Zolai Khan’toh Na’ng Hanciamnate Pawlkhat Taang Zomi

Zolai Khan’toh Na’ng Hanciamnate Pawlkhat

(Some Endeavors to Improve Zolai)
By Taang Zomi
1. Thupatna
Zomi le Zolai a it Tongsan Pu in, “Tongsan Magazine-ah, laimai 1-2 a pha hamtang ding article
khat hong gelh in,” hong cihna tawh kizui-in, laimai 2 sang-a tawm zaw lo, ahih hangin a tam lua
lo dingin, a tom theithei-in hih article k’ong gelh hi.

Zolai Kepcingna i cih ciangin, a omsa Zolai hilhna/sinna, Zolai tawh laibu, newspaper, journal,
magazine cihte hawmkhiatna, innkuan sung-ah Zopau zatna, Biakinn-ah Zolai Lai Siangtho
simna, Zopau-a thuhilhna/thungaihna, laibu-saal (library) lamna, Zolai hilh na’ng sang-inn
lamna, cihte ahi hi.

Zolai Khan’tohsakna i cih ciangin, Zolai tawh kisai telkanna (research), Zolai-a a i neih, i zat
ngei nai loh thuhoihte zatna, Zolai-a i zatsa a maan lote zat nawn lohna, cihte ahi hi. Tu-a ka gelh
pen Zolai Khan’tohsakna tawh kisai ahi hi. Hanciamnate a vekpi-in gelh lo-in pawlkhat bek
k’ong gelh hi.

2. Theih Masak Dingte

Magazine bawlna-ah haksatna a om loh nadingin, font a nam tuamtuamte (Unicode CharisSIL,
DoulosSIL, Zawgyi-One) le keyboard layout tuamtuamte (Unicode Zawgyi Keyboard Layout,
International Phonetic Alphabet Keyboard Layout) zat a kul lo dingin, k’ong hanciam hi. Tua
ahih manin, phonetic symbol-te gelh nading-a a kisam phonetic font tuamtuam zangh lo-in,
computer kim-a a omsa US or UK keyboard tawh a kikhen thei font-te bek k’ong zangh hi. Tua
ban-ah, table zangh leeng, a etna nuam mahmah ahih hangin, laibu bawlna-ah a baih theithei
dingin, table k’ong zangh kei hi. Table ka gelhsate pawlkhat:

Zokam and Kawlkam Consonant Phonemes <http://zomilibrary.com/main/items/show/273>;

Zokam Consonant Phonemes <http://zomilibrary.com/main/items/show/300>;
Kawlkam Consonant Phonemes <http://zomilibrary.com/main/items/show/301>.

Computer a zangh a tam peen in Windows Operating System zangh-in, laigelhna (word
processor) dingin Microsoft Office Word zangh ahih manin, tua bulphuh-in k’ong gelh hi.
Operating System dang, word processor dang a zangh-te in zong, noptuampih veve dingin ka
lamen hi.

Hih article-ah Times New Roman ka zat hangin, phonetic symbol gelh nadingin, Lucida Sans
Unicode ka zangh hi. Microsoft Office Word 2003-ah, Formatting Toolbar-ah, Lucida Sans
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 Taang Zomi Zolai Khan’toh Na’ng Hanciamnate Pawlkhat
Unicode teel in. Formatting Toolbar na muh kei leh, View → Toolbars → Formatting meek lecin,
hong om ding hi. Lucida Sans Unicode na zat nop ciangin, Insert menu → Symbol
(OpenOffice.org Writer-ah Special Character) → na zat nop symbol → Insert → Close meek in.
Khat veivei, Lucida Sans Unicode hong kilang lo thei ahih manin, na check nop leh, Insert menu
→ Symbol → Font: [Lucida Sans Unicode] na mu hiam, encian in. Na muh kei leh, Font box-ah
zong in. Ahih kei leh, Font box-ah Lucida Sans Unicode type inla, keyboard-ah Enter meek in.

Hih article sung-ah awbul (phoneme) pen / / (forward slash nih) kikaal-ah kikoih hi.
Laimailgawm (orthography) pen < > (angled bracket nih) kikaal-ah kikoih hi. Awneenbul
(phonetics) pen a kisapna-ah mun-ah [ ] (square bracket nih) kikaal-ah kikoih hi.

Awmung Sau le Tom

Awmung (vowel) a sau (long) pen /ː/ (triangular colon) tawh kilak hi. Insert → Symbol → Font:
[Lucida Sans Unicode]; Subset: [Spacing Modifier Letter] → triangular colon [ə] → Insert →
Close.

A tom (short) pen lahna kinei lo hi. Phonetic symbol pawlkhat tawh kilak hi. A nuai lam-ah en in.

