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EXTRACTION / LEACHING
CHAPTER / CONTENT
Leaching equipment
Principles of Leaching
The solvent must be transferred from the bulk solvent solution to the
surface of the solids.
Next, the solvent must penetrate or diffuse into the solids.
The solute then diffuses through the solid solvent mixture to the surface
of the particle.
Finally, the solute is transferred to the bulk solution.
The rate of the solvent transfer from the bulk solution to the solid surface
is quite rapid.
However, the rate of transfer of the solvent into the solid can be rather
slow or rapid.
This solvent transfer usually occurs initially when the particle are first
contacted with the solvent.
Principles of Leaching
The rate of diffusion of the solute through the solid and solvent to the
surface of the solid is often the controlling resistance in the overall leaching
process and can depend on a number of different factors.
If the solid is made of porous the diffusion through the porous solid can
be described by an effective diffusivity.
The resistance to mass transfer to the solute from the solid surface to the
bulk solvent is generally quite small compared to the resistance to the
diffusion within the solid itself.
Calculation in Leaching
V
L
B
N
Solvent Feed
V2, x2
Underflow solution
L1, N1, y1, B
Totalsolution balance
L0 y A0 V2 x A2 L1 y A1 V1 x A1 MxAM Comp. A balance
Solid balance
B N 0 L0 0 N1 L1 0 N M M
L0 V2 L1 V1 M
Solvent Feed
V2, x2
Underflow solution
L1, N1, y1, B
Information given:
A = 20 kg
B = 80 kg
Mass of C = 0 kg
C = 0 kg
y A0
A
A
20
1.0
L0 A C 20 0
N0
B
B
80
4.0
L0 A C 20 0
Coordinate for L0
A = 0 kg
Mass of B = 0
B = 0 kg
Mass of C = 100 kg
C = 100 kg
x2
A
A
0
0
V2 A C 0 100
N2
B
B
0
0
V2 A C 0 100
L0 V2 L1 V1 M
20 100 M
M 120 kg
Component A balance:
L0 y A0 V2 x A2 MxAM
B N 0 L0 N1 L1 N M M
N 0 L0 N M M
420 N M 120
N M 0.667
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
N versus y A
L1
1.5
1
0.5
N versus x A
V1
0
0
V2
0.2
0.4
0.6
x A, y A
From figure,
Coordinate for V1 (x1 , N1) = (0.167 , 0)
Coordinate for L1
0.8
L1 V1 M
L1 V1 120
V1 120 L1
Eq.1
Solid balance:
B N 0 L0 N1 L1 N M M
N1 L1 N M M
1.5L1 0.667120
L1 53.36 kg
V1 120 L1
V1 120 53.36
Eq.1
V1 66.64 kg
5 min break
Tutorial:
12.9-2-Textbook, page 835
A slurry of flakes soybeans weighing a total of
100kg contains 75kg of inert solids and 25kg
of solution with 10wt% oil and 90wt% solvent
hexane. This slurry contacted with 100kg of
pure hexane in a single stage so that the
value of N for the outlet underflow is 1.5kg
insoluble solid/kg solution retained. Determine
the amount and compositions of the overflow
V1 and the underflow L1 leaving the stage.
Answer:
Coordinate Lo (0.1, 3.0)
Coordinate V2 (0,0)
Coordinate M (0.02, 0.6)
Coordinate V1 (0.02,0)
Coordinate L1 (0.02,1.5)
L1= 50 kg
V1=75 kg
Solution balance;
L1 + V1 = M
V1= 125-L1
Solid balance;
N1.L1=B
1.5 (L1)=75
L1=50 kg
Therefore
V1=125-50
= 75kg
Example 12.9-1
In a single stage leaching of soybean oil from flaked
soybeans with hexane, 100 kg of soybean containing 22
wt% oil is leached with hexane. The solvent feed is 80 kg
of solvent containing 3 wt% of soybean oil. The value of N
for the slurry underflow is essentially constant at 1.5 kg
insoluble solid/kg solution retained.
