÖRR, m., gen. knarrar, dat. knerri, n. pl. knerrir, acc. knör
ru; [A. S. cnear] :-- a ship, esp. a kind of merchant-ship,
opp. to langskip; hann hafði tvá knorru ok sextigu hermanna á
hverjum, Fms. iii. 36; öll stórskip bæði knörru ok &
ouml;nnur, ix. 167; er betra at halda langskipum til hafnar en knörrum, Fas
. i. 278; eptir þat kom Hængr með knörru tvá, Eg. 71
, 79. 98, Lv. 100. COMPDS: knarrar-bátr, m. = eptir-bátr, a ship's boat, Bjarn. 16, Ld. 116. knarrar-bringa, u, f. a nickname
, Landn. knarrar-nes, n. a local name in Icel. knarrar-skip, n. =

knörr, Dropl. 4. knarrar-smiðr, m. a shipwright, a nickna
me, Ó. H.
KNÖTTR, m., gen. knattar, dat. knetti. pl. knettir, acc. knöttu
:-- a ball, Þorf. Karl. 426, Fms. iii. 186: þá var su
llrinn sprunginn ok hlaupinn í þrjá knöttu, Bs. i. 178,
v.l. II. a cricket-ball, Sturl. ii. 190, Grett. 92, Vígl.
24, Gísl. 26, Fs. 60, 86; betra þykkir Hrafni at herða kn&uacut
e;a at knetti en hefna föður síns, H. is fonder of playing at
ball than of revenging his father, Fms. vi. 106.
kobbi, a, m. popular name for a seal, kópr: a nickname, Fas
. ii. 439. II. a pet name for Jacob.
KODDI, a, m. [Scot. and North. E. cod; Swed. kudde] :-- 
a pillow, Str. 5, Dipl. iii. 4, v. 18, Vm. 109; kodda-ver, a pillow-case
, freq. in mod. usage; silki-k., a silk pillow.
koðri, a, m. the scrotum, of animals; cp. A. S. codd =
a bag.
kofa, u, f. a young puffin; teisti-k., lunda-k.: kofna-far,
n., -tekja, u, f. catching young puffins.
kofan or kofarn, n. and kofarn-rakki, a, m. [cp. early Dan.
kofæn-rakkæ] :-- a lap-dog, N. G. L. i. 234 (spelt ko
fan): metaph. a snappish person, hann var et mesta kofarn í skapi,
Finnb. 280.
koffort, n. [for. word], a coffer, (mod.)
KOFI, a, m. [A. S. cofa], used of a convent cell, 673. 55,
Bs. i. 204, Landn. 50, Stj. 227, 471, D. N. passim, Mar.: a hut, shed, fr
eq. in mod. usage.
kofl, m. a cowl; see kufl.
kofr, n. [for. word], a coffer; skrín ok kofr, Pm. 19.
kofri, a, m. a hood or bonnet of fur, Ölk. 34; svartr
lambskinnskofri, Sturl. ii. 154, Þorf. Karl. 374, N. G. L. i. 211, V&iacut
e;gl. 22.
kofr-málugr, adj. testy, snappish, Fas. ii. 233.
kofr-menni, n. a snappish, testy person; k. í skapi, Finnb.
280.
kogla, að, [kaga], to goggle, Fs. 48.
KOK, n. the gullet, esp. of birds; ok víðka kokin vesal
lig, víandi láta mata sig, Bb. 2. 25, freq. in mod. usage. kokmæltr, adj. speaking in the gullet.
koka, að, to gulp like a gull.
kokkáll, m. = Dan. hanrej, from Lat. cuculus, a cuckold.

kokkr, m. [for. word], a cook; kokks-hnífa grélur, H

allgr., (rare.)
kokkr, m. a cock, occurs as a GREEK in Edda (Gl.) ii. 488.
KOL, n. pl. [A. S. côl; Engl. coal; O. H. G. and Germ
. kohlen; Dan. kul] :-- coals, charcoal; kurla, kvista, sv&
iacute;ða kol, brenna kol, Grág. i. 200, ii. 295, Nj. 57, Ölk. 3
4; göra kol, Grág. ii. 297; leiri ok kolum, Fms. ii. 59; elda vi&eth
;i ok hafa til kola, Grág. ii. 211; brenna at köldum kolum (see kald
r), Fms. iii. 92, passim; kalda-kol (see kaldr), cold ashes. II.
metaph., in compds, kol-svartr, kol-dimmr, coal-black; in pr. names (of d
ark skin, hair, beard), of men, Kolr, Kol-beinn, Kol-grímr, Kol-bj&oum
l;rn, Kol-finnr, Kol-skeggr; of women, Kol-finna, Kol-brún (q.
v.), Kol-gríma, Landn. COMPDS: kola-gröf, f. a char
coal-pit. kola-karl and kola-maðr, m. a charcoal-maker,
 Vápn. 16, Rétt. 59, Art. kola-meiss, m. a box of co
als, Art.
kola, u, f. a small flat open lamp, Sturl. ii. 117, Vm. 8, G&iacut
e;sl. 29, D. N. iv. 457; í kolum af steini eðr eiri, N. G. L. ii. 247
, (stein-kola, q.v.)
kol-bítr, adj. 'coal-biter,' coal-eater, a popular name of
an idle youth sitting always at the fireside, cp. Dan. askefis, as also aschbrödel in the German legends; Starkaðr var hímaldi ok
kolbítr ok lá í fleti við eld, Fas. iii. 18; hann hefir
upp vaxit við eld ok verit kolbítr, ii. 114; Beigaldi var kolb&iacut
e;tr, Eg. 109.
kol-blár, adj. 'coal-blue,' dark blue, livid, Eb. 172, Bs.
i. 354, (from a blow): esp. of the sea, sjór kolblár, Nj. 19, Ld.
118, Fms. iv. 309.
kol-brenna, u, f. hot charcoal, Eb. 120, Ölk. 34.
Kol-brún, f. 'Coal-brow,' nickname of a lady, Fbr.; whence
Kolbrúnar-skáld, n. nickname of a poet, id.
kol-dimmr, adj. dark as coal, of a dark night.
kol-gröf, f. a charcoal pit, Grág, ii. 333, Nj. 58.
kol-görð, f. charcoal-making, Vm. 80.
koli, a, m. a kind of fish, a sole.
kolka, u, f. a nickname, Landn.
kol-krabbi, a, m. the 'coal-crab,' i.e. cuttle-fish.
KOLLA, u, f., prop. a deer without horns, a humble deer, a hind; f
éll hann þar á grasvöllinn hjá kollunni, Str. 4,
7; hirtir allir ok kollur, Karl. 476, (hjart-kolla, q.v.) 2. a cow; kollu hali, a cow's tail, Bjarn. (in a verse); þat heita Kollu-v
ísur, er hann kvað um kýr út á Íslandi, F
ms. vi. 366, Bjarn. 43, cp. 32. 3. in mod. usage, esp. a humble ewe; æ, þarna er hún Kolla mín blessuð komin af fjal
linu! Piltr og Stúlka 20; Mó-kolla, Grett. 4. of a girl; fr
ið-kolla, a 'peace-maid,' Swed. Dal-kulla = the maid of th
e Dales. II. a pot or bowl without feet. III. na

ut. one of the cleats in a ship (?), N. G. L. ii. 283, v.l. kollu-band
, n. the stay fastened to the kolla.
kolla, að, to hit in the head, metaph. to harm; þ
ykkir nú sem þeim muni ekki kolla, Sturl. iii. 237.
kol-laupr, m. a coal-box, Vápn. 16.
kollekta, u, f. [for. word], a collect, eccl., Ám. 45.
koll-gáta, u, f. a right guess; eiga kollgátuna, 
to guess rightly.
koll-grýta, u, f. a pot without feet, D. N. v. 586.
koll-heið, n. bright sky overhead; kollheið upp í h
imininn, Bárð. 20 new Ed.
koll-hetta, u, f. a kind of cap, Sturl. ii. 9. Ísl. ii. 417
.
<PAGE NUM="b0348">
<HEADER>348 KOLLHNÍS -- KOMA.</HEADER>
koll-hnís, m. [kollr and hnísa = a dolphin, = Dan. kollbötter], a somersault; stingast kollhnís, to mak
e a somersault, a game.
koll-hríð, f. the paroxysm in childbirth when the head appe
ars, of men and beast: metaph. the highest pitch, meðan kollhr&ia
cute;ðin stendr á.
koll-húfa, u, f. a skull-cap: the phrase, leggja kollh&uacu
te;fur, to butt with one's head, of a vicious horse.
koll-höttr, m. = kollhetta, Bs. i. 497.
kollóttr, adj. without horns, humble, of a cow or sheep, G&
thorn;l. 401, Sturl. i. 159; hann tók á kollótta af hverju
m bónda, Landn. 147, 148, Sturl. iii. 238; Auðunn var þ&aacute
; kollóttr (with shaven crown) ok klæðlauss, Fms. vi. 30
2; hann var þá kominn frá Rúmi ok var stafkarl, k. ok
magr ok nær klæðlauss, viii. 206: having the hair cut short,
 sveina tvá kollótta, Fær. 34; kollóttar meyjar,
of nuns, Orkn. (in a verse).
KOLLR, m. [Scot. coll = a hay-cock], a top, summit;
ok mændu upp ór kollarnir, of hayricks, Sturl. i. 179; á kol
li fjallsins, Stj. 399, þúfna-kollar. II. the head, crown
; ungr maðr, vaxit hár af kolli, Fær. 9; piltar tveir l&eac
ute;ku á gólfinu, þeim var sprottið hár ór
kolli, Fb. i. 258. 2. a shaven crown; hann rakar af þeim h&
aacute;rit, ok görði þeim koll, Háv. 56; görðir &
thorn;ú þér þá koll, Nj. 181, Fas. i. 234; honu
m skal raka koll; bræða skal koll hans, N. G. L. i. 334. 3. phr
ases, ok lát hans vándskap koma honum í koll, let his wi
ckedness fall on his own pate, Stj. 485; geta í kollinn, to guess
true (koll-gáta); koll af kolli, from head to head, one after anot
her; það gekk svo koll af kolli; kínka kolli, to nod; hnippa kolli hvár at öðrum, Grett. 166 new Ed.: um koll, Dan.
om kuld, head over heels; þeir rótuðu um koll taflinu, V
ígl. 17, (rótuðu fyrir honum taflinu, new Ed. l.c.); hrinda em um koll, Fas. iii. 545. 4. a pet name, a boy, my boy! hví
vildir þú, kollr minn! ljúga at okkr Máríu? c
p. kolla, Bs. i. 600; gló-kollr, a fair-haired boy. 5. a
ram without horns; Mó-kollr, Grett., (kolla, a ewe.) 6. a nickname, hæru-kollr, hoary head; æði-k., downy he
ad, Landn.: a pr. name, Kollr, id.: in compds, Koll-sveinn, H&
ouml;s-kollr, q.v.; Snæ-kollr, Landn.
koll-steypa, t, = kollverpa.
koll-sveinn, m. a boy with a flat cap, = kollóttr sveinn, F
ms. iii. 178.
koll-verpa or koll-varpa, að, to overthrow, ( = varpa u
m koll), Bs. ii. 71.
kol-merktr, part. black as jet; kolmerkt klæði, Sturl. i
i. 32, Vm. 126.
kol-múla, u, f. 'coal-mouth,' black mouth, poët. a
goat, Edda (Gl.)
kol-múlugr, adj. black in the mouth; komi þá e
ngi kolmúlugr úr kafi, þá er ördeyða &aacute
; öllu norðr-hafi, of fishes, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 1
30 (in a ditty).
Kolni, f. Cologne, Fms. passim. Kolnis-meyjar, f. pl. th
e eleven thousand virgins of Cologne.
kol-niða-myrkr, n. pitchy darkness, Dan. bælg-mö
rke.
kolorr, m. [for. word], colour, Stj. 72.
kolr, m. black tom-cat: a pr. name, Nj.
kol-reykr, m. coal reek, smoke from burning charcoal, Nj. 58, Bjar
n. 42.
kol-skeggr, m. coal-beard, black-beard: a pr. name, Landn.
kol-skógr, m. a wood where charcoal is made, Vm. 168.
kol-skör, f. a poker, see Ísl. Þjóðs.
ii. 459 (in a verse).
kol-svartr, adj. coal-black, jet-black, Fb. i. 526, Sks. 92, Bs. i
. 670, Fas. iii. 12.
kol-trýna, u, f. coal-snout, Ísl. Þjó&e
th;s. ii. 463.
Kolumba, m. St. Columba. Kolumba-messa, -kirkja, u, f. t
he mass, kirk of St. Columba, Landn., Fms.
kol-viðr, m. 'coal-wood,' wood for charcoal, Nj. 58, Gr&aacute

;g. ii. 298, Jb. 237; era sem kolvið kljúfi | karl sá er vegr
at jarli, Fms. viii. (a ditty).
KOMA, pres. sing, kem, kemr, kemr; an older form komr is used constantly
in very old and good vellum MSS., as the Kb. of Sæm.; and even spelt keomr
or ceomr (in Eluc., Greg., etc.); reflex. komsk, 2nd pers. kømztu (pe
rvenis), Sdm. 10: pret. kom, kom-k, I came, Skm. 18: 2nd pers. komt,
17, mod. komst: the pret. plur. varies, kvámu being the oldest form; kv&o
acute;mu, often in the MSS.; kómu, as it is still pronounced in the west
of Icel.; the usual and latest form is komu, with a short vowel; the spelling of
the MSS. cannot always be ascertained, as the word is usually written kumu UNCE
RTAIN or qumu UNCERTAIN: pret. subj. kvæmi and k&oelig;mi UNCERTAIN (k&ael
ig;mi): imperat. kom, kom-ðú, proncd, kondu, come thou! pret.
infin. kómu (venisse), Fms. i. 224 (in a verse), Geisli 62 :-- wit
h suff. neg., pres. k&aolig;mr-at or kømr-að, Akv. 11, Grág. i
i. 141, Gkv. 3. 8; pret. kom-a, kom-að, came not, Ls. 56, Þorf.
Karl. (in a verse), Þd. 18; 2nd pers. komtaðu (non venisti), A
m. 99; subj. kømi-a (non veniret), Gs. 10: reflex., pres. k&oslash
;msk-at, Grág. ii. 180; pret. komsk-at (could not come), Am. 3 :- a middle form, pres. 1st pers. komum-k (komumsk), Ó. H. 140, 214, Skm.
10, 11; subj. pres. komimk, Ó. H. 85; pret. kømomc, Hbl. 33 (Bugge
); part. pass. kominn, see Gramm. p. xix. The preterite forms kvam and kvaminn,
used in the Edition of the Sturl. and in a few other mod. Editions without warra
nt in the MSS., are due to the fact that the Edition of Sturl. was published fro
m a transcript now in the Advocates' Library in Edinburgh, made by the learned p
riest Eyjolf á Völlum (died A.D. 1745), who used this spelling: in p
rehistoric times, before the age of writing, it may be assumed for certain that
this verb had a v throughout, as in Gothic: [Ulf. qiman, i.e. q
wiman, = GREEK; A. S. cuman; Engl. come; O. H. G. queman; Germ. kommen; Dutch komen; Dan. komme; Swed. komma; Lat. venio, qs. gvenio; the Ormul. spells cumenn, indic
ating a long root vowel; cp. North. E. coom.]
A. To come; sá þeirra sem fyrr kæmi, Fms. ix. 3
73; konungr kom norðr til Túnsbergs, 375; kómu Finnar heim, i.
9; þeir mágar kómu ór hjúkólfi, Sturl.
ii. 124; kömr hann á konungs fund, Fms. ix. 221; þá v&
oacute;ru þeir norðan komnir, 308; hér er nú komin &aeli
g;r ein kollótt, Sturl. i. 159, passim. 2. to become, arrive; bréf kómu frá Skúla jarli, Fms. ix. 375; ef sv&aa
cute; síðarliga kömr skip til hlunns, Sks. 28; en er vár
kom, Eg. 167; koma at máli við e-n, to have an interview, talk wit
h one, 467; konungi kom njósn, Fms. vii. 57; þá komu hon
um þau tíðendi, i. 37; þetta kom allt fyrir Ingimar, vii.
114; kom honum þat (it came to him, he got it) fyrir útan f
é, en engum kom fyrr, x. 394; hvat sem á bak kemr, whatsoever m
ay befall, Nj. 193; koma e-m at haldi, or í hald, to avail oneself
, 192, Fms. x. 413; koma at gagni, to 'come in useful,' be of use, N
j. 264; koma at úvörum, to come at unawares, Ld. 132; koma em fyrir úvart, id., Fms. xi. 290; koma á úvart, Nj.
236; koma í þörf = koma í gagn, Fms. vii. 14; hvar kom
kapp þitt þá? Bs. i. 18; mál koma í dóm,
to be brought up for judgment, Fms. vii. 115; líðr vetrinn, k
emr þar (that time comes) er menn fara til Gulaþings, Eg. 340
; var þá svá komit, at allir menn vóru sofa farnir, 3
76; kom svá (it came to pass) at Bárði var heitið m
eyjunni, 26; svá kemr, kemr þar, at, it comes to pass. Fb. i
. 174, ii. 48, 68; láta koma, to let come, put; síðan l
étu þeir koma eld í spánuna, Fms. xi. 34. 3. i
n greeting; kom heill, welcome! kom heill ok sæll, frændi! Nj
. 175: mod. komdu (kondu) sæll! komið þér sælir! II. with prepp.; koma á, to hit; ef á kömr, Gr&aa
cute;g. ii. 7 :-- koma at, to come to, arrive, happen; láttu at &t
horn;ví koma, let it be so, Dropl. 24; kom þat mjök opt
liga at honum, of sickness, Fms. vii. 150; kom at þeim svefnhöfgi, sleep came upon them, Nj. 104; koma at hendi, to happen; mikill vand
i er kominn at hendi, 177, Hom. 80; koma at e-u, to come at, regain, recover;
 koma at hamri, Þkv. 32 :-- koma fram, to come forth, appear, s
tund var í milli er þeir sá framstafninn ok inn eptri kom fr
am, Fms. ii. 304; engin kom önnur vistin fram, Eg. 549; nú eru &ouml
;ll sóknar-gögn fram komin, Nj. 143: to emerge, hann kom fram
í Danmörk, Hkr. i. 210, 277, Ísl. ii. 232, Eg. 23, Landn. 13
4, Orkn. 152: to arrive, sendimenn fóru ok fram kómu, Fms.
xi. 27; reifa mál þau fyrst er fyrst eru fram komin, each in its
turn, Grág. i. 64: to be fulfilled, happen, því
er á þínum dögum mun fram koma, Ld. 132; nú mun
þat fram komit sem ek sagða, Eg. 283; kom nú fram spásag
an Gests, Ld. 286; öll þessi merki kómu fram ok fylldusk, Stj.
444; aldrei skal maðr arf taka eptir þann mann er hann vegr, eðr
ræðr bana fram kominn, whom he has slain, or whose death he has dev
ised with effect, Grág. ii. 113; staðar-prýði flest f
ram komin, Bs. i. 146; vera langt fram kominn, mod. áfram kominn, to b
e 'in extremis,' at the point of death, 644; er sú frásö
gn eigi langt fram komin, this story comes from not far off, i.e. it i
s derived from first, not second hand, Fms. viii. 5 :-- koma fyrir, to co
me as payment, tvau hundrað skyldu koma fyrir víg Snorra (of were
gild), Sturl. ii. 158; henni kvaðsk aldri hefnt þykkja Kjartans, nema
Bolli kæmi fyrir, Ld. 240; allt mun koma fyrir eitt, it will come to th
e same, Lv. 11, Nj. 91, Fms. i. 208; koma fyrir ekki, to come to naught,
be of no avail, Ísl. ii. 215, Fms. vi. 5 :-- koma í, to ent
er, come in, a fisherman's term; koma í drátt, to hook a fi
sh; at í komi með ykkr Þorbrandssonum, that ye and the T
h. come to loggerheads, Eb. 80 :-- koma með, to come with a thing, to
bring; kondu með það, fetch it! -- koma til, to com
e to; vera kann at eigi spillisk þótt ek koma til, Eg. 506; n&u
acute; er rétt lögruðning til ykkar komin, Nj. 236; koma til r&i
acute;kis, to come to a kingdom, Eg. 268; þeir létu til han
s koma um alla héraðs-stjórn, Fs. 44: to befall, kom s
vá til efnis, it so happened, Mar.; þeim hlutum sem hafinu k
unni opt til at koma, Stj. 105, Sks. 323: to mean, signify, en hvar kom &
thorn;at til er hann sagði, Ó. H. 87; ef þat kom til annars, en
þess er hann mælti, id.: to cause, hygg ek at meir komi &tho
rn;ar til lítilmennska, Eb. 172; konungr spurði hvat til bæri &
uacute;gleði hans, hann kvað koma til mislyndi sína, Fms. vi. 355
, Fb. ii. 80, Band. 29 new Ed.: to concern, þetta mál er eig
i kom síðr til yðvar en vár, Fms. vii. 130; þetta m&
aacute;l kemr ekki til þín, Nj. 227; þat er kemr til Kn&uacut
e;ts, Fms. v. 24; þat er til mín kemr, so far as I am concerned,
 iv. 194; hann kvað þetta mál ekki til sín koma, vi.
100; þeir eru orðmargir ok láta hvervetna til sín koma,
meddle in all things, 655 xi. 2: to belong to, skulu þeir
gjalda hinum slíka jörð sem til þeirra kemr, proportion
ally, Jb. 195; kemr þat til vár er lögin kunnum, Nj. 149;
sú sök er tylptar-kviðr kömr til, Grág. i. 20; tylpt
ar-kviðar á jafnan á þingi at kveðja, þar sem
hann kömr til saka, ii. 37; þá er komit til þessa gjalds
(it is due), er menn koma í akkeris-sát, 408: to help,
avail, koma til lítils, to come to little, be of small avail,
Nj. 149, Fms. vi. 211; at göra litla fésekt, veit ek eigi hvat til a
nnars kemr, I am not aware what else will do, I believe that will meet the ca
se best, Band. 36 new Ed.; koma til, to 'come to,' of a person in a
swoon, etc.; veit ek eigi til hvers koma mun sú tiltekja Fb. i. 177, Fms.
xi. 103; hvar til þessi svör skulu koma, i. 3; það kemr ti
l, it will all come right; kom þar til með kóngum tveim,
two kings came to a quarrel, Skíða R. 48: to be of value,
importance, authority, þótti allt meira til hans
<PAGE NUM="b0349">
<HEADER>KOMA. 349</HEADER>
koma, Fas. i. 16; hvart sem til hans kæmi meira eðr minna, Fms. xi. 76
; sverð þat er til kom hálf mörk gulls, Ld. 32; svá
fémikill at til kómu tuttugu merkr gulls, Fms. xi. 85; mér
þykir lítið til hans koma, I think little of him :-- ko
ma saman, to come together, live together, marry, K. Á. 134: to
agree, þat kom saman með þeim, they agreed on it, Dr
opl. 9, Gísl. 41; kom þat ásamt með þeim, id., Fb. i. 168; koma vel ásamt, to agree well, Nj. 25 :-- koma und
ir e-n, to come unto one, ef undir oss bræðr skal koma kjö
rit, if we are to choose, Nj. 192; öll lögmæt skil &thorn
;au er undir mik koma á þessu þingi, 239: to depend on, það er mikit undir komið, at ..., be of importance :-- ko
ma upp, to come up, break out; kom þá upp grátr fyrir
henni, she burst into tears, Fms. ix. 477; er lúðrar kv&aelig
;ði við, ok herblástr kæmi upp, v. 74; er seiðlæt
in kómu upp, Ld. 152; eldr kom upp, fire came up, Ölk. 35, (h
ence elds-uppkoma, an upcome of fire, an eruption); ef nokkut kemr s&iacu
te;ðan sannara upp, Fms. vii. 121: þá kom þat upp at hann
hafði beðit hennar, Eg. 587; kom þat upp af tali þeirra, at
..., Fms. vii. 282; þat kom upp (it ended so) at hverr skyldi vera
vin annars, i. 58: to turn up, ek ætla mér góðan
kost hvárn sem upp kemr, Eg. 715; mun nú hamingjan skipta hverr u
pp kemr, 418; at sakar görðisk eða upp kæmi, Grág. i.
27; skaut til Guðs sínu máli, ok bað hann láta &tho
rn;at upp koma er hann sæi at bazt gegni, Ó. H. 195, Stj. 385 :-- k
oma við, to touch, hit; sé eigi komið við, if it is
not touched, Grág. ii. 65; komit var við hurðina, Fas. i. 3
0; at þeir skyldi koma við torfuna, Ld. 60; hefi ek aldrei svá
reitt vápn at manni, at eigi hafi við komit, Nj. 185; hann kemr vi&et
h; margar sögur, he comes up, appears in many Sagas, Ld. 334; koma &
thorn;eir allir við þessa sögu síðan, Nj. 30; sem ek k
om við (as I mentioned, touched upon) í morgin, Fms. ii. 142;
er mestr er, ok úskapligast komi við, Ld. 118: to fit, þ
at kemr lítt við, 'tis not meet, it won't do, Lv. 20; mun ek g
efa þér tveggja dægra byr þann er bezt kemr við, Fa
s. iii. 619: koma við, to land, call; þeir vóru komnir v
ið Ísland, Eg. 128; þeir kómu við Hernar, Nj. 4; &th
orn;eir kómu suðr við Katanes, 127; þeir kómu vi&eth
; sker (struck on a skerry) ok brutu stýri sín, Fms. ix. 16
4; hann hafði komit við hval, he had struck against a whale, Stur
l. ii. 164; hence in mod. usage, koma við, to call, make a short stay, also on land: to be added to, tekr heldr at grána gamanit ok kom
a kveðlingar við, i. 21; koma þær nætr við inar fy
rri, Rb. 58; þá koma enn ellefu nætr við, 22 :-- koma yfi
r, to overcome, pass over; íss er yfir kömr, Hm. 81; hvert kv
eld er yfir kom, Finnb. 230; hryggleikr kom yfir, 623. 57; at sá dagr myn
di ekki yfir koma, Sks. 111.

B. With the dat. of the object, to make to come, put, bring, carry; páfa þess, er Kristni (dat.) kom á England, who Christi
anised England, Íb. 14; koma mönnum til réttrar tr&uacut
e;ar, Fms. i. 146; koma orðum við e-n, to speak to a person; g&ou
ml;rðisk hann styggr svá at fáir menn máttu orðum v
ið hann koma, i.e. that no one could come to words with him, Eg. 3; h
ann görði sik svá reiðan, at ekki mátti orðum vi&
eth; hann koma, Fms. i. 83, xi. 293; koma vélræðum við e-n,
to plan against one, Eg. 49; koma flugu í munn e-m, Nj. 64, 68; &
thorn;ú skalt ekki láta í skorta at koma þeim &iacute
; (málit) með þér, 271; hann skyldi koma Þó
r í Geirröðar-garða, make Thor come to G., Edda 60; h
ann kom Þorhaddi heilum yfir ána, he brought Th. safe across the
river, Þorst. Síðu H. 181; koma kaupi, to bring about a
bargain, Gþl. 415; koma e-m í hel, to put one to death,
Anal. 233; koma e-m til falls, to make one fall, Edda 34; koma e-m &iacu
te; sætt, Fs. 9; mun ek koma þér í sætt við
konung, Eg. 227; hann kom sér í mikla kærleika við jarli
nn, Nj. 268; koma sér í þjónustu, Fs. 84; koma s&eacu
te;r vel, to put oneself in favour, be engaging; ek hefi komit mér
vel hjá meyjum, Kormak; þeir komu sér vel við alla, Fas
. iii. 529, Fs. 96, Nj. 66; koma sér ílla, to make oneself hate
d; það kemr sér ílla, it is ill seen, unpleasant;
 as also, það kemr sér vel, a thing is agreeable, accep
table; koma e-u til leiðar, to effect, make, Nj. 250, Eb. 118; ko
ma e-u til vegar, id., Ld. 320; koma tölu á, to put, count
on, count, number, Anal. 217; koma friði, sættum á, to
bring peace, agreement about: hann kom þeim á flótta, he put them to flight, Fms. vii. 235; tóku þar allt er þ
eir kómu höndum á, all they could catch, ix. 473; koma
e-m ór eldi, Fb. i. 300; tók hann merkit ok kom því
(put it, hid it) í millum klæða sinna, Nj. 274: Gunnarr
kom þangat at þeim örunum, 115; allt þat er bitið var
ok blóði kom út á, where it was bitten so as to mak
e blood flow, Fms. vii. 187. II. with prepp.; koma e-u fram, to ef
fect; koma fram ferð, máli, Nj. 102; til lítils þ&ae
lig;tti þat koma, en enginn kvæmi sínu máli fram &thor
n;ótt til alþingis væri stefnt, 149, Fb. ii. 90; þat sk
al aldri verða at hann komi þessu fram, Eg. 765; ef ek kem hefndum fra
m, Ld. 262; koma fram lögum við e-n. Eg. 722 :-- koma e-u á, 
to bring about, introduce :-- koma e-u af, to abolish; þ&oacute
; fékk hann því ekki af komit, Bs. i. 165; koma e-u af s&eac
ute;r, to get rid of, Fs. 96, Eb. 40, 41 :-- koma e-u fyrir, to arrang
e; koma e-m fyrir, to get a place for one; hann kom honum fyrir &iacu
te; skóla: to destroy (fyrir-koma), hann kom hverjum hesti fyrir,
Glúm. 356 :-- koma e-u upp, to open; áðr ek kom henni
upp, before I could open it, Fms. iii. 74; kerling tekr hörpuna ok v
ildi upp koma (open), nú fær hón upp komit hörpu
nni, Fas. i. 233; hann mátti lengi eigi orði upp koma fyrir harmi, it was long before he could speak, utter a word, Fms. vi. 234; sá sv
arar er mátti máli upp koma, vii. 288 :-- koma e-m undir, to ov
erthrow one, get one down; varð at kenna afls-munar áðr hann
kæmi honum undir, Eb. 172 :-- koma e-m undan, to make one escape.
Fms. vii. 265, 623. 18 :-- ek ætla at koma mér útan, I th
ink to go abroad, Nj. 261 :-- koma e-u við, to bring about, effect, t
o be able to do; ek mun veita þér slíkt sem ek má
mér við koma, as I can, Nj.; þú munt öð
ru koma við en gabba oss, Anal. 77; hann kom því við (br
ought about) at engi skyldi fara með vápn, Fms. vii. 240; ef v&aa
cute;ttum kvæmi við, in a case where witnesses were at hand, &I
acute;b. 12; liðit flýði allt þat er því kom v
ið, all that could fled, Eg. 529; Guðmundr hafði almanna-lof
hversu hann kom sér við (how he behaved) þessum m&aacute
;lum, Nj. 251; komi þeir til er því koma við, who can,
 Gþl. 371; menn skyldi tala hljótt ef því kæ
mi við, Sturl. iii. 147; ef því kemr við, if it is possi
ble, Gþl. 429; urðu þeir at flýja sem þv&iacute
; kómu við, Fb. ii. 187; ekki mun oss þetta duga, at hann komi
boganum við, Nj. 96.
C. Reflex. komask, to come to the end, get through, reach,
Lat. pervenire; the difference between the active and reflex. is seen fro
m such phrases as, hann kemr ef hann kemst, he will come if he can; or, e
g komst ekki á stað, I could not get off; eg komst ekki fyrir
íllviðri, I could not come for bad weather; or, to come int
o a certain state, with the notion of chance, hap, komask í l&
iacute;fs háska, to come into danger of life; komask í skip
reika, to be shipwrecked, and the like; Þorfinnr kom öngu hlj&
oacute;ði í lúðrinn, ok komsk eigi upp blástrinn, F
ms. ix. 30; komask á fætr, to get on one's legs, Eg. 748; ha
nn komsk við svá búit í ríki sitt, Hkr. i. 76; m
eina honum vötn eða veðr svá at hann má ekki komask t
il þess staðar, Grág. i. 496; hann komsk með sundi til land
s, Eg. 261; kómusk sauðirnir upp á fjallit fyrir þeim, N
j. 27; ef Gunnarr færi eigi utan ok mætti hann komask, 111; ef ma&et
h;r byrgir mann inni í húsi, svá at hann má eigi &ua
cute;t komask, so that he cannot get out, Grág. ii. 110; en allt f
ólk flýði með allt lausa-fé er með fékk
komisk, with all the property they could carry with them, Fms. i. 153; ek
komumk vel annar-staðar út, þótt hér gangi eigi,
Nj. 202; komask á milli manna, to get oneself among people, intrude o
neself, 168; komsk hann í mestu kærleika við konung, Eg. 12
; komask at orði, to come by a word, to express oneself; einsog hann
að orði komsk, passim. II. with prepp.; komast á, to ge
t into use; það komst á :-- komask af, to get off, escap
e, save one's life; hann bað menn duga svá at af kæmisk ski
pit, Fms. x. 98; tveir druknuðu, en hinir kómusk af :-- komask at e-u
, to get at a thing, procure; mörgum manns-öldrum sí&eth
;arr komsk at bók þeirri Theodosius, Niðrst. 10; Hrani gat komi
sk at trúnaði margra ríkra manna, Fms. iv. 62; þú
hefir at þessum peningum vel komisk, 'tis money well gotten, i. 25
6; eigi skaltú ílla at komask, thou shall not get it unfairly, vii. 124 :-- komast eptir, to enquire into, get information of :-- ko
mask fyrir, to prevent, come in another's way :-- koma hjá e-u, to evade, pass by, escape doing :-- komast til e-s, to come towards,
and metaph. to have time for a thing, ek komst ekki til þess, 
I have no time; eg komst ekki til að fara :-- komask undan, to escap
e; allt þat lið er undan komsk, Eg. 261; ekki manns barn komsk und
an, Fms. xi. 387; komask undan á flótta, Eg. 11 :-- komask við
, to be able; komusk þeir ekki í fyrstu við atlögun
a, Fms. vii. 264; ef hann vill refsa údáða-mönnum, ok m&a
acute; þó við komask, N. G. L. i. 123; brenn allt ok bæl,
sem þú mátt við komask, Fær. 64; ef ek viðr o
f k&oelig;mimk, Hbl. 33; þá er ek komumk við, Eg. 319; komask v
ið veðri, to get abroad, Rd. 252; hann lét þat ekki
við veðri komask, Fms. vii. 165: to be touched (við-kvæ
mni), hann komsk við mjök ok felldi tár, iii. 57; eða hann k
omisk við (repent) ok hverfi aptr at íllsku sinni, Greg. 41; &
thorn;á komsk mjök við inn válaði, svá at hann

