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Number system

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ffir{-{ Csfs
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r qnfiR'ffin
ffi

flF{ (Morse) col-u

cofs

r frfr& . c{(Gray) colu

r srlcfr cors r tffiB-o cors

lBfrrog(Unicode)
qT{ fu{ <I{qf qfrq F, asDl YE
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ql6E|D-dT
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q(r"l mlT \ff6q i
r

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mf{ {{r{-{ c$BI {6&

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BCD 'rq q<rmqFs t4-{E qcsT Binary Coded Decimat I q-{fus rTqq}r{ gfuF qqa'rc {qgql
<lffi c\q-ficrfi ETffs-{frsfrfr& c$lvrrq r q'tfr-s "me-{ rT$Bm<ttqtfr xqTF erctr.fr frfrrc
et crM <I{qs Eg r o celrs b e rqF q(r<i-{ qeFrr frcrfrqT q-{l' afr (lffi,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ilqo Ecrrq*{ r efr
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yN6 | Cq[4-

'r

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cots

c8Q.)

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frfrG csts
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irr*f{:

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r

Rfi'&rotlr s a1ffiq\rB'K {dsrBCD qrEI Binary Coded Decimat I qF cotq

qq-Bqr r ebf qt{rqq{ft-s
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QfrffiE (EBcDtc) cots
QBfrcoM(Unicode)

e.).b \ryffi'(Ascil)

Cfts-

&

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ffi

'American standard code for lnformation lnterchange',ar q(frs ffi ASCII Tf qnqfu.r
rlrrq K-<ttr frqtE rTts frrF{
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u-frB frfrfu c$fs Extended Binar:y coded

Decimat tnformation code Tl ffifreo csNs qlm
qfrtrs r ifrfr&o (EBCD|C) Crft-e
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cqtfisr frfr offibrrs

EBcDtc

) qBfrrE- (Unicode)

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iBfrrots EvRT T'rtr{ r FRxr eF rg q?FFT v-tqm sFqtfir< cfis-w s-d{ q-{r nbfrms-<rdqs
g ; !$fu.o$ Tqsr e, <ttE <r rv frct< cstu r et corcs-{ rT$r$ sc,c\es <f \ro F qfrer G-re
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sp cqrot ?Bfrtots'ro qnrs E-{s <FillT 6rffiT Unicode consortium FtsT s'GI !](RT ,{T T-q..d5fucs
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qBfrroM clrqft s-cT cq:r{- windows2000,
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cq-cr wrrE{
r

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et mfcs'{ qwv' fr6qr cqlb <V q-+E s-ffi6s sftEltrtr csls-Ev re-{I qqe
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r
r

corNstw{sei

ITT<Tf
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ftFnfq{rT(qrt r 6Eq{'-n{for lnGr 6{e.}o
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qlt{g qTfr (Signed number): 6{-s c({rtro ffiqs rr{ <FrI
RT
)^qT "tR6+ 15T (t'" comptement form): <tffi cRqlr o .qr etGT ) qq( ) K
{|r{ o
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r

Re{fr-{itcc-qqRrqlqfr-qT (Unique)

c\rssffio-<tql qtqfr.Ssqir+src

qr

c$.tsrqf
qffibcilR-f 6<Flv: qmr G - z, A - z), q(T (0 - e)r q<( RBn qrnr" 6qqq
(+, -, =, x
ffil q<\e sg-swqt fuF ftCeT (!, @, #, $, %, *, I ffil q{f <r+qs' C$ls-rs qnq.ffrfufr-o
cstsTEIq-T

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f

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nsctt <rq,rHft'l

standard Code for tnformation tnterchange

-2

;6

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qr cqfrg

nt

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fFfrrstg (unicode):

{qfu

frr,trtr ceb Tsi qiFE srRfm

nffihrr

q-{,

nKK
tBFrrrs <Frqs
q r RBfrrotrs T{\lB a. qrtF <r >re frct" colr r ,{t csrcsir Tf$rrco&Ts
sc,cas sr \to F qfreT G-{irr

fiffi

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EId c{-f, F-{rf ci-{T coFE emrs-{l