Aw tawng (creaky or glottal) pen /Ȥ/ (glottal stop) (question mark without the dot under it) tawh
kilak hi. Insert → Symbol → Font: [Lucida Sans Unicode]; Subset: [IPA Extensions] → Glottal
Stop [Ȥ] → Insert → Close.

A laklawh (partial or reduced or weak) pen /./ (period) tawh kilak hi. Insert → Symbol → Font:
[Lucida Sans Unicode]; Subset: [Basic Latin] → Full Stop [.] → Insert → Close.

Gentehna:
Sau: Amah si <si> hi. /sǺə/
Itna in i mawhnate siin <siin> hi. /siən/
Tom: Na sin <sin> na lung <lung> hoihsak in. /sǺn/, /lȚŋ/ [bangmah ciaptehna om lo]
Laklawh: Zeisu pen sikha <si> a sa uh hi. /sǺ./, /sǺ.xǡə/
Aw hivat: Pasian in Ama’ thu hong lah <lah> kei leh kithei zo lo hi. /lʌʔ/

Hih a tung-ate-ah awkaih (tone) kilak nai lo hi.

Awkaih Tawh Kisai

Awkaih (tone) tawh kisai-in, tone mark pen hih a nuai-a bangin kizangh hi:

Tone 1: Saangkah kuuikik (falling-rising tone) [ˇ] (caron) ]. Insert menu → Symbol → Subset:
[Spacing Modifier Letters] → Caron [ˇ] → Insert → Close.

Tone 2: Saangkah (rising tone) [ɓ] (acute accent). Insert menu → Subset: [Spacing Modifier

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 Zolai Khan’toh Na’ng Hanciamnate Pawlkhat Taang Zomi
Letters] → Acute Accent [ɓ]→ Insert → Close.

Tone 3: Pheipai (level tone) [¯] (macron). Insert menu → Subset: [Spacing Modifier Letters] →
Macron [¯]→ Insert → Close.

Tone 4: Nuaikiat (falling tone) [ɔ] (grave accent). Insert menu → Subset: [Spacing Modifier
Letters] → Grave Accent [ɔ]→ Insert → Close.

Laimalgawm (orthography; spelling) a kibat hangin, awkaih a kibat loh man-a a khiatna a kibang
lote:

Awmung Sau pen colon tawh kiciamteh hi.

Tone 1: [ˇ] Zeisu’ si <si> longal mawhmaaina hong pia thei om lo hi. /ˇsiə/
Tone 2: [ɓ] Nisuahna lam-ah Ama’ aksi <si> ka mu uh hi. /ɓsiə/
Tone 3: [¯] Mimawhte aading Zeisu hong si <si> hi. [¯siə]
Tone 4: [ɔ] Bawng in a ki tawh si <si> ahih manin, Peng Lam in na a sa mahmah hi. /ɔsiə/

Awmung Tom pen mark bangmah tawh kiciamteh lo. Phonetic alphabet pawlkhat tawh
kiciamteh. Awtom <i> pen /Ǻ/ tawh kilak. Insert → Symbol → Font: [Lucida Sans Unicode];
Subset: [IPA Extensions] → Small Capital I [Ǻ] → Insert → Close.
Tone 1: [ˇ] Pasian’ thu, sin <sin> in. /ˇsǺn/
Tone 2: [ɓ] Zolai na sin <sin> kei leh na thei kei ding hi. /ɓsǺn/
Tone 3: [¯] Zolai sim <sim> in. /¯sǺm/
Tone 4: [ɔ] Zolai sin <sin> ding na ngaihsun hiam? /ɔsǺn/

Aw tawng (abrupt; creaky; glottal) pen a nuailam-a sutvom a om lo question mark (question
mark without the dot under it) tawh kilak hi.
Tone 1: [ˇ] Tone 1 [ˇ] le Tone 2 [ɓ] kikhentel thei lo ahih manin, Tone 2-ah kigawm hi.
Tone 2: [ɓ] Hih <hih> thu, na thei hiam? /ɓhǺȤ/
Tone 3: [¯] Tone 3 pen om pha lo hi.
Tone 4: [ɔ] Ahih <hih> hangin, amah nuam veve hi. /ɔhǺȤ/

Aw laklawh pen period (full stop) tawh kiciamteh hi.

Tone 1: [ˇ] Tone 1 le Tone 2 kikhentel thei lo ahih manin, Tone2-ah kigawm hi.
Tone 2: [ɓ] Na labu <la> en in la, la sa in. /ɓlȜ./
Tone 3: [¯] Ganan (Arithmetic) <ga> tuat in. /¯gȜ./
Tone 4: [ɔ] Kei ka <ka> pai hi. /ɔkȜ./

I tel ding a kisam khat: Awkaih (tone) thu i gen ciangin, laimalgawm (spelling) thu a kigen hi
loin, awsuah a saang le a niam thu a kigen ahi hi.

