Суслов В.А. - Тепломассообмен

- -
-~
~c2:!. 1 ( l~J
(! -StfJ
2008
.....
..
- -
..

3- ,
Qiii-r-
2008
- -
621.184.64 (075)
31.1 7
904
..: .- 3- -, . .
/ . ., 2008.- 120 .: . 74.- ISBN 5-230-14398-3
,
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.,
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140100
140105
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,
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, .
: . , - .,
: .. , .. , ..
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, ', , .. , .., .. ,
..,
. , .. , .., .. , ..
, .. .

-.
blX .
I '
ISBN 5-230-14398-3
31.31
.., 2008
-

,2008
- -
5
4
gradt
1.

Q=
,
.
- dF -
; , ,
z-
't -
, (1.1),
, .
, , dt/d't
(1.1)
(1.2)
= f (x,y,z); t
JJq dF dr, [].
dF ( .
< , -
dQr= q.dF f .. .
(1.7)
(1.7) ,
= ,
(.
hr = .
(1.6)
OF
Q,
QT =
(1.1)
(1.5)
, :
t=f(x,y,z,'t),
t-
[],
Jq.dF,
F
1.2).
(1.2)
, ,
- ,
. ,
/ = tl =
t = f(x) , . t /
/z
'
tl = .
(1.3)
lr
1.2.
.:
1.7
) :
, .
) ,
) , ,
, .
, .
, [/(
2.)]
gradt =
no -
: '
0.4)
4"
1.1).
~~__t:..-~1t
1
, . 1.1.
,
q = (t-te),
(1.8)
- ; t t c -

(.

-:
Q,
[/] [].
, : q = Q/F, [/2] .
q .

.
:
k, [/(
2.)]
q=k(t2-t)
,
(1.9)
- ; t2 -tt= dt -
, ,
.
- -
2.
.
.
.
.
[! (.)].
, , .
2.1.2.
, .
q=-grdt=-).,.
w " -
= 0,006 - 0,6
at
n,
(2.1)
= ( 4l3) /
fJ -
,I/J,
(2.5)
, .
,
- . .
0,7. [5].
2.1.3.
, ,
Jl = const,
=0,07 -
, ,
. , [!(.)]
, ,
"_" (2.1)
Topagrad t.
. .
, 1
2.1.
=l
[!(,)] .
!grad tl '
(2.2)
(2.2)
grad t = 1.
.
. ,
:
= [1 + (! - tcJJ,
(2.3)
- (,' - .
2.1.1.
- 142.
1 [6].
2.1.4.
- 396,

. ,
, .
.
- 1; - 0,35; ' - 0,6.

, . < 0,25,
= 0,023 - 2,9.
.
2.2.
,
1
, ,
w-
w1" / 3 ,
(2.4)
cv -
const;
1-
- .
, 1- .
pl - const. . -

(.
dv
2.1):
- ;
;
dT
dy .
- -
- ,
q
dQJ =_(a x +
, ;
: qv =
(; ;
) -
z;
Q,.i/
dQ2
, - J
dQg+Ii;z
2.1.
dQJ+dQ2 = dU + dL = dQ ,
dQJ- [] - ,
~Q,
; dU - dL - ,
dU = -dr dv = cvp-d' dv
'
, [I( )]; -
[/'].

di, dv,
dr.
d't dQ, = , . dy. dz dT, -

dydz - .
, dQx+dx; dQy+dy; dQz+dz'

:
dQr+<b. = q,+d> . - dz . dT.
d' -
(2.7) -
.
,
, .
.
&
&
, dl=Cp-dr.dV=-drdv=-d'dv,
- , [l,]; -
, [/.].
dQJ, dQ2 di
dT ,
ai (a q
qy qz) +qv
=- ;+--;+;
dQx, = dQ, - dQr+d> = q,dy. - dr - qr+d>dy - dr = (q, - q/ ';iy, dz -.
qx+
dx :
2qx
_
aqx dx a
2
QHdx -qx+a;
+ 2 2!+ .....
(2.8)
=(Qx
-qx -
:; dx)dydzdT.
Z.
dQJ,
, :
(2.6).
d' -
(2.8)
=- lVq+qv'
-.
-lgradt,
Cv =
(2.7)
t = - I- d'/vq+-=q,.
1 d'lV(,'grd)
1 +qv
-
, :
(2.7)
=- lVq +q,
dT ; y:'z dQx; dQy; dQz.
dz
(2.6):
, P~dT'dv={qx
+ aqy + aq')dx.dy.dz.dr+ q dv.dT
z
'
. dQ dU
, dy
= dU
- [/( 3 , ]; -
- dL =
, .
, dT dv
qv.dv dT.
(2.6)
, : dQ
(2.6)
dT; dQ2 -
/.~,
)-
dT -
[/ ] .
(2.6) :
. -
dQ,
qy + qZ)dx dydz.
'
(2.9) - .
:
'
~=_1[~(A
aIJ+~(A~I+~(A
tJ]+~.
)
z
-
const ,
(2.9)
(2.9)
- -
10
~=~[~+~+ a2t)+~
' 2
Z2
!!
(2.10)
= ~ ,[ 2/] - .
-
2,
2,
__ :;- + - ,
:
(),-
+.=
az
2
~=a.V2t
)
, :
q.=O,
tI~1 = AzI~1 2 .
(2.12)
);
q=-(;~). =a(t~ -).
(2.11)
Z,
'. ()"J:I<:II (2.10):

,
f(x, ,
) -
V 2t - .
!
2
,
-='V
,+~
( = f(x, , Z, );
) -
2 !

.
, , . ,

n]
2.3.1.
(2.11) :
V 2t + q. =
- .
2.3.1.i.
(2.13)
~ .,, (. 2.2),
. ' ( / ( 2 ,
t
,1,.
q. =
(2.11) :
t "; - .
2.3.
(2.14)
,-,2
(+--

t.
dq = -
(2.15)
(2.16)
(2.15) (2.16)
(
I
= ---+ t = ( !
dt -
, .,
- - ,
,
;
~peMeHHe ()
---+ t = ( 2
dt = / * ,
- ]
+ 2
(() = /*
:
;
(2.17):
. ,
(2.17)
te,
d 2t
-=
0
2
:
-=
2.2
(2.18) -
(2.18) , = const
] 2 .
= ---+
= ( /
= ---+
_ ( 2
(2
-t
1 - - -cl
= / + ( /
(2.19)
- -
13
]2
, (2.18),
( \
- ( 2
(2.20)
() :(\ ----
,
()
Bt
" :
(2.21)
(2.2 j) ..::!-:, ,
, '!,
(6)
- -
.
.
(2.21)
_ ():
:
i=(cl-
q(t/] + ]/]+/)=t t4 '
tc2
(2.20)
q=-
(2.22)
I
(2.22)
Q"
Q, :q.F . =-(tl-t2 )F ..
(2.23)
. 2.3 . -
If
n ,
__t-'...I_-...,:t4! . -_
0\ 02 8
-+-+-
(2.24)
~~
: '.
1=1
,
.
t.
,
n
. -
~8i' -
0;;,
, . 2.3.
. (2.22):

. ~ .
, , -
- -
]5
\4

,1.
q 0= " (11 -1"+1) .
L";
;=\
(2.25)
(.)
q, , :
q(l-+ ~+~} = 1.l -12

l
az
(2.25) , .,
(' :'::~!H ,
(2.26)
2.3.1.2. .
...st
. ,
"']
(.2.4).
2,
, ,
2.4.
R 0= -] 0 =] - +" - +I

. -
- :
q = l (t.l - ( ')
,
,
(2.21):
21 (twtw;} .
,1.
= ,
- :
(tc2 -
(JI(;)'
(2.28)
, , ,

Ro=~+i"i +~
\
;=1 -;
---]---
1 I-!+-""
1
-+
,
(2.27)
[ ~J - .
(1l(1 t 2
, 2
- ,
+"- +.
q = (tl - t;)
(2.26)
;=1,1.1
(2.29)
Q []
F :
= - =
k.L1t.F .
(2.30)
- -
~
I
16
17
Ic)
=1.1 -q~;
al
=II-q(~+~J;
l
Ic2
..:,.
Ic2
(.)
=l 2 +~
2
(2.34)
1
n ]
Ic{i+I) =I,! - [ -+
'
.
)
i=1 I
lnC J
(2.35)
1
(2.35), : r = ), = ) - . ,
(2.31 )
r.1 \ !
(.2.5) -
dJ = 2
d2 = 2 2.
t == ] . : 1 = ) 1 + 2
r = ] ~ (= (] = CJlnrJ
2 = (] - CJ.lnrJ (2
- 2 =0.
z
2.5.
1nrl
l,]
lnr
(
)
(
{lnr
1=(1,-12) ;<+1,-1,-12
;<=1\+1,-12
;<-;<
ln'\
ln "
l "
l '\
'2
'2
'2'2
ln r l
ln d/
/,
(
) /d,
=1\ - (1,-12 )---:.:-;=1, - '\ -1,
1nr1r
l 2 d
(2.37)
dX'
(2.32)
(2.36):
l,
!'
~=o
'1
(2.37) ,
2 1 1 !
-+
--=0
2
r
(2.33)
= (1
= 2
= l .
21
r 2 =;
1 l
--:=:-
(2.33) U +U ~ == . :
(1 - 1
Q==-.1-'-F=-.1'
-+
dl
dr
2 = 1 , - 1 1 - 12
.
.
. ln r)
~
- , .
, qJ, qJ -
:
'
l.'
, ,
-+
(J- (2 = C 1(lnrJ -lnrz) -
/~
21
+ 2
] ,
1)=--l!+ 2
r = ]
ln r \
1] -/2
. -
l
-=0
r = 2 ~ ( = (2 = CJ1nr2
= CJ.1nr2 + (] - CJ.1nrl.
'2
,
,
== /1 12 .
(2.32)
Z2
+ 2
r r
(2.36) -
\ 2 (2.36) , :
'/ (]. .
:
OZ .

(2.36)
V'2t=~+~ l +~2 1 +~=o
2.3.2.
2.3.2.1.
lnU + lnr
(2.34) :
).2. 1r ' r ./
',/(
l]
'2
'
21r' k/ (
)
==----;:-,,; /1-12
ln 1r
f
(2.38)
Q= -.1-F;
[] .
(.):
(2.38)
"
..
. .
7- = J = ~(1] ~12~
-ln '2/
2
/d l
,;
[/]
(2.39)
- -
18
, ,
.
(2.38), qt
d/d r = const
"
19
.'
(t 1 -t 2)
= 1
q{
2.
aJd J
2.3.2.2. .
26)
(.
rl f.!. } 0.1
(2.40)
a2d2
ajdJ
,.
d)
(2.42)
a2d2
, - .

; ,.',1. ,
2).
(2.41)
[~]
,
1--,---_
1
1 d
1 '
- - + - l n -2+ - - -
(=
.
.
q, =,.(t.l- t2)
..
:..... .
dJ
[ / ]
'
(2.40)
:.. .: . .
2
--+--ln--+--
1 .
, ,
2.6.
1
1
1 d
1
= - = - - + - l n 2- + - - ,
aldJ
22
d1
(2.43)
a2d2
- (
). ,
d/d1 < 2,
Q = .1r' d . f(t.' - t 2) ,
(2.44)
(2.26).
,
:
t.J
.
q/
1
-t c1 =~--;
1r aldl
( ! - tc2 = ~ (2~ 1nd~J:

( 2 -t.2
q,
(.):
t J-t'2 = q{ (_I_+~lnd2
.
"a,d j
22
d1
+-I_J.
a2d2
, :
.}
0.2
--+
2.
0.2
0.1
--+
3.
0.(::::'0.1
--+
dx =d'
; =d1;
dx = 0.5 (, + dJJ
(.)
=---.
a2d2
(2.43)
1,
- -
-----
21
20
~
2.3.2.3.
(2.43):
Rf
~_ + J.... 1n d 2 + -1-
a1d,
aj; d,;
2),
dl
a2dZ
dz
.
; 2- .

