RU.

LINUX Frequently Asked Questions

Alexander Kanavin, ak@sensi.org

25.10.2002.

( ), Linux.
c <http://www.sensi.org/~ak/linuxfaq/>

2 Linux

10

22

30

6 X Window

35

39

1
H *

1.1 FAQ?
, FAQ copy-and-paste. (Alex
Kanavin)

1.2 ?
FAQ - ak@sensi.org

1.3 FAQ?
: FAQ.
SSL (openssl). VPN. Kerberos.
,
, -
.
, "" .

1.4

FAQ?

FAQ list URL: http://www.sensi.org/ak/linuxfaq/

1.

1.5

Fidonet FAQ
?

FAQ Fidonet FREQ :

2:450/176.15 freq alias: LINUXFAQ (work time: 21:30-6:30).
2:5013/14 linuxfaq ( )
2:5020/1255 NEWFAQ (c 21:00 ZMH, CM )
2:5030/902 LINUXFAQ ( )
2:5045/71
freq alias: LINUXFAQ
worktime: CM
2:5061/108 LINUXFAQ ( 00:00 06:00)
2:5069/11 CM LINUXFAQ
2:5077/7, Alias: LINUXFAQ (Work time: 23:30-06:00 [MSK+2])
FAQ :
to: faqrobot 2:5036/26 subj: rulinux.faq
FAQ.
, .

1.6

FAQ, .

RU.LINUX ( ).
(c) - , FidoNet 2:5030/532.
(s) - , mbravo@kronverk.spb.su, 1999
(s) - A , ak@sensi.org
FAQ ftp/www/etc . , .
. ( :-)

1.7

, ?

- ( , ), faqs ( /usr/doc/faq),
HOWTOs .. <http://groups.google.com/>. ,
- , ,
.
, ,
. , ,
- , , , ( , ),
.
, ru.linux, , ru.unix
- , Unix- ru.gnu - , GNU. ru.unix.prog - Unix,
ru.unix.multimedia - ru.unix.ftn - Unix. ru.linux.chainik, ,
ru.linux ru.unix.
ru.unix.linux, ,
ru.linux,
.

2. Linux

1.8

* ,
?

:
How To Ask Questions The Smart Way <http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/faqs/smart-questions.
html>
:
<http://ln.com.ua/~openxs/articles/
smart-questions-ru.html>
How to Report Bugs Effectively <http://www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/bugs.html>

2 Linux
2.1 Linux...
: ?
, :
Linux-
Windows. , , "
Word" " Excel".



. ,
. ,
( ). .

2.2

Linux, ?

<http://www.lug.ru> Linux . , .
- . LUG ( ), , - .
LUG , " -
(CD-R) ?" Fido,
Unix/Linux (: SPB.LINUX, SPB.FILES).
: , c , , ,
.

2.3

, ?

, , , : <http://linux.iplabs.ru>, <http://linux.vinchi.ru>, <http:

//www.linux-ink.ru>, <http://www.mistral.ru>, <http://www.bolero.ru>, <http://www.
books.ru>, <http://www.linux-online.ru>.
<http://www.ebuy.dp.ua>. - - <http://www.shopsys.spb.ru>.

2. Linux

- ,

" / ". H
. (- -
walnut creek, cheapbytes infomagic . , , ,
. , "".)
,
. ,
, ftp (
) - GPL. , cd-r
, (,
).
, , ,
, , ,
.

2.4

(, - ) ?

: mbravo@kronverk.spb.su, (2:5030/902, idv@aanet.ru,

), ( 68,
110-1303), (312-5208, <http://linuxcenter.ru>).
: H p. H p p, p - CompuLink,
, p .
ALT Linux: <http://www.altlinux.ru/index.php?module=buy>)
Vinchi Group ( <http://www.vinchi.ru>)
Bolero (. , 14, , 3, .319. 124-6455).
--: p p "Proga . 188,
320. .53-41-22.
-: TOO e.com (480091, . 103, 3 , . 505-777, 505778)
: (553-5547, )
. (0692)553148 <http://www.sevcom.net>
: ASPLinux <http://www.spez.com.ua>
: ?

2.5 XXX/url ?
, ,
, ?
<http://www.freshmeat.net>. .
<http://www.opennet.ru>
( <http://www.opennet.ru/lastsoft/> - , <http://www.opennet.ru/
news/> - "")

2. Linux

2.6

<-> :,:#! ?

c , update , . ,
.
. Red Hat , <http://bugzilla.redhat.com/
bugzilla/>
, ( ,
) ,
- . , , ,
, -.

2.7

, p p? ( ,
)

ru.books.computing faq ( <http://alexm.here.ru/rbcfaq.txt>).

"Linux. ". BHV, 1997, ISBN 5-7315-0002-9
, ( 96 ) . " Linux" (
99 , 97) "UNIX: ".
., ( ) - "UNIX: " H. -
. __ ( !) .
" UNIX", ( - , , 1996, ISBN 966-506-043-0, - ,
2000). , , "unix", "linux".
- , ,
. , ( 1999) "Unix Power Tools" OReilly -
shell. - . man bash .
Linux Users Group, . .- LUG (spblug)
<http://www.spb.lug.ru/> (mlug) <http://www.moscow.lug.ru>
lug <http://www.lug.ru>.
, . ,
, -
p p Linux Documentation Project.
<http://www.linuxdoc.org>
, , , <http://www.linux.org.ru/books/>.
:
<http://www.linux.org.ru>
<http://lib.ru>
<http://www.gnu.org.ru>
<http://www.opennet.ru>
<http://linux-ve.chat.ru>
<http://www.nevod.ru/linux/doc/>
<http://xtalk.price.ru>
<http://alexm.here.ru>

2. Linux

2.8

Red Hat Linux ( Red Hat- ).

, ?

Red Hat Reference Guide (/doc/ref-guide -).

Package Management with RPM System Administration.
c /usr/doc/initscripts-x.xx. , ,
, .
Linux- , 94 .

2.9

, ! !
?! (: ...! !)

Linux - , . ,
, ,
, ,
CD ,
- - ( , ,
" - ,
). , ,
- , . ,
-, -, , , ,
- , , , .
, ,
freq, U*, , - .
, c ,
.

2.10

, ... ?

FAQ.
CD-R:
: (2:5030/902, idv@aanet.ru). H freq FILES
. .
BBS :
: Quasi-BBS 702-52-49 23:00-08:00
Ultrix BBS, 00:00-07:00, 462-8291, Sysop - Arthur Komarov (5020/943.17) (TNSDrive 2.0b1)
unitrecordHQ, 0:00-7:30, 162-9286, , sysop - tim kondratyev (2:5020/1989.1)
:
2:5030/763 TMA BBS, (-).
- 2:461/220
Spezvuz BBS CM 057-7123313 Alexander Grinevich (2:461/1024)
2:463/57 ( -)
-: ISP BBS CM 3272-638796 Alexander Uskov (2:5083/21) (TNSDrive 2.0b4)

2.11

info gcc,libc,gdb
/usr/doc/LDP/lpg LDP, . ( <http://www.linuxdoc.org>)
Cc curses : <http:
//www.linuxprogramming.com/>

2. Linux

" " <http://lib.ru>

<http://lib.ru/BACH/>
. :
" C++ Unix" , BHV
" UNIX" -
. , , / () , : , , .
- .

Unix

ru.unix.prog,

news:comp.unix.programmer. FAQ "Properly tuned Unix Application".

2.12

H {p / normal
/ - / 8Gb } ?

p 1- hd, p bios (1024 p), p

_pp p_, p pp p /p. p p p pp
loadlin.exe. man rdev.
lilo (>21.3) , , 1024.
BIOS lba32,
/etc/lilo.conf.
lilo GRUB <http://www.gnu.org/
software/grub>
NUNI, BIOS IDE-. PCI IDE ()
. ext2fs.