matti eigi lengi orði upp koma fyrir harmi, Fms. vi. 234; þá k
omsk hón við ákaflega mjök, Clem. 32; með við kom
nu hjarta, with a touched heart, Bs. i. 561, Karl. 166 :-- komask yfir et, to overcome, get hold of; er hann komsk yfir fét, Bár&et
h;. 175.
D. Part. kominn, in special phrases; inn komni maðr, a new
comer, stranger, Gullþ. 47; at kominn, arrived; hinn aðkomn
i maðr, a guest; at kominn, just come to, on the brink of; kom
inn at andláti, at dauða, to be at the last gasp; var at komit
, at ..., it was on the point of happening, that ..., Str. 8; vóru
þeir mjök at komnir (much exhausted) svá magrir v&oac
ute;ru þeir, Fas. iii. 571 :-- heill kominn, hail! Blas. 42; vel ko
minn, welcome! vertu vel kominn! ver með oss vel kominn, Þi&eth
;r. 319, Fs. 158; hann bað þá vera vel komna, passim; so also,
það er vel komið, 'it is welcome,' i.e. with great pleas
ure, granting a favour :-- placed, ertu maðr sannorðr ok kom
inn nær frétt, Nj. 175; Pétri var svá nær komit
, P. was so closely pursued, Fms. ix. 48; ok nú eigi allfjarri y&e
th;r komit, xi. 123; svá vel er sá uppsát komin, at ..., ix
. 368: situated, hann (the hospital) er kominn á fjall upp, is
situated on a fell, Symb. 18; útsker þat er komit af þj&
oacute;ðleið, Eg. 369: metaph., vel, ílla kominn, well placed,
in good, bad estate; ek þykjumk hér vel kominn; hann var vel t
il náms kominn, he was in a good place for learning, Bs. i. 153; &
thorn;at fé er ílla komit er fólgit er í jör&et
h;u, Grett. 39 new Ed.; mér þykkir son minn hvergi betr kominn, 
methinks my son is nowhere better off, in better hands, Fms. vi. 5; l&iacute
;tt ertú nú kominn, Njarð. 376; þykkjumk ek hér v
el kominn með þér, Nj. 258 :-- kominn af, or frá e-m, come of, descended from, Landn., Eb., passim :-- kominn á sik vel, in a good state, accomplished, Orkn. 202; hverjum manni betr á sik
kominn,
<PAGE NUM="b0350">
<HEADER>350 KOMA -- KONUNGR.</HEADER>
Ld. 110; kominn á sik manna bezt, Ísl. ii. 203: vera á legg
kominn, to be grown up, Fms. xi. 186; vera svá aldrs kominn, t
o be of such an age, Fs. 4, 13, Sturl. iii. 100, Fms. xi. 56; hér er
allvel á komit, it suits well enough, Bs. i. 531: hann sagði h
enni hvar þá var komit, how matters stood, Nj. 271, Fms. ii.
152; hann undi vel við þar sem komit var, as it stood, in statu qu
o, Nj. 22; Sveinn segir honum sem komit var þessu máli, Fms. ii
. 159; at svá komnu, as matters stand, Bs. i. 317; málum v&
aacute;rum er komit í únýtt efni, Nj. 164, 190 :-- vera kom
inn til e-s, to be entitled to, have due to one; ef hann fengi þat
er hann var eigi til kominn, Fms. x. 7; þeir er til einskis eru komnir, ix
. 248; fá þeir margir af yðr sæmd mikla er til minna eru
komnir, en hann, Eg. 111; þeim til sæmdar er til þess er komin
n, Sks. 311, rétt komnir til konungdóms, rétt kominn til No
regs, right heir to the kingdom, to Norway, Fms. ix. 332; lézk Sig
valdi nú kominn til ráða við Astríði, xi. 104:
fit for, entitled to, hann þótti vel til kominn at vera konu
ngr yfir Danmörk, i. 65: shapen, þetta mál er sv&aacute
; til komit, vii. 130; sagðisk hann eigi verr til manns kominn en Sturla br&
oacute;ðir hans, Sturl.; eigi þóttusk þeir til minna vera
komnir fyrir ættar sakir, entitled to less, Eb. 17. II. par
t. pres. komandi, a new comer, stranger, Fbr. 168, Stj. 525: on
e to come, future generations, verandum ok viðr-komendum, N. G. L. i. 12
1; allir menn verandi ok eptir-komandi, D. I. i. 3; komendr, pl. guests, come
rs.
koma, u, f. = kváma, arrival, komu-maðr, m. a
guest.
kommun, n. [for. word], a commune, guild, H. E. i. 504, D. N. pass
im. kommun-stofa, u, f., kommun-hús, n. a guild-house, D. N.
kompa, u, f. the copy-book in which schoolboys write their Latin c
ompositions, Piltr og Stúlka 71. 2. a small closet.
kompán, m. [for. word], a companion, fellow, Edda ii. 497.
kompása, að, [for. word], to compass. Mag. 13, Sks. 16
new Ed.
kompáss, m. a compass, sketch, Stj. 62, Pr. 436: mod. a
ship glass.
kompílera, að, [for. word], to compile, Stj. 131, Sk&aa
cute;lda 177.
kompon, n. a composition in Latin, Bs. ii. 77.
kompona að, Lat. componere, to compose, in Latin, Fb. i. 516.
KONA, u, f., kuna, Fms. vii. 106; gen. pl. kvinna, 109, 274, Hdl.
15, but usually kvenna, which form is a remains of an older obsolete kvina: [Got
h. qino = GREEK; Hel. quena; O. H. G. chiona; Swed. k&ar
ing;na; Dan. kone; again, the forms of the Goth. quens or q
veins, A. S. cwen, Engl. queen, Scot. quean = Engl. wench, Dan. kvinde answer to the obsolete kván, q.v.]: -- a woman; karl ok kona, man and woman, passim; brigðr er karla hu
gr konum, Hm. 90; kona ok karlmaðr, Grág. i. 171; kona eða karlma
ðr, Nj. 190; hón var kvinna fríðust, Fms. vii. 109; henni
lézt þykkja agasamt, ok kvað þar eigi kvinna vist, 274; k
onor þær er óarfgengjar eru, Grág. i. 228; mun þ
at sannask sem mælt er til vár kvenna, Fms. iv. 132; kveðr hann
vera konu níundu nótt hverja ok eiga þá viðskipt
i við karlmenn, N. G. L. i. 57: sayings, köld er kvenna ráð,
Gísl.; meyjar orðum skyli manngi trúa, né þv&iac
ute; er kveðr kona, Hm. 83; svá er friðr kvenna, 89; hón v
ar væn kona ok kurteis, Nj. 1; ok var hón kvenna fríðust
, she was the fairest of women, 50; hón var skörungr mikill o
k kvenna fríðust sýnum, hón var svá hög at
fár konur vóru jafnhagar henni, hón var allra kvenna grimmu
st, 147; fundusk mönnum orð um at konan var enn virðuleg, Ld. 16; U
nnr var vegs-kona mikil (a stately lady), Landn. 117; konur skulu r&aelig
;sta húsin ok tjalda, Nj. 175; konu-hár, -klæði, -f&ouml
;t, woman's hair, attire, Fms. iii. 266, Greg. 53; konu bú, wom
an's estate, Grág. ii. 47; konu-líki (liking), woman's shap
e, Skálda 172, Grett. 141; konu-nám, konu-tak, eloping, abd
uction of a woman, Grág. i. 355, Bjarn. 17; konu-mál, rape
, fornication, = kvenna-mál, Eb. 182, Fs. 62, Stj. 499: frænd-k
ona, a kinswoman; vin-kona, a female friend; mág-kona, a
sister-in-law; álf-kona, an 'elf-quean;' troll-kona, a gia

ntess; heit-kona, a spouse; brúð-kona, a bridemaid;
vinnu-kona, grið-kona, a female servant; ráðs-kona, a
stewardess; bú-kona, hús-kona, a house-mistress, house-wife
; spá-kona, a prophetess, Scot. 'spae-wife;' sk&aacute
;ld-kona, a poëtess. II. a wife; ek em kona Njá
ls, Nj. 54; Evu Adams konu, Hom. 31; við hans konu Sophram, Ver. 52; af konu
minni eða sonum, Nj. 65; en ef bú þeirra standa, þ&aacut
e; munu þeir vitja þeirra ok kvenna sinna, 207; messu-djákn e
nginn, né kona hans né klerkr hans, N. G. L. i. 97. -- The word is
now almost disused in sense I, kvennmaðr being the common word, whereas in
sense II. it is a household word. konu-efni, n. one's future wife, bri
de: konu-fé, n. a marriage portion, Js. 80: konu-la
uss, adj. wifeless, unmarried, Fs.: konu-leysi, n. the bein
g konulauss: konu-ríki, n., see kvánríki.
B. COMPDS, with the gen. plur. kvenna-: kvenna-askr, m. a kind of
half measure, opp. to karlaskr, q.v.; hálfr annarr k. í kar
laski, Jb. 375. kvenna-ást, f. amour, Bs. i. 282, Fms. v. 3
41. kvenna-búnaðr, m. a woman's attire, Skálda 3
34. kvenna-far, n. love affairs, Lat. amores, Fms. i. 187.
kvenna-ferð, f. a journey fit for women, Ld. 240. kvennafólk, n. woman-folk, Nj. 199. kvenna-friðr, m. s
acredness of women, N. G. L. ii. kvenna-fylgjur, f. pl. female att
endants, Grág. i. 342. kvenna-gipting, f. marriage, N.
G. L. i. 343, Jb. 6. kvenna-giptir, f. pl. a giving in marriage,
N. G. L. i. 27, 343. kvenna-hagr, m. woman's condition, Rb. 414.
kvenna-heiti, n. names of women, Edda (Gl.) kvenna-hjal, n.
women's gossip, Gísl. 15. kvenna-hús, n. a lady'
s bower, Fas. ii. 162. kvenna-innganga, u, f. entrance of women i
nto the church, churching, B. K. 110. kvenna-klæðnaðr,
m. a female dress, Grág. i. 338. kvenna-land, n. the lan
d of the Amazons, Rb. 348, Fms. xi. 414. kvenna-leiðir, m. 'wo
men-guide,' a law term used of a child as the sole witness to lawsuit for a
rape; barn þat er heitir k., N. G. L. i. 357, 367. kvenna-lið,
n. woman-folk, Nj. 199, Lv. 38. kvenna-maðr, m. a woman's m
an, given to women; mikill k., Hkr. i. 208, Rb. 414; lítill k., ch
aste, Fbr. 12. kvenna-mál, n. love matters, Orkn. 334:
rape, fornication, 444, Lv. 3. kvenna-munr, m. distinction of w
omen, Fms. x. 387. kvenna-nám, n. a rape, Grág.
i. 353. kvenna-ráð, n. pl. women's counsel, Nj. 177. kvenna-siðr, m. habits of women, Grág. i. 338. kvenn
a-skap, n. a woman's temper, Nj. 68. kvenna-skáli, a, m
. a woman's apartment, Sturl. iii. 186. kvenna-skipan, f. arran
gement of the ladies (at a banquet), Ld. 202. kvenna-sveit, f. a b
evy of ladies, Fms. vi. 1. kvenna-vagn, m. 'woman's wain,' a c
onstellation, opp. to karlsvagn, Rb. 1812. 16. kvenna-vist, f. women's
abode, fit for women, Hkr. iii. 339.
konfirmera, að, [for. word], to confirm, H. E. i. 477.
konfirmeran, f. confirmation, eccl., Mar.
kongr, m. a king; see konungr.
kongr, m., qs. kúfungr (q.v.), a conch-shell, Lat. conch
a, Eggert Itin.
kongur-vofa, see köngurváfa, Eluc. 23.
konr, m. kind, an obsolete noun only existing in gen. sing. -ko

nar, as suffixed to adjectives, as Lat. -modi; alls-konar, of all
kinds; hvers-konar, of every kind; ymiss-konar, of sundry kind, Mar.; nokkurs-konar, of some kind; margs-konar, of many kinds; s
ams-konar, of the same kind; þess-konar, of that kind; einsk
is-konar, of no kind; -- see these words.
KONR, m., pl. konir, acc. pl. koni, the gen. is not recorded; this word i
s solely poetical, and used by poets of the 10th and 11th centuries, but since d
isused; it is the masc. answering to kona (q.v.) :-- a man of gentle or noble birth; hve þik kalla konir? how do men call thee? Hkv.
Hjörv. 14; koni (acc.) óneisa, the gentle men, Hkv. 1. 23; du
lsa konr, Ýt. 2; of mæran kon, of a valiant man, Edda (in a
verse); átt-konr, q.v. 2. a royal kinsman; konungmanna konr
, kinsman of kings, Ísl. ii. 229 (in a verse); hildinga konr, sik
linga konr, kinsman of heroes, Lex. Poët.; Yngva konr, kinsman of
 Yngvi, Skv. 2. 14; rögna konr = Gr. GREEK, Vellekla; bragna konr, &Oac
ute;. H. (in a verse); Ellu konr, kinsman of Ella, Fms. vi. 64 (in a vers
e); haukstalla konr, Edda (in a verse); sælinga konr, kinsman of the we
althy, Fms. xi. (in a verse); Heita konr, kinsman of the sea king H.,
Arnórr, cp. Orkn. ch. 3; konr Sigmundar, son of S., Skv. 2. 13. II. as a pr. name, Rm.
konst, f. [from Germ. kunst], art, (mod.)
konstafill, m. [for. word], a constable, Karl. 10.
konstr, n., Germ. kunst, a device, Fas. iii. 293, 308.
konunga, að, to address as a king, Fms. viii. 75. See under ko
nungr.
konung-borinn, part. king-born, Fms. i. 81, vii. 8, Hkv. Hjör
v. 32, Hkv. 46, Ó. H. 16.
konung-borligr, adj. of royal birth, Fms. vi. 159.
konung-djarfr, adj. speaking boldly to kings, Fms. xi. 203.
konung-dómr, m. a kingdom, Skv. 3. 14, Fms. ix. 334, Fb. ii
. 278, Sks. 620, Nj. 271, Ld. 84, Eg. 7, 263, Gþl. 60, 157, passim.
konung-lauss, adj. kingless, without a king, Hkr. ii. 266.
konung-liga, adv. kingly, beseeming a king.
konung-ligr, adj. kingly, royal, Fm. 40, Fms. i. 4, vii. 70, ix. 2
77, x. 322, xi. 114, Stj. 208, passim.
konung-maðr, m. a royal person, a king, Eg. 415, Hkm. 20, &Yac
ute;t. 7, Ó. H. 230 (in a verse), Ísl. ii. 229 (in a verse).
konung-menni, n. a kingly person, Fms. ix. 235 (in a verse).
KONUNGR, m.; since the 14th century in a contracted form kóngr,
 and so in the poems and ballads of that time, Lil., Ól. R., Sk&iacut
e;ða R., Völs. R., as also in the best mod. poets, Hallgrim, Eggert, cp
. Pass. xxvii. 8, 9, 13, 15, Bb. 2. 15, 3. 96, 100, passim: the old vellums most
ly abbreviate thus, kgr, kg, kgs UNCERTAIN; the contracted form occurs in MSS. o
f the 14th century or even earlier, e.g. Cod. Fris., and this is also the usual
mod. pronunciation: [this word is common to all Teut. languages except Goth., wh
ere þiudans = Icel. þjóðan is used; A. S. cynig
; Engl. king; O. H. G. chuninc; Germ. könig; Swed
. kung and konung; Dan. konge; the word is prop. a patrony
mic derivative from konr, = Gr. GREEK = a man of noble extraction; the et
ymology Konr ungr (young Kon) given in the poem Rm. is a mere poetical f
ancy] :-- a king; hvárki em ek k. né jarl, ok þarf ek
ki at göra hásæti undir mik, Nj. 176; jarl ok konungr, N. G. L
. i. 44; Dyggvi var fyrstr k. kallaðr sinna ættmanna, en áð
r vóru þeir dróttnar kallaðir, Hkr. i. 24, passim: the s
aying, til frægðar skal konung hafa, meir en til langlífis, Fms
. iv. 83, vii. 73; cp. fylki skal til frægðar hafa, Mkv.; mörg er
u konungs eyru, Hkr. i. 287; langr er konungs morgin, Sighvat: þjó&
eth;-konungr, a king of a þjóð, = Gr. GREEK; sæ-ko
nungr, a sea king; her-k., a king of hosts, both used of the kings
of old, whose sole kingdom was their camp or fleet, and who went out to conquer
and pillage, -- þat var siðr víkinga, ef konunga synir r&eacut
e;ðu fyrir herliði, at þeir vóru kallaðir konungar, Fms
. i. 98; lá hann þá löngum í hernaði ok var
kallaðr konungr af liðsmönnum,
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<HEADER>KONUNGABOK -- KORNSKURÐR. 351</HEADER>
sem víkinga siðr var, 257; þá er Ólafr tók
við liði ok skipum, þá gáfu liðsmenn honum konu
ngs-nafn, svá sem siðvenja var til, at herkonungar þeir er &iac
ute; víking vóru, ef þeir vóru konungbornir, þ&
aacute; báru þeir konungsnafn, þótt þeir s&aelig
;ti hvergi at löndum, Ó. H. 16; Konungr konunga, King of kings, t
he Lord, 656 C. 32: also of an emperor, Nero k., king Nero, 26; Girk
ja-k,, the king of the Greeks = the Emperor of Constantinople, Fm
s. passim; Karlamagnús k., king Charlemagne, etc.
B. COMPDS: Konunga-bók, f. the Book of Kings, the hi
story of the kings of Norway, also called Konunga-æfi, originally a work o
f Ari, and since applied to later recensions of the same work; hér hefr u
pp Konungabók eptir sögn Ara prests Fróða, inscription to
Hkr., Cod. Fris. p. 3; also, Æfi Noregs-konunga, Knytl. S. ch. 1, 21, 100
; Bók Noregs-konunga, Fb. i. 152. konunga-fundr, m. a meeting o
f kings, Ann. 1273. Konunga-hella, u, f. name of a place, Fms. kon
unga-hús, n. a king's house, palace, 625. 95. konunga-kyn, n. royal kin, royalty, Fms. i. 107. konunga-móðir,
f. mother of kings, a nickname, Fms. konunga-skipti, n. change
of kings, succession, Germ. thronwechsel, Ver. 19, Bret. 70. konu
nga-stefna, u, f. a congress of kings, Fms. vii. 62, Sturl. i. 1, Edd
a 89. konunga-sætt, f. peace among kings, Fms. v. 158. ko
nunga-tal, n. a series of kings, Fms. x. 378: the name of a poem, Fb.
ii. 520. Konunga-æfi, f. the Lives of Kings, the name of a
historical work, Íb. 3. konunga-ætt, f. = konungakyn, Fms. i
. 187, vii. 279. konungs-atsetr, n. a king's residence, Finnb. 270
. konungs-borg, f. a king's castle, Stj. 519. konungs-br&eacute
;f, n. a king's writ, warrant, Fms. ix. 443. konungs-bryggja,
u, f. a king's bridge, Fms. vii. 183. konungs-bú, n. a r
oyal estate, Eg. 372, Fms. i. 90, iv. 255. konungs-bær, m. a
king's residence, Hkr. i. 40. konungs-dómr, m. = konungd&oacu
te;mr, Gþl. 185. konungs-efni, n. a future king, Fms. viii.
332, Js. 15. konungs-eiðr, m. a king's oath, coronation oath,
Jb. 50. konungs-eign, f. a king's property, Gþl. 338. kon

unga-eigur, f. pl. royal property, Hkr. ii. 20. konungs-eyrendi, n. a royal errand, Fms. vii. 19. konungs-fundr, m. audience
given by a king, Sks. 282. konungs-garðr, m. a king's palace,
the king's treasury, Eg. 409, Fms. vii. 159, 207, Sks. 669; er konungsgar&et
h;r rúmr inngangs en þröngr brottfarar, Eg. 519. konungs-ga
ta, u, f. the king's highway, Stj. 333. konungs-gipta, u, f. the king's good luck, cp. Lat. fortuna Caesaris; k. fylgir þ&
eacute;r, Fms. ii. 60, v.l. konungs-gjöf, f. a king's gift, E
g. 183. konungs-gæfa, u, f. = konungsgipta, Fms. ii. 60. konungs
-görsemi, f. a king's jewel, see görsemi, Fas. ii. 349. 
konungs-heiti, n. a king's name, Edda. konungs-herbergi, n. a king's cabinet, Fms. vii. 314, Gþl. 139. konungs-hirð, f
. a king's hirð (q.v.), Fbr. 116. konungs-hús, n. a
king's house, Grág. ii. 170. konungs-höfn, f. a king's
haven, Fbr. 122, Fms. ix. 447. konungs-höll, f. a king's hal
l, palace, Ver. 31. konungs-jörð, f. a king's estate,
Gþl. 79. konungs-kveðja, u, f. an address to a king, B&
aacute;rð. 180. konungs-lauss, adj. kingless, Fms. iv. 355. konungs-leyfi, n. a king's leave, Fms. vi. 98. konungs-lið, n. the king's troops, Fms. viii. 70. konungs-lúðr, m
. the king's trumpet, Fms. vii. 287, Hkr. iii. 325. konungs-lykill, m. a Norse law term, the king's key = an axe, which opens all do
ors and chests; munu þeir bera konungslykil at húsinu, they will
break it by force, Fms. vi. 188; ek hefi at varðveita konungslykil &tho
rn;ann er at öllum kistum gengr ok lásum ... Vegglagr sér at
hann mun upp höggva kistuna ef hón væri eigi upp lokin, Fbr. 4
6 new Ed. konungs-lægi, n. the king's berth, Fas. i. 528, Hk
r. iii. 79, 83. konungs-maðr, m. a king's man, Eg. 17, Sks. 25
3, 341, Fms. i. 10, 280, Ó. H. 216, passim. konungs-mörk, f.
a royal forest, Grág. ii. 408, Gþl. 79. konungs-nafn,
n. a king's title, Eg. 590, Fms. i. 6, vii. 1. konungs-nautr, m.
a king's gift, Ísl. ii. 226, Ld. 204, Hallfred. konungs-n&iacut
e;ðingr, m. a traitor to the king, Fms. viii. 387. konungs-or&
eth;, n. the king's command, order, Fms. ix. 443. konungs-reið
i, f. the king's anger, Fms. ix. 454. konungs-réttr, m
. the king's right, Fms. vii. 305. konungs-ríki, n., mod. kóngs-ríki, Germ. königsreich, a kingdom, Fms.
i. 85, xi. 30, Ant. 289, Sks. 464, passim. konungs-setr, n. a royal re
sidence, Fms. ix. 330. konungs-skip, n. a king's ship, Fms. vi
i. 260, Sturl. iii. 132. konungs-skrúði, a, m. king's appar
el, Stj. 601. konungs-smiðr, m. the king's smith, Fas. i.
15. konungs-sómi, a, m. royal dignity, Hkr. iii. 240. ko
nungs-steði, a, m. the king's stithy, i.e. the mint, Js.
157, Fms. viii. 166. konungs-sveit, f. the king's retinue, Fms. ix
. 22. konungs-sverð, n. the king's sword, i.e. the secular
power, Js. 19. konungs-sýsla, u, f. a royal office, distric
t, Eg. 27, 36, Hkr. ii. 162. konungs-sæti, n. the king's sea
t, residence, Fms. vi. 439, Sks. 108, Stj. 76. konungs-tekja, u, f. election of a king, Bret. 70, Fms. ix. 8, Hkr. ii. 20, iii. 146. konung
s-tign, f. royal dignity, Fms. iii. 48, vii. 22. konungs-umboð
, n. royal commission, konungsumboðs-maðr, m. the k
ing's commissary, Gþl. 20. konungs-vald, n. royal authority,
 Gþl. 533. konungs-vinr, m. a king's friend, Fms. ix. 36
8. konungs-vígsla, u, f. a coronation, Fms. vii. 306, x. 14
, Hkr. iii. 146, Gþl. 63. konungs-þing, n. the king's asse
mbly, = húsþing (q.v.), Gþl. 438. konungs-þr&ael
ig;ll, m. the king's thrall, a term of abuse, Ó. H. 120, B&aac
ute;rð. 82. Ld. 4. konungs-æfi, f. a king's life or r
eign. Gþl. 70.
konung-ríki, n. a kingdom, Fms. x. 273.

konung-sæll, adj. lucky as to kings, blessed with good kings, Fms. xi. 217.
konvent, n. [for. word], a convent, Sks. 96.
konventa, u, f. a convent, Vm. 109; konventu-bróðir, -s
ystir, Dipl. iii. 6, 9; konventu-hús, D. N.
kopa, að, in the phrase, e-m kopar, or honum er farið að kopa
, one begins to fall off, from age or the like; perhaps the passage in Hm
. 16 belongs to this, but see kópa.
KOPARR, m. [Engl. copper; Germ. kupfer; Dan. kobber]
:-- copper, Stj. 88, Fms. v. 344. COMPDS: kopar-bagall, m. a
copper crosier, Dipl. v. 18. kopar-böllr, m. a copper ball, Dipl. iii. 4. kopar-hringja, u, f. a copper buckle, Vm. 177. kopar-kanna, u, f. a copper can, Boldt. kopar-ker, n. a c
opper vessel, Vm. 25. kopar-kross, m. a copper cross, Pm. 120,
B. K. 83. kopar-ligr, adj. of copper. kopar-peningr, m. a copper penny, Stj. kopar-slagari, a, m. a coppersmith, D.
N. kopar-spónn, m. a copper spoon, Pm. 5. kopar-stika, u, f. a copper candlestick, Vm. 20.
koppaðr, part. spotted; handklæði koppat, B. K. 84.
koppari, a, m. a turner, joiner, N. G. L. ii. 241; koppara-j&aacut
e;rn, a turner's chisel, Fms. v. 339.
KOPPR, m. [Engl. cup; Dan. kop; cp. also W. Engl. cop = a round hill, and Germ. kopf = head, which prop. mean a cup, analogous to Icel. kolla and kollr, q.v.] :-- a cup, small vesse
l, esp. in dairy-work; koppar ok keröld; í koppum ok keröld
um, Bs. i. 721; trog, dall, eysil, ask né kopp, Snót; viðsmj&o
uml;r í koppi, Stj. 590; fæði ok láta fylgja kopp, N. G.
L. i. 131 (418): a chamber pot, Bs. ii. 345: a cup-shaped hole, &
iacute; þeim steini vóru klappaðir fjórir koppar, s&iacu
te;ðan er hann hafðr til þváttsteins, Bs. i. 640; segja men
n at enn sjái í berginu svá sem smá-koppa, þar
sem konungsmenn settu örfalina, Fms. i. 280: of the eye-socket, Bs.
i. 177; spé-koppar (Dan. smilehuller), a dimple in the cheeks.
 II. = knappr, the bell-shaped crown of a helmet, Fas. iii. 53
5, Karl. 355. kopps-tröð, f. a local name, Sturl. i. 63.
kordúna-hosur, f. pl. hose of cordovan leather, Fms. iv. 77
.
korgr, m. grounds, dregs; kaffe-k., blóð-k.
korka, u, f. a pining or wasting away; það er kor
ka í honum. korku-legr, adj. pining, perhaps a corruption f
rom kraki, kroklegr, legr, q.v.
korki, a, m. [from Gael, coirce], oats, a GREEK, Edda (Gl.)
korkna, að, to dwindle away.
korkr, m. cork, (mod. and for.)
Kormakr, m., Korm-löð, f., pr. names of Irish origin, Lan