. dKp , > d2 ,
Rf = f(d-;}.
1
1 d
- = . R f c = ----;-In --.1. - R f R f l =a1d l
2
d1
1
d2 . Rf2 = - - - d2 .
a2 d 2
, Rf = /(R;c; R(2)'
1
d(d;(2)..d
dz (2.47)

9,
Rf
d; =0.
2
d2 = -
: d.u < d 2
2.7
tj
t2,
np .2.9.
2.7.

d2
ar 2
(2.49)
, '
l'
-> t = t,: , = 1'2 -> t =
(2.49), :
~=~.
r
, =_I_+_1_ 1ndz +_1_1nd H +_1_

ajd, , d J 2u d 2 a2dH
d u = 2~
. ,
== --}--} ,
=2 - ~
,
(2.50)
_l- "
2.9. l-l
" '2
(2.50):
(2.48).
2 -,
" '2
(2.48)
t= t
,2'
t2.

t , 7t2 .
t -t 1
,
-t __1_2_-
= f(duJ.
, qf
f2+3-~=VZt.
Rf
t t,
=',
V t=.
-
2.3.2.4.
1'2,
. .
, .
, '
1'1
';'
2.3.3.
2.3.3.1.
d2 > dKpC d2 R, -
2.8.
=f(dz).
, ,
(2.47)
. ,
2
,.~
1.
d2 < dp d2 Rf
R f dz .
d(R,)
. 2.8,
, d = dKp
_ t1 -t,2
1 __
1
_
1'\
(!_~1
l'1
(2:51)
1')
1'2
(2.51) ,
. , , F = 47
.1'2
- -
23
(t1 - ( 2)
Q=
(2.52)
n2
(2.56)
dn
JF(n)
"I
q,
2.3.3.2.
. /
2.
(/
(2.56) (2.21)
n} d
j_n_ - . :
'" F(n)
(2. ,
= ; , = ; n2 = ; F(n) = F = const;
= r/; = 2; F(n) = F(r) = 27C_r_l;
r,;
) : n
t, t2
) :
/ 2.
) :
n
r;
r;
, =
r2; F(n)
= F()=47-
. :
2.3.5.
,
Q=a,1rdi(t"" -t,t
2'7
(2.53)
Q=-l-'-l-' (, -t 2 )>
Q = 2 7 .
(2.53)
d; (r 2 -
t ,}
1 ( 1
~. -
1)
d 2 + a2di
1r'
(2.54)
1 + - 1 ( - 1 - - 1 + - -12 - =--z
k
ajdj
2 d j
dz
a2dZ
=~.+
az
(2.57) ,
- , - ,. ,- , - 2. ,
1
1
--;--2 .
ad ad
, :
, ,
.
( = !,();
tc
f2 ();
(.
f (r).
(),
=n).
, ,
dt
Q = --F(n) .
dn
(2.55)
Q = const ,
l.!:
(2> :
2.1 ),
(2.55)
= , = tcl
--
a,F,
- - .
a ZF2
, ,
.2.
, , , ,
(2.57)
. 2
az
Q- at / n
] . 2
1 =l+a, =1+a2=a,+a.2
<5
2.3.4.
. t =
-+-+-
- , [BTh<].
R
Q,
'ajd? + 2ii
=-1
1r(t j -t:><'2)
Q=
, : =
d,
2.1
=2 F2 .
. .
.
2.10.
- -
25
24
2.4.
= const = const ; . = const

.
(2.59):
.9 : Cj" + C 2
(2.60)
(2.60) -
nU
. ! 2
(.
2.11). - f, - .
t .
""
, -
..r
. = .
.
'.11<'-"
, ., .
2.11.
8. 8
.9
(.
2.12)
dQ = Qx - Qx+dx ,
dQ -
(2.58)
~---
Qp =fmfA .th(ml)=~~fth(ml)
th(7:J~)
(2.61 )
Qp=aAFp (l/\~
_
- \?dt.;2a p j'
. :
Q = fmfA : ~~.Uf ,
= tj- t .
dx
. (! ,
, -
t - t,
; t - ,
(2.60),
- ; th -
t-
t . ,
.: \1,1', . .
-:
13
.-
(2.61)
/. =
Bi
- .
Qx - ,
Qx+dx -
%
1/ .
Q+dx=-
d(.9 +
Q" Qx+dx
dQ =
.9 ]
Qx
: - f
2.9
d
f-dx=.9dx
= const
r;:;;;:
/d v 2B/
. 1
= 2.
o:)~:~, [11].
.
hl1:z J2jjj )
d.9 .
dx
.9.U.dx,
(2.61)
Qp = a p.9J'Fp.E , = f.I
d 2 .9
(2.57): dQ : ' f - d x .
2
~X. f=-,f~-'f:~dx.
10:
2.12.
d 2.9 :
-=-~.9
2
Bi - , - 00.
Qp + Qc = anp.9jFp.c,
Qc = .9 j . Fc -
; Fp. c = Fp + Fc; n = ( FjFpJ + IXC (F/FpJ -
, ,
~~ = 2 .9 .
= const ; .
(2.59)
= const
Q=
t ,-t 2
'
Fc
anpFp .c
(2.62)
----- + - - + - - alFc
(2.62) : ~ : (t 1 -t 2 ) ,
F p .c
- -
27
26

=] _
f
_
-, + ' F?,,- +
Fc
Fc
Fp/Fc -
d t + ~ =
2
"
(2.63)
, -
. -,
. ,
!,-".q' . , .
.,
'!;.;<
",i",,'
,.,.1'.1\'
Q, -
j;"l,,,IlU.:l1
=(I : 'If/~+~Ja
F. F
"
rp
\.
..
= 0;-..1.1 ~]
.~
" =8
Bi;
f.1; - , ;
.
, , .
,,;\
2.5.
(2.64):
A.~vo =(t-t ) ; t=t+ q: _ .
qv o
t. +~=-
(=-
:i'
(2.67)
= q.x.
(t-t;) = qv8.
Q = q.F =qv 82F / .
(2.68)
(2.67) , ~ 00, t.=t. (2.67) :

-:;;
. -
. -
to,
~~x2 ++t + q:o + ~~ 02 =t + q:o + q;~2 [1-(~Y]
= q = . = 8 q
qv.
2 =t + qv o +~02.
2.13).
2'
(2.67)
2 ;
++
.
: q

(.
qv 02
2..1
8:
] 2 (2.66):
=n;
(2.66)
. .
(2.66)
2 . = (2.65)
/
~ (2 .65) .. dt=8 -- -~

, / = . = u
..1
, .
(2.65)
2.5.1.
-t )
(=_~x2+C]X+C2'
2,
a(t c
dt =_qv x+C 1"

dx
If/'
, , ,
F,,/Fc
(2.64)
(2.63):
'
'
- JCJj(;~Ic. ,
.,
x=o{:Jx=o =0;
t c , - . 2.13.
, .
t = t
+ ~(02 _ 2 ) .
2..1.
to=t c+
qv 0 2
u '
:
qv 0 2
to-t c ='
- -
....
29
28

~.
/;-7;+1/0 +iY -~:' ,
4 = 40 (1 + () .
3.
2.5.2.

. = const, -
, ,
,1
_,: .:
t;
+q;~O +:~ ~o2 _,2) ,
(2.69)
. .
i /10 :
, ..
qy,o .
".
2
:
q ;af/
_/
);
(2.70)
, ;
- F --2- qy'O 21("0 f;qyJr'of

2 .
Q -q.
, 4
j(t),
().
{==-+
{+
2.
(2.71)
, :
, , ,
, 4 == const
:
, , '., + ';;;'
~ J} ';1
,:
:;)'".:,-[:, n
~::~: ::;;[~~~"
( ):
(~)
(2.72)
\n n~o
(2 73)
,
, '" ' +
+';1 [2;; {;]'-[:,]'] .
,;~. [[ :; J' -
(2
74)
;-~({n=-{.)'
(=
z; ; ; ; (; (.; 1];...I,J,
3.1.
.
:_:~:qj[(;,];~::;~"-', "q;1[[:;]' "<: -1] ,
.....;
10, 1], 12 ... ln;
r = -;( = ( = , , z).
- ,
; ;
~;a(~+~+~]
81"
&2 8);2 &2
j :
1 ( 1)2_ qy, 2
2 ,
(.
3.1).
3.1.
(. (
<
(.
- -
....
30
31
= const.
: t = , ).
l( )
-&:= , ((, )
. (
,'
"" : .9 = (- t::.
9
9
-=:
2
'
IIIC'l('l1
'1"
.....
(3.1)
= -+
.9(, )
D-
: = ~ (9)
) =(- . si(:)+ D cos(x)]-'.

( .9
x~O
(3.7)
, x~O: 'F ;
D=O. , .9 = Ce~oK r cos(x).
(3.8)
C.K.sin(x) , -
. (3.1)
, () - , - ) _
:
.9(, ) = () {().
(3.2)
(3.1 ):
k = kn ,
. -
) = =_1!....9
2 =
( .9
_ = - .
.
.
(3.7) (3.8):
. (8 ) ="2'
-'
'- ' s
cos( u"') ..
ctg(K8) = ~ .
1')]l'() = a2fl'(x)) /(1') .

:
'.
l'2= .-.
Kcos(x)'F :
.9(, )
.
1'
(3.6)
,
9
.
_1!... :r=o;
(3.5)
9 = [ 2 s(:)+ si()~\-
,
.
= .90;
: = -+ (9)
9 = [Ccos(x)+ Dsi()]-'r.
" :
I.PeHble :
"
(3.4)
qJ()=2s(kx)+Sin(kx) .
(3.5) (3.6) (3.2)
, - ).
J -
/1'=~e
()
-'
tg(8)=~=-' .
\.
(3.9)
.2
k =
1 a[r(.)) _
] 2 (1'()]
)~- l'(x)~
, - . ,
~
' ,
. ,
.
_1_ d[r(1'
/(1') d1'
)J -? .
'=
(3.3)
'
d2[1'~x)J + ? 'l'() =
(3.4)
dx
(3.3) :
fi.
(3.9)
(3.10)
ctg{fi)=fi/Bi.
( )
d~~))J=_O'K2 .d1'.
: 1n[r(1')] =-. 1'. 2 + ln ,
( )

(3.1 )
I
!h
f1 .
,
ctg(fi)=Yl' fi/B j=Y2'
.
_
l ( . 3.2) ~
11:. 2
l/Bi.
fi
(3.10). 3.2 , :
(3.10)
3.2.
- -
33
32
Jln (n = 1,2,3..... ), (3.1 ) .

(3.10) , Jln,
, Bi. Bi =
Y2=J1Ii , Jl'=O; Jl2=7f:., Jln =(n-l)7f:.
i = 00 Y=Jl/Bi ,
(3.10) , =11/2; Jl2=3n/2 .. .., Jln=(2n-l)7f:/2.

n="80
.9 =
?;
Jln
f ; ="
(3.11)
i- - , . ; f
.
80
F o = 0(, =
= 8(,) = n=
'LCn cos (J
,un .
):
(3.12)
n~l
(3.12)
COS(Jl;" )
80
r0- - - - - -
' X)cos(,unXjU-<
, \-'- = 1I f
f cos(,um
_;;
2(..
-/
n=1
(3.16)
Ifln + s.un cos.un
(3.16)
{(,'!" )-to
-to
COS(Jl~).- , exp(-Jln 2 F J -
.
:
, COS~l 7i )(- 12 Fo)
(3.17)
(3.16) (Fo 2: 0,25)
(3.17)
8=
fJ=f(i,Fo) .
'.
(3.18)
i-F:
3.3
= f (Bi, Fo),
3.4.
~.o
0.0
d~
- - - - n
\-'-
Iflnx,....,..---npum=n
(3.13)
,-
= 11 (3.13)
fcos2~n 7i)i.
/0
. ; <!: 0,25
;;
( ) -/J';F
= /(,r)-/ = ~A
L. n cos n -
f s(,um) = n="
'L Jcos(,u",x )s(,un) .
n='
.9
::;::; :
(3.15)
: = l- = t
2sin,un
n = { . "
=-
.90
8(;,) = 'fcncos~n7ik/J';FO,
n=1
.
n + sin.un cos.u n
() -/Jnf
cos ,un -
(3.15) :
.9 ,
2sin.u
(Sin 2,un +
2,un
~I
l]
C'?1i"4
Q,I
""",,-N--"""'++-j'1'l
u.05
'
IJ,P;
4 1J
0,0;

(3.13)
I---
1)dx
80 co{,un
80 215 sin,un
= ~---- = ----;c.-',u-'n"----_---,-
cos 2l( ,
~)dx
15(1 + sin2,un
2,un
.90
2sin,un
.
,un +s,un cos,un
(3.14)
(3.11),
6,l.LLiu.J
3.3.
- -
35
34
l0
, :
1. Fo = ~
02 ex~ J
u
OX~O - '
2.
3.
'
'
~
: .