2.13

, - . (: 150 - , )
NT//OS/8, etc.

(Alex Korchmar) - ___

.
, /, - _ _
win4lin, vmware , "", "", "live-fs"
-, FAT -
.
" - .
, - - , .
-
() () . ,
, .

2.14

: Linux, Windows NT,

Windows 9?. ?

: , win95/98 dos,
, , . ,
( - ) MBR,
Linux.
: ? NT
Loader, HOWTO/mini/Linux+NT-loader. LILO,
:

2. Linux

1. LILO MBR Primary linux , MBR

, , MS-DOS ( fdisk /mbr).
2. Windows 9?, , MBR , .
. - "". Windows NT 2000 MBR ,
Windows NT MBR Disk Administrator - ,
Disk signature ( 32- ), MBR
LILO.
3. NT Loader hda1 hda2, , fat16 .
4. Win 9? lilo, NT Loader,
lilo.conf:
other = /boot/bootsect.dos
label = win
bootsect.dos , NT Loader
/ /usr/doc/HOWTO/[mini/]Linux+{ }
(Alexander Pevzner, 2:5020/59.9) IMHO,
,
fdisk- . .

2.15

DN Linux, FAR Linux, mc,

DN, Linux (mc
) etc etc

(Andrey Terebecky <mailto:arey@penguinpowered.com>) H , DN, FAR, etc - MC. , mc

F1 ( ),
. H CD-,
- MC . DN
(, , ).
, MC .
, MC Unix\Linux .
shell (zsh, tcsh, bash, etc). shell
, . MC ,
shell - ,
, AVFS ( <http://www.inf.bme.hu/~mszeredi/avfs/>)
Unix\Linux MC - X Northern Captain ( <http://xnc.dubna.su>), deco (
<ftp://ftp.cronyx.ru/cronyx/>), Nickolay N. Parfenov ( <http:
//usrsrc.chat.ru>), VFU ( <http://www.biscom.net/~cade/vfu>), ytree ( <http://www.han.
de/~werner/>).
DN, FAR Linux -
. H , -
, .
(Viktor Krapivin 2:450/102.1 Dmitry Chernyak 2:503/983.998)

2. Linux

90 p - "pp". DN ().
p - . , XEmacs p "", vim - 8) p , . p p. ""
, ,
.
""
, , bg/fg, screen , , X-Window.
, " ", vi.
, , vi - __, "" DN -
, , .
.

2.16

* Linux- Borland C++

Builder, Borland Delphi, Microsoft Visual C++, ..?

Borland Kylix <http://www.borland.com/kylix/> Victor Wagner <mailto:vitus@communiware.

ru>
.
xwpe ( Turbo C++), rhide, motor, KDevelop, Glade, Source Navigator
H .
, .
, .
, - *nix , ,
( - C, - perl/tcl/python/slang,
SQL ).
,
.
H , . ,
, .
- vim
emacs, . , make
, , ,
.
( Alex Kanavin: The Art of Unix
Programming, , Unix Unix , Windows-. : <http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/writings/
taoup/>

2.17

* , Linux...

" Linux" . *nix.

<news:fido7.ru.unix.prog>.

2.18

: ... ?

Victor Wagner, , . , . .

2.19

...

RU.LINUX.CHAINIK. , .

3.

10

3
Alexander Voropay <mailto:alec@sensi.org>.

3.1 ...
:

(libc) locale
X Window -


-.

Cyrillc-HOWTO
<http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/
unmaintained/Cyrillic-HOWTO>, , (Last version : v4.0, 23 January 1998), :
<http://www.inp.nsk.su/~baldin/Cyrillic-HOWTO-russian-old/Cyrillic-HOWTO.html>.
Cyrillic-HOWTO (
HOWTO). : <http://www.inp.nsk.
su/~baldin>
- Cyrillic-HOWTO ().

3.2

Linux :
kbd consoletools.
<ftp://ftp.win.tue.nl/pub/linux/utils/kbd/> <ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/
utils/kbd/>
<http://lct.sourceforge.net>
, . , Red Hat 4. 5.x
kbd. Red Hat 6.x
- consoletools.
Keyboard-and-Console-HOWTO, HOWTO kbd, , kbd. ;-) <http://linuxdoc.org/
HOWTO/Keyboard-and-Console-HOWTO.html>
" " (
kbd):
$
$
$
$

setfont Cyr_a8x16
mapscrn koi2alt
echo -ne "\033(K"
loadkeys ru1

console-tools:
$ consolechars -f UniCyr_8x16 -m koi8-r
$ echo -ne "\033(K"
$ loadkeys ru1

3.

11

. man man console_codes. , , consoletools /usr/doc/console-tools*, .

NB! , console-tools UNICODE screenfont map (SFM) .
console-tools-cyrillic: <ftp://ftp.ice.ru/pub/fonts/linux/>
, ,
.
. " " , .
, Linux .
( mc) , TERM=linux .
CP-866 - ,
"" C1, ""0x9B
ESC (CSI). KOI8-R.

3.3 " !" ?

locale. , locale:
$ locale
LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R
LC_CTYPE="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
LC_NUMERIC="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
LC_TIME="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
LC_COLLATE="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
LC_MONETARY="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
LC_MESSAGES="ru_RU.KOI8-R"
LC_ALL=
$
, locale (ru_RU) KOI8-R. cal date - .
, locale
LANG= ( /etc/profile) .
$ export LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R
Red Hat-based /etc/sysconfig/i18n ,
,
LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R

3.4

* locale ? LANG, .

- locale <http://www.sensi.org/~alec/locale>. , (,
..)
X-Window Xlib Xt (XLC_LOCALE) "" locale. :
{X11Root}/doc/i18n ( RedHat: /usr/share/Xfree86-doc/i18n). .PS <http://www.
tsu.ru/~pascal/x_locale/>.
, LANG=ru_RU
LANG=ru, __ : LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R .
LANG=ru_SU, :-)

3.

12

, " " ru_RU.KOI8-R . locale -a .

ru_RU.KOI8-R, , LANG= " ":
$ localedef -c -i ru_RU -f KOI8-R ru_RU.KOI8-R
Computing table size for character classes might take a while... done
Computing table size for collation information might take a while... done
$
$ cd /usr/lib/locale
$ mv ru_RU.koi8r ru_RU.KOI8-R
( - /usr/share/locale)
NB! localedef ""(mangled) ,
"ru_RU.koi8r". . ,
LANG="ru_RU.KOI8-R" mangling-
. .

LANG=ru
LC_ALL=ru_RU.KOI8-R
. LC_ALL ( LANG=, LC_xxxx "" ).
<http://www.sensi.org/~alec/locale/> " ..."

3.5

,
?

:
LANGUAGE=en_US
LC_MESSAGES=en_US
RedHat /etc/sysconfig/i18n .

3.6

locale , bash
, .

LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R
, , readline (
bash), 128 META- (
).
readline ,
INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc
, /etc/inputrc
set meta-flag on
set convert-meta off
set output-meta on
readline ( bash) .
: INPUTRC=, /.inputrc ( home). .
. man readline.

13

3.

3.7

Red Hat

C /etc/sysconfig/i18n. - :
SYSFONT=UniCyr_8x16
SYSFONTACM=koi8-r
LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R

/etc/sysconfig/keyboard, :

kbdconfig

KEYTABLE=ru1
/etc/rc.d/rc.sysinit, /sbin/setsysfont. ,
/usr/doc/initscripts-x.xx/, .