dn., Nj.
KORN, n. [Goth. kaurn = GREEK and kaurnô = GREEK; A.
S. and Engl. corn; O. H. G. chorn; Germ. and Dan. korn] :-corn, grain; ellefu korn, ok ellefu pipar-korn, 655 xxx. 8; leynisk &iac
ute; litlu korni afl trésins, Greg. 14; hleifr er görr af mörgu
m kornum, 625. 90: seed, grain, korn eðr malt, Ó. H. 113; hann
skal honum greiða kýr ok korn, smjör ok vöru, Gþl. 3
05; sumir skáru korn, sumir bundu, sumir óku heim korninu, &Oacute
;. H. 30; þar var hallæri á korni (a bad crop) en gott
korn (a good crop) austr í land, 102; korn (crop) var hel
dr úárvænt, 113; færa menn niðr korn sín, N
j. 169; hann sár þar niðr korninu, 82; er ok íllu komi t
il sáð, enda mun íllt af gróa, a saying, 174; sá
himnesku korni í hjörtu manna, H. E. 500: flour, tak r&uacut
e;gbrauð, eigi blandat við annat korn, Lækn. :-- in plur. store
s of grain, hann flutti með sér mikil korn, Fms. vii. 173; &thorn
;ar vóru forn korn, Ó. H. 102, 113 :-- oats, corn, (Swed. hesta-korn, cp. 'a feed of corn'), gefa hestum korn, 31; hann var G
auzkr hlaupari ok alinn á korni vetr ok sumar, Gullþ. 12 :-- Mikkja
ls-korn, Ólafs-korn, Michael's corn, St. Olave's corn, a kind of t
ithe paid to the church in Norway, Fr. II. metaph. a bit, grain; o
k þar kemr lítið korn niðr af þeim bita, of a bit of
meat, Fas. i. 54; hákarls-korn, Snót 226; sand-korn, a grain of
sand. 2. in mod. usage freq. as a diminutive suffix to a noun; &thor
n;að var máltak hans við hvern mann, bróðir! karl-korn
mitt! of bishop Sweyn, who died A. D. 1476. Esp. Árb. 1475; barn-korn, a bit of a bairn = GREEK; stundar-korn, a little while; húskorn, a scrap of a house; bú-korn, a small household; or&et
h;-korn, a little word: this use, however, scarcely occurs before the 15t
h century (unless it be in the passage Fas. l.c., which, however, is only found
in a paper MS.), and it may be a kind of imitation of the Germ. -chen. CO
MPDS: korn-amstr, n. a corn-stack, Orkn. 448. korn-ár, n. a 'corn-year,' crop, Fas. ii. 126. korn-bingr, m. a 'corn
-bin,' heap of corn. korn-deild, f. a kind of contribution or
tithe paid in corn, N. G. L. i. 142. korn-feitr, adj. 'corn-fat
,' of a horse, Fms. xi. 280. korn-frjó, n. seed-corn, P
r. 448. korn-garðr, m. a corn-shed, Vm. 18. korn-gildr,
adj. payable in corn, D. N. korn-gyðja, u, f. the corn-god
dess = Ceres, Stj. 83. korn-görð, f. corn-produce,
 Stj. 164. korn-hjálmr, m. a corn-stack, Stj. 424, Fb.
i. 541. korn-hlaða, u, f. a 'corn-lathe,' barn, Eg. 43, 49, 2
35, Ó. H. 30. korn-hús, n. a 'corn-house,' barn, 65
6 C. 31. korn-jörð, f. corn-soil, arable land; sá
í góða k., Hom. 67. korn-kaup, n. purchase of corn, Ó. H. 113, Gþl. 352. korn-kippa, u, f. a corn-sieve, Nj. 82, 170. korn-kýrlag, n. a cow's value in corn, B.
K. 55. korn-sala, u, f. sale of corn, Ó. H. 114. korn-s&
aacute;ð, n. flour, rendering of polenta, Stj. korn-skr
eppa, u, f. a 'corn-scrip,' corn-sieve, Nj. 82. v.l. korn-skur&eth
;r, m. shearing
<PAGE NUM="b0352">
<HEADER>352 KORNSKURÐARMAÐR -- KOSTR.</HEADER>
(as it is called in North England and Scotland), reaping, Stj. 422, 438,
Clem. 30, Magn. 502. kornskurðar-maðr, m. a shearer, reaper, Stj. 422, Greg. 69. kornskurðar-mánuðr, m. the shear
ing month, Edda. kornskurðar-tími, a, m. shearing time,
 Stj. 61, 354. korn-slátta, u, f. a reaping, N. G. L. i
. 254. korn-tíund, f. a tithe paid in corn, B. K. 53. k
orn-ungr, adj. quite young. korn-virki, n. a corn shed,
Gþl. 454. korn-vist, f. stores of corn; bannat at selja k.,
O. H. L. 35. korn-vín, n. a kind of wine, B. K. 64.
Korn-bretar, m. pl. the Britons of Cornwall (Kornbreta-land
), Fms.
korpa, u, f. pining away, Björn.
korpna, að, to fall off.
korporal, n. [for. word], a corporal, Hom. 138, Pm., Vm., B. K.
korpr, m. [Scot. corbie; Swed. korp], a raven, Edda
(Gl.): a nickname, Fb. iii.
korpu-legr, adj. falling off, thin, Björn.
korra, að, older form kvarra, q.v.; það korrar í hon
um.
korri-ró, interj. (qs. kúrð'-í-ró, sle
ep in rest!), a lullaby, Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 209.
kort, n. a map, mod. Dan. kort, Germ. karte.
kortr, adj. [Germ. kurz], short, Úlf. 7. 133, is sca
rcely an Icel. word.
kos-eyrir, m. choice things, = kjörfé, Sturl. i. 77.
kos-girni, f. a caprice, whim; þat er ekki nema k. ein, N. G
. L. i. 384.
kosning, f. [kjósa], an election, Fms. viii. 268, ix. 227,
Sks. 748, BS. passim. kosningar-bréf, n. the writ for an electi
on, Ann. 1321.
kosningi, a, m. the chosen or elect one; þú er
t konungr ok k. þessa ríkis, El.
kosningr, m. = kosning, Sturl. i. 214, Fms. vi. 93, viii. 259, x. 58: 
a franchise, 96.
kos-orð, n. an election, Fr.
KOSS, m. [cp. Ulf. kukjan; A. S. cyss; Engl. kiss; G
erm. kuss; Dan. kys; Swed. kyss] :-- a kiss; fylgja
skal kveðju koss, a saying, Fsm. 48; eptir tárblandinn koss skilja &t
horn;au, Fms. xi. 425; eigi tjáðu eiðar oss eða margir kossar
, Vígl. (in a verse); hann sveigir hana at sér ok verða &thorn
;á einstaka kossar, Fs. 88; með ástsamlegum kossi, Barl. 186;
gefa e-m koss, Greg. 46; friðar-koss, a kiss of peace, Nd. 59; J&uacu
te;das-koss, a Judas-kiss; ekki, Lafranz, vill ek kyssa þik, &thorn
;víat þat má vera, ef stundir líða, at þat
kallir þú Júdas-koss, Bs. i. 842: in Hm. 81 kossa is corrupt

for kosta (see kostr I. 4), for in law, kissing a maiden by stealth was a finab
le offence, -- as in the case of the poet Kormak, Korm. ch. 24, -- and if agains
t her will it was liable to fjörbaugs-garðr, Grág. i. 337; cp. t
eygjattu þér at kossi konur, Sdm. 28; laun-koss, Grág. (Kb.)
ii. 47. COMPDS: kossa-flens, n. kissing, licking, in a bad sense,
Snót. kossa-gangr, m. much kissing, Art. 100.
koss-mildr, adj. 'kiss-mild,' fond of kissing, Art. 108, Fas. iii.
483.
KOSTA, að, [akin to kjósa; A. S. costjan; Germ. kost
en = to taste; Lat. gusto; Gr. GREEK] :-- to try, tempt, s
trive: with gen., kosta afls, to try one's strength, Vsp. 7; k. magns
, id., Rm. 9; k. megins, Gs. 22; k. sunds, Fms. vii. 351 (in a verse); k.
rásar, Þorf. Karl. (in a verse); (til) rásar kostar þ
ú nú, Fs. 45; k. vígs, to fight, Ó. H. (in a
verse); kosta mans, to fall in love, Hbl. 15; Bárðr þurf
ti alls at kosta, B. had to exert all his strength, Bard. 166; kosta kapp
s, to strive hard, Grett. 202 new Ed.: to risk, vil ek þar t
il kosta fjár föður míns, Fms. ii. 63; hvárt &thor
n;eir færi til þings, ok kostim at því allra vina v&aac
ute;rra, Eb. 98; verja fé yðvart ok frelsi, ok kosta þar til al
lra þeirra manna er yðr er liðs at ván, Eg. 8; ætla e
k at sækja oddi ok eggju frændleifð mína, ok kosta &thorn
;ar at allra frænda minna ok vina ok allra þeirra er ..., Ó.
H. 32. 2. to tempt; at vér fyrir-farimk eigi í kosta
n þeirri er djöfullinn kostar vár, Hom. 158; í þv
í er hann kostar (tries) upp at rísa, Al. 144; þeir s
ögðu hann fullu kostað hafa, he had taken pains enough, Odd.
18; skal hann kosta at koma, N. G. L. i. 348. 3. as imperat. giving emph
asis to the verb, like Lat. age, come! kostið svá keppa, fi
ght so hard! Am. 54; kostum flærð at forðask, Leiðarv. 39;
kostum (not köstum) at æsta, 40; kostaðu at vinna vel margar &ia
cute;þróttir, Hsm. 29; kostaðu hug þinn herða, Sturl.
iii. (in a verse); kostaðu hins, at haldir fast hesti ok skjaldi, Korm., L&
iacute;kn. 11; en hinn er fallinn er, kosti hann ok rísi upp sem flj&oacu
te;tast, Blanda (MS.); nú kostit, bræðr, ok verit hraustir, 
come, brethren, be of good cheer! 656 C. 22; en þér kostið
ok görit svá vel, at þér leggit ráð á
með mér, Karl. 484; við þat er kostanda (exert thyself), at yfir verði stigit af þér með andans afli, MS. 677.
5; því kosti hverr sem æ staðfastlegast at göra got
t, Hom. 24. II. impers. with acc. it strains a thing, i.e. it i
s strained, damaged; þó at kjöl kosti, though the keel
is sorely strained, Fms. vii. 59 (in a verse); hvárki var þeim
at meini hungr né kuldi, heitt né kalt, hvárki kostaði
þau, neither of them was hurt, suffered from it, Blanda (MS.); &tho
rn;at fall var svá mikit, at kostaði lærlegg hans, Fms. ix. 219
. 2. reflex., kostast, to suffer a bodily or inward injury;
þat var mál manna, at Þorfinnr mundi eigi lifað hafa, sv
á mjök var hann kostaðr af eldinum, Sturl. i. 162; mjök kos
taðr af hita, 161; bæði var kostað hold hans ok bein, Greg. 80
; kostaðr hestr, a broken-winded horse; sakir fyrnsku vóru ba
rarnar mjök kostaðar, dilapidated, Bs. ii. 146. III. [Eng
l. cost; Germ. kosten], to cost, with acc. of the person an
d price; mik (acc.) kostaði fimm merkr (acc.) gulls, it cost me five gold
marks, El.; þat kostar líf (acc.) hans, it cost his life, Fas. i. 532; líkneski sem til kostaði tíu aura, Vm. 101: ge
t ek at þér þykki mikit (acc.) k. at kaupa hann, Fms. i. 79;
sem búar virða at dómi, at mik hafi kostað fyrir þau

, Grág. i. 368; slíkt sem þá (acc.) hefir kostað,
K. Þ. K. 54; spurði hvat (acc.) kostat hafði Þórarin
(acc.), Fms. v. 315: with acc. of the thing and price, keisarann kostaði ei
gi minna fé leikinn (acc.), the play cost the emperor not less, vi
i. 97; þá kerru (acc.) kostaði sex hundruð (acc.) skillinga
, the car cost ..., Stj. 573; einn riddara (acc.) kostar átta merk
r, Fms. xi. 331. 2. to defray the expences of, with acc.; þa
t boð kostaði Unnr, Ld. 10; þau hin sömu klæði sem
þeir höfðu kostað (purchased) með kirkjunnar g&oac
ute;zi, Mar. :-- to spend, lay out, with acc., hvat viltú til kost
a; at hann skyldi þessa nafnbót engum peningum kosta, that he sh
ould be at no expence for it, Fms. x. 93, v.l.; þat fríða
líkneski hafði prestrinn kostað á sína peninga, Mar
.; þú hefir kostað oss (entertained us), bóndi, F
s. 150; allt þat er hann leggr til ok kostar, lays out, N. G. L. ii
. 354; er svá mikit lét sik kosta oss til lausnar, who let it c
ost himself so much, Barl. 114; hafði hann setu á Grund ok kosta&
eth;i einn allt fyrir, and defrayed all the costs, Sturl. i. 155 :-- in
mod. usage with dat., k. miklu til eins, hann hefir engu til þess kosta&et
h;, he has invested no money in it, done nothing for it; k. miklu upp &aa
cute; e-ð, to spend much money on a thing.
kostall, adj. costly, expensive; e-m verðr kostallt, Bs. i. 72
2.
kostan, f. cost, pains; leggja kostan ok stund á e-t, Fms.
x. 395: temptation, k. fjandans, Hom. 33, 158.
kost-góðr, adj. of good quality, Grág. i. 498; e
sp. of milk, pasture, jarðir kostgóðar ok grösugar, Stj. 341
: of a horse, skjótr hestr ok kostgóðr, Flóv. 28.
kost-gripr, m. a costly thing, choice thing (see kjörgripr),
Fs. 40, 43, Fms. x. 215, Bs. i. 37, Edda 15, 82.
kost-gæfa, ð, to push on with a thing; kostgæfa ep
tirförna, to pursue hard, Ísl. ii. 360; k. undanró&eth
;rinn, Fb. i. 396; k. e-s nauðsyn, ii. 91. 2. to strive, take pain
s, with infin.; k. at fremja, Bs. i. 42, Magn. 468, Fms. i. 184, vii. 31, Eb
. 39 new Ed. :-- reflex., H. E. i. 249, Barl. 78.
kost-gæfð, f. painstaking, Bs. i. 273, Mar. 1067.
kost-gæfi, n. and f. painstaking, care: α. neut
., allt k., Hom. 49; með miklu k., with mickle pains, Fms. x. 277; me
ð öllu k., with all diligence, 656 A. i. 17, Fms. i. 260, Bs. i.
38, Al. 163, Stj. 595. β. fem., sakir kostgæfi þeirrar,
Bs. i. 166.
kost-gæfiligr, adj. painstaking, diligent.
kost-gæfinn, adj. painstaking, (the mod. form.)
kost-gæfliga and kost-gæfiliga, adv. with pains, di
ligently, Hom. 1, Fms. i. 263.
kost-gæfni, f. = kostgæfi, N. G. L. ii. 481, freq. in mod. us
age.
kost-gæfr, adj. painstaking, diligent, Sturl. i. 90, Greg. 2

7; verum sem kostgæfstir, 55; k. athugi, Hom. 52; k. á e-t, Fms. ii
. 145.
kost-görð, f. the state of affairs, Finnb. 318.
kost-hald and kost-heldi, n. entertainment, D. N. ii. 393,
482.
kostigr, adj. costly, choice; kostig lönd, fine pasture, Ld. 124; ágætir hagar, kostigir ok loðnir, Stj. 258: chos
en, of a person, Hd.; ú-kostigr, mean, common, Fs. 128.
kost-íllr, adj. bad, common, Fas. ii. 111.
kost-lauss, adj. 'cost-less,' bad, vile, Fms. v. 14.
kost-ligr, adj. costly, choice, desirable, Ó. H. 98.
kost-móðr, adj. 'meat-weary,' weary after a hearty meal, Hým. 30.
kostnaðr, m. cost, expence, Eg. 43, Grág. i. 336, Fms.
i. 52; í kostnað þann er þú hefir fyrir mér
, Eb. 262; sátu sumir á sínum kostnaði, Orkn. 334, G&th
orn;l. 59; lítill k., small cost, Flóv. 34: living,
var þá skipt Eyjunum hvar hvárir skyldu kostnað á
hafa, Orkn. 272. COMPDS: kostnaðar-laust, adj. without expense. kostnaðar-lítill, adj. of little cost. kostna&et
h;ar-mikill, adj. very costly, expensive, Eg. 38, Fms. vii. 73. ko
stnaðar-samr, adj. expensive, Fms. xi. 316, Bs. i. 830, Orkn. 96.
KOSTR, m., gen. kostar, pl. kostir, old acc. pl. kostu, which is used in
old poets as Sighvat (Ó. H. 39), Arnór (Edda 50); but the usual fo
rm in the MSS. as well as in mod. usage is kosti; [Ulf. kustus = GREEK, 2
Cor. ii. 9, xiii. 3; Germ. and Dan. kost = fare, food] :-- a c
hoice, the fundamental notion being trial; I. condition, ch
ance, but mostly with the notion of a hard choice; eru nú tvei
r kostir til, sá annarr, at ..., hinn annarr, at ..., Nj. 199; sá
er hinn þriði kostr, Grág. ii. 83; munu þér hinn s
ama kost fyrir höndum eiga sem vær áttum, at verja fé y
ðvart ok frelsi ... en at öðrum kosti, Eg. 8; hann sá engan
sinn kost annan, en hann lét fallask þvers undan laginu, Nj. 246, E
g. 24; sám vér þann helzt várn kost at firrask fund h
ans, 70; nú má Flosi sjá sinn kost, hvárt hann vill
sættask til þess at sumir sé utan sætta, Nj. 250; &thor
n;að er hverjum manni boðit, at leita sér lífs meðan k
ostr er, 202; einbeygðr kostr, the only choice left, Orkn. 58. 2. choice, terms; hvern kost vili þér nú göra I
ngjaldi? Nj. 3; ek göri þér skjótan kost, Dropl. 6; g&o
uml;ra e-m tvá kosti, Ld. 212, Fs. 57; tók Kali þenna kost,
Orkn. 214. 3. a chance, opportunity, possibility; göra kost &
aacute; e-u, Nj. 155, 271; mun ek öngan kost á göra, I will
give no choice in the matter, i.e. will not do it, 149; kost munt&uac
ute; láta at etja, 90 :-- kostr er á, or gen. kostr e-s, a thin
g is possible, there is a chance, 254, 263; ef þess er k., Grág
. ii. 56; Háreks var ekki við k., there was no question as to H., Ísl. ii. 315; þá er mín er
<PAGE NUM="b0353">
<HEADER>KOSTARHALD -- KÓRONA. 353</HEADER>
eigi við kostr, when I am gone, Stj. 363 :-- eiga e-s kosti, to ha
ve a chance of, be able, allowed, Grág. i. 63, 468, Ld. 84, 160, 184,
Nj. 57, 132, Eg. 16, 60, 531, Sks. 20 B. 4. a match, of an unmarr
ied woman; Sigríðr hét dóttir hans ok þótt
i beztr kostr á Hálogalandi, Eg. 25; hann átti dóttu
r eina er Unnr hét, hón var væn kona ok kurteis ok vel at s&
eacute;r, ok þótti sá beztr k. á Rangárvö
llum, Nj. (begin.); Hallr kvað góðan kost í henni, H. s
aid she was a good match, 180, Fs. 88, Stj. 187; engi kostr þót
ti þá þvílíkr sem Helga hin Fagra í &oum
l;llum Borgarfirði, Ísl. ii. 206: giving a woman away, hann sp
yrr hverr ráða eigi fyrir kosti hennar, who was to give her away, Band. 9 new Ed.; mey til kosta, a maid to be married, Hm. 81, (MS. ko
ssa), cp. liggja heima sem mær til kosta, Fas. iii. 409, (ráðakostr, a match); kvennkostr (q.v.), góðr kvennkostr. 5.
choice, state, condition; þat mun mína kosti hér fra
m draga, at þú átt ekki vald á mér, Orkn. 120;
kostum drepr kvenna karla ofríki, i.e. the tyranny of man crushes a w
oman's right, Am. 69; drap þá brátt kosti, then the
state grew worse, id.; sjá fyrir sínum kosti, to take care
of oneself, Fms. x. 236; eigi mun honum þykkja batnað hafa v&aacut
e;rr kostr, Eg. 287; eigi treystusk menn at raska kosti þeirra, people
dared not meddle with them, disturb them, Ld. 146; bændr vildu verja k
ost sinn, defend themselves, Fms. ix. 306; síðan lét Si
mon varðveita kost hennar, guard her affairs, vii. 233; þ&aacut
e; heldr hann kosti sínum, then he holds his place, loses not his righ
t, Grág. ii. 209; ú-kostir, afar-kostir, a hard, evil choic
e; ör-kostr, lack of choice, poverty. II. cost, expenc
e; allan þann kost er hann hefir fyrir haft, Jb. 321; sá er vit
na þarf skal standa þeim kost allan, 358; hver maðr er sik ok s&
iacute;n hjú heldr á sínum kosti, K. Á. 78; þa
t skip höfðu bæjar-menn látið göra af sínu
m kosti, Fms. ix. 270; hann hélt sik ríkmannlega at klæð
um ok öllum kosti (fare), ii. 278; hann lét alla sína
félaga á sinn kost þann vetr, Gullþ. 9; hví han
n var svá djarfr at taka slíka menn upp á kost hans, Landn.
149, v.l.; hann gaf sér mikinn kost til (he took great pains), at
koma þeim öllum í vingun við Guð, Hom. 108; þ&o
acute;at hann hefði mörgu sinni mikinn kost (pains) til gefit, A
l. 116; hann lézk þar vildu sína kosti til leggja (do his
best), at þeir Hákon deildi enga úhæfu, Fms. i. 2
2. III. means; er (þeir) synja ölmusu, er kosti hö
fðu til, Hom. 64; hafa meira kost, to be the strongest, Fb. ii. 361;
eiga alls kosti við e-n, to have it all in one's power, i.e. to be
the strongest; Jökull gaf honum líf ok átti á&eth
;r alls kosti við hann, Fs. 10; eiga alla kosti, Fms. iv. 296, Stj. 481; Bes
sus er slíks átti kosti við hann er hann vildi gört hafa,
Al. 101; eiga nokkurs góðs kosti, 96; hafa lítils kosti, t
o have small chance, be little worth, Mar.: means, provisions, me&eth
;an mér endask föng til, þótt ek véla um m&iacut
e;na kosti, though I am left to my own supplies, Eg. 66; bauð hann Od
di alla kosti með sér, Fas. ii. 540; ef vér hittumk sí&
eth;ar svá at þeir hafi meiri kosli (forces), Fms. v. 87; b&
aelig;ndr efldu þá kost hans um búit, Sturl. iii. 196 C: 
stores, tvau skip hlaðin vænum kosti, Fms. xi. 436; hér s&e
acute; ek beggja kost, I see here plenty of either, Sighvat; mungá
t né aðra kosti (fare), setjask í kosti e-s, Fms. viii.
58; bændr uggðu at sezt mundi á kost þeirra, ok kurru&et
h;u ílla, Bs. i. 549: victuals, provisions, Germ. kost, se
lja silfr fyrir kost, Fas. i. 450; hveiti ok annarr kostr, Stj. 112; Kirk
ja á þetta í kosti, tvær vættir skreiðar, v&
aelig;tt smjörs, vætt kjöts, Pm. 34; tvau hundruð í h
austlagi, tíu aura í kosti, Vm. 42: board, bóndi sk
al halda honum kost, Jb. 374; þá bauð Ketill fé fyrir ko
st hennar, Dropl. 4; til kostar ok klæða, fare and clothing, B.
K. 108; at konungs kosti, at the king's table, Bs. i. 782; far-k. (q.v.)
, a ship, vehicle; liðs-k., forces, troops. IV. cos
t, quality; af léttum kosti, Fms. x. 173; þat sax var afbur&eth
;ar-járn kosti, of fine steel, id. 2. good things; f
riði fylgja allir kostir ok öll fríðindi, Clem. 29; kyn ok k
ostr (quality), MS. 4. 9; fátt fríðra kosta, Hdl. 45: &
thorn;eir kostir skulu ok fylgja, at þik skal aldri kala í skyrtunn
i, Fas. ii. 529, 531; þá ferr hann ór skyrtu sinni, ok h&eac
ute;lt hón öllum kostum sínum, 539: fatness, Lat. u
bertas glebae, jarðarinnar kost ok feitleik, Stj. 167; þar v&oacu
te;ru allgóðir lands-kostir, Hkr. i. 55; er mér sagt gott fr&a
acute; landa-kostum, at þar gangi fé sjálfala á vetru
m en fiskr í hverju vatni, Fs. 20, 25, Landn. 225, v.l.; af kostum skal &
thorn;essu landi nafn gefa ok kalla Markland, Fb. i. 539. 3. virtue; þeir stígask yfir af hermönnum Krists fyrir helga kosti, Ho
m. 27; Kristni þróask at mannfjölda ok kostum, MS. 677. 8; eig
i er þat rúnanna kostr, ... heldr er þat þinn kostr, Sk
álda 162, freq. in mod. usage. 4. a good quality, virtue; s
egja kost ok löst, to tell fairly the good and bad of a thing; skal
t þú segja kost ok löst á konunni, Nj. 23; hann sag&eth
;i kost ok löst af landinu, Landn. 30; löstu ok kostu bera ljó&
eth;a synir blandna brjóstum í, Hm. 134; ú-kostr, a faul
t, flaw; mann-kostir, virtues. 5. spec. of a horse, plur. a
fine pace; hestr óð kafs af kostum, Sighvat. V. spec. and
adverb. usages; til kostar, well! all right! well done! er þat til
kostar, ef eigi flýjum vér fyrir mönnunum, Fms. xi. 139; &th
orn;at er til kostar, ef ..., well done, if ..., Hým. 33; er &thor
n;at ok til kostar (it is a comfort) at Höskuldi muni þ&aacute
; tveir hlutir ílla líka, Ld. 70: because, allra mest af &t
horn;eim kosti, at ..., Hom. 33: sagði Ósvífr at þeir mu
ndi á kostum (indeed) finna, at þau Guðrún v&oac
ute;ru eigi jafnmenni, Ld. 122; þeim kosti, in that case, Gr&aacute
;g. i. 40; engum kosti, by no means, MS. 4. 21; at þeim kosti, o
n that condition, Grág. ii. 239; at öðrum kosti, else, ot
herwise, Eg. 8, 749; at þriðja kosti, thirdly, 14, Gr&aacut
e;g. i. 395; at síðasta, efsta kosti, in the last instance, last e
mergency, Nj. 221; at fæsta kosti, at least, N. G. L. i. 61; at
versta kosti, in the worst case, 101; at minnsta kosti, at least:
gen., alls kostar, quite, in every respect, Sks. 674 B, passim; eigi ein
s kostar, not very, not peculiarly, Ísl. ii. 322; annars kostar, as for the rest, 108 B; nokkurs kostar, in any wise, Fms. xi. 79, F
b. i. 74; sums kostar, in some respect, Fas. ii. 547, v. 69, Hom. 89; &t
horn;ess kostar, in this case, thus, Fms. xi. 79, Rb. 36, Hom. (St.): acc
., þá kostu, as adv., in such a manner, N. G. L. i. 327; fyr
ir hvern kost, by every means. UNCERTAIN Kostr, in sense I, is in old wri
ters often omitted, and left to be supplied by the adjective or pronoun, e.g. &
thorn;ann (viz. kost) munu vér af taka, Ld. 188; at hann mundi verða
þann upp at taka, Eg. 157, Nj. 222; er þá ok sá einn
(viz. kostr) til, 227, Fms. vii. 265; er oss nú engi annarr til, Nj. 143,
Eg. 405; er yðr engi annarr á görr en snúa aptr, Nj. 20
7; Hákon jarl er alltrauðr undir trúna at ganga, ok þyk
kir vera harðr (viz. kostr) á annat borð, Fms. xi. 39. COMPDS: kostar-hald, n. maintenance, Stj. 184. kostar-lauss, adj. without provisions, Ísl. ii. 463. kosta-boð, n. pl. a
very favourable choice, Eg. 539, Vápn. 30, Sturl. iii. 151. kostamikill, adj. good, fine, valuable, Sturl. iii. 7. kosta-munr,
m. difference in quality, Nj. 52. kosta-vandr, adj. fastidious,
 Vígl. 16. kosta-vanr, adj. cheerless, Skm. 30.
kost-samr, adj. fine, excellent, Hkm. 2.
kostuligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), costly, Fas. i. 76.
kost-vandr, adj. fastidious, Fas. iii. 115, Vígl. 48 new Ed
.
KOT, n. [A. S. cote; Engl. cot], a cottage, hut, small f
arm; fyrir hví ertu kominn í kot þetta! Clem. 25, Barl.
194, Orkn. 78, Ó. H. 208, Fms. ix. 359; leggjask í kot, Rét
t. 10. 7: allit., karl and kot, þat er mart í koti karls sem k&oacu
te;ngs er ekki í ranni, or karl ok kerling í koti sínu, see
karl; því er betra kál í koti en ketill stór
af borgar floti, Eggert.
kot, n. [from Engl. coat], a coat, jacket.
kota or kotra, að; kotra sér niðr, to seek out a
hole.
kot-bóndi, a, m. a cottier, Lv. 59, Fas. ii. 46; þ&aa
cute; ætla ek mörgum kotbúondonum munu þykkja vera &thor
n;röngt fyrir dyrum, Ó. H. 127.
kot-bær, m. = kot, Barl. 46, Fagrsk. ch. 193.
kot-karl, m. a cottier, cottager, a boor, Sks. 254, Sturl. iii. 12
2, Fms. iv. 283, vii. 253, Glúm. 391. COMPDS: kotkarla-ætt,
f. poor folk, Fas. iii. 289. kotkarls-barn and kotkarls-son, m. a churl's bairn, churl's son, Fms. ix. 330, 331, Stj. 206; hinn her
filigasti kotkarls-son ok innar minnstu ættar, Fms. vii. 157, Thom. 401.
kot-lífi, n. humble life, Stat. 276.
kot-maðr, m. = kotungr, Sturl. (in a verse).
kot-mannliga, adv. meanly, in a beggarly way, Bjarn. 29.
kot-mannligr, adj. beggarly.
kotra, u, f. a game, backgammon, = kvátra, q.v.
kotroskinn, adj. prudish, Snót (1866), (conversational.)
kotung, n. cotton, = kotun. kotungs-lauf, n. and kotungs
-víðir, m. a kind of salix, Hjalt.
kotungr, m. = kotkarl, Fas. iii. 249, Fb. ILLEGIBLE 26, Str. 45.
kotún, n. cotton, (mod.)
kovertúr, n. [for. word], 'coverture,' a covering, Sks. 403
.
KÓÐ, n. the fry of trout and salmon; brand-kó&et
h;.
KÓF, n. [kaf, kefja], thick vapour, steam, mist, Sks. 204.
COMPDS: kóf-sveittr, adj. steaming hot. kóf-vi&et
h;ri, n. [Shetl. kavaburd], a misty sleet or snow; k. o
k frostviðri, Fbr. 112.
kóklast, að, to hobble, get on with difficulty.
KÓLFR, m. [akin to Engl. club, Germ. kolb], the t
ongue in a bell, Fms. vi. 147: kólf-klukka, u, f. a bell w
ith a tongue, Pm. 129; (kólf-lauss, adj. without a k.,
Vm. 9): the bulb of a plant: endi-k., a sausage, Ísl. &THO
RN;jóðs. i. 177. II. a kind of bolt, Swed. kolf,
Rm. 43, Þiðr. 371, Karl. 68, 244, N. G. L. i. 69; bakka-kólfr,
a bird bolt; for-kólfr, q.v.: the phrase, sem kólfi skyti,
swift as a bolt, as lightning, Fms. ii. 183, vii. 343, Sturl. iii. 220.
kólf-skot, n. a bolt shot, of distance, Edda 31.
kólga, u, f., poët. a wave, Edda (Gl.), Hkv. 1. 25, Or
kn. (in a verse), Fms. vii. 49 (in a verse), Bs. i. 16 (in a verse): one of the
Northern Nereids (Ránar-dætr), Edda.
kólna, að, to become cold, Stj. 45, Fas. i. 148; ve&eth
;r tók at k., Fms. i. 67; kólnaði veðrit ok dreif, Eb. 204
; lík skal eigi grafa áðr kólnat er, K. Þ. K. 26;
dagr kólnar, Hom. (St.): impers., e-m kólnar, one gets cold; oss kólnar á klónum, Grett. 94 B; kulda-veðr var &u
acute;ti, ok tók honum fast at kólna, Fb. i. 276.
kólnan, f. getting cold, Germ. abkühlung, Rb. 1
02.
kómeta, u, f. [for. word], a comet, Ann. passim; but in mod
. usage, hala-stjarna, q.v.
kóngr, m. a king, = konungr, q.v.
kóni, a, m. a bullock (?), Sturl. i. 21 (in a verse): as a
word of abuse, hann er fallegr kóni!
kópa, t, [kopa, Ivar Aasen], to stare, gape; k&oacut
e;pir afglapi, Hom. 81.
KÓPR, m. a young seal, freq.; prob. from its round-formed h
ead (see koppr, kúpa). COMPDS: kóp-heldr, adj. 'seal-tig
ht,' of a net, Vm. 98. kóp-skinn, n. the skin of a k&oa
cute;pr.
kóróna, u, f., contr. króna and krúna, q.v. [
Lat. word], a crown, Fas. viii. 193, x. 107, Gþl. 60, passim; gull
-k., þyrni-k.
kóróna, að, to crown, Ver. 57, Fms. vii. 306, G&
thorn;l. 63, Th. 20.
<PAGE NUM="b0354">
<HEADER>354 KÓRR -- KREFJA.</HEADER>
KÓRR, m., dat. kórnum, Symb. 57; kórinum, Fms. vii,
174, 291; [Lat. chorus] :-- a choir, Vm. 171, Bs. i. 84, passim: a choir, music, Str. 1, Karl. 545. COMPDS: kór-bak, n. th
e back of the choir or church. kór-bjalla, u, f. a c
hoir-bell, Vm. 17. kór-bók, f. a choir-book, hymn ho
ok, Vm. 109, Am. 47. kórs-bróðir, m., eccl. a '
choir-brother,' a canon, Fms. viii. 269, ix. 461, Bs. (esp. Laur. S.) passi
m. kór-dyr, n. a choir-door, Fms. xi. 273. kór-k&
aacute;pa, u, f. a priest's cope, Fms. viii. 557, ix. 341. k&oacut
e;r-kjappi, a, m. a nickname, Sturl. iii. 85. kór-prestr, m. a choir-priest, Bs. i. 876, a priest officiating at the altar. k&oacut
e;r-smíð, f. a choir-building, Bs. i. 706. kórþili, n. a 'choir-deal,' panel of the choir, Hom. (St.) 97.
krabb, n. a crabbed hand.
krabba, að, to scrawl, write a crabbed hand.
KRABBI, a, m. a crab; k. gengr öfugr löngum, Rb. 100, St
j. 91, Al. 168, Pr. 477; krabbinn segir son sinn við, sífellt gengr &
thorn;ú út á hlið, a ditty: a nickname, Sturl. iii. 246
: of the zodiac, Rb. (1812) 16; as also krabba-mark (-merki), n. id., Rb. 100, MS. 732. 4: krabba-mein, n., medic. a cancer.
kraðak, n. [perh. akin to A. S. cræd, Engl. crowd
], a crowd, swarm, (conversational.)
krafa, u, f. craving, demand, Gþl. 475, N. G. L. i. 21, Fms.
vi. 192.
krafla, að, to paw or scrabble with the hands; ok krafl
aði fyrir (frá?) nösunum, he (an exposed infant) had p
awed (the snow) from his face, Fs. 60; still used, krafla fra
m úr e-u, to crawl out of a strait.
krafla, u, f. a nickname of an infant, see the preceding word: the name o
f a volcano in Iceland.
kraflandi, a, m. the name of a hot spring in western Iceland,
krafsa, að, to paw or scratch with the feet, as horses
or sheep when grazing on a snow field; hann krafsaði sem hross, Ld. 120; hun
drinn krafsar sundr hrúguna, Fas. iii. 547; ekki þarf at k. af &tho
rn;ví ofan, er oss er í hug, Nj. 224; hann kvaðsk eigi mundu k
. um þat at segja honum sannindi, Sturl. iii. 313.
kragi, a, m. [Swed. krage; Dan. krave; cp. Scot. craig = neck], the collar of a coat: a kind of short rain cloak.
kraka, að, to drag under the water; þá er hann kr
akaði þat upp, Grág. ii. 276; þeir krökuðu upp s
pýtingana ok pakkana, ... ok láta upp kraka þat sem fengist
af gózi, Bs. i. 842; krökuðu þeir hann upp, ok fluttu til
lands, 610 :-- to furnish with pales, allt var krakat it ytra með sj&
oacute;num, Fms. viii. 177 :-- to touch the bottom, of an anchor or the l
ike, tóku þá akkerin at kraka, x. 135; kraka niðri, of a