Bi ->
; ( = t :
()
:
(3.22)
Q = C.p(to- (J (1- ),
(j _ -
Bi ~ 100.
Fo<': 0,25:
8=-
'" 2(.22Bi .
2F
2)
JJ\ ! + ! + JJl
. 3.5.
(3.19)
Bi ,
,
. Fo 0,25
(3.20)
-'1
~,"-
-'-
00
06
;:
--
16
_8,
--
.'
0,99
8r~r" = \ . IO(;J,R)e-/F ,(3.23)

R = rlr" -
, 96
i+
ai
<R < 1; fo(!lJ)
'
, 97
n= (_1)m(~)p+2m
0,96
I .= ~(+l)(p++l)
:
Ij
56
drzl~$I42fJ121926JQ
. 3.4. :
=0
= A\e-2F .
(3.24)
3.5.
1,,0
,55
16,0 i 10,0
,
. 3.3 3.4.
Bi -> ,
:;
~

.
6,0
i uu
: 8 = { ,Jiii i ]-.
',0
(3.21)
' -
Q = .(90 9),
(3.25)
'9 0,25
-
9=
.(-;! Fo),
(3.26)
- -
36
37
4i
= Jll2~21 + .1 2 ) ' '
35
.
L r1+2
1 ( 3) "="'
) B.exp-;'F
(
)
n
Po~0,25:
=~=2iJJI?-(i-1 silR -J1?F

.9
+ Bi -
JlI
JI,R
ij =- 1+-; 3
:
(3.27)
3.3.
"9 = .(- JI?Fo)

-
6Bi
- JI?f.I!? + Bi 2 -
(3.28)
i)
(3.29)
. . :
-
(3.30)

2 (j
( (
q.
, ,
.
.
q.
_
~
.
,
t, (. 3.6,).
(3.34)
1/
q."
/'4, -10
()
. . 6.
() -
(6)
= ,
/ = ~H,/~H
(3.37)
1-io
k-
= 1- e- kr ,
(3.38)
; >: .
, =
(3.35)
/ln n
= Jl n
; ,1 ,1 -
- .
(3.35)
- , ()
A"CoSJl"Se-J1nF,
q.
CIgp
(3.33)
(3.32)
d.9(O;r)
~=O.
J'
..6, ~t"= t n - t u =,f('t)

(3.31 )
: = 8; . d + (.9 _ .9)= .
. :
= ~
= ( -1 = ~ (1- ~
2 J ~[
.90 I-I 2
6 2 + Bi -=: l+JI;'
. '!
&:2 -
"=(t - t )
= ;;10
o
q.(r).
',
( )
= . -
"( )
;;1;
(n
. :
8.9 = 82.9 + ~
'.
3.6
( , ( -
.9).
3.2.
T~\lll"T~1')Pb~ tp
Q = (.90
(3.36)
.=1 \
qo = k!JJ! -
= qoe- k r
(3.39)
, .
8.9
82.9
qoe- kr
-=-+---
(3.40)
- -
38
39
(.40)
t , -
. : ='(\ )
k.
k. R
F (k,-.u'; J _ l
(] -.un2}.[e
n='"
= _0_ L " cos IJ" -
J ,,
" 82
; "
2sinlJ"
=.
HeHml,",'<P"
IJ 2 ~ - k
"=1
-----
IJ" + s IJn COSIJ"
(3.4] )
. =
', ) .:
. Fo ~ 0,25 !' .
, , .
f.J.n - -
I.nt"
(3.42),
k,Fo2- -1l?F]
je
()

.
:
8t(y.T) = a2 t(y ,r ).
'
2'
, -
, f.!=K.ll.
,

(3.47),
(3.47);
l9=l()-m l9=-r+(,,z). (3.48)
. .7. (3.48) , ~
n- -
,
. . 3.7
; 2 . '
v - .
(3.48),
1 89
(3.49)
m=---=tgrp ,[1/].
98
((,, )
:
(3.43)
t(X,y,T)=t(x,T).t(y,T).
cOS(f.!lxllJ) -
'82
JV",11
(3.42)
(3.47)
Bi' = IJ? ~ - -
Cl11t/dtJ1I
fJtJlD
IJI -kt
F ],
8J(x,r) = a J(x,r) .
9 = . - ,
_ , ,
I
I
3.4.
, ,
; =
Fo '?,25
)
(,)= (!o-t'=
t
9 = ] COS~1 ~k.u~Fo
, I!J. .
,.:
3.5.
(3.49) ,
() , ,;~
:
.
, ,
, , Z -
: (j = ~ (j2 (j
(3.44)
,j"I
)! -
, :
(j
=~ .(j2
(3.45)
-+ !, :
,",
= 1J12 2
=k . ",
(3.50)
k _ ,
) 2 1; 22; 2
1
: = ,)
(3.46)
, , ,
(3.51 )
k = (2,405Iro)2+ (ff/l)2
'
(3.52)
- -
...
40
41
) .
k=_I_.
(3.53)
( / ?
(n+ 1), M,1::.x
1
--<&'-2
(3.57)
tn,k
.6. .

(3.54)
, .
V. - '.) = ~ (', - '.1 )
.
((,1:)
,!'!.
----,+'
. I
. -
'
., ' .
,,\ IIIJOl' 11, 1111

;",

'
',
= '
(3.54)
L1
. [
L1
' _ ' .(.,1)
'
2
_!.J
,- =
2 &
'
'k,(n+l) - ,k,n _ '
1.
' _ '"," -',.I).
-'","
&
,n -
&
'k,(n-I)
&
.7.
( )
J= '
&
k,(n+l) -
2' k,n
+'
',,(.,1) -
('('+1),"
'('+]),.
(3.55)
(3.55)
t(k+{),n:
dQ
d1 -
= &' ~.,(.+]) + ',,("1) + 1- &'
(3.56)
'.,.
(3.56) (3.55).

k (-)
(3.61)
dFm dF.
.; n ;
- ;
2)
(3.60)
n m
] (
-~dFm
d! =-(j'-dF
-,.J= :; ['.,("+,) -- 2'. +'.,(.1)]
k,(n-l)
(3.55)
.
dQ =
&2'
2',_" + {',(n.') ]
, -
= I::.x'
'
(3.54):
'1(+1)" -'.,"
.
L1x.
i.L1x),
i = , j = k. (n
= - L1x t = k .11:.
(3.54) () . -
(3,55) (3.56)
(L1x)
(3.15 )] ,
t;j+ 1 t ij
1: .11:(1: = j .11:).
'(1,1),,, -'.",
(3.59)
+1
(3.54) .
L1x(x; =
! _
., .
_ _
..: ljJ: I ~: ; i:, .
(3.58)
, , " - ,1:
(3.56).
2,
2,
+=
;' ;'
-+-=0
(3.62)
(3.63)

. :
- -
42
43
= L1t!lm, 1 == .,' - grad == L1U/ l .

-, grad t == L1t " - grad t == L1t/(.x)
.
L1to; - L1; -
l l.
= .; /I mo == ; 1 =L " L1t/.1to = (J.

: .; = m I " ==lomYm,' L1t = L1to (J.
. (.
3.9) -
, .

; , ..
01
02
.
) , 11\1<"k~
;1 , :
2)
2
2
,J/dr:,,/, + 11dym
Jl"
~l. /
(d' U/d''
+ 1/d/)
1dxm + 1dm
' J/dx/ + JU/dy/
; (3.64)
. (3.65)

.
10) -
grad 8 = L m,'
- grad = U/L) .
. ,
3.8.
3.9.
L m== LJI
l = l .
(3.66)
1 = , -
: l
IQ
= const
I .
lllm .
...
l == const.
(3.66)
!1t,/L1,
8, = , .1t,/ L1to = L1,/ L1
82 = 2 L1t2 / L1to = L12 / L1
L1t2/L12 =
=~~>~;~ ~~~~;~;~: ..
.....
(3.67)
; ( t/
.

.
l3.67) ,
dQ ==
, .
.
:
4.
T"JdTm .

: dl = ( / .)d - .

, . (. 3.8) _

:
, ,

: , , , , , ,
.
.
4.1.
,
, .
,
' , ,
.
dw = -.
@
- -
45
Bi
44
f.l [. ].
~,[M~J. ,
.
, .
E="!-(BPJ,

[1m]
(4.1)

,
.
,

14
20000
dw;;;n =1=> S = .
v=
, .
.
,
. - Bq. Bq + Bqz . _ .
dIvq = - + - -8 '
~
z
. .
~ , ~~ (~ 4)
-
= '[
[11"k],
(4.2)
qKOHB-
-'Vt
+pWI.
(4.4) q
!
.
,Bt+
i'q __A.Bt+p.w.i.
'1; q=-- p,wy"
,
z
. q =-A.-+pw
z
Q'" Q' Q
i ( ,
2,
(4.3),
2tJ
2
B
(
w Bi +w Bi)_
-"'. - + - + - - wx - + y~.

~2
&2
fJ = _,,!-(),
(4.3)
d'Ivq+qv
-=-
vy
'l{WX + W~y + WzJ+qv.

Bz
~ ( -_ ):. d/'v _- wx + W~y + wz =..
t > 4 't:'
f3 .
f3 .
i = JCp.dt ,
f3 = 1fT
4.2.
'
,

.
4.2.1.
! =ar~+~+~j+~
2
~.2
Bz2
-
~
(4.5)
(4.5) .
- : .
, _ ~ + ' + ' ~ + , z , ~ _ f,
dT - ~
Br
'
'
, .,
Wxax+Wy~+WZ&
(.
, (4.5)
dx, dy , . 4.1.
0;-_-'-_--"-
:r
___
!I
, - .
.
-+wx ax+wv-B +W, 8
.
z
4.1.
, ,
:
! =a'V2t+~.
dT
w, = w
= w,
= (4.5)
. ,
. ,
, .
- -
47
46
4.2.2.
dg
!I
dx,dy
dz
(.
$t 9+ ~ s~:: a~
tp..~
F=m.a.