3.8

Debian

Debian 2.2: /etc/init.d/console-screen.sh

/etc/console-tools/config:
#
SCREEN_FONT=Cyr_a8x16
APP_CHARSET_MAP=koi8-r
#
APP_CHARSET_MAP_vc2=koi8-r
APP_CHARSET_MAP_vc3=koi8-r
APP_CHARSET_MAP_vc4=koi8-r
APP_CHARSET_MAP_vc5=koi8-r
APP_CHARSET_MAP_vc6=koi8-r
, console-tools-cyrillic.
/etc/init.d/keymaps-lct.sh /etc/consoletools/default.kmap.gz symlink. : kbdconfig.
/etc/environment:
LANG=ru_RU.KOI8-R

3.9

KOI8-R XFree86 ?

. ( X
) :
$ xlsfonts -fn "*-koi8-r"
- :-)
XFree86 3.3.2 cronyx-* XFree.
. Red Hat XFree86-cyrillic-fontsXXXX.rpm . /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic .
X Window. , /etc/X11/XF86Config
:
Section "Files"
...
FontPath
"/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic"
FontPath
"/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/75dpi"
...
EndSection

14

3.

cyrillic . X :
xlsfonts -fn "*-koi8-r".
. " ?"
TrueType , X Window.
-. -,
, - -
TrueType. Red Hat - xfsft XFree86-xfs.
<http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/jec/programs/xfsft/>

3.10 , X Window ?
X :
XKB, X11R6
xmodmap, X11R5
X 3.3.x XKB /etc/X11/XF86Config :
Section "Keyboard"
...
XkbRules "xfree86"
XkbModel "pc101"
XkbLayout "ru"
XkbOptions "grp:shift_toggle"
EndSection
X 4.0.x
Section "InputDevice"
...
Driver "keyboard"
Option "XkbRules" "xfree86"
Option "XkbModel" "pc101"
Option "XkbLayout" "ru"
Option "XkbOptions" "grp:shift_toggle"
EndSection
Model "pc101", "pc104" "pc105",
:
grp:toggle
grp:caps_toggle
grp:shift_toggle
grp:ctrl_shift_toggle
grp:ctrl_alt_toggle

Alt ( "")
Caps_Lock
Shift
Control+Shift
Control+Alt

4.0.x :
grp:alt_shift_toggle
grp:menu_toggle

Alt+Shift
Menu ( pc104, pc105)

XKB, <http://www.tsu.ru/~pascal/other/xkb/>
" ", xxkb, ,
,
.
xmodmap : xruskb
Alexander V. Lukaynov <mailto:lav@yars.free.net>

15

3.

<ftp://ftp.yars.free.net/pub/software/unix/X11/> (primary site)

<ftp://ftp.relcom.ru/pub/x11/cyrillic/>
X11R5 , , MS Windows. XFree86 XKB
/etc/X11/XF86Config XkbDisable. xruskb: jcukeng-cyr.xmm
X xev:
XkeySym (0x6xx), xev Cyrillic_IE .
, OCyrcumflex e.t.c.

3.11

c , ?

vfat (c /etc/fstab/):
/dev/hda5 /mnt/d vfat noexec,rw,umask=002,codepage=866,iocharset=koi8-r,gid=100 0 0
mount /mnt/d. (>=2.0.36)
(, /lib/modules/uname -r/fs/nls_*) - CP866 KOI8-R,
( ) .
CD, :
$ mount -t iso9660 -o iocharset=koi8-r

/dev/cdrom

/mnt/cdrom

codepage isofs , JOLIET

UNICODE.
man mount
/usr/src/linux/Documentation/filesystems/ /usr/doc/kernel/filesystems/

3.12

* Samba?

/etc/smb.conf
[global]
character set = koi8-r
client code page = 866
preserve case = yes
short preserve case = yes
default case = lower
mangle case = no
smb (
>=2.2.20 )
CONFIG_NLS_DEFAULT="koi8-r"
CONFIG_SMB_NLS_DEFAULT=y
CONFIG_SMB_NLS_REMOTE="cp866"
CONFIG_SMB_NLS=y
CONFIG_NLS=y

3.13

DOS/Win KOI8-R ?

CP1251 CP866 > KOI8-R .

;-) iconv ( glibc) GNU recode ( <ftp://prep.
ai.mit.edu/pub/gnu/recode/>)
$ iconv -f866 -tKOI8-R -o<outfile> infile
$ recode CP1251..KOI8-R winfile.txt

16

3.

URL recode - <http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~pinard/recode/>.

:
//oskin.macomnet.ru/pub/linux/misc/xcode.c>
lynx :
$ lynx -assume_local_charset cp866

3.14

<ftp:

file.txt

* Vim ?

:e ++enc=cp1251 winfile.txt
, , , , .

3.15

* UTF-8 VIM ?

VIM 6.x Multibyte:

configure --with-features=huge

--enable-multibyte

, KOI8-R, VIM :
:set encoding=utf-8
:set fileencoding=utf-8
:set termencoding=koi8-r
RedHat VIM .
vim-common-6.1-2
vim-minimal-6.1-2
vim-enhanced-6.1-2
vi, vim-minimal Multibyte, vim vim-enhanced .
vim.

3.16

Vim , ?

/.vimrc:
set langmap=q,w,e,r,t,y,u,i,o ..

3.17

Golded/LNX 866 ?

-, GoldEd+ c <http://golded-plus.sourceforge.net>.
, ( , aftnged <http://collage.etel.ru/fileechos/ftn/>
golded.cfg, :
AREAPATH /mnt/c/fido/fecho/
AREAFILE FastEcho
XLATPATH /home/ak/.golded/chars
XLATLOCALSET KOI8
XLATIMPORT IBMPC
XLATEXPORT IBMPC
XLATCHARSET KOI8 IBMPC koi_866.chs
XLATCHARSET IBMPC KOI8 866_koi.chs
IGNORECHARSET

17

3.

3.18

mc p ?

. F9 - options - display bits - Full 8 bit

mc Charset- .
mc .
$ ./configure

3.19

--enable-charset

....

less

Yuriy.Kaminskiy@p21.f517.n5020.z2.fidonet.org :
LESSCHARSET _H H_. , /.lesskey
#env
LESSCHARSET=
LESSCHARSET= ( , man :) [
lesskey /.less]
setlocale(LC_CTYPE,) , , icase search .

3.20

telnet

, /.telnetrc :
DEFAULT set outbinary
Win-1251
""0xff. TELNET 0xff . "", : 0xff, 0xff. KOI8-R
.

3.21

, "" ?

- , ESC-. :
:
$ echo -ne "\033c"
, :
# echo -ne "\033c" >/dev/ttyX
downloaded font
$ echo -ne "\033(K"
(, , ...)
- , curses,
$ stty sane
Red Hat reset; setsysfont <ctrl-j>
reset - ncurses
. man console_codes man stty

18

3.

3.22

TeX koi8-r?

TeX ru.tex. FAQ TeX <http://myke.webjump.com/tex/>.

TeX LaTeX - .
cyrguide.*,
TeX.
" ", language.dat,
. Alex Nikiforov:
, RH-6.0 tetex 0.9 :
$ texconfig

hyphenation -> latex

russian
LaTeX
\usepackage[T2A]{fontenc}
\usepackage[koi8-r]{inputenc}
\usepackage[english,russian]{babel}
\Russian \Engish
cyrplain texconfig FORMATS
cyrtxinf

tex

language.dat

cyrtxinf.ini

texinfo. cyrblue cyramstx.

cyrtex ( TeX ) web2c :
initex \input cyrtex.ini \dump
cyrtex tex ( /usr/bin )
plain
\language N
N - , .
ruhypen ruenhyp
- , .

3.23

* Type1 ps KOI8-R?

Type1 "", "afii10049"(Association for Font Information

Interchange). " " , ps. . Adobe:
<http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/technotes.html> (Fonts section)
<http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/PDFS/TN/5013.Cyrillic_Font_Spec.
pdf>
Free Type1 c :
: <ftp://ftp.ice.ru/pub/fonts/type1/>

3.