horse in a deep stream only just touching the bottom with the feet: kraka hey u
pp, to cock hay, Grág. ii. 107.
KRAKI, a, m. [Dan. krage], a pale, stake; konungr lé
t setja kraka utan frá Borg it fremra með sænum, Fms. viii. 148
: a drag, boat-hook, vóru þá görvir til krakar,
ok varð dregit í sundr hofit, Ísl. ii. 411: prop. a looped
and branched stem, used as a staircase, in which sense it is still used in
Norway (Ivar Aasen); this also was the old Dan. sense, see Saxo ii. 31; hence me
taph. the nickname of the famous mythical Danish king Rolf Kraki, from his being
thin and tall; nú sitr hér í hásaeti kraki einu l&i
acute;till, Edda 81. 2. a kind of anchor, = Gr. GREEK.
krakka, að, to emit a cracking sound, to simmer.
krakki, a, m. [akin to kraki], a thin youth, urchin; krakkinn! kra
kka-tetrið! þetta er nú barn enn þá, krakkinn, Pil
tr og Stúlka 9, (conversational, of either sex.)
kraklegr, adj. thin, Lat. gracilis; hann var kraklegr (h
e was thin and weak of frame) ok þótti heldr seinlegr, Gl&uacut
e;m. 335.
kram, n. [for. word; Engl. cram; Dan. kram; mid. Germ. k
râme = a shop], toys, Rétt. 2. 10: kram-vara, u, f. id.: kram-verk, n., Ósv. S.
kramari, a, m. [Dan. kræmmer], a toyman.
kramask, ð, to pine and waste; see kremja.
KRAMR, adj. half thawed, of snow; í krömum snjó
, Fms. i. 280; ok þegar dreif í Löginn krömmu, Fb. ii. 32
7; also of butter, kramt smjör: bruised, of berries when the juice o
ozes out, and the like.
kramsi, a, m., poët. a raven, Edda (Gloss.)
kranga, að, to creep, Skm. 30.
krangi, a, m. [cp. krakki]. kranga-legr, adj. [krangled, Iv
ar Aasen], thin, of a boy; hann er ofboðs krangalegr!
krangr, adj., kröng, krangt, weak, crank, Skv. 3. 44.
krank-dómr, m. ailing, sickness, Mar., Bs. ii. 140, passim.
krank-dæmi, n. = krankdómr, Fas. iii. 642.
krank-leikr, m. (-leiki), = krankdómr, Fms. viii. 443, Jb.
167, Fas. ii. 394, Grett. 152.
KRANKR, m. [Germ. krank], ill, sick; krankr mjök, Fms.
x. 146, Finnb. 322: k. í líkam. B. K. 97; krönk augu, Stj. 1
71: sore, distressing, hin krankasta tíð, the sorest time,
 of a famine, 162; krankir hlutir, 156; krönkustu tilfelli, 218; inar k
rönkustu flugur, 271.
kranz, m. [for. word; Germ. kranz; Dan. krans], a wreath
; setjast í kranz, to sit in a ring, Mar., Úlf. 6. 19;
koma saman í krans, 5. 10.
KRAPI, a, m., and krap, n. sleet, thawed snow; vaða opt
til kirkju krapa, Skálda (Thorodd) 179; leggsk hann svá at hry&et
h;r um krapit, Finnb. 310. COMPDS: krapa-drífa, u, f. a shower
of sleet, Sturl. i. 50, Gísl. 118. krapa-för, f. a dri
ft of thawed ice, Finnb. 310. krapa-hríð, f. a sleet te
mpest.
KRAPPR, adj., kröpp, krappt, [see kreppa] :-- strait, narrow,
of a road or the like; kröpp leið, Skálda 169; komast í
krappan stað, to get into straits, a saying, Fb. i. 311: naut., krapp
r sjór, a short, chopping sea: metaph., kröpp kaup, a scan
t bargain, Grett. (in a verse): of a person, sharp, crafty, kröp
p var Guðrún, Am. 70. krappa-rúm, n. the 'strait-roo
m,' a place in an ancient ship of war, the third from the stern, Fms. ii. 25
2, Fb. iii, 219.
krapt-auðugr, adj. powerful, Gd. 38.
krapti, a, m. [akin to kraptr], a bar, one of a ship's timbers, a rib or knee, Edda (Gl.); eyri skal bæta fyrir krapta hvern, N. G. L
. i. 100; krapta-valr, 'timber-hawk,' poët. a ship, Ó.
H. (in a verse); the bar across the inside of a shield, cp. Gr. GREEK, k
rapti geirbrúar, Vellekla: metaph., krapti skóla, the main pill
ar of a school, epithet of a bishop, Gd. 13. II. = kraptr; hafa nokku
rn krapta (acc.) aldrsins, Fms. xi. 14; hafa engu minna krapta, x. 318.
KRAPTR or kraftr, m., gen. krapts and kraptar, dat. krapti; [Engl.
craft; Germ., Swed., and Dan. kraft; prob. akin to krappr, prop.
meaning a crooked bar, such as ribs and knees in a ship, which sense has been ke
pt in the weak form krapti; whence metaph. it came to mean power, strength] :-- might, strength, power; með öllum krapti, with might a
nd main, Fms. vii. 305; með miklum krapti, x. 274; engi er æðr
i kraptr eða styrkri, Sks. 25; undir krapti hlýðninnar, Mar.; alg
örr í kröptum, 656 A. 2; görðisk svá mikill m&a
acute;ttr at krapti hans, 655 iii. 4; með ljósi krapts síns, N
iðrst. 7; ek særi þik fyrir alla krapta Krists þíns
, Nj. 176; af Guðs megni ok krapti ins heilaga kross, Fms. x. 417. In the N.
T. GREEK is often rendered by kraptr, Guðs kraptr, Matth. xxii. 29; kraptar
himnanna, xxiv. 29; til hægri handar Kraftarins, xxvi. 64. krafta-verk
, n. (Gr. GREEK), 'power-work,' a miracle, N. T. passim; for jartein
(q.v.) is not Biblical, Magn. 430 :-- in plur. powers, supernatural, whe
nce krapta-skáld, n. a 'power-scald,' a poet whose song has
a magical power, see Ísl. Þjóðs.: physical, bodily s
trength, hafa mikla krafta, to be strong; litla krapta, to be weak
. COMPDS: krapta-lauss, adj. weak. krapta-lán, n
. the gift of strength, Hom. 125. krapta-leysi, n. weakness, de
bility. krapta-lítill, adj. weak, Fær. 185. kr
apta-maðr, m. a strong man, 656 C. 12. krapta-mikill, adj.
strong, Eb. 204. krapta-skáld and krapta-verk, see
above.
krass, n. a scrawl: krassa, að, to scrawl.
krattans, gen. with the article, from kratti = skrati or skratti (q.v.),
a swearing, Skíða R. 136.
krauma, að, to simmer, of the sound when the water in a kettle
begins to boil; það er farið að krauma á katlinum.

KRÁ, f. [Dan. kro], a nook, corner; krá e&eth
;r hyrning, Stj. 152, Bs. ii. 134, Skáld H. 6. 2, freq. in mod. usage.
KRÁKA, u, f. [Dan. krage; cp. Engl. to croak], a
crow, Lat. cornix, Hom. 69, Fms. vi. 446, Karl. 437, Edda (Gl.), Rm.
44; vinna eina kráku, Fms. vii. (in a verse); galandi kráka, Hm.
84; íllviðris-kráka, a croaking crow, boding ill weathe
r; sumar-k.: the saying, betri er ein k. í hendi en tvær í s
kógi, a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush, Ld. 96: a nickn
ame, Kráka, Fas., whence Kráku-mál, n. pl. na
me of a poem, id.: kráku-nef, n. crow nose, a nickname; whe
nce Krákneflingar, m. pl., Landn. COMPDS: kráku-skel, f. a shell-fish, mytilus edilis, Mag. 63. kráku-stígr,
 m. a 'crow-path,' zigzag. kráku-ungi, a, m. a young
crow, Fms. viii. 156, Fas. i. 337.
krákr, m. a kind of crow or raven, Edda (Gl.); ber &
thorn;ú sjálfr krák þinn, carry thou thy crow thys
elf! Þorst. Síðu H. 2; líka-krákr, a kind 
of pole for digging graves.
KRÁS, f. [Dan. kraase], a dainty, Þkv. 24, Stj
. 58, Barl. 96, 200, 656 A. 2; dýrðligar krásir, Bs. i. 152; h
eiðarlegar krásir, Fs. 5; margskonar krásir, Fms. iii. 36; kr&
aacute;sa diskr, Ó. H. 85; sá hefir krás er krefr, a saying
, Sól.
kreða, u, f. [perh. akin to A. S. cradel; Engl. cradle]
, a fondled person, kreðu-legr, adj., Björn.
kredda,
ater noster ok
ute;na kreddu,
from the story
u, f. a creed (Lat. credo); kvaðsk numit hafa P

kredduna, Fær. 257, 258: a belief, fancy, hafa s&iac
sitja við sína kreddu (conversational), prob. derived
in Fær. S.
kredo [for. word], indecl. = kredda, Fær. 258.

krefða, u, f., medic. crusta lactea, an infant's disease, Ann.
1428, Fél. x. 8, passim in mod. usage, krefðu-sótt, f.
= krefða, Ann. 1389.
KREFJA, pres. kref, krefjum; pret. krafði, subj. krefði; part. kr
afðr, krafinn; [A. S. crafjan; Engl. crave; Dan. kræv
e] :-- to crave, demand, to call on one, with acc. of the person, gen
. of the thing; or also, krefja e-n til e-s, krefja hann til utanferðar, Stu
rl. i. 214; verða sumir krafðir til at stýra, Sks. 263; ek em kom
inn at krefja þik at þú látir laust, Eg. 501; ok kraf&
eth;i síra Bjarna, at lúka sér þau átjá
n hundruð, Dipl. iii. 13; ella krefi Guð hann andar sinnar, Sks. 720: at
neita því er ek vil kraft hafa, Fms. xi. 225; ok kref ek ok bind e
k álögum þriggja marka útlegð, Grág. i. 384;
krefja e-n máls, Fms. vii. 162; engi þorði at krefja hann or&e
th;a, no one durst speak to him, Edda 22: krefja fjár, Sturl. i. 4
8; krefi hann manna, K. Á. 70; konungr krafði þá lei&eth
;angrs, Fms. viii. 419; k. búendr liðs, Ó. H. 205; sá &
thorn;ótti mér ungr at krefja eiðsins, Edda 37; hann krafð
i dura, he knocked at the door, Fms. viii. 332, v.l.; krefja lukla,
<PAGE NUM="b0355">
<HEADER>KREGÐ -- KRISTR. 355</HEADER>
Vkv. 19, 21: with subj., kröfðu þeir at sveinninn færi me&e
th; þeim, Fms. i. 74. II. reflex. to claim, with gen.; kraf
ðisk Hávarðr torföxarinnar, Háv. 47; þó
má konungr krefjask af þeim þeirrar þjónustu,
sem ..., Sks. 263.
kregð, f. or kregða, u, f. a wasting, pining, of in
fants :-- a nickname, Hrólfs S. Gaut. (Ed. 1664), p. 76.
kreik, n. walking, hobbling; vera á kreiki.
KREIKA, að, [Engl. crouch, cp. crutch; Germ. krieche
n], to walk in a bent posture, hobble; kreikaðu ré
ttr sonr minn, a ditty; freq. in mod. usage.
kreima, u, f. [kröm], a weak person; hann er engin k.! (conve
rsational.)
KREISTA, t, betttr kreysta, [cp. Ulf. kriustan = GREEK; Dan
. kryste; Swed. krysta] :-- to squeeze, pinch, press, Eb. 2
42, Fas. i. 285, Bær. 10, Bret. 10, Al. 2. 30, Fas. i. (in a verse, Bm.);
hann kreisti sik undir vegginn, he pressed himself, crouched under the wall, Þórð. 75; kyssa ok k., to kiss and hug, Al. 44, &THO
RN;iðr. 30.
kreisting, f. pinching, squeezing, Fas. iii. 502.
kreklóttr, adj. crooked.
krellr, m. [cp. Germ. kralle = a claw], spirit; k. n
é dugr, Fas. i. 71; enginn k. er í yðr, there is no spirit
in you, 96.
KREMJA, pres. kom, pl. kremjum; pret. kramði; part. kramiðr, kram
dr, kraminn; [mid. H. G. krimme; see kröm, kramr] :-- to squeeze,
bruise; hann kramði hold af beinum, Fas. iii. 348, passim, -- esp. of b
erries, grapes, or juicy things :-- reflex. to be pinched, to pine, from
a wasting sickness, margir krömðusk lengi þeir er lifðu, Fms.
viii. 443; eitt sinn kom þar sótt mikil á bæ þe
irra, ok krömðust margir lengi, Ísl. ii. 274.
krenkja, t, [krankr; mid. H. G. krenke; Germ. kränken]
, prop. to make sick, to hurt, H. E. i. 434, 737; erinda-fjöldinn al
drei dvín | allmart vill það krenkja, Pál Vídal.;
hjartað vill hræðslan krenkja, Pass.
krepja, u, f. sleet, = krap.
KREPPA, t, [Engl. cramp, crimp; mid. H. G. krimpfe; cf. kra
ppr, Germ. krampf, etc.], to clench; Grettir hafði kreppt fing
rna at saxinu, Grett. 154 A; þá bindr hann ok kreppir, Stj. 96; kre
ppandi þá saman með sterkum knútum, id.; í hvers
landi er hann kreppir (catches) eða merkir, Jb. 309; k. at e-m, to
pinch, press hard on one; krepptu þeir svá at Þorgr&iacu
te;mi, at ..., Sd. 148. 2. impers., medic. to become crippled; l&
aacute; verkr í lendum hennar þar til er þær kný

tti en hana krefti, Bs. i. 328; hönd hans var kreppt í lófa,
313 (v.l.), 462; krepptir vóru fingr í lófann, id.; hann ha
fði kreppta hönd, Magn. 518; hón var kreppt öll, svá
at báðir fætr lágu bjúgir við knén, F
b. ii. 383; krepptr ok knýttr, Sd. 148; saman krepptr, Stj. 51; krepptr m
iklum sult, pinched by hunger, Róm. 361.
kreppa, u, f. a strait: medic. a being crippled: a scrape,
koma í slíkar kreppur, Ld. 264. kreppu-sótt, f. a ki
nd of scorbutic disease, Fél. x. 37.
krepp-hendr, part. cripple-handed, a nickname, Fms.
krepping, f. a scrape, Fms. iv. 147.
kreppingr, m. a handful, Eg. 10.
kretta, pret. kratt, a def. strong verb, to maunder, murmur; engi
þorði um at kretta, Grett. 140 A, B; Uxi kratt jafnan um, Finnb. 280 C
; þeir þoldu ílla, en krittu (kruttu?) um, Fas. i. 129.
kriki, a, m. [Engl. creek], a 'crack,' nook, freq. in mod.
usage; handar-k., the armpit.
krikt, n. adj. = krökt (q.v.), swarming; mjöl var krikt,
the flour was swarming, as if with grubs and vermin, Völs. R. 229.
krikta, t, = kretta; hann kvað þat skamsamlegt at k. um sm&aacu
te;hluti, Fs. 31; þeir kriktu um, Fas. i. 129.
krimta, t, to utter a sound; láta ekki á sér
k., not to stir, (conversational.)
KRING and kringum, adv. [akin or a twin word to kringr, with an in
itial tenuis] :-- round; ganga í krók og í kring, all around, round and round, Fms. ii. 141; hringinn-í-kring, all
around; skoða e-ð í krók og í kring :-- &iacute
; kringum, around, with acc.; hann gengr þrysvar rangsælis kr
ingurn valinn, Fas. iii. 337; í kringum hann, Bárð. 180; &aacu
te; alla vega í kringum sik, Fas. i. 105; þú skalt ró
a í kringum skútuna, Háv. 46; í kringum hallina, Fb.
ii. 137.
kringar, m. pl. the pullies of a drag net; þar til er kringa
r koma á land, Gþl. 427.
kringi, f. adroitness, in orð-kringi, q.v.
kringi-ligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), comical, funny, (conversat
ional.)
kringja, ð, usually with prep. um, kringja um e-t, to encircle, su
rround, or, kringja umhverfis, id.; but also singly, with acc., &tho
rn;eir höfðu kringt svá um konung, Fms. viii. 67; þeir kri
ngðu um kirkjuna, ix. 469; at eldr kringi umhverfis höfin, Sks. 205; kr
ingdr umhverfis, id.; kappar Heinreks höfðu kringt um mik, Bær. 1
6; kringði Haraldr konungr með sinni fylking á bak jarli, Fms. vi
. 407; Birkibeinar kringðu (surrounded) bæinn þegar, ix.
311: milit. to outflank, vér skulum hafa fylking langa svá
at þeir kringi eigi um oss, Hkr. i. 150, Fms. vii. 178. 2. absol. to go round; hann gekk it efra fyrir innan fjall, ok kringði sv&aacute
; inn til Alreksstaða, Fms. viii. 354; kringit um borgina, go round the t
own (of Jericho), Stj. 359, Karl. 134. Mar.
kringla, u, f. a disk, circle, orb; hjólanna kringlur, Stj.
288; kringla heims, kringla jarðar, the disk of the eartb, Sks. 194,
200, 626, Hkr. (init.); með hvelum ok kringlum, Str. 17: the name of a MS.
, from its initial word, given to it by Torfæus, whence the mod. Heimskri
ngla, the Globe, = the Book of the Kings of Norway, commonly ascribed to
Snorri; the name first occurs in the Ed. of Peringsköld (A.D. 1697), and
was unknown before that time: skoppara-k., a top. COMPDS: kringlu-aug
a, n. a nickname, Fms. vii. kringlu-leitr, adj. round-faced.
kringlu-skurðr, m. a shaving the crown; k. sem klerkar, Fb. ii
. 196. kringlu-sótt, f. (mod. höfuðsótt), the t
urning sickness in sheep, Bs. i. 465.
kringlóttr, adj. round, circular; hón (the earth) er
kringlótt, Edda (pref.); tún kringlótt, Fms. vii. 97; hve
r kringlóttan, Stj. 564; k. gluggr, Sturl. iii. 186, Vm. 98; kringl&oacu
te;tt hásæti, Bær. 6.
KRINGR, adj. easy; svá var honum kringr skáldskapr s
em öðrum mönnum mál sitt, verse-making was as easy to h
im as speaking to other men, Fb. ii. 135: neut., e-m er e-t kringt, a thi
ng is easy to him, he is adroit in it; mun þér kringra at hafa
ljósa-verk at búi þínu, enn ..., Nj. 185; jafn-kring
t, equally smooth, Karl. 108, Sks. 381.
kring-sólast, að, dep. [sól = sun], to walk a
ll round the dial, as if bewildered.
krisma, að, to anoint, Rb. 82, Mar., Bs. i. 575.
krismi, a, m., krisma, u, f., H. E. i. 480, 482, ii. 137, [for. wo
rd; Gr. GREEK] :-- chrism, Fms. viii. 26, x. 372, K. Þ. K. 20, 72,
Bs. i. 135. COMPDS: krisma-ker, n. a chrism box, Pm. 11. krisma
-klæði, n. chrism, Dipl. iii. 4. krisma-staðr, m
. the 'chrism-spot,' on the breast of infants, N. G. L. i. 339.
krista, adj. a nickname, Fms. viii. 254.
Krist-bú, n. 'Christ-estate,' i.e. glebe-land given
for the support of the poor, Vm. 169; some deeds of the 12th century referring t
o such lands are published in D. I., Nos. 30-34.
Krist-fé, n. 'Christ-fee,' old Icel. eccl. name of property
given for the support of the poor, -- 'Christfé apud nos communit
er dicitur quod pauperibus legatum est,' H. E. iii. 98; gaf Sira Þó
rarinn fátækum frændum sínum mikit góz, ok sett
i mörg Kristfé í mörgum jörðum um Svarfaðar
dal, ok svá annars-staðar, Bs. i. 790, H. E. i. 430, Vm. 163. COMPDS:
Kristfjár-jörð, f. glebe-land for the poor, Vm. 1
52. Kristfjár-úmagi, a, m. a pauper maintained on Christ
fé, Pm. 21, 121.
Kristiliga, adv. in a Christian-like way, Fs. 80, Bs. ii. 81, pass
im; ó-kristiliga, cruelly, wickedly.
Kristiligr, adj. Christian; Kristilig trú, K. Á. 74;
Kristileg fræði, Kristilegt lögmál, Fms. x. 288, passim:

Christian-like, ú-kristiligr, unchristian-like, cruel, wicked.
Kristin-dómr, m. Christendom, Christianity, Sturl. i. 127,
N. G. L. i. 203, passim: matters ecclesiastical, Gþl. 487. In old w
riters often in two words, see Kristinn. Kristindóms-bálkr,
m. the section containing the ecclesiastical law, N. G. L. i. 339, Jb. 5
, Bs. i. 697, 698.
Kristinn, adj. Christian, K. Þ. K. (init.), Nj. 158, Eg. 265
, Bs. passim; vel Kristinn, a good Christian, observing the Christian rit
es, Eg. 265, Fms. i. 17; ílla Kristinn, a bad Christian, Mork. 227
(in a verse); enn Kristnasti maðr í Antiochia, the best Christian
in Antioch, Clem. 38; Kristið morð, the murder of a christened c
hild, opp. to heiðit morð, N. G. L. i. 340. COMPDS: Kristinn-d&oa
cute;mr, m. Christendom, Sturl. i. 127 C; Kristins dóms, Hom.
99. Kristinsdóms-réttr, m. the ecclesiastical law, J
b. 5 B. Kristin-lög, n. pl. the ecclesiastical law, H. E. i.
437. Kristinnalaga-þáttr, m. the section containing the (Icel.) ecclesiastical law, Grág. (Kb.) 3; svá settu &th
orn;eir Þorlákr biskup ok Ketill biskup, at ráði Öz
urar Erkibyskups ok Sæmundar ok margra kennimanna annarra, Kristinna laga
þátt sem nú var tínt ok upp sagt, K. Þ. K. 140.
Kristinn-réttr, m. the ecclesiastical law, N. G. L. i. 352
, H. E. i. 541 (note), passim.
Kristín, f. a pr. name, Christina, Fms.
Krist-kirkja, u, f. Christ Church, seems to have been a general na
me for cathedrals; a Kristkirkja is mentioned in Bergen, Drontheim, Borgund (Nor
way), Fb. iii, Boldt.
Krist-maðr, m. a 'Christ-man,' champion of Christ, Ó. H
. 204, 216; er nokkurr sá í þínu föruneyti, Kris
tmaðrinn, er meira hafi á degi vaxit, en vit braeðr, 202.
Kristna, að, to Christianise, Nj. 156, the Sagas passim: to
christen, baptize, fæða skal barn hvert er borit verðr &iacut
e; penna heim, Kristna ok til Kirkju bera, N. G. L. i. 339: in mod. usage to
confirm. II. reflex., láta Kristnask, to be Christianised, Fms. i. 33, Nj. 158, Bs.
Kristna, u, f. = Kristni, Rafn 38, (Jellinge-Runic stone); this form also
occurs in early Swedish.
Kristni, f. Christianity, Nj. 157, Fms. i. 31, passim: Christen
dom, Guðs K., 655 xi. 1, Greg. 44, Bs. i. 575, ii. 105: christening,
 Hom. 147. COMPDS: Kristni-boð, n. (-boðan, f., Fms. i
. 142), preaching the Gospel, Fms. i. 32, x. 393, Eb. 254. Kristni-hal
d, n. keeping Christianity, Fms. ii. 236, Fb. ii. 49. Kristni-l&ou
ml;g, n. pl. = kristinlög, Fb. ii. 54. Kristni-Saga, u, f. the n
ame of the Saga of the introduction of Christianity into Iceland, Bs. i.
3. Kristni-spell, n. breach, profanation of Christianity, Valla L.
209, Fms. i. 26.
kristning, f. christening, Stat. 292.
Kristr, m. Christ, see p. 93; cp. Hvíta-Kristr. COMPDS: 
Krists-
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<HEADER>356 KRISTSMINNI -- KRÓKR.</HEADER>
kirkja, u, f. = Kristkirkja. Krists-minni, n. Christ's toast, a to
ast given in great banquets, probably answering to the grace in mod. times, Fms.
vii. 148. Krists-musteri, n. 'Christ-minster,' = Christ Church,
Rb. 368. II. in pr. names, Krist-röðr, Fms., Krist-r&u
acute;n, etc.
KRÍA, u, f. [this word does not occur in old writers, and may be d
erived from Swed. kry, from the brisk and lively temper of this bird]: -a sea-bird, the tern, Lat. sterna; from this restless and noisy
bird comes the saying, vera einsog kriá á steini, or, einsog kr&ia
cute;a verpi, to be restless and unsteady. kríu-egg, n. 
the egg of a k. For an account of this bird, which abounds in Icel., see Egg
ert Itin. ch. 675; and for the curious lawsuit called Kríu-mál, se
e Espol. Árb. 1692, 1693.
kría, að, to cry or beg; kría sér
e-ð út, (conversational.)
kríkar, m. pl. [kríki], the thighs, Fas. ii. 256.
kríli, n. [North. E. creel], a small basket, creel.
krím, n. sod, grime; augna-krím, xerophthalmia, Fél. ix.
krímugr and krímóttr, adj. grimy, of s
heep with black cheeks.
krísta, t, to chirp, onomatop.; það krísti
r í honum, of suppressed laughter.
Krít, f. [Lat. creta; Germ. kreide; Dan. kridt], chalk. II. a local name, Crete; Krítar-byggi, Kr
ítar-menn, the Cretans, Edda (pref.), Symb. Krítar-&THOR
N;órr, m. Thor (i.e. Jove) of Crete, Bret., Edda (pref.
)
KRJÚPA, pres. krýp; pret. kraup. pl. krupu, subj. krypi; pa
rt. kropinn; [A. S. creôpan; Engl. creep; Swed. krypa; Dan. krybe] :-- to creep, crouch; vóru dyrnar svá
lágar at nær varð at k. inn, Hkr. ii. 379; hann kraup til f&oac
ute;ta þeim, Ölk. 35; þóat ek krypa í neðstu
smugur helvítis fylgsna, Sks. 605; gaf Sverrir konungr þeim mikit s
kak fyrir þat, er þeir höfðu kropit þar um hris at no
kkrum silfrpenningum, Fms. viii. 143; vér krjúpum eigi í bu
g skjaldi, vi. 416 (in a verse); hann kvað konung hölzti lengi hafa kro
pit þar um lyng, Hkr. iii. 376; fékk hann nauðula kropit til at
höggva virgulinn í sundr, Hom. 117; mátti hón eigi &a
acute;ðr krjúpa þangat áðr sem nú gékk
hón, 115. 2. to fall prostrate, kneel, esp. in an eccl. s
ense, to humble oneself; þá er vér krjúpum til
hans með iðran undir hans miskunn, Skálda 211; biskup lík
naði hvervetna þeim sem til hans miskunnar krupu, Bs. i. 751; mildr &o
uml;llum þeim er til hans krupu, Al. 135; krýp ek til kross, L&iacu
te;kn. 30; játa þær sektina ok krjúpa undir skriptina,

Th. 78; gjarna vil eg að fótum þín, feginn fram flatr k
rjúpa, Pass. 41. 4 :-- eccl. to kneel in service; as also krj&uacu
te;pa á kné, id. II. part. kropinn, crippl
ed; see kroppinn.
KROF, n. [cp. kryfja, and a lost strong verb krjúfa, krauf, krofin
n, to embowel] :-- the cut-up carcase of a slaughtered animal; nau
ts-k., sauðar-k., Dipl. v. 18, Sturl. iii. 262, Fas. ii. 114.
kropna, að, to be crippled, Hom. 114, O. H. L. 84: to be cl
enched, stiffened, var höndin kropnað at bréfinu, Róm
. 248.
kropning, f. a kneeling, Sturl. ii. 178.
kroppa, að, to crop, pick; þá settisk fluga ein &
aacute; hönd honum ok kroppaði, Edda 69; kroppa gras, to crop grass,
graze.
kroppa, u, f. a nickname, Landn.
kroppin-bakr, m. a hump-back, Fas.
kroppinn, adj. crippled, crooked; kroppnir fætr, O. H. L. 84
; kroppnir knúar, Rm. 8.
kroppin-skeggi, a, m. a nickname, Landn.
KROPPR, m. [A. S. and Engl. crop (of a bird); Germ. kropf;
Dan. krop; Swed. kropp] :-- a hump or hunch on any p
art of the body; ok rekr á kroppinn erninum ..., varð föst st&ou
ml;ngin við kropp arnarins, Edda 45, Mag. 10 :-- in mod. usage the body, með beran kroppinn; þó kropprinn verði kaldr nár
, Pass. 44. 7, passim: a nickname, Landn., Sturl. II. as a local name, La
ndn.
kroppungr, m. a kind of fish, shrimp (?), Edda (Gl.), D. N. v. 75.
KROSS, m.; the earliest poets use the Lat. form, but as masc., helgum cr&
uacute;ci, Edda 92 (in a verse); merki crúcis, Líkn. 52, which for
m remains in the pr. name Krysi-vík, Kryci-vika, q.v.; [like A. S. and En
gl. cross, Hel. cruci, Germ. kreuz, Swed.-Dan. kors,
from Lat. crux] :-- a cross, Bs., N. T., Pass., Vídal. pas
sim. 2. the holy rood, crucifix, in the Roman Catholic times; Valg
arðr braut krossa fyrir Merði ok öll heilög tákn, Nj. 1
67; taka kross í hönd sér, of one taking an oath, Grág
. i. 64; hann lét einn gullkross göra ok síðan víg
ja, Fms. vi. 142; í bríkum ok krossum, Bs. i. 132. These holy rood
s were erected on high roads, and worshipped, -- hón hafði bæna
-hald sitt á Krosshólum, þar lét hón reisa kro
ssa, Landn. 111; þeir höfðu krossa tvá, þá er
nú eru í Skarði inu eystra, merkir annarr hæð &Oacu
te;lafs konungs en annarr hæð Hjalta Skeggjasonar, Bs. i. 21: allit.,
kirkja eðr kross, fara til kirkju eða kross, to go to worship at chur
ch or cross, Hom. (St.); hann kom hvárki til kross né kirkju,
Art. 21; hafnar-kross, Bs. i. 607, (see höfn); hinn þriðja dag &i
acute; Jólum at kveldi var hón at krossi, she was worshipping a
t a cross, 370, cp. 607; kross-smíð, the carving of a cross, Ann. 1334. Many local names bear witness to this cross-worship, which answer
s to the hörgar of the heathen age, cp. the passage in Landn. l.c.; Kros
s, Kross-á, Krossár-dalr, Kross-áss, Krossa-nes, Krossa-v&i
acute;k (whence Krossvíkingar, Ísl. ii), Kross-holt,
Kross-hólar, Kross-sund, as also Krysi-vík (q.v.) in s
outhern Icel., prob. from a harbour cross being erected there, Landn., Sturl., t
he map of Icel., cp. Engl. and Scot. Holy Rood :-- the name of several a
ncient poems, Kross-drápa, Kross-vísur. 3. the si
gn of the cross (signa or signa sig); Skíði görði skyndi
-kross skjótt með sinni loppu, Skíða R. 125; í kros
s, adv. cross-wise, in form of a cross; þat kallaði hann sv&aac
ute; er í kross var sprungit, Glúm. 383; ok var hvártveggi
brenndr í kross, Nj. 209; þat hafði hann helzt til trúar
, at hann blés í kross yfir drykk sínum, Fs. 103. 4.
a cross used to summon people to a meeting (the Scot. Fiery cross), called skera kross, Grág. i. 166, 446, 447, N. G. L. i. 11, 348, 378,
answering to the heathen her-ör. COMPDS: krossa-lauss, adj. 'cro
ss-less,' not making the sign of the cross; hann drakk öll minni krossa
laus, Fms. i. 37. kross-band, n. a band cross-wise, Gþl. 382
. kross-binda, batt, to bind cross-wise. kross-búza,
u, f. name of a ship, Ann. kross-dúkr, m. a cross-kerchief, Vm. 95. kross-fall, n. the dropping a cross (v. supra 4), N. G.
L. i. 378. kross-fé, n. a payment to keep up a holy rood, D
. N. kross-ferill, m. and kross-ganga, u, f. the way of the cro
ss, Christ's bearing the cross, Pass. 11. 3. kross-för, f. th
e forwarding a cross (v. supra 4), Grág. i. 446. Kross-gildi,
n. Crossgild, a pr. name, Fms. ix. 529. kross-götur, f. pl. cross-paths; for popular tales of wizards sitting on cross-roads,
where all the fairies pass by, see Ísl. Þjóðs. i. 436-43
8. kross-hús, n. a cross-house, house with a holy rood, Bs.
i. 379. kross-maðr, m. a cross-man, warrior of the cross, &Oa
cute;. H. 216. kross-maðra, u, f. a kind of madder, bed-straw, gal
ium. kross-mark, n. the sign of the cross, Fms. i. 35, Magn.
512. kross-merki, n. = krossmark, Greg. 51. Kross-messa, u, f. 
Cross-mass, twice in a year, once in the spring (Krossmessa á v&aacut
e;r), the 3rd of May (Inventio Crucis), and once in autumn, the 14th of S
eptember (Elevatio Crucis), K. Á. 188, Rb. 372, Fms. ix. 374. k
rossmessu-dagr, m. id., Jb. 454, 476. kross-písl, f. the passion on the cross, Barl. Kross-Saga, u, f. the Story of th
e Cross; þar eru kross-sögur báðar, Vm. 6. kross-sk
jöldr, m. a shield with a cross on it, Rétt. kross-sku
rðr, m. the despatching of a cross (message), N. G. L. i. 137, 37
8. kross-tákn, n. the token, sign of the cross, Hom. 90. kross-tíðir, f. pl. a cross-service, legend, to be at a cross
-worship, Ann. 1333. kross-tré, n. the tree of the cross, 623. 20, Symb. 20. kross-urt, f. = krossmaðra. kross-varða
, u, f. a cross-beacon, wayside cross. kross-vegr, m. = krossg
ata, D. N. kross-viðr, m. = krosstré, Bév. kross-v&i
acute;ti, n. a 'cross-wite,' a fine for not forwarding a cross messa
ge, N. G. L. i. 11.
krossa, að, to sign with a cross, passim, as also to erect
a cross; krossa lóð, to mark a field with the cross, as a
sign that it is to be put up for sale, N. G. L. i. 37: reflex. to take the cr
oss as a crusader, Fms. xi. 351; krossaðr til útferðar, id
.
kross-festa, t, to fasten to the cross, crucify, 625. 76, Sk&aacut
e;lda 209, Bs. passim, N. T., Vídal.: part. kross-festr, crucif
ied, H. E. i. 469, passim.
kross-festing, f. crucifixion, 623. 2, 625. 73, Fms. v. 343.