: ,
fi;r
4.2.
2.
= - gxdv .
dy.dz
" - "
.
3.
df2 = _ dp
dx
. y+dy .
ls
2w,v
2w
2w
[a x + a
+a z
IJ 2
~2
az 2)
Dw
w +w _
w ' +w _
w +W~-
w,
__
.
---;;:; -
d2~x JdV,
dw,
df
dp
--;;; = pgx - dx
= dw x dv
dr
d'w,
+ IJ dy' '
(4.7)
D'W
_
,-,2(4.8)
w.
dr
, = (l- f3 . .9~ f - p-=pg-v+IJV
DW
- f3.9
--;;; = -g' .
-7>1 vP+v.v 'W .
(4.9)
, , -_
I!!.p - , .
.
4.2.3.
, d~
u dz. ,
, OZ
d! (. 4.3).
~
()
, , -
(4.6) :
, , -
df = (pgx - dp + IJ
dx
dy
df
, dfi ,df2' df:
-_
df = ( + -dS dy dxdz - Sdxdz =-dS dv.

dy
dy
2w
S = lJ(dw,),
= IJ d x dv.
dy
dy2
Wx ' Wy ' Wz
, (4.6)
; .9 = 1 -/0; ( -.
-,
S.d.".dz.
(4.6)
(4.6) -.
dx
dx ]dYdZ .
--. + dp dx. , -
, : - ( + :
2w
2wz
a
(a
a
J
+IJ 2 + 7 + 7
2w
2w
2w
x a y a zJ
dw
p_Y_=pg
--+IJ(a
--+-2-+
2
dr
~
2
~
P--;Z; - pgz

gx : df1
dw
d: =pgx-
dwz _
1.
OZ:
2w
4.2).
()
dM = p,w x .dy.dz.dr,
. 4.3 n ' w

()
- ,
dy.dz.
- -
49
48
dM x+d:t.
= -
wx+d:t. ' - - dr ,
, , dMx+d:t. , -
dM,+dx = [pw, + a(:J }iYdzdr.
()
() (). ,
dMx+d:t. - dM
= a(PWJ dvdr .
()
_ (' w,}
dMz+dz -d: --a-z-dv.dr .
()
(), () (), ,
dv
dvdr . Hadv dr:
dr
a(wJ + a~Wy \ a(w,) =
az
divw=
4.3.
Wo .
- 9 = 90 = O;wx = wo; wy = ; 9 = (-{' t -
(=)
2)
9
( = ; O:s :s R; - oo:s Z:5 +00)
= 9
= { - (
= ; W x = wy = W z
= .
- : , ;
- : v, w" w,. -
, ;
Wo ,{0,l0,uC'v,a,g,/3...,
- -
(4.10)
: [, wo,ge.
' p=const:
{.; {. > ('
. ,
1)
a(p.wy )
.
dM y+~ - dM.\. = ":'": dr ,
+ a(PWJ + a(pwy) + a(pw,) =
. :
OZ:
, .
()
(4.1] )
(4.]2)
X=":"'Y=l:..w =wx'Wy=wY;e=~
[ '
]) (=)
,
.
, .
Wo
Wo'
Vw
= = o;wx =I;Wy = ;
=; 0:5 :51); '= = 1;Wx
'=
Wy =
, ',t,{,
,
Bo,ee'W
2) (

['
4.3.2.
. ,
4.3.1.
, ,
. :
l) ;
2) ;
3)
4) .
, ,
'
z, R -
'
z'
['
7'=Y;=7=Z;=C('
.

. ,
.
- -
51
50
:
ot'
,fJt'
'fJt'
,fJt'
'
-+W -+W -+W -='.2t+---.!:......
'
. ;
-
w~
w" = Cw '
w'
- : " = .
'
("
- = , .
('
. w' , w = ide; = ide; , =
idem
' =
= idem
, ,
.
:
,

, , , , ..

" '
: "> ",';
,
, ;
. w~
,w~ _ ' , , 1 ' , 2 '
+Wy--+W - - - g /3.9---+vy W
'
~,! z'
' '
()
'
ar" " fJt

"ar" " ar"
- , +wx-, +Wy-" +Wz - "
w:
"
Dw:
,w:
" . 2't + __
q"
v_.
" w:
c~ .
'"
'
"
-~" +Wx" +W~+Wz-z"=gx'/3 . .9 - - - + V .
x
" " "ar'
=-,,1. -",
" '
2"
W
'
()
, ..
'
. ','
,
c~ ."
a'./)J'= -,,1.' ot' .
.
f
z'
r =C
,w~
+wx
'
. (
y~,
1"
'

, - .
t"lt'= ,"1,'= , OJ"IOJ'= {) !"!/'= C1, a"la'= /3"1/3'= CjJ

"!'= ,
p"lp'=Cp
v"lv'=C.. "l'=1. ..
.
, -ot'+.,
,fJt'
,Ot'.'
- -.,
- ( wx-+w
-+w -Bt')
'
'
" w' ;[ ,w~
:1.,'
z fJz'
,w~
'
1 '
~'" '
------+~V'y
. ! ' '
cl
'w~] =
- - + - Wx--+Wy'-+W_ '
__
, ' 2t'+
=_
~I
q'
v_.
. ' . "
'
'g p'!'.t'.
()
w"
'
, a'/)J'= !2.(- Bt'J.

[
'
.
()
().
- -
52
53
, -
Qr
'" =
2 ;;
() , . . :
,
, ,
_=
_
_
,
=__,
-;-:'
-J
(4.13)
~ = = idem - ,
(4.14)
, = ,! --'-- .
(4.15)
(4.]3) - (4.15) -
'
, _
/
_
',
2
;
'
__ _
=].
cJ'
(4.16)
(4.]7)
---,.,
~2 = = idem - ,
~ = Re =
v
idem -
__1
Cq
=_
~ = = idem - ,
p.w
(4.13) , :
- = - 0 - /
a 'J
-- = ~
= Nu= .
(4.18)
(4.14):
CW'CT =)
(4.19)
Cf
(4.20)
/ Re = / =
/.
<; ,
, -
g-p.t,t-P
(4.20)
Re
g..!oJ.
2
= G,. - -
, , -
.
(4.21)
. ;; ( - ) , :
(4.22)
g. ;~ ( v
(4.15),='!~ ", ] .
(4.16) -
(4.23)
,!
(4.23)
: ~ :
] = ,. - .
f =const
Gr.
, Wx, Wy. , , Nu. , .

. :
Gr...
- - , -
;
- ;
Wx W>, Nu -
- -
ss
54
- Re G .

)'
Nu -fi
. :
Pr, Re, Gr) =
,(, ,
(., , " R, G);.\
, :
- [ (, , Re, Gr) = 2 ( , R G .\ .
W _f
'
, ),
3 (, , . Re, Gr) = F : R
.)
W _
(., , " , G';;
- 14 ; , Pr, Re, Gr) = F4 (.,
. , " R, G,.
')
I
: ,.9 w w
>
'
'
(J. W W
)>
>
'
N
;
}>
~
1.
:~: , , Pr, Re, Gr.
. :: -
'
.
, _ '.

,

.
2.

, KOT~pe . 3.
,
,
h -
.. .

(,
.....);

().
. :
, - ny
' .

: bI,
""
N::: .

,
.

-
. 6
:
[<]= ["1 "2""'j
[rp]_ ;
~.

, ~eMeHHX : ~:;;~:
, , .
;: ~ .
jn
n-:
, n ~ 2 , k ~ 1
( ),
- k .
4.4.
'0'
,
. yr . .
4.4.1.'J
, ,
. ""
.
, ' . ,
, , Jl.
aI'l'
n,-
R _
=n
f
'
; f -
().
> 0,001
fo
. ,
,

.
. (1904 .) II .
- -
57
56
(.
4.4)
. (
) -
, ,
-' ~
rp ;
'"
"-
.<
'"
, ; ~ .
(425) ,
rp ~::~ '
(4.24)
w - ' +w
'
W, + wy
w,
(4.27)
a}w, .
_~v-}-,
(4.28)
=0.
w,
w, _ 1 OS S - (4.27) w,x+w Y - ,
_
4.4.2.
:
, XZ.
4.4.3. r C.J10
.
.
rp (. 4.5)
ta
,
;
,
.
:r rp-
. ,
, .
4.4.
,
,

OZ:
+m

2ro
2
~ v(fJ x + J_..!...
(02
g '
(4.24)
02 '\ I
01
'
+ groo '" const .
..
}1
- .
'
.
(4.29)
.
( 011
oqy
takkakqy"'-\j,

}/
-~a-2
J a ,
/0
~+:_a
.
al!
/ -- 0'1
, -

np
w -+w
x , ,
_ 80r .
(4.25)
4.5.
I : + J y : ~ v : + : j -ga;;
~ "i' ;

n .
, -
~"""-:~77-r.;b:f77?~::-
ily2)'
i:/ I (4.29) -
1 oq ( 4.29)
- -.
;
(4.27) (4.28).
- -
59
58
q = - . Wy . t + .
w/.
(4.31)
: .
,
. - , .
.
:
S= ~T
4.27-4.29.
,
.
. ,
W
(4.31)
(4.32)
(4.33)
(-) (4.33,) -
.
, , :
-.n,dt
qm=-P'p'wy,dy
: (= (' +t.
. ,
.
(4.34)
(4.35)
, qm Sm
dW
- " . (4.34) (4.35) :
dy
dy
dt
Bt
qm=-,:qd=-.m;
(.
.xz. dr -
: - W dr, [/"]. -
(4.37)
- , 11 -
E:q
-
-
(4.36)
Sm=P'E:s~=jJm~,
.
r+dr
(4 .35)
dt
-
, ,
.
(434)
.
-' ' dWx

Sm =P'Wy'~

, - .
(4.32)
(4.33,)
, ,
. 4.6.
.; -, =p.iipW'/';
_1
Sxy.m =Sm =-p.w;wy'.
w ( )
= W+ w', ,
wy '
W x '
()
W
.
Jp,wx,wy.dr=p.wxwy=p.wxWy+p.wXWy;
4.4.4.

(4.31)
T+dT
, '
=~; :, = & - ''
. A-m , l1 m ; : q ; : s
.,
11, , v
Bt
q = -(4 + . ) ;
(4.38)
(4.39)
: P'Wy 'Wx dr pw jdr "' w .(.dr
( p,cp-const). ,
q
:
4.4.5.
HdT
qy =~T
- Jp.c w (dr=pc '
w t
(4.30)
, (4.30)
w. - + w -
2(
= - 2 ,
W
W
a2 w
w"- " + w y - " = v - 2 - "
- -
60
wx
wy
fu + ~ =
p,cp(W
- uw, _
(w, --;::- + w
x :
+w :)= ;[(+m):J
y
e7W,
IJ
(4.41)
:+:=.

= wy
(4.42)
(4.33,) , S
(4
= __,_
; =P'f2(::)2
(4.35) (4.43) :
f2
(4.44) (4.34), :
qm
W y
=-' ,f !:Z:I: .
2
(4.44)
[ w
'"J-.!..
q,
fu. dv = - vl: - fa. .
l J_Xdy
w)dt=toJ_Xdy w
Jt_Xdy=
w
J(to-t)-Xdy.
w

(4.47)
'"
"'
&
&
0&
(4.51)
(4.50)
'
(4.29)
(4.50) y~O y~oo .
(4:50)
(4.51)
(4.51)
00
[2].
(4.51)
),
S = (: (4.27)
(
S-
w/;; +w/; )=: '
(4.52)
(4.52)
(4.52)

(4.52)
(4.53) -
k = k(x).
P'Cp(WX:+Wy:J=_a~ .
(4.50)
).
'
(4.49)
Wz -
' Wo -
():
(4.48)
1' ry :
~jwx(to-t)dy=-~.
~~
w
' wy ;
(..)
(4.47) ,
.

dx
X[(wJ +(w; r+(wJ]
d'"
Jw x-!..dy - f(to _t)_x dy = - f-[wr - r)]dy = - fw..{t o-t)dy
(446)
.
. = =f2i~xl=(~y)21~Xi
: =
=- f_x dy
(4.45)
~. "
Wy
J_Xdy )
. ;
~ = 0,4 - .
(4.50)
(4.43)
= ,
vy
w' 2'= Wx
q,
Yw
y: dwy=__ dy .
(4.28) w
Awx: +Wy:)dY= jWx:dy-j:;;dyf
PWxWy'
.33,) ,
q, =-[(j.J
q, + r", )_XJ'
~
,
y -)
(4.40)
61
S
fwx(wo
-wx)dy
= ---.dx
dO
(4.50),
(4.53)
- -
63
62
4.4.6.
(4.51)
=++ /
+d /
( ). 2
: = ~
W,
(a
= . ,
: =, W
= Wo,
w
-2-"
(w, J
'.
Y~
; = 3~ Wo ; = ;
12
d = _.!. W
2
. (4.27), -
a w J = . (----f
'
(4.54)
(4.59)
, = ,.jRi;VPr
Wo
(4.54)
N,
=- -
,5
( -
= , .,
.9 = (- (; .90 = ( -
(;
(.), ., ~
= 1,5(2:') -0,5(2:' ,
.90
k
k)
d.9J 1,5.90
(
(4.51)
k < 8,
(..)
Re = Wo .
(4.55)
(4.56),
(4.56)
k=
4,64
.jRi;VPi '
,5
4.7). ,
() (4.57),
.90 =
( - (
.
,
(4.61)
.
..
/o-VPr'
= . -
k/ _ 1
4.7. .
(.
(4.61)
dy =
(.
I
( . :
X=i;
. =
Re=--=--i=R.;
. .
(4.55)
vRex
. (4.60)
Wo f
(4.59) N, = 0,- ,5 Re~,5 r .
(4.52)
Wo
: ~=/l'64~= ~.
(4.59)
Wo
N ==i=N,.;
(4.54)
(4.59)
. f
"'4,64~Y'X.
(( - (J.
(4.58)
f -
Wo
~13
( .. ), a=~(.9] =,%~.
.90 ->
(4.58)
k (4.57)
0= (280 ~y.x
n n-l
=-t~t(::)-->'
-A(~)
, :
= . -
qc =
, :
Wx
(~.57)
: (pr~rc) 0,25
4.4.7.
,
.
Re:
ReKp.l
Wo .l
Wo . .2
; ReKp .2 = ----:.---,.z:.:.::..
- -
64
65

(4.41)
Wo .
(4.62) (4.63) (4.40)
ReKp =---=10 +410 .