19

PsCyr, Konstantin Chumachenko, - : <ftp:

//con155.phys.msu.su/pub/russian/psfonts/>, <ftp://ftp.vsu.ru/pub/tex/
font-packs/pscyr/>
"TopTeams": <http://www.topteam.bg/linux/fonts.html>, <ftp://ftp.ice.ru/
pub/fonrs/type1/>
. Cyrillic-HOWTO ." " <http://www.inp.nsk.su/~baldin/
Cyrillic-HOWTO-russian/Cyrillic-HOWTO-russian.html>
, 256 Type1 (Latin1
ISO_8859-1). "", "circumflex"
"cedilla" KOI8-R. : <ftp://ftp.kapella.gpi.ru/
pub/cyrillic/psfonts/> README.

3.24

X Window System?

Cronyx
Cyr-RFX : <http://www.inp.nsk.su/~bolkhov/files/fonts/
cyr-rfx/>
-cronyx-fixed-* koi8-r , : <ftp://ftp.ice.
ru/pub/fonts/X11>
KSI-Linux: <ftp://ftp.ksi-linux.com/pub/patches/>
Black Cat Linux: <ftp://ftp.blackcatlinux.com/pub/blackcat-linux/6.
2/SRPMS/SRPMS/urw-fonts-2.0-4bc.src.rpm>

3.25

Emacs/XEmacs

iso8859-5 <http://www.inp.nsk.su/~bolkhov/files/fonts/cyr_rfx/>. , Mule .

GNU intlfonts. , ,
<ftp://ftp.chg.ru/pub/gnu/intlfonts/intlfonts-1.
2-split/European.tar.gz> (131). Debian .
XEmacs <http://www.linux.zp.ua/
xemacs/>.

3.26

pp dosemu ?

p - pp. , <http://www.ice.ru/
~vitus/misc/>, . X- - , - DOS -
. dosemu ( telnet/ssh/rsh) - .
- dosemu pp, X- - 866- p. p <http://www.ice.ru/~vitus/works/x11.html>, <ftp:
//ftp.dosemu.org/dosemu/Development/>vga_cyr8x16.pcf.gz <http://www.inp.nsk.su/
~bolkhov/files/fonts/vga4dosemu/>.

3.27

StarOffice ( -
..

- <http://www.blackcatlinux.
com/StarOffice/>
FAQ , Open
Office Star Office 6.

20

3.

3.28

AbiWord?

<http://www.hippo.ru/~hvv/abiword/>

3.29 Mozilla?
<http://www.mozilla.ru/download/>
: <http://www.
mozilla.org/projects/l10n/mlp_status.html>

3.30

Netscape {4|3}/ win- ?

Netscape 4.06 , glibc2, .

. ( , xkb ,
0.13)
, netscape /.netscape/preferences.js (,
, -). - ,
. /.netscape
, : netscape 3.xx
- koi8-r, win , , . -
(/ ..) latin1.
echo Netscape*documentFonts.charset*koi8-r:

iso-8859-1 | xrdb -merge

koi8- "Western". ( , koi .)

Netscape 3.x <ftp://archive.netscape.com>
Login:archive
Password:oldies
dir , /archive/index.html
:
(3 4) ,
meta content-type (
, MS). H , .
- , , ,
(, ), . :
- ,
. ( "", ,
, . H Alt-I,
. H, ;)

3.31

koi8-r,
iso8859-1 ?

a) , . " ": /.Xdefaults

/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/app-defaults/ . XLFD, ..
"*". :

21

3.

Netscape*fontList: -*-helvetica-bold-r-*-*-*-120-*-*-*-*-koi8-r
"" appres :
$ appres

XTerm

man X RESOURCES.
- "Toolkit : GTK, Qt, Motif, e.t.c.,
Toolkit. GNOME/Gtk Qt
.
b) -fn font -font font. XLIB
X .
c) . <ftp://ftp.relcom.ru/pub/x11/
cyrillic/fonts/>, adobe-*-koi8-1 (c fonts.alias, -iso8859-1),
koi8-r .
"" iso8859-1 .
XFree86-cyrillic-fonts . ,
- .
, ( patch
;) "".

3.32

Gnome , GTK+, -
? ?

gtk ( , ), 8- .
/etc/gtk/gtkrc.$LANG. gtkrc.ru . ( ,
, koi8-r):
style "gtk-default-ru" {
fontset = "-cronyx-helvetica-medium-r-normal--*-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r,\
-cronyx-courier-medium-r-normal--*-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r,\
-cronyx-fixed-medium-r-normal--*-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r,\
-cronyx-times-medium-r-normal--*-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r"
}
class "GtkWidget" style "gtk-default-ru"
gtkrc.ru_RU.KOI8-R symlink:
$ cd /etc/gtk/
$ ln -s gtkrc.ru

gtkrc.ru_RU.KOI8-R

. <http://www.gtk.org/tutorial/gtk_tut-21.html>, <http://www.
linux.org.ru/gnome/>

3.33

Qt

<http://kde.ru/docs.php?action=index>

3.34

KDE?

<http://www.kde.org/international/russia/localization.html>

4.

3.35

22

, (ru_RU.UTF8) ?

, "" IBM-PC (VGA/SVGA) 256 . 32 . , 512. UNICODE . . Console programming HOWTO

<http://devel.linvision.com/doc/fbh/current/index.html>
, ( console-tools) /
UTF-8 unicode_start(1) unicode_stop(1) .
vt-is-UTF8(1) . - console-tools/lct.txt
XTerm X Window .
: xterm -u8
*-iso10646-1 .
" -",
ToolKit-, UNICODE (Qt, GTK, Java .e.t.c.)
GUI X Window.
UTF-8 ,
UTF-8, LANG="ru_RU.UTF-8".
:
UTF-8 and UNICODE FAQ: <http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html>
The Unicode HOWTO: <http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Unicode-HOWTO.html>
How do Unix terminals work?: <http://czyborra.com/unicode/terminals.html>
Unicode Howto for KDE developers: <http://developer.kde.org/documentation/library/
kdeqt/kde3arch/KDE-Unicode-Howto.html>
-HOWTO :
<http://lists.debian.org/debian-russian/2001/
debian-russian-200111/msg00203.html>

3.36

Russian Linux Documentation Project:

<http://rldp.linux.ru.net>. Alexsandr
Mikhailov, <mailto:alexmikh@mail.ru> : <http://www.tldp.org/vlist.html\
hyper@hashte>
GNU: <http://www.gnu.org.ru>, <http://www-ru.gnu.org.ru/>,
<http://www2.iro.umontreal.ca/~pinard/po/registry.cgi?team=ru>
"Manpages-Ru" manpages .
<http://www.alexm.here.ru/manpages-ru>
KDE: <http://www.kde.org/international/russia/>
GNOME: <http://www.linux.org.ru/gnome/>

4
4.1

? /
#$@#$#@%@#$%@#$? - , , - 2.2.x ,
2.3.- ? ?

(Alex Kanavin, , Alexey Mahotkin <mailto:alexm@hsys.msk.ru>)

, .
, , (stable development)
. a.b.c

4.

23

a - . , , .
b - patchlevel. , .
- , - . a b a.b
.
- sublevel. .
<ftp://ftp.kernel.org>
(: <ftp://ftp.ru.kernel.org>, , .bz2, , <ftp://ftp.rmt.ru/>, <ftp://ftp.chg.ru/Mirrors/ftp.kernel.org/> <http:
//ftp.chg.ru/Mirrors/ftp.kernel.org/>).
[ , <ftp://ftp.chg.ru> , <ftp://ftp.ru.
kernel.olg> : , ,
redhat, , .
, ftp.redhat.com, - . ""mirror? , - .]
-
, a.b.c a.b.c+1 c
patch. usyslnx.