Awmung (Vowel) Sazian [42 pha: #A, #B le #C]

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 Taang Zomi Zolai Khan’toh Na’ng Hanciamnate Pawlkhat
A. Monophthong or Pure Vowel [10 pha: # (1) le #(2)]

(1) Awmung Sau [5 pha]

aa /ǡə/; ee /eə/; ii /iə/; aw /Ǥə/; uu /uə/

<aa> /ǡ/: Insert → Symbol → Font: [Lucida Sans Unicode]; Subset: [IPA Extensions] → Small
Letter Alpha [ǡ] → Insert → Close.
<aw> /Ǥ/: Insert → Symbol → Font: [Lucida Sans Unicode]; Subset: [IPA Extensions] → Small
Letter Open O [Ǥ] → Insert → Close.

(2) Awmung Tom [5 pha]

a /Ȝ/; e /ǫ/; i /Ǻ/; o/aw /Ǣ/; u /Ț/

<a> /Ȝ/: Insert → Symbol → Font: [Lucida Sans Unicode]; Subset: [IPA Extensions] → Small
Letter Turned V [Ȝ] → Insert → Close.
<e> /ǫ/: Insert → Symbol → Font: [Lucida Sans Unicode]; Subset: [IPA Extensions] → Small
Letter Open E [ǫ] → Insert → Close.
<i> /Ǻ/: Insert → Symbol → Font: [Lucida Sans Unicode]; Subset: [IPA Extensions] → Small
Capital I [Ǻ] → Insert → Close.
<o/aw> /Ǣ/: Insert → Symbol → Font: [Lucida Sans Unicode]; Subset: [IPA Extensions] →
Small Letter Turned Alpha [Ǣ] → Insert → Close.
<u> /Ț/: Insert → Symbol → Font: [Lucida Sans Unicode]; Subset: [IPA Extensions] → Small
Letter Upsilon [Ț] → Insert → Close.

(3) Awmung Tawng [5 pha]

ah /ȜȤ/; eh /ǫȤ/; ih /ǺȤ/; awh /ǢȤ/; uh /ȚȤ/

Glottal stop /Ȥ/ a kizat naak leh awmung tom hi.

(4) Awmung Laklawh [5 pha]

a /Ȝ./; e /ǫ./; i /Ǻ./; o /Ǣ./; u /Ț./

B. Diphthong [24 pha: #(1) le #(2)]

(1) Awmung Sau [12 pha: #(a), #(b), # (c) le #(d)]

(a) aai /ǡəi/; eei /eəi/; iii /iəi/; awi /Ǥəi/; uui /uəi/
(b) aau /ǡəu/; eeu /eəu/; iiu /iəu/; awu /Ǥəu/; uuu /uəu/
(c) iia /iəǡ/

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 Zolai Khan’toh Na’ng Hanciamnate Pawlkhat Taang Zomi
(d) uua /uəǡ/

(2) Awmung Tom [12 pha: #(a), #(b), #(c) le #(d)]

(a) ai /ȜǺ/; ei /ǫǺ/; ii /ǺǺ/; oi /ǢǺ/; ui /ȚǺ/
(b) au /ȜȚ/; eu /ǫȚ/; iu /ǺȚ/; o (ou) /ǢȚ/; uu /ȚȚ/
(c) ia /ǺȜ/
(d) ua /ȚȜ/

(3) Awmung Tawng

(a) aih /ȜǺȤ/; eih /ǫǺȤ/; iih /ǺǺȤ/; oih /ǢǺȤ/; uih /ȚǺȤ/
(b) auh /ȜȚȤ/; euh /ǫȚȤ/; iuh /ǺȚȤ/; oh (ouh) /ǢȚȤ/; uuh /ȚȚȤ/
(c) iah /ǺȜȤ/
(d) uah /ȚȜȤ/

C. Triphthong (8 pha: #1 le #2]

(1)Awmung Sau [4 pha]

(a) iiai /iəai/; uuai /uəai/

(b) iiau /iəau/; uuau /uəau/

(2) Awmung Tom [4 pha]

(a) iai /ǺȜǺ/; uai /ȚȜǺ/

(b) iau /ǺȜȚ/; uau /ȚȜȚ/

(3) Awmung Tawng

(a) iaih /ǺȜǺȤ/; uaih /ȚȜǺȤ/

(b) iauh /ǺȜȚȤ/; uauh /ȚȜȚȤ/

Laimung (Consonant) Sazian [21 pha: #(1) sung-a 20 le #(2) sung-a <-h> /Ȥ/]

(1) C- [Kammal patna-a a kizangh laimungte: 20 pha]

b- /b/; c- /ȶ/; ch- /ȷ/; d- /d/; f- /f/; g- /DZ/; h- /h/; k- /k/; kh- /x/; l- /l/; m- /m/; n- /n/; ng- /ŋ/; p- /p/;
ph- /pȹ/; s- /s/; t- /t/; th- /tȹ/; v- /v/; z- /z/

