QUANTIFIERS

ADJ = ADJECTIVE C = COUNTABLE NOUN

U = UNCOUNTABLE NOUN
SOME + C/U
SEVERAL + C
MUCH + U
MANY + C
ALL (OF) + C/U
A LOT OF + C/U

LOTS OF + C/U
PLENTY OF + C/U
ANY + C/U
TOO + ADJ
TOO MUCH + U
TOO MANY + C

ENOUGH + C/U
NONE OF + C
NO + C/U
A FEW + C
A LITTLE + U
A BIT OF + U

TO EXPRESS A NEGATIVE OPINION

RELATIVE CLAUSES
WE USE
WHO , THAT
WHICH , THAT
WHERE, WHICH, THAT
WHEN
WHOSE

FOR
PEOPLE
THINGS
PLACES
TIMES
POSSESSIONS

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES (NECESSARY INFORMATION)

THE MAN WHO/THAT LIVES NEXT DOOR IS AN ACTOR
THE MAN ( WHO/THAT ) I ADMIRE IS A SCIENTIST
THE PURSE WHICH/THAT COSTS $300 WAS MADE IN ITALY
THE PURSE ( WHICH/THAT ) JENNIFER BOUGHT COSTS $300
YOU CAN ( LEAVE OUT ) WHO, WHICH, THAT :

WHO / WHICH / THAT + SUBJECT + VERB

NON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES ( EXTRA NON-ESSENTIAL
INFORMATION)
CLAUDIO PIZARRO , WHO IS PERUVIAN , PLAYS FOOTBALL IN
GERMANY.
LOS DELFINES HOTEL, WHICH IS IN LIMA, IS LOCATED NEAR THE
SEA.
MICHAEL SPENT TWO WEEKS IN PARIS, WHERE HIS MOTHER
LIVES.
MICHAEL SPENT TWO WEEKS IN PARIS, WHICH IS THE CAPITAL OF
FRANCE.
MICHAEL, WHOSE MOTHER LIVES IN PARIS, IS A DOCTOR.
WE CANT USE :

THAT

PAGE 112

REVOLUTION
(5)
TURNING POINT (6)
DEVELOPMENT (7)
SPREAD
(2)
ADVANCE (4)

FOUNDATION

(3)

MOVEMENT (1)

= ORGANIZATION
= EXPANSION , GROWTH
= BASE, STARTING POINT
= PROGRESS
A GREAT CHANGE IN
CONDITIONS, WAYS OF
WORKING
A CRUCIAL MOMENT WHEN AN
IMPORTANT CHANGE TAKES
PLACE WITH A POSITIVE RESULT
= INVENTION , DISCOVERY

ASKING FOR ADVICE

IS IT OK IF I + VERB ?

YES, OF COURSE.
NO, YOUD BETTER NOT. ITS

CONSIDERED A BIT RUDE.

WHAT SHOULD I DO?
IF I WERE YOU, ID + VERB
DO I NEED TO + VERB?
YES, YOU SHOULD.
NO, ITS NOT NECESSARY.
DID I DO SOMETHING WRONG? ITS OK. WE CAN SORT IT OUT.
DONT WORRY ABOUT IT.
IS THIS A BAD TIME?
NO, COME IN.
CAN YOU COME BACK LATER?
APOLOGISING

ACCEPTING APOLOGIES

SORRY FOR + (ING)

SORRY ABOUT THAT.
I DIDNT KNOW
(YOU WERE IN A MEETING)
MY APOLOGIES.
I DIDNT REALISE
( YOU WERE BUSY)

THATS ALL RIGHT.

ITS NO PROBLEM.
NO, ITS OK.
NOT AT ALL.
ITS FINE.
DONT WORRY ABOUT IT.
YOU REALLY DONT HAVE TO
APOLOGISE.
ITS NOTHING.