.
,
. ,
- , . (
, , ,
.) - , .
, , . ,
, , -
.
(, , ""). . ,
. , ,
. , ,
. -
.
? : -
Linus Torvalds .. feature freeze, (bugfix).
a.b.c+1, a.b+1.0 a+1.0.0 - , :)
.. fork - ,
.
, "" "" - . , "" 2.3.128 2.4.0
, 2.2.xxx,
. , , .
Linux . -ac,
. -, -ac ,

4.

24

, , etc. , ,
, . -, -ac , ,
.
( ) : , International Kernel Patch ,
devfs-patch /dev, ISDN,
). , ,
).
- ? : ,
. . , , , - ,
, , , , , ,
, , (, ).
, ,
, , , .
, ,
- , .
,
ftp , , . (rpm
deb), ,
.

(" ", " " .. ;-),
, . ,
. ru.linux,
:-). -
:-)
, / . development -
linux-kernel. (
Documentation).
lilo target oldlinux, .
Documentation/Changes - . -
, .

4.2

?
?

cd /usr/src/linux
, ( ,
( ) ), /usr/src/linux/.config.
, (, // - ), .config , .
make oldconfig - , .config
__ (, ) ,
(, , ),
. make menuconfig ,
.

4.

25

Red Hat .config, c , kernel-sources-*.i386.rpm/usr/src/linux/configs/

:
make
make
make
make

dep
clean
zImage (make bzImage > 2.2)
modules

,
(/lib/modules/).
make modules_install
/usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/(b)zImage - . . , .
lilo.conf - , linux.test, -
/usr/src/linux/arch/i386/boot/zImage.
(Valentin Nechayev <mailto:nnlx@nn.kiev.ua>)
p p - pp Red Hat.
cd /usr/src/linux-_p
vi Makefile extraversion - pp,
EXTRAVERSION = -vasya1
,
1. make modules_install
2. (p!) p /boot p make install
3. 2.2.x ( 2.0 EXTRAVERSION) , , ""- ,
n.n.nn uname -r.
(Alexander Pevzner, 2:5020/59.9)
, ,
:
Makefile (/usr/src/linux/Makefile) EXTRAVERSION. , ,
(, 2.2.12-20 2.2.12-vasya). , , . , ,
. H /etc/lilo.conf ( 2 :
).
/usr/src/linux make install make modules_install.
. , , , .src.rpm,
ftp.kernel.org, . ( /sbin/installkernel, ,
make install (Alex Kanavin).)
EXTRAVERSION ,
2.2.13 (, EXTRAVERSION )
, ,
make *config make clean. , -
, __,
( ) .

4.

4.3

26

2.2.10 :
echo 30000 > /proc/sys/fs/file-max
echo 30000 > /proc/sys/fs/inode-max
ulimit -n 2000 . .
(Yuriy Kaminsky 2:5020/517.21)
, select, - .
(at least glibc-2.0 - . /usr/include/gnu/types.h - ;
#define __FD_SETSIZE

1024

, select
1024 [.., , X
1024 , Xlib Xt ]; , ,
libc , , ).

4.4

, pls, www/ftp
Linux.

<http://www.linuxdoc.org> H - <http://linux-ve.chat.ru>

4.5 Q/A: development site libc, binutils, ld.so

<ftp://ftp.yggdrasil.com/private/hjl> - - . ,
libc5 ) <ftp://ftp.kernel.
org/pub/linux/software/> . ( <ftp://ftp.ru.kernel.org> .bz2 ( 20% gz, linux/kernel/people .gz ),
<ftp://ftp.ru.kernel.org> <ftp://ftp.rmt.ru>
<http://ftp.filesearch.ru>)

4.6

, : , init,
. /etc/inittab
(man inittab) . inittab *getty, ,
( *getty login
( , , , /etc/passwd
. shell), pppd, ifcico ..,
- getty). mingetty,
- mgetty.
, , .. " ", ,
, ..
: BSD SysV. . (. ), SysV
<http://www.sensi.org/~alec/unix/redhat/sysv-init.html>.

27

4.

4.7

/var/log/syslog /var/log/messages pp p . p
log-?

syslog . syslog :
mv $log ${log}.old ( rm , p)
touch $log
kill -1 cat /var/run/syslogd.pid
logrotate.
-syslog - RTFM p .

4.8

pam?

<http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/pam/>

4.9

BSD su user, p
p wheel, Linux - . Hp -. ,
p?

su gnu sh_util, (RTFmanpage ,

), - . su pam ( Red Hat, pp , Debian 2.2),
p:
su

auth

required

pam_wheel.so

/etc/pam.conf, pam p, :
auth

required

pam_wheel.so

/etc/pam.d/su, .
, pp . Hpp, p pp group deny, pp , p p:
pam_wheel.so group=guest deny
p, p, p gid, p groups...
...
Debian 2.1 secure-su suauth.
Slackware 3.3 (pp) p pp /etc/login.defs H,

SU_WHEEL_ONLY

yes

su p root. 3.4 ( 4.0, su

) man 5 suauth -
su, " ".
p, p SuSe 6.x. SuSE 5.3 su sh_util, . , su, login.defs suauth, -
, -m -s. ...

4.10

a a a- a a
aa ( aaa aa - roota),
a a a a?

man setrlimit

4.

4.11

28

, XXXX YYYY - ?

-, , , /dev/modem. /dev/ttyS0, /dev/cua0 (

/dev/modem, :), - .
-, lock-. H,
, .
-, . ,
,
( LCK..< >), (
PID ASCII), ,
-.

4.12

p /dev/cua* /dev/ttyS*?

H cua*. . - , BSD. BSD /dev/cuXX "Call Up", ..

CD. Linux /dev/cuaXX .

4.13

Linux?
? ?

CMOS hwclock util-linux.

Linux, CMOS ,

/sbin/hwclock --hctosys --utc
, Linux, - , CMOS
,
/sbin/hwclock --hctosys
, (
), :
TZ,
;
, /etc/localtime /usr/share/zoneinfo, ,
rm -f /etc/localtime
ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Moscow /etc/localtime
Red Hat-based utc /etc/sysconfig/clock.
. , timezone
timeconfig.
, date ( ), date utc ( ).
, Internet, <http:
//www.ntp.org>. xntpd
. xntpd ntpdate. , , , , , :

4.

29

/usr/local/bin/ntpdate ntp1.gamma.ru
Linux Samba, MS Windows
C:\> NET TIME \\LINUXBOX /SET /YES
(Alexey Mahotkin <mailto:alexm@hsys.msk.ru>)

4.14

H uucico ,
: \177}\030\177} \177}#\177}
port type pipe
port command /bin/telnet -8E hostname

4.15

root?

fdmount /dev/fd[0-9] mountpoint, man fdmount, root

user /etc/fstab, "mount <mountpoint>". man
8 mount. , mtools.

4.16

- (INN, SENDMAIL) ?

H y /var/log , . sendmail - 99% p p p p. H p /etc/hosts. p p - O

DontProbeInterfaces=True /etc/sendmail.cf.

4.17

/usr/doc/HOWTO/Security-HOWTO.
H <http://www.openwall.com> Solar Designer-, . , <http://rootshell.com> <http://packetstorm.securify.com>, <http://www.
linuxsecurity.com> , bugtraq, linux-security, , . ,
: <http://www.infowar.co.uk/thc/files/thc/anonymous-unix.html>

4.18 . ?
,

( cd /old_fs && tar cf - . ) | ( cd /new_fs && tar xvpf - )
dump 0f - /old_fs | ( cd /new_fs && restore xf - )
, , -, tar
, (, ""). tar
:
tar -C /old_fs -cf - . | tar -xpf - -C /new_fs
- GNU tar , dump.
/usr/doc/HOWTO/mini/Hard-Disk-Upgrade

5.

4.19

30

, , sticky
setgid bit?