(9 q(effi?'6<F-q\5q(ssrflRfr-qr$4 ({) c$RT ffit,,-< c+w (Base) <r&o

(ot) rTqqnBcu<r{qeq(ssrEmqrftr$q
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(o) )o
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r (lqq)vqrrTrfstqffic$lrf coFE?
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ffir+ <lffi q$Tf "1a.& <raqm c<'+ nRrrw-+o1 1frnr fut

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fu f lWnot is number system? Ilhat is meant by base of number system? I4'rite down the bases of dffirent
number systems?)

6-

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<tffifqo}fmnTsk\5frGl-{

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*q

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Q.

c(fi "ffift?

lT'-:ol
down the basic symbols and bases

) rqtc{

f+tr r lwru,

[fr.-ll;T.-oa; (:-o8; FL-ol, obl

q<FbnE \e rqqksFrc:r{qq:|.llFFr i
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>s qdsq.tfrec(.trlerflTqT{TTlt{fr,

'

fu

decimal, binary, octal and hexadecinal number system.)

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(what is binary/octar/hexadecimat number system?)

,oo

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c(?Fl

ct
gl

c(fi {6&{ mqrg6<?t qr$grftR-st fr ? ut o, are the necessities of conversions

of nt,mbe, system?)
q{fi-o cclTlrs v-{r c$'l{ cqfi olnfus
fiqlsrfft rgk"f ffig1nr fut t lwritn down the

qt

fi {$
<1ffi ti-s <Rre fr 1+r r ) qr trs

general rules for converting decinnr number

into any other number system?1
<-4Ce
? T4rhat is signed number?

6R-o cq{fi

bt

complement? Ihhat is the procedure

qsrfirFR-r, q'$ilq

bt

codes?)
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))

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|s

ht._bbl

tils 4tcr{ fiTq fr

? rynot is meant

comprement and 2,s comprement?)

fil

e rqg.kufrrs-E ccrs

r*rr, o,, ob,r;;;;;;,,,r,

,:r,;;*

octat and hexadecimat

[Ef._ob;

il._o)]

the differences between-)

o$;

{'-o8' E'-oe'.oc;,i._rli

UNt code)

RfrG csls(BcD), tffifr

(EBcDrc) Tf tfrfrfur c{rts, qrlqfr (AScr) coru \3
tEfrtuNr) cou fil (rqr q='"rd c\rFcr fql t
@not )re EBCDTC, ASCr

)l I ()o))')))q s
l

form

,4T

({) frFG cfis e yTft csrs (BCD ,,oab ood apno,,,:::,t"',;-o8'

('f) qf'Hfr rorc s iEfr cOu (nSClt code and

. down about them in

)e

to

q<t

brief.) [4L->5; fr.-)o; D.-ob, )); fr.-ob; u.-oo, u.-o.,

and uNr codes? trrite

g.; ;;;;

()o).)))q qirry qF< ffiFITE s fr5ilFiFq ffi n-* r (Detelrmine"_"*, "r, "rr
''
the restttts of,
riddition and,subtraction of the nttmbers (1 10il)2 ana
1toil1tr1
[fr._ou; Ff.-oy; il._ou, ob]
5A, 3E.1A, 4C.87, FF, AsF, 3D, AB.CD C$l{.{-{c-{-{ c(fi qq?meHKq:riFrF
q-{frs,
?
{tdIRrgq+}rrqc\?rKq-{rr'f F3I r (ilthatkindof numbe,rr)r"ro,
38.1A,4c.87, FF, A5F, 3D?

Convert them into decimal, binary and octal equivalent

ntrmbers.)