CONVERSATIONS
IS IT OK IF I HAVE A GIRLFRIEND WHO LIVES IN SPAIN?
IF I WERE YOU, ID STOP EMAILING HER.
WHY? I LIKE HER, SHES SO NICE.
BECAUSE SOONER OR LATER SHE WILL BETRAY YOU AND YOU
WILL CRY.

I WAS INVITED BY A GERMAN FAMILY TO HAVE DINNER WITH

THEM, BUT I DIDNT TAKE ANY DESSERTS WITH ME.
DID I DO SOMETHING WRONG?
DONT WORRY ABOUT IT. THEY ARE MY FRIENDS AND THEY TOLD
ME YOU WERE SUCH A NICE GUEST AND THEY ARE PLANNING TO
INVITE YOU AGAIN.

THIRD CONDITIONAL
(IMAGINARY SITUATIONS IN THE PAST)
IF + PAST PERFECT

WOULD HAVE + P.P.

WOULDNT HAVE + P.P.

WOULD HAVE + P.P.

WOULDNT HAVE + P.P.

IF + PAST PERFECT

PAST PERFECT = HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE

P.P. = PAST PARTICIPLE

REAL SITUATION
I DIDNT STUDY, SO I DIDNT PASS MY FINAL EXAM.
IMAGINARY SITUATION (THIRD CONDITIONAL)
IF I HAD STUDIED , I WOULD HAVE PASSED MY FINAL EXAM.
I WOULD HAVE PASSED MY FINAL EXAM IF I HAD STUDIED.
REAL SITUATION
I WENT TO THE DISCO, SO I DIDNT HAVE TIME TO STUDY FOR MY FINAL
EXAM.
IMAGINARY SITUATION (THIRD CONDITIONAL)
IF I HADNT GONE TO THE DISCO , I WOULD HAVE HAD TIME TO STUDY FOR
MY FINAL EXAM.
I WOULD HAVE HAD TIME TO STUDY FOR MY FINAL EXAM IF I HADNT
GONE TO THE DISCO.

REAL SITUATION
I WAS SHY , SO I DIDNT TELL PAOLA THAT I LIKED HER.
IMAGINARY SITUATION (THIRD CONDITIONAL)
IF I HADNT BEEN SHY , PAOLA WOULD HAVE BEEN MY GIRLFRIEND.
IF I HAD TOLD PAOLA THAT I LIKED HER, SHE WOULD HAVE KISSED ME.

REAL SITUATION
I TRAVELLED TO PARIS IN 1991 AND I VISITED THE EIFFEL TOWER.
IMAGINARY SITUATION (THIRD CONDITIONAL)
IF I HADNT TRAVELLED TO PARIS IN 1991 , I WOULDNT HAVE VISITED THE
EIFFEL TOWER.
I WOULDNT HAVE VISITED THE EIFFEL TOWER IF I HADNT TRAVELLED TO
PARIS IN 1991.

REAL SITUATION
I ATE A SMALL DISH OF RAVIOLI IN PARIS BECAUSE RESTAURANTS
WERENT CHEAP.
IMAGINARY SITUATION (THIRD CONDITIONAL)
IF RESTAURANTS HAD BEEN CHEAP, I WOULDNT HAVE EATEN A SMALL
DISH OF RAVIOLI.
I WOULDNT HAVE EATEN A SMALL DISH OF RAVIOLI IF RESTAURANTS
HAD BEEN CHEAP.

ACTIVE
PRESENT SIMPLE
PRESENT CONT.

AM + (ING)
IS + (ING)
ARE + (ING)

PAST SIMPLE
PRESENT PERFECT

HAVE / HAS + P.P.

WILL

WILL + VERB

PASSIVE
AM/IS/ARE + P.P.
AM BEING + P.P.
IS BEING + P.P.
ARE BEING + P.P.
WAS + P.P.
WERE + P.P.
HAVE BEEN + P.P.
HAS BEEN + P.P.
WILL BE + P.P.