Sticky bit (chmod +t) ,

. /tmp /var/tmp .
Setgid (chmod +g) , , ,
-, . , setgid-
, setgid-.
, " - : BSD-,
SVR4-. BSD- -,
, . .(*)
,
. . SVR4-
, setgid-, BSD- ."
, bsdgroups BSD-
-. mount(8).
(*) , , Red Hat - rhref/s1-sysadmin-usrgrps.htm, Users, Groups and User-Private Groups)

4.20

: modprobe: Cant locate module <>

:
. ,
. , ,
modules.conf ( man-) :
alias <-> off
Linux.
, modprobe, ,
, , . modutils,
/etc/modules.conf:
alias <---> <---.o>
( , , modprobe)

4.21

Sendmail : sh: <-> not available for sendmail programs

man smrsh /usr/share/doc/sendmail/README.smrsh

5
5.1

telnet root?
root?

telnet ( , login) root , root , /etc/securetty. tty1-ttyN. , ,

5.

31

, ( telnet), , ""
"".
:
- /etc/securetty /dev/ttyP*. ,
, .
, - , su sudo.
, .
- telnet, - ftp, rsh, rlogin
ssh, , , .
ssh Unix <http://www.openssh.com>,
Windows "".

5.2 H ppp (slip) . , .

<http://diald.sourceforge.net>, diald, ,
README, __ , . ,
diald , . : ,
2.2.x diald-1.99 . 0.16, ,
, 2.0. (-
Changes) , ... : /etc/resolv.conf
nameserver xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx , ,
diald . default route eth0.
: diald.rc
ip-up "cp /etc/resolv.conf.connected /etc/resolv.conf"
ip-down "cp /etc/resolv.conf.local /etc/resolv.conf",
resolv.conf.connected :
search yourdomain
nameserver xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx ( 127.0.0.1)
resolv.conf.local :
domain yourdomain
DNS-c caching-only. ip-up ip-down , /etc/ppp/ip-up.local
ip-down.local. : - bind. :
cache-only bind ( caching-nameserver) nscd,
DNS- ( ).
<http://alexm.here.ru>

5.3 pp Linux, Netware tcpip

- ipx?
mars netware server ( p pp) ipx*, ncp*, nw* ( p mars) - .

5.

32

Caldera Open Linux ( <http://www.caldera.com>) - Caldera

Novell Linux. Netware for Linux - <http://www.
calderasystems.com/support/docs/netware/>.
IPX-HOWTO: <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/IPX-HOWTO.html>

5.4 pp p p , p (
) pp N . HP pp ,
Epson . ?
PRINTCAP / Begin
my_favourite_printer:\
lp=/dev/lp1:\
sd=/var/spool/lpd/my_favourite_printer:\
sh:lf=/dev/tty10:ff=:
PRINTCAP / End

5.5

1 ?

(Zahar Kiselev, 2:5030/382)

:
ftp.kernel.org , " " .
H , 2.2.10 , - faq.
1
- - 800 ,
"", - 1 .
2.0.5a - , . ,
smb.conf "ole locking compatibility"( ),
"no". ! , - 2.0.5
.

, - ( ,
). inetd, , smbd nmbd.
-
, .
- browse.dat, wins.dat
- , ,
-
net use , " ".
1 -
, ""( man).
, ,
. keepalive-, .
"" ,
. , .
- , , 1 .
H 1 NT-, sql-,
( ), Citrix Meta Frame.
" - __ ( NT), -,
, -.
( ) - citrix- . -
1 . .

5.

33

win95.

5.6

PPP / callback, NT/2000

ppp

pppd + callback README.cbcp pppd.

- <http://www.nitek.ru/~igor/pppd/> <http://nitek.east.
ru/~igor/pppd/>.

5.7

PC + Linux, Linux-e. :
. Linux
?

hylafax - , , ""
DOS, Windows, etc. H! () . :(
mgetty, - ,
hylafax. :)

5.8

PPTP Linux ?

<http://www.moretonbay.com/vpn/pptp.html>

5.9

SSL smtp, pop3?

(, freshmeat) stunnel. inetd

:
spop3 stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/stunnel /usr/sbin/popa3d
ssmtp stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/stunnel /usr/sbin/sendmail
Victor Wagner :
argv[0] - .
, tcpwrappers hosts.allow/hosts.deny
ssl , argv[0] -ssl- ssl-
, SSL .

5.10

NT, Win95, DOS, Linux

PPP . ,
?

. , 192.168.0.0
( RFC-1918). :
#!/bin/sh
/sbin/insmod
/sbin/insmod
/sbin/insmod
/sbin/insmod
/sbin/insmod
/sbin/insmod
/sbin/insmod
/sbin/insmod
/sbin/insmod

ip_masq_autofw
ip_masq_user
ip_masq_cuseeme
ip_masq_ftp
ip_masq_irc
ip_masq_mfw
ip_masq_portfw
ip_masq_quake
ip_masq_raudio

5.

34

/sbin/insmod ip_masq_vdolive
/sbin/ipchains -F
/sbin/ipchains -P forward DENY
/sbin/ipchains -A forward -j MASQ -s 192.168.0.0/16 -d 0.0.0.0/0
Linux 192.168.0.1, ip
default gateway.
HOWTOs:
Firewall <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Firewall-HOWTO.html>
IPCHAINS <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/IPCHAINS-HOWTO.html>
IP-Masquerade <http://linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/IP-Masquerade-HOWTO.html>
<http://www.fima.net/masquerade.html>
2.0 ipchains ipfwadm, 2.4 - netfilter, HOWTO
<http://netfilter.kernlenotes.org>
- , /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward :
$ echo "1" > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
( Red Hat 6.2 - /etc/sysctl.conf)
firewall- : fBuilder <http://www.innertek.com/> Mason
<http://users.dhp.com/~whisper/mason/>

5.11

socks5 ?

C <http://www.socks.nec.com>
, (PPP/Ethernet Ethernet/Ethernet).
Ethernet-e : 192.168.0.1. -
.
/etc/socks5.conf
permit - - 192.168.0. - - set SOCKS5_BINDINTFC 192.168.0.1:1080
set SOCKS5_NOIDENT
ICQ 99/2000 . man socks5, man socks5.conf, <http://www.socks.nec.com>.
[ FAQ]

5.12 -?
- - /etc/hosts
ip .
, - - Squid.
ACL (Access Control List) "url_regex"(squid.conf, ACCESS CONTROLS) :
acl Reclama_Banners url_regex ^http://www1\.reklama\.ru/cgi-bin/banner/*
http_access deny Reclama_Banners
:
acl Banners url_regex "/etc/squid/banners"
http_access deny Banners
/etc/squid/banners ( ), :

6. X Window

35

^http://banners\.rambler\.ru/advert/.*\.gif
^http://kulichki.rambler.ru/reklama/banners/.*\.gif
^http://www.*\.yandex\.ru/cgi-bin/banner/*
^http://www1\.reklama\.ru/cgi-bin/banner/*
^http://www\.reklama\.ru/cgi-bin/banner/*
^http://www\.reklama\.ru/cgi-bin/href/*
^http://www\.100mb\.net/images/ban/banner.*\.gif
^http://www\.bizlink\.ru/cgi-bin/irads\.cgi.*
^http://www\.linkexchange\.ru/cgi-bin/rle\.cgi
^http://www\.linkexchange\.ru/users/.*/goto\.map
^http://www\.netcq\.com/banners/banner\.gif
^http://1000\.stars\.ru/cgi-bin/1000\.cgi
- squidguard <http:
//www.squidguard.org>, squid.
<http://pail.pu.ru/>
Transparent Proxy <http://www.lexa.ru/lexa/transparent-proxy.html>
Transparent Proxy MiniHOWTO: <http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/mini/TransparentProxy.html>
squirm <http://www.senet.com.au/squirm/>, - URLs .

5.13 * Squid
Windows?
<http://www.artmagic.ru/labs/sqlandwin.shtml>

X Window

Window Manager-
<http://ep2-ts2.inp.nsk.su/lecture/>

6.1 p <c- > ?