krota, að, (krot, n.), to engrave, ornament, of metal;
knappar krotaðir, D. N., and in mod. usage.
KRÓ, f., pl. krær, [Dan. kro], a small pen or fenc
e, in Icel. the pen in which lambs when weaned are put during the ni
ght.
króa, að, to pen in a kró; króa lömb
, to pen lambs.
krógi, a, m. a boy, urchin; krabbinn talar við kr&oacut
e;gann sinn, Húst.
krók-boginn, part. bent as a hook.
krók-faldr, m. a crooked hood, Ld. 126; see faldr.
krók-fjöðr, f. a barbed head of a spear or arro
w, Grett. 99, see Worsaae, Nos. 350, 351.
krók-loppinn, adj. with hands crooked and numbed from cold.
krók-lykill, m. a hook-shaped key, Sd. 139, see Worsaae, No
. 465.
krók-nefr, m. crook-nose, Bs. i. 824.
krókóttr, adj. crooked, winding; krókó
tt á, a winding river, Pr. 476: cunning, Fb. i. 208: neut.
krókótt, Band. 32 new Ed.
krók-pallr, m. a crooked seat, corner seat (?), Fms. vii. 3
25.
KRÓKR, m., krákr, Am. 45, Pm. 76; [Engl. crook; Dan.
krog; Swed. krok] :-- a hook, anything crooked; kró
kr þrí-angaðr, a three-pronged hook, a trident, Bret. 6:
a barb on a spear or arrow head, Grett. 45, 109 new Ed.: of a fishing
-hook, Lil. 60, 78, 82; tveggja króka hald í vatnit, Pm. 41; n
ú er úlfs-hali einn á króki, a saying, Band, (in a v
erse): a peg, þeir tóku reip ofan ór krókum, H
rafn. 20; brjóta spjót ór krókum, Sturl. iii. 188: a
kind of crooked-formed box to carry peat in, torf-krókar: the
coils like a dragon's tail on a ship's stern, opp. to the 'head' (höfu&
eth;) on the ship's stem, fram var á dreka-höfuð, en aptr kr&oac
ute;kr ok fram af sem sporðr, Hkr. i. 284; þat var dreki, var bæ
ði höfuðin ok krókar aptr mjök gullbúit, Orkn. 3
32; höfuðit ok krókrinn var allt gullbúið, Fb. i. 435
: a kind of boat-hook, a brand-hook, Ísl. ii. 411 (v.l.), N. G. L.
ii. 448: of a wrestling trick, see hæl-krókr; the phrase, l&aacute
;ta koma krók á móti bragði: a game, trying the
strength by hooking one another's fingers, fara í krók: the phrase
, leggja sig í framkróka, to exert oneself, plan and devise; stýris-krókar, a rudder's hook, Fas. iii. 204; hence pro
b. the phrase, þar reis at undir króki, there rose (a wav
e) under the rudder, Sturl. i. 47: an anchor fluke, Fms. vi. (
in a verse). 2. a winding; Máriu-súðin (a ship)
reist langan krók er þeir skyldu snúa henni, Fms. viii. 222;
svá var skipat mönnum með fé þessu at þar sk

yldi engan krók rísta, i.e. to go
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<HEADER>KRÓKRAPTU -- KUML. 357</HEADER>
straight, Ld. 96; gora sér krok, to make a circuit, Fas. ii
i. 197. 3.
a device; ok hefir hann þat í hug sér at rétta
þenna krók, Ld. 40, 260, Stj.
515; Króka-Rcfr. Ref the Wily, Krók. II. a nook; í krókinn hjá
húsinu, Fs. 42, (krók-pallr); aka e-m í öngan kr&oacut
e;k, to put one into a corner,
to entrap, a saying, Fms. vi. 132 (in a verse). III. a nickname,
Landn.; whence Króks-fjörðr, a local name, Landn. kr&o
acute;ka-spjót,
n. a barbed spear, Ld. 78, Eg. 726, Fbr. 11, and see Worsaae, No. 350.
krók-raptr, n. crook-rafters in a house, Gþl. 331.
krók-spjót, n. a barbed spear, N. G. L. i. 80.
krók-stafr, m. a crooked stick, Karl. 278, Fms. iii. 178: a crosier, D. N.
krók-stika, u, f. a kind of candlestick, Vm. 34, 69, Jm. 2.
krók-stjaki, a, m. a boat-hook.
krók-sviða, u, f. a kind of hatcbet with a hook, Gull&t
horn;. 14.
krók-ör, f. a barbed arrow, Al. 149, N. G. L. i. 80, F
as. iii. 331, Róm.
240, O. H. L. 71.
krubba, u, f. [Engl. crib; Dan. krybbe] , a crib, Sk
áld H. 6. 19.
krukka, u, f. [A. S. crocca; Hel. cruca; Engl. crock; Germ, krug;
 Dan. krukke], a pot, MS. 1812 (Gl.), freq. in mod. usage.
krumma, u, f. (krymma, Hkv. Hjörv. 22), [Germ. krum], a crooked,
clownish hand, paws, Skíða R. 8, Fms. iii. 189, vi. 206, Grett. 1
24 new
Ed., Ísl. ii. 443.
krummi, a, m. a pet name of a raven, perhaps Crook-beak, Ed
da (Gl.),Ósv. S. 3, 4, 6; freq. in popular songs, -- Krummi krunkar &uacu
te;ti, | kallar á
nafna sinn; Krumminn á skjá, skjá, | skekr belgi þrj&
aacute;, þrjú, etc.; betr
skrifa krumma klær, Jón. Þorl. Krumma-kvæði,
n. Raven song.
krumr, m. = krummi (?), a nickname, Landn.; whence Krymlingar.
krumsi, a, m. = krumnii, Edda (Gl.)

krungr, m. a hump; krungr upp úr bakinu á honum.
krutr, m. = krytr, a murmur, Bs. ii. 227.
krúna, u, f. [Lat. corona], a crown, Stj., Fms. pass
im: the crown of the
head, Sturl. iii. 281: the crown, royalty, H. E. i. 528: a shaven cro
wn,
 K. f). K. 72, Bs. i. passim: the forehead of oxen. COMPDS: kr&uac
ute;nubreiðr, adj., rendering of the Gr. GREEK krúnu-gull, n. a
coronation ring, Játv. 2. krúnu-klæði, n. 
coronation robes, Játv.
Krúnu-messa, u, f. 'Crown-mass,' Corona Spinarum, = the 11th of
October, Ann. 1300, H. E. i. 444. krúnu-vígsla, u, f. a
coronation.
 Bs. i. 414, 640.
krúna, að, to crown, Fms. vii. 308, N. G. L. i.
451: reflex., Bs. ii. 98.
krúnk, n. onomatop. the raven's cry; knúk ! kr&uacut
e;nk ! Snót (1866) 141.
krúnka, að, to croak, of a raven; hani, krummi, hundr s
vín, ... galar,
krúnkar geltir, hrín, a ditty.
krús, f. a pot, tankard, Lat. crustula, Stj. 582; kr
úsum eða könnum,
Rétt. 13. 2.
Kryci-vika, u, f. [old Sax. cruci-wica; Germ, kreuz-wocbe]
, the second
week before Whitsuntide.
krydd, n. [Hel. krud = herba; Germ, kraut] , . spice, Stj. 194, 205, Flov.
80. krydd-jurt, f. spice herbs.
krydda, að. [Dan. krydre] , to spice.
KRYFJA, pres. kryf, pret. krufði, part. krufðr and krufinn, to
split,
embowel; þá krufði hann hana sinn, Fms. v. 194, Fas. ii. 37
6 (of a fish);
svá segja menn at þeir kryfði þorgeir til hjarta, Fbr. 10
8; var kálfr einn
skorinn ok krufðr, Fas. iii. 33, Mag. 138.
krymma, u, f. = krumma, Hkv. Hjörv. 22.
kryplingr, m. [Engl. cripple; Dan. kröbling] , a cr
ipple, Hkr. iii. 116,
Fms. xi. 308, Magn. 528, Bs. passim.
kryppa, u, f. [kroppr], a hump, huncb. Fas. ii. 390, Skí&et

h;a R. 8.
kryppill, m. a cripple, Karl. 469, Mar.
krypt and kraupt, [a for. word], a crypt in a church, Thom.
Krysi-vík, f. a local name in Icel., no doubt qs. Kryci-vík
, -- Krossvík, = Holy-rood-wick; from the Saxon form cruci, as in Hel
.
krysja, pret. krusti, defect. [cp. Dan. kryster = a coward]
, to crouch,
linger; þeir er krustu undir garðinum urðu eigi fyrr varir vi&
eth;, en ...,
Fms. viii. 38.
krytja, krutti, to murmur, = kretta; þorði nú eng
i at krytja eðr kveina
móti Israels-lýð, Stj. 370.
krytr, m. murmurings, ill will; nábúa-krytr, neig
hbour-quarrels.
krýna, d, to crown.
krýning, f. coronation.
kræða, u, f. a kind of lichen, lichen coralloides, Bj&ou
ml;rn.
kræfr, adj. daring, (conversational.)
kræki-ber, n. pl. the fruit of the crow-berry, empetrum nigrum, Bs. i.
135, freq. in mod. usage, kræki-lyng, n. crow-berry.
krækill, m. a crooked stick, Finnb. 216, 222.
KRÆKJA, ð or t, [krókr], to hook with anything cr
ooked, the instrument in dat.; hann krækti handar-stúfinum í kistu-hringa
na, Fms.
x. 258, Eg. 564, Fb. i. 524, Grett. 50 new Ed., Karl.; hann krækir
fótunum niðr undir kviðinn (of a horse), Sd. 177; hékk akk
eri mikit á
Drómundinum, ok var krækt fleinunum á borðit, en leggrin
n vissi ofan,
and had the fluke hooked on the gunwale, but the leg turned down, Orkn.
362; Þórir kr&oelig;kði upp öxinni, Ó. H. 135, Fms.
vii. 264,E. b. 310, Fær.
110; krækt er saman beinnin í bór, tby bones are hooked t
ogether, i. e. . badly knit, Grett.; hann knekti fæîr und
an þeini með staf, be booked their
legs with his stick, Fms. vii. 264; hann vudi k. af honurn skjüldinn, G
ullþ. 15. II. metaph. to go in circuits, in windings; þeir ko
ma aptan
dags á einn fjörð mikinn, ok kravkti ymsa vega í landit,
a fjord which
branched, spread widely into the coun'y, Krók. 52. III. refiex.
to be booked, Sks. 27 new Ed.; krækjask til, to grapple in close
fight, Fær. 18; vera inni kræktr, to be shut in, Fms. vi
ii, 386.
krækla, u, f. a crooked twig.
kræklingr, m. a shell, common sea snail, used for fish bait.
kræla, d, to stir: í fyrsta sinn með fingri m&eac
ute;r | fann ek nokkut kræla,
Völs. R. 230: mod., láta ekki á sér kræla, no
t to stir.
KRÆSA, t, [krás], to make a dainty dish; kræsas
t, to fare sumptuously, Stj. 514, Karl. 250.
kræsing, f. sumptuous fare, dainty.
KRÖF, f., gen. krafar, pl. krafir, [krefja], a claim, demand,
Stj. 225;
K. Á. 220, Fms. i. 66.
kröggur, f. pl. [from Engl. crags ?], straits; vera &i
acute; kröggum, komast i
kröggur, (conversational.)
krökt, n. adj. swarming; krökt af fé, freq. in mo
d. usage; see krikt.
KRÖM, f., gen. kramar, [kremja; Ulf. krammiþa = GREEK,
Luke viii.
6] :-- a pining, wasting sickness; hefir hón haft langan vanm&aacu
te;tt, ok var
þat kröm mikil, Eg. 565; Þrándr hafði augnaverk miki
nn ok þó aðrar
kramar miklar, Fær. 213; líða svá margir dagar at herran
s sjúkdómr
snýsk í kröm, Bs. ii. 227; nieð leiðri kröm, Od.
xi. 200 (GREEK);
kuldi ok krön, kröm og vesöld.
kröptr, m., pl. kreptir, a crypt, Thom. 543.
kröptugr, adj. [kraptr], strong, Str. 60, Hrafn. 27, H. E. i.
513.
kröptuliga, adv. with might and main, Hým., freq. in m
od. usage.
kröptuligr, adj. mighty, strong, freq. in mod. usage.
KUBBA, að, [Engl. chop], to chop, cut clean; kubba e-t
í sundr.
kubbóttr, adj. = kufóttr (q. v.), Sks. 64 B.
kubbr, m. a notch; tré-kubbr.
kuðr, adj., see kunnr.

kuðungr, m. a kind of shell, see kufungr; hneppa sig í
kuðung, to
crouch into one's shell, like a snail, cp. Safn i. 91, 97.
KUFL, m., older form kofl, [Engl. cowl; mid. Lat. cuculu
s] , a cowl,
 Fms. viii. 245, ix. 531: a cowled cloak, Landn. 218, Fas. ii. 541, F
s. 74.
kufls-höttr, n. (-hattr, Fms. v. 182), a cowl, Fms. ii
i. 162, Fas. i. 9.
kufl-maðr, m. a cowl-man, Fms. iii. 37, Fas. ii. 541.
kuflungr, m. a cowl-man, Fms. viii. 245: name of a party in Norway, Fb. iii.
kuggi, a, m. = kuggr (?), a nickname, Landn.
KUGGR, in. [Engl. and Dutch cog; by Du Gauge derived from Lat.
concha] :-- a cog, a kind of ship, but originally (as is pr
obable) a foreign
ship, Saxon, Hanseatic, or the like, Fb. iii. 175, 224, Orkn. 200, 298, Ld.
314, Fms. i. 122, viii. 249, ix. 44, Ann. 1343, 1349, 1392.
KUKL, n. [prob. a for. word, which occurs in no very old writers;
Germ, gaukel; Engl. juggle] :-- juggling, sorcery, Edda ii. 638 (s
pelt
kuckl), Mag. 176; kukl og fjolkyngi, Pass. 14.11.
kuklari, a, m. a juggler, wizard, kuklara-skapr, m. sorcery, Bs. i.
237, Fas. iii. 237.
kul, n. a cold breeze; fagrt kul, Fms. xi, 439.
kula, að, to blow gently.
kul-borð, n. the windward or weather side, opp. to the
leeward.
KULDI, a, m. cold, opp. to hiti; frost ok kuldar, Fms. ii. 29, 228
,
viii. 19, Ld. 168, Gg. 12, Fs. 179, Fbr. 28. COMPDS: kulda-bólga,
u, f. a chilblain. kulda-samr, adj. cold, chilly, Ld. 286.
kuldaskel, f. a kind of shell, concha orbiculata levis. kulda-str&aacut
e;, f. a
withered straw: metaph. an outcast. kulda-veðr, n. c
old weather,
 Fms. v. 178, Fas. i. 393. kulda-vegr, in. the cold zone, (mod
. kuldabelti, n.), Sks. ic;8. II. metaph. coldness, malice; kenna, ku
lda
af e-m, to feel chilly, sore, Eb. 290, Ld. 106, 158, Sturl. ii. 129.
kulna, að, to 'cool out,' go out, of fire.
kul-samr, a dj. - kulvíss, Grett. 160 new Ed., v. 1.
kult, n. [prob. a for. word], a quilt: a counterpane, Eb. 264, Stu
rl. iii.
165, Dipl. v. 18. Str. 5. 51, Fms. x. 16: masc., einum dýrum silki-kult,
Art.
kul-vísi, f. the being kulvíss.
kul-víss, adj. sensitive to cold, Dan. kulskjer, Gre
tt. 144 A.
kumba, u, f. the name of a bondwoman, Rm.
kumbaldi, a, m. a small cairn, hovel; þið getið soti
ð ein í gamla kumbaldanum ykkar, Undina 7, freq. in mod. usage: a nickname, Sturl. ii. 105.
kumbi, a, m. a nickname, Sturl. ii. 69.
kumbr, m. = kubbr, a chopping, cutting; tré-kumbr, Barl. 16
5. II.
nykr, q. v., or the fabulous sea horse, Maurer's Volks. 33.
KUML, kumbl, kubl, n. This word is chiefly interesting because
of its frequent occurrence on the old Dan. and Swed. Runic stones, where
it is always used in plur.; the spelling varies, kuml, kubl, or kumbl; in
old Icel. writers it only occurs a few times, and they even use the sing.;
it is now quite obsolete: I. prop, a sign, badge, mark, [A. S.
cumbol; Hel. cumbal and cumbl = sigmtm] , a war badge, esp. used of
any heraldic emblems; yet in the Scandin. language this sense is rare,
<PAGE NUM="b0358">
<HEADER>358 KUMLA -- KUNNA.</HEADER> -- kuml konunga ór kerum valdi, Gh
. 7; kumbla-smiðr, a 'cumbol' smith, Akv. 24; the compd her-kuml, the badge worn on the helmet; jötun-k., the giant's mark, i.e.
the badge of being the giant's kinsman, Fas. ii. (in a verse); and lastly in &ou
ml;r-kuml, a lasting scar, maiming for life, cp. kumla below. II.
in Scandinavia, analogous to the Gr. GREEK, kuml came to mean 'a monument,' a
cairn, how; in the phrase, göra kuml (kubl), synonymous to göra m
ark, merki, which also occurs (e.g. Baut. 138, 214, 461, 722, 1143); kuml is the
general term, opp. to stain, rúnar, which are special terms; thus distin
ction is made between stain and kuml, Baut. 771: I. on Runic stones, &
alpha;. on Danish stones, Tuki raisþi stain þausi ok gaurþ
i kubl, Rafn 213; Asfriþr görþi kumbl þaun, Thorsen 43; k
ubl þusi, 23; Þurnumdr niout (i.e. njót!) kubls, Th. enjoy
thy kuml! rest in peace! 265; Ala sunir garþu kubl þausi
aft faþur sinn, Rafn 193; siþi sá mannr es þausi kubl
upp briuti, a curse be on the man that breaks this k., 205; Usk gar&thorn
;i kumbl þisi, 202; Haraldr kunungr baþ gaurva kubl þausi at G
urm faþur sinn, 39, (Jellinge.) β. on Swedish stones, gar&thor
n;i kubl þisi aftir Svin sun sinn, Rafn 35; garþu kuml sniallir suni
r Hulmlaugar, Baut. 759; ma igi brautar kubl batra varþa, a better road
 kuml cannot be, 41, (see the remarks under bautasteinn); Ketill ris&
thorn;i kuml þiasi aftir Val, 1027; Finniþr garþi kuml þ
aisi aftir Gairbiurn faþur sinn, 824; kuml garþi þatsi Ketil s
lagr, 771; Usk let gaura kuml, likhus ok bru at sun sinn, 735, 1100; þau r
isþu (raised) kuml þisi, 886. 2. in Icel. a cairn;
 en mannföll þessi eru sögð eptir kumlum þeim er f

undin eru, þar er bardagarnir hafa verit, Gullþ. 25; þar fell
Þórarinn krókr, ok þeir fjórir, en sjau menn af
Steinólfi, þar eru kuml þeirra, Landn. 128; þar f&eacu
te;ll Skeggbjörn ok átta menn aðrir, þar er haugr Skeggbja
rnar á fitinni, en aðrir vóru jarðaðir í Landra
ugs-holti þar hjá fitinni, ok sér þar enn görla k
umlin, Bs. (Kristni S.) i. 15; ok reimt þykkir þar síðan
vera hjá kumlum þeirra, Ísl. ii. 115: in sing., þau li
ggja bæði í kumli í Laxárdal, Ld. 158; Þork
ell vill nú bera aptr sverðit í kumlit, ... saxit var ok upp t
ekit ór kumli Nafars, Rd. ch. 19; þá gekk hann í dalv
erpi lítið ok fann þar kuml manns, þar þreifaði
hann niðr fyrir fætr sér, ok fann þar manns bein ok sver
ð eitt, Draum. 129. The worship of hows and cairns was forbidden even in the
heathen age as being connected with sorcery, see haugr, hörgr, whence bl&a
elig;tr kumbla, a worshipper of cairns, a wizard, warlock, a term of abus
e, Eg. (in a verse); kumla brjótr, Korm. S., is also prob. a false readin
g for bljótr or bl&oelig;tr. III. in provinc. Icel. a low hayrick
is called kuml; cp. also kumbaldi.
kumla, kumbla, að, to bruise, wound: part. kumlaðr,
bruised; sárr ok k., Sturl. ii. 71; brynja þín sliti
n, hjálmr þinn kumlaðr, Þiðr. 110: in mod. usage esp.
of scratches and bruises on the hands and face; örkumlaðr, maimed.
kuml-búi, a, m. a cairn-dweller, Draum. 130.
kuml-dys, f. a little cairn, Gg. i.
kuml-mark, n. a monument, Rafn 213.
kumpánn, m. = kompánn, a companion, fellow, mate, F&
aelig;r. 158, Fms. iii. 157, Vígl. 29, Fs. 14, 72: also of a woman, D. N.
i. 389: this word seems in the 14th century to have been used in familiar addre
ss = dear friend! dear boy! and occurs freq. in the Laur. S. komp&aacu
te;na-skapr, m. companionship, friendship, Laur. S., Stj. 255: in mod
. usage Icel. say kompana-legr, adj. companionable, frank, merry, fami
liar, and kompána-skapr, m. familiarity.
kumpása, að, Sks. 64; see kompása.
kumpáss, m., Rb. 466, 472, Sturl. iii. 306; see kompáss.
kumra, að, [cp. Dan. kummer = woe, grief], to bleat,
 of a goat.
Kumrar, m. pl. Cumbrians; Kumra-land, n. Cumberland,
Þd.
Kumrskr or Kumbskr, adj. from Cumberland, Hallfred.
-kunda, from koma, only in compds, sam-k., a congregation.
KUNDR, m., gen. kundar, poët. a son, kinsman, Lex. Poët.
passim.
-kunn or -kuðr, f. in compds, ein-kunn, vár-kunn, mis-k
unn, q.v.
KUNNA, pres. (in pret. form) kann, kannt (kanntú), kann; pl. kunnu
m, kunnut, kunnu (mod. kunnum, kunnit, kunna); pret. kunni; subj. kynni; imperat
. kunn; part. neut. kunnat; the pres. infin. kunnu for kunna is obsolete, wherea
s a pret. infin. kunnu, potuisse, occurs, Ísldr. 9: with neg. suff
. kann-at, Hm. 147; kann-k-a ek, I know not, Skálda (Thorodd) 167,
Hallfred; see Gramm. p. xxiii: [Ulf. kunnan = GREEK, GREEK; A. S. and He
l. cunnan; O. H. G. kunnan; in these old languages, the two senses
of knowing how to do and being able to do are expressed by the sa
me form, and this remains in Dan. kunde, Swed. kunna: in others, a
distinction is made: Old Engl. and Scot. ken, know and can; Germ.
kennen and können.]
A. To know, understand, of art, skill, knowledge, with acc.; hann
þóttisk rísta henni manrúnar, en hann kunni þat
eigi, Eg. 587; hann kunni margar tungur, Fms. xi. 326; þú kannt ma
rt þat er eigi kunnu aðrir menn, v. 236; k. seið, Vsp. 25; Hann r&
aelig;ddi, ef hann kynni nafn Guðs it hæsta -- Kann ek nökkurt na
fn Guðs, -- Þykkja mér slíkt eigi prestar er eigi kunna
it hæsta nafn Guds -- Kanntú nafnit? -- Ek veit þann mann er
kunna mun, ... Nefn þú þá ef þú kannt! ..
. Guð veit at ek vilda gjarna kunna, Bs. i. 421; engi skal sá vera h&
eacute;r með oss er eigi kunni nökkurs-konar list eðr kunnandi, Edd
a 31; ekki kann ek í skáldskap, Fms. vii. 60; kannt þ&uacute
; nakkvat í lögum? -- Kunna þótta ek norðr þa
r, Nj. 33; at þetta væri at vísu lög þótt f
áir kynni, 237; ek kann lítt til laga, 31: of sports, kunna &aacut
e; skíðum, Fms. i. 9; k. við skíð ok boga, Ó. H
. 71; k. við buklara, Sturl. ii. 44; kunna á bók, to know b
y book, know how to read, Mar. 2. to know by memory; kunna men
n enn kvæði þeirra, Hkr. (pref.); hví kveðr þ&u
acute; flokka eina, kanntú ok engar drápur? -- Eigi kann ek dr&aac
ute;purnar færi en flokkana, Fms. vi. 391; ljóð ek þau ka
nn, er kannat þjóðans son, Hm. 147 sqq.; þat kann ek it &
aacute;ttjánda, er ek æva kennig, 164; en Konr ungr kunni rú
nar, Rm. 40, 42; kunna betr, id., Vkv. 26; kunna utan-bókar, to know w
ithout book, know by heart; hón kunni þær allar (Spurnin
gar) vel, nema Sjötta kapitulann, ... Sigríðr kunni allar &Uacut
e;lfars-rímur, Piltr og Stúlka 23. 3. to know a pers
on, a face; synir Heli vóru úsiðugir ok kunnu eigi Guð Dr&
oacute;ttinn, Stj. 429; ek kann þann mann, 460; ok unni honum hverr ma&eth
;r er hann (acc.) kunni, every man that knew him loved him, Hkr. i. 121;
kann kvaðsk eigi k. þá ok eigi hirða hverir vóru, Ba
rl. 36; þik kann ek fullgerva, I know thee well enough, Ls. 30; g&o
acute;ða menn þá er ek görva kunna, Hbl. 7; kunna ek b&aac
ute;ða Brodd ok Hörvi, Hdl. 24; hverr er kunni (mik), Helr. 7; hvars me
nn eðli okkart k., 3: to know, of the character, hann kvað &thorn
;á k. sik úgörla, er þeir veittu honum átöl
ur, því at ek hefi dregit yðr undan dauða, segir hann, Ld.
282; ek kann hvárn-tveggja ykkarn konungs, Fms. vi. 100. 4. spec.
phrases; kunna góða stilling á e-u, hversu góða sti
lling hann kunni á herstjórninni, how skilful he was in militar
y things, Fms. i. 98; k. hóf at um e-t, to know one's measure in
respect of a thing, to behave with moderation, Finnb. 356; Þorvaldr kv
að hana ekki hóf at kunna, Ld. 134; allt kann sá er hóf
it kann, Gísl. 27; ef Griss kynni hóf sitt, Sd. 139; Klaufi, Klauf
i, kunn þú hóf þitt? id.; kunna sér margt, t
o be skilled in many things; hón var væn kona, ok kunni s&eacut
e;r allt vel, Dropl. 7, 35; hann kunni enga leið, he knew no road, Eg
. 149; þeir munu eigi k. leiðina, Fs. 105: absol., uxarnir kunnu &thor
n;ó heim, found their way home, Dropl. 8; k. skyn e-s, to know
all about ...; hann kunni allra skyn í borginni, Fms. vi. 410; &Aacut
e;sa ok Álfa ek kann allra skil, Hm. 160; k. önga mannraun, to ha
ve no experience of men, Fms. vi. 53; ek kann skap þitt at þv&ia
cute;, at ..., Sturl. i. 30. II. metaph. usages; kunna e-m þök
k, to be thankful, obliged to one, Fms. xi. 29, 32; at hann kynni þ
ess mikla þökk ok aufusu, Eg. 521; veizla er yðr búin, kan
n ek yðr mikla þökk at þér þiggit, Fms. vi. 27
7; k. e-m úþökk fyrir e-t, v. 14; k. sér þör
f til e-s, to feel the want of a thing; ef bóndi kann þess &
thorn;örf, if he knows the need of it, Grág. i. 152; at hann
leggi fram vöruna svá sem þú kannt þér &th
orn;örf til, Ld. 70. 2. kunna sik, to know oneself; sá
er svinnr er sik kann, he is a wise man who knows himself, a saying, Hra
fn. 10: to behave, Grímr kveðsk mundu meiða hann ef hann k
ynni sik eigi, Eg. 189; ok vita ef þeir kunni sik þá gör
r meir, Stj. 264; k. sik ílla, to be naughty, Bjarn. 3. kun
na sér, kunna munda ek mér þat (I should know how to do t
hat) ef ek hefða víg vegit, Gísl. 143; gá þes
s, ok kunn þér (take heed, learn!) at varask annars v&iacute
;gkæni, Sks. 383; er Þorólfr svá viti borinn, at hann
mundi k. sér (have sense enough) at vera eigi fyrir liði y&eth
;ru, Eg. 134; kunni hann sér þann hagnað at girnask ekki Sv&iac
ute;a-konungs veldi, Ó. H. 57; en kunnit yðr engi forráð e
ðr fyrirhyggju þegar er ér komit í nokkurn vanda, 67. III. denoting feeling, to feel angry or pleased; kunna e-n es, to be angry with a person for a thing; þá bað Þ
órir konung, at hann skyldi eigi fyrirkunna hann þess at hann haf&e
th;i Egil með sér um vetrinn, Eg. ch. 48; eigi vil ek fyrirkunna &tho
rn;ik þessa orða, þvíat þú veizt eigi hvat v
arask skal, Ó. H. 57; eigi hugða ek at hann mætti mik þes
sa k., þvíat eigi drap ek son hans, Hrafn. 16; kveðr þeir
eigi sik einskis at k., Ísl. ii. 314; kunnit mik eigi þess er ek m
un mæla, Fbr. 116; spurði hvers hón kynni arfa-sátuna, N
j. 194, v.l. 2. with prep.; kunna e-n um e-t, id.; eigi er hann um
þat at kunna, Fs. 38; eigi munu þér kunna mik um þetta
, Fms. i. 175; ekki áttú hann um þat at kunna, vi. 223; ef h
ertogi vill þik nokkut um þetta kunna, xi. 323; hón kunni han
a mjök um áleitni þá, er ..., Bs. i. 340. IV. wi
th dat. to know; þeir er menn kunnu eigi hér máli e&e
th;a tungu við, Grág. i. 224; ef lögsögumaðr kann &thor
n;ar eigi mönnum fyrir í þá sveit, i. 10 B; kunni hann
náliga manns máli, Fas. ii. 443; hann kann eigi lítilmensku
várri, Bjarn. 54; kann þjóð kerski minni, Ó. H.
(in a verse); ek kann skapi Gunnhildar, I know Gunhilda's temper, Nj. 5;
kann ek glensyrðum yðrum Gautanna, Fas. iii. 80; ek kann ráðu
m Gunnhildar en kappi Egils, Eg. 257; ek kann skapi Hrafnkels, at hann mun ekki
göra oss, ef hann náir þér eigi, Hrafn. 27: eigi kannt&
uacute; góðgirnd (dat.) föður várs, ef hann hefir hon
um eigi undan skotið, Fs. 38. 2. to be pleased with a thing or
not; munda ek kunna því, at vér hefðim manna-l&a
acute;t mikit, ef ..., Eg. 585; Eyjúlfr lézk því nafn
i mundu vel kunna, E. said be should be well pleased with that name, Gl&u
acute;m. 328; verðr hváru-tveggju at kunna, one must take one or o
ther of the two, Ó. H. 52; vit munum því ílla k.
ef þú veitir okkr eigi þat er vit beiðum, Eb. 114; hann k
unni því stórílla ok hljóp í brott, Hkr
. i. 36; munu synir Njáls ílla k. víginu, Nj. 64; Nj&aacute
;ll kunni ílla láti Gunnars, 117; Ingi konungr kunni þessu s
vá ílla at hann grét sem barn, Fms. vii. 273; andaðisk
hann, Guðríðr kona hans kunni því lítt, Fb. i

