B&8 MISCELLANEOUS DATA B8.1 Geometrical & Trigonometrical Formulae: T = 3.14159 26535 89793 23846 26433 83279 50288 Cone, surface area = mr (l+r) where! = slant height volume = 1U3nrh Segment of circle Area = nr? (@/360) - Ch/2 where r = radius of circle $ = angle subtended by chord at centre = length of chord h = perpendicular distance from chord to centre Trigonometrical Tables sin costan sin cos tan in cos tan ©" 0.0000 1.0000 0.0000 30" 0.5000 0.8660 0.5774 60" 0.8660 0.5000 1.7321 1 0.0175 09998 0.0175 31 05150 0.8572 0.6009 61 0.8745 0.4843 1.8040 2 0.0349 0.9994 0.0349 32 0.5299 0.8480 0.6249 620.8829 0.4595 1.8807 3 0.0523 0.9986 0.0524 33 0.5446 0.8387 0.6494 63 0.8910 0.4540 1.9626 4 0.0698 0.9976 0.0699 05592 0.8290 06745 64 0.8988 c.4384 2.0503 5 0.0872 0.9962 0.0875 05736 0.8192 0.7002 65 0.9063 0.4226 2.1445 6 0.1085 0.9945 0.1051 05878 0.8090 0.7265 66 0.9135 0.4067 2.2860 7 01219 0.9925 0.1228 0.6018 0.7986 0.7536 67 0.9205 03907 2.3559 8 0.1392 0.9903 0.1405, 06157 0.7880 0.7813 68 0.9272 03746 2.4751 9 0.1564 0.9877 0.1584 06293 0.771 0.8019 69 0.9336 0.3584 2.6051 10 0.1736 0.9848 0.1763 40 0.6428 0.7660 0.8391 70 09397 03420 2.7475 11 0.1908 0.9816 0.1944 410.6561 0.7547 0.8693 71 0.9455 0.3256 2.9042 12 0.2079 0.9781 0.2126 0.6591 0.7431 0.9004 72 0.9511 0.3090 3.0777 13 02250 0.9744 0.2309 0.6820 0.7314 0.9325 73 0.9563 0.2924 3.2709 14 02819 09703 0.2493, 06947 0.7193 0.9657 74 0.9613 0.2756 3.4874 15 0.2588 0.9659 0.2679 0.7071 0.7071 1.0000 75 0.9559 0.2588 3.7321 16 0.2756 09613 0.2867 46 0.7193 0.6947 1.0355 76 0.9703 0.2419 40108 47 0.2924 0.9563 03057 47 0.7314 0.6820 1.0724 77 0.9744 0.2250 4.3315 18 03090 0.9511 0.3249 4B 0.7431 0.6691 1.1105 78 0.9781 0.2079 4.7086 19 0.3256 0.9055 0.3443 49 0.7547 0.6561 1.1504 79 0.9816 0.1908 5.1446 20 0.3420 0.9397 03640 50 0.7660 0.6428 1.1918 80 0.9848 0.1736 5.6713 21 0.3584 0,936 0.3839 $1 0.7771 06293 12349 8109877 0.1564 6.3138 22 03746 0.9272 0.4040 0.7880 06157 1.2798 82 0.9903 0.1392 7.1154 2303907 09205 0.4245 0.7986 0.6018 1.3270 83 0.9925 0.1219 8.1443 24 0.4057 0.9135 0.4452 08090 0.5878 13764 84 0.9945 0.1045 9.514 25 04226 0.9063 0.4663, 08192 05736 14281 85 09962 0.0872 11.43, 26 04384 08988 0.4877 56 08290 0.5592 14826 86 0.9976 0.0698 14.30 27 0.4540 08910 05095 57 08387 0.5446 15399 87 09986 0.0523 19.08 28 0.4695 0.8829 05317 58 0.8480 05299 1.6003 88 0.9994 0.0349 28.64 29 04848 08746 05543 $9 08572 5150 1.6543 89 09998 0.0175 57.29 Sesaas = 7) (@) rl — | el Ps r— rm ° = “ oO ba Be SEER Bean SIN = Opp/ Hyp COs = Adj/ Hyp TAN = Opp/ Adj COSEC = Hyp/ Opp SEC = Hyp /Adj COT = Adj/ Opp Cement Plant Operations Handbook * 257B8.2 Greek Alphabet Aq alpha (a)| Hn eta (h)| Nv nu ()| Tr tau BB beta (b)| ©0 theta (q)|SE xi (0 | Yu upsilon (u) Ty gamma (g)| I. iota (i) | Oo omicron (0)| ©} phi (f) Ad delta (d)| Kx kappa (k)| Ix pi ()| Xx chi Ee epsilon (e)| AX lambda()|Pp tho (| Wy psi) Zt zeta @)| Mu mu (m|zo sigma 5) | @@ omega (w) B8.3 Atmospheric Pressure and Density vs Altitude (0°) Alt M mmHg kgiM? | Alt mmHg kg/MP | Alt M mmHg kg/M? oM 760 1.293 700 699 1.189 1600 624 1.062 100-751 «1.278 | 800 691 1.176 | 1800 610 1.038 200 742 1.262 900 682 1,160 2000 596 1.014 300 -733.««1.247 | 1000 673 «1.145 | 2200 582 0.988 400 724 «1.232 | 1100 664 1.130 | 2400 569 0.968 500716 «1.218 | 1200 655 1.114 | 2600 556 0.946 600 707 1.203 1400 639 1,092 2800 543 0.924 P = 760 (1 ~ 0.0065H / 288) 5255 where p = atmospheric pressure, mmHg H = altitude, M B8.4 pH & Normality Pure water dissociates slightly into hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions: H20 = H*+0H the concentration of each being 107 moles per litre. pH is a measure of acidity of a solution defined by: PH = -log [H*] so that pure water has a pH of 7 which is taken to represent neutrality. If acid is added