<http://www.xfree86.org/FAQ/>

/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/
, , , , <ftp://ftp.xfree86.org>.
___ , , , (
, - , -
.) H: - ,
SVGA. , . XFree 4
, . (), ,
.

6.2 Modeline ?
,
(xf86config, XF86Setup, Xconfigurator),
ModeLine, .
, Modeline strings
which xf86setup . - ModeLine
, Alexei Dets <mailto:dets@china.formoza.ru>:

36

6. X Window

Modeline , ,
.. , . H , , XF86Config, .
. , , -
.. . Modeline
xvidtune. , :
Modeline "640x480"

25.175 640

664

760

800

480

491

493

525

?
: 25175000/800/525=59,9 .
.. , , .
, , , 120 ?
: 800x525x120/1000000=50,4
, :
Modeline "640x480"

50.4 640

664

760

800

480

491

493

525

:-) ,
, xvidtune. .
:-)
: "" /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/doc/VideoModes.doc
<http://knot.pu.ru/faq/xfaq.html>.
2 Alex Kanavin: XFree86 4.x . -, X
c VESA , , HorizSync VertRefresh. , , ModeLine ,
- 60, 70, 75, 85 Hz. - "640x480" .., "1920x1444":-)
-, X VESA DDC.
, . , , .

6.3 , ?
X , XFree, - ( startx :1 -bpp 8
/etc/X11/xdm/Xserver, xdm). XFree 4
DGA2, .

6.4
(Alec Voropay <mailto:alec@sensi.org>, Alex Kanavin, Alexander Pevzner)
X Window "" "" . ,
.
, "c"? print-server file-server.
- "". , printserver .
- ( 30 ;) 256
:-) . display-server ,
, X-server.

6. X Window

37

, X-server - Video-, " " " Arial". X-Server- : c XFree86, AcceleratedX, MS

Windows : eXceed, X-Win, VAX VMS c : NCD,
Tatung ( X-Terminal).
, , Netscape - "X-", "X-" . X- X-
TCP/IP, Unix-Socket, IPX COM-.
, XFree
DECNet.
X- ("X-") c X-. X- DISPLAY=
. X- , .
, , X- -
.
, ""(-) X,
( xterm, rxvt, eterm e.t.c.). X-,
:), ESC, (
ptyXX).
C , . .
XLib, , -
X , , . ,
(emacs, ) X , ( ).

6.5

p p full screen X Window p ? , ?

, Ctrl-Alt-F# ( ) Alt-F# (,
getty , ).

6.6

man XF86Config DefaultColorDepth

6.7

, ? ( ?) , ? () ?

( ) Display Manager, xdm ( c ), gdm ( GNOME), kdm ( KDE). rc SysV,

/etc/inittab:
x:5:respawn:/etc/X11/xdm -nodaemon
runlevel :
id:3:initdefault:
Red Hat display manager runlevel, ""runlevel - 3,
. /etc/inittab, man inittab
.

6. X Window

38

Display manager X , - . xdm

X xdmcp. XFree
:
X -query host - host xdmcp ( , X ,
xdm host- ,
).
X -indirect host - "" host ( , X xdm host- , xdm. xdm
( , ) , X , .. chooser,
X , ,
X . XFree xdm . , ,
).
X -broadcast - xdmcp , xdm , . ( XFree) X
, , .
XDM-Xterm mini-HOWTO, man xdm, URL: <http:
//ep2-ts2.inp.nsk.su/lecture/> <http://www.iae.lt/visaginas/home/kazanov/koi8/
Articles/X-Terminals.htm>.

6.8

Window Manager ?

<http://xwinman.org>
<http://www.themes.org>

6.9

X Server Windows ?

(, , ) - Cygwin XFree <http:

//sourceware.cygnus.com/cygwin/xfree/>. 2000 XFree. ( XLib) Cygwin.
.
EXCEED for Windows - <http://www.hummingbird.com/products/nc/exceed/>
PC-Xware - <http://www.ncd.com/products/software/pcxware/>
MI/X MicroImage X Server for Windows - <http://www.microimages.com>
X-Win32 - <http://www.starnet.com>
WRQ Reflection X - <http://www.wrq.com/products/reflection/pc_unix/rx/>
NetManage X-ViewNow ( X-OnNet FTP Software) - <http://www.netmanage.com/
products/pctohost/vn_x/index.asp>
WinaXe LabF - <http://labf.com/index.html>

7.

6.10

39

TrueType ?

H XFree86 TrueType XFree 4, " ".

XFree.
X- -,
xfsft ( <http://www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/home/jec/programs/xfsft/>).
TrueType , fonts.dir ttmkfdir, mkfontdir. -
<http://www.xfree86.org/4.0.1/fonts.html>
, X- XFree,
xfstt.
, , <http://visaginas.is.
lt/~evgeny/koi8/Articles/xfstt_1.html>. H
fonts.alias.
, TrueType .

6.11

font antialiasing?

. C : <http://www.xfree86.org/~keithp/render/>.

6.12 ? mpeg/videoCD/etc, fullscreen, etc

top - , , Windows. ,
- ,
, . XFree 4
, - DGA2 Xv. :
XFree86 4.0
, Xv DGA2.
Xv/DGA2. SDL, smpeg, mplayer, xine, avifile . , , .
( , ,
)

7
7.1

, Microsoft Word?

MS Word
<http://wvware.sourceforge.net/>

<http://www.ice.ru/~vitus/catdoc/>
word2x .
wvware AbiWord , , AbiWord

7.

40

rtf. - .
<http://www.hippo.ru/~hvv/abiword/>
- LaTeX, rtf latex2rtf <ftp://tug.ctan.org/tex-archive/support/latex2rtf/> c ,
.
(nb: sgml)

7.2 , Microsoft Excel?

gnumeric 0.65 .
<http://www.gnome.org/projects/gnumeric/>

7.3

, Powerpoint?

, Powerpoint Open Office. C

, . : <http://www.
openoffice.org/MSFilters.html>, <http://graphics.openoffice.org/>.

7.4 linux single lilo ?

man lilo.conf password restricted.

7.5

<--> lilo, c mbr.

?

root=----. root lilo.

7.6 Linux/ ?
( Victor Wagner)
<http://www.mostang.com/sane>. . scsi-, usb
. , , Linux- , SCSI (
PCI). scanner-only ncr- aha 1502 $10-$15.
.
: sane xscanimage, gimp- .

7.7 OCR ( )?
OCR Linux, , .
Windows wine (
SCSI, . documentation/aspi). OCR
, , - ,
, ocr <http://www.freshmeat.net>.

7.8
<http://www.hamrick.com/vsm.html> - shareware, .

7.

7.9

41

WinModem ?

( Alexander Pevzner Alex Korchmar)

1. V42 V34. $80, afair. ("") - .
2. , ? .
( ;) - , free source ,
- . ,
v.42/42bis
v.34. ( ,
, .obj , ,
- "")
<http://www.linmodems.org> .
- ,
<http://www.
idir.net/%7Egromitkc/winmodem.html>.

7.10

* USB ?

<http://www.linux-usb.org/USB-guide/book1.html>
<http://tldp.org/HOWTO/USB-Digital-Camera-HOWTO/>

7.11 * - , c Intel
EtherExpress (PCI)?
. .

7.12 IDE CD-ROM

( LILO) ( hdc CD-ROM): hdc=cdrom
hdc=noprobe

7.13 Linux ,
/ Teleport Pro -...
wget
<http://www.gnu.org/software/wget>

7.14

Linux ?

<news:fido7.ru.unix.ftnl>.
c URL , ru.linux ru.unix ( FidoSoft URL MiniFAQ), <http://www.sensi.org/download/fidosoft.html>.
<http://donlug.dn.ua/~aks/>.
:
1. dosemu / .
2. , ifcico ifmail,
qico binkleyforce, , binkd BinkP. ifmail <ftp://oskin.macomnet.ru> <http://www.average.org/

7.