. 543; til þess at hón kunni því betr andláti m
ínu, id.; ílla munu þeir k. höggum er heiman hafa hlaup
it frá kirnu-askinum, Fms.
<PAGE NUM="b0359">
<HEADER>KUNNANDI -- KUTI. 359</HEADER>
viii. 350. 3. with prep.; kann ek ekki við því at yð
r þykki sumt ofjarl en sumt ekki at manni, I do not care for what you c
all ..., Fms. vi. 53; kannka ek mart við veifanar-orði manna, I t
ake no notice of idle rumours, Hallfred; hence the mod. phrase, kunna vi&eth
; e-ð, to be pleased with; eg kann ekki við það, I d
o not like it; kunna vel, ílla við sik, to feel happy, unhappy
 in a place or condition; eg kann vel við mig þar, I like the p
lace.
B. To be able, Lat. posse, (in Engl., can, pret. 
could, has ceased to be used except in the finite moods), with infin.; the s
enses often run one into the other, but the use of the infinitive shews that the
sense can is at least partly implied; þá mælti konun
gr, ertu skáldit? -- Hann sagði, kann ek yrkja, I know I can make
verses, Hkr. i. 288; hann kunni görr veðr at sjá en aðri
r inenn, Eb. 150; þá hluti er þeir kunna honum til at segja,
112; freista hvat hann kynni segja honum, Hkr. i. 228: hón sagði hann
eigi k. at þiggja sóma sinn, Fs. 131; hugsit um hvar þann ma
nn kann fá, where that man can be had, Stj. 460; svá hyggin
n at hann kunni fyrir sökum ráða, Grág. ii. 75; hv&aacute
;rt kanntú mér höll smíða? 656 B. 8; þeir er
mildlega kunnu stýra Guðs hjörð, Hom. 37; kanntú n&o
uml;kkut yrkja? Fms. vi. 361; kunna eigi at mæla, he could not speak, Ld. 30; mikil tíðendi kannþú (= kannt þ&uacute
;) at segja af himnum, Edda 12; þú skalt eigi kunna frá t&ia
cute;ðindum at segja, thou shalt not be able to tell the tidings, shall n
ot escape with life, Nj. 8; um þá hluti er ek kann görr at
sjá en þér, Ld. 186; ekki kann biskup görr at sj&aacut
e; mann á velli en ek, Fms. ii. 173. II. to chance, happen;
ef Björn faðir þeirra kann fyrr andask, if B. should happen t
o die first, Dipl. v. 3; hvar sem þik kann at bera, wheresoever tho
u may happen to arrive, Fms. iv. 176; ef nokkut kann þat til at bera &
aacute; þinni æfi, Gísl. 25; ef hann kann lengr at dveljask &
iacute; brottu, D. N. v. 43; ok hón kann af þessum heimi brott at f
ara, iii. 137.
C. Recipr. to know one another; þeir kunnusk, Mork. 106. 
2. part. kunnandi, cunning, knowing, learned, with gen.; veit
ek at þú ert margs kunnandi, 655 xix. 3; hón var margs kunna
ndi, Fs. 73; Gyða var marg-kunnandi á fyrnsku ok fróðleik,
131.
kunnandi, f. knowledge, Edda 31, Bær. 19, Hom. (St.)
kunnand-leysi, n. want of knowledge, N. G. L. i. 346, 361.
kunnasta and kunnusta, u, f. [Germ. kunst], knowledge, k
nowing, Jb. 353 B, Fms. vi. 95, Edda (pref.), H. E. ii. 59: with the notion
of witchcraft, Fms. i. 8, Stj. 101, Landn. 179. COMPDS: kunnustu-laus
s, adj. ignorant, kunnustu-leysi, n. ignorance, N. G. L
. i. 346.
kunnátta, u, f. knowledge, Edda (pref.), Fms. iii. 184, fre
q. in mod. usage: as also of knowing by heart, þetta er engin kunná
tta! -- magical knowledge, Eb. 44, Landn. 179. COMPDS: kunnáttu-la
uss, adj. ignorant. kunnáttu-leysi, n. ignorance, Fm
s. ix. 331.
kunn-göra, ð, to make known, publish, Dipl. iii. 5, 9, Fa
s. i. 28, iii. 189.
kunnig-leiki, a, m. information, knowledge, of a thing, Fas. i. 9:
familiarity, acquaintance.
kunnigr, adj., mod. kunnugr: I. [kunna], 1. of a thi
ng, known; göra kunnigt, to make known, Eg. 282; vera kunnigt
, to be known, 36, 38; hinna fyrri biskupa sem lands-háttr var h&
eacute;r kunnigri, H. E. ii. 79; menn svá vitrir, ok kunnig lögin, to whom the law is so well known, Hkr. iii. 258; þér mun h&ea
cute;r kunnigt um húsa-skipan, Eg. 235; var mér kunnigt um Brynj&o
acute;lf, enn kunnara um Bárð, 39; kunnigt er mér um hag ykkar
n, Nj. 17; þat er yðr kunnigt, you know well, Fær. 138. 2. wise, supernatural, in which sense it has the contr. forms kunng
ir etc.; Ása-fólk var svá kunnigt, at allir hlutir g&eacute
;ngu at vilja þeirra, Edda (init.); Haraldr konungr bauð kunngum manni
at fara í hamförum til Íslands, Hkr. i. 228; Simon Magus las
taði Petrum ok kvað hann vera kunngan mjök, Post. 656 C. 26; margar
kunngar úvættir byggja land þat, Fms. xi. 182; fjöl-kun
nigr, q.v. 3. in mod. usage, knowing well, well acquainted, familiar; vel kunnugr, gagn-kunnugr, hund-kunnugr, intimately acquainted. II
. [kyn], high born; Ás kunnigan, Rm. 1; kunnigri kván N
iðaðar, Vkv. 23: kindred, Ás-kunnigr, Goð-k., Á
lf-k., q.v.
kunningi, a, m. a friend, acquaintance, but less than vinr; vinir
ok kunningjar, Eg. 116, Fms. ii. 5, 308, iv. 379, vi. 329, xi. 262, Fs. 8, Sks.
447; forn-k., an old acquaintance.
kunn-kona, u, f. a female acquaintance, Ó. H. 196, Greg. 33
.
kunn-leikr, m. (-leiki, a, m.), knowledge, intelligence; g&
ouml;ra e-m e-t í kunnleika, to inform a person of, Fms. vi. 400,
vii. 33, Ísl. ii. 182, Bs. i. 717, Fs. 21; e-m er k. á e-n, to
know, be informed of, Grág. ii. 343; var honum allr k. á Brynj
ólfi, he knew B. very well, Eg. 162, Rd. 285; ef þeir eru h&
eacute;r sumir, er eigi er þat í kunnleika, who does not know, Fms. viii. 313; ok má þat opt annarr vita er öðrum er e
igi í kunnleika, Bret. 99. 2. intimacy, familiarity; &thorn
;ar vóru áðr kunnleikar miklir með þeim Sigurði,
Eg. 37; nú hafa lengi kunnleikar milli vár verit, Valla L. 202; f
ékk Steinn þar allgóðar viðtekjur, þvía
t þar vóru áðr kunnleikar miklir með þeim, &Oa
cute;. H. 143.
kunn-liga, adv. intimately, as an old acquaintance; kveðjask k
., Fb. i. 272; þessi maðr kvaddi Þorgils kunnliga, Ld. 276; vitj
a mín k., Fs. 131; Þorgils skyldi k. senda menn til Sigurðar, F
ms. vii. 220; vitja þú k. Þorkels Geysu, hvenar sem þ&u
acute; þykisk þess við þurfa, vi. 223; þá lei
ta þú k. á fund þess manns er ..., 224; látask

k. við, Fs. 88; kunnliga ríða þeir þó, 105.
kunn-maðr, m. a friend, acquaintance, Hkr. ii. 3, Fms. viii. 1
5, MS. 732. 13.
kunn-mið, n. a word of unknown sense in Orkn. 386; prob. corrupt from
some Gaelic local name.
kunnr, adj., older kuðr, which form is freq. in poets, Hm. 56,
and in old MSS.; dat. fem. sing, kuðri (notae) rhymed with Sú
ðvík (Southwark), Ó. H. (in a verse), as in the compds
ú-kuðr etc.; [Goth. kunþs; A. S. cuð, whence
Engl. un-couth, prop. = strange; Germ. kund] :-- known; vil ek göra þér kunnt, hvat vera skal um þínn
hag, 655 ix. A. 2; var mér kunnara um Bárð. Eg. 39; þ&e
acute;r munu kunnar leiðir, Fms. i. 71; jókk því es m&ea
cute;r varð síðan kunnara, Íb. (pref.); jafn-kunnr; Bj&oum
l;rn var frægr maðr ok mörgum kuðr (kunnr, Ó. H. 53, l
.c.) at sýn ok at máli, Hkr. ii. 78: familiar, grannar &tho
rn;ínir ok kunnir menn, neighbours and friends, Hom. 151; vinir h
ans ok kunnir menn, Sks. 109; þeir vóru mjök kunnir á&e
th;r, intimate friends, Ld. 166. 2. with prep.; kunnr at e-u, k
nown, convicted of; verðr hann at því kunnr eða sannr,
N. G. L. i. 16, Gþl. 17: in a good sense, en þú, Einarr, ert
k. at drengskap, Fms. vi. 21; emk kuðr at slíku, Fms. vi. (in a verse
); kuðr at máli = málkunnugr, 'speech friend,' on speaking
terms, Hm. 56: nafn-kunnr, famous; ú-kunnr, unknown.
kunnug-lega, adv., mod. for kunnlega, q.v.
kunnug-leiki, a, m., mod. for kunnleikr.
kunta, u, f. cunnus.
kurfaldi, a, m. a coal cutter (?), a mean churl, cp. Dan. kulsvier, Fms. vi. 363 (in a verse).
KURFL, n., proncd. kurl, cuttings of wood for charcoal. Fas
. iii. 356, freq. in mod. usage: the saying, það koma ekki öll ku
rl til grafar, not all the cuttings come into the coalpit, of waste.
kurfla, að, mod. kurla, to chop kurfl; kurflaðr vi&
eth;r, Jb.
kurfr, m. a chip, a cut-off piece; hann hafði í hendi a
f spjótbroti lítinn kurf, Karl. 329: flugu kurfarnir yfir höf
uð þeim, Art. 82.
KURR, m. (kuðr, Skíða R. 34, for the sake of rhyme)
:-- a murmur, grumbling, uproar; staðnaði þá kurr b
úandanna, Ó. H. 69, Hkr. i. 142; þá varð þe
gar kurr mikill af bóndum, Fms. i. 33; hann lét þá ei
gi heyra íllan kurr kaupmanna, Nj. 124; kurr nokkurr hafði verit &iac
ute; herinum, Fms. ix. 497, v.l.; engi þorði þenna kurr djarfleg
a upp at kveða, Ó. H. 51; sögðu þeir honum kurr b&oacu
te;nda um fjár-drátt, Fms. vi. 191. 2. rumour; &thor
n;á flaug til konungs kurr nokkurr, Stj. 521; spurðisk þessi ku
rr í Vindland, Fms. x. 341; sá kurr mun loginn, Ld. 34.
kurra, að, [Dan. kurre, of the whirr of birds of the gr

ouse kind], to murmur, grumble; hvat sem ér Danir kurrit, Fms. xi.
246; kurraði þat hverr í sínum híbýlum, S
turl. iii. 127; vinnumenn ok þrælar kurruðu um þat, at ...
, Fms. i. 33; bændr kurruðu ílla, Orkn. 40; kurruðu b&aelig
;ndr mjök, Fms. vi. 191; hví sitja bændr eigi niðr ok hl&y
acute;ða eyrendi, en kurra eigi svá, Fb. ii. 393.
kurr-hugr, m. or kúr-hugr, low spirits; vera &iacute
; kúrhuga, to be concerned, anxious, Fms. ix. 462; hann bað me
nn eigi vera í kurrhuga um þetta, 478, Thom. 400.
KURT, f. [for. word], courtesy, chivalry, good manners; þ&aa
cute; kurt (chivalrous feat) nam ek í Húnalandi, Þi&e
th;r, 57, Konr. 9; með kurt ok hævesku. Fas.: freq. in poets of the 15
th to the 17th centuries, enga ber kurt, Hallgr.; hjartað mitt er hlaðit
með kurt, a ditty, Ísl. Þjóðs. ii. 303.
kurteisi, f. (korteisi, Fms. x. 381, 393), courtesy, feat of ch
ivalry, fine manners, grace; yfirlit ok k., Nj. 17, of a lady; gó&eth
;ra siða ok k., Sks. 242; görum þá k. (good manners
), segir Hrafn at vit færum þetta eigi í kappmæli, ok l
átum konung ráða, Ísl. ii. 236; kurteisis-kona, Fms. ii
. 21: chivalry, hann lét kenna honum alls-konar k., i. 17; riddara
skap ok k., x. 381; manna bezt at sér görr í allri k., 393: pomp, með svá miklu drambi ok k., 232.
kurteisliga, adv. courteously, gracefully; heilsa k., Fms. i. 78:
splendidly, stately, tjalda þeir búð sína vel ok
k., Ld. 104; en er svá k. var komit ráða-hag Dagfinns, Odd. 32
: gently, with dignity, bar hann svá k. sinn harm, Ld. 228.
kurteisligr, adi. courteous; væn kona ok k. (graceful
), Fms. ii. 132.
kurteiss, adj. [Fr. courtois], courteous, gentle; k. ma&eth
;r, Sturl. ii. 133; kurleisar konur, gentle ladies, Fms. vii. 105; v&aeli
g;n kona ok k., Nj. 1, Fms. xi. 106: of chivalrous, stately appearance, m
eð ágætum riddarabúnaði, var þessi maðr in
n kurteisasti, vi. 225; hann var lítill vexti en þó k., h
e was small of stature, but yet stately, vii. 157; riddari k. ok vaskr, Anal
. 292; með kurteisri kveðju, 235.
kurtr, m. = kurt, Karl. 168, 465.
kus, kus! cow, cow! a milkmaid's call.
kusli, a, m. = kussi; nú er kusli dauðr, dauðr er kusli! B
s. i. 610.
kuslungr, m. = kussi, Ems. ix. 403.
kussa, u, f., mod. kusa, a cow, as a colloquial dimin., fre
q. in mod. usage; and so cush is used in the north of England: as a nickn
ame, Fms. viii. 247.
kussari, a, m. [for. word], a corsair, Hkr. iii. 56.
kussi, a, m., mod. kusi, a dimin. a calf, bullock. Bs. i. (
in a verse), freq. in mod. usage.
kuti, a, m. a little blunt knife; cp. Engl. cut.

<PAGE NUM="b0360">
<HEADER>360 KUTIZA -- KVEÐA.</HEADER>
kutiza, u, f. a nickname, Fms. vii.
KÚA-, gen. pl. of kýr, q.v.
kúði, a, m. akin to kóð, q.v.: in local names, K
úða-fljót, Landn.
kú-drekkr, m. a cow sucker (pilferer), N. G. L. i. 253.
kúfa, að, to heap, fill over the brim; kúfað
r, overfilled, of a measure.
kúfóttr, adj. convex; kúfótt hvel, Sks
. 63 B.
KÚFR, m. the heap above the brim of a vessel.
kúfungr, m. the shell of the sea snail, Eg. 152: a nickname
, Bs.
KÚGA, að, [Engl. cow, which is prob. borrowed from the
Norse word] :-- to cow, force, tyrannise over, Nj. 185; ek man ekki k&uac
ute;ga hann til nökkurra hluta, Fms. ii. 260; at sá manndjöfull
kúgi oss, Fs. 36; kúga e-t af e-m, to press out of one, Ld
. 146, Bs. i. 490, Band. 4; láta kúgask, to let oneself be cowe
d into submission, Fms. ii. 46, Hkr. i. 279: part. kúgandi, k.
högg, feeble blows, Sks. 382.
kúgaðr, m. a nickname, Sturl.
kúgan, f. tyranny, hectoring; hafðu í frammi k.
við þá uppi við fjöllin, Ísl. ii. 215; þe
ir buðu mönnum kúgan, Bs. i. 5; með k. eða ránum,
Fbr. 13 new Ed.; vil ek heldr dauða þola en nokkurs manns k., Fms. ii
. 266; pintingar ok k., Fb. ii. 65; k. lífs ok lima, Karl. 551.
kúgari, a, m. a tyrant, Jón Þorl.
kúgi, a, m. a nickname, Orkn. Kúga-drápa, u,
f. a poem, Skálda 198.
kú-gildi, n. a cow's value, Grág. i. 145, 502, Fb. i
. 524; kúgildis-hestr, -hross, a horse worth a k., Vm. 136, 149; k
úgildis skaði, the loss of a cow's value, Grág. i. 130.
kú-gildr, m. of a cow's value, Vm. 159.
kúka, að, cacare: kúkr, m. merda.
KÚLA, u, f. [Germ. kugel, whence mod. Dan. kugle], a ball, knob; tjald-kúla, blý-kúla: the phrases, g&o
uml;ra nú at þeim kúlur á hermanna hátt, Bs. i
. 519; marka kúlur í höfði e-m, to make balls in one's
head, i.e. to beat soundly, Band. 13 new Ed., prob. from some game;
gor-kúla, a kind of fungus: medic. a hump. COMPDS: k&ua
cute;lu-bakr, m. a humpback, kúlu-nefr, m. hump-nose
, a nickname, Sturl.
kú-neyti, n. 'cow-neat,' cows, opp. to geldneyti, Ld. 98, E
b. 320.
KÚPA, u, f. a 'cup,' bowl, basin; smjör-kúpa, a butter box; haus-kúpa, the skull, cranium.
kúpár, adj. bowl-formed, convex.
kúra, að, [akin to kyrr], to sleep, doze; kæra ba
rn mitt, korri-ró, kúrðu vært og sofðu lengi! a ditt
y.
kú-reki, a, m. the primrose, primula, Hjalt.
Kúrir, m. pl. the inhabitants of Kurland (Courland),
Fms., Eg.
kúrur, f. pl. complaints; göra kúrur sín
á millum, Fms. v. 102; á-kúrur, reprimands.
kú-skel, f. the 'cow shell,' cyprina Islandica, Mag. 63, se
e Itin. 69.
kút-magi, a, m. a fish's maw.
kútr, m. a cask for liquor, blöndu-kútr; dala-k
útr, a cask of money.
kút-veltast, t, dep. to roll like a cask (slang), Jó
nas 196.
kvabb, n. a begging; bæna-kvabb, id.
kvabba, að, to beg, (conversational.)
kvaða, u, f. [kveða, kveðja], a request, claim, demand, esp. as a law term, Gþl. 481. COMPDS: kvöðu-dómr,
m. a court for settling a claim, N. G. L. i. 219. kvöðu-v&aa
cute;ttr, m. a witness in a case of claim, Grág. i. 124, N. G
. L. i. 219. kvöðu-vitni, n. = kvöðuváttr, N. G.
L. i. 32: testimony in a case of k., N. G. L. i. 86.
kvaðning, f. a greeting, Fms. iii. 95: order, command,
Hkr. ii. 2.
kvaðrantr, m. [for. word], a quadrant, Rb. 446, 464.
kvak, n. a twittering; fugla-kvak, Bb. 2. 10: bæna-kvak, 
praying.
KVAKA, að, [Engl. quack], to twitter, of a swallow, Eg.
420; fuglinn kvakadi, Hkv. Hjörv. 94; örn einu settisk hjá &aa
cute;lptinni ok kvakaði við hana blíðliga, Ísl. ii. 19
5; bí bí og blaka! álptirnar kvaka, a ditty: metaph., Rb. 1
74.
kvak-samr, adj. whining, querulous, Hkr. iii. 454.
kvalari, a, m. [kvelja], a 'killer,' tormenter, 623. 13, 44, Pass.
35. 1.
kvalning, f. torment.
kval-ræði, n. torments, Sól. 10, Post. 191, freq.
in mod. usage.
kval-samligr, adj. (-liga, adv.), tormenting, Sks. 524.
kval-samr, adj. painful.
kvanta, að, to molest; ó-kvantaðr, unmolested, Bs. i. 806.
kvantr, m. molestation; Súlla spyrr nú kvant (the
massacre?) sinna manna, Róm. 158.
kvap, n. jelly or jelly-like things; see hvap.
KVARA, að, kvorra, mod. korra, to emit a rattling so
und, as if about to be strangled; hann var svá rámr ok kvarra&
eth;i svá at ekki nam hvat hann mælti, Fms. x. 279; hann kippir hon
um niðr undir sik svá at kvorar í honum, Fas. iii. 308.
Kvaran, m. nickname of a Norse king in Dublin, prob. Gaelic, Fb. iii.
kvarði, a, m. [the Dan.-Swed. kaarde = a dirk is prob.
the same word; Swed. quard = selvage] :-- a yard-wand, Gr&a
acute;g. i. 497, freq. in mod. usage: the phrase, setr nú at honum kvar&e
th;a, Skíða R.; mæli-kvarði, a measure, proportion,
of a map; cp. also á-kvarðá, to measure, fix, determine.
KVARTA, að, to complain; k. um e-t, to complain of, Fas
. ii. 370, Háv. 52.
kvartan, f. complaining.
kvartill, m., mod. kvartél, n. [for. word; Germ. viertel
], a quarter: the fourth, of time in music, Rb. 460: a quarter
of an ell, Dipl. iii. 4: in mod. usage, of the moon, fyrsta, síðasta
kvartil.
kvart-samr, adj. querulous, whining, Fms. vii. 322.
kvaterni, n. [Lat. quaternio], a kind of protocol, N. G. L.
iii. 67, Boldt, Rétt., Bs. i. (Laur. S.)
kváða, mod. kvoða, u, f. = hváða, res
in, N. G. L. iii. 119.
KVÁMA, u, f., mod. koma, a coming, arrival; Flosi va
rð feginn kvámu hans, Nj. 254, Fms. vii. 108, N. G. L. i. 410, Landn.
306, passim; at-kváma, arrival; heim-k., coming home, k
vámu-maðr, m. a comer, stranger, Fms. ii. 229, Fbr. 168, p
assim.
KVÁN, f. (kvæn, Ls. 26, 56, Þkv. 8, Am. 6, Gkv.
3. 7), [see kona; Goth. quêns; A. S. cwên; Engl. q
ueen; Scot. quean; Hel. quân] :-- a wife, but nev
er used in the general sense = a woman; an obsolete and poetical word, a 'queen,' wife, nú færit mér Freyju at kván, &T
HORN;kv. 22; honum var brúðr at kván of kveðin, Fsm. 42, 4
6; svá beið hann sinnar kvánar, Vkv. 5; kván frj&aacute
; sína, Skv. 3. 8; Héðins kván, the queen of Hedin = Hilda, Korm. 4, Ó. H. (in a verse); Óðs kván, t
he queen of Od, Hkr. i. (in a verse); kván Niðuðar, N.'s
queen, Vkv. 28; bróðir hans kvanar = his wife's brother, broth
er-in-law, Am. 28; ok kynvið kvánar minnar, Stor. 20: plur. kv&aa
cute;nir, Skv. 3. 14; bið kván, a beloved wife, Lex. Poë
t.; ósk-kván, id.; Viðris kvæn, Odin's wife, Ls. 26; Byggvis kvæn, 56; kvæn konungs, a king's queen, Gk
v. 3. 7; nema færi mér Freyju at kvæn, Þkv. 8, but kv&a
acute;n, 11, 22; kvæn var hón Högna, Am. 6. COMPDS: kv&aacu
te;nar-efni, n. one's future wife, Fas. iii. 61, Mag. 37. kv&aacut
e;nar-mál, n. matrimonial affairs. kvánar-mundr,
m. a dowry, Nj. 146, Grág. i. 172, Bs. i. 462.
kván-bænir, f. pl. wooing, Ísl. ii. 215, 216,
239 (where it is sing.), Fas. iii. 144, 595.
kván-fang, n. 'queen-fetching,' wife-taking, as also a m
atch, wife; leita e-m kvánfangs, Eg. 22; leita á um k., Nj. 6
6; fá gott k., Fms. i. 11; virðuligt k., vi. 57; Brynjólfr haf
ði gefit honum þat k. er hann hafði áðr átt, Eg.
36; Æsir tóku sér kvánföng (married) &th
orn;ar innanlands, Edda 152 (pref.); gefa e-m til kvánfangs, D. N. kv&
aacute;nfangs-eiðr, m. a wedding oath, as to the forbidden degree
s, Grág. i. 319.
kvánga, að, I. act. to make a man marry; eigi &a
acute; faðir-eða móðir at kvánga son sinn eðr gipt
a dóttur sína með meira fé heiman en slíkt komi
á hlut þeirra er eptir eru, ef þá væri erfðu
m skipt, N. G. L. i. 81; this form however is not usual; but, II. reflex.
kvángask, to marry, take a wife, of a man, (but giptast, to be given away, of a woman), Nj. 39, Ísl. ii. 214; ef karlmað
r kvángask en kona giptisk fyrir útan frænda ráð,
N. G. L. ii. 77, passim: part. kvángaðr, married, Eg.
83, Nj. 88, passim.
kvángan, f. the taking a wife, Post. 645. 78.
kván-lauss, adj. wifeless, unmarried, Fas. i. 184, Fs. 21:
widowed, Korm. 56, Fms. vi. 104.
kván-ríki, n. uxoriousness, Nj. 214, N. G. L. i. 340
, Fas. i. 232.
Kvásir, m. a mythol. person, the hostage given by the Vanir to the
Ases, whose blood when slain was the poetical mead, see Edda 47; Kvásis
dreyri, the blood of Q = the poetry, 52.
kvátra, u, f., mod. kotra, [Fr. quatre], a kind of backgammon, still used in Icel. and recorded in the 13th century as a favo
urite game, Sturl. i. 173, ii. 184, Bs. i. 596. kvátru-tafl, n. id., Karl. 470, 486.
KVEÐA, sing. kveðr, pret. kvað, 2nd pers. kvatt, kvatt&uacute
;, Fms. vi. 386, pl. kváðu, kvóðu, and kóðu, Ls
. 24, Hom. 12, Ó. H. 48, Fms. viii. 71, xi. 107; pret. subj. kvæ&et
h;i; imperat. kveð, kveð-þú, kvettú, vi. 361, mod. k
veddu; with neg. suff., pres. kveðk-a-ek, I say not, Ýt. 7: [U
lf. qiþan = GREEK, GREEK, GREEK; A. S. cweðan; Engl. 
quoth; O. H. G. quedan; Swed. quäda; Dan. kvæde;
 cp. Lat. in-quit] :-- to say; né því er k
veðr kona, nor what a woman says, Hm. 83; at þú Frey kve
ðir úleiðastarr lifa, Skm. 19; kveða (dicunt) Heimdal
valda véum, Gm. 13: in an epic sense, to say, orð kvað &th
orn;á Vingi, Am. 37, 38; Glaumvör kvað at orði, 30, 32; ok h
ann þat orða, alls fyrst um kvað = Homer's GREEK ..., Þkv. 2
, 3, 9, 12; or, þá kvað þat Heimdalr; Þá kva
ð þat Þórr; þá kvað þat Þrym
r, 15, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25, 30; Egill fékk úgleði mikla sv&aacu
te; at hann kvað eigi orð, Eg. 518; k. gleði-orð, to say a ch
eerful word, Vígl. 89 new Ed.; þeir kvóðu ekki gott
orð at honum, 655 vii. 3; er hann hafði þat mælt, þ&aa
cute; kvað hann úti annat orð, Fms. xi. 16; hverr þessa sta
fa, ef hann verðr í nef kveðinn, if he is nasal in sound,
Skálda 162; lýsingar-váttar Marðar kváðu sv&
aacute; at orði, Nj. 233; til báls ok til brands kveðr at fornu m
áli, as it is said in old saws, N. G. L. i. 50; Rannveig kvað
vel at hann færi útan, Nj. 111 :-- with infin., hón kvad &th
orn;ar eigi kvenna-vist, Fms. vii. 274; kveðum þá mæla (let them speak) á várar tungur, 656 C. 6: the pret. kvað
(proncd. kvu) as adv. or absol., 'tis said, they say, það kva&
eth; (kvu) vera, they say so. 2. with prep.; kveða at, adverb.
so to say; svá mátti at kveða, id., Fms. xi. 72
; er svá mun mega at k. at líf manna lægi við, Nj. 78; k
veðr svá at, it is so said, Ver. 83; þá er sv&aac
ute; at kveðit, 3; lögsögumaðr skal ráða ok at kve&
eth;a (determine) hvar hvergi dómr skal sitja, Grág. i. 27:
gramm. to pronounce, sound, Skálda 165; mikill harmr er at oss kv
eðinn, mickle harm
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<HEADER>KVEÐANDI -- KVEINA. 361</HEADER>
is doomed us, Nj. 201; mikit er at Kjartani kveðit (there's mickle
said against K., i.e. he is a doomed man), ok mun úhægt
vera at göra við forlögum þeirra, Ld. 190: það kv
eðr mikið (lítið) að e-u, to be of great (small
) influence or importance :-- kveða á, to fix, d
etermine, Grág. i. 35, 39, Nj. 90, Ld. 74; var kveðit á br
ullaups-stefnu, Nj. 40; var gört um málit ok kveðit á f&e
acute;gjöld, 111, Fs. 68: to state, kveðr þar skýrt
á þetta, it is expressly stated there, Ld. 334: a law term,
to cancel, object to, kveða á gögn, to cancel the ev
idence, Grág. i. 67, 106: to fix, make up one's mind, resolve,
100, Nj. 3, 252: part. ákveðinn, fixed, appointed, 256: f
ated, eigi má saka þik um þetta, segir Njáll, &tho
rn;víat slíkt er mjök ákveðit, 166: ákve&et
h;in orð, an agreement, stipulation, Hkr. ii. 372; með ákv
eðnum orðum, in express words, Grett. 89; vant er mér &tho
rn;at at skýra með ákveðnum orðum, Sks. 660; með &
aacute;kveðnu, id., K. Á. 208; mun ek ákveðit g&oum
l;ra, hverir þar skulu vera, Ísl. ii. 346: ákveðin or&et
h;, pointed, libellous words, Bjarn. 57 :-- kveða við, to repl
y, Hm. 26 :-- k. upp, to pronounce, make known, Gísl. 10, Fms
. vii. 88. II. to sing; hón bað Þorstein kveð
a nokkut, Grett. 159; skemti Stúfr ok kvað flokk einn, ok er lokit va
r bað konungr hann enn k. -- Hversu mörg hefir þú n&uacute
; kvæðin kveðit? ... hví kveðr þú flokka e
ina? Fms. vi. 391; skyldi ok engi kveða vísurnar, Nj. 71; Egill orti
alla drápuna, ok hafði fest svá at hann mátti kveða
um morguninn, Eg. 421; k. kvæði, Ísl. ii. 232; þó
tt hann kveði út kvæði þetta, Fms. v. 175; konungr m&
aelig;lti, tel þú oss kvæði nokkut, -- Þormó
ðr settisk upp ok kvað hátt mjök, svá at heyrði u
m allan herinn, hann kvað Bjarka-mál en fornu, Ó. H. 207; harm
hóf upp kvæðit ok kvað hátt, Eg. 427; slógu
þá konur hring umhverfis hjallinn, en Þorbjörg sat uppi
á seiðhjallinum, kvað Guðríðr þá kv&a
elig;ðit svá fagrt ok vel, at engi þóttisk heyrt hafa me
ð fegri rödd kvæði kveðit, Þorf. Karl. 378: in mod.
usage kveða is used of the rhapsodic delivery of a ballad (ríma), ha
lf reciting half singing, thus Icel. say, kveða rímur, to recite a
ballad, as also kveða vel, to recite, sing well; hann er g&oacut
e;ðr kvæða-maðr, he is a good ballad-singer, but never
of a hymn or full melody; þeir riðu um bygðina kveðandi um dag
inn, Fms. xi. 376; þá ferr hann með fjölkyngi, ef hann kve
ðr þat eða kennir, K. Þ. K.; nú eru Háva-m&aac
ute;l kveðin, Háva höllu í, Hm. 165; ok Austmarr jöf
ri Sænskum gýmis ljóð at gamni kveðr, Ýt. 18;
þar sat kona við kvern ok kvað forkunnar fagrt, Fms. vii. 233. 2. to make a verse; kvettú nú, Þjóð&o
acute;lfr, um deild þeirra, ... Þjóðólfr kvað
(and the verse follows), Fms. vi. 361; kveða vísu, to make a ditty
, Fms., Nj. passim; kvæðit var mjök kveðit, Fms. v. 173;
þessi vísa var ílla ort ok skal ek kveða aðra betri,
hann kvað, vi. 416; heyr þjóðskáldit! kvattú
svá, gröm, skömm? ekki eru þær hendingar jafnh&aac
ute;var, 386 :-- kveða á e-n, to challenge one in a song; kal
la þær sé kveðit sik á | af kærleiks elsku-f
undum, Skíða R. 3. 3. kveða við, to scream; kva
ð sá við í því er kesjan stóð &aac
ute; honum miðjum, Fms. viii. 354; hundrinn kvað við hátt, Nj
. 114: to sound, því næst kvað lúðr vi&
eth;, the trumpet sounded, Fms. vi. 16, vii. 288; þeir létu
kveða við lúðra sína, ix. 527; í þv&iacut
e; kvað við klokka, Fb. i. 417, Fms. iii. 60, ix. 510. III. refle
x. to say of oneself; þeir er biskupar kváðusk vera, 
who said they were bishops, Íb. 13; hann kveðsk eigi rí&et
h;a mundu, Nj. 12; Njáll kvaðsk með því einu fara my
ndu, 105; þeir kváðusk eigi vita hverju gegndi, Fms. vii. 272;
þeir er sét kveðask hafa seglin, 322; þeir kóð
usk koma mundu, xi. 107; hann kvaðsk þess albúinn, Nj. 100; &Oa
cute;ttarr kvaðsk eigi vara, at ..., Fs. 87. 2. also impers., m&eacut
e;r kveðsk = eg kveð mér; er þér kveðsk þ&
aacute; þykkja gott at deyja, Fms. xi. 153; hafði hann fátt um
í fyrstu, en kvaðsk þetta ( = kvað sér þetta)
þó vel líka, ix. 291; Kára kvaðsk (i.e. Ká
ri kvað sér) önnur ferð betri þykkja, K. said he wo
uld like better to take another course, Nj. 139; herfiligt kveðsk honum
þykkja at hokra þar fyrir stokkum eða steinum, Fas. ii. 505; Gl&
uacute;mi kveðsk því betr þykkja, Rd. 286; kvaðsk &th
orn;eim horfin-heilla at þykkja, Fms. vii. 272; honum kveðsk vel &aacu
te; lítask, vi. 99; þeim kvaðsk þykkja sér vandala
ust, 107; Vigdísi kvaðsk eigi vera um lygi, Ld. 44; honum kvaðsk
meira um at halda fram, Fb. iii. 447; honum kvaðsk svá hugr um segja,
Sturl. 3. kveðask at, recipr. to exchange songs, a game playe
d at a wake or dance; sá leikr var mönnum tíðr, at kve&et
h;ask skyldu at, karlmaðr at konu, ok kona at karlmanni, Bs. i. 165: in mod.
usage, kveðast á, to cap verses, each party in turn replying
in a verse beginning with the letter with which the preceding one ends; Komd&uac
ute; nú að kveðast á | kvæðin okkar stór
og smá, a ditty, cp. kveða á II. 2. above.
kveðandi, f. the recital of a song, singing; ok er lokit var k
væðinu, lét Óttarr eigi niðr falla kveðandina, h
eldr hóf hann upp drápuna, þá er hann hafði ort u
m konunginn, Fb. iii. 242; fögr var sú kveðandi at heyra, Grett.
152; þar skyldi vera k. mikil sem hón (the prophetess) var, Fas. i
i. 506; því næst heyrðu þeir kveðandi harðl
a ógurliga með mikilli raust, Draum. 124; heyrði hann í h&
uacute;s nokkut kveðindi svá fagra, at ..., Fms. vii. 233. 2.
metric, rhythm, flow of a verse; hér er stafa-setning sú (v
iz. the alliteration) sem hætti ræðr ok k. görir, Edda 120;
ok gör svá löng samstafa af skamri, þvíat ella he
lzt eigi k. rétt í vísu-orði, Skálda 182; s&uacu
te; stafsetning er hatt görir ok kveðandi, Edda 121; þessi figura
er upphaf til þeirrar kveðandi, er saman-heldr Norrænum kve&eth
;skap, Skálda 192; en þó fegra þær mjök &ia
cute; kveðandi, Edda 122.
KVEÐJA, pres. kveð; pret. kvaddi; imperat. kveð, kveð&tho
rn;ú, kveþþu, Hm. 127 (Bugge); part. kvaddr: with neg. suff.,
pres. indic. kveð-ka, Ls. 10: [see kveða] :-- to call on, address, r
equest, summon; Þorvaldr kvaddi húskarla sína, Nj. 18, E
b. 314: with gen. of the thing, acc. of the person, k. e-n e-s, ok er þess
mest ván at ek kveðja þik þess eigi optar, Fms. iv. 38;
k. dura, to call at the door, Skálda 163, Fms. ii. 194, vi. 21; k.
matar, svefns, to call for food, sleep, Bs. i. 366; k. sér hlj&oa
cute;ðs, to call for a hearing, Nj. 105, Ísl. ii. 255, Rekst.
1; k. e-n at óði, to call one to listen to one's song, Jd. 1,
Leiðarv. 2. 2. with prepp.; k. e-n at e-u, to call on a person to
do a thing, call his attention to; þik kveð ek at þessu, Nj
. 150; hann vildi, jafnan at Ólafr væri at kvaddr öllum st&oac
ute;rmælum, Ld. 94; kvaddi hann at því Gregorium Dagsson, Fms
. vii. 256; kvaddi hann þar at Erling Skakka, 257; Björn kveð ek
at þessu, Ld. 14 :-- k. e-n brott af, frá, to call on one to go;
 eigi hefir ek yðr ... brott kvatt af mínum garði, Fas. i. 71
:-- k. e-n frá, Nj. 170; ek hefi menn optlega kvadda frá erfð
um, Fms. i. 305 :-- k. e-n til e-s, to call on one for a thing; kveð
ek hann til farar með þér, ... hann skaltú k. til f&ouml
;runeytis með þér ... ekki skaltú hann k. til þess
ar ferðar, Ísl. ii. 322, 323; þá skaltú k. menn t
il ferðar með þér, Nj. 14 :-- k. upp, to call up; k.
upp alla þá menn er mikils eru virðir, Fms. xi. 120; samna&eth
;i liði ok kvaddi upp almenning, Nj. 107, Fms. vi. 179 :-- hann kvaddi &uacu
te;t Höskuld ok Rút, Nj. 21 :-- with dat., eigi kann ek þat at
mínu ráði sjá, at kveðja í burtu mönnu
m Þorgils, ok förunautum, Sturl. i. 22. II. in law, a general
term, to request, demand, summon, call on one to perform any legal duty,
as also to challenge, appeal to, and the like, according to the context;
svá skal mann kveðja, nemna mann þann á nafn, ok kve&eth
;i hann gripar þess er hann á at honum, ok nemni gripinn, ok kve&et
h;i hann laga kvöð ok lyritar, N. G. L. i. 218, 219; kvaddi hann sv&aac
ute; at vér heyrðum á, kvaddi hann um handselt mál &THO
RN;orgeirs, Nj. 238; gögn þau öll er áðr var til kvat
t, Grág. i. 106; kveð ek yðr lögkvöð, Nj. 218; beru
m vér svá skapaðan kvið fram, sem Mörðr kvaddi os
s, 238; þeir kvöddu fjóra búa ór kviðinum, they challenged four neighbours, 110; kveð ek yðr svá at &t
horn;ér heyrit á sjálfir, 218; stefna, ok kveðja til t&
oacute;lptar-kviðar, Grág. i. 213, 214; -- kveðja búa heim
an, to summon neighbours (jurors) at their home (heiman-kv&
ouml;ð), a law phrase, opp. to kveðja búa á þingi, to summon them in parliament (þinga-kvöð), passim in Gr&aac
ute;g. and the Sagas, see kvöð; hann kvaddi búa til máls,
Nj. 36; þú kvaddir Keisarann til þíns máls, they appealed to Caesar, Post.; kveð ek yðr um handselt mál
N. M., Nj. 218. 2. with gen. of the thing, to call, summon; kve&et
h;ja þings, to convoke a meeting, Fms. i. 149, vi. 12 (acc., Fb. i.
565, wrongly); k. móts, Fms. vii. 60; k. tólptar-kviðar, Gr&a
acute;g. i. 34; k. laga, D. N.; k. féránsdóms, 81; k. fj&aa
cute;r, 402, N. G. L. i. 23; k. sér griða, Bs. i. 544 :-- k. e-n e-s,
to summon, call on a person to perform a duty; k. goða tólpta
r-kviðar, Grág. i. 105; k. búa bjargkviðar, Nj. 110; kve&e
th; ek yðr þeirra orða allra er yðr skylda lög til um at
bera, 218, 238; vóru vér kvaddir at bera vitni þat, 238. 
III. to welcome, greet; þeir kvöddu konung. Am. 6, Eg. 28,
Nj. 3; hann var svá kátr at hvert barn kvaddi hann hlæjandi
, Fms. vii. 172; kyssa ok kveðja, Hkv. 13: of one departing, hann gengr n&ua
cute; í brott ok kveðr engan mann, Band. 4 new Ed. 2. recipr.
to greet one another; þeir kvöddusk vel, Ísl. ii. 355,
passim, see heilsa and the remarks there made: k. e-n heipta, to lay imprecat
ions on one, Hm. 152, cp. 138.
kveðja, u, f. a welcome, greeting; konungr tók kveð
ju hans, Eg. 63, passim, Matth. i. 29: also of one absent, hann sagði &thorn
;eim kveðju Gunnhildar, Nj. 5; bar hann konungi kveðju Þór&
oacute;lfs, Eg. 53; þeir skyldu segja konungi kveðju hans, Fms. x. 290
; kveðju-sending, sending one's greeting, compliments, vi. 92, vii. 1
03, Sturl. ii. 149: salutation, in the formula at the beginning of a lett
er, Ingi konungr sendir kveðju Sigurði konungi, Fms. vii. 220; N. M. sen
dir N. M. kveðju Guðs ok sína, D. I. passim :-- in mod. usage 
the address on a letter is called kveðju.
kveð-skapr, m. poetry, verse-making, opp. to prose; bæ&e
th;i er at þú yrkir vel, enda ert þú allvandlát
r um þinn kveðskap, Fms. vi. 387; góðr k., good poetry; íllr k., bad poetry: song, Sighvatr segir í sínu
m kveðskap, 40; finnsk þat ok í kveðskap Hallfreðar, at
..., iii. 7; hann kveðsk ílla una við kveðskapinn Ing&oacute
;lfs, Fs. 60; sú er ein tala hversu margir hættir hafa funnisk &iac
ute; kveðskap höfuðskálda, Edda 120; má ok eigi undra
sk þó at kveðskaprinn sé stirðr, þvíat
í svefni var kveðit, Draum. 123; k. ok söngvar, Sks. 633; fellr
mér svá í geð k. sá, Sd. 160, Bret. 48; n&iacute
;ða e-n í kveðskap, Fms. vii. 60: with the notion of satire or lampoon, stefna e-m um kveðskap, to summon a person for lampo
oning, iii. 21; hann níddi mik í kveðskap, vi. 117.
KVEF, n. [akin to kvefja, kefja, etc.; Engl. cough; Germ. keich