to water, the H* concentration increases and pH decreases. If alkali is added, the concentration of OH’ increases causing Ht to decrease and pH to increase. Thus, pH below 7 indicates acidity and above 7 indicates alkalinity. Normality is a measure of solution concentration and is equal to the number of gram-equivalents of electrolyte per litre of solution. If an acid were completely dissociated, a normal solution would have a pH of 0. Asimilar solution of alkali would have pH of 14. The degree of disso- ciation increases with the strength of acid (or alkali) and with dilution but is never 100%. 258 © Cement Plant Operations HandbookB8.5 Laboratory Reagents (aqueous solutions) HCI 37% 12N 1.18 SG HNO3 70 16 1.42 H2S0« 97 36 1.84 HaPO4 85 a1 1.69 ‘CH3.COOH 99.5 7 1.05 NHs 27 14 0.90 B8.6 Sea Water Composition cl 2.05% SOg 0.23% Na 1.10% Mg 0.14% K 0.05% ca 0.03% Total 3.60% B8.7 Abundance of Elements in Earth's Crust Element AtNo Wt% | Element AtNo = ppm 4 ” (@) m = é Bd = aa o = 4) \~] Ba ° 8 46.60 Sr 38 300 si 4 27.72 Ba 56 250 Al B 8.13 zr 40 220 Fe 26 5.00 a 24 200 Ca 20 3.63 Vv 23 150 Na WW 2.83 Zn 30 132 kK 19 2.59 Ni 28 80 Mg 12 2.09 cu 29 70 Ti 22 0.44 sn 50 40 H 1 0.14 Pb 82 16 _ 15 0.12 Be 4 6 Mn 25 0.10 As 33 5 s 16 520ppm| TI 81 06 c 6 320 Hg 80 0s a W7 314 cd 48 0.15 Rb 37 310 Ag 47 0.10 F 9 300 Se 34 0.09 (Handbook of Chemistry & Physics; Chemical Rubber Co.) Cement Plant Operations Handbook * 259B8.8 Hardness of Materials a) Moh's scale: Tale 1 Feldspar 6 Rock-salt 2 Quartz 7 Calcite 3 Topaz 8 Fluorite 4 Corundum. 9 Apatite 5 Diamond 10 b) Metal hardness is usually determined by: Brinell - A known load is applied to a surface using a spring-loaded hammer and a standard impression point; the depth of the impression is then measured. Range is approximately 60 for aluminium to 6-700 for hard alloy steels. Rockwell - Two loads, one large and one small, are applied by com- pression to the surface; the difference in impression depths is measured. Values are approximately 1/10th those for Brinell. Both methods employ standard impression points which may be steel balls for soft materials but should be diamond for hard surfaces. B8.9 World Cement Production (1999) Major Annual % of World Per capita Producers Production Production Consumy 1 China 535 Mt 34.1% 429kg 2 India 85.7 55 98 3 USA 83.9 53 384 4 Japan 83.3 53 562 5 South Korea 417 3.0 970 6 Brazil 40.0 25 243 7 Turkey 37.5, 24 494 8 Italy 36.1 23 631 9 Germany 36.0 23 465 10 Spain 35.8 23 870 11 Mexico 29.5 19 287 12 Thailand 28.8 18 315 13 Indonesia® 28.4 18 1 14 Russia 26.0 1.6 193 15 Iran 22.0 14 280 16 Egypt 22.0 14 a4 17 Saudi Arabia 203 13 ng (EEC/15) 190.7 12.4 503 (Holderbank) 90.0 57 (Lafarge) 82.2 5.2 (Cemex) 65.4 41 World total 1,570 Mt 260 * Cement Plant Operations HandbookNotes: (1) Chinese clinker production was 415Mt and 80% of production in China still comes from shaft kilns, (2) Indonesia cement capacity was 47.5Mt (3) Total world capacity estimated at 1,750Mt from 1470 plants (ICR, Global Cement Report, Fourth Edition) B8.10 New Cement Capacity An analysis by OneStone Consulting (Harder; WC; 10/2001, pg 89) indicated: New capacity ordered: 1996 48.6 million tonnes (Mt) 1997 25.5Mt 1998 20.4Mt 1999 24.5Mt 2000 23.1Mt Projection for 2000-2005: Total new capacity 235Mt Total plant closures 85Mt Of the 150Mt net increase 2000-2005: = 7) (@) ra =e = Pd = a fo) = “ \~] Pa Bd North America 28Mt South America 10Mt Western Europe emt Eastern Europe -OMt Africa 18Mt Middle East 13Mt India 34Mt China 38Mt Far East 1Mt B8.11 Ship Capacities (DWT) Minibulk <10,000 ‘Small handy 10-20,000 Handy 20-30,000 Handymax’ 35-50,000 Panamax 50-80,000 Road bulk truck (US) 23 tonnes (25T) Rail bulk car, small (US) 68 tonnes (757) large (US) 91 tonnes (1007) eee Cement Plant Operations Handbook * 261