,
, -
W
fu+w
x
4.8. :
}-
2- ;
[(1 +Pr-E:-s) -9].,
(4.64)
(4.65)
_W -+W
9 _ 9=
Wx =
yay
., V
[( 1
E:sJWxJ
+--;
.
(4.64) (4.65)
, ..,
(,
(4.43),
; 4- n
, ..),
-2
3wo
,
.
Re"p.
.
,
S =p'R. 2(dwx
dy
(i) -
(i)
= }- . = 0- .
I'
4.9.
(4.38)

(4.39)
~-------
-1
;" .
- '(1 +Pr -: ai . , .
(4 62)
Prm
s)
JS~ = , Js~ = W. - x
dwx
dy
(4.66)
Pr -
~ J~,
(4.63)
&./ &q;
Pr,
'" 'q - -
(466)
.
(4.66)
= -00
. ,
~-~
, .
,,77)1'?' ;;"
;...;;;;>.)
. 4..9 . ~-
d'v
W
j dy' =. =, + "
x /
s=s,=f./IW~y=const
; - ; W m = (8,
. (4.66),
8,
(4.66)
s,=pw;;;' =p'W;,
=.
) -
W /,
/W.
(4.66) : = 8,
S=P.V(I+
w. dy -W == -;::;W. 1
=n +.
x
!'<
"
q - -'"
JS;;;
dw
. W. = -,
-------- J
7~
~~
4.4.8.
x )2; rs,:: =R. dwx =x.ydwx;

)2=p(x.y)2[dw
dw
{
dy
dy
R. - .
(4.46):
V}V. / , ;
/w.
Wx
= W ,;
- ; - -
=W -
Jl ,
} - n
II -
W'
ln 8 -=W -~ln VW . (4.66) -
'
W;

. .
4.1
- -
67
66
w. 1
=-=-lg+71
~
W.
W.y
W.
W.
(4.67)
. = - - ; '1 = ~--ln- .
.
4.1
1:
Wx
= w., . = : = ;
(4.68)
2
(. 4.9) :
W.
;:- = 5,11g, + 4,9.
2 %; 80 %.
-
. ,
, .
- (Pr> 1). -
_ ,
'
Pr
=-_
,
.
(4.69)
1 2 . = W . ,
.
-
12.
, "'12~=12Y~P~
W.
/SC
(.
, .
, -
(4.70)
, :
(}=Pr '_,
, .
=.!!-.
Wz/..,.
.l>l>vJ
,. ~:"
22
18
-,
12
1".
10
1/
8
6 ~-_ ..i-.
_
..
_--
I.--/
l1:lI}:
4.10.
~~
~"
~~
[/""
LJ
.-
4 . 8 II!
, .
I
I
I
I
I
i
i
2
-+--t-- 1 - - I
6 8 10l'
qc = .9
=n ;
= ( - (
m
wm
(4.73)
= ; ( - .

.
.
11.
2'
20 %
qc -
l'
!
i
sc = W
-s 3:. .9m ~
'
~. 6 101
(4.72)
S q ; '
: = Pr~m lny. +Cq(Pr) ,
"
11,""
= W.
(4.51) (4.53) .
-
lt}
,W.
/ ' --- - -~-t I

I
i
" '...,.
2,
; '
IP"
16 1 -
'
C = ((Pr) - ,
.~ ~
20
; .
qc
.9.
.9. '
2f
(4.71)
4.9)
(4.34) (4.35)
q. = S
10 -I c
' --
W o -W r
(4.74)
- -
68
69
(4.73) (4 74)
.
,
:
1 0-l
",QC'WO[l+P'Cp wm n _ WmJ
..,
woon
Wo
.
.
(4.75)
5.
(4.70) ,., 12~,
oW:
v
'" - - =
Wm
.r.,t
n /
fi
w.
5.1.
12w. = 12 -'-- .
(4.76)
/ - ~ - -
."
(4.56). (4.76) Kjon
. 4.11.
(4.75) Qc'
4.1 1.
wd
Re: Re = - - ,
v
w -
Re < ReKp
Re.
""
2000 -
Re > 2000
Re,p,
2000
- -
n :
(4.77)
Re
1- ;
2 -
'
.
- ; - ,
-
Re > Re<p2 - 10'.
2'103710'
J -
2S c
. w5
- , S
- /
. . ( )
Wo 10 -1. .
SI=--' . Wo
(4 77)
"
1+12 ! "
3_1
/2
2/
J /2/
[;(
(4.78)
)'
5.1.
R'
(4.79)
Re > 2000
.
, .
=1 (4.78) St= /2.

St= /2 -
(4.80)
. = 0,0592
J
Re O,2 '
(4.81)
J.:<
(//
) . Nu J,:t '" O,0296Reo.8 ,43 ( J
~ JO:2~
,
w
(482)
J,:< J,:t
"
_ t
Re > 5'104 -
Re ,
, (
> lH)'
- -
70
., = l'm[I-(~ J2j, ro-

;
W max -
min,
Re
5.2.
- , -
Re,
7\
~
,
, .,
-
,
, .
-
.
, ,
, .
[.,
, [. -

, , -
. 5.4.
.
, .
, .
-
:
1-; 2-0; 3-
(
) .
[. -
>
1.
(. 5.5)
: 1-
; 2 -
; 3 - .
2.
. -
. -
(. 5.6).
/),1 =
1 -
l-t<,
. ,
/),t
. 53.

qc =const
~ '.
= O,55Ped;
=0,07Ped.
[. = (10+15
)d.
, - .
.'..-:~<" /
.......
: . ,
,.-<J:
- .
[.
i. \\
1-2
,".\
lar
Re, ,
5.5.
./
= __~J al), -
, - i-
aral
(. 5.4).
.
.
5.6.

.) ; )
: ) ;
) .
3.
:
(.5.7). -
(). -
- -
72
73
,
.
(5.1)
1,.. =
0,5(1", + 16=);
. Ii( - .
5.2.
5.7.
, .
5.2.1.
: w = 2wx [] _ (~ ) 2]
x=2(] - R
),
Wx= :
ro
Wx ,
Nu:
-]-='\'
.
NUd
(lwXR'dRJ2
J dJ1='fdJ1[%-R2~'dR]
] + ~ ~~_
Prm
40
50
5.2.2.
(4.77):
sc'Cp(lo-l)
; = wo[]+ :~ t(r - ])] '
R = !-.
W,X
30
20
15
5.5
10
l/d> 50 - [;(= 1. l/d < 50:
1,9 1,7 1,44 1,28 1,18 1,13 1,05 1,02
Sc -
W o = W, (
=1-
NUd=4,36.
=4]8]
, Sc ,
.
,
qc = const. tc = const ~ Nu = 3,66.

,
f = 8 . ,
f -
F -
. :
1 -2
1 -2
AP=t;_PW . 8 =AP-=t;_PW -. : -.-=~.
d2
8 =f p . w 2
d2P
dF4
(5.2)
, ,
- . w~ - 1),
fIa
,
(5.2) (4.77)
81=
(5.3)
]+]2Jf(p} -]~
pCpW
Pr = 1 ~
81 =
f
8
Nu = f RePr .
8
(5.4)
/(Pr)
.. :
NUd
0.33 0.33
01
=0,]5Re x d rd (G'd Prf)
(pr/Pr
I
/
=0,91Pro. 43,
; , ~ = 0,184Redo.2,
NUd = 0,021 Re~~ r~43(r/ Prc )0.25

)0.25
. (5.1)
l/d>
50
(5.4)
~ =1.
l/d < 50
(5.5)
- -
75
74

= O,5(tx +10=)'
. .
.
, -
: d , = 4/.
. ~
5.2.3.
Re = 2 103 + 104
, .
Re =
Re. Re,
. ,
.
. .
o/d Re,p' . .
:
8
047 (
/ _)0."
NU"d,:",=0,022Re"'d Pru
; rn
'6",
(%)nm l.
[
o,85~
6", :=
0,85 (5/)nm ;
. ,
]8500(2~Y28;
(5.5)
+ ].8R

,
., ..
:
( < ).
nm
6.1.
, , . 6.1,
wd
Re = 5 =~ , Wo - -
~~
~'-._.
, d - . Re > 5 ~;.::.;;.=
v
~

. ,
-
5.2.5.
--~---::F--=~"'=
nP~~)
;
.
6.
Re < Re KP ' -
.
(5.5). Re > Re:p -
]
Ii nm
. Re~ < Re < Re~-
5/0]
Ii
(5.5).
Re:p =
nP~>(~)
(5.6)
, (
Re~ '" 2000.
6 :=
). .
(5/0)nm = ] 2-] 4; S - .
5.2.4.
(> ), ,
.
. 6.1.
.
, (.6.2).
Re "" '. ~ ~
Re = ](1 7- 21d ,
/d
5h = -
=0,2 , f -
'
> 90 ").
- -
76
77
, ,
.
\<R<2\05
Nu
Re = 2 1057-2 \06 ~ Nu

=0,25Reo,6 PrO.38 ~
..
)0.25
(6.2)
\0,25
023ReO,8 Pr O,38 r I
'
'
( Pr c
(6.3)
(6.1-6.3)
. : t
- d.
= 0,5(t 6x + (6 :J .
Nu
NUo[J + 0,09(Re.Tu/ 2j , No - (6.2).
(qJ)
'l' = rp=90" (\ -
. 6.2. ()
()
6.2.
0,54 2 rp)
Re
1,6
((. 6.2,);
1.~
qJKp
11I182').
Re,
',
,
.
0,8
((.
6.2,); qJp 11I1140 '). Re

qJ (.
6.3). 1
, 2
~~,o "
--- \
>J
14m
\1 2
'
~Pll-iJ
. 6.3.
-
Re
. 2
. .
.
. . .:
'
Nu
'
= 0,5ReO. 5 Pr 0 .38
:."
]0.25 .
'
Re, : Re Kp "" 1 rY.
Re < '
, - .
, - .
0,6
12()
S2.
: ,
. 1

.
. Re .
5<Re<10 3
Re
,,
40
S,
!' !111"
.
-
a~
(6.1 )
Re
1103..;-
1.1rY .
(.6)
.

.

.

.
() :
6.4.
()
- -
79
78
7.
2,0
~8
6.5).
~E
1,0
48
0,6
< ~
500.
1,.
(.
1,6
1\
;;
[IJ
~.l
"
~b
ID''~
6.5.
z;
1/
\
JO 60 g(J 120
,lJ
() ()
. , ,
.
%
, - 70 %.
60 % , - 90 % .