en; Swed. quaf] :-- a catarrh, freq. kvef-sótt,
f. epidemic of kvef.
kvefja, kvafði, to quench, extinguish; see kefja.
kveif, f. [from Fr. coif], a coif, cap; hött eðr k
., Sks. 434; hött né húfu eða k., 291: esp. a mitre, Fms. viii. 378, Bs. ii. 186: in mod. usage, metaph. a feeble person, h
ann er mesta kveif: as also kveifara-skapr, m. feebleness; kvei
far-legr, adj. (-lega, adv.), weak, faint.
kveikja, kveikr, see kveykja, kveykr, Fms. v. 25.
kvein, n. wailing, Bs. i. 40, ii. 140, Al. 55; andar-kvein, lam
entation; harma-k., a dirge, freq. in an eccl. sense.
KVEINA, að. [Ulf. qainon = GREEK: A. S. cwânjan:
Engl. whine,
<PAGE NUM="b0362">
<HEADER>362 KVEINKA -- KVERK.</HEADER>
wanion; Germ. weinen] :-- either, kveina um e-t (mod. k. yfir e-u)
, to complain of a thing, or absol. to wail, mourn, lament, but no
t used transitively as in A. S.; er hér kveinat um eldiviðar-fæ
ð, Fms. i. 291; görðit hón hjufra né höndum sl&a
acute;, né k. um sem konur aðrar, Gkv. 1. 1 (2. 11); taka nú k
. um þat, er ..., Al. 52, Fas. iii. 154; hón kveinaði um mj&oum
l;k meðan hón starfaði, Hom. 113: absol., munu þér k
. ok kalla til Dróttins, Stj. 441; krytja eðr k., 370, Fas. i. 200; e
n þeir létu sem þeir heyrði eigi hvat er hón kvein
aði, Fms. vi. 352.
kveinka, að, to complain; k. um e-t, O. H. L. 78, Rb. 174, Bs.
ii. 64: mod., k. sér, to wail, cry, from pain.
kveinkan, f. lamentation, Rb. 174, Bs. ii. 561, Thom. 248, Karl. 1
91.
kvein-samlegr, adj. lamentable, Al. 149.
kvein-stafir, m. pl. wailings, lamentations, Al. 154.
KVEISA, u, f. a whitlow, boil; hafa kveisu í fæti, Hr
afn. 14; kveisa er komin í hönd þér, Pr. 470; kveisu-na
gli, the core of a boil, Hrafn. 14, 15, Nj. 244; kveisu-sullr, a boil,
 Bs. ii. 168: in mod. usage, of shooting pains, iðra-k., colic
: as also, flug-k., shooting pains. kveisu-gras, n., botan. entiana.
kveistinn, adj. touchy, tender; þú ert svo kveistinn!
kveistni, f. touchiness, tenderness.
kveita, u, f. [kveite, Ivar Aasen], a halibut, flounder (he
ilag-fiski); kalt vatn augum en kveita (kvett or kveit. MS.) tönnum, l&eacu
te;rept líki, in the Merman's song, Fas. ii. 33; this is prob. the meanin
g of the word in this much-contested passage, and not as suggested in Aarb. (186
6) 377.
kveita, tt, a false form for kneyta, Fas. ii. 131.
KVELD, n., proncd. kvöld: [akin to kvelja, for evening is 
the quelling or killing of the daylight; Ivar Aasen kveld; Swe
d. quäll] :-- evening; in Icel. as well as in Norway kveld i
s the common popular word, whereas aptan (eve) is poetical and solemn; kv
eld is prob. elliptical, from kveld dags, quelling of day: sayings, at kv
eldi skal dag leyfa, Hm.; allir dagar eigu kveld; at kveldi, at eve, in the e
vening, K. Þ. K. 102; at kveldi dags, on an evening, Fms. vi. 8
3, Eg. 106; í kveldi, this evening, Skíða R.; í
kveld, to-night, Stj. 121, Nj. 252; á kveldit, in the evening,
 Ld. 14; um kveldit, Nj. 6, 120; ok er mjök leið á kveldit
..., þat vilda ek at þú færir eigi heim í kveld,
... Gunnlaugr kom eigi heim um kveldit, Eb. 46, 48; þat kveld er l&iacute
;kmenn kómu heim, 268; á kveldum, Fs. 143. COMPDS: kveld-langt,
 n. adj. the evening long; drekka k., Fas. i. 13, Barl. 144, Sd. 141.
kveld-lestr, m. an evening lesson, evensong, Safn i. 85; see h&ua
cute;slestr. kveld-ligr, adj. vesper time, Sks. 41. kveld-matr,
 m. = kveldverðr. kveld-mál, n. eventide, Fr. kv
eld-máltíð, n. a supper, Fas. iii. 282: eccl. th
e Lord's Supper, Germ. Abendmahl, Dan. Nadverd, Swed. Nattv
ard: Kveldmáltíðar-Sacramenti, n. the Holy Commu
nion. kveld-riða, u, f. an 'evening-rider,' night-hag, witch, riding on wolves in the twilight, Hkv. Hjörv. 15, Hallfred, Lex. Po&eu
ml;t.; Þorbjörn stefndi Geirríði um þat at hó
n væri k., Eb. 46; hón var fjölkunnig, ok hin mesta k., Fas. i
ii. 650; kveldriðu stóð, the 'ogress-steed' = the wolve
s, Hallfr. kveld-roði, a, m. the evening red of the sky,
opp. to morgun-roði. kveld-seta, u, f. a sitting up late, Fms.
vii. 126. kveld-stjarna, u, f. the evening star. kveld-sv&aeli
g;fr, adj. fond of sleep in the evening, opp. to morgun-svæfr,
Eg. 3, Fms. vii. 126. kveld-söngr, m. evensong, vespers, MS.
625. 178, Bs. i. 849. kveld-tími, a, m. eventide, Fas. ii.
427. Kveld-úlfr, m. a nickname, Eg. kveld-vaka, u, f. ev
e-wake, the time between twilight (rökkr) and bed-time, when people sit
and work by candle-light, also simply called vaka. kveld-verðr, m. a supper.
kvelda, að, mod. kvölda, to draw towards evening;
er kveldaði, Fms. iii. 114, vi. 156, Hkr. i. 24, Fs. 14; nú tekr at k
., Al. 81; þá var svá kveldat, at ..., Fms. xi. 63; vert &th
orn;ú hjá oss, þvíat kvölda tekr og á dag
inn líðr, Luke xxiv. 29: absol., áðr en þessi dagr k
veldi, MS. 4. 32.
KVELJA, pres. kvel, pret. kvaldi, part. kvalðr, kvaliðr, kvalinn;
with neg. suff., imperat. kvelj-at, Vkv. 31; [A. S. cweljan; Engl. to
quell, kill; Hel. quellian = cruciare; Germ. quälen;
 Dan. quæle; Swed. quälja] :-- to torment; m
átti enga skemtan af hafa at kvelja þá, Eg. 232; at hann mun
di svá vilja kvelja hana, Fms. vi. 352; ek skal alla vega láta k.
Markvarð, Mag. 2; at eigi kveli bruna-þefr bókanna þ&aacu
te; menn er ..., 656 B. 1; ekki má verra vera en öfund sú, er
kvelr af anuars góðu, Hom. 21; hann barðisk allan dag í g
egn mér ok kvaldi mik, Fms. viii. 240; kvelit mik ekki lengr, Anal. 186;
Grímhildr kvelr bræðr sína, Þiðr. II. r
eflex. to be tormented; kveljask í vesöld, Fs. 172; muntu kve
ljask með fjándanum í Helvítis loga, Fms. i. 202; &thor
n;víat ek kvelst þungliga í þessum loga, Luke xvi. 24;
nú er hann (Lazarus) huggaðr en þú kvaliðr, Greg. 2
2; hann varð ílla við ok kveðsk kvaldr, ... er hann skyldi kv
eljask úti í hverju íllviðri, Grett. 178 new Ed., Fs. 1
72: to be quelled, þá kvölðusk öll rá&e
th; fyrir konunginum, Hom. 112. III. part. as adj.; klárinn s&aeli
g;kir þangat mest sem hann er kvaldastr, Fas. ii. 252.
kveljari, a, m. a 'killer,' tormenter, 656 B. 5, Al. 78.
kvelling, f. [perhaps akin to keli-, q.v., cp. also kvilli], ailment,
ailing, Post. 210, Grett. (in a verse). kvellinga-samr, adj. aili
ng, valetudinarian, Eg. 126, Sturl. ii. 53.
kvelli-sjúkr, adj. ailing; ekki hefi ek verit k., Ld, 54, E
g. 126.
kvelli-sótt, f. ailment, Eg. 519.
kvelni, f. quailing, despondency, Hom. 86.
kvendi, n. a woman, womankind, Stj. 71, 257, 289, Grett. 161 A; kv
endum ok körlum, MS. 4. 13: in mod. usage in a low sense.
Kvenir, m. pl. the Tchudic people of Kvenland in northern Russia,
Eg.
KVENNA-, gen. pl., see kona B.
kvenn-borinn, part. cognate, Fms. iv. 8.
kvenn-búnaðr, m. women's dress, Eb. 256, Edda 68, Stj.
186.
kvenn-dýr, n. a she-beast, Stj. 71, 77.
kvenn-fat, n. woman's attire, Landn. 119, N. G. L. i. 255.
kvenn-fólk, n. woman-folk, women, Fas. iii. 644, freq. in m
od. usage.
kvenn-fugl, m. a hen-bird, Pr. 409.
kvenn-gildr, adj., opp. to karlgildr, q.v.: in the phrase, k. úmag
i, a half pauper, who can do something for himself, Vm. 52, D. I. passim.
kvenn-gjöf, f. a gift to a woman, N. G. L. i. 75.
kvenn-hallr or kvenn-hollr, adj. amorous, Fms. v. 341.
kvenn-hempa, u, f. a woman's petticoat.
kvenn-kenna, d, to address as a woman, Fas. iii. 75, Vígl.
24: gramm. kvennkendr, feminine, Sks. 103, Clem. 29.
kvenn-kind, f. womankind, Stj. 79.
kvenn-klæði, n. pl. women's dress, Grág. i. 338,
Landn. 119, N. G. L. i. 75.

kvenn-kné, n. kin by the woman's side, cognate lineage, Hkr
. i. 112: a female degree of kin, Fms. ix. 251, 327.
kvenn-kostr, m. a good match, of a woman, Fb. i. 407; þ&oacu
te;tti sá k. einnhverr beztr í Noregi, Fms. vi. 353; hinn bezti k.
, Grett. 71; um kveldit varð þeim tíðrætt um kvennkos
ti, Korm. 56.
kvenn-kvikendi, n. a female creature, Stj. 80, Sks. 103.
kvenn-kyn, n. the female sex, Hom. 31, Stj. 56, Barl. 24.
kvenn-kyrtill, m. a woman's kirtle, Bs. i. 506.
kvenn-leggr, m. kindred by the woman's side, the cognates, G&thorn
;l. 244, Fms. i. 6.
kvenn-legr, n. fornication, N. G. L. i. 377.
kvenn-liga, adv. woman-like, lady-like, Vígl. 33.
kvenn-ligr, adj. woman-like, Bs. ii. 152, Fas. iii. 576, Fs. 134.
kvenn-list, f. female skill, Vígl. 48 new Ed.
kvenn-maðr, m. a woman, freq. in mod. usage (see kona), Ld. 8,
MS. 4. 23; kvennmanna bein, Eb. 338, and in countless compds; kvennmanns-b&uacu
te;naðr, kvennmanns-föt, a woman's dress, Bárð. 173.
kvenn-mannligr, adj. woman-like, Sks. 169, Fas. iii. 528.
kvenn-nýtr, adj. virilis, Stj. 195.
kvenn-samr, adj. given to women, Sturl. ii. 195, Róm. 250.
kvenn-semi, f. the being given to women, Hom. 86, Finnb. 300.
kvenn-sift, f. (kvenn-svift, N. G. L. i. 78, 79), kin by the wo
man's side, cognate lineage, opp. to karlsift (q.v.), Grág. ii. 176,
Hkr. i. 112, Fms. i. 6; kvennsiftar-maðr, a cognate relative, N. G. L
. i. 79.
kvenn-silfr, n. the silver or jewels of a woman's dress.
kvennska, u, f. womanhood, Stj. 5: chastity, Gþl. 140
, Bær. 11.
kvenn-skari, a, m. a bevy of ladies, Konr. 42.
kvenn-skikkja, u, f. a woman's cloak, Nj. 200, Fms. ii. 134.
kvenn-skinn, n. womankind, in a low sense, Mar.
kvenn-skratti, a, m. a bad woman, termagant, Gísl. 52.
kvenn-skrúði, a, m. woman's attire. Fas. ii. 377.
kvenn-skygn, adj. looking after women, Fas. iii. 527.
kvenn-skörungr, m. a stately, great lady, Nj. 30, Dropl. 6, F

s. 102.
kvenns-ligr, adj. = kvennligr, Al. 34, 172.
kvenn-stólar, m. pl. women's seats or pews in church.
kvenn-styrkr (kvenn-sterkr), adj. a match (in strength) 
for a woman; varla ætla ek þik kvennstyrkan, Grett. 119 A, Fas.
iii. 572.
kvenn-svift, f. = kvennsift.
kvenn-söðull, m. a woman's saddle, side-saddle, Fms. x. 8
7.
kvenn-úmagi, a, m. a female pauper, Vm. 117, Bs. i. 285.
kvenn-váðir, f. pl. 'women's weeds,' petticoats, &THORN
;kv.
kvenn-vælar, f. pl. female plannings, Gísl. 44.
KVER, n. [a for. word; Engl. quire], a sheet folded in a bo
ok; var stolit ór (the book) einu kverinu, Fms. viii. 402; þar er a
spiciens bók í kverum (not bound), Vm. 122; bækr tutt
ugu, ok fimm kver at auk, Pm. 5: in mod. usage a small book, volume, B&ae
lig;na-kver, a Prayer-book; Stafrofs-kver, an a b c book; Fr&aeli
g;ða-kver, Hallgríms-kver, Þorláks-kver, = the poems
of Hallgrim, Thorlac; and esp. with the article Kverið = the volume c
ontaining the Catechism.
KVERK, f., pl. kverkr, mod. kverkar: I. in sing. the angle belo
w the chin; hann tók undir kverkina ok kyssti hana, Nj. 2; ok var all
t þrútið undir kverkinni, Bs. i. 382; Þjóst&oacute
;lfr laust undir kverkina, Fms. vii. 211: metaph. the inner bight or a
ngle, of an axe, undir kverk öxinni, Nj. 84; féll hverr boði
nn í kverk öðrum, Fms. xi. 13; bita-k., sperru-k., the angle
under a cross-beam. II. in plur. the throat; konungr for h&ou
ml;ndum um kverkr sveininum, Ó. H. 196; ör stóð um &thorn
;verar kverkrnar, Eb. 244; tekr hann þá um kverkr henni, Fms. iii.
224; höku, kinnr eða kverkr, Edda 109; þá er hann leggr ha
na um kverkr sér, MS. 625. 183; hann laust fremri hyrnu undir kverkr &tho
rn;eim, Fms. vii. 191; nístir tunguna við kverkrnar, Al. 77, Grett. 1
01 new Ed.; kverknar
<PAGE NUM="b0363">
<HEADER>KVERKABÓLGA -- KVIÐR. 363</HEADER>
fúnuðu, Bs. i. 189; þat er minnr í nef kveðit en mei
rr í kverkr, Skálda 166; tók verk allan ór kverkunum
, Ó. H. 197. COMPDS: kverka-bólga, u, f. bronchitis.
kverka-mein, n. bronchitis, Bs. i. 116, 189, 347, 445. kverkasótt, f. a throat disease, Ann. 1310. kverka-sullr, m.
a boil in the throat, quinsy, Ó. H. 196.
kverk-ál, f. the cheek-strap of a bridle.