[i.[._ob; DL_ob; T._ob; T._o9;

fr._o), og, ob., )o; {._oo, ))l D._oq]

q{ft-s, qb'fq e cfqlreFinrq efo|.l cT
t (convert (t r t t0y.p l0t l)2
into decimal, octal and hexadecinml equivalent numbers.)
[fr._])i <._ob, )); FL_o1; D._orr, obl
(cv'al)n, (c\ea..qc)" , (9F.rrc;ro, (ABcD.EF),* (Q.BcD.ce),o
cs flffi qs q.ffro c(?tnT.
,
{'uwr *tr I (Corurrt (56.47)s, (203.25)s, 032.75)s, (6F.3c)t6, 6aico er1,6 and (28tcD..53)16 into
binary nuntbersJ
Iq.-)\; fr.-l); fr_::,'q._ll, *.-rr, u _r", )); DL_ov, og, 01, ob,
)51
a, B, b' c, D, 1, I <Elc<SRarqK q-{r ffig rs frrsfl-v
$tRF frE fi"1T Ta t @ind the odd and even

)8

I ())))o)).))))o)))o

)c

)\e

cT

parity bitsfor the characters a, B, b, C, D, l, g.)

)q I q qa ffitftro
"itFT eng<f+oa I @xplain the importance of 2,s complementform.) ft..-o1; E.-o)l
)b e. RrtrB <I )\e frE c{hfir* cr c-s-{ fiRo <r *tttr cqfi E"rqpr*
q" <th 1n"ns"y
N? what is rhe range pf represenring signed number in 2 byte or r6-bit -*r
registar?)
)br q&-oo ee&-)Fmqfif<nv Eqq E&-so rsq&-r) qTcsft+qcqrs'T fut(wnatx
logic 0 and logic r?

qo

or lr/rite down the vorrage

RD 1aitl

rever of rogic 0 and rogic

ftr q'1r6sqi5t p-s frcB *a ap31ayt"; fu*.*t;;

generally?)
Rfi {h& ft Rfte er$]R
kinds of number systems.)
there in a byte

t) I

q?&1

rT(qBT

c(fi

qqb<qFftg+

t.)

(what is bit? How many

bits are

[il._ob; Ff._ou]

{6&T <f+

q'rrg

lfi.-lf ; g.-ol; <._ol,

f E-qtre-r efom \e

r firthat is nuntber

fifi?

number system? How many types are there and

what are they?

)a.c

system? Desciribe different

ots, ob; Tt,_o\9, o9,

))i DL_oc, ob, )); 0,._]ll

Enq{"icq fu t gnot doyou meant by

Irrite with exampre.)

[T.-or]

ioclTe

cTFm{{{F

"ffi <r"rcs'ft E$i (q*r.r.a'),, q-tfrs cq"lTfrs'<liFlftF erH re;t t (vhat do you meant by
number)
IA-)ql
q({II
qT
cR{il ffi ft <fffi
\B Rfr&
Tq{f 1ldot 6nft\e I ftithat is number system? show the
c$|il

nurhber system? Convert deeimal number (23.25)lsinto binary

difernece between binary number and BCD)

\t I

ERq{

ftQ.|t4 <tt{fr

'ffi

qRn

system is suitable

a.e

tfr.-lql

{6& <rEqtrffi olircf fr{

of binary numbers in computer design.)

TF4EEK

cRllT

"ffi

TfuE?l*

ffirqr

t (write down the

reasons behind

ft'.-ol,

u,-$ B"rc{l'ry'-

{tlrlfi Ttr t

the

use

FL-oql

(,,Binary number

for destgning computer"- explain.)