. ,
.
'" Re"
r,g( r 1,25 :
1\ Prc
(.4)
S
"" ""1
, /,
" \:
,"
, ~,t('
(.7.1). -
~I ?- ~
., -
~;Y!
::'L
+ t .,J,
) +2 +(n-2
n
7.1.
7.2).
."
("".
tj
, 5/d -
5/d - . ; = (5/dy o,15 -
; , = (5/s/,6 5/52 < 2 5/52 . 2: ; = 1,12.
- .
(.
_
-
= 0,41; = 0,6.
= 0,26; = 0,65.
:
: t = O,5(tx
Nu
, -
~(
lJ
..
~~
1\tt1
IJ,f
0,2
l\l
~2
l1,
!IJ 60 90 120
1\
0,8
z.1--' ~~
1,9
~..,.IQ
~O
I/l
0,2
1,8
1\.,:l.,..i~
49
2.0
~/
;
7.2.

pgfJ,I),
, , :
DW
2
--;;;=-.g'/'[}-V+/l.v w .

Gr = / g ';
v
[},
fJ [l/OK] -
- -
81
80
,
.
Nu=C(GrPr)rn
n.
(7.1)
(Gr.pr}m.
(1 )
(GrPr)rn Nu
ad
Nu '" ~.~ = 0.45-). 5. , .

J.i .. l:
"1' "
. ., .
(G,-) > 5102 ,
-'C'j';) > 2107 .
n :
Gr.Pr 1.10' +5.10" I 5.10"+2.101: 2.10 + 1.10 1j
1,18
I 0,54 0,135
~_.
8
I
1/4
r
1/3

1/3, . .
(7.1)
Pr 0,7 .
: 1 = ,5(l + lJ.
- , - ,
- .
30 %, .

(. 7.3) , , -
/U
~.
11
1-
L~~
1I
10 +~~~~i!:::..~-+.,.-L.....L....~---I.---'-,';"""'.l..-~~--'-..l-.L-.J,"""".-I......L-J.:-o.L----'--::,
10'
7.4.
5" -
.1>
8.
- ;
-
( ).
8.1.
).
: ,
(. 7.3):
q=
- (tC1 -t c2 ) , ,,,. -
. ,
, ,
t c/ 1<2 -
, ; , = 5 .,,,,. ,
5" - , :
,,''''' [(GrPr), . 7.4.
7.3.
R dRld:.
. , -
- -
83
82
,
, -
, .
10 '_ , z ,
. ,'
t'IIIIJI ll1 .
'1.
"
",.ll'lI;1
"u i~""
J\(iJ!10 ,
,,,.
RI!L' m.: ,
_. - ul,lJfj,,': 1;" l! ,
.
rlJlj~l
\\ 10' + 107 / 2 . , ,

, ., .

, .
, ,
,
, .
, 8.] q
.
: ,

. q z

, -
' ;:~:~:~;;::;:~::~~:~i ~
(
DE
, ),
- DG
:::~~::~ ~~~~~
q,pl'
KO~OMY
70
----'
. _ .__._k_
1;'
1 -
q ,2
()

~ , ., -
~'!;::~~~~~:: COBep~aT
:1
'
~eT -
,-
, o~a ::~:~~::;;~:~:~:;=~::~~;:r

R~O ,
6.
(" ~
00
"
= At 1 + ( 2 _ 2- -"
L1
L1
(8.])
R rp
''
f(J7
).
.~~~- t--
105
: , ,
1fJII
10.>
([.m/,'1 1
. 8.1. -
, 00 q" , =0,65 + 0,7.

= k . .7 , k - ,
.
D .
.

, -
~B
. -,
,i..l\11
, -

: Nu = C(Gr' Pr)" . CD
102
~) ;
!!
, -
HorpeOlJ,
. -
2
.
5 (
,
8 2)
...
12J4,578
I'rfI!Jl/ll nO&.'~11
. 8. 2.
-,
" ~ ...
n-
- -
84
85
, .

.5{(' ~,p") g , lod; -
fofd; =
, :
, , .
, ro ,
, ,
, "
rr
F -
./
fodo =
' .
35
Ja .
Jr,
-.~ ~ ~J ~~,~2'
' w
. w
r:+ Wy
' ( a;~+wx
, .
dR
=
d-r:
f3 -la, fJ == 5.;.1 -
; l
' '
=------;
\:
'1,
' 1r
58\g~' " )J
I
.1:: :
"
yX+
' w
'
Wr fJzX =Px'g-
w'
w~ + :-w' =
fu + ;f
() ,
(,
, \
f{()) ~6(})
do =O.O2(}~g(p'~P')
,2().
(8.3),
-:--= -=-- .::-
i~~:;:
, Jg(O'~ ") . 8.3.

,
-. dndl =r.p".w"
/
+ .".'
=1
. ('-")
: 10
;
=- - ,
') + 2
1'\ -
'2 -
1 + - - - drvw ,
-.
,.
2 '
\R - ;
~ .r(J~1
R(p'-p")
271 . .
--- -
'
fJ - ;
w,,=-q-; -
"
~;
"
=,+
(-R1+R-1)
2
jl"
. ,
/0'
()- (. 8.3).
, -
D/
dT
-='
, . -
. d 3
divw"=
T\f' - ;g = - do .' (})
Wx
+ oz2
-.
82')1
v Wx
_ ~
(8.2)
< 10.
Wx
Dw' 2 "
d/ =(p'-p")g - 'V, + f'x'V W x
8 +f'xl,J> + 2
: ,
p"dV" ~
fod n
w" )
(;;
(W:.y)?P =
- jl'
-
(w')
;;
(w~,y )
- -
87
,
86
R)
R2-

_

;
.
-
,

-
(2
R
(g(p;p7.) =.!~B; ;. {
r'l'l
%........z )'
. ,
......
. , .
, , ,
. ,
'-"--)
.
~
L: ,L)!Oro

.
.