Calculate the amounts and compositions of the overflow V1
and the underflow slurry L1 leaving the stage.
Solvent Feed
VN+1, xN+1
V1, x1
Underflow solution
Feed Slurry
xA
yA
The solvent (C) solute (A) phase or V phase is the liquid phase that overflows
continuously from stage to stage countercurrently to the solid phase, and it
dissolves solute as it moves along.
The slurry phase L composed of inert solid (B) and liquid phase of A and C is the
continuous underflow from each stage.
Composition of V denoted by x
Composition of L denoted by y
Assumption: The solid B is insoluble and is not lost in the liquid V phase.
The flow rate of solid is constant throughout the process
Totalsolution balance
L0 y A0 VN 1 x AN 1 LN y AN V1 x A1 MxAM
B N 0 L0 N N LN N M M
Comp. A balance
Solid balance
The process is to treat 2000 kg/h of inert solid meal (B) containing 800 kg oil (A)
and also 50 kg benzene (C).
The inlet flow per hour of fresh solvent mixture contains 1310 kg benzene and 20
kg oil. The leached solids are to contain 120 kg oil.
Data (B3) are tabulated below as N kg inert solid B/kg solution and yA kg oil A/kg
solution
Calculate the amounts and concentrations of the stream leaving the process and the
number of stages required.
Solvent Feed
VN+1, xN+1
V1, x1
Underflow solution
Feed Slurry
Information given:
B = 2000 kg/h
C = 50 kg/h
B = 0 kg/h
C = 1310 kg/h
Solvent Feed
VN+1, xN+1
V1, x1
Underflow solution
Feed Slurry
Information given:
B = 2000 kg/h
C = ?? kg/h
y A0
A
A
800
800
0.94
L0 A C 800 50 850
N0
B
B
2000
2000
2.35
L0 A C 800 50 850
Coordinate for L0
A
VN 1
N N 1
B
VN 1
A
20
20
0.015
A C 20 1310 1330
B
0
0
A C 20 1310
NN
yN
B
N N LN B 2000
16.67
A
yN
A 120
LN
N 16.67 y
LN
L0
1
0
-0.4
-0.2
-1 0
VN 1
0.2
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
x A, y A
0.4
0.6
0.8
L0 VN 1 LN V1 M
L0 VN 1 M
850 1330 M
M 2180 kg
Component A balance:
L0 y A0 VN 1 xN 1 MxAM
B N 0 L0 N N LN N M M
N 0 L0 N M M
2.35850 N M 2180
N M 0.916
LN
V1
0
-0.2
-0.4
-1
VN 1
0.2
0.4
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
From figure,
L0
x A, y A
0.6
0.8
V1 2180 LN
Eq. 1
Component A balance:
LN y N V1 x1 MxAM
LN 997.62 kg
V1 2180 LN
Eq.1
V1 2180 997.62
V1 1182.38 kg
Construct operating point:
Connect L0 with V1 & LN with VN+1. The cross line operating point.
LN
L3
-1
VN 1
0.2
-2
-3
-4
-5
L0
V1
0
-0.2
L1
-0.4
L2
-6
-7
x A, y A
0.4
0.6
0.8
5 min break.
Tutorial
12.10-4 Textbook, page 835
Fresh halibut livers containing 25.7 wt% oil
are to be extracted with pure ethyl ether to
remove 95 % of the oil in a countercurrent
multistage leaching process. The feed rate is
1000 kg of fresh livers per hour. The final exit
overflow solution is to contain 70 wt% oil. The
retention of solution by inert solids (oil free
liver) of the liver varies as follow, where N is
kg inert solid/kg solution retained and yA is kg
oil/kg solution
Tutorial
12.10-3 Textbook, page 835
kg B
kg solid
lb solid
kg A kg C kg solution lb solution
For overflow, N = 0
For underflow, N value depending on the solute concentration in the liquid.
kg A
kg solute
overflow liquid
kg A kg C kg solution
yA
kg A
kg solute
kg A kg C kg solution
liquid in slurryor
underflow
liquid
QUIZ 2
45 minutes