1

1.
1.1.
( ) ()

. , .
, ( ).
.
- , ,
. , , (
).
.1.1.

.1.1. , .
,
-, - , . , , - , .
, .

, 2002-2005

.1.2.

.1.2. ,
, ,
. .
( ) . - ,
.
, , .
(0,0)
. ( ), .
, - .
, , ,
, , (DMS). -90 +90
. .
-180 180
.
, , , .
, . ,
, .
- , - ,
. (, , ,
.
.)
, , ,
,
, . ,
, , .
1866 111.321 ,
60 - 55.802 .
,
.
1.2.

. ,
, .

, 2002-2005

, , (
, 1 : 5 000 000). . , ( 1 : 1 000 000 ),
. ,
,
.
.1.3.

, ( )
. . , () - .
.1.4.

.1.4. .
.
.
.1.5.

.1.5. .

, 2002-2005

a, b, a . - , . f, :
f = (a - b) / a
, 1/f.
1984 (World Geodetic System of 1984 - WGS1984 WGS84) :
a = 6378137.0
1/f = 298.257223563
0 1. ,
, . 0.003353.
, , , - , 2 . :
2

a be 2 = ---------------2
a

1.2.1
, .
, . , . , ,
.
, 1866.
1866 6 378 206.4 , - 6 356 583.8
.
- ,
, . ;
, , . , , ,
. ,
1980
(Geodetic Reference System of 1980 - GRS 1980),
6 378 137.0 6 356 752.31414 .

, (
) .
1.3.
,
. .
.
, , , , . ( ,
, ) . , ,
1983 (NAD 1983 NAD83):
-117 12 57.75961 34 01 43.77884

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1927 (NAD 1927

NAD27) :
-117 12 54.61539 34 01 43.72995
,
0.05 .
15 ,
.
.
1984 (WGS84 - World Geodetic System of 1984).
.
.1.6.

,
. .
. " " , .
.
.
NAD27 1950 (ED 1950).
NAD 1927 , ED 1950-
. , , .
1.4.
, , 1927 . (NAD27) 1983 .(NAD83).
NAD 1927
1927 . NAD 1927
1866 . -
, (Meades Ranch), . .
NAD27 ,
1800- . . .

, 2002-2005

NAD 1983

NAD27 - ,
GPS, -
.
, .
.
1983 , , GRS80. . - ,

, 500 .
, ,
, , .
GRS 1980 WGS1984. WGS1984 NAD 1983 .
, NAD 1983 GPS.
GPS WGS 1984.
HARN HPGN
NAD83

, NAD83 .
(High Accuracy Reference
Network - HARN), (High Precision Geodetic
Network - HPGN)
(National Geodetic Survey) .
, . 2000 44 .

, , -, , NAD 1927. 3.
" ", .
NAD 1983.

2.
. ,
.
, .
, . , .
, - . .
, =0 =0.

, 2002-2005

, x,
- y.
x y. ; - .
x- y.
.1.7.

.1.7. x, y
2.1. ?
, ,
.
, , . , ,
, .
, , . .
.
. .
.

, 2002-2005

.1.8.

.1.8. , .
, - . , , .
,

.
. . , . ,
, , , .
, ,
.

, 2002-2005

.1.9.

. , -
. , ,
, .

.
, , 90 .
. , ,
, .

.

.
: , , - .
.
, , , ,

.

. ;
, , .
, ( )
, , , . ,
. ,
.
. (,
)
. ,
.

, 2002-2005

10

, ,
. , . , , , ,
. , .
2.2.
, ,
. . , .
, .
. .
.
. , ,
, . ,
, ,
.
. , .
: , ( ).


. .
, . . ""
,
,
. , ,
.
.1.10.

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11

, , . , .
, . , .
.1.11.

.
. , , ,
. , , . .
.
.

, .
.
. ,
, .
- ,
, .

.
, .
, . 90.
"" . ,
.

. - , .
, , , . , ,
, , . -,
. , - . .

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12

.1.12.

, , , . .
( )
, . .
, . , , .
. .
(), () .
.1.13.

.
,
, .
90 .
.
, , ,
,
.
.
, .
.

. ,
. , , .
, , -

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13

, , .
,
, . , .
,
. , . ,
.
.1.14.

2.3.
, , - , ()
(, ).
.
(, ).
,
.

. ,
, ,
. , , , . ,
.
,
.
2.4.
, . , ,
. ? -

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14

? ,
.
, . , , 0, 0,
, , , .
,
. , .
,
.

, .
, .
y , ,
. ,
. , , ,
, -5 000 000.
,
.
. UTM,
,
0.9996. ,
0.9996, 1.0. , 180 , 1.0.
.

