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05.10.2006
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(, , )
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05.10.2006
()
05.10.2006
(unsupervised classification)
,
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(supervised classification)
.
05.10.2006
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:
(Data mining);
;
.
.
.
05.10.2006
() x
.
d- :
x = (x1, , xd).
() xi
x.
d
x.
05.10.2006
()
X = {x1, , xn}
. i- X
xi = (xi,1, , xi,d). X
n x d.
X.
d(xi, xj) xi xj
( -)
.
05.10.2006
:
N k ;
N .
:
K
nj
e X , L xi c j
2
j 1 i 1
05.10.2006
1.
2.
3.
4.
05.10.2006
10
1.
2.
3.
4.
05.10.2006
11
1. , :
(, );
(,
, ).
2. ,
.
3.
.
05.10.2006
12
:
, ;
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,
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( ,
):
1
d
2
2
d 2 xi , x j xi ,k x j ,k xi x j
2
k 1
05.10.2006
13
1.
2.
3.
4.
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14
k-Means ( k-)
05.10.2006
15
()
05.10.2006
16
- -
(online)
05.10.2006
17
(),
.
,
-:
Single-link
;
Complete-link
.
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18
Single-link ()
05.10.2006
19
Single-link Complete-link
05.10.2006
20
-:
05.10.2006
21
k-Means
1. k ,
( k n , k
).
2.
.
3.
.
4.
, 2.
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22
k-Means ()
:
2;
.
.
05.10.2006
23
(1978),
:
{
,
,
, ;
;
}
05.10.2006
24
()
.
xi
uik
k
.
F1 = {(1,0.9), (2,0.8), (3,0.7), (4,0.6), (5,0.55), (6,0.2), (7,0.2), (8,0.0), (9,0.0)}
F2 = {(1,0.0), (2,0.0), (3,0.0), (4,0.1), (5,0.15), (6,0.4), (7,0.35), (8,1.0), (9,0.9)}
05.10.2006
25
1. n
k
U n x k
( u ik 0,1 )
2. U,
(,
N
E 2 X , U u ik xi c k
i 1 k 1
c k u ik xi
i 1
).
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3. U , 2.
05.10.2006
26
()
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( 1 ) .
k-Means.
05.10.2006
27
1.
.
(~ 1 / e2).
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;
()
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3. 2 .
05.10.2006
28
,
.
,
.
,
.
05.10.2006
29
,
.
1. P0
EP0.
(T0 > Tf).
2. P1 P0. EP0 > EP1,
P1, P1, ,
.
.
3. - : T0 = c * T0, c < 1.
T0 > Tf 2, .
05.10.2006
30
?
.
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.
05.10.2006
31
?
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k-Means
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.
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k-Means,
.
05.10.2006
32
:
(
)
:
(
)
(
)
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33
k-Means
.
, :
;
(on-line)
(, leader,
);
.
05.10.2006
34
()
05.10.2006
35
Leader ()
05.10.2006
36
:
;
;
.
05.10.2006
37
1.
2.
3.
4.
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38
(Data mining)
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39
(Data mining)
:
k
;
(http://www.nigma.ru,
http://www.vivisimo.com, );
.
.
05.10.2006
40
http://www.nigma.ru ()
05.10.2006
41
(OCR .):
1.
;
2. ;
3.
.
:
;
.
05.10.2006
42
()
05.10.2006
43
( )
LCC (Library of Congress Classification):
QA76 QA76.8 CS.
LCC:
;
.
:
;
.
05.10.2006
44
( ->
-> ->
).
.
.
05.10.2006
45
05.10.2006
46