42

ifmail/>, qico - <http://lev.serebryakov.spb.ru/download/>, bikleyforce - <http:

//adb.newmail.ru>, binkd - <http://www.corbina.net/~maloff/binkd/>.
3. hpt ( <http://www.tichy.de>) Crashmail (
<http://www.freshmeat.net>).
4. GoldEd Linux. "".
5. C - .
ifmail+inn+sendmail <http://howto.id.ru>
faq, , ru.linux ( fido unix
faq) <http://www.cityline.ru/~jav/linux/> <http://lnx.net.ru>.
c ifmail fidogate. ( <http:
//www.fido.de/fidogate/>) faq,
<news:fido7.ru.unix.ftn> fidogate faq. <http:
//f1838.euro.ru/fidogate/>.
6. H passthrough SqWish. passthrough
-, /
. AFTNMISC, DFTNSQSH. SQW-X2ES.ZIP.

7.15

* ?

Linux .
1. OSS (Open Sound System) . ,
, Linux- *NIX-. <http://www.opensound.
com>
2. OSS/Free - Linux <=2.4,
. <http://www.linux.org.uk/OSS/>
3. ALSA (Advanced Linux Sound Architecture) ,
, Full-Duplex <http://www.alsa-project.
org/>
RedHat-based sndconfig. ,
, Sound-HOWTO <http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Sound-HOWTO/index.
html>
Aureal <http://aureal.sourceforge.net>

7.16 ext2?
lde:
<http://www.datafoundation.org/lde/>

7.17

ext2fs Linux ?

<http://www.penguin.cz/~mhi/fs/Filesystems-HOWTO/
Filesystems-HOWTO-6.html>
Windows NT: (read/write) <http://www.chat.ru/~ashedel>
Windows 9x: (r/o) <http://www.yipton.demon.co.uk>
Windows 95/98/NT/2000: (write experimental): <http://uranus.it.swin.edu.au/~jn/linux/>
OS/2: (R/W) , ext2_240.zip

7.

7.18

43

Linux p y
doublespace ?

ext2fs py.
<http://www.netspace.net.au/~reiter/
e2compr/>. p py yy e2fsprogs yy
. p p y development . p chattr +c

7.19

PGP, , . ,
, : <http://drt.ailis.de/crypto/
linux-disk.html>
: <http://encryptionhowto.sourceforge.net>
:
loopback encryption - international crypto patch ( <http://www.kerneli.org>.
losetup mount.
.
cfs, : <ftp://ftp.zedz.com/pub/crypto/disk/>. , nfs-.

7.20 ssh Windows ?

TeraTerm ( <http://www.vector.co.jp/authors/VA002416/teraterm.html>) ssh ( <http://www.zip.com.au/~roca/download.html>), PuTTY ( <http:
//www.chiark.greenend.org.uk/~sgtatham/putty/>, KOI8-R >
Win-1251, , scp).
<http://www.datafellows.com>
, ssh - , 30 .

7.21 Java Development Kit for Linux?

<http://www.blackdown.org/> Java
benchmarks JAVA: <http://www.volano.com/report.html>

7.22 ?
<news:fido7.ru.rdbms.oracle>.
ORACLE-LINUX@fatcity.com

7.23 Linux (Unix) MS SQL

(WindowsNT)?
<http://www.ibb.ru/article-2.phtml>

7.

7.24

44

Linux?

Linux, , ( ,
-). .
Oleg Lomaka <mailto:Oleg_Lomaka@p7.f85.n468.z2.fidonet.org> :
<http://www.chat.ru/~mueller_dic/> c Mueller (Mueller7accentGPL.tgz)
cp "mova"(script_mova.tgz) c y c c. - GPL.
Linux.
c. C .movarc , c p y
cp cp. Cop pp cy:
-*-*-bold-r-*-*-20-*-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r
-*-*-medium-r-*-*-20-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r
-*-*-medium-o-*-*-20-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r
-*-*-bold-o-*-*-21-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r
-*-silsophiaipa-*-r-*-20-*-*-*-p-*-*-*
# c cp
/usr/local/Mova/
#, y pcc cp
/usr/local/bin/
# cp
Mueller7accentGPL.koi
/tmp /
"mova table".
Andy Shevchenko <mailto:Andy_Shevchenko@f192.n465.z2.fidonet.org>: qt- slowo. <http://gambit.com.ru/~wolf/dic/>
linux src.rpm : <ftp://ftp.smile.org.ua/pub/linux/prj/slowo/>

7.25 / ...?
<http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Sound-Playing-HOWTO.html>
<http://tldp.org/HOWTO/MP3-HOWTO.html>
AU, WAV, MP3 ( SB Compatible) - sox, mpg123, X - xmms
MIDI - playmidi, timidity
AVI, MOV - xanim, avifile ( <http://avifile.sourceforge.net>) -
xanim, .
windows, dll ( ,
), mplayer ( <http://www.mplayerhq.hu>) - Xv,
DGA2, SDL, X11, , (.dll), ( ) 5.1
DVD. xine ( <http://xine.sourceforge.net>) 5.1 .
MPEG, VideoCD - avifile, xine,mplayer smpeg ( <http://
www.lokigames.com/development/>, mpeglib ( <http://mpeglib.sourceforge.net>)
JPEG, TIFF, GIF ( PCX/BMP) gqview, gtksee, xloadimage, xv
- zgv
<http://www.freshmeat.net> -> application index -> multimedia...
download.

7.

7.26

45

Linux

<http://www.linuxgames.org.ru>
<http://happypenguin.org>
<http://www.linuxgames.com>

7.27

p p a.out p pp p bash csh ...not found, p

mc p ?

. - ./a.out, . $PATH, root . ( - )

7.28

"Not
running in graphics-capable console..."?

H mc .

7.29

VTxxx, PC, - serial ?

(Alexander Voropay)
"", DB-25. - -. :
RX <-- TX
TX --> RX
RTS --> CTS
CTS <-- RTS
DTR --> DSR+CD
DSR+CD <-- DTR
GNG <--> GND
- hardware flowcontrol.
, , minicom Linux TERM90, TELEMATE e.t.c.
DOS COM- ( 38400, 8-N-1).
PC .
- <http://www.chat.ru/~uk_nc/>
, getty. /etc/inittab
# Modem/Terminal on Serial COM2:
S1:2345:respawn:/sbin/uugetty ttyS1 F38400 vt220
F38400 - 38400 ( /etc/gettydefs), "vt220 ESC ( , TERM).
Login: , flow-control, .
. Serial-HOWTO <http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/Serial-HOWTO.html>

7.30 CD-R Linux?

. - mkisofs cdwrite cdrecord.
- xcdroast BurnIT. HOWTO.

7.

7.31

46

RPM .spec

<http://www.rpm.org>
.spec .spec nmap.
binary rpm source,
- spec %files - rpm , install,
%install. %files find /usr/src/test-install -type d \! -path \*/usr \! -path \*/usr/local \
\! -path \*/usr/local/bin \! -path \*/usr/local/sbin | \
sed -e s|^/usr/src/test-install/|%dir /| >> file.spec
find /usr/src/test-install -type f | sed -e s|^/usr/src/test-install/|/| >>
file.spec
, /usr/local/- BuildRoot, sed , make install - %attr, , ,
%files -f. ( -path -
/usr, /usr/local .. H )
rpm -bb .spec . ( $RPMROOT/RPMS/${ARCH}/ )

7.32

/ .

X Window System . s Window

X. - man X. , Linus Torvalds
c Linux, , english.au swedish.au <ftp://ftp.funet.fi/pub/Linux/
PEOPLE/Linus/SillySounds/>
sndconfig.

7.33

""?

"" . (ak) , c
.