EXPRESSING UNCERTAINTY
I DONT KNOW.
I HAVE NO IDEA.
I HAVENT A CLUE.
IM NOT SURE BUT I THINK
IM NOT A HUNDRED PERCENT CERTAIN BUT IT MIGHT BE
IM FAIRLY SURE ITS
I USED TO KNOW
I CANT REMEMBER
IVE FORGOTTEN
I KNOW IT ISNT
ITS DEFINITELY NOT
IM SURE IT ISNT
YOU RECEIVE INFORMATION
YOU REACT : YOU SHOW YOU ARE SURPRISED OR INTERESTED IN
THE CONVERSATION

REACT TO INFORMATION
EXPRESSIONS (PART 1)
OH REALLY?
I DIDNT KNOW THAT.
THATS INTERESTING.
I KNEW THAT. I JUST COULDNT REMEMBER.
I WAS JUST ABOUT TO SAY THAT.

EXPRESSIONS (PART 2 : USING QUESTIONS TO SHOW INTEREST )

A: MICHAEL IS A FANTASTIC TENNIS PLAYER.
B: IS HE?
A: HE HAS EARNED A LOT OF MONEY.
B: HAS HE?
A: HE VISITED 10 CITIES LAST YEAR.
B: DID HE?
A: HE DIDNT VISIT MADRID.
B: DIDNT HE?
A: HE ALSO LIKES FOOTBALL.
B: DOES HE?
A: HE DOESNT LIKE BASKETBALL.
B: DOESNT HE?
A: HE WAS MARRIED TO MARY.
B: WAS HE?
A: THEY GOT DIVORCED LAST YEAR.
B: DID THEY?
A: HE WILL GET MARRIED AGAIN SOON.
B: WILL HE?

VOCABULARY (PAGE 118)

3 SYNONYMS
YOU INFLUENCE WHAT PEOPLE THINK
YOU ATTRACT OTHER PEOPLE WITH YOUR PERSONALITY

YOU BEHAVE WITH COURAGE IN A FRIGHTENING SITUATION

YOU ARE AN EXAMPLE FOR OTHERS TO COPY
GOOD OR SUCCESSFUL SO THAT PEOPLE ADMIRE YOU AND
WANT TO ACHIEVE SOMETHING THEMSELVES

PAGE 117
WHEN THERES A PARTY FOR CHILDREN, THEY ALWAYS MAKE A
MESS.
ITS DIFFICULT FOR MANY PEOPLE TO GIVE A TALK IN FRONT OF
THE PUBLIC.
MY CLASSMATE DONATO USUALLY CAME FIRST IN SCHOOL
RUNNING COMPETITIONS.
PAGE 120
SEARCH
IMPRESSIVE
BETTER THAN YOU NORMALLY EXPECT
AN AMAZING ACHIEVEMENT
USUAL
WILL DIE ONE DAY
INSPIRED BY GOD
DREAMS, AMBITIONS
NOTHING ELSE LIKE IT
IT LASTS FOREVER
ACTIVE
PRESENT SIMPLE
PRESENT CONT.

AM + (ING)
IS + (ING)
ARE + (ING)

PAST SIMPLE
PRESENT PERFECT

HAVE / HAS + P.P.

FUTURE

WILL + VERB

1) LOTS OF PEOPLE BOUGHT SHAKIRAS CDS LAST YEAR.

PASSIVE
AM/IS/ARE + P.P.
AM BEING + P.P.
IS BEING + P.P.
ARE BEING + P.P.
WAS + P.P.
WERE + P.P.
HAVE BEEN + P.P.
HAS BEEN + P.P.
WILL BE + P.P.

2) SHAKIRAS CDS WERE BOUGHT BY LOTS OF PEOPLE LAST YEAR.

SENTENCES

SUBJECT

1
2

LOTS OF PEOPLE
SHAKIRAS CDS

IS THE SUBJECT
DOING AN ACTION?
YES
NO

CONCLUSION

ACTIVE
PASSIVE

SUBJECT
ACTION
NO ACTION

ACTIVE OR
PASSIVE?
ACTIVE
PASSIVE