I \ qr "ffr"In-s fil e. q< "tft"5ao ffiB <r<EIT re.ca gFF <lffi frrsFt {fi{t

ff.-oll
t (what is 2's

complement? Show a binary subtrac,tion using 2's complement method.)

e.

qilIRTtr{

1fr.-ob; T.-oq,,)!; it.-oq, ob; itl.-og, ob; D[.-o\, ob; T.-o), oq ; E.-o)]

"16B <I{ql{ T'cr (gc))" celrs (cc)). frrfl"t

using2's complement

a.8

cs19

method.)

ftt frfrn efof< cslg';r'qf,.69l[qbql

-F4

fil frfrG r: Qftfiffifr csfc\s-T

ftl frfre \3 wl{ft

)\l
a.c

"BtfrF <-q.cg

cofrgR

I (What is code?
ob; ilf.-o),

by

Discuss different types of codes.)

o!, ob, )); EL-o{,

oilcfsi Eqrq<qry{

diference between BCD and EBCEIC codes with

cQ1\5

t gubtract (s5)1s from (65)n

[<.-fe.]

[fr.-lot {.-ob; fr.-ob; T.-o\,

ccnr

ffi

fu

example.)

ob; D.-oC, ob, ob,

))]

t lwtot is code? rrrite down the

td.-lCl

<{il s,il I (tthat is code? Describe BCD and ASCII code.)

tfr.-

A {<ll mRtr ftrta qrsmnrc-fnr<qfu frm qirq.r"t qlrflFrl Fl t (Ltrhat is

meant by parity? Discuss briefly about the necessities/uses of parity

bits.)

F.-5!; uL-ov, )); R|-oel

following decimal numbers into binary, octal and hexadecimal numbers:)

m.-ob, )o; T.-ob; :t.-ob, )a.; Tt -oq, )o, )l; fi.-o1; E.-oo, ob, )o, )!; <.-og, oV, !o; Uf.-oe, ot, obl
91, Q.\?.)\C, jC.)oC, \ob, \9bb, ){b.sqc, b\8, ){ob, s\9.)\C, \)C.bb, b\9.gtc I
.

I ffiFM

'Qtr|
q$ile6{l(?F TilFm
(convert thetfallowing numbers into decimal numbers:)
"fRE6{
[fr.-lo; 5'.-lo; {.-o$, ob; Fl.-oo, )); T.-o!, 5o; fr.-bt, ol, )o; {L-oo, oQ, )o, ))]
()o))o)o.tol)0, (loo.tc.)", (vr.oc),* , (neco.rr)ro, (vDF)ro , (23.54)8
qy 1 frffiRv \tr'slitE c(?fNr{fcf rqqfreftTcq
"fffi{ gKB (convert the fouowing octat numbers
into hexadecimal numbers : ) (a.og.a.C)b, (aof .of C)o, (\99C. !a.C)n
[D.-oll
a.b I fiEftR9 :T(qfiq(fllT qffi
fielsE ffi eTa (Determine the resutts of addition of rhe

a.c

fouowing

)o))o)5o )oo)oo)), )5oo))oo g )ooo))oo

qiqilelfl3l
frffiFrs
5 qT efRelf,s s \ qR "rRq*o fi{-s sra (Find the t's comptement and 2,s
complement of thefollowingnumbers:) - Q8, - )Q.9, - !iq, - gq, - 89
a. q< tfR"lgs "fqF <IifqK F6{ Tlffi frrsFf 4K8 (Subtract the foilowing numbers using 2's
complement method:)
[fr.-ob; Et.-ob, l); {f.-ob; E.-o1; T.-oq, ob, )); {.-o9, )oi {.-oo, oi, ob]
{oe cers )bo, -)bo cel(o )bo, (lll; ,.q65 (5o))r., (:oltol)o cqlrs ()5o))o)r
(vr.oC),o \e (\oe.qc)" CTFfffi rq<\ qqFFE 6qgkvfrtl6 el-sl-.f T-{ I (Add the numbers and
numbers:)

eo

9)

G.

rt

2
&
E

et I

lt-lt;

convert the result in hexadecimal number.)