.
.
(Hotine Oblique Mercator).
.
.
.
.
.
. ,
,
. , ,
, y .

(Hotine Oblique Mercator) ( , )

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15

, . .

(Hotine Oblique Mercator) ( , ) , .
.
1 2
, 1.0. , .
,
' '.




, ,
(Hotine Oblique
Mercator). , .

3.
3.1.
.
.1.15.

,
,
. , , .

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16

, .
(-
) . (X,Y,Z) , X,Y,Z, .
.1.16.

.1.16. X, Y, Z.
,
.
3.2.,
,
-
.
X, Y, Z.
0, 0, 0. (DX, DY, DZ) .
.1.17.

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17

''
'' WGS 1984 .
X
Y
Z

new

X
X
= Y + Y
Z
Z

original

.
,
, .
- (DX, DY, DZ),
(rx ,ry ,rz), () .
X
Y
Z

new

1 rz ry X
X
= Y + ( 1 + s ) r z 1 r x Y
Z
ry rx 1 Z

original

, (parts per million - ppm). .

,
, X, Y, Z.
.1.18.

.1.18. ( ).
, , ,
, ' '. . ,
' -'.
-. Projection Engine
- - .
, -,
. , WGS 1972 WGS 1984 ( , DX, DY, DZ, rx, ry, rz, s):

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18

(0.0, 0.0, 4.5, 0.0, 0.0, -0.554, 0.227)

,
-, . :
(0.0, 0.0, 4.5, 0.0, 0.0, +0.554, 0.227)
, ,
.
, . , , - , .
(Molodensky method)

X, Y, Z.
(DX, DY, DZ) (Da) (Df) . Projection Engine
.
2

e sin cos
- a + sin cos M a--- + N b--- f
( M + h ) = sin cos X sin sin Y + cos Z + --------------------------------------- b
a
2 12
2
( 1 e sin )
( N + h ) cos = sin X + cos Y
2

h = cos cos X + cos sin Y + sin Z ( 1 e sin )

12

2
a(1 f)
- sin f
a + -------------------------------2
2
( 1 e sin )

h - ( )
j -
l -
a - ( )
b - ( )
f -
e -
N -
. N :
2

a(1 e )
M = ---------------------------------------2 32
2
( 1 e sin )
a
N = ---------------------------------------2 12
2
( 1 e sin )

Dl Dj.
Projection Engine.

- .
:
M = sin cos X sin sin Y + cos Z + ( af + fa ) 2 sin cos
N cos = sin X + cos Y

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19

h = cos cos X + cos sin Y + sin Z + ( af + fa ) sin a

3.3.,
NADCON HARN
, . , ,
. .
(National Geodetic Survey - NGS) NAD 1927
NAD 1983. NADCON.
NADCON, CONUS, 48 . NADCON
NAD 1983
*
*
* -
* . , . .
0.15,
- 0.50 , 0.20 - 0.05 - -
. ,
(NADCON, 1999).
NADCON EXTRACTED REGION
37 21 1 -122.00000
.25000
0.007383
.004806
.002222
-0.007570 -.009609
-.011305
-.011867
-0.009986
-.007359
.003282
.004814
.005503
.000053
-.002869
-.006091
-.025104
-.03027
-.050254
-.110968

32.00000
-.000347
-.012517
-.004301
.005361
-.009842
-.072636

NADGRID
.25000
-.002868
-.013093
-.001389
.004420
-.014240
-.087238

.00000
-.005296
-.012901
.001164
.002580
-.19217
-.099279

HARN
NAD 1927.
.

NGS .
, , NGS
, NAD 1983
. ,
(High Precision Geodetic Network - HPGN).
(High Accuracy Reference Network HARN). 2000 40 HARN. HARN 0.05 (NADCON,
2000).

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20

:
.
.
, NADGRD ASCII (American
Standard Code for Information Interchange -
). ''
CSHPGN.LOA. .
- ( ): , , z (
), , , , ,
.
37 ( ) - -122 -113
32 0.25 .
(National Transformation), 2
, NAD 1927
NAD 1983 , . , 2 (NTv2)
NADCON. .
.
NADCON,
, NTv2 ,
.
. ,
,
, .
, NTv2 ; ,
'' .
.1.19.

.1.19. , , , .
, ,
, . , - ,
.
, .
, .
30 .
NADCON, NTv2
.
. .

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21

NTv2
. , 1966 (AGD 1966)
1984 (AGD 1984) 1994 (GDA 1994).
, - .
, 1949 (NZGD 1949) NZGD 2000.
(National Transformation), 2
NADCON, , 1
(NTv1) NAD 1927 NAD 1983 . ArcInfo ( )
CNT. - 0.01 m 74 0.5 93 .

, 2002-2005

22

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