.
peltl<ll(YIL"\1

,',
,,_"'111-
q~ \..!
/(~!
'18.1/j)~.-----------
- -;I+ I i I I i ~: IL 1 I ! I fl7J
". - tI -J- ---r-~-'- - -L- i -t-l-L - --J.--'-f--- '
'f-J\7-9
i
l'
~ 1:
C'~{,j~_~"!
.','
'-'"l1'\,
."i-
8.4,
=) , .
1: -
);:
5 L\ - n
50-')
-!
~ ~
2
I
-
_1 ~r
- t
r~~
--.
II
J_\
I j
11:
1I1!
I
J __ i -~ ~~- ,---l~_ -1- ~~
+ - ................
-1-.. -
-'-t{
----," -:] -,---,~-,-:- ,--,-,---'---r+--i-~!--'
'17"1'i'
--i , T+t:i: H*~tt,;1f
.\1'..
~ i
, ' :'
(8.4)
rit
!----+-L.
: .,.
"
,;"
".,.1
~ 1
I I
~_-_-_1_1
~ I
I I!
--~
~~~e:!
".;ftJ~ fJ
i
1 i i
,.
=t:=:H"f-l-.,. ,
' 101
+-.'\ ,
i ;
~ __+~:1+=-=-r--1 -'-:.
i+
-4-~i--++i--f- -J-~--!-_ .'

I
1; :
\:
I--l' , if-t-t--t+i -~
lO-J
1"?
:'
2.'
6 8
JJ~
!/:";!
8.4.
Ks = ~ _
-' ,
'1
v-(-~
g -
,
1>laCCOI.",I);- ;
= . qn).
f()
(J'
{!
Cpt"
-=====::" _
.
, , -
.. : Nuucn =[ un . k, 0.63 . k~.s ,
un
_ W;n f
-
---- -
r - "'
(8.5)
g(p'-p")'
N = ' k,0,63 . k~'S ~ 107 ~ = 3,2 .IO-S;n = 0,75;

510 s <N<10 7 ~=2,Sl-2;n=I/3.
8.2.
.
, -
- -
88
89
, '
:
, ,
.. .
w; == V' , V - ;
/
==
7;
V"
f3 = - - == V'+V"
-.(
w~
.. -- ==
Wo+Wo
...
1+_- .
'
GIf= p.w.

w~ w~ p'.w' p"w"
.
p'w
G
Wo = - - == - - , .
'
fp'
G"
i -j'.
= G'+G-;; = -CMr - '
w~ + w~.
g[(I_ )'+' ,,]_
iA.'( dl)
V"
11
- Wo
wc-w =
".i .
- ;
- ;
- ,
'
. '('Ii :
/3, .,
, :
oan:\HCOI: . , , " , ' '.,.,,',
='
. . .
fP
==
dn ,,~o
dl )
-
dn n~o
4 == (1- rp)p'.w' W' + rp' p".~"W" "- (w"-w')~(rp. p".w"},1

d mp
)]a(w~.');
[r _ (t _ (
==Jp
(.)
' ( ) "-cd 2 /oza;

f Cp(/] .-/0) +V'f'Z''I]-/
W -w(
~
dt
==-.-.
(.)
Nu = ((Re; Fr; Pr; Kw; Ks; ;
W? " 1/1; "/') .
(8.6)
Wo
(8.6).

, ,
,
,
.
." .. .
,
, : qJ = ("/ (, (" - ,
8.2.1.
Wo
W" == - ;
rp
(.
- : w'= ~
I-rp ,
_ ():
8.5).
, ,
,
W OM H =
w"-w'.
, .
, ., ()
Nu
((Re; Gr; .
- -
90
91
'. ,
''
, , ,
. '
,
,
'l 11 .
/'1
., : :II, .:"
'~'\"',
1\01<' I'II\OCI 11'"
,''-iJ:, .
.."tKp}
St
.. :
'.,
1"'
%III 2
'1 . . (
)--I/)
=I,25. w n }
' ,
,,3J2
=0.65 J+I,510 -8lwc... r.p
Il
(8.8)
.- (8.5).

~

,

>
-.
.

, -
~;~ -
05
/ .
/
, )--I/J
J( )0,5 '
.
(8 9)
(8.7)
. "1,5 =!!...
(
. K~ = ; -
~
[ "
Cp'P"Wc '
g.p'
;,n = n ( ;:) ( P~:.''') 0,5 = ,. ;'. Jg ~P'
....
. . 8.5.
i - -
1-3 .
O
Nu,
NU., = 6150. N ,7 ,
.. ..
--q-(,%,
,)1.45(_r_._
"
.
r ,pw
N -
'
. N :::;0,4105 ~ Nu un = NU6,K;
.
,
! ,
. ,
(8.5).
.;:
- ) 1, ,
, ,
, . ,
,
. .
.
.
. ,
( 50 /),
.
8.2.2. ~

6(

86)
. . .
,
()
.
v
,,
0-'
'"
00
"
~.
'
'
....
00
00
00
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.)
/>. 6}
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6)
.)
;
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:
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1)
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00
8.6.
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!)
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- :, - -
n-
- -
92
93
9.
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- , .
(6) , .
. .
;
, -
).
!>,~:, (), (),
. ,

. .
1,"
.10:()
'.;Utlll I't',hII\1 ().
,-"'- -.-.---.::;::::=;:::=::::;:=======----'1
'1
.
. .
,
:1
. ,
- .
. > 900
-2
-3
'" 4
1,1
---_.]
,20
,40
160
180
200
. 8.7. ~~~~;

.
8;7
Re
! . ,
20
, ,
(
NIi" =I,165R
. .'
1 6_4)r . 4 ( r,
.';
JO.25 .~
(;
(8.1 )
(,,21
Nu. = g j- ; = 0,8 + 1,0 -
Re > Re Kp Re Kp = 2200r-.
, ,
ILH,j
l~t=.1tI(
':t
f: c.....I:II"IH--:-+.......c2.;.---~--~-_!-'.:1t,.
.
.
. 9.1.
, CJ"tecu
. ,

. ,
, , :
~ , ..
(; -t.
q
R=--=-=R,
-, -.:
- -
95
94
. = .
R
(.
9.1). ,
> 1rf
,

1 -1
R = __ _
=- '" R '
i8
Re = - - ,
v
w-
ll/8
,2 '3
- 9434 ,. .g.
- ,
'
'\;.~ :'jlblICMOM ; 8- ;
. tb
Re < 400,
Re = 0,95 z/,
(9.2)
.
110
, = [ (;{) ;;; J . (9.2) -
R.
z < 2300,

v-
KOjij;;.JI , :.ta.
... ,
(9.3)
z > 2300 , ..
- , -

Re = [89 + 0,024(PrjPrJO. 25.PrHO,5(z- 2300)J4I3,
(9.4)
; , - ,

. ,
. R. :
l .. \{
Re"p
400.
R< = 0,56l(-.---%~).
P'g
v
G = '.; . f
= '.; . 8 . /!<'
/!. - -
R-
4/';,t'R
G = q. F = qx/!z .
,
,
Q = : = q - = aL1tP.
= /';,t." R(g/2)l/ __'- = ' R
/v
'.,
. v'
= Re '., . v .
4
=,
, . p'v'
Re
=-- .
/';,[ . .
(9.1)
Re
, -
Z: z
g -
3
g.~ =;
v
V. '
2)1 3 - - ,
( )1/3 ' - -, - .
= ~
v2
'pv
z < 2300.
=/ -[
z=/';,[Ga
1/3
'
--=/';,[.
,p'v'
[M'~ ]
10 3
[~]
80
34,5
90
42,7
1~110
51,5 60,7
120
70,3
130
82,0
140 ' 150

94,0
107
160
122
170
136
180
150
190
167
12,9
14,02
I
4,88
5,57
6,28
6,9517,65
8,47
9,39
10,15
11,09 12,04
,p'v'
- ; r -
; ' - ; /';,/
.
;
= ( g
; ' -
; .'
'J0.5 {~
p'.g
d <2
Re
, .
. (9.7)
'.,
rp'v'
'.,
Re= w8 =~=a./';,[.x.
(9.7)
:
W.8 =~.
(9.6)
. :
'./!.
(9.5)
(9 .1) = '. R . Re = ,
p'rv'
. , i 8 = ~.

= ..m ;VCOSqJ

.
, .
- -
96
. :::
1.
2. . ::~
,
,
30 %.
.
3.
, .
3 %,
1"l'
. ,
H,~11
1;
!"1 1 % 60 % .

. ~

(), () ,
,
, , lK;/~J.

J,
] = dJ
dF
F,
(10.1)
..'= Id'P
)
.
v
'
J'., =-D-'
n
(10.2)
},=_PD
,
- ,
, [/']; ,
.
= -.-!...
/'
/n
, -
, .
, ,
.
, .
~ , . - ; - ,
D
(10.2); D' = R. - ,
. D pl
D , .
D = Dp ] . R, - = Dp2 . R2 -
Dp !
Dpz
Rz
,
Mz
--:= -:= - ,
R,
.
_"
.
( ). ,
,
.
.
.
.
,

j, = - D'
10.1.
! . , /
" Bhz
(10.2) :
10. -
, [ : ' J; -
!~ .
6.
97
B;"
(10.3)
.
-
; . ;
D -
, ,
, (
) - .
.
,
. ,
, .
I1 -
,
lIp :
JMA; =-(D''Vm, +
'V(+ ~'Vd),
(10.4)
- -
99
98
Dr
= kr .D -
, ;:; D
D -
, .;: - .

(10.4)
- ,
- ;
-
(10.4) ,

r!>,I,.
':,'
J = J.! + jkj
2Vt' -
j.,
(Q
- +Qjy,
- +oj"
- =-d"IVj,. (108)
J; ii , i -
m
jx,i = -. D & ; + - ; . W x.
= -2Vt + - i i + ~>.,; . ii
; -
m + (w
)
=- - D -2-'
; __ + W - '
2
(10.8):
(;
, J-pm.dlvw.
.-
p-=Dv - w -+w --+w

,

Z
= const --+ - mjdivW

m;'
= .
'
-+w -+w -+w -=DV ,
.

z Z
1
DmiT =
1 .9)
v 2 m; - (
).
Wx
= w y = w, =
m, = DV 2 m
, :
ij
(10.6)
w-.
-=-
Ojx
: -'-'
(10.5)
i-ro
jk
i ' .~r\!!'\' . -
,l, CBII.:kIHbJ': .
.<1':1:
, d v d ,
,=-
D
k]' = -Dr - ; k = _
D
D
(10.9)
(10.10)
'
(10.7)
w.i - ;
(10.1 )
= .
j --; . ii - .
10.2.2.
10.2.
10.2.1.
. .
. 0- .
D .
i-ro dM x ; = j x,;dy. dz dT
d,
_ =
dM x+dx,; = jx+dx.idy dz dT.
dM xi -d+dx,i - -fudx.dy.dz.d
Bj,;
= ----;;-dv.d.
10.1.
, dM i
{Q
Oj.
'
= -( ~ + ------!::'- + ~ )dv dT .
(2.8)
J'" -divq .
oq + _
oq '
_ + _
(10.7) q
_ Oj,.i
dy, dz (. 10.2).
dy, dz (. 10.1).
. .
= -2-t:.t+ pwi+ Iji.

.
qx
, at
( w -+1oi .wx ) + I j. i .
-=-IIo-+
,'
2
10.2.
- -
101
100
. z
divw=O, :
' , ,
-d' - =
IVq
JI3yIO -:
II
( ?_.8)
.
(-divq)
ai . 21- (W
a-+W
i
ai
1
-=-\7
-+w
-ai ) --div"'}"",'
(10.11)
L,..,
(1011)
, -
. (10.11) P~: = A.\l21-divLjj i

(10.12)
i i,
j
: i =
L m,i; . , di; = - d = L ; . ,
dm
(10.14)
(10.14) (10.12), :
DI - ,,..,21 d'IV",.
d'"
L,..}; '1; + ",.
L,..lj /};
. dr
(10.15)
. dr
-/I,V
divLj; . i j
: - divL]; . i j = - L i j . di..yj - L]; . gradij .

(10.16) :
p,CP~:=A..\l21-LCPj' ]\71.
(10.16)
] = -D \lm, .
(10.16): - (, - 2 )], .\11
= (, -
I - ,
~
(10.19)
13 - , -
, !,
,
.
(10.18) j;.c =f3 ' ' ,
(10.20)
f3 - , -
: ' = ~.c
~,o ; = pp.R.T .
. .
- .

, .
. ( )
(10.21)
.
1 ( n J
:
}n.
= -' D - .
-1- ,
.
~ , ~TO -
, :
"
- f3(;. - mj,o),
lo4 . ,
P- =P,Cp-d -Lijdivjj'
j jw =
(10.18)
=-divjj, (10.8) (10.13),

Di
al
j;w = f3(;, -bj,o),
, -
di = ' " . Di;

",. Dm; _ ~
Dt
. ,
DI
,
dr PL,..m, d +PL,..'; d -L,..mj-d +PL';--' =pCp-+"'i.--'.(10.13)
r
r
r
dr
dr
L,.., dr
P~
qw = a(lc -(0)'
J W.< ai + wy ai + Wz Zai) - L}.<;I

.. ..
. . \721 _ I-'~
+ }yjlj + az Ljz;i; ) . -
- . -
2)' D \lm, . \11 .
f3=_D_1_ ( / )
(10.22)
. n.-n.
, .
,
!I
DI
2
(
)
. ' dr =A..\I 1+\Cpl-C p2 PD\l ml\l1 .
(10.17)
, , -
, .
10.3. -
.. ~
. -
10.4.

(.l0.3).
~~_ -=---=-~-:...
- -- -. 10.3.
n
;. "
- -
102
.
103
; ~ miO; :
- ' 'F ;
f:Jf!6 6 ,,;
(10.26)
= 0,47 - ; = 0,53 - ;
= 0,82 - ; ~ 0,0 1- 0,56 -
= .
J w ! + w ,)
=_ Jj
1.
Nu ~ ReO,5
_ n. - n
"D - ---="--------"'''
(10.23)
Re ~40+350 N ~ 0,52 ReO,5 (;r~77r;/13.
- dH ;
J,., -
j-ro
Jyj =-(D+f:/):"
(;1 -
, %
10.5.
11.1.

. ,
, - ,
= .r(Re,Pr). : NUD = rp(Re,PrD)' f qJ -
NUD =
f~1 - Nu;
PrD =
/'i>; ~
Le-
- -.
. , ..
0,4 40 . ,

, .
- ,
11.
(10.24)
. ,
). -
, . ,
, ,
{wy.c
7'
, .
(
, , ) ,
W x; -
, - .
(, )
, ,
10.6.-
t-t w
L R = Rk + R + RD =Ilf; Rk -
; RD ~
(10.25)
; R
t o-t
n.
n.
a(tn.o - tnJ+ (n - n.)
. -
t)o
17
QD - :
QA +QR + Qn ~ Qo. QA + QR + Qn = 1,
Qo
QR
-Q -
.' R R k R RD, R - 6.
.

- ), .
( . .11.1), QA , QR -
--;
, .
, (
, [/ 2] .
Qo, -
qc=
.
. ,
Re = 350 - 4800 :
QQA
Qo
Qo
'
'