)a.b

at -ovl

eeDHWrT
Degital Devices

q q{ttcTtirBffi.F
qTr6q-E

fr<rq{ qkot\rf

Fffiar

qqrriT {'t
fr6s ryflqr{ s-{f qs s-r tfffup.. e
qltro
crsm {6s qc-r
r oFqEDn-qr qlqqT
'nftfu-r s 1fupE Ttq
qeitmfi, 3trrT{ qxsrsr<Kt, q&-o cqQ! e fu&Dn
wffi q"a6 qtfi ql.sl*T{
o-Fffls.C d?lll{ s-{r Ren
frcs e qqjHF ctqttrTt qrTR I Eslt"fi <r$t {rcR'

{ilr *,t$l

6jj*

6l5qFi"FNt{rfiruRFFFrcqr1{ qfqr-<rs

efl=lcq

*, * *

'.'i'-: ',rri
?|.f

FFrwq

). fir'F qnatcsr<rll{ $<."rl EflrlnT?ns qKr<

\. $rn b"r"nniqq ffiH q-g6si 'ng5q

e. EGrs q"ffrnBR

<r+qt-< nr-q

gGrm

En6l-[si-<<,lr

<tc{rRoEcrlrf <rsrs {Kr<

8. {R-qlT qflsrq-{<K ctcet q-{trs. fr&ilE

ffiqq{cq-< 5lf"iqfu freis"f TTp: EK5q

e.q IRSF qtlqrefKf

5b8q

cm tqrnq {FIEu. qq

(Bootean Atsebra)

fi

(George Boote) tr{qqT

$$T qrFTrq-{fi frrs qt.cqfu-{r <rm;r

q&r+<
q<\
cqr
froq
*t
E"rs Gfr re.u ?sR **; TF-$r
sr<r
lqs
nt
qiFrcuTfiK et fisfr{ ffift"K qqr 1<Tffsfffi s'.1-a sF4$DftT q1ffi
a1trt {6frT <KqK s{
qrEl, \tal{ dFr-qf{ qfiqrq-fiK wl qaa fiqirr <lffi ) i( o
frcr {ffiE s-{t q{ r E{r{ cqt<5g
sFqtfir { qqs ryftftq s 1fuqq6 qqryr {FKr+ qiFrccr{{t{ q'rqfrqr qqp11-{ s-a; rTK <fi r
dfu{
wftq-ffilT re{TlE $-TF{ GIrf qR\. a6f-qr qRfcr q:M g.fq grt EF
{frrn

-ryT-qG<-<T

qFmn,gT E.FI'(Bootearr variabte a consiang

$-ffi s{s \e DqiF qr rl+ o qaRt ) qs I .F{s-qr rl{ q{ffi
eltnt, sr< D,Etrsr rtT qrr-fr6rfrE I c${Ft sr{ q<\ cltr6T
nI'$
qe6r
q$?11d-{ s&-s qTq1 frffir+-<r.r< srT
TE$qsn{$: ,4<(

E-6FF

<r{qlTGtlqr rG&tncffficF{ csnqrffi cqt+{ ffi{tcqT&frrs

TEf qT m, ql{F o s'6{916gTf )- s'r{qtrqr Clffirqs o cqI6s'+ o.b
B qrfs 6{cwrs e&-s' o q<( +a, ret* ce,nre +c osr* "i{s
ffir<drrF q&-+ s <rfi q{'r GGDlq Wfrm +o.u cglft cqrs.+Q..o
6e|-b6qm;qqqul,R\orsfrqT<KqKs-fi

q{il r

5a.h

0 fz
'; i'r'
$fffiW#mlPoetutatesl
qr
qr{rcnqw'
qr
I
mt
tr{\s rrr mm rFnrr
fi{lT
Tr (Postulates)
ffi qtl**-KtT s$Xqctrnrrq
wT
etfrssarfllropmryynm
:

CqFf rs EGI

ilt t**r***rFrm

s|{lTqt"cqfit filr{{il crm eqqfrrq dltrrEfi mGirqrffi()) o+o=o

(\) o*!=!
(s) )+o=!
(8) )*!=)

qSGq

R uqd
EEF,v qt6rqrd6r c{t'r{ fi*rffi ''rq frq
*l* d'fr
"--T
qrp* qrmq<aK cqErrd ml+ fis up ry-*lr 6{{l slG G {*sn
q"fn r * ) = t *n ow
qF'f (Logbal
'ffi
. 6qgr11 .+' fiEF, cfdr6 g1Ffrq.{ffr CsFt6-5 1af* fi I lfts!{ 6qF;r{ qFrstFI
qnB,

ooool"i"#t

q?r (oR) qqTcr-rta<W

1FtrtT.rlqffiqt *Erlqr@

()) o.o=o

(l) d' ) = o

c{fifiK{ ffruc'r cqomfirn't -

eu'*

aflc*rry rytvta{wFrrtrrr errrrfirs?crr{ tg t {ww an

qfiql,Tsof qlq&ltqq/fsq{lrtrfi Unsical AND OperaioifrlF t

Eq,

(g) 5 . o = o
(8) ).)=)

?q\tfrF (Duallty PrlnclPle) !*

.qlls, q* 'q6'' tX4g3q61 qf6q q'"f{iqo rym Sofor,'il <f^Cffi ?Es ffG (Dua$ty Principlel
qfttrl.lfrc sIft ,h ?<{ trftt"i Frqtg E?t qffi fr* ft*sqg+F
c{trr EcFT fi qrF?fi
r

rfiq$rc{'f

cllgrTrIE<I

qd(+) qqtr$mo elpR-RFF{s (lnterchange)

). **f i i*
Q.'

:'

Nqohon@
r#q*r
r o{ *115yTfi
1Frflrqnreitr#*ru*
0 q<i

qrfi epff

3al{;Sq61Tq1
-A;

qr

co

tis O qq( O qr lg{t t

qs

,fir*gln1q[r{fd[qr*

"qr<qf*1qlqFt

t
&
i

l9o

4?

'1' qil

ttr+ er qq1'

W')

/'

Bvqnnftro4fut51sng CtFll{r'

I
AqilTrAq6dll1'(qq-qr
qfr A qr rFr 1 rt{ vz{ A'= 0 I
nn n',iow o qstt6{ ='t q<R,
Wq?t, 'l'=0 ; 0'=1
I

qdq
I

qdqd(+1o<qfuqng(.)ryTcr t ,, ".,^ . .;O' eT ffi'1'

+tt
RFWS (lnterchange) ?F'Gf I V{q

"raui**t+)
,0, q<t r1':''Gf'el<t

{frKF'Q'(fiffiffit
lqyqt: t;tt] r , etcif{qr.t?qs(Duatiqfrfuo'c{r<ttr{ofp,'
0.0=o 1'Irstetcftsil.|s?{{r v
:^
;n*l AB ; o g = a qQ {ilGrf?so (Dualitvl ftf qt<qK cGil "rR;
t*l exn + B ) = A.qtqftq e r<9L

/or

ffi

.,

:.

\*{od$#Y

frffi,"ffirT

9.\.1 $KF

E"f"ilq'f (Bootean Theorems)

qrFrreFKFr
osscFrcq-<t
lTlrfl-{ci E{"nqlertf
rc'{r qry r eq aq-{ $ewql'
$-RT{
qlLTs-s'f I qerqrrsrg resfrq TTf q-{ I q8 q?FE B"rtryn qFilcql ry+E qfrq cfts-{"f qqKFt srst

frq

fi-${

R$r

dft-gT"rmt

)r i) A+o=A -'9hP

l+6fl

ii)

a.r i) A+ v='lzit*'t ft+\-t

er i) A+A=A -*Etn"tttl=l
8t i) A+1=1 -i-n O.tttl

ii)
ii)
ii)