<c-> /ȶ/: Insert → Symbol → Font: [Lucida Sans Unicode]; Subset: [IPA Extensions] → Small
Letter TS Digraph [ȶ] → Insert → Close.
<ch-> /ȷ/: Insert → Symbol → Font: [Lucida Sans Unicode]; Subset: [IPA Extensions] → Small
Letter TESH Digraph [ȷ] → Insert → Close.
<g-> /DZ/: Insert → Symbol → Font: [Lucida Sans Unicode]; Subset: [IPA Extensions] → Small

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 Taang Zomi Zolai Khan’toh Na’ng Hanciamnate Pawlkhat
Letter Script G [DZ] → Insert → Close.
<ng-> /ŋ/: Insert → Symbol → Font: [Lucida Sans Unicode]; Subset: [Latin Extended-A] →
Small Letter Eng [ŋ] → Insert → Close.

<-ʰ> /ȹ/: Insert → Symbol → Font: [Lucida Sans Unicode]; Subset: [Spacing Modifier Letters]
→ Small H [ȹ] → Insert → Close.

(2) -C [Kammal tawpna-a a kizangh laimungte: 9 pha]

-h /Ȥ/; -k /k/; -l /l/; -lh /lȤ/; -m /m/; -n /n/; -ng /ŋ/; -p /p/; -t /t/

A tuamdang deuh:
<-w>: Hih pen <a-> bek tawh kizangh thei hi:
<-w> aw /Ǥə/; <-wh> awh /ǢȤ/; <-wk> awk /Ǥək/; <-wl> awl /Ǥəl/; <-wm> awm /Ǥəm/; <-wn> awn
/Ǥən/; <-wng> awng /Ǥəŋ/; <-wp> awp /Ǥəp/; <-wt> awt /Ǥət/

(3) -C- [Kammal patna, tawpna le a laizang-a a kizangh laimungte: 8]

-h- /h/; -k- /k/;-l- /l/;-m- /m/; -n- /n/; -ng- /ŋ/;-p- /p/; -t- /t/

3. JHC’ Hanciamnate Pawlkhat

3.1 Awkaih (Tone) Tawh Kisai Hanciamnate
Rev. Joseph Herbert Cope (a tom-in: JHC) in Zolai hong bawlsak khit ciangin, tua Zolai a
khan’toh nadingin, amah leh ei Zomite in i hanciam hi.

JHC in Zolai a bawl ciil leh ama’ sih kuan-a a bawl pen kibang nawn lo hi. A hoih seemseem
nadingin nisim-in hanciam ahih man ahi hi.

Manglai (English) pen intonational language hi-a, Zokam, Kawlkam, Senkam cihte pen tone
language ahi hi. Tua ahih manin, JHC in tone tawh kisai thuuk tak le zai takin hong sepsak man
lo hi.

JHC’ gelh dan: “Amah a khua uh a tung hi. A tung khin phetin sa a go hi.” Tu lai-a i gelh hi leh,
hih bangin gelh ding hi hang: “Amah a khua uh a tung /ˇtȚŋ/ hi. A tun’ /ɓtȚn/ khit /ɔxǺt/ phetin
sa a go hi.”

A sih kuan ciangin, “Tu-in ahih leh Zokam thei mahmah ta ing,” ci hi, kici hi. Tua ahih manin, a
gelhsa labu, Lai Siangtho leh lai tuamtuamte puahphat sawm hi. Ahih hangin, lamet lohpih-in a
khualzin kimlai, hong si-a, a zi in lah, a sihna mun ciang va pha lo ahih manin, lai puahphatna a
om ahi zongin, a kimu nawn lo suak hi.

3.2 Awsau le Awtom Tawh Kisai Hanciamnate

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 Zolai Khan’toh Na’ng Hanciamnate Pawlkhat Taang Zomi

JHC in awmung (vowel) a sau pen awmung a kibang kithuap tawh gelh ding hisak-in, a tom pen
awmung khat bek tawh gelh ding hisak hi. Gentehna-in, Cin <cin> pen numei min-ah lah om,
pasal min-ah lah om hi. Cin Khan Lian, Cin Khan Lian. Numei le pasal a kikhen theih nadingin,
pasal min-a <cin> pen awtom /ɔcǺn/ ahih manin, <Cin> tawh gelh-in, numei min-a <cin> pen
awsau [ˇciən] ahih manin, <Ciin> tawh gelh hi. Cin <cin> Khan Lian pen pasal hi-in, Ciin <ciin>
Khan Lian pen numei ahi hi. Dutch kam (Holland gam), Estonian kam (Estonia gam) le Finnish
kam (Finland gam) bang in zong, tua dan mah zangh uh hi.

3.3 Awmung (Vowel) Thu

JHC in <o> pen <a>, <e>, <i>, <u>-te tawh a kibangin, awkhat nei awmung (monophthong)
hisak hi.