kverk-band, n. a string of a cap or hood, Grág. ii.
132.
kverk-mæltr, adj. speaking in the throat.
kverk-segi, a, m. a muscle in a fish's head.
KVERN, f., gen. kvernar, but the mod. form kvörn, gen. kvarnar; [Ulf
. qairnus, Mark ix. 42; A. S. cwyrn; Old Engl. quern; O. H.
G. quirn; Dan. kværn; Swed. quarn] :-- a handmil
l; þar sat kona við kvern, Fms. vii. 233; ok und kvernum klaka, Ls
. 44; era þat karls-ætt er á kvernum stendr, Hkv. 2. 2; bondw
omen used to turn the handmills, and the turning of the quern was, as it still i
s in Icel., where every farm has its handmill, accompanied by singing a song, se
e esp. the Millsong in the Edda (Gróttasöngr), 78 sqq. 2. met
aph. an eddy or whirlpool in a river is called kvern, agreeably to
the legend popular among all ancient Teut. people of a wonder mill grinding sal
t at the bottom of the sea, such as the famous mill Grótti, in the old Da
nish story of king Frode, which ground gold and peace, and at last the sea salt.
COMPDS: kvernar-auga, n. a 'mill-eye,' mill-hole, Edda, cp. also
the prose to Hkv. 2. kvern-á, f. a mill-stream, Bret. 45. kvern-berg, n. a mill-stone quarry, D. N., H. E. i. 396. Kvern-b
ítr, m. mill-biter, a name of a sword, Hkr. kvern-foss,
m. a mill-force, D. N. kvern-hús, n. a mill-box, =
lúðr, Boldt, D. N., B. K. 81. kvern-steinn, m. a mill-ston
e, Edda 78, Fms. i. 17, Sks. 420. kvern-stæði, n. a mill
-place, where a mill stands, D. N.
KVEYFA, d, this -- not kneyfa or qneyfa as in the Editions -- is the true
form of the word, which has become obsolete in Icel., but remains in Engl.; [En
gl. quaff = to drink in large draughts till one loses breath] :-to quaff; Egill kveyfði af horninu í einum drykk, Eg. 557; Eg
ill drakk um hríð, ok kveyfði hvert horn er at honum kom, 559, Tr
ist. 10; kveyfa ker, Mag. 68; hlífðit Kristr þá er k&oac
ute;lgu hrafn kveyfði með stöfnum, Christ helped not when the se
a raven (his ship) quaffed water from stem to stern, was swamped, Bs.
i. 16 (in a verse).
kveyfir, m., poët. a quaffer, Lex. Poët.
kveyking or kveiking, f. kindling, Stj. 6, Mar.
KVEYKJA, t, or kveykva, Grág. (Kb.) i. 16, Hðm. 1; qu&o
slash;qua, Greg. 33, 34, etc.; kvöykja, Sks. 634; but also spelt kveikja, F
b. i. 203, Sks. 53 new Ed., Fms. v. 316, x. 367, Hom. 193; gen. pl. kveykna, Nj.
194; [Ulf. qiwian = GREEK; A. S. cwician; Engl. quicken; H
el. aquicon; Dan. kvæge; Lat. vivere] :-- to quick
en, kindle; kveykja ljós, to kindle a light, Fs. 38; k. log, id., Fb. iii. 408; kveikja eld, to kindle a fire, Ísl. ii. 1
52; þessi arfa-sáta var tekin ok kveyktr við eldr, Nj. 194, 199
; síðan kveykti þessi maðr eld, Fs. 5; með kveyktum eld
i, Eb. 56 new Ed.; kerti fékk konungr honum ok sagði þat sj&aac
ute;lft kveykjask mundu ef því væri á lopt brugðit
, Bárð. 179; quøqua ljós í keri, Greg. 33, 34; k
veykt eðr tendrat, Mar.; k. lostasemi, Rb. 352; k. upp fjandskap, Valla L. 2
27; henni var mikill harmr kveikðr í hjarta, Fms. x. 367; kveykva sor
g, Hðm. 1. 2. metaph. to kindle a report; ein er sú s&o
uml;gn er sá kveikir, Mar.; þeim hélt við váð
a er þetta höfðu kveykt, Fms. ix. 358, v.l.; Þórarin

n bað eigi neina kvittu kveikja í hirð konungs, v. 316. 3.
pass., engi skyldi kvittr kveikjask, Fb. i. 203; nú kveykir hón g
aldra, Bret. 26; stormr kveikisk, Sks. 231 B; tungl kveykisk, the moon is lig
hted, Rb. 122; kveykja upp kyn hins andaða, Stj. 425; þú kv
eiktir mik svá sem Guð vildi í öndverðu, Hom. 154; he
ldr en kveikvi, MS. 677. 9; harm kveykði orm einn at mæla við Evu,
Ver. 4; kveikjask til ástar, Fms. i. 231.
kveykja or kveikja, u, f. kindling, Stj. 192; öfundar
k., Bs. ii. 21: in the west of Icel. a slight swelling of the rivers from rain o
r a thaw is called kveykja, a freshet, -- það er komin k. &iacu
te; árnar. cp. kvikva (II). II. plur. kveykur (and kviku
r, Bs. i. 197), yeast, ferment of ale; queyquor voru lagðar undir
mungáts efni, Bs. i. 339; einhverr maðr vildi mungát gör
a, ok horfðisk á úvænliga, kvikurnar (kveikarnar, v.l.)
vildu ekki duga, 197.
kveykr, m. [Engl. wick; Swed. veke; Dan. væge]
, a wick, of a lamp, Fb. iii. 508, freq.
kviða, u, f. [kveða], an epic poem, a song or ballad composed in such metre as the Völuspá, and thus opp. to mál
(a didactic poem, sentences), q.v., drápa (heroic), q.v.,
and ríma (modern ballads), q.v.: the name of several old songs, H
ýmis-kviða, Sæm. 105 (Bugge); Þryms-k., 124; Völsung
a-k., 193; Helga-k., 112 (Möbius); í þessi kviðu, 241 (Bug
ge); Guðrúnar-k. in forna, 241, 242; Sigurðar-k. in Skamma, 246 (
Fas. i. 197); kviða Sigurðar, Sæm. 247; k. Guðrúnar, 27
4; Atla-k. in Grænlenzka, 282; Hákonar-k., Fms. ix; Glælungsk., v. 100, 108; í kviðunni, Grett. 105 new Ed. kviðu-h&aacute
;ttr, m. the metre of a kviða, the epic metre such as that of the
Völuspá, Beowulf, and the like, opp. to ljóða-hát
tr and mál; þvíat þá þykkir betr hlj&oacu
te;ða þessar samstöfur í kviðu-hætti, Ská
lda 182 (Olave Hvíta-skáld); the word also occurs in the Há
ttatal Rögnvalds, verse 3, and is a more correct name than the usual forny
rðalag, which has no old authority, except in a lemma from a later hand in o
ne of the verses of the Háttatal by Snorri.
kviðaðr, part. = kviðugr, Post.
kvið-áll, m. the flesh of the stomach of animals. Dipl.
iii. 4.
kvið-band, n. a kind of belt.
kvið-blástr, m. swelling of the belly, Thom. 461.
kvið-burðr, m. [bera kviðj, the verdict or delivery
of the verdict of neighbours (búar), Grág. i. 54, 104, 168, N
j. 87, passim; þá berr norðr alla kviðburði = in tha
t spot the verdict belongs to neighbours to be summoned in the north, referr
ing to a battle fought on the northern slope of a wilderness, Ísl. ii. 34
7: metaph., ryðja menn ór kviðburðinum, to challenge men o
ut of the k., i.e. to challenge the neighbours, Nj. 235.
kvið-drag, n., medic. a rupture, of a horse, Gþl. 504.
kvið-dragi, a, m. ruptured, of a horse, Jb. 366.
kvið-dráttr, m. = kviðdrag, Jb. 366 A.

kvið-gjörð, f. a belly girth, of a saddle.
kvið-hlutr, m. a belly piece, of a skin, Karl. 32.
KVIÐJA, að, [akin to kveða], prop. a law term, to banish, as in the saw, Urðar orði kviðjar (MS. wrongly kveðr for kvi
ðr? UNCERTAIN) engi maðr, no wight can resist the word of weird,
there is no appeal against the weird of fate, Fsm. 47: to forbid, bl&oacu
te;t eru kviðjuð, Hallfred; blót er oss kviðjat, at vé
r skulum eigi blóta heiðnar vættir, ok eigi heiðin guð,
né hauga né hörga, N. G. L. 1. 430; en ef hinn vill kvið
ja haga sinn, þá seti hann garð milli, 245; þat lí
kaði ílla Þorfinni ok nennti þó eigi at kviðja
honum mat, Grett. 36 new Ed.; kom þar loks at kvödd (qs. kviðju&
eth;) var bygð köppum þeim er mistu dygð, i.e. the evil-do
ers were banished the country, Skáld H. 3. 41; jöfurr lét
kviðjat ófrið, the king forbad all strife, Od. 16, Fms. v
i. 154 (in a verse): with dat., k. e-m e-t, to forbid; móðir h
ans vildi þat kviðja honum, Bs. i. 152; sá er fyrr gör&eth
;i úlofaðan hint, ok kviðjaði hann sér lofaðan, Gr
eg. 38; þú neyttir kviðjaðan ávöxt jarðar,
the forbidden fruit, Sks. 548; úsæmilegt er at þeir g&
ouml;ri þat sjálfir, er þeir eiga öðrum at kviðj
a, H. E. i. 457: with infin., þeim tíðum er biskup hefir kvi&et
h;jat oss konur at taka, N. G. L. i. 16; þú skaltat of kviðja m
ér at berjask, Korm. (in a verse). II. part. kviðjandi,
a banisher, forbidder; stríð-kviðjandi, a 'strife-bani
sher,' peace-maker, Lex. Poët.
kviðjan, f. banishment, a ban, K. Á. 202, Bs. ii. 64.
kviðlingr, m. . mod. kveðlingr, a ditty, esp. of a satire or lampoon, Íb. 11, Nj. 50, Eg. 124, Sturl. i. 13, F
ms. vi. 193, Grett. 32 new Ed.
kvið-maðr, m. a 'verdict-man,' juror, Grág. i. 54.
KVIÐR, m., gen. kviðar, pl. kviðir, acc. pl. kviðu. [Ulf.
qiss = GREEK, GREEK, as in ana-qiss = GREEK; þiuþ
i-qiss and waila-qiss = GREEK; missa-qiss = GREEK, etc.] :-- p
rop. a saw, saying, speech, word, and hence in law a verdict given
by neighbours; for the Engl. 'verdict' is indeed a kind of rendering of the Nor
se term; kviðr Norna, the word of the Norns, weird, fate, death, kvel
d lifir maðr ekki eptir kvið Norna, Hðm. 31; orðs-kviðr, 
a saw, proverb; mis-kviðr, 'saying-amiss,' false pleading. The o
ld law makes a distinction between vætti (a witness) and kviðr
(a verdict), -- þar er bæði fylgir einni sök v&aelig
;tti ok kviðr, þá skal vætti fara fyrr fram en kviðr,
Grág. i. 47: before delivering his opinion each neighbour had to take an
oath, -- þat er mælt, áðr kviðr sé borinn, at
þeir skulu eiða vinna allir áðr at dómi, 53. The ol
d records mention various kinds of neighbours and verdicts: 1. in Norse l
aw, α. the heimis-kviðr (heims-kviðr, heimilis-k.) or a
'home-verdict,' a verdict of neighbours, bearing some resemblance to the oat
h of compurgators; ten, or in lesser cases four or six, neighbours were to accom
pany the accused to the court, two of whom had to swear on the book, and the res
t followed, -- en þat er heims kviðr er tíu menn fylgja til m&o
acute;ts, en sverja tveir menn á bók, en átta sanna þ

at, N. G. L. i. 311, cp. ii. 505; hafa með sér heimiliskviðar-v&a
acute;tta til þings, K. Á. 214; hann hafi heiman heimiliskviðar
-vitni, 152; nema heimiliskviðar-vitni fylgi, Gþl. 193: þ&aacute
; skal með þessu heimiliskviðar-vitni sækja, N. G. L. 4. 140
(heimskviðar-vitni, 337); þá skal með þessu heimilis
kviðjar-vitni sækja, at einn skal bera en tveir sanna um þriggja
aura mál, en um sex aura mál skal einn sanna en fjórir sve
rja, en þeir skulu vera fylkis-menn, N. G. L. i. 140, 316; en ef eigi kemr
saga hins sára fram á fyrsta þingi né heimiliskvi&et
h;ar-vitni, þá ..., 160: similar were the 'sandemænd' (soo
thmen) of the early Danish law; to this the old saw refers, hættr er h
eimiskviðr, nema sér góðan geti, perilous is the home-v
erdict, unless one gets a good one, Sdm. 25. β. in Icel., unless
the bjargkviðr (q.v.) be identical to heimis-kviðr, this sort of verdic
t is seldom mentioned; eigi skal heimis-kvið annan at henda, Grág. i.
361. 2. in Icel. law the tólftar-kviðr (verdict of twelve), also called goða-kviðr (priest verdict), Grág. i. 16
8, viz. a body of twelve men, of whom eleven were to be summoned by the goði
of the district, and he, being the twelfth of the number, had to deliver the fi
nal verdict. The verdict of twelve was only appointed for certain cases defined
in the law, K. Þ. K. 168, v.l.; nú hefir maðr tólptar-kv
iðar kvatt, ok skal goði nefna þriðjungs-menn sína til
kviðar þess með sér, ok er honum rétt hvárz &
thorn;eir eru bændr eða grið-menn, hann skal ellefu menn nefna a&e
th;ra en sik, Grág. i. 57, see the whole chapter 17 in Þ. Þ.,
as also the Grág. passim; ella kveðja til tylptar-kviðar goð
a þess (þann?) er sóttr er ..., en ef sjálfr er s&oacu
te;ttr goðinn
<PAGE NUM="b0364">
<HEADER>364 KVIÐR -- KVISTA.</HEADER>
þeirri sök, þá skal kveðja samþingis-goðan
n tólptar-kviðar; tólptar-kviðar skal kveðja þan
n goða er sá er í þingi er sóttr er, Grág.
i. 138; er goði er kvaddr tólptar-kviðar um þat er hann &a
acute; eigi at skilja, þá ..., 168, 207; nú koma menn til &t
horn;ings, ok málit í dóm, ok á Glúmr (in his
capacity as goði) at bera tólptar-kvið, ... Glúmr berr at
honum kviðinn ok únýtti málit, Glúm. ch. 18: t&
oacute;lptar-kviðr átti um at skilja, en hvárrgi þeirra
Snorra né Arnkels þótti bera mega kviðinn fyrir hleyta s
akir við sækjanda ok varnar-aðilja, var þá Helgi Hofg
arða-goði kvaddr tylptar-kviðar, ... eptir þat bar Helgi at kv
iðinn, Eb. ch. 16, cp. also the passage in Lv. ch. 4, where a verdict of twe
lve seems to be meant. β. but the common popular verdict was the b&u
acute;a-kviðr or neighbour-verdict, given by five, and in some cases
by nine, neighbours (see búi), who had to be summoned either at home (kv
eðja búa heiman) or in certain exceptional instances in the court (&a
acute; þingi); the instances in the Grág. and the Sagas, esp. the N
j., are almost endless: technical phrase, bera kvið, to give the verdict,
 Nj. 87, Grág. i. 57, passim; as also, bera af kviðinn, or, bera
á kviðinn, to give a verdict for or against, (see bera
B. I); ryðja kvið or kviðu, prop. to 'clear the verdict,' i.e
. to challenge the neighbours, Grág. i. 29; bjóða til r
uðningar um kviðinn, Nj. 87, passim. γ. a special kind, egn
ingar-kviðr, a kind of law quirk, Grág. i. 56: ironical, n&uac
ute; er getið um fyrir Þorkatli at honum þykkja ríkt born

ir kviðirnir, Lv. 27. From the analogy of the Icel. customs, it can be infer
red with certainty that along with the invasion of the Danes and Norsemen, the j
udgment by verdict was also transplanted to English ground, for the settlers of
England were kith and kin to those of Iceland, carrying with them the same laws
and customs; lastly, after the Conquest it became the law of the land. This old
Scandinavian institution gradually died out in the mother countries, and came to
an end in Icel. A.D. 1271-1281, with the fall of the Commonwealth, and the intr
oduction of a Norse code of laws, whereas it was naturalised in England, which c
ame to be the classical land of trial by jury.
KVIÐR, m., gen. kviðar, pl. kviðir, acc. pl. kviðu; [Ulf.
qiþus = GREEK, GREEK; A. S. cwið; O. H. G. quiti; Swed. qved; Gr. GREEK; cp. Lat. venter] :-- the womb; Ulf
r reist á honum kviðinn, Nj. 275; minta styrkir kvið, Lækn.
: of animals, svall allr kviðrinn á hestinum, Bs. i. 345; so water re
aches, upp í kvið; éta hálfan kvið, to eat half
one's fill; fara síganda kviði, to go with a sinking belly, i.e. to limp, lag behind; get ek at þeim fari héðan af
síganda kviði, Grett. 151 A; hann tók hendi sinni niðr un
dir miðjan kviðinn, Edda 33, Fms. iv. 385. 2. esp. the womb, Lat. uterus; konu er barn hefir kviknat í kviði, K. &THORN
;. K. 134, Grág. ii. 69; þat barn er eigi arfgengt, er kvikt er &ia
cute; kviði áðr móðurinni sé frelsi gefit, i. 1
78; óx brúðar kviðr frá brjósti niðr, Bj
arn. (in a verse), Fms. vi. 350-352, as also the N. T., -- þú munt
getnað fá í kviði þínum, Luke i. 31; ok barni
ð spratt upp í hennar kviði, 41, 44; blessaðr er áv&ou
ml;xtr kviðar þíns, 42; áðr en hann var getinn &iacu
te; móður-kviði, ii. 21; allt karlkyns þat er fyrst opna&et
h;i sinnar móður kvið, 23; af móður-kviði fæ
ddir, Matth. xix. 12, Gal. i. 15; sæll er sá kviðr er þig
bar og þau brjóst er þú milktir, Luke xi. 27.
kvið-skegg, n. hair on the belly, Fas. iii. 98.
kvið-slit, n., medic. a rupture: kvið-slitinn, part
. ruptured.
kvið-sullr, m. a boil on the stomach, Bs. i. 353.
kviðugr, adj. pregnant, big with child, Stj. 176, 197; m&aelig
;r mun kviðog verða ok mun ala son, Post. 645. 62; sú mær o
k móðir varð kviðug af Helgum Anda, Mar. :-- with prep., vera
kviðug at barni, to be with child; hón var kviðug at bar
ni, Bs. ii. 166; Helga kona hans var kviðug at barni Þórðar
, Þórð. (1860) 95: kviðug af kviknuðu jóði.
Nikuld. 8; varð Loptr kviðugr af (at?) konu íllri, Hdl. 40, where
the meaning is that Loki gave birth to an ogress (Hel?).
kvið-verkr, m. colic, Mar.
kvið-þroti, a, m. a swelling of the stomach, Bs. i. 323.
kvika, u, f. the quick under the nail or under a horse's hoof, Bs.
ii. 184, freq. in mod. usage. II. fermentation, swelling, of a fl
uid; eitr-kvikja, q.v.; ok af þeim kviku dropum kviknaði ok varð m
aims líkandi, Edda 4; see kvikva.
kvika, að, to move, stir; hann kvikar ekki; this verb is freq.
in mod. usage, but is not recorded in old writers.

kvikendligr, adj., mod. kvikindisligr, rendering of Lat. animal
is, of the animal kind, Eluc., Hom. (St.): mod. shabby.
kvik-fé, n., kyk-fé, Grág. i. 397 :-- live
stock, cattle, 414, Eg. 132, 133, Eb. 40, Stj. 106, Fms. v. 315, Gull&thorn
;. 25, Fs. 128, Bs. i. 738, passim.
kvik-fénaðr, m. = kvikfé, Sks. 323, freq. in mod. usage
.
kvikindi, see kvikvendi.
kvik-látr, adj. quick, lively, Al. 38, Fas. iii. 67, N. G.
L. ii. 421.
kvik-liga, adv. briskly, Karl. 86.
kvik-ligr, adj. brisk, lively, Bs. i. 80.
kvikna, að, kykna, Hom. St. :-- to quicken, come to life; dvergar höfðu kviknað í moldunni, svá sem maðk
ar í holdi, Edda 9; af þeim kviku-dropum kviknaði ok varð m
anns líkendi, 4; ek em einn andi kviknaðr í manns líkam
, Hkr. i. 280; konu er barn hefir kviknað í kviði, Grág. i
i. 69; þann tíma sem þeir eru kviknaðir, Stj. 80: of the
moon, tungi kviknar, the moon is born, is new, Rb. 130; áðr tu
nglit kvikni, MS. 415. 10; með kviknuðu tungli, with a new moon:
of light, to quicken, eldr kviknaði seint, Bs. i. 7; ljósit k
viknaði aptr, Bárð. 180; kyknar ljós miskunnar, Hom. (St.)
: metaph. to revive, get spirits, þá kviknaði hestr hans
er fyrr var móðr, Bær. 18.
kviknan, f. quickening; dvergarnir höfðu tekit kviknan, E
dda 9.
KVIKR, adj., also kykr, with a characteristic v, which is o
ften retained before a vowel, so that we have two forms, kvikvan or kykvan, kvik
vir or kykvir; in mod. usage this v has been dropt; [Ulf. qius = G
REEK; A. S. and Hel. quic; Engl. quick; provinc. Germ. queck; Swed. quick; cp. Dan. quæg = cattle and qu&aeli
g;ge; the Lat. virus, vivere, as also Gr. GREEK, are according to com
parative philologers, identical with the Teut. word] :-- quick, alive, living
, chiefly with the notion of feeling, the 'quick,' as opp. to the unf
eeling or dead; kyks né dauðs, quick nor dead, Edda 39 (in a v
erse); dauðan eða kvikvan, Hallfred (kykvan, Hkr. l.c., but wrongly, as
the syllable rhymes with bliks); ef allir hlutir í heiminum, kykvir ok da
uðir, gráta hann, Edda 38; kvikum né dauðum, Hom. 59; ef h
ann sýnir eigi at þinglausnum hrossit kvikt né dautt, Gr&aac
ute;g. i. 140; ey getr kvikr kú, Hm. 69; kvöl þótti kvi
kri at koma í hús Atla, Am. 98; yfir þá götu | n
áði engi kvikr komask (no quick, no living), Sól. 1; se
m á kykum manni, Ó. H. 231 (in a verse); skera e-n kvikvan, to
dissect alive, Akv. 24, Gh. 17; yrða ek þik kvikvan, Am. 22; ok e
rtú kvik en konung-borna, Hkv. 2. 46: sem kykvir tívar,

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<INTRODUCTION>

This is a partially corrected electronic version of:

s;</I> s&aacute;t, <I>sessio</I>, h&aacute;tr, <I>odium;</I> h&aacute;r&eth;r,

as &aelig;tla&eth;u, <I>putabant;</I> gnaga&eth;u, <I>mordebant;</I> auka&eth;u,

band (<I>vinculum</I>), id. 163; tungan er m&aacute;linu v&aolig-acute;n (= v&ou

d spelling is still kept in m&aacute;riatla, <I>motacilla pectore albo,</I> etc. In the

a part, at least, of Norway. Occurs frequently in old Icelandic poetry

at &thorn;ar, v&aacute;k at &thorn;ar, rau&eth;k at &thorn;ar. He inverted the s

<I>nobilis;</I> Old Engl.

au&eth; af s&ouml;kum, ok v&aelig;lum ok kaupum, <I>make money by,</I> 623. I; a

behind them without a case, and referring to the preceding relative, e. g.

<I>badly,</I> Hkr. i. 226. afar-kaup, n. <I>hard bargain,</I> Sturl, (in a verse

<I>hidden valleys,</I> esp. in pl., e. g. Hva&eth; h&eacute;t hundr karls er &ia

<B>af-f&ouml;r,</B> ar, f. <I>departure,</I> in the following COMPDS: affara-dag

ings are interrupted, and there is a flaw in the procedure, v. &thorn;ingsafgl&o

<B>af-h&yacute;&eth;a,</B> dd, <I>to scourge thoroughly, 'hide,'</I> Grett. 135,

<B>af-kymi,</B> a, m. <I>nook</I>, &Iacute;sl. ii. 471 (paper MS.); kymi, <I>id<

f&eacute;na&eth; ... minti biskup enn &aacute; um afl&ouml;gin, <I>the slaughter

<B>af-lei&eth;ingr,</B> s, m., skilja g&oacute;&eth;an aflei&eth;ing, used adver

55. iii. 150.

<B>af-lima,</B> a&eth;, <I>to 'off-limb,' to dismember, maim, mutilate,</I> Js.

<B>af-m&oelig;&eth;ing,</B> f. [m&oacute;&eth;ir], <I>right of weaning lambs, by

<B>af-spraki,</B> a, m. [cp. A. S. <I>sprecan;</I> Germ, <I>sprechen</I>] <I>, r

u, f. [af and eta], prop, <I>a voracious beast, a glutton,

<B>AGG,</B> n. <I>brawl, strife,</I> now freq.

<B>akr-skipti,</B> n. <I>a division of afield,</I> Fms. xi. 441.

735; l&ouml;gb&oacute;k &ouml;ktu&eth; &aacute; al&thorn;ingi, <I>the code of la

<B>al-bjartr,</B> adj. <I>quite bright, brilliant,</I> Eluc. 10, Fas. i. 663.

freq. as a synonyme to bylgja, b&aacute;ra, et

schemes, Ld. 284. Now used in many COMPDS: &ouml;ldu-gangr, m. <I>unruly

<B>aldin-berandi,</B> part, <I>bearing fruit,</I> Sks. 630.

<B>al-eiga,</B> u, f. <I>a person's entire property,</I> G&thorn;l. 543, Hkr. ii

<B>al-f&aelig;rr,</B> adj. <I>quite fit, quite good,</I> Vm. 177, v. &ouml;lforr

<B>al-kl&aelig;&eth;na&eth;r,</B> m. <I>a full suit of clothes,</I> Nj. 73, Eg.

likely to prove mortal,</I> Orkn. 148. <B>all-beinn,</B> adj. <I>very hospitable

and <B>-g&ouml;rviligr,</B> v. -g&ouml;rla, -g&ouml;rviligr. <B>all-gestrisinn,<

> adj. <I>very gently,

-kirkja, <I>All-Saints'-day, -church,</I> Bs., K. &Aacute;., Fms., etc.

<B>al-reyndr,</B> part, <I>fully proved,</I> Fms. xi. 441, Mirm. 74.

<B>al-sta&eth;ar,</B> <I>everywhere,</I> v. alls-sta&eth;ar, sub allr.

<B>al-&thorn;&yacute;&eth;a,</B> u, f. <I>the public, people;</I> sv&aacute; at

o,</I> Hom. 75.

<B>amb-h&ouml;f&eth;i,</B> a, m. a nickname of uncertain signification. Egilsson

<B>and-f&aelig;lur,</B> f. pl. [&ouml;nd], <I>'the horrors,'</I> in the phrase,

<B>and-l&aacute;t,</B> n. [&ouml;nd, <I>anima;</I> l&aacute;t, <I>damnum</I>], <

marka-lauss, adj. <I>faultless,</I> Gr&aacute;g. i. 287.

Al. 23; hann andsaka&eth;i (<I>reprimanded</I>) sveinana har&eth;liga, Sturl. ii

<I>a respondent, defender,</I> Jb. 30.

</I> Pass. 4. 23.

<B>and-&aelig;ris,</B> adv. [&aacute;r, <I>remus</I>], <I>crossly, perversely,</

or possession where there is no legal claimant; skal hann eignast a. allt

9: dual, <I>either of two sides,</I> en &thorn;&aacute; eru &thorn;eir skildir e

as, vera a. um e-t, <I>to be bu

e,</I> &THORN;i&eth;r. 58.

cks backwards</I> in order to be able to see, Edda 30; skrei&eth;ast a. af hest

<B>aptr-fer&eth;</B> and <B>aptr-f&ouml;r,</B> f. <I>return,</I> Eg. 279.

<B>aptr-mj&oacute;r,</B> adj. <I>tapering behind,</I> Edda 40 (of the salmon's t

<B>arfa,</B> u, f. [Ulf. <I>arbio</I>], <I>an heiress,</I> N. G. L. i. 191 (rare

<B>arf-r&aelig;ning,</B> f. <I>id.,</I> Mar. 656.

<B>arf-v&aacute;n,</B> f. <I>hereditary expectancy,</I> Gr&aacute;g. i. 200, Jb.

r:</I> cp. Germ. <I>arm</I> (poor, wretched).

<B>ASKR,</B> s, m. [A. S. <I>&auml;sc,</I> whence many Engl. local names; Germ.

I>to cause one's death,

u took it by the bill,</I> Fms. i. 15;

s;</I> sát, <I>sessio</I>, hátr, <I>odium;</I> hárðr,

as ætlaðu, <I>putabant;</I> gnagaðu, <I>mordebant;</I> aukaðu,

band (<I>vinculum</I>), id. 163; tungan er málinu v&aolig-acute;n (= v&ou

d spelling is still kept in máriatla, <I>motacilla pectore albo,</I> etc. In the

at þar, vák at þar, rauðk at þar. He inverted the s

auð af sökum, ok vælum ok kaupum, <I>make money by,</I> 623. I; a

<I>hidden valleys,</I> esp. in pl., e. g. Hvað hét hundr karls er &ia

<B>af-för,</B> ar, f. <I>departure,</I> in the following COMPDS: affara-dag

ings are interrupted, and there is a flaw in the procedure, v. þingsafgl&o

<B>af-hýða,</B> dd, <I>to scourge thoroughly, 'hide,'</I> Grett. 135,

<B>af-kymi,</B> a, m. <I>nook</I>, Ísl. ii. 471 (paper MS.); kymi, <I>id<

fénað ... minti biskup enn á um aflögin, <I>the slaughter

<B>af-leiðingr,</B> s, m., skilja góðan afleiðing, used adver

<B>af-lima,</B> að, <I>to 'off-limb,' to dismember, maim, mutilate,</I> Js.

<B>af-m&oelig;ðing,</B> f. [móðir], <I>right of weaning lambs, by

735; lögbók öktuð á alþingi, <I>the code of la

freq. as a synonyme to bylgja, bára, et

schemes, Ld. 284. Now used in many COMPDS: öldu-gangr, m. <I>unruly

<B>al-eiga,</B> u, f. <I>a person's entire property,</I> Gþl. 543, Hkr. ii

<B>al-færr,</B> adj. <I>quite fit, quite good,</I> Vm. 177, v. ölforr

<B>al-klæðnaðr,</B> m. <I>a full suit of clothes,</I> Nj. 73, Eg.

and <B>-görviligr,</B> v. -görla, -görviligr. <B>all-gestrisinn,<

-kirkja, <I>All-Saints'-day, -church,</I> Bs., K. Á., Fms., etc.

<B>al-staðar,</B> <I>everywhere,</I> v. alls-staðar, sub allr.

<B>al-þýða,</B> u, f. <I>the public, people;</I> svá at

<B>amb-höfði,</B> a, m. a nickname of uncertain signification. Egilsson

<B>and-fælur,</B> f. pl. [önd], <I>'the horrors,'</I> in the phrase,

<B>and-lát,</B> n. [önd, <I>anima;</I> lát, <I>damnum</I>], <

marka-lauss, adj. <I>faultless,</I> Grág. i. 287.

Al. 23; hann andsakaði (<I>reprimanded</I>) sveinana harðliga, Sturl. ii

<B>and-æris,</B> adv. [ár, <I>remus</I>], <I>crossly, perversely,</

9: dual, <I>either of two sides,</I> en þá eru þeir skildir e

e,</I> Þiðr. 58.

cks backwards</I> in order to be able to see, Edda 30; skreiðast a. af hest

<B>aptr-ferð</B> and <B>aptr-för,</B> f. <I>return,</I> Eg. 279.

<B>aptr-mjór,</B> adj. <I>tapering behind,</I> Edda 40 (of the salmon's t

<B>arf-ræning,</B> f. <I>id.,</I> Mar. 656.

<B>arf-ván,</B> f. <I>hereditary expectancy,</I> Grág. i. 200, Jb.

<B>ASKR,</B> s, m. [A. S. <I>äsc,</I> whence many Engl. local names; Germ.

metaph. of pains or straits <I>surrounding</I> one; þreyngja, herða at

sækja, þó verðr (= skal) maðr eptir mann lifa, Fms. v

þar vera elligar, því at þar var kristni vel haldin, Fa

eth;um menn fella á sik

n. <I>idleness, inactivity, helplessness,</I> Fær. 232, 544. 23. <B>atfer&

<B>at-hygli,</B> f. [athugall], <I>beedfulness, attention;</I> með a., Sks.

<B>at-kváma,</B> and later form <B>aðkoma</B> or <B>atkoma</B>, u, f.

<B>atkvæða-lauss</B>, adj. [kveða at, <I>to be important</I>] <I>,

'sækja vel eðr ilia að,' as he is an agreeable guest or not. Only

ðigjan = beatum facere</I>],

38, Al. 5; ríkismenn ok a., Post. 656 C. 30.

<I>evident,</I> Hrafn. 13, K. Å. 214.

<B>auð-trúa,</B> adj. ind. <I>credulous,</I> Lex. Poët, (freq.)

<I>robust, strong</I>], <I>feeble, weakly,</I> Ísl. ii. 456, Fb. i. 275 (

<B>au-fúss,</B> adj. in a verse by Arnór, perhaps akin to the abov

astron.; þjaza augu, <I>the eyes of the giant Thiazi,</I> is a constellati

kláði,</B> a, m. <I>psorophthalmi.</I> <B>augna-krókr,</B> n.

and without 'at' <I>besides;</I> hundrað manna ok auk kappar hans,

e;ku mjök sök Adams,

<B>aust-firðir,</B> m. pl. <I>the east firths of Iceland,</I> opp. to vestfi

<B>aust-lægr,</B> adj. <I>easterly,</I> of the wind.,

<b>austr-hálfa</b>, u, f. [Hel. <I>ôstarhalba = oriens</I>], often

Niðrst. 4, cp. Baut. nos. 780, 979.

bungler;</I> sel þú upp, auvirðit, knálegar bytturnar, <

usla, <I>to desolate,</I> in the metaph. sense. COMPDS: <B>auvisla-bót</B

á Breiðafirði, Ld. 36; but í firði, <I>living in a dis

acute; stakk Starkaðr sprotanum á konungi, <I>then Starkad stabbed th

hands,</I> of work or duty <I>to be done;</I> eindagi á fé, <I>t

Swed. <I>ifrån</I>), <I>from</I> (rare); á fyrir = fyrir, Haustl. 1

Icel. called Hvítá, <I>White river,</I> or Jökulsá: Hi

</I> varði mik eigi þess úburðar,

byrgist vápn er upp festir,

<B>áðr,</B> adv. [cp. Hel. <I>ad</I> ro = <I>mane</I>] <I>, ere, alre

<B>á-hlýðast,</B> dd, dep. <I>to listen</I> or

<B>á-hlýðinn,</B> adj. <I>giving a willing ear, listening read

<B>ÁI,</B> a, m. [cp. afi and Lat. <I>avus</I>], <I>great-grandfather,</I

<B>á-kaflyndr,</B> adj. <I>impetuous,</I> Fms. viii. 447.

g, arrival;</I> úfriðar á., <I>visitation of war,</I> Stj. 561

<B>á-lag,</B> n. and <B>álaga,</B> u, f. [ieggja á]; in som

<B>ál-burðr,</B> m. <I>mensuration with a line,</I> N. G. L. i. 43, =

en Ljósálfar, <I>the elves of light,</I> and Dökkálfar