\t ix':f
ryni'.'f
^,,,
.{is{B"1ff A4ouah ve i*_ffit*h
DePnL

sr i) A+(B+C)=(A+B)*C

A.1=A - I ln^t J
n. A= ob
A.A= 4-u T,,^^*t'6'=6
e ZL'
| 0=O
R. B=

h^&whw'A

ii) A(Bc)=(AB)c

FtgtqqB"Prmt

ql

ii) A + BC = (A + BXA + C)--'\P,

D A(B*C)=AB+AC

&-:filtftr+*Eafa1;q't

tsr i; ffie1=A.B

ii) (A.B)= A+

bt i) A+AB=A

ii) A(A+B)=A

)o t i1 1E; =a
iflTft{ crqTrsT {Eamt qfl{ scn

csr<F

Eqt$.t:

cqRfimr

{'lg

elq|"tTi[, A+ A=1 Ncashovt

A .{TrFr o e{R, 5 qm offi"r qrtr;1A qr

rF : qdts
lffiuro
A=) s"l{ A=0 .'.A+ A=)*o=)
q-{m'{slrt, SF{A qTIFr o qefiq

A=o

\5lt-{ A=) .'. A+ A-o+)=)

lfu{EdFFAqTfrToFrqlrmqqr n+ A= ) (e$fis)I

W: /.. e[qfu[6, A+AB=A

A+AB=A.1 +AB
=A(1 +B)
/
=A(B+1)
/
A.1
=
=

n (elirfis)

'1.

qqtrsE"tnnq't

,/.

,,zenH,

ds'
A(A+B)=AB

A(A+B)=A.A+AB
, .: =0+Ats
=

na

(eF\R-\e)

elqFt$t, A+ BC = (A + BXA+ C)
(A+ BXA/C) =A. A+d. C + B. A+ B. C
,/ =A+AC+AB+BC
=A(1 +C)+49+gg
/
=A+AB+BC=A(1 +B)*gC

=A+BC(emfu)l

eFIF[Rt, (A + BXA

6*aydg)

,/

A.A

B) = A

n. B + B.A + B.

=0+4.8+B.A+0
=A(B+B)

=n(ffi)l

i
!

5e)

:
I
a

il,rwvetur

y'r,te+

e.\.a. qqt?F

Not

dglffiK# +Lhw.o+{i*

(Truth Table}

'tlTft
Effi{ D-drs ?iltrF r et D-draQrEK ffin'q|5qT (o, )) q11'TlR.lqFT
s&-s $t<.frq ,qF qf
)) Qnrs r uqorrrd;r fr&{ TFrs q{-$ q<( pn'rqGs qF{rs qtEFS <rq
*"6 ffi trF|. (o <|".tg"
t

vn ntrs EqS *ur qB'b$," eTF clTftcs Esl-f T-{t qlr r et tflKftrs wro c|rft FTt q{

Y = f(A, ,41 ,eoF e&-s TR"l{ I et nfr---o.,TF o qqm

slvrrq n,
reflf,{r A, B 5-q<\Br{K!ieF.6nB $rffi q'{r T'tRrl-{E-Rr':
'tFS fiffi nFr (o'<t )) qrq r QqS A, B uqoorqm :
TFr q<R q|EE"F Y ,4(-TF qsro tflTft{
sKf

{rs,

,,""lFJw
' :'

g'trieeffi{

qsro qt<ft

,,T.

,'

o't

oi"

) --

tmtft

'tft.Rq &-v<ryq

qe6ga'fiql', ATB = A,

TS
qYd

(De-Morganl fiXRRio qfr

*noft<

ffi

Er$srffT E ttfvil

qfr6g ws{

frfrsG"t"lrqi, A'B= A+B

gtHKF E{Ff t w<
TqFg1T qB qqrq

""rc
s"t"ttqiEFfrrF{qlT

Y = f(A, B)

.o

'"1

e.Q,.e &-Vdtn'tr{* (De-Mo rgan I EetettR'f

'lr

<9 <v qR-o arfirltrr

ffislqa

qqt

fu-:q-dtnrff{E"r'TrcqrdqTlq

qq'fu,selrfrRw{@r1tr
dRrsrrrqtrb-lT c{ csnmTnB"ptfqiqqrq qquSar,ry< r et
rmm ql{E I 6Rffi 6q"tt q t'D-6tiF'qr[rq3t qrsE Tftrl{ Ei{I1m cln fi"+
gil"
"ssdqcs
s sR" ftroa qrq ,qs.-<F,f qrE {-.qF Eflfts qT r frq nt udrrffi q11'fr-T{orrrffi Tdt emq t ltrr

A?f

fi*.