<o> pen awtom hi-a, awsau pen <aw> ahi hi.

3.4 Laimalgawm (Spelling) Tawh Kisai Hanciamnate

JHC in, Lai Siangtho sung-a kammal thupi mahmah khat tawh kisai-in laimalgawm hong bawl
hi. Tua pen keel tawh a kibang dektak ganhing hi-a, <tuu> /ɔtuə/ (sheep; lamb) hong ci hi.
Tu /Ɏtuə/ (now), tu /ɔtuə/ (hoe), tu /¯tuə/ (sit) khawng tawh a kikhentel theih nadingin awmung
(vowel) <u> nih hong kithuapsak hi. Hih pen awkaih (tone) tawh zong kisai lo, awsau (length)
tawh zong kisai lo-in, kammal dangte tawh a kikhen theih nading-a a bawl hi leh kilawm hi.

Lai Siangtho-ah hi ta leh i nisim nun’taakna-ah hi ta leh a thupi mahmah khat tawh kisai-in,
laimalgawm hong bawl leeuleeu hi. Tua pen <inn> /ˇǺn/ (house) ahi hi. “Amah in” /ɔǺn/, “tua
ciangin” /¯Ǻn/ cih kammal lomte sung-a “in” tawh a kilamdang ding deihna tawh hong bawlsak
hi ding-a, awkaih le awsau tawh kisai kei leh kilawm hi.

A tung-a i gensa bangin, awsau tawh kisai-in, <ciin> hong bawl hi.

Mangkam-a a om lua khol lo, Kawlkam le Zokam-a a om awsuah a hivat (awtawng) (glottal
stop) tawh kisai-in, <-h> hong zangh hi. “Ka dah mahmah” /ɓkȜ. ɔdȜȤ ɔmȜȤɔmȜȤ/ cih tawh Zolai
Sim Bu Tan Khat laibu hong kipan hi.

4. JHC Khit-a Hanciamnate Pawlkhat

4.1 Tone Tawh Kisai Hanciamnate
Awkaih (tone) tawh kisai-in Rev. Tg. Sukte T. Hau Go (a tom-in HG) in a gelhna tawmkhat oma,
Tone li (4) phasak hi.

Siapi Tg. Vul Za Thang (a tom-in VZT) le Sia Tg. Gin Za Twang (ama’ malgawm zia) in a tam

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 Taang Zomi Zolai Khan’toh Na’ng Hanciamnate Pawlkhat
zawdeuh-in gelh-a, Tone thum (3) phasak hi. Tone 1 leh Tone 2 pen khat-in sim ahih man, ahi hi.
(Tone 1: ak si (chicken blood) /ˉɑːk ˇsiː/, le Tone 2: aksi (star) /ˉɑːk ˊsiː/ kibangsak.) How to Spell,
Pronounce and Learn Tiddim-Chin Words pen 1953 kum-in bawl uh-a, tua laibu peen mah 1975
kum-in, Chin-English Dictonary (Tiddim Chin) cih min thak tawh hong kibawl kik hi. Zokam
tongdot bute lak-ah awkaih tawh a kibawl masa peen ahi hi. Zolai khan’toh na’ng hanciamna-ah
mualsuang khat ahi hi.

1954 kum bei kuan lam-in Tedim-ah Eugénie Jane Andrina Henderson (wife of George Meier)
(October 2, 1914 – July 27, 1989) (a tom-in EJAH) (professor of phonetics, School of Oriental
and African Studies, University of London) nipi-kaal li (4) sung hong taam-a, Zokam a telkan
lai-in, a thudot (informant) dingin VZT leh HG na om thei uh hi. Teizang kam tawh kisai-in, Pu
Tg. Hau Za Lian na om thei hi. EJAH in VZT’ gelh “Dahpa Thu” (“A Dahpa Story”) le HG’ gelh
“Khua Lei” (The Chin Story of the Origin of the Great Bear”) cih lai nih (2) bulphuh-in, Tiddim
Chin: A Descriptive Analysis of Two Texts a kici laibu khat, 1965 kum-in hong bawl hi. Tua laibu
sung-ah zong, awkaih (tone) pen thum (3) phasak hi. Hih a tung-a Tone 1 le Tone 2 pen tone khat
suah ahih man ahi hi. Hih a tung-a Tone 1 le Tone 2 kigawm pen Tone 1 ci-a, hih a tung-a Tone 3
pen Tone 2 ci-in, hih a tung-a Tone 4 pen Tone 3 ci hi. (EJAH, p. 13)

Taang Zomi (a tom-in TZ) in a telkanna-ah, tone li (4) phasak hi. ZCLS Secretary masa-peen
Rev. Tg. Paul Thuam Thang in, hih awkaih (tone) thu, hilhcianna bawl dingin, TZ kun ngei-a,
ahih hangin, tua hun lai-in, seem man lo hi. Tu-in, tampi a gelh nai loh hangin, a patna-in, “Tone
Sandhi in Zomi Anthroponyms” cih lai gelh hi.
< http://zomilibrary.com/main/items/browse?collection=2>;
< http://zomilibrary.com/main/items/show/355>.

<-h> zatna

Vung Khan Lian pen numei maw, pasal? Vung /¯vȚŋ/ hi leh numei hi ding-a, /ɔvȚŋ/ hi leh pasal
hi ding hi. Laimalgawm pen ,<vung> hi tuak ahih manin, kikhentel thei lo hi. A kikhentel theih
nadingin, numei min pen gelh ngeina <vung> mah ci-in, pasal min pen <vungh> ci-in hong
kigelh hi. Kua’ pat hiam i theih loh hangin 1960 khit lam-in hong kizangh khin hi.

Hih mun-a “-h” pen glottal stop (mahmah /maȤmaȤ/) zong hi lo, voiceless glottal fricative (Amah
hau hi /ɔhau/) zong hi lo-in, awkaih nuaikiat (falling tone) [ɔ] lahna (mark) ahi hi.

Awkaih nuaikiat lahna-in <-h> pen , -k, -m, -n, -ng, -p le -t tawh a tawp leh bek kizangh thei-a, -l
tawh a tawp leh kizangh thei lo hi. Vowel tawh a tawp kammal-ah zong kizangh thei lo hi.
Gentehna-in, min “Go” pen awkaih nuaikiat /ɔDZǢȚ/ ahih teh, ci-in <Goh> ci-in gelh
leeng, /ɔDZǢȚȤ/ suak mawk hi. Tua ahih manin, Zolai a puah nuamte lak-a akihel Rev. Tg. Go
Khan Dal in a min pen “Gho” Khan Dal ci-in gelh ngei hi.

Laimung a kibang nih gelh khawmna <-mm, -nn, -gg, etc.)

Niang Khan Ciin. Hih mun-ah <niang> pen awkaih pheipai /ˉniːaŋ/ maw, awkaih saangkah kui kik

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 Zolai Khan’toh Na’ng Hanciamnate Pawlkhat Taang Zomi
/ˇniːaŋ/ hi zaw maw? Zolai puah ding lainatna a neite lak-a a kihel Tg. Ginkhatsuan (ama’ min
mailgawm dan) in, awkaih pheipai /¯niəaŋ/ pen gelh ngeina mah <niang> ci-in, awkaih saangkah
kui kik /ˇniəaŋ/ pen <niangg> ci-in gelh hong kipan hi. Tua pen 1973 lai pawl ahi hi. Tua
bangmah-in, Suan Khan Thang pen /ɔsuəǡn/ maw, /ˇsuəǡn/ maw, cih a kikhen tel theih
nadingin, /ɔsuəǡn/ pen gelh ngeina <suan> ci-in, /ˇsuəǡn/ pen <suann> ci-in gelh hi. Ama’ zat
dan zatpih ding hi leeng, Hau Khan Kim zong, numei ahih leh /¯kǺm/ pen <kim> ci-in, pasal ahih
leh /ˇkǺm/ pen <kimm> cih ding, Dim Kam (pasal min) /¯dǺm/ pen <dim> ci-in, numei min Dim
Lam Cing /ɔdǺm/ pen <dimh> cih ding, cih bang hong hi ding hi.

Tu ciangciang, awkaih saangkah kui kik /ˇ/ pen laimung a kibang nih thuap-in kigelh-in, awkaih
nuaikiat /ɔ/ pen “h” tawh kilak hi. Awkaih pheipai /¯/ pen gelh ngeina mahin kigelh hi. Ahih
hangin, awkaih saangkah /ɓ/ gelh nadingin bangmah kiseem nai lo hi.

<i> Nih Gelh Khopna

Awkaih pheipai (level tone) [¯] lahna-in kammal pawlkhat-ah <ii> kizangh hi. <Leii> /ˉlɛɪ/
(tongue); <Meii> /¯mǫǺ/ (cloud); <Lii> /¯liə/ (lake). (EJAH, p.11)

4.2 Mononophthong. Diphthong le Tripthong

(o, aw, awi, uau, etc.)
JHC le a nung-a a zom mipilte in, monophthong nga (5) omsak uh hi: <a>, <e>, <i>, <o>, <u>.
Khat veivei, <o> ii a awsau ahi <aw> zong kibehlap-in, guk (6) omsak uh hi.

TZ in 2003 kum lai pawl lai-in, <o> pen monophthong hi lo-in, diphthong hi, ci-in genkhia hi. A
awsuah pen <ou> /¯ǢȚ/ cih dan ding hi, ci hi. Awsau <aw> /¯Ǥə/ pen mal nih (digraph) a phak
hangin, diphthong hi lo-in, aw khat bek ahih manin, monophthong hi, ci hi. <awi> /Ǥəi/, <awu>
/Ǥəu/ cihte pen laimal thum (3) (trigraph) a phak hangin triphthong hi lo-in, aw nih ahih manin,
diphthong hi, ci hi. <uau> ahih leh triphthong ahi hi.

TZ in hih thu, 2003 kum ciangin a muh pat hangin, EJAH in 1954 kum pek-in na gelh zo-a, tua
zawh kum sawm (10) khit ciang (1965)-a a bawl laibu sung-ah na gelh khin zo hi. (EJAH, p. 12)

4.3 Laimalgawm Tawh Kisai Hanciamnate

Awmung Sau le Tom

Hih pen JHC’ hun lai-a bangmahin a kul mahmahna munte-ah awsau pen awmung a kibang nih
kithuapsakna tawh kilak hi. Awtom pen awmung khat bek tawh kilak hi.

5. Mailam-a Zoplai Ding Hanciamnate Pawlkhat

5.1 Awmung Sau le Tom
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 Taang Zomi Zolai Khan’toh Na’ng Hanciamnate Pawlkhat

Lai Siangtho le Labu sung-ah <thumanna> ci-a a kigelh ciangin, “thumang” (obey) pan-a pai
“thuman’na” /ɓtȹȚ.ɓmȜn¯nǡə/ maw, thumaan (just; honest) pan-a pai “thumaanna”
/ˊtȹȚ.ɓmǡən¯nǡə/ maw? Tua kammalte geel kizangh khawm kha lo hi leh bangmah nawngkaina
om lo ding napi-in, tua kammalte geel pen a nih-un laibu khat sung-ah om hi. Tua ahih manin,
koi peen hi zaw hiam cih Manglai-ah et peuh kul thei hi.
Tg. Mang Tung Thang: Sia Tg. Mang Tung Thang (Tonzang)’ min-ah <mang> pen awmung sau
/¯mǡəŋ/ hi-a, Sia Tg. Mang Tung Thang (Teeklui)’ min-ah <mang> pen awmung tom /¯mȜŋ/ ahi
hi. /¯mǡəŋ/ pen <maang> ci-a gelh ding maw?

5.2 Awkaih
Awkaih tawh kisai-in, i minte-ah, awkaih saangkah kui kik [ˇ], pheipai [¯], le nuaikiat [ɔ], ci-in,
thum om hi. Awkaih saangkah [ɓ] pen om pha lo hi. Tuate bangci baangin, malgawm ding?

5.3 Min Malgawm Zia Ngaihsut Huai

(1) Awmung Tom le Sau

Pasal <Cin> /ɔȶǺn/ le Numei <Cin> /ˇȶiən/. Numei min pen <Ciin> ci-in mikim in zangh khin ta
hi.
Sia Kham Khan Khai (Tulsa) /¯xȜm/ le Tg. Kham Cin Thang (Tedim) /¯xǡəm/. A nihna pen a sau
ahi hi. Tampi in <Khaam> ci-in gelh uh hi.
Sia J. Khat Suan /¯xǡət/ le Tg. Ginkhatsuan /ɔxȜt/. A masa pen <Khaat> ci ding maw?
Tg. Lang Khen Thang (Lailui) /ɔxǫn/ le Bishop Tg. Lian Khen Thang /ɔxeən/. Min masa pen
awtom hi-a, a nihna pen awsau ahi hi. A nihna pen <Kheen> ci ding maw?
Tg. Lang Suan Pau (Leitawhtan) /ɔlȜŋ/ le Pu Tg. Lang Za Kam (Tedim) /¯lǡəŋ/. Min masa pen
awtom nuaikiat hi-a min nihna pen awsau pheipai ahi hi. A khatna pen <Langh>, a nihna pen
<Laang> ci ding maw?
Tg. Mang Tung Thang (Tonzang) /¯mǡəŋ/ le Sia Tg. Mang Tung Thang (Teeklui) /¯mȜŋ/. A
khatna pen <Maang> ci ding maw?

(2) Awkaih

(a) Awkaih Pheipai leh Awkaih Saangkah Kuikik

Lia Lian Khan Kim /¯kǺm/ le Tg. Neng Hau Kim (Yangon) /ˇkǺm/. A nihna pen Tg. Ginkhatsuan’
gelh dan-in <Kimm> ci ding maw?
Sianu Lia Man Khan Niang (Lawibual) /¯niǡəŋ/ le Sianu Lia Niang Pau /ˇniǡəŋ/. A nihna pen
<Niangg> ci ding maw?
Lia Ciin Khan No /¯nǢȚ/ le Lia Cingno /ˇnǢȚ/.
Sia Tg. Tun Za Siam /¯siəǡm/ le Sia Tg. Sia Siam Kung /ˇ siəǡm/. A nihna pen <Siamm> ci ding
maw?

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 Zolai Khan’toh Na’ng Hanciamnate Pawlkhat Taang Zomi
Sia Tg. Vial Khaw Hau (Lawibual, Tedim) /¯viəǡl/ le / Tg. Vial Za Kam (Lawibual, Tedim)
/ˇviəǡl/. A nihna pen <Viall> ci ding maw?.
Lia Lian Khan Zo /¯zǢȚ/ le Tg. Pau Gen Zo /ˇzǢȚ/.

(b) Awkaih Pheipai le Awkaih Nuaikiat

Lia Awi Khan Niang /¯Ǥəi/ le Lia Awi Khaw Niang /ɔǤəi/.
Lia Lian Khan Cing /¯ȶǺŋ/ le Lia Cing Mang /ˋȶǺŋ/. A nihna pen <Cingh> ci ding maw?
Pu Tg. Dim Kam (Ngennung) /¯dǺm/ le Lia Cing Khan Dim /ɔdǺm/. A nihna pen <Dimh> ci ding
maw?
Pu Tg. Do Za Kham (Tedim) /¯dǢȚ/ le Sia Tg. Chin Do Kham (Tulsa) /ɔdǢȚ/.
Sia Tg. Hen Za Kap /¯heən/ le Pu Tg. Hen Za En (Sakollam, Tedim) /ɔheən/. A nihna pen
<Henh> ci ding maw?
Tg. Khan Na Vung (Leilum, Tedim) /¯xȜn/ le Sia Tg. Khan Sian Mung (Leilum, Tedim) /ɔxȜn/. A
khatna pen awtom pheipai hi-a, a kinei meegmeeng lo min khat ahi hi. A nihna pen awtom
nuaikiat ahi hi. A nihna pen <Khanh> ci ding maw?
Bo Tg. Luai Za Cin (Saizang) /¯luəǡi/ le Lia Luai Khan Nuam (Tedim) /ɔluəǡi/.
Pi Lia Nem Zam (Leilum, Tedim) /¯neəm/ le Lia Nem Za Ning (Fort Lauderdale) /ɔneəm/. A
nihna pen <Nemh> ci ding maw?.
Sia Tg. Ngul Cin Thang /¯ŋȚl/ le Sia Tg. Ngul Lian Zam (Kalay) /ɔŋȚl/.
Dr. Tual Khai (Suangpi) /¯tuəǡl/ le Tg. Tual Khan Pau (Yangon) /ɔtuəǡl/.
Sia Tg. Vai Khaw Thang /¯vǡəi/ le Tg. Hau Vai Kham /ɔvǡəi/.
Tg. Van Thang /¯vǡən/ le Tg. Van Thang /ɔvǡən/. A nihna pen <Vanh> ci ding maw?
Tg. Vum Tut /¯vuəm/ le Sia Tg.Vum Za Dal (Lailui) /ɔvuəm/. A nihna pen <Vumh> ci ding maw?
Lia Dim Khaw Vung /¯vȚŋ/ le Sia Tg. Vung Cin Thang (Gamngai) /ɔvȚŋ/. A nihna pen <Vungh>
ci ding maw?

(c) Awkaih Nuaikiat le Awkaih Saangkah Kui kik

Tg. Lam Thang /ɔlȜm/ le Sia Tg. Lam Za Cin /ˇlȜm/. A khatna pen <Lamh> le a nihna pen
<Lamm> ci ding maw?
Bo Tg. Kam Pum /ɔpȚm/ le Tg. Kam Pum (Gin Za Kam) /ˇpȚm/. A khatna pen <Pumh> le a
nihna pen <Pumm> ci ding maw?
Tg. Suan Khan Thang /ɔsuəǡn/ le Sia Suan Khan Mang (Tonzang) /ˇsuəǡn/. A khatna pen
<Suanh> le a nihna pen <Suann> ci ding maw?

6. Thukhupna
Lai nei kei leeng, minam kipkho thei lo hi. Lai a neisa minam pawlkhat in a lai uh man’suah thei
uh hi. Tua bang-a a pian’ ciangin, damdam-in a minam uh mangthang thei hi.

Hebrew mite in a tun’tun’na uah Hebrew lai tawh a kigelh Lai Siangtho keng den uh-a, Hebrew
lai sim den uh hi. Naupangte Hebrew lai hilh uh hi. Tua ahih manin, mi’ khutnuai tung-in
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 Taang Zomi Zolai Khan’toh Na’ng Hanciamnate Pawlkhat
bawlsiatna nakpi-in a thuak uh hangin a minam uh mangthang lo hi.

Gamdang a tung Zomite in i tun’tun’na-ah, tate naute, Zolai hilh-in Zolai gelh theih ding, hah
ngaihsut ding kisam hi. Inn sung-ah Zopau-a pau ding kisam hi. Zolai telkanna (research) bawlin
khan’tohsak ding kisam hi.

Zolai keemcing-in khangtosak ni!

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