DAFTAR ISI

Halaman
KATA PENGANTAR ........................................................................................ i
DAFTAR ISI ....................................................................................................... ii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ......................................................................................... iii
ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... v
ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................ vi
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ................................................................................... 1
BAB II TINJAUAN PUSTAKA......................................................................... 3
2.1. Cedera Otak Traumatika ................................................................. 5
2.1.1 Definisi .................................................................................... 5
2.1.2 Patofisiologi ............................................................................ 5
2.1.3 Cedera Otak Primer dan Sekunder .......................................... 8
2.1.4 Respon Seluler Cedera Otak Traumatika ............................... 10
2.1.5 Eksositosis Glutamat ............................................................... 12
2.1.6 Respon Inflamasi .................................................................... 13
2.1.7 Influks Ca++ Masif .................................................................. 14
2.2 Patofisiologi Spesifik Cedera Otak Traumatika .............................. 16
2.3 Apoptosis .......................................................................................... 20
2.4 Neuroprotektor Propofol....................................................................21
2.6 Sitokin................................................................................................24
2.7 Interleukin 1-.................................................................................... 25
BAB III METODOLOGI PENELITIAN............................................................ 27
DAFTAR PUSTAKA......................................................................................31

ii

DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 2.1. Gambaran Kaskade Cedera Otak Traumatik .................

Halaman
7

Gambar 2.2. Gambaran Proses Iskemik .............................................

10

Gambar 2.3 Gambaran Efek Neurologis Hipokapni .........................

18

Gambar 2.4 Gambaran mekanisme Apoptosis Sel .............................

21

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ABSTRAK

Pada cedera otak traumatika mengalami dua masalah utama yakni kerusakan otak sendiri
dan gangguan sistemik yang bersifat tidak langsung, hipermetabolisme yang terjadi
berkaitan erat dengan berat ringannya cedera otak. Kenaikan tekanan intrakranial atau
peradangan otak mempunyai hubungan erat dengan kenaikan metabolisme. Demikian
pula dengan kenaikan kadar sitokin seperti tumor necrosis faktor (TNF- ) dan
interleukin-1 (IL-1) akan meningkatkan metabolisme dan mempunyai pengaruh terhadap
cedera otak sekunder. Propofol sebagai neuroprotektif karena mampu menurunkan
CMRO2 dimana terdapat efek yang menguntungkan pada keseimbangan antara suplai
energi dan permintaan otak dan dapat meningkatkan toleransi sel terhadap
hipoxia/iskemik.

Kata Kunci: Cedera otak traumatik, serum IL-, neuroprotector propofol

iv

ABSTRACT
In traumatic brain injury suffered two major problems that are brain damage itself
and systemic disorders indirect, hypermetabolism that occurs is closely related to
the severity of brain injury. The increase in intracranial pressure or brain
inflammation closely linked to the increase in metabolism. Similarly, the
increased levels of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF-pounds) and
interleukin-1 (IL-1) will increase metabolism and has an effect on secondary brain
injury. Propofol as a neuroprotective because it can decrease CMRO2 where there
is a beneficial effect on the balance between energy supply and demand of the
brain and can increase cell tolerance to hypoxia / ischemia.
Keywords: Traumatic brain injury, serum IL-, neuroprotector propofol