. ......Q.-
' Qo
k D.
, + R + = 1.
. .:

- -
.."
..
104
105
= 1; R = ; D = - .
R = 1; = ; D = -
.
- .
D = 1; R = ; = -
. ()
, .
: ). = f(;) ,
[/(
mo . ,
: = )'.
- .
= -
5,67.
(] 1.5)
, ,
].
- (.
11.3).
. ,

, , , .
),.-5_
__c-,-l_
. -
2/
"
(11.1)
7' -1
, 13
. 11.2 = const . - .
.
, .
(112)
9'0 == 5,67.108, [/ ]
, -
- .
=q=- [%2}
(11.3)
..
(11.6)
= .
q = .
(11.6)
=
.4 = . [/ ]
-1] = 6,494'I
1
. /2'
'/"0
),.5(/;..{
~,'
. ,
11.2.3. -
, 1 2
AE~ ~. I:.
. ,
r;
=[ d),.= [
> .
(l-) , - .]]..
11.2.2.
k . . == 2,,.
9 [
]
t :d,1,
= 1,
- , ' ! =5 944.1017
'"
[ -2] - ~ ;
; =
I 2 ! " , 5 7 6 _
1,4388.10' ,[."] - ]] 2 3
.
. ..
(11.4)

11.2.4.

: = / = / . = . 5,67()(} .
). = d~),. -
2.)=/ 3
, = coC~0)4 , == 5,67, [BT/~.OK4] -
, :
J J .2.
11.2.1.
.
/ = .
(11.7)
(11.7)
/! = /} = / = ... = ,/ = ; = (.
(11.8)

,
(11.8) ,
- -
107
106
11.3.
(11.8),
, ,
/ ! = 2/2 = = ... = .
(11.9)
(11.9) ,
: :
=l
+ (l -
j}2
= 1 -
= ] -
, 2 " =
; 2 , [/]
. ,
(11.9):
= -; 2 = 2 . ..,
(11.7) -,
= ; .,
(1 1.8) .

/. = 2!. / 2!.
= .., =
11.2.5.
= {(,) .
(11.10)
- ,
. ,
.
.
.
. E~ -
~-t-
__
rp -
()
dE n ,
dQ", =. dQcosrpdF,
(11.12)
dQ~ - dF. (1 1.12)

..
, dF j ,
-:
, =! =.!- c(.I.-J4
=!.. (.!-)4
., 100
100'
E jA 2
!
,
,
()
()
(l-A2J .
} (l-2Jj
(d)
} (l-2J(l-j)
()
! (l-:;}(l-- j)2
} (l-A2J2(1 - A j)
(g)
(h)
.
11.5.
1r
q 1,2,
, 1
, -, , , , -
()4
dQrp =-
dQcosrpdF].
100
(11.13)
, .
..: ! (l + + 2 + ...)(1 -:;} j,

< '1,
2
= (l-2J(l - A j).
(d), (h)
.
: 1+ + + ........ = - - . (d),
I-P
E](I-A 2)A]
I-P
:
(j)
2 ,
A]I+P+P + .... ---
I-P
(k)
7(
1r
2.
. 11.4.
d,Q ..
Tj; E j; A j; 2; 2 ;
11.4).
, -
1r
Ej
.. .
dF} dF2,
1r
(.
11.5).
! (l-Ai(l- Aj)Aj
(11.11)
""
(.
2)_
q1,2
=,
] (1- 2 ) 1 _ 2 . ,
1-
1-
(1)
- -
108
(1)
= / + 2 -
+A/A~
-"'.
, ,
1-
1 - (1 -
/), :
ql2 =
] 2-2]
] + 2 -
109
-cl-(IL)4
100 _(!l-)4]
100
ql,2 ()
=Cn[C~oJ4 -C~oY}
, =] .co(~)4
100 2 =2 . (!L)4
100
" - =n 'co[(~J4
100 _(!LJ4]
100 = [(!LJ4
100 _(!LJ4],
100 [/ 2] ,
= -,--~- 1/ + '
_1
. , / 2
= +
]
q,2 =Cn[C~oJ4 -U;J1
()
- -
8n
1/
. QI,2
1
+F
1
/81
/F2
: q/.= q,2, -
(i--
='8 n
)
1
. .Fp[C~]oJ4 -C;0)4}'J.2 ,
(11.14)
- ; -
C~loJ4 -C~0)4 =C~0)4 -~J
()
q.
() ,
,[/ 2 ].
C~0)4 =~[(1~0)4 +C~oJJ
()
-.!. [(~J4
100 _(!L)4]
100 . ()
() (), ql. -_ q2, - 2 n

() (),
.~
q/,
=1/2ql,2.
. ,
, .
(n+ 1) . ,
, .
82
; /.2 -
- ,
, ,
. ' .
" n
11.6).
/, " 2
(.
12 , :
, ., , ,
(), ,
, . -
, , ,
, -
.
:
11.4.
11.5.
11.6.
, , .
. ,
, ,
,
. -
- -
111
~.
110
& -g ()4J4
.
.
&8
1-(;fJ
- ). ]. ,
, ). = !('
12.
pl).
, ,
. ,
pl, .. ). = !(' pl).
.
,12
'
. ..

.
; = fE A ,d),.
At

, .,
12.1.
- ,
.
1 , , , , -
Et:.).
'" LEu ,
: (), (. 12.2),
o.,~.
ikHlt/>Je
:
: qg.c '" > {( ;;0)4 -AHC~0)4] , (11.15)
XtJI&/<!i/J
Ca~1jX
!~, ..,
[:~":._=::;;=
qg,c - ,
, [/ ] ; E~:= 0,5(& + 1) - ;
= (,,:> + f 2 -, 8) ~ tg, '
; -
, ;
2 -
- ;
fJ - ,
Ag = ) + 20 -
j ;
=f . 2
( \0,65 .
t", ; ,,:> := ":2 ~
02
20
2;
t c - ;
t c - ;
-= g
= Ag
g"'g=.
e~,
: qgc ; 'E~ .co[(!L)4_(!L)4],

[/"]:
100
100
,
12.1,
: 1-; 2-nm;
, ,
:=
12.2.
3-um
'. ,: ~ :~

(. 1 2 . 1 ) . '
- - ,
, -
(11.16)
-r ().
- , .

, ,
- -
112

.
,
,
(
).

.."
113
: dQ
,
.
(12.7) 6,1 k
.
DIJl . k
.
,
1
k:: - - - - - 1
n (j'
1
-+:L
~ +) 1=1/ ; 2
Q = ) . 1 '1]
= 2 2 ,
(12.1)
- i' i ", /; G
, ; 1]n - ~' , -
i; -i;;
; : 1 =
= const di = cpdt, (12.1)
Q=G1 'Cp1~;
-1;'han :: 2 'Cp2~; -1;),
6,! 2 ::
i;., i;.
(12.2)
11 12'
W = G.c p
(12.3)
( 12.2) ,
ot
j -
w r" -t~ &2 ,

_1 = -~--" =W2
(] -1{
(12.4)
(, )
r-
Q = k(/,
- (2)F ,
IIpIIMOOK; ,
- (. 12.3).
t'
(.
12.4).
'~~<~ I'~hj'<"';I
~
,~~
t,:
t
1/;,
{: __ "
1,
'-'
_..----LE
'
'r
.
t1
12.3.
. 12.4.
(12.4) ,
r . /) ,
Ec:n
&1
( )
6,; ::
6,l .
= I(t),
(12.2)
(12.7)
, .
Q-
(12.6)
= k 6,1 . dF .
() ,
, /;
Q= Jk.6,l cp dF .
ra:
12 -
: , ..
12.2.
JJJ10. , (12,5) -
, ,
1[
1,
; F - .
JI
t, t2 ,
, =11 -12'
(12.5)
(. 12.5).
Melfra dF :
dQ .. k(1\ - (2)dF = k dF .
dt/, - dt2' dQ =- W,.dt, = W2.dt

\ .. _ dQ .
'
dl _ dQ
2-
'
- -
]]4
1] 5
d(tr- 12)=dl,-dI2
"I 1)dQ==-mdQ,
=-1-+,W, W
- .
m=(J..-+~).
W, W
JJ
d(l) == -m.k.dF
=.!.(lll61",).
= . ,
(12.13)
- , .
12.6
(12.8)
e=f(P,R);
6I x=M'e- .

d(l]
1; -1;'
&,
'"
.~'.:'
~/f--+-+-\*4--+'''~,.........j+-~
O,11--4-.oj\-JI-C-++-+\+4'++1--+t-~
lt;'
t'
At"
L--rr~
fJ,61-f-#-t!-r+--*-4-it-l
o,s p\:---,,J.,-,IL-~U-IU::-~....J,~-:-:L,-J
!_] .
",
~,~~~E::OO
-12)= < dQ, ==(...!... __

W]
&2
11)
F (. . 12.3).
== -W2 dI 2 ,
,; - (~
",-,--, =-- R'=-"--"==-;&J==IJ-I j &2==12-'2-11 -12 ~Imax

12 -12 &2
(12.8) ,
; .
dQ==-W. dl]
(12.12)
.)
f-=-m.kIdF
AI'
<2
. 12.5.
61
!t;t==-m.k.F.
const.
(,
k .
,
, d(""')
dl =
Jtol: -
dF.
(12.8),
bl~l",
dQ
-/2)= < kblx
, ,
= ,
d(t!
(12.11)
W2
() W) < W2 (> ).
W/ > W2 ( < ) -61 .
""/ = (t) - ),
(12.8). F
F : ==;- .dF .
==- fe-mkFdF=~(-mkF _]).

F
mkF
(12.9)
(12.9) (12.8).
=~(M -!J=61-bl'
In
bl,
'
/'
In 71:11'
(12.10)
" .
"-'
6- / =
- - - = 61 - ""/...
JnblX, t /
11...
12..
= f(P,R)

kF
W/Wz - ,
WJ
/1,,( ,
.
(12.11)
12.3.

1f .
- -
116
117
, ,
, .
J{1'e
IM
+ IMM + IMy + Ibl'c
(12.15)
7:z > 30,
ffJ -
q = - -
. . : q =qu(.~JI()n
, - .

I. . .
r;
[] / .. . - : , 1988.-233 .
2. . ., . , . . [] /
(12.17)
. . , . , . . - .: , 1981.- 416 .
. . .
.0:.,
60 < (l/d) < 1500 ---+
1500<~)<3'104
---+
= 2,3;
= 0,3.
, 1956.- 392 .
1
q - .,------,-;; - (1,8ZlgRe -1,64)2
(12.18)
ffJ -
p.w 2
= (I'-z-
, [],
/3.
; = q()/'r
5. . ., . . [] / . .
., . . - .: , 1973. - 320 .
6. :
[] /. . , . . , . . .; ,
. . . _ 2- ., . . - .: - . . . ,
(12.19)
[]: . ./ .. , .. , ..
. -3- ., . -.: , 1986.- 352 .

4. . . [] / .. .- .-.:
=0,535;=0,1.
(12.22) .
'1]
n c(pe~Tm(%)-o.062.
an ,
ffJ = 1,5.
ffJ = 1.
V_ , 3/; G - ~,
/; - , ; - , /; 1] - -
(12.16)
1]
64(1'
w --
r; - .
r;

.
_GM , []
N
--- ,
[ < 30d - -
(12.21)
q = const.
[]
r; - ,
-: g.~p.h,
[- ; d = ~ - ; f -
;
(12.20)
, g - IC ; "+,' - ,.""
- -
2 . wi - , . wf, [],
h _ ;. -
; - ;
(12.14)
/. pw
; =; jd-z-' [],
2 - .
1,
~
- .
, .
bl' =
1997.- 683
- -
- -
120
10
10.1
10.2
10.2.1
10.2.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
11
11.1
11.2
11.2.1
11.2.2
11.2.3
11.2.4
11.2.5
11.3
11.4
11.5
12
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
96
96
98
98
99
100
101
102
102
103
103
104
104
104
104
105
106
107
108
109
111
111
112
115
117
- -
. .
n. 08.04.2008. 684/16. ..N'2 1. .
.-..
7,5. .-.JL 7,5. 100 IC. .
!! 40, . rbS~.
rpa n -
,
,4
198095, ., .

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- -

/ . ., 2008.- 120 .: . 74.- ISBN 5-230-14398-3

JJq dF dr, [].

- 1; - 0,35; ' - 0,6.

d't dQ, = , . dy. dz dT, -

, dQx+dx; dQy+dy; dQz+dz'

dQr+<b. = q,+d> . - dz . dT.

dQx, = dQ, - dQr+d> = q,dy. - dr - qr+d>dy - dr = (q, - q/ ';iy, dz -.

dT ; y:'z dQx; dQy; dQz.

q=-(;~). =a(t~ -).

'. ()"J:I<:II (2.10):

q(t/] + ]/]+/)=t t4 '

q 0= " (11 -1"+1) .

q(l-+ ~+~} = 1.l -12

(J- (2 = C 1(lnrJ -lnrz) -

V'2t=~+~ l +~2 1 +~=o

( ! - tc2 = ~ (2~ 1nd~J:

, =_I_+_1_ 1ndz +_1_1nd H +_1_

= const = const ; . = const

A.~vo =(t-t ) ; t=t+ q: _ .

Q = q.F =qv 82F / .

(2.67) , ~ 00, t.=t. (2.67) :

~~x2 ++t + q:o + ~~ 02 =t + q:o + q;~2 [1-(~Y]

dt =_qv x+C 1"

/;-7;+1/0 +iY -~:' ,

+q;~O +:~ ~o2 _,2) ,

- F --2- qy'O 21("0 f;qyJr'of

+';1 [2;; {;]'-[:,]'] .

:_:~:qj[(;,];~::;~"-', "q;1[[:;]' "<: -1] ,

) =(- . si(:)+ D cos(x)]-'.

1')]l'() = a2fl'(x)) /(1') .

: 1n[r(1')] =-. 1'. 2 + ln ,

Jln (n = 1,2,3..... ), (3.1 ) .

Ifln + s.un cos.un

, COS~l 7i )(- 12 Fo)

(3.16) (Fo 2: 0,25)

8r~r" = \ . IO(;J,R)e-/F ,(3.23)

<R < 1; fo(!lJ)

= Jll2~21 + .1 2 ) ' '

=~=2iJJI?-(i-1 silR -J1?F

"9 = .(- JI?Fo)

..6, ~t"= t n - t u =,f('t)

= _0_ L " cos IJ" -

IJ" + s IJn COSIJ"

(n+ 1), M,1::.x

V. - '.) = ~ (', - '.1 )

,,\ IIIJOl' 11, 1111

' _ ' .(.,1)

'k,(n+l) - ,k,n _ '

' _ '"," -',.I).

= &' ~.,(.+]) + ',,("1) + 1- &'

-,.J= :; ['.,("+,) -- 2'. +'.,(.1)]

..: ljJ: I ~: ; i:, .

= L1t!lm, 1 == .,' - grad == L1U/ l .

-, grad t == L1t " - grad t == L1t/(.x)

= .; /I mo == ; 1 =L " L1t/.1to = (J.

' J/dx/ + JU/dy/

8, = , .1t,/ L1to = L1,/ L1

82 = 2 L1t2 / L1to = L12 / L1

'l{WX + W~y + WzJ+qv.

~ ( -_ ):. d/'v _- wx + W~y + wz =..

-+wx ax+wv-B +W, 8

-7>1 vP+v.v 'W .

, dfi ,df2' df:

x2 ++t + q:o + 02 =t + q:o + q;~2 [1-(~Y]