6k{
A+ a

'

qsroqr-<ft<tQet

Gom<< q'tr

A+B A+B

AB

A.B

A.

,0

wwr'tAl

dRqqcsqqiq cq'rn\R

B qTq?FE{ItrKqq]'-

A+B= A. B
ilE= A* B
p-*n G-v*enna< Ta-Etr erflfrs qa

sfto m 66;a qiryq ffiq;a srtfrm<rry< qil'&-rTtBtT{

uqro-* qlr B"ritqr E{tr frcF cq'TI qq

nQ <f Ete.sT

ffi

B'I"ftq't <I{qF

el

sl$

<rr Nu//
z,

b> tu FT:rc

9.

= n. E. e
A.B.C= A+ B+ C
qsas qrdfr{ Tqlsols qG qqrq S"pnqr Etr eFtt Titl wr r ffi
eFFf Tirlr s-{r frq eFF rsr-s qrft

EErriw

qqI &-TtrrBrK rFEs

?sR Tsil qq
avront*ft<r$t dR-r
I

E+s+E

ABC

IBc

A.B.C

'l

A+ B+C

1
1

E"rrrs A'{ 6REErs-Tqrq

At

B+C

cq"$sls cq, A, B c qrsFrrltrKq{r

A+B+C= A. B.

C,,

A.B.C= A* a*e

ffi $srq u-dns-{ sr{T G-:rg8tr*il {-q EF efflfu qE

n Y1q{m lfu 5?rr qT" fr-qr?ft15{d E'Ftlqt
n c$ro trfrsF 5q5ffi gr$' fr-1-sr1y16q5 $cpp1 EtF ffi-

W-*R

.Ar.A...

m=A.,

ffin=Ar*Ar\A3

A"

,r...;..,.+-n"

a&'-oVtq.lT4{ftcf
q&rflERR.r{Erqtq&recunt-<ql{omTlsqls{T*lqsretqql'q&<rrR.ma6{trrsrMrqr"Tqrq
<Frr aftio ctb-* <r+qm Tqq-q{ qr r q&-rrtR.Ic{efr-s q{EiBr<r{ q({rIfffi ffiai 6{fi3 qq{rt
sqlffi qr I ?fl6sQ qd e<( crs rrE[ce qfu-s vrR.r{r{r ffiflrfficr <r{T EF I lfrTtq Bor"rmrc crqE{t
rr&-o vn rq q-{fi-${"r <';il {tg
fu rrcfi-fi?qr ftq fir:{ srrq e-o qq
) I cftr"lTqlTfr-s cerrsuFfrrsqrft-o-{.t a{iKrirqtrr I
etcltr<sft{ (Parenthesel frvr<<s,IaGI6o{tr{
Q, I
rrsE
eI
1Is (NoT) qeffml-r;K Trq e{F Tsrco qr{
8 I \5l3reFt rfffi wN' (.) q"tlr-<.n+* ofq s-{cq Er{ r sF Ectcq qtgln lrrrif ccF etclfi aTF Er{
c I q?FdT q{ (+) q9flril.irdK sla 6T6q T3rcs qtrt
r

I6
i'
E
t

Ii

.,

sqrs c{t'ft(IrFtffi
FW ertr q&-s F-FF qtc"t'{k't

ffift{+t

8 x x+V tx+zl+ (x.z)

qH{8, ,' (ITZ) -(x.z)'
tfi"f \e e
t .2 x.z
$el8t o +y.x.2